{ "meta": { "tracker_site_url": "https://psilocybin-research.com", "publication_tracker_url": "https://psilocybin-research.com/", "generated_at_utc": "2026-07-02 21:47:41", "record_count": 3966 }, "papers": [ { "id": 301, "title": "Contribution of the Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor to the Therapeutic Effect of Psilocin on Social Behavior Deficits in Mice Repeatedly Exposed to Social Defeat Stress", "normalized_title": "contribution of the serotonin 5 ht2a receptor to the therapeutic effect of psilocin on social behavior deficits in mice repeatedly exposed to social defeat stress", "authors": "Ibi Daisuke, Takaba Rika, Yoshida Keisuke, Kawase Ririna, Kitagawa Hiroko, Matsushita Momoko, Ito Kana, Uno Shoya, Nishimura Fumiya, Kitagaki Shinji, Hiramatsu Masayuki", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) exert hallucinogenic effects through stimulation of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2ARs) in the cerebral cortex. In recent years, numerous reports have demonstrated that psychedelics are effective in treating various psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), and anxiety-related disorders. We have previously reported that administration of psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, produces antidepressant-like effects in mice. Furthermore, we found that this effect is mediated by 5-HT2AR activation. Since depression and other psychiatric disorders often lead to impairments in social behavior (e.g., social avoidance), the present study examined the effects of psilocin on social avoidance behavior in mice subjected to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a widely used model that closely models human psychosocial stress. Mice exposed to CSDS exhibited social avoidance behavior, whereas psilocin administration before the onset of CSDS had little effect on this behavior. In contrast, psilocin administration after the completion of CSDS ameliorated social avoidance in CSDS-exposed mice. This effect was blocked by pretreatment with a 5-HT2AR antagonist, indicating that psilocin exerts its therapeutic effects through 5-HT2AR activation. Taken together, psilocin exerts therapeutic effects on social avoidance behavior after stress through activation of 5-HT2AR, but not preventive effects when administered before stress, suggesting that psilocin may promote stress resilience rather than resistance.", "journal": "Neuropsychopharmacology Reports", "publication_date": "2026-08-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/npr2.70152", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/npr2.70152", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:01", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/npr2.70152\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.020\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.1007/s00210‐023‐02778‐x\",\"10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411\",\"10.3389/fphar.2024.1391689\",\"10.1542/peds.2008‐1215\",\"10.1186/s12888‐023‐04681‐4\",\"10.1073/pnas.2312662120\",\"10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.12.009\",\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.06.012\",\"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.029\",\"10.1016/j.neures.2022.12.015\",\"10.1038/nprot.2011.361\",\"10.1016/s0031‐9384(01)00490‐5\",\"10.1111/ejn.15812\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.016\",\"10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00493\",\"10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.008\",\"10.1016/j.bbi.2012.12.017\"],\"reference_count\":19}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Resilience,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1944, "title": "Ethical Complexities and Best Practices in Informed Consent Processes for Psilocybin Services: A Qualitative Study", "normalized_title": "ethical complexities and best practices in informed consent processes for psilocybin services a qualitative study", "authors": "Chwyl Christina, Bazinet Alissa, Wilson-Poe Adrianne R., Hoffman Kim, Pertl Kellie, Wolf R. Cameron, Korthuis P. Todd, Luoma Jason B.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuroethics", "publication_date": "2026-07-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s12152-026-09645-5", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-026-09645-5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1007/s12152-026-09645-5\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.4103/2231-4040.116779\",\"10.2307/3564231\",\"10.1136/medethics-2020-106070\",\"10.1080/23294515.2025.2526339\",\"10.1556/2054.2023.00267\",\"10.1089/psymed.2024.0019\",\"10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474\",\"10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00757.x\",\"10.1111/j.1742-9544.2010.00019.x\",\"10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30146-2\",\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433423\",\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433428\",\"10.1080/15265161.2025.2509929\",\"10.1038/s41386-022-01389-z\",\"10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5\",\"10.1038/s41598-021-01209-2\",\"10.1093/nc/niad017\",\"10.3390/psychoactives3030026\",\"10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6\",\"10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100967\",\"10.1186/s13063-020-04969-w\",\"10.1002/cncr.27397\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0124\",\"10.1177/02698811241257839\",\"10.29034/ijmra.v17n1a1\",\"10.1191/1478088706qp063oa\",\"10.1177/07067437231225937\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184\",\"10.1111/nup.12475\",\"10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.009\",\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6874539/v1\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109165\",\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433418\",\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433425\",\"10.1080/15265161.2024.2433437\",\"10.1186/s40695-021-00066-3\"],\"reference_count\":53}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1922, "title": "Phase 1 trial suggests benefit of psilocybin in OCD treatment", "normalized_title": "phase 1 trial suggests benefit of psilocybin in ocd treatment", "authors": "", "abstract": "A Phase 1 trial comprising 15 patients has found that repeated high-dose administration of psilocybin was more effective than low-dose psilocybin or placebo in reducing symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Psilocybin was generally well-tolerated, with no reports of serious adverse events.", "journal": "The Brown University Psychopharmacology Update", "publication_date": "2026-07-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/pu.31474", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pu.31474", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:01", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/pu.31474\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3693, "title": "Consciousness and Psilocybin Effects on Well-Being: The CoPEWell Study", "normalized_title": "consciousness and psilocybin effects on well being the copewell study", "authors": "University of Wisconsin, Madison", "abstract": "This study is exploring how psilocybin (a psychedelic drug) may improve mood and wellbeing. Many people report feeling better after taking psilocybin, but it is not clear why. The CoPEWell study will test whether these improvements come from the psychedelic experience itself (the \"trip\") or from direct effects on the brain. To study this, up to 120 participants will be enrolled to receive psilocybin either while awake or asleep and can expect to be on study for up to 4 months. Primary Objectives: 1. To evaluate the effect of psilocybin on wellbeing when administered while awake vs. while asleep 2. To evaluate the effect of psilocybin on wellbeing administered while asleep vs. placebo administered while asleep Secondary Objectives: 3. To evaluate the effect of psilocybin on psychological flexibility when administered while awake vs. while asleep 4. To evaluate the effect of psilocybin on psychological flexibility administered while asleep vs. placebo administered while asleep 5. To evaluate the effect of psilocybin on social connectedness when administered while awake vs. while asleep 6. To evaluate the effect of psilocybin on social connectedness administered while asleep vs. placebo administered while asleep 7. To evaluate the effect on wellbeing/life satisfaction/purpose/meaning explicitly ascribed to psilocybin administered while awake vs. while asleep 8. To evaluate the effect on wellbeing/life satisfaction/purpose/meaning explicitly ascribed to psilocybin administered while asleep vs. saline placebo administered while asleep", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-07-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07360301", "keywords": "Well-Being, Psychological, Psychedelic Experiences, Psilocybin, intravenous psilocybin, Saline Placebo, Clonidine, Clonidine ER, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:33:26", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07360301\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Wellbeing,Psychological Flexibility", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3813, "title": "Convergent biosynthesis of psilocybin in an ectomycorrhizal lineage: is the psychoactive end-product the selected trait?", "normalized_title": "convergent biosynthesis of psilocybin in an ectomycorrhizal lineage is the psychoactive end product the selected trait", "authors": "Askari M, Surapaneni V.", "abstract": "The fungivore-deterrence hypothesis, that psilocybin evolved as a chemical defence against arthropod fungivores via 5-HT receptor agonism, has become the working consensus in fungal chemical ecology, despite resting on a phylogenomic pattern of horizontal gene transfer among saprotrophs and remarkably little direct experimental evidence. Recent biochemistry shows that the ectomycorrhizal Inocybe corydalina assembles psilocybin through a convergently evolved, non-homologous ips cluster whose branched pathway yields baeocystin, not psilocybin, as the primary end-product. We argue that psilocybin's psychoactivity at vertebrate 5-HT2A receptors is plausibly incidental, with selection most likely acting on the injury-triggered polymerized indoloquinoid end-state of the blueing reaction (with psilocybin functioning as its stable storage precursor) and only secondarily on the monomeric congeners baeocystin or aeruginascin. We propose a five-tier comparative experimental program to adjudicate among these alternatives.", "journal": "EcoEvoRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.32942/x2fd49", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.32942/x2fd49", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1263823\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"EcoEvoRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3812, "title": "Past-Year Psilocybin and Alcohol Co-Use: Associations With Mental Health Symptoms", "normalized_title": "past year psilocybin and alcohol co use associations with mental health symptoms", "authors": "Hummel Haley M., Obrochta Alexia N., Kerr David C. R., Cservenka Anita", "abstract": "Interest has grown in the effects of psilocybin on mental health, but little is known about its naturalistic use alongside alcohol and its relationship to depression and/or anxiety symptoms. Data from the nationally-representative 2024 National Survey Investigating Hallucinogenic Trends of participants who did ( n = 1234) or did not ( n = 1607) report past-year psilocybin and alcohol co-use were compared on depressive and anxiety symptoms and poor mental health days. Weighted regressions adjusted for age, sex, survey collection period, race, ethnicity, and past-year cannabis and other psychedelic use. Individuals with psilocybin and alcohol co-use had fewer depressive symptoms ( B (SE) = −.57(.28), β = −.04, p =.043) than those who used alcohol without psilocybin, suggesting potential benefits of psilocybin in individuals with co-use. After removing cannabis and other psychedelic use covariates, psilocybin use was also related to lower anxiety symptoms. However, given the observational and self-report study design, causal inferences cannot be made. Thus, longitudinal and experimental studies are needed.", "journal": "Journal of Drug Issues", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/00220426261466154", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00220426261466154", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-02 06:54:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:01", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1177/00220426261466154\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.52965/001c.127794\",\"10.2196/15830\",\"10.1001/jamahealthforum.2025.4011\",\"10.1007/s11469-023-01163-2\",\"10.1111/acer.14518\",\"10.1111/adb.13229\",\"10.15288/jsa.1993.54.326\",\"10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.117\",\"10.1080/09687637.2023.2236291\",\"10.20944/preprints202506.1536.v1\",\"10.1097/01.alc.0000081617.37539.d6\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00955\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112749\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.108\",\"10.15288/jsad.23-00312\",\"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100286\",\"10.1080/02791072.2022.2044096\",\"10.15288/jsa.2001.62.190\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.3038\",\"10.1556/2054.2023.00243\",\"10.1007/s00213-011-2236-1\",\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.010\",\"10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x\",\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104507\",\"10.1177/02698811241292956\",\"10.3390/molecules26102948\",\"10.1016/0306-4603(96)00042-1\",\"10.1136/bmj-2023-078084\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1429373\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1199642\",\"10.1038/s41429-020-0311-8\",\"10.1073/pnas.1524187113\",\"10.1111/add.13757\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035\",\"10.7326/annals-24-03145\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425\",\"10.1038/s44220-026-00630-8\",\"10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092\",\"10.1080/02791072.2022.2039815\",\"10.1038/nrn2884\",\"10.1146/annurev-psych-040422-045007\"],\"reference_count\":50}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3811, "title": "Investigating the impact of serotonergic psychedelic drugs, MDMA and ketamine on social cognition in psychiatric disorders: A scoping review.", "normalized_title": "investigating the impact of serotonergic psychedelic drugs mdma and ketamine on social cognition in psychiatric disorders a scoping review", "authors": "Smith SA, Mohammad H, Lee LHN, Dennett L, Smith S, Burback L, Winkler O, Greenshaw A, Jetly R, Kennedy SH, Bhat V, Swainson J, Vermetten E, Cao B, Li XM, Zhang Y.", "abstract": "RationaleInterest in psychedelic drugs has increased rapidly because of their potential therapeutic role in psychiatric disorders. Impairments in the sociocognitive skills needed to build and maintain social relationships are prominent features of many psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin may influence these impairments.ObjectivesThis review aimed to determine whether psychedelic drugs may modulate social cognition in individuals with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders associated with cognitive impairment.MethodsA search of the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Scopus databases was conducted. Twenty studies were identified that evaluated the effects of ketamine, MDMA, psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca in depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).ResultsFindings included neural activation patterns suggesting that ketamine and psilocybin may modulate processes relevant to social perception, particularly facial emotion processing, in depressive disorders. Positive findings were also reported for MDMA in participants with PTSD, including improvements in self-reported psychosocial functioning, self-awareness, and self-compassion.ConclusionsCurrent evidence suggests that psychedelic drugs may modulate processes relevant to social cognition in psychiatric disorders, although direct evidence of improved social-cognitive functioning remains limited.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-026-07110-y", "pubmed_id": "42380668", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-026-07110-y", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 13:00:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42380668\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3662, "title": "Efficacy in Relapse Prevention: Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder With Depressive Symptoms", "normalized_title": "efficacy in relapse prevention psilocybin in alcohol use disorder with depressive symptoms", "authors": "Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nīmes", "abstract": "Up to 40% of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) experience depression, which increases the risk of early relapse. Depression can cause relapse to occur 3 times faster in individuals with AUD who experience depressive symptoms at discharge. No treatments have been approved for individuals with both AUD and depression. Psilocybin, a psychedelic, shows promising results in treating both depression and addiction. It may be particularly effective for preventing relapse in people with AUD who also have depressive symptoms after detoxification, offering quicker action than traditional antidepressants. The Psilocybin Alcohol Depression (PAD) pilot study, launched in February 2024, has provided critical insights for avoiding methodological flaws and demonstrated that psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is both feasible and acceptable. Preliminary efficacy analyses were conducted: at 12 weeks, the 25 mg group showed significantly greater reductions in drinking days (p = 0.038) and craving frequency (p = 0.045). Relapse rates were 35% in the 25 mg group and 50% in the control group (HR = 0.52 \\[0.16-1.65\\]). In the ERPPAD trial, the study authors will compare high-dose PAP with low-dose PAP in preventing relapse in individuals with AUD and depressive symptoms. The hypothesis is that high-dose PAP will be more effective than low-dose in preventing relapse over 6 months.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07638553", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Depressive Sympotoms, Psilocybin, Psilocybin (high dose), Psilocybin (low dose), RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:33:26", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07638553\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE3\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3547, "title": "A Phase 2, Open-Label Study Investigating the Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Sexual Assault-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)", "normalized_title": "a phase 2 open label study investigating the safety and efficacy of psilocybin assisted therapy for sexual assault related posttraumatic stress disorder ptsd", "authors": "Sunstone Medical", "abstract": "A Phase 2, Open-Label Study to explore the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of psilocybin-assisted therapy in women with sexual assault-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06902974", "keywords": "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Psilocybin 25 mg, Psilocybin-assisted therapy, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:33:26", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06902974\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3002, "title": "Modeled Long-Term Effects of Psilocybin on Dynamic Activity and Effective Connectivity of Fronto-Striatal-Thalamic Circuits.", "normalized_title": "modeled long term effects of psilocybin on dynamic activity and effective connectivity of fronto striatal thalamic circuits", "authors": "Pasquini L, Vohryzek J, Escrichs A, Perl YS, Ponce-Alvarez A, Idesis S, Girn M, Roseman L, Mitchell JM, Gazzaley A, Kringelbach M, Nutt DJ, Lyons T, Carhart-Harris RL, Deco G.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has been shown to induce fast and sustained symptoms improvements across various psychiatric conditions, yet its long-term mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Initial evidence suggests that longitudinal functional and structural brain changes implicate fronto-striatal-thalamic (FST) circuitry, a broad system involved in goal-directed behavior and motivational states. Here, we performed secondary analyses and applied computational modeling to resting-state fMRI data from a within-subject longitudinal psilocybin trial in psychedelic-naïve healthy volunteers. We first showed that dynamic FST activity increased 4 weeks after a full dose of psilocybin. We then proceeded to mechanistically account for these changes by providing tentative model-based support that reductions in the structure-function coupling contribute to increased dynamic FST activity postpsilocybin. Finally, we used computational approaches to show that psilocybin induces longitudinal increases in bottom-up and reduced top-down modulation of FST circuits. We then used publicly available receptor maps to show that cortical reductions in top-down modulation are linked to regional 5-HT2A receptor availability, while increased information outflow via subcortical and limbic regions relates to local D2 receptor availability. Together, these findings suggest that increased FST flexibility weeks after a high dose of psilocybin is linked to serotonergic-mediated decreases in top-down information flow and dopaminergic-mediated increases in bottom-up information flow. This long-term functional re-organization of FST circuits may represent a common mechanism contributing to the potential clinical efficacy of psilocybin across various neuropsychiatric disorders including substance abuse, major depression, and anorexia nervosa.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/hbm.70596", "pubmed_id": "42381187", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70596", "keywords": "Thalamus, Corpus Striatum, Frontal Lobe, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Longitudinal Studies, Models, Neurological, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Connectome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42381187\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1939, "title": "Psilocybin shows mixed results for patients with treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin shows mixed results for patients with treatment resistant depression", "authors": "", "abstract": "Patients with treatment-resistant depression who received psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy showed clinically meaningful improvement in depressive symptoms relative to placebo, a Phase 2b trial has found. However, the study did not show a significant effect on the primary outcome of treatment response 6 weeks after the first of two doses of psilocybin. Study results were published online March 18, 2026 in JAMA Psychiatry.", "journal": "The Brown University Psychopharmacology Update", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/pu.31461", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pu.31461", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/pu.31461\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1938, "title": "Single-dose psilocybin with CBT more effective than nicotine patch for smoking cessation", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin with cbt more effective than nicotine patch for smoking cessation", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": "The Brown University Psychopharmacology Update", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/pu.31467", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pu.31467", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/pu.31467\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1920, "title": "Revealing shortcomings in the assessment of psilocybin effects on OCD-related symptoms in preclinical and clinical studies: A systematic review", "normalized_title": "revealing shortcomings in the assessment of psilocybin effects on ocd related symptoms in preclinical and clinical studies a systematic review", "authors": "Jalalian-Javadpour Marzieh, Yekta Batool Ghorbani, Reyhani Niloufar, Hajizamani Shadi, Azizi Ali, Azad Najma Khoshrooz, Mohammadi Hamidreza, Vaseghi Salar", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Affective Disorders Reports", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101098", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101098", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:01", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101098\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1007/s00213-024-06566-0\",\"10.1080/15622975.2016.1190867\",\"10.1038/s41598-020-59282-y\",\"10.1177/0269881114565144\",\"10.1038/s41380-024-02786-0\",\"10.1007/s00213-022-06286-3\",\"10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7\",\"10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000128\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1726818\",\"10.1093/ijnp/pyae057\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13040574\",\"10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.005\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110648\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110202\",\"10.1037/bne0000579\",\"10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1221131\",\"10.1073/pnas.2022489118\",\"10.3389/fphar.2021.640241\",\"10.1097/fbp.0000000000000757\",\"10.1192/bjo.2023.535\",\"10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000214)417:3<337::aid-cne7>3.0.co;2-o\",\"10.1097/fbp.0000000000000813\",\"10.1177/0269881120959614\",\"10.2139/ssrn.6218466\",\"10.1007/s00210-023-02843-5\",\"10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12135\",\"10.1038/s41380-023-02280-z\",\"10.1007/s00213-024-06644-3\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0063972\",\"10.1586/14737175.9.2.255\",\"10.1192/bjo.2025.10895\",\"10.3389/fphar.2024.1391412\",\"10.1080/02791072.2020.1849879\",\"10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1040217\",\"10.1177/02698811241269751\",\"10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9\",\"10.1177/02698811231205692\",\"10.1271/bbb.90095\",\"10.3114/fuse.2024.14.14\",\"10.1177/0269881119895520\",\"10.1177/02698811261424214\",\"10.4088/jcp.v67n1110\",\"10.1007/s00210-025-03912-7\",\"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002\",\"10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113093\",\"10.1038/nrn3746\",\"10.1136/pgmj.57.671.543\",\"10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152619\",\"10.1038/s41380-019-0431-3\",\"10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00180\",\"10.3390/ijms22020835\",\"10.1017/s1461145701002401\",\"10.1038/s41386-024-01794-6\",\"10.32598/bcn.2021.1920.2\",\"10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.008\",\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.023\",\"10.1038/s41398-023-02456-9\",\"10.1038/s41572-019-0102-3\",\"10.1503/jpn.150012\",\"10.1007/s00228-024-03680-y\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006\",\"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.11.021\",\"10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111243\",\"10.1080/02791072.2014.963754\",\"10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199709)27:1<79::aid-syn8>3.0.co;2-a\",\"10.1136/gpsych-2023-101208\",\"10.1177/02698811241249436\"],\"reference_count\":78}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 171, "title": "Blinding Integrity in Psychedelic Randomized Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "blinding integrity in psychedelic randomized clinical trials a systematic review", "authors": "Orsini DK, Wong S, Di Luch S, Chan B, Vasudeva S, Lovell GFM, Le GH, Jones BDM, Chisamore N, Mollica A, Johnson DE, Kaczmarek ES, Goel A, Burke MJ, Mansur R, McIntyre RS, Husain MI, Rosenblat JD.", "abstract": "ImportancePsychedelic drugs possess acute psychoactive effects that can compromise blinding integrity in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Functional unblinding, when participants or raters correctly identify treatment allocation based on subjective effects, may bias outcomes through expectancy effects, challenging the validity of efficacy estimates and regulatory acceptance.ObjectiveTo systematically quantify the prevalence of blinding integrity assessment and the extent of functional unblinding in psychedelic RCTs for psychiatric disorders.Evidence reviewA systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines across OVID, MEDLINE, Embase, and APA PsycINFO (January 1, 2020, to December 11, 2025), supplemented by manual searches of 3 prior reviews for studies prior to January 2020. Eligible studies included all RCTs investigating psychedelics as psychiatric interventions. Data extracted included blinding integrity assessment methods and results for participants and raters.FindingsOf 112 RCTs (11 psilocybin, 17 lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], 78 ketamine, 11 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA], 2 ayahuasca, 2 N,N-dimethyltryptamine [DMT], and 1 noribogaine), only 29.5% (n = 33) evaluated blinding integrity, yet 57.1% (n = 64) cited blinding as a limitation. Functional unblinding was substantial: psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca studies frequently reported blinding failure values of more than 90% among participants and raters, inert placebo-controlled MDMA trials exceeded 85%, and ketamine trials rarely assessed blinding (17.9%) but showed improved preservation with midazolam vs saline controls. No control strategy consistently achieved ideal blinding.Conclusions and relevanceThis first evaluation of blinding integrity in psychedelic RCTs indicates functional unblinding is pervasive among participants and raters raising concerns about the validity of efficacy findings. Few trials assess blinding or expectancy, highlighting the need for standardized, validated measures and innovative designs to separate true pharmacological effects from expectancy-driven responses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.0255", "pubmed_id": "41984443", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.0255", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41984443\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 107, "title": "Implementing psilocybin-assisted therapy in palliative care settings: A survey of stakeholders.", "normalized_title": "implementing psilocybin assisted therapy in palliative care settings a survey of stakeholders", "authors": "Plourde L, Chang SL, Nguyen O, Garel N, Farzin H, Stephan JF, Fallu JS, Dorval M, P3A Research Group", "abstract": "While the adoption of psilocybin-assisted therapy for existential distress offers promising support for patients with life-threatening illnesses, implementing this intervention into palliative care settings presents significant real-world challenges. To examine palliative care stakeholders' knowledge and attitudes regarding psilocybin-assisted therapy, and identify barriers and facilitators to its implementation. We conducted a cross-sectional online survey between April 15 and December 18, 2024. The survey assessed perceived knowledge, attitudes, and perceived barriers and facilitators to the effective integration of psilocybin-assisted therapy into palliative care settings. One hundred and twenty-one adults involved in palliative care (physicians, other healthcare professionals, caregivers, and managers) were recruited from Canada's four most populous provinces: Québec, Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia. Forty-three percent of stakeholders reported having good knowledge of psilocybin's potential benefits and risks. Attitudes towards psilocybin-assisted therapy were predominantly non-favourable (61%), yet varied across occupational groups ( Translating the potential of psilocybin-assisted therapy for existential distress from clinical trials into palliative care settings requires careful consideration and collaboration with stakeholders. Given the significant divergence in perspectives between clinical and non-clinical groups, tailored interprofessional education could help build shared understanding and support effective implementation. Being conducted in Canada, transferability to different regulatory frameworks may be limited.", "journal": "Palliative medicine", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02692163261446141", "pubmed_id": "42154482", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42154482/", "keywords": "attitude of health personnel, hallucinogens, palliative care, psilocybin, surveys and questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42154482\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 58, "title": "MFCC-DFT mapping of ligand recognition at the 5-HT2A receptor: energetic analysis of the interactions between serotonin, psychedelics, and antipsychotics.", "normalized_title": "mfcc dft mapping of ligand recognition at the 5 ht2a receptor energetic analysis of the interactions between serotonin psychedelics and antipsychotics", "authors": "Junior WSC, Bezerra KS, Matias EGC, Oliveira JIN, Fulco UL.", "abstract": "Mental disorders represent a major global health problem, with depression being one of the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that the serotonergic system, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor, plays an important role in modulating mood and cognitive processes, constituting a key pharmacological target for several psychoactive compounds. In this study, we investigated the molecular interaction profile between the 5-HT2A receptor and four pharmacologically relevant ligands, serotonin (5-HT), psilocybin/psilocin (PSILO), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and lumateperone (LMTP). Interaction energies were evaluated using the molecular fragmentation with conjugated caps (MFCC) method combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Crystallographic structures were used as initial models, and residue-level interaction energies were calculated to identify the amino acids that contribute most to ligand stabilization at the receptor binding site. The results reveal that the complexes exhibit total interaction energies ranging from -35.38 to -71.98 kcal mol-1 under dielectric conditions representative of the protein environment. Key residues such as Asp155, Phe339, Leu229, and Val366 were identified as the main contributors to ligand stabilization in the studied systems, highlighting their role as structural anchors within the orthosteric binding pocket. Energy decomposition further revealed distinct interaction patterns associated with different regions of the ligand. Therefore, this study provides a detailed energetic characterization of ligand recognition in the 5-HT2A receptor and offers details that may contribute to the rational design of new serotonergic agents with potential for therapeutic applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1039/d6cp00943c", "pubmed_id": "42300394", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cp00943c", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Antipsychotic Agents, Hallucinogens, Ligands, Binding Sites, Thermodynamics, Psilocybin, Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings, Density Functional Theory", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42300394\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 21, "title": "Chemistry/structural biology of psychedelic drugs and their receptor(s).", "normalized_title": "chemistry structural biology of psychedelic drugs and their receptor s", "authors": "Gumpper RH, Nichols DE", "abstract": "This brief review highlights some of the structure-activity relationships of classic serotonergic psychedelics. In particular, we discuss structural features of three chemotypes: phenethylamines, ergolines and certain tryptamines, which possess psychedelic activity in humans. Where they are known, we point out the underlying molecular mechanisms utilized by each of the three chemotypes of psychedelic molecules. With a focus on the 5-HT receptor subtype, a G-protein coupled receptor known to be the primary target of psychedelics, we refer to several X-ray and cryoEM structures, with a variety of ligands bound, to illustrate the underlying atomistic basis for some of the known pharmacological observations of psychedelic drug actions. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.17361", "pubmed_id": "39354889", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39354889/", "keywords": "5-HT2A agonists, 5-HT2A receptor, LSD, Psychedelic chemotypes, crystal structures, docking, ergolines, phenethylamines, psilocybin, structural biology, structure-activity relationships, therapeutic potential, tryptamines", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39354889\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 20, "title": "Psilocybin as a novel treatment for chronic pain.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a novel treatment for chronic pain", "authors": "Askey T, Lasrado R, Maiarú M, Stephens GJ", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs are under active consideration for clinical use and have generated significant interest for their potential as anti-nociceptive treatments for chronic pain, and for addressing conditions like depression, frequently co-morbid with pain. This review primarily explores the utility of preclinical animal models in investigating the potential of psilocybin as an anti-nociceptive agent. Initial studies involving psilocybin in animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain are summarised, alongside areas where further research is needed. The potential mechanisms of action, including targeting serotonergic pathways through the activation of 5-HT receptors at both spinal and central levels, as well as neuroplastic actions that improve functional connectivity in brain regions involved in chronic pain, are considered. Current clinical aspects and the translational potential of psilocybin from animal models to chronic pain patients are reviewed. Also discussed is psilocybin's profile as an ideal anti-nociceptive agent, with a wide range of effects against chronic pain and its associated inflammatory or emotional components. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.17420", "pubmed_id": "39614355", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39614355/", "keywords": "neuropathic pain, neuroplasticity, nociplastic pain, psilocybin, psychedelic drugs, serotonergic signalling", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39614355\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 19, "title": "The Australia story: Current status and future challenges for the clinical applications of psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "the australia story current status and future challenges for the clinical applications of psychedelics", "authors": "Nutt DJ, Hunt P, Schlag AK, Fitzgerald P", "abstract": "The past decade has seen a huge increase in clinical research with psychedelic drugs and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), which have revealed great potential for treating mental health conditions. Given this progress in research, as well as the current unmet clinical need of millions of patients, in 2023, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) approved the use of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression and MDMA for PTSD to take effect from 1 July 2023. The campaign for TGA approval was led by a coalition comprising the Australian charity Mind Medicine Australia with support from Professor David Nutt, Drug Science, Professor Arthur Christopolous, Professor Chris Langmead (both from Monash University) and from large numbers of clinical, academic and patient groups. Under the rescheduling, current prescribing rights are limited to psychiatrists who have become authorised prescribers under the TGA's Authorised Prescriber Scheme, and psilocybin can only be used for treatment resistant depression and MDMA can only be used for PTSD. This paper reviews the background for this decision, its implications for approvals in other jurisdictions, as well as for the development pathways for other psychedelic drugs. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.17398", "pubmed_id": "39701143", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39701143/", "keywords": "3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Australia, psilocybin, psychedelics, therapeutic goods administration (TGA)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39701143\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 18, "title": "Neuropsychopharmacology of hallucinogenic and non-hallucinogenic 5-HT receptor agonists.", "normalized_title": "neuropsychopharmacology of hallucinogenic and non hallucinogenic 5 ht receptor agonists", "authors": "Sharp T, Ippolito A", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocin were once relegated to the fringes of medical research because of their association with counterculture movements and a perceived concern about harm through recreational use, and their consequent legal prohibition in the early 1970s. However, these drugs are now experiencing a renaissance in the field of psychiatry based on increasing evidence that they can produce long-lasting improvements in health across a wide variety of mental illnesses, including major depression, addictions and anxiety disorders. These drugs interact with many different 5-HT receptor subtypes but the powerful psychedelic experience, which (depending on set and setting) includes profound alterations in perception, mood and cognition, accompanied by vivid hallucinations, is now widely considered mediated by an agonist action at 5-HT receptors. However, the link between the psychedelic experience, 5-HT receptor agonism and therapeutic effects is currently uncertain. Indeed, recent research has revealed a new class of 5-HT receptor agonists which appear to retain the therapeutic potential of psychedelics drugs without inducing disorienting hallucinatory experiences. Biased signalling, partial agonism and non-selectivity at the 5-HT receptor are amongst the possible explanations for the differential properties of these drugs, whereas increased neuroplasticity offers a likely account of their common therapeutic effects. This article explores the neuropsychopharmacological properties of hallucinogenic and non-hallucinogenic 5-HT receptor agonists in the context of their promise as novel drug treatments in psychiatry. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.70050", "pubmed_id": "40405723", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40405723/", "keywords": "5-HT, 5-HT2A receptor, antidepressant, hallucinogens, psychedelics, serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40405723\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 17, "title": "Psychedelics, entactogens and psychoplastogens for depression and related disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics entactogens and psychoplastogens for depression and related disorders", "authors": "Hoyer D", "abstract": "Currently, the most actively investigated rapidly acting antidepressants, anxiolytics and/or anti PTSD agents, include psychedelics e.g. psilocybin, LSD, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, ayahuasca; non-hallucinogenic entactogens, e.g. MDMA; psychoplastogens which rapidly promote neuroplasticity, e.g. ibogaine, ketamine and esketamine; and other atypicals e.g. dextromorphan/bupropion, esmethadone. Late-stage clinical trials support psychedelics and/or MDMA-assisted psychotherapy as rapidly acting treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), PTSD or generalised anxiety disorders (GAD). Psilocybin, MDMA and LSD were granted FDA breakthrough status for TRD/MDD, PTSD and GAD, respectively, although FDA recently rejected the new drug application of MDMA in PTSD. Most of these drugs target the 5-HT and monoamine systems. Classical psychedelics act as 5-HT receptor agonists, although LSD, DMT and psilocybin target other 5-HT and/or dopamine receptors. Psychedelic-dependent 5-HT receptor agonism also has profound anti-(neuro)inflammatory effects. Advanced imaging studies suggest that brain 5-HT levels are reduced in depression. Functional magnetic resonance studies show that neural networks (cortico thalamic, salience, default mode) are profoundly impaired in depression. Such network defects are corrected upon psychedelic/entactogen treatment, offering a unique opportunity to serve as biomarkers for depression, anxiety and PTSD precision medicine trials. Psychedelics and entactogens target common end pathways, namely neuroplasticity/synaptogenesis, either directly via monoamine or glutamate receptors and/or indirectly, via BDNF and mTORC1 pathways. Together, these findings strongly support a biological basis for MDD, GAD, PTSD and related conditions, which can be considered as mixed biochemical, neurological and neuroimmune disorders, and are profoundly modified by psychedelics, entactogens and the newly developed psychoplastogens. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.70088", "pubmed_id": "40518133", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40518133/", "keywords": "5-HT (serotonin), Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Empathogens, Entactogens, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine), Post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), Psychedelics, Psychoplastogens, Treatment resistant depression (TRD)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40518133\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 16, "title": "Evidence that 5-HT receptor signalling efficacy and not biased agonism differentiates serotonergic psychedelic from non-psychedelic drugs.", "normalized_title": "evidence that 5 ht receptor signalling efficacy and not biased agonism differentiates serotonergic psychedelic from non psychedelic drugs", "authors": "Ippolito A, Vasudevan S, Hurley S, Gilmour G, Westhorpe F, Churchill G, Sharp T", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelic drugs are under investigation as therapies for various psychiatric disorders, including major depression. Although serotonergic psychedelic drugs are 5-HT receptor agonists, some such agonists are not psychedelic, potentially due to differences in 5-HT receptor ligand bias or signalling efficacy. Here, we investigated 5-HT receptor signalling properties of selected psychedelic and non-psychedelic drugs. G-coupled (Ca and IP) and β-arrestin2 signalling effects of six psychedelic drugs (psilocin, 5-MeO-DMT, LSD, mescaline, 25B-NBOMe and DOI) and three non-psychedelic drugs (lisuride, TBG and IHCH-7079) were characterised using SH-SY5Y cells expressing human 5-HT receptors. Ligand bias and signalling efficacy were measured using concentration-responses curves, compared with 5-HT. The generality of findings was tested using rat C6 cells which express endogenous 5-HT receptors. In SH-SY5Y cells, all psychedelic drugs were partial agonists at both 5-HT receptor signalling pathways and none showed significant ligand bias. In comparison, the non-psychedelic drugs were not distinguishable from psychedelic drugs in terms of ligand bias properties but exhibited the lowest 5-HT receptor signalling efficacy of all drugs tested. The latter result was confirmed in C6 cells. In summary, all psychedelic drugs tested were unbiased, partial 5-HT receptor agonists. Importantly, the non-psychedelic drugs lisuride, TBG and IHCH-7079 were discriminated from psychedelic drugs, not through ligand bias but rather by low efficacy. Therefore, low 5-HT receptor signalling efficacy may explain why some 5-HT receptor agonists are not psychedelic, although a larger panel of drugs should be tested to confirm this idea. This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.70109", "pubmed_id": "40545270", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40545270/", "keywords": "5-HT, 5-HT2A receptor, Gq and β-arrestin2 signalling, biased agonism, psychedelic, serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40545270\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 15, "title": "Are we hallucinating or can psychedelic drugs modulate the immune system to control inflammation?", "normalized_title": "are we hallucinating or can psychedelic drugs modulate the immune system to control inflammation", "authors": "Qureshi O, Cowley J, Pegg A, Cooper AJ, Gordon J, Brady CA, Belli A, Butterworth S, Upthegrove R, Andrews N, Barnes NM", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs that activate 5-HT receptors have been long used for cultural, medicinal and recreational purposes. Interest in psychedelics for treating psychiatric disorders has resurged recently and is well documented; less well recognised are their anti-inflammatory properties. Growing evidence now demonstrates that psychedelics modulate immune responses, including inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrate that psychedelics, like (R)-DOI, reduce inflammation in animal models of acute and chronic inflammatory disease such as asthma. Likewise, some clinical studies with psychedelic drugs (e.g. psilocybin) demonstrate an impact upon circulating cytokine levels, supporting a translation from the animal models to the clinical arena. Such data emphasise the promise of therapeutic approaches targeting inflammation. Interestingly, recent research has also uncovered compounds that maintain therapeutic potential without likely causing psychedelic effects. These discoveries suggest that drugs informed by psychedelic drugs, but which do not evoke psychedelic experiences, which we term PIPI drugs (Psychedelic drug Informed but Psychedelic experience Inactive), could offer effective treatments for mental health and inflammation, presenting new avenues for therapeutic development. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.70138", "pubmed_id": "40726049", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40726049/", "keywords": "5-HT2A receptor, immune system, inflammation, neuroinflammation, psychedelic drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40726049\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 14, "title": "Psychedelics as pharmacotherapeutics for substance use disorders: A scoping review on clinical trials and perspectives on underlying neurobiology.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as pharmacotherapeutics for substance use disorders a scoping review on clinical trials and perspectives on underlying neurobiology", "authors": "Wittenkeller L, Gudelsky G, Winhusen TJ, Amato D", "abstract": "Psychedelics have garnered great attention in recent years as treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression because of their ability to alter consciousness and afflicted cognitive processes with lasting effects. We aimed to characterise how psychedelics are currently being investigated to treat substance use disorders (SUDs). Additionally, we aimed to summarise the available literature on the dopaminergic consequences of classic psychedelics in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a foundational component of SUDs, to understand how psychedelics may be therapeutically relevant for SUDs from a neurobiological perspective. Two scoping review approaches adhering to PRISMA-SCR guidelines were conducted. The first screened for ongoing clinical trials utilising psychedelics for SUD treatment registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. The second screened for in vivo microdialysis studies measuring psychedelic-induced changes in extracellular NAc dopamine in rats, found using PubMed, SCOPUS or Google Scholar. Thirty-four unique clinical trials were identified targeting alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and opioid use disorders and mostly consisting of open-label trials lacking placebo-treated controls. The most common SUD investigated was alcohol use disorder (AUD). Following stringent exclusion criteria, four publications were identified that measured extracellular dopamine in the NAc following systemic administration of psilocybin or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). A sustained mild increase of dopamine was observed that was unique to high-dose psilocybin. In addition to known therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics, findings herein suggest that psilocybin may support dopamine homeostasis through restoration of tonic dopamine levels. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities for Psychedelic and Related Drugs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v183.14/issuetoc.", "journal": "British journal of pharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/bph.70181", "pubmed_id": "40891276", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40891276/", "keywords": "MDMA, addiction, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychedelic-assisted therapy, substance use disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40891276\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 13, "title": "Correction: The serotonin 1B receptor is required for some of the behavioral effects of psilocybin in mice.", "normalized_title": "correction the serotonin 1b receptor is required for some of the behavioral effects of psilocybin in mice", "authors": "Fleury S, Nautiyal KM.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-026-03488-5", "pubmed_id": "41680332", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-026-03488-5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41680332\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 12, "title": "Psilocybin improves novel object recognition in a rat model of Fragile X Syndrome through the modulation of the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin improves novel object recognition in a rat model of fragile x syndrome through the modulation of the bdnf trkb signaling pathway", "authors": "Ascone F, Buzzelli V, Mottarlini F, Di Trapano M, Miglioranza P, Rava A, Feo A, Spano F, Hausman M, Sugaya K, Caffino L, Fumagalli F, Trezza V", "abstract": "Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited intellectual disability and a leading monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As a synaptic disorder, FXS involves the loss of Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMRP), leading to abnormal dendrite development and immature dendritic spines. Serotonergic signaling, essential for neuronal development and circuit remodeling, has been implicated in ASD and related conditions, including FXS, raising the possibility that serotonergic modulation could ameliorate neurodevelopmental impairments. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of psilocybin, a serotonergic compound, in the validated Fmr1-exon 8 rat model of FXS. Psilocybin microdosing rescued deficits in NOR. Importantly, its benefits on recognition memory persisted despite pretreatment with the 5HT2AR antagonist, volinanserin, or the 5HT1AR antagonist, WAY-100635, indicating that classical serotonergic receptor activation is not required. In contrast, pretreatment with the TrkB receptor antagonist, ANA-12, abolished psilocybin's effects, implicating BDNF/TrkB signaling as essential. At the molecular level, psilocybin normalized mature BDNF (mBDNF), increased TrkB, and restored downstream AKT signaling in the prefrontal cortex of Fmr1-exon 8 rats, pathways strongly linked to synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. These findings demonstrate that psilocybin rescues object recognition memory deficits in this rat model of FXS via BDNF/TrkB-AKT signaling rather than serotonergic receptor mechanisms. By dissociating therapeutic effects from hallucinogenic pathways, our results highlight psilocybin microdosing as a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodevelopmental disorders such as FXS and ASD.", "journal": "Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-026-02361-x", "pubmed_id": "41688761", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41688761/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41688761\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 11, "title": "Recreational drug poisonings reported to six European poison centres from 2021 to 2024.", "normalized_title": "recreational drug poisonings reported to six european poison centres from 2021 to 2024", "authors": "Hondebrink L, Faber K, Kader A, Jagpal PS, Arif T, Hermanns-Clausen M", "abstract": "Recreational drug poisonings pose a growing public health concern. European-level data remain limited, although poison centres are well placed to monitor related health incidents. This study analysed temporal trends in recreational drug poisonings reported to six European poison centres. Aggregated retrospective data were collected over four years (2021-2024) from poison centres in Austria, Freiburg (Germany), the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Cases involving 11 recreational drugs (amfetamine, cocaine, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, gamma-hydr-oxybutyrate, heroin, ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, 3,4-methylenedioxymetamfetamine, metamfetamine, poppers, and psilocybin) were included. Annual rates of recreational drug exposures were calculated relative to all poisoned patients, and trends were analysed using linear regression. From 2021 to 2024, the six centres recorded 1,051,287 poisonings, of which 23,779 (2.3%) involved recreational drugs. The rate of recreational drug exposures increased from 1.8% ( = 4,581) in 2021 to 2.6% ( = 7,229) in 2024, mainly driven by the increases in Austria, Freiburg, and the United Kingdom. Rates ranged from 1.3% (Austria) to 2.8% (Netherlands) in 2021 and from 1.9% (Austria) to 3.6% (Freiburg) in 2024. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine, amfetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymetamfetamine were most frequently implicated. Increasing rates were observed for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Freiburg, Austria), cocaine (Freiburg, United Kingdom), amfetamine (Freiburg, Sweden), and ketamine (Austria, Freiburg, United Kingdom). In 2024, amfetamine poisonings peaked in Freiburg (0.63%) and Sweden (0.94%), cocaine in Freiburg (0.78%) and the United Kingdom (0.74%), and ketamine in the Netherlands (0.42%) and the United Kingdom (0.24%). Although recreational drug poisonings comprised a small proportion of poison centre calls (∼3%), a significant increase was observed between 2021 and 2024, underscoring their value in toxicovigilance and early identification of emerging drug trends. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine, amfetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymetamfetamine were most frequently reported, with notable national differences. Coordinated European monitoring of recreational drug poisonings may support timely public health interventions and prevention strategies.", "journal": "Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/15563650.2026.2628073", "pubmed_id": "41778415", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41778415/", "keywords": "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, methylenedioxymetamfe­tamine, poison centre, poisoning rate, recreational drugs, toxicovigilance", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41778415\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 10, "title": "Three cases of wood-lover paralysis: clinical insights from Victoria, Australia.", "normalized_title": "three cases of wood lover paralysis clinical insights from victoria australia", "authors": "Silvester A, Hampton S, May TW, Holmes GD, Leang YH", "abstract": "Wood-lover paralysis is a rare complication of mushroom ingestion. The clinical spectrum is poorly characterized and published cases remain limited. We describe three patients who developed acute muscle weakness following ingestion of mushrooms in Victoria, Australia. Written informed consent was obtained from these patients for publication of this case series. Mild generalized weakness affecting gait, without other end-organ involvement. Severe generalized weakness involving upper and lower limbs, associated with takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Severe generalized weakness with respiratory failure, requiring intubation.All patients had a clear temporal relationship between mushroom ingestion and symptom onset. Mushroom samples from Cases 2 and Case 3 were identified as based on DNA sequence data. Serum toxicology detected psilocin in Case 1 and Case 3. Our findings support a causal role for; however, no specific alkaloid has yet been proven to cause wood-lover paralysis. These cases highlight the variable severity of wood-lover paralysis, ranging from mild weakness to life-threatening respiratory compromise, and add significantly to the current body of literature on this topic.", "journal": "Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/15563650.2026.2640196", "pubmed_id": "41910179", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41910179/", "keywords": "Psilocybe subaeruginosa, respiratory failure, takostubo, weakness, wood-lover paralysis", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41910179\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Case Report,Toxicity", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 9, "title": "Psychedelics as a potential treatment for borderline personality disorder: A narrative review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as a potential treatment for borderline personality disorder a narrative review", "authors": "Artna E, Sandhu G, Chisamore N, Lipsitz O, Kaczmarek ES, Johnson DE, Rosenblat JD, Sediqzadah S", "abstract": "Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental illness with high rates of morbidity and stigma; however, successful remission is frequently limited by a paucity of accessible treatment options. In an era of growing interest in psychedelics as novel psychiatric treatment modalities, patients with BPD are often excluded from research due to perceived safety risks, particularly pertaining to suicide and substance misuse. However, there is evolving evidence that psychedelic treatment may effectively target core BPD symptoms, in addition to those of the mood and anxiety disorders frequently comorbid with BPD. As such, characterizing the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in BPD represents an important opportunity to enhance patient outcomes. This narrative review aims to broadly analyze the existing literature on experiences with psychedelics in this population. Data were coalesced from multiple electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE, PsychInfo, and Embase) to characterize the current evidence for psychedelic safety and effectiveness in individuals with BPD. The 22 studies included in this review encompass a broad range of study designs and outcomes involving ketamine, esketamine, and psilocybin. There is some preliminary evidence that these psychedelics may be implemented as safe and effective treatments to improve core BPD symptoms and socio-occupational functioning. However, further high-quality evidence focusing on BPD-specific outcomes is needed to better elucidate their potential role as a treatment modality.", "journal": "Psychiatry research", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117152", "pubmed_id": "41955843", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41955843/", "keywords": "Borderline personality disorder, Esketamine, Hallucinogens, Ketamine, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Psychotropics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41955843\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Personality Change,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 8, "title": "Acute dose-dependent effects of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) compared with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybin in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy participants.", "normalized_title": "acute dose dependent effects of 4 bromo 2 5 dimethoxyphenethylamine 2c b compared with 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine mdma and psilocybin in a double blind placebo controlled study in healthy participants", "authors": "Arikci D, Borgulya J, Straumann I, Vizeli P, Luethi D, Thomann J, Rudin D, Vukalovic I, Eckert A, Liechti ME, Holze F", "abstract": "Based on its in vitro profile and preliminary evidence, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) may have psychoactive properties that are similar to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybin, which are investigated for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive disorders. We compared acute effects of 2C-B (10, 20, and 30 mg), 125 mg MDMA, and 25 mg psilocybin in 24 healthy participants (12 women, 12 men) using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Outcome measures included acute subjective effects, autonomic effects, adverse effects, effects on emotional and cognitive empathy, plasma oxytocin and neurophysin I concentrations, and pharmacokinetics up to 9 h. 2C-B produced dose-dependent subjective effects, with the 30 mg dose exerting comparable \"any drug effects\" to MDMA but lower \"any drug effects\" than psilocybin. Only psilocybin induced \"bad drug effects\" and \"anxiety\" compared with placebo. The 30 mg dose of 2C-B induced psychedelic-type alterations of state of consciousness and increased emotional empathy similarly to MDMA. The average subjective effect duration of 30 mg 2C-B was 4.9 h and similar to MDMA (4.8 h) and shorter than psilocybin (6.1 h). MDMA produced the highest cardiovascular stimulation, followed by psilocybin and 2C-B. Only MDMA increased plasma oxytocin and neurophysin I concentrations. 2C-B exhibited dose-proportional pharmacokinetics, with a plasma elimination half-life of ~1.3 h. The 30 mg dose of 2C-B induced entactogenic and psychedelic effects similarly to MDMA and psilocybin, respectively. MDMA is more cardiostimulant than psilocybin and 2C-B. At the tested dose-level, psilocybin is more distressing than MDMA and 2C-B. These results may assist with dose-finding for future 2C-B research and provide a direct comparison with standard doses of the prototypical compounds MDMA and psilocybin. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05523401.", "journal": "Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-026-02428-9", "pubmed_id": "42049943", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42049943/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42049943\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,In Vitro Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 7, "title": "Improving access to novel treatments for treatment-resistant depression: The potential role of specialist clinics in Australia.", "normalized_title": "improving access to novel treatments for treatment resistant depression the potential role of specialist clinics in australia", "authors": "Giri Y, Furst P, Loo CK, Clark SR, Tibrewal P", "abstract": "Treatment-resistant depression is a condition with significant morbidity, despite the current standard of treatment, including traditional pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, augmentation strategies and electroconvulsive therapy. While novel therapies have emerged, such as ketamine/esketamine, transcranial magnetic stimulation and psilocybin-assisted therapy, the uptake of these treatments is relatively low, particularly within public mental health services. Commercial clinics across Australia offer these treatments, but can only be accessed by those able to pay, leaving those unable to pay with limited or no access. We compare novel treatments for treatment-resistant depression and examine barriers to their implementation within the Australian mental health system. We also propose specialist treatment-resistant depression clinics as a potential model to improve access and build clinical expertise. We identified challenges in identifying treatment-resistant depression, lack of training and expertise, and regulatory and economic barriers. We propose that the lack of public access to these novel treatments be initially addressed by the establishment of specialist treatment-resistant depression clinics in Australia, including in the public sector, which will drive training and the development of expertise within public mental health.", "journal": "The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-06-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/00048674261450390", "pubmed_id": "42198984", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42198984/", "keywords": "Treatment-resistant depression, depression, esketamine, ketamine, mood disorder, personalisation, psilocybin, transcranial magnetic stimulation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42198984\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3495, "title": "A Multicenter Phase 1 Safety and Tolerability Trial of Psilocybin in Healthy Older Adults", "normalized_title": "a multicenter phase 1 safety and tolerability trial of psilocybin in healthy older adults", "authors": "University of Colorado, Denver", "abstract": "This study plans to learn more about the safety and tolerability of psychedelic administration (psilocybin) in healthy older adults ages 65-85. The purpose of this study is to learn whether psilocybin, a psychedelic compound, can be given safely to older adults. We want to understand how psilocybin affects the body and mind, including blood pressure, heart rhythm, and mood. We also want to see how the body processes psilocybin (how quickly it is absorbed and cleared) and whether it affects thinking, memory, or wellbeing. * Primary Objective: Evaluate the safety and tolerability of psychedelic administration in two cohorts of healthy older adults. * Cohort 1a Psilocybin Moderate Dose: 2 doses of oral psilocybin (10mg and then 25mg) 30 days apart. * Cohort 1b Psilocybin High Dose: 2 doses of oral psilocybin (15mg and then 30mg) 30 days apart. * Secondary Objectives: Evaluate the pharmacokinetics of Psilocybin for each Cohort of healthy older adults. * Exploratory Objectives: Evaluate patient-reported outcomes related to Psilocybin administration (e.g., psychedelic experience and well-being) in each Cohort. Assess the relationships between the pharmacokinetic profile, safety endpoints, and patient-reported outcomes in each Cohort.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07516405", "keywords": "Healthy Volunteer, Older Adults (65-85 Years), Psilocybin (Usona Institute), RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:33:26", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07516405\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Aging,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers,Older Adults,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1921, "title": "The relevance of the 5HT2A-mGlu2 heterodimer in explaining the clinical ambivalence of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "the relevance of the 5ht2a mglu2 heterodimer in explaining the clinical ambivalence of psilocybin", "authors": "Escobar-Cornejo Guillermo, Corredor-Gamba Julián, Rodriguez-Rojas Yoly, Cárdenas F. P.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría", "publication_date": "2026-06-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.20453/rnp.v89i2.7539", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20453/rnp.v89i2.7539", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:01", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.20453/rnp.v89i2.7539\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 303, "title": "Study Protocol for \"Exploring the safety and therapeutic potential of psilocybin in the treatment of anorexia nervosa in adolescents and young adults\".", "normalized_title": "study protocol for exploring the safety and therapeutic potential of psilocybin in the treatment of anorexia nervosa in adolescents and young adults", "authors": "Sjöström D, Schau Rybäck O, Claesdotter Knutsson E, Kajonius P, Jensen Sondén O, Carlbring P, Björkstrand J, Movahed Rad P.", "abstract": "BackgroundAnorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder with high morbidity, mortality, and relapse rates, most commonly emerging during adolescence. Despite specialized psychological and nutritional treatments, outcomes remain suboptimal, with high rates of relapse and chronicity. Psilocybin has been investigated with preliminary efficacy in other psychiatric conditions characterized by rigidity and treatment resistance, but clinical evidence in AN-particularly in adolescents-is limited.ObjectiveThe psiAN study aims to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and feasibility of psilocybin therapy combined with psychological support in adolescents and young adults with relapsing AN, while exploring clinical, experiential, and neurobiological correlates of change.MethodsA phase IIa, open-label, randomized controlled trial enrolling individuals aged 16-35 years with DSM-5 AN and a history of relapse. Participants are randomized to receive either two administrations of psilocybin (25 mg) with manualized psychological support plus treatment as usual (TAU), or TAU alone. Primary outcomes focus on safety and tolerability, assessed through adverse events, psychiatric monitoring, and medical parameters measured from first dosing to primary endpoint. Secondary outcomes include change in eating disorder symptom severity, relapse composite measures, mood, well-being, personality traits from baseline to primary endpoint with follow-up to 12 months. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor are included as exploratory mechanistic measures. fMRI will evaluate pre- to post-intervention changes in structural and functional connectivity and task-related responses during a simplified Monetary Incentive Delay task (MIDT) and a Calorie-Cue Task (CCT). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT07169747.Ethics and disseminationThe study follows Good Clinical Practice (GCP), the Declaration of Helsinki, and EU Clinical Trials Regulation requirements, with staged inclusion of adolescents (16-17-year-olds) after a safety board review of adult data (18-35-year-olds). This protocol was prepared with reference to the SPIRIT 2025 guidelines (Chan et al., 2025) to enhance transparency and inform future trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0352246", "pubmed_id": "42378255", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0352246", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Anorexia Nervosa, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42378255\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Aging,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Adolescents,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 302, "title": "Chronic psilocin microdosing produces limited behavioral effects and does not enhance neurogenesis in rats.", "normalized_title": "chronic psilocin microdosing produces limited behavioral effects and does not enhance neurogenesis in rats", "authors": "Ladislavová L, Kútná V, Mazochová K, Šíchová K, Danda H, Lhotková E, Uttl L, Brejtr V, Syrová K, Mazoch V, Horsley R, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "Psilocin (4-hydroxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine) is a substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a nonselective serotonergic agonist acting predominantly at 5-HT2A/C receptors, with substantial binding to 5-HT1A and 5-HT2B receptors. Microdosing is the practice of taking a very small, sub-perceptual dose, typically 5% to 10% of a full recreational dose, to improve mood, creativity, and focus without hallucinogenic effects. However, rigorous preclinical evidence for its behavioral and neurobiological effects remains limited. We therefore examined whether chronic psilocin microdosing alters behavior and dentate gyrus (DG) cell proliferation in adult male Wistar rats. Psilocin was administered subcutaneously at 0.05 or 0.075 mg/kg. Animals received six doses of psilocin or saline on alternate days over 18 days prior to the first behavioral assessment, and microdosing on alternate days continued between behavioral tasks for five weeks. To minimize acute drug effects, all behavioral assessments were performed 48 h after the preceding dose. Animals were tested sequentially in the Elevated Plus Maze, Hole-Board, Open Field, Social Interaction, and modified Forced Swim Test, with six-day intervals between tests. DG cell proliferation was quantified by BrdU and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. Across this regimen, psilocin microdosing did not measurably affect locomotor activity, depressive-like behavior, sociability, or novelty seeking, and it did not increase DG proliferation by either marker. A small anxiogenic effect was detected in the Elevated Plus Maze. These data indicate that, under the present dosing schedule and endpoints, chronic psilocin microdosing produces limited behavioral effects and does not enhance hippocampal progenitor proliferation in rats.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.pbb.2026.174231", "pubmed_id": "42379524", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2026.174231", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42379524\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neurogenesis,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Microdosing,Creativity,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 23, "title": "Chemical ecology and convergent evolution of natural hallucinogens: From ecological defense to conserved neural targets.", "normalized_title": "chemical ecology and convergent evolution of natural hallucinogens from ecological defense to conserved neural targets", "authors": "Wang Y, Wang H, Lin C, Wang X", "abstract": "Natural hallucinogenic compounds have arisen independently across plants, fungi, and animals, evolving into a diverse chemical arsenal that includes phenethylamines, indolealkylamines, and terpenoid scaffolds. Beyond clinical and cultural frameworks, their ecological origins and evolutionary trajectories may help explain why such potent modulators of perception, emotion, and cognition persist in nature. Here, integrating chemical ecology, comparative genomics, biosynthetic logic, and evolutionary biology, we propose that these molecules may function as defensive agents or symbiosis-associated manipulators of herbivore and pollinator behavior. A \"building-block\" biosynthetic logic links primary metabolism to convergent psychotropic scaffolds via a recurrent set of tailoring reactions, including decarboxylations and methylations. Recent advances illuminate mescaline biosynthesis in cacti, horizontal gene transfer of psilocybin clusters in fungi, and symbiont-derived alkaloids in grasses. We also assess the debate surrounding endogenous mammalian tryptamines, arguing that the leading hypothesis points toward sigma-1 receptor-mediated cytoprotection and stress responses, supported by convergent pharmacological and cellular evidence, rather than inherent hallucinogenic functions. Across kingdoms, natural hallucinogens appear to converge on conserved neural targets, including serotonergic and other neuromodulatory systems that are shared across phyla. From this perspective, human psychoactivity is likely an evolutionary by-product of molecules selected for ecological interactions with animals possessing deeply conserved receptor architectures. Framing hallucinogens through chemical ecology not only clarifies their origins but also highlights translational opportunities in target discovery, pathway engineering, and sustainable production, while emphasizing the need to integrate conservation, ethical sourcing, and benefit-sharing into the current hallucinogenic renaissance.", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "2026-06-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2535785123", "pubmed_id": "42341036", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42341036/", "keywords": "chemical defense, chemical ecology, convergent evolution, hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42341036\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Epigenetics,Emotional Processing,Drug Interactions,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 22, "title": "Psychedelics in treatment-resistant depression: a comprehensive review of mechanisms, clinical evidence, and recommendations.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in treatment resistant depression a comprehensive review of mechanisms clinical evidence and recommendations", "authors": "Estela-Fernandez CA, Mohamed Yousif Elsheikh R, Beatrice DB, A Alhendal A, Irene Ewe C, Montesinos SY, Wensel J, Mishra AP, Yousif AA, Ali HT.", "abstract": "PurposeMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous, debilitating disorder. A distinct subgroup within the MDD spectrum is identified to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). There is an impetus to find alternative treatments for TRD to reduce disease burden and improve quality of life. Psychedelics have been used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders since the 1950s, with potential benefits in TRD.MethodsAiming to summarize the evidence of using psychedelics for TRD by exploring mechanisms and potential benefits, we conducted a literature search on different psychedelics with their mechanisms from clinical and preclinical evidence.ResultsPsychedelics have been examined in many preclinical studies for efficacy and mechanisms with fewer clinical studies on patients with TRD. Besides serotonergic agonism, glutamate surge and monoamine release, psychedelics promote neuroplasticity, corticolimbic function, and epigenetic changes. Psilocybin, ketamine, and esketamine are the most researched agents of psychedelics in the context of TRD. Psilocybin-assisted therapy has been shown to induce short-term improvement in symptoms that can persist for weeks and months, with some meta-analyses consolidating such findings. Ketamine, as an atypical psychedelic, in many clinical trials of intravenous, subcutaneous, and oral forms, had rapid and robust effects in reducing depressive symptoms and relapses without decreasing cognitive function. Similarly, esketamine induced early and clinically meaningful improvements in function and productivity. Ayahuasca also showed fast and sustained effects with higher remission rates and good safety.ConclusionPsychedelics have significant potential in TRD with superior mechanisms over traditional antidepressants. Despite the encouraging findings of the existing studies, large, well-designed studies are needed to extend their use as part of standard recommendations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s40211-026-00584-4", "pubmed_id": "42377806", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40211-026-00584-4", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42377806\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Epigenetics,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3561, "title": "The Efficacy of Psilocybin Therapy for Depression in Parkinson's Disease", "normalized_title": "the efficacy of psilocybin therapy for depression in parkinson s disease", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to understand whether people with Parkinson's Disease and depression have improvement in their symptoms after psilocybin therapy. This is a randomized controlled trial of oral psilocybin therapy for depression in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). The primary goal is to examine efficacy of psilocybin therapy in this patient population. Investigators will enroll participants with clinically diagnosed early to moderate stage Parkinson's disease (Hoehn and Yahr Stage 1-3 during an \"on\" period), who meet criteria for moderate or greater depression severity and meet all other inclusion and exclusion criteria at screening. Participants will complete two drug administration sessions where they will each receive a dose of oral psilocybin ranging from low (\"microdose\") to high in a medically monitored setting with psychotherapeutic support. Participants will also complete a series of psychotherapy sessions before and after each drug administration session. Clinical assessments will be used to quantify changes in depression as well as other relevant outcomes (non-motor and motor symptoms of PD, cognitive performance, quality of life). Follow-up will continue to 3 months after the second session. Endpoints will evaluate efficacy, safety, and tolerability of study procedures. After posting of these trial results, this data will be combined with the data from the trial at UCSF (NCT06455293) for publication purposes.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07610369", "keywords": "Depression, Parkinson's Disease (PD), Psilocybin (drug), 4-phosphoryloxy- N, N-dimethyltryptamine, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:33:26", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07610369\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Microdosing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3494, "title": "5-HT2A Agonist Psilocybin in the Treatment of Tobacco Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "5 ht2a agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco use disorder", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This is a multi-site, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocybin for smoking cessation. Four sites with experience in conducting psilocybin research will be involved in this trial: Johns Hopkins University (JHU), the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), and New York University (NYU). The proposed study will treat 66 participants (22 at each site), randomized to receive either: 1) oral psilocybin (30 mg in session 1 and either 30 mg or 40 mg in session 2); or 2) oral niacin (150 mg in session 1 and either 150 mg or 200 mg in session 2), with sessions 1 week apart. This is a multi-site, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocybin for smoking cessation. The investigators previously conducted an open-label pilot trial (N = 15) of psilocybin paired with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Data showed a biologically-verified 7-day point-prevalence abstinence rate of 67% at 12 months and 60% at 2.5 years (continuous abstinence rates: 53% and 47%, respectively). The investigators are now conducting an open-label randomized comparative efficacy trial of psilocybin vs. nicotine patch, both in combination with CBT. Interim results (N = 44; 22 per group) show greater biologically-verified abstinence rates at 12 months for psilocybin: 7-day point-prevalence: 59% vs. 27%; continuous abstinence: 36% vs. 9%. Despite these promising findings, the investigators have yet to conduct a double-blind study of psilocybin for smoking cessation. Furthermore, previous psilocybin study samples have been largely White with higher socioeconomic status (SES). The current trial will address these issues across four sites with experience in conducting psilocybin research: Johns Hopkins, the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), and New York University (NYU). A diverse sample with regard to ethno-racial identity and SES will be recruited at each site. The proposed double-blind study will treat 66 participants (22 at each site), randomized to receive either: 1) psilocybin; 30 mg in session 1 and either 30 or 40 mg in session 2, with sessions 1 week apart; or 2) niacin; 150 mg in session 1 and either 150 mg or 200 mg in session 2, with sessions 1 week apart. Niacin was selected because it has been used as an active placebo in two previous randomized therapeutic trials of psilocybin, and the FDA has informed the investigators that niacin is the FDA's preferred active placebo for psilocybin. CBT will be administered to both groups and will allow the investigators to test psilocybin's efficacy above and beyond an established treatment approach. Biochemically-confirmed 7-day point-prevalence abstinence will be assessed throughout for up to 12 months. The investigators hypothesize that psilocybin (compared to niacin) will cause increased biologically-confirmed 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 12-month follow-up. Based on pilot data, the investigators will test cognitive/psychological mediators of treatment response. The investigators hypothesize that psilocybin will be associated with improved cognitive control and decreased anticipation of withdrawal relief (from smoking) 1 day after the target quit date, which will be associated with greater 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 12- month follow-up. This trial will provide a rigorous test of efficacy in a diverse study sample, and test relevant mechanisms, for an innovative smoking cessation treatment showing potential for substantial efficacy.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05452772", "keywords": "Tobacco Use Disorder, Psilocybin, Active Experimental Group, Niacin, Active Comparator Group, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:33:26", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05452772\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 25, "title": "Classical psychedelic microdosing, mood, and cognitive function: An umbrella review with narrative synthesis.", "normalized_title": "classical psychedelic microdosing mood and cognitive function an umbrella review with narrative synthesis", "authors": "Özaydın Y, Canlan Özaydın B.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic microdosing-repeated sub-perceptual doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or psilocybin-has attracted scientific interest as a potential mood and cognitive intervention. The evidence base remains methodologically heterogeneous and vulnerable to expectancy bias.MethodsWe conducted an umbrella review with narrative synthesis following Joanna Briggs Institute guidance and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 standards (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews [PROSPERO]: 2020 standards (PROSPERO: CRD420251077340). Six databases were searched through February 2026. Eligible studies were systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses examining microdosing effects (⩽20 μg LSD or ⩽3 mg psilocybin per session) on mood or cognitive outcomes in adults. Quality was appraised with A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews-2; primary-study overlap was quantified via corrected covered area (CCA).ResultsThree meta-analyses met quantitative criteria, drawing on 14 studies (13 unique samples, N = 1614); three reviews contributed to narrative synthesis. Primary-study overlap was very high (CCA = 0.29). The sole significant pooled effect was a small decrease in cognitive control (d = -0.34, 95% CI: -0.62 to -0.06); all other domains were non-significant. No eligible meta-analysis provided pooled mood-outcome effect sizes within the microdose threshold; narrative evidence indicates that self-reported mood benefits are largely attenuated under placebo-controlled conditions. Short-term tolerability was acceptable, though cardiovascular signals and long-term risks via 5-HT2B activation remain uncharacterized.ConclusionsCurrent evidence does not support cognitive enhancement through microdosing; the only consistent controlled finding runs counter to popular claims: microdosing was associated with a small but reliable impairment of cognitive control. Observed mood benefits are not replicated under blinded conditions, consistent with expectancy-driven responding. Adequately powered, preregistered, expectancy-controlled trials are required before clinical recommendations can be made.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261456196", "pubmed_id": "42365488", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261456196", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42365488\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 24, "title": "Psilocybin reduces fear memory and restores neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces fear memory and restores neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex", "authors": "Du Y, Zhao X, Yao Y, Li Y, Wang G, Zhang L.", "abstract": "BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder are often comorbid in humans. Psilocybin reportedly has beneficial therapeutic effects on depression, possibly by promoting neuroplasticity. PTSD is associated with the dysregulation of neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We hypothesized that psilocybin might reduce fear memory by promoting neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and mPFC.AimsWe investigated the effects of psilocybin on fear memory and explored its underlying mechanisms. We generated a mouse model of PTSD via auditory-cued fear conditioning and treated the mice with either vehicle or psilocybin (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) on day 0. Fear memory was assessed by the percentage of freezing time in response to conditioned stimuli. Fear memory tests were conducted on days 1, 6, and 7, after which the mice were sacrificed. To investigate the role of neuroplasticity in mediating the effects of psilocybin on fear memory, we assessed structural neuroplasticity and neuroplasticity-associated marker protein levels in the hippocampus and mPFC 7 days after a single dose of psilocybin.ResultsPsilocybin reduced the cue-induced fear response on days 1, 6, and 7. Psilocybin ameliorated the fear conditioning-induced decreases in neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and mPFC. Through Golgi-Cox staining, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining, we found that psilocybin increased dendritic branches and spine density, upregulated GluR1 and synapsin-1, enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, and promoted neurogenesis.ConclusionsA single dose of psilocybin reduces both the rapid and sustained fear memory in mice, at least in part by restoring neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and mPFC. These findings indicate that psilocybin has significant potential for use in the treatment of PTSD and other mental disorders characterized by fear memory.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261453819", "pubmed_id": "42365496", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261453819", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42365496\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3621, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Massed Cognitive Processing Therapy for Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Open-label Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted massed cognitive processing therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder an open label trial", "authors": "Unity Health Toronto", "abstract": "This is an open-label trial evaluating feasibility, tolerability, safety and efficacy of psilocybin assisted cognitive processing therapy for chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Current front-line treatments for Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are ineffective for up to half of patients, with serious medical and societal consequences. It is imperative to improve the efficacy of front-line treatment options, such as cognitive processing therapy (CPT). CPT is an effective treatment for PTSD, including when delivered intensively (i.e., multiple sessions over 7 days). However, a substantial proportion of patients continue to meet criteria for PTSD or have residual PTSD symptoms post-treatment. Psilocybin-assisted CPT may be a potential solution, as preliminary evidence supports the potential of psilocybin to alleviate symptoms of PTSD. Fifteen participants will receive a single dose of psilocybin 25mg combined with 12 sessions of massed CPT, and 2 psychotherapy sessions related to psilocybin over 7 days. Participants will complete clinician-administered scales, self-reported mental health questionnaires, and use a wearable device. After the 1-week interventional period, participants will enter a 12-weeks follow-up period.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06386003", "keywords": "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Chronic PTSD, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:33:26", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06386003\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3522, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Physician Well-Being and Burnout: Feasibility, Safety, Clinical Effectiveness and Biomarkers of Response [PAT-B (Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Physician Well-Being and Burnout)]", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for physician well being and burnout feasibility safety clinical effectiveness and biomarkers of response pat b psilocybin assisted therapy for physician well being and burnout", "authors": "University of California, San Diego", "abstract": "Through an open-label study involving a small group of UCSD physicians experiencing burnout, the investigators will evaluate the feasibility, safety, and preliminary effectiveness of PAT to reduce burnout symptoms. Physician burnout is a critical issue. Research shows that physician burnout is increasing, that physicians suffer higher rates of burnout than the general population, and that physician burnout is associated with poor mental health outcomes. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring alkaloid within certain fungi that elicits acute perceptual, cognitive, and emotional changes when ingested, due to action on neurotransmitter and neurocirculatory systems. The combination of psilocybin with psychological support, termed Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy (PAT), is a promising new mental health intervention shown to produce rapid and sustained improvements in psychological domains affected in burnout. PAT demonstrates preliminary efficacy as a treatment for depression and substance use disorders, is associated with brain changes measured with electroencephalography (EEG) and is a strong candidate treatment for physician burnout. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the safety, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of PAT to enhance well-being in University of California, San Diego (UCSD) physicians experiencing burnout. A secondary aim is to identify neurophysiological changes associated with response to PAT. Physicians experiencing burnout will be recruited in an open-label trial involving preparatory therapy sessions, psilocybin treatment, and post-treatment integration. Burnout will be measured with the Stanford Professional Fulfillment Index (PFI).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06814522", "keywords": "Burnout, Burnout, Healthcare Workers, Psilocybin, [3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:33:26", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06814522\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3026, "title": "Divergent changes in perturbation-induced brain reconfiguration following depression treatment with psilocybin and escitalopram", "normalized_title": "divergent changes in perturbation induced brain reconfiguration following depression treatment with psilocybin and escitalopram", "authors": "Dagnino, P. C.; Acero-Pousa, I.; Carhart-Harris, R.; Erritzoe, D.; Nutt, D. J.; Kringelbach, M. L.; Sanz Perl, Y.; Deco, G.", "abstract": "A central challenge in neuroscience is understanding how the human brain is organised to support optimal functioning and adaptability. One approach to characterise complex brain dynamics is by artificially perturbing whole-brain models. Here, we asked whether whole-brain organisation under perturbation in major depressive disorder (MDD) changes after intervention with psilocybin and escitalopram. First, we built whole-brain models of pre- and post-treatment resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and obtained an initial generative effective connectivity (GEC) matrix for each individual. Then, we employed systematic and local artificial perturbations across intensities, re-optimised each model to create a response GEC (GECr), and assessed the extent of brain reorganisation by quantifying the brain network reconfiguration index (NRI). Our results showed that the global brain NRI increases with psilocybin and decreases with escitalopram. Across sessions and interventions, higher global NRI was related with localised perturbations in brain areas orchestrating the brains hierarchical dynamics. Traditional approaches complemented our investigation. Our findings suggest distinct neural changes following each treatment for MDD. The increase in brain reorganisation under perturbation following psilocybin is consistent with greater brain flexibility and changeability, whereas the decrease following escitalopram suggests more stabilised brain dynamics. Overall, perturbation-induced brain NRI may represent a useful approach for uncovering neural changes following different interventions for depression.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-06-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.06.22.733731", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.22.733731", "keywords": "neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:32:56", "raw_json": "{\"server\":\"biorxiv\",\"version\":\"1\",\"category\":\"neuroscience\",\"type\":\"new results\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 28, "title": "Anthracaurisin A─Discovery of a Cytotoxic -Sesquiterpene Dimer from Patagonian.", "normalized_title": "anthracaurisin a discovery of a cytotoxic sesquiterpene dimer from patagonian", "authors": "Petit B, Michrafy I, Nafie J, Dyer GE, Marshall EM, Riquelme C, Cabrera-Pardo JR, Strother JA, Loesgen S", "abstract": "Fungal natural products, also called secondary metabolites (SMs), continue to inspire chemists and drug development. Around 30,000 fungal SMs are known, mainly from filamentous fungi of the phylum Ascomycota. Only 5% of all fungal species are described today, and even fewer have been cultured or chemically screened, which makes fungi an untapped reservoir for chemical discovery. The phylum Basidiomycota harbors chemically talented fungi such as the psilocybin producer (Agaricales, Hymenogastraceae), but other members like the genus (Agaricales, Omphalotaceae) remain largely genetically and chemically underexplored although new species are being discovered frequently. Here, we present the chemical and bioactivity exploration of a Chilean fungus. We discovered anthracaurisin A, the first fungal -sesquiterpene homodimer with potent cytotoxic activity and, isolated one new and several known illudins, and established their absolute configurations.", "journal": "Journal of natural products", "publication_date": "2026-06-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6c00531", "pubmed_id": "42273985", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42273985/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42273985\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 27, "title": "The purpose of the psychosocial protocol in the psychedelic-assisted therapy: A scoping review.", "normalized_title": "the purpose of the psychosocial protocol in the psychedelic assisted therapy a scoping review", "authors": "Giaffone de Paiva Ferreira F, Fernandes JAB, Filev R, da Silveira DX, Fidalgo TM.", "abstract": "With growing research on the use of psychedelics to treat mental health conditions, greater attention to the psychosocial procedures accompanying substance administration is warranted. This scoping review aims to categorize psychosocial protocols used in research involving psychedelics as psychiatric treatment according to their purpose, denomination, format, therapeutic orientation, formalization, and duration. Experimental and observational studies were identified through online search platforms, covering Ayahuasca, Dimethyltryptamine, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Ibogaine, Mescaline, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Psilocybin, and 4-hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine, yielding 62 eligible studies that were also assessed for methodological quality. Seven categories were defined, reflecting distinct emphases on the substance, participant, research team, and sociocultural context. Although limited reporting and heterogeneity remain methodological challenges, these features reveal divergent research intentions and contextual constraints. The proposed parameters suggest a shared language to describe, compare, and examine psychosocial protocols across studies and reduce conceptual uncertainty in the field. This review may facilitate research decision-making and support the development of structured and replicable study designs, while predicting flexibility to accommodate individualized, culturally responsive, and population-specific care. Ultimately, researchers explicitly defining the intended purpose of psychosocial protocols may improve its transparent reporting, and evaluation. Future research should balance methodological rigor with attention to real-world studies, interdisciplinary perspectives, and demographic diversity for responsible advancing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261453850", "pubmed_id": "42363614", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261453850", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42363614\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 26, "title": "U.S. Psychedelic Use and Microdosing in 2025: Insights from a Probability-Based and Nationally Representative Survey.", "normalized_title": "u s psychedelic use and microdosing in 2025 insights from a probability based and nationally representative survey", "authors": "Priest M, Kilmer B, Senator B, Setodji CM.", "abstract": "An increasing number of U.S. states are implementing or considering alternative policies to the prohibition of some psychedelic substances for nonclinical purposes. The authors present new data and analysis to inform these discussions with survey results on the use of 11 psychedelic substances and detailed information about the prevalence of microdosing (i.e., taking a fraction of a full dose, often on a schedule) for psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "42368324", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42368324", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42368324\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3595, "title": "Acute Effects of MDMA Co-administration on the Response to Psilocybin in Healthy Subjects", "normalized_title": "acute effects of mdma co administration on the response to psilocybin in healthy subjects", "authors": "University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland", "abstract": "The acute subjective effects of serotonin (5-HT)2A receptor stimulation with psilocybin in humans are mostly positive. However, negative effects such as anxiety, paranoid thinking, or loss of trust towards other people are common effects, depending on the dose administered, the personality traits of the person consuming it (set), or the environment in which psilocybin is taken (setting). Negative psychedelic effects may cause acute distress to the subject and acute anxiety has been linked to less favorable long-term outcomes in patients experimentally treated with psilocybin or similar substances for the treatment of depression. The 5-HT and oxytocin releaser 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) reliably induces positive mood, euphoria, comfort, empathy, and feelings of trust. If administered in combination with psilocybin, MDMA may increase positive subjective drug effects including positive mood, empathy, and trust and reduce negative emotions and anxiety associated with psilocybin and overall produce a more positive over negative experience. The present study will assess subjective and autonomic effects of psilocybin alone and in combination with MDMA. Psilocybin is a classic serotonergic psychedelic. Clinically, the acute effects of psilocybin last shorter than those of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) but are qualitatively very similar. Currently, psilocybin is the most investigated psychedelic substance among the classic psychedelics including LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Psilocybin is capable of inducing exceptional subjective effects such as a dream-like alteration of consciousness, affective changes, psychological insight, visual imagery, pseudo-hallucinations and ego-dissolution. The acute subjective effects elicited by psilocybin are mostly positive in humans. However, psychedelic substances like psilocybin may also cause unpleasant subjective effects like negative thoughts, rumination, anxiety, panic, paranoia, loss of trust towards other people and perceived loss of control, depending on the dose of psilocybin used, the personality traits of the person consuming it (i.e. 'set'), the environment in which it is consumed (i.e. 'setting'), and other factors. Acute negative psychological effects are considered the main risk of psychedelic substance use in humans. Inducing an overall positive acute response to the psychedelic is critical because several studies showed that a more positive experience is predictive of a greater therapeutic long-term effect of the psychedelic. The present study uses 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) as a pharmacological tool to optimize the effects of psilocybin by inducing positive mood. MDMA is an amphetamine derivative which, unlike prototypical amphetamines, predominantly enhances serotonergic neurotransmission via release of 5-HT through the serotonin transporter (SERT). Furthermore, MDMA is known to trigger oxytocin release which may contribute to its effects to increase trust, prosociality, and enhanced empathy. The state of well-being induced by MDMA including increased activation and emotional excitation is known to be associated with a better response to psychedelics. Due to its psychological profile, MDMA could be a reliable pharmacological tool to serve as an optimizer of a psychedelic experience by inducing positive emotions.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06884514", "keywords": "Healthy, Psilocybin, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Psilocybin placebo, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 23:13:10", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06884514\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3560, "title": "A Pilot Mechanistic RCT of Psilocybin With Mindfulness-based Therapy vs Support for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)", "normalized_title": "a pilot mechanistic rct of psilocybin with mindfulness based therapy vs support for posttraumatic stress disorder ptsd", "authors": "Anthony P King", "abstract": "The goal of this study is to learn how psilocybin delivered with mindfulness-based therapy may help symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is an assessor-blinded, randomized, controlled study in participants with PTSD. The study will investigate the changes in brain activity, connectivity, and microstructural neuroplasticity assessed using EEG/EMG and multimodal MRI measures after administration of one oral dose of psilocybin, accompanied either with standard \"psychological support\" only; or with standard support plus Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT). Many patients with PTSD do not respond or have an incomplete response to treatment with currently available medications that are FDA-approved for PTSD, and/or do not respond to psychotherapies for PTSD. The use of psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin) is being investigated as a new approach to improve symptoms in patients with PTSD and depression, however their mechanism of action is still not well understood. Furthermore, while psychedelics are usually administered in the context of psychological support (\"psychedelic assisted therapy\", PAT) the kinds of support therapy used and possible interactions with drug with therapy effects is not well understood. This study will investigate the changes in brain activity, connectivity, and microstructural neuroplasticity, assessed using electroencephalography (EEG) / electromyography (EMG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) /diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI), after administration of one oral dose of 25 mg synthetic Psilocybin delivered in the context of either non-directive psychological support only (the most common approach for PAT) or in combination with psychological support plus an active form of psychotherapy called Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT). Up to 30 participants will be enrolled altogether. The initial phase of this study will be an open label administration of 25 mg synthetic Psilocybin combined with standard \"PAT psychological support\" plus MBCT in ten participants with PTSD, to allow us to pilot this new intervention package. In the next phase of the study, we will randomly assign twenty participants with PTSD into two groups: one group receiving 25 mg of synthetic Psilocybin (open label) combined with standard \"PAT support\" only, and one group receiving 25 mg of synthetic Psilocybin (open label) combined with standard \"support\" plus active form MBCT psychotherapy. In both groups, psychological support will be provided before, during and after the administration session. The MBCT group will also receive bi-weekly individual MBCT sessions and will be invited to complete daily homework, as per the MBCT protocol. Assessments performed at Baseline and on Day 2 and Day 28 after administration will include EEG/EMG, MRI, clinician-administered scales (CAPS-5, MADRS, C-SSRS) and self-report questionnaires to assess PTSD, depression and anxiety symptoms, cognitive testing, self-report questionnaires to evaluate the psychedelic effects of synthetic Psilocybin administration, and blood collection for the Gsα-AC biomarker assay.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07104916", "keywords": "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression - Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin + MBCT therapy, Active Comparator: Psilocybin with Support Only, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 23:13:10", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07104916\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthcare Workers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3525, "title": "Psilocybin Administration With 5-HT1a Blockade", "normalized_title": "psilocybin administration with 5 ht1a blockade", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of 5-HT1A receptor blockade on the acute subjective effects of psilocybin, as measured through subjective survey measures and acute electroencephalography (EEG). Further, the investigators will assess the effects of psilocybin on post-acute sleep and dreaming through the use of sleep EEG and sleep and dream diaries. This double-blind, randomized, cross-over study (N = 18) will administer a moderate dose of psilocybin trihydrate (18 mg, equivalent to 15 mg psilocybin anhydrate), with pindolol (30 mg), or placebo to assess the effects of 5-HT1A receptor blockade on the acute subjective effects and the acute neurophysiological effects of psilocybin through the use of self-report measures and acute EEG. Participants will also complete sleep and dream diaries 10 days prior to and 10 days following each drug administration session as well as wear an at-home sleep EEG device for 5 days prior to and 5 days following each drug session. This study aims to understand the mechanistic basis of the perceptual changes in the altered state of consciousness induced by psilocybin as well as its effects on post-acute sleep and dreaming.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07565493", "keywords": "Psychedelic Effects in Healthy Volunteers, Pindolol, Placebo, Microcrystalline cellulose placebo, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 23:13:10", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07565493\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 30, "title": "The intersection between psychedelics and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Reevaluating risk and therapeutic potential.", "normalized_title": "the intersection between psychedelics and schizophrenia spectrum disorders reevaluating risk and therapeutic potential", "authors": "Brar PS, Price RB, Ross S, Tofighi B, Sarpal DK", "abstract": "In the past decade, interest in studying psychedelic compounds as potential therapeutic agents has resurged. These studies carefully exclude individuals at risk for developing psychotic symptoms in response to psychedelic use. Given the potential for psychedelics to be established as treatments in psychiatry, it is important to more robustly understand their link with psychosis and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). In this narrative review, we examine the historical and theoretical relationship between psychedelic drugs and SSDs, including the origins of the psychotomimetic hypothesis. For key psychedelic compounds, we review their phenomenological manifestations in relation to the experiential alterations characteristic of SSDs, revealing both areas of overlap and important qualitative differences that challenge the uniform psychotomimetic classification. We also review putative neural mechanisms underlying altered experiential states associated with psychedelic use and SSDs, with attention to serotonergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic contributions. Clinical evidence demonstrates that psychedelics can exacerbate pre-existing psychotic illness and may trigger psychosis in vulnerable individuals, though the magnitude of these risks remains inadequately quantified. However, phenomenological and mechanistic distinctions suggest that potential therapeutic applications may exist for carefully selected symptoms (negative symptoms, depression) in stable patients using low-dose, controlled approaches. Based on published work, we provide recommendations regarding psychosis-related risk and potential avenues for the treatment of SSDs as psychedelics gain traction as therapeutics.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2026-06-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261456191", "pubmed_id": "42345450", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42345450/", "keywords": "DMT, LSD, mescaline, phenomenology, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychosis, schizophrenia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42345450\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 29, "title": "Novel approaches in depression treatment: from rapid-acting antidepressants to personalized interventions.", "normalized_title": "novel approaches in depression treatment from rapid acting antidepressants to personalized interventions", "authors": "Guidetti C, Fava M, Papakostas GI.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD) are prevalent and debilitating conditions. Over 50% of patients have inadequate response to first-line serotonergic antidepressants and are left with suboptimal treatment options. Rapid-acting and individually tailored treatments for MDD remain major unmet needs. This review discusses promising rapid-acting treatments, including psychedelic and neuroplastogen compounds, currently under investigation for the treatment of MDD and TRD. Among these, psilocybin has advanced to late-stage trials. In addition, we examine the emerging role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), including novel personalized interventions, such as the Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy (SAINT) protocol, which has demonstrated rapid antidepressant effects and is now FDA-cleared for TRD, positioning it closest to clinical translation. We also highlight the ongoing ALTO-300 trial, which is evaluating an adjunctive treatment for MDD in patients identified by an EEG biomarker-representing another promising step toward personalized treatment. Finally, we review the results of a Phase 2 study reporting outcomes that vary by a specific genotype sequence, underscoring the potential for genetically guided personalized interventions. Despite these advances, key limitations, including unblinding in psychedelic trials, scalability challenges of intensive neuromodulation protocols, and the need for validated biomarkers, pose ongoing challenges for real-world implementation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-026-03722-0", "pubmed_id": "42350785", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-026-03722-0", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:31:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42350785\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3684, "title": "TRIP - TReatment to Improve Depression and/or Anxiety Using Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy in Patients With Advanced Cancer on Maintenance Therapy", "normalized_title": "trip treatment to improve depression and or anxiety using psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in patients with advanced cancer on maintenance therapy", "authors": "M.D. Anderson Cancer Center", "abstract": "To learn about the feasibility, safety, and effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy on depression and/or anxiety in participants who are being treated for advanced cancer. Primary Objective To examine the feasibility, safety, effect size estimates of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for participants with depression and/or anxiety who are being actively treated for advanced cancer. Feasibility will be measured as: At least 20% of eligible participants consent and at least 60% of consented participants complete the two doses of treatment. Secondary Objectives 1. Determine whether psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy improves measures of quality of life (e.g., sleep, pain, functional status) and psychosocial well-being (e.g., finding meaning and post-traumatic growth), as measured by the following: PHQ-9, GAD-7, PROMIS-10, PROMIS-A, PROMIS-D, MEQ30 (mystical experience), Flourishing scale, mDES, 5D-ASC (altered states), and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. 2. Determine whether psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy improves functional status per clinician-rated outcome measures. 3. Assess the effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy on cancer treatment adherence determined by the likelihood that participants will follow the prescribed treatment (adherence) and continue the treatment for the duration prescribed (persistence) for these maintenance therapies. 4. Measure the change in inflammatory markers (IL6, TNF, and CRP) and in frequency and activation status of peripheral immune cell populations assessed by immune monitoring through flow cytometry. 5. Examine changes in central nervous system plasticity through the use of fMRI, specifically changes in 5-HT2A-rich and higher-order functional networks, as well as a global increase in brain network integration. 6. Evaluate the Impact on MDASI measurements.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06200155", "keywords": "Depression, Anxiety, Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy, Advanced Cancer, Psilocybin, Niacin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06200155\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Wellbeing,Mystical Experience,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3674, "title": "TRIPS - Treatment to Improve Depression and/or Anxiety Using Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy in Cancer Survivors", "normalized_title": "trips treatment to improve depression and or anxiety using psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in cancer survivors", "authors": "M.D. Anderson Cancer Center", "abstract": "This clinical research study is to learn about the feasibility, safety, and effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for cancer survivors with depression and/or anxiety. Primary Objective: To examine the feasibility, safety, effect size estimates of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for cancer survivor patients with depression and/or anxiety. Feasibility will be measured as: At least 20% of eligible patients consent (inclusion rate), at least 60% of consented patients completing the two doses of treatment (treatment completion rate), and at least 80% and 65% consenting patients completing assessments at the 2- and 6-month follow-ups (adherence rates), respectively. Secondary Objectives: 1. Determine whether psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy improves measures of quality of life (e.g., sleep, pain, functional status) and psychosocial well-being (e.g., finding meaning and post-traumatic growth), as measured by the following: PHQ-9, GAD-7, PROMIS-10, PROMIS-A, PROMIS-D, MEQ30 (mystical experience), Flourishing scale, mDES, PIQ (altered states), and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. 2. Determine whether psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy improves functional status per clinician-rated outcome measures. 3. Measure the change in inflammatory markers (IL6, TNF, and CRP) and in frequency and activation status of peripheral immune cell populations assessed by immune monitoring through flow cytometry. 4. Examine changes in central nervous system plasticity through the use of fMRI, specifically changes in 5-HT2A-rich and higher-order functional networks, as well as a global increase in brain network integration. 5. Evaluate the Impact on MDASI measurements.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06801041", "keywords": "Depression, Anxiety, Cancer, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06801041\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Wellbeing,Mystical Experience,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3555, "title": "NeuroGuard: Psilocybin Trial for Preventing Chemo-induced Neuropathy", "normalized_title": "neuroguard psilocybin trial for preventing chemo induced neuropathy", "authors": "M.D. Anderson Cancer Center", "abstract": "To learn if psilocybin can help to prevent or decrease the severity of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in patients who are receiving chemotherapy for the treatment of breast, colorectal, and In this study, psilocybin is being compared to standard supportive care and to a placebo. Primary Objective 1\\. To assess the efficacy of psilocybin in the prevention or mitigation of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in individuals undergoing adjuvant neurotoxic chemotherapy (i.e., taxanes, platinum-based compounds) for breast, colorectal, and head \\& neck cancers. The primary endpoint is the proportion of participants with a ≥25% increase (worsening) from baseline to Week 12 on the EORTC QLQ-CIPN20 sensory subscale. The primary comparison is 25 mg psilocybin vs pooled control (standard of care + 1 mg subperceptual psilocybin), tested two-sided at α=0.05. If significant, two confirmatory pairwise tests (25 mg vs SOC; 25 mg vs 1 mg) will be performed with Hochberg multiplicity control. Hypothesis: Prophylactic psilocybin administered in four doses (two pre-chemotherapy and two during chemotherapy) will reduce the severity of CIPN as measured by the proportion of participants reporting a 25% or greater increase in CIPN on the EORTC QLQ-CIPN20 sensory subscale compared to placebo or SOC. Secondary Objectives 1. Determine whether prophylactic psilocybin reduces rates of dose-liming modifications to chemotherapy as result of peripheral neurotoxicity. Dose modifications are defined by either a change in frequency or reduced chemotherapy dose during the 12-week study period. Dose modification decisions will be made by the participant's independent, primary clinician. 2. Determine whether prophylactic psilocybin decreases incidence and severity of CIPN as measured by the NCI-CTCAE criteria 3. Determine whether psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy improves measures of quality of life (e.g., sleep, pain, fatigue, functional status) and psychosocial well-being (e.g., mental health, finding meaning, and post-traumatic growth), as measured by the following: PROMIS-10, PROMIS-A, PROMIS-D, FACT-Cog, PSQI, BFI, MDASI, MEQ30 (mystical experience), Flourishing scale. 4. Determine whether psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy improves functional status per clinicianrated outcome measures. 5. Assess the effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy on all-cause cancer treatment adherence determined by the likelihood that participants will follow the prescribed treatment (adherence) and continue the treatment for the duration prescribed (persistence) for these maintenance therapies.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07227909", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuropathy, Psilocybin (drug), Standard of Care (SOC), NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07227909\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Wellbeing,Mystical Experience,Healthcare Workers,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 32, "title": "Multi-metric evaluations of acute psychedelic effects on fMRI brain entropy.", "normalized_title": "multi metric evaluations of acute psychedelic effects on fmri brain entropy", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Olsen AS, Ozenne B, Larsen K, Stenbæk DS, Armand S, Madsen MK, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "A prominent theory of psychedelics is that they increase brain entropy. Thirteen studies have evaluated psychedelic effects on fMRI brain entropy, each applying a distinct measure. Here we evaluated these metrics in an independent 28-participant healthy cohort with 121 pre- and post-psilocybin fMRI scans. We assessed relations between brain entropy and objective and subjective psychedelic drug effects using linear mixed-effects models. All metrics were evaluated using two parcellation strategies and 7 denoising pipelines. We observed consistent significant positive associations for Shannon entropy of the spatial eigendistribution of the time by voxel matrix, path-length, instantaneous correlations, brain-state switching, and sample entropy at short time-scales. We consistently did not observe significant effects for 8 of 14 entropy metrics and observe inconsistent positive effects for Lempel-Ziv complexity of the BOLD signal. Brain entropy quantifications showed limited inter-measure correlations. Our observations support a nuanced acute psychedelic effect on brain entropy, empirically demonstrating that these metrics do not reflect a singular construct.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-026-74215-5", "pubmed_id": "42343098", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-74215-5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 23:10:52", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42343098\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 31, "title": "Unintentional ingestion of recreational drugs among young children, 2000-2024.", "normalized_title": "unintentional ingestion of recreational drugs among young children 2000 2024", "authors": "Uskovich K, Hays HL, Badeti J, Rine NI, Michaels NL, Ding K, Smith GA", "abstract": "Previous studies of pediatric recreational drug exposures have often been limited in scope. Given the rapidly changing recreational drug supply and the related unintentional ingestion of these drugs by young children, a comprehensive study that includes recent data about these exposures is needed. The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics and trends of unintentional ingestions of recreational drugs by children", "journal": "BMC public health", "publication_date": "2026-06-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-28233-z", "pubmed_id": "42343328", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42343328/", "keywords": "Pediatric, Poison, Recreational drugs, Toxicity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 09:38:50", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42343328\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3705, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin Microdosing on Cognition, Mood and Quality of Life: A Pilot Study", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin microdosing on cognition mood and quality of life a pilot study", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "This study is being conducted to evaluate how of 30 days of intermittently microdosed psilocybin affects mood, cognition, subjective well-being and structural/functional MRI results compared to a placebo. Investigators hypothesize that compared to placebo, 30 days of intermittently microdosed psilocybin will produce observable changes in mood, cognition, subjective well-being and MRI, in the absence of psychedelic experiences. This study is being conducted to evaluate the effects of 30 days of intermittently microdosed psilocybin in a parallel arm double-blind manner on mood, cognition, subjective well-being and structural/functional MRI compared to placebo, using validated psychological assessments and cognitive tests. Investigators hypothesize that compared to placebo, 30 days of intermittently microdosed psilocybin will produce observable changes in mood, cognition, subjective well-being and MRI, in the absence of psychedelic experiences. Demonstrating significant results in a population of healthy psychedelic non-users will establish a strong precedent for studying the effects of microdosing psychedelics in patient populations, such as those with treatment-resistant depression. Showing that microdosing minimizes risk of adverse outcomes with psychedelic treatment while maintaining beneficial effects would provide useful information relevant to clinical research in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. In addition to investigating claims that microdosing psychedelics may improve cognition and mood, this study also aims to test the hypothesis that these effects including those measurable at a brain level may persist beyond the course of the 30 days of the study. There are few to no studies that assessed the longevity of psychedelic effects on the majority of the above measures, so the proposed study may further establish the longer-term benefits of microdosing. The use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will elucidate the mechanisms by which microdosing may be exerting its effects on mood and cognition. Because this is a relatively understudied area, information gleaned from this study will provide service in informing the field in general.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07449351", "keywords": "Psychedelic Microdosing Effects on Mood, Cognition, Subjective Well-being and MRI, Psliocybin, Placebo, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07449351\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Longevity,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3650, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted Existential, Attachment and Relational (PEARL) Therapy for Caregivers of Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Phase II Open-Label Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted existential attachment and relational pearl therapy for caregivers of patients with advanced cancer a phase ii open label trial", "authors": "University Health Network, Toronto", "abstract": "The PEARL-C1 trial is a phase II open-label trial. Participants will receive a single high-dose (25 mg) of psilocybin in the context of Psilocybin-assisted Existential, Attachment and RelationaL (PEARL) therapy. Caregivers of patients with advanced cancer often experience high levels of distress but there is currently little evidence-based guidance on how to help caregivers who experience depression, anxiety, anticipatory grief, spiritual suffering, caregiving burden and/or impaired quality of life. Over the past decade, research has shown that psychotherapies incorporating existential, attachment and relational approaches can address the specific needs and challenges of the advanced cancer population and thus help to reduce related distress. Simultaneously, recent research has shown that psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, in which an individual ingests the psychoactive drug within a carefully monitored therapy, can reduce end-of-life distress and greatly benefit those with advanced disease. The multidisciplinary team has combined these two evidence-based approaches into Psilocybin-assisted Existential, Attachment and RelationaL (PEARL) therapy. PEARL therapy combines elements from psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, including preparatory therapy sessions, a high-dose drug session, and integration sessions, with important elements from manualized individual psychotherapies designed for patients and their families facing advanced cancer. This study will assess the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of PEARL therapy among caregivers of patients with advanced cancer. This study will contribute to the growing research around the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapies for the psychological distress associated with advanced disease and mortality. This type of therapy has the potential to improve quality of life among caregivers of those with advanced disease, to build upon previous findings to help outline the necessary components of therapy, and to inform public policy and clinical guidelines.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07048743", "keywords": "Caregiver Distress, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07048743\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3637, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Prolonged Grief", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for prolonged grief", "authors": "University of Virginia", "abstract": "The primary purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility of conducting a clinical trial on the effects of psilocybin for individuals with prolonged grief disorder (PGD). The study aims to investigate whether a single dose of 25 mg psilocybin can reduce the symptoms of grief and trauma associated with Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD). It is hypothesized that psilocybin will significantly reduce the symptoms of PGD, and that the treatment will facilitate subjective mystical, spiritual, or insightful experiences, which in turn may contribute to the alleviation of grief and trauma symptoms. Neuroimaging will be used to help researchers better understand the relationship between grief and brain functions, comparing pre- and post-dose scans. Participants will undergo two MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) where they are asked to look at images (this is called a functional MRI or fMRI).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06724289", "keywords": "Prolonged Grief Disorder, Psilocybin 25 mg, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06724289\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 34, "title": "Blocking 5-HT2B receptors abolishes psilocybin's efficacy in the rat forced swim test.", "normalized_title": "blocking 5 ht2b receptors abolishes psilocybin s efficacy in the rat forced swim test", "authors": "Seillier L, Seillier A, Zvolska MA, Šlamberová R.", "abstract": "BackgroundMajor depressive disorder is one of the most debilitating psychiatric disorders worldwide. First-line treatments such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have significant limitations, including delayed onset of therapeutic effects and treatment resistance in about 30% of patients. Increasing evidence suggests that acute administration of serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, produces rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects, including in treatment-resistant patients. However, it remains unknown which specific 5-HT receptor subtype mediates psilocybin's antidepressant activity.MethodsWe examined in Wistar rats whether pretreatment with the 5-HT2B receptor (5-HT2BR) antagonist RS-127445 (0.32, 1.0, or 3.2 mg/kg) blocked the rapid (day 1) and sustained (day 21) behavioral effects of a single psilocybin administration (0.32 mg/kg) in the forced swim test (FST), a test with predictive validity for antidepressant efficacy. We also measured the impact of RS-127445 on psilocybin-induced head-twitch response (HTR), a behavioral proxy in rodents for psychedelic properties.ResultsOur data showed that psilocybin produced both a rapid and sustained decrease in immobility and an increase in climbing behavior in the FST and significantly increased HTR counts. Although RS-127445 did not affect HTR counts at any tested dose, it dose-dependently reversed both the rapid and sustained psilocybin-induced reductions in immobility and increases in climbing behavior.ConclusionThese findings indicate that 5-HT2BRs are required for psilocybin's behavioral effects in the FST, but are not required for its HTR. The results add to evidence that psilocybin's predictive validity in the FST can be dissociated from its 5-HT2A-mediated psychedelic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261458349", "pubmed_id": "42334341", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261458349", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42334341\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 33, "title": "Cardiovascular effects associated with acute recreational drug toxicity presentations to the emergency department: a European drug emergencies network (Euro-DEN plus) study.", "normalized_title": "cardiovascular effects associated with acute recreational drug toxicity presentations to the emergency department a european drug emergencies network euro den plus study", "authors": "van den Busken WJ, Dines AM, Eyer F, Heyerdahl F, Hovda KE, Liechti ME, Miró Ò, Vallersnes OM, Wood DM, Yates C, Dargan PI, (on behalf of the Euro-DEN Plus Research Group), Gresnigt FMJ, Euro-DEN Plus Research Group", "abstract": "Recreational drugs affect the cardiovascular system through distinct mechanisms; however, data regarding their cardiovascular impact in the emergency department setting is limited. This study aimed to assess the incidence of cardiovascular effects following recreational drug use in presentations to the emergency department, identify the main drug groups involved, and compare cases with and without cardiovascular effects. Data were extracted from the European Drug Emergency Network (Euro-DEN Plus) dataset from October 2013 to December 2021. Recreational drugs were categorised into ten main drug groups: opioids, cocaine, crack cocaine, cannabis, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamfetamine, amfetamine-type stimulants, gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone, hallucinogens, benzodiazepines, and ketamine. Among 59,571 presentations, 13,905 (23.3%) involved cardiovascular effects. Cocaine (OR3.19, 95% CI2.99-3.39) and 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (OR1.18, 95% CI1.13-1.23) showed the strongest associations with cardiovascular features, including chest pain, palpitations, hypertension, and arrhythmias. Opioids (OR0.35, 95% CI0.31-0.38) and benzodiazepines (OR0.38, 95% CI0.32-0.44) were associated with less frequent cardiovascular features. Patients with cardiovascular features exhibited higher median values for temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate (p Cardiovascular effects were common in acute recreational drug toxicity. Cocaine and amfetamine-type stimulants increased the risk of chest pain and arrhythmias, with chest pain being a key indicator of acute coronary syndrome. Cardiovascular effects were more frequently observed with cocaine than with crack cocaine. Cannabis was positively associated with palpitations but not arrhythmias. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone, opioids, and benzodiazepines were linked to hypotension. The presence of cardiovascular effects was associated with worse outcomes, underscoring the need for thorough cardiac assessment. Cardiovascular effects were present in almost a quarter of emergency department presentations with acute recreational drug toxicity, particularly involving cocaine and 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine.", "journal": "Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)", "publication_date": "2026-06-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/15563650.2026.2669671", "pubmed_id": "42334445", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42334445/", "keywords": "3,4 methylenedioxymeth­amphetamine, acute drug toxicity, amfetamine, amfetamine (amphetamine), amphetamine, cardio­vascular, cocaine, lysergide (lyseric acid diethylamide), midamafetamine (3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, midomafetamine, psilocybine (psilocybin)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42334445\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3574, "title": "Low-Dose Psilocybin Therapy for Palliative Care Patients With Chronic Cancer Pain Requiring Opioids", "normalized_title": "low dose psilocybin therapy for palliative care patients with chronic cancer pain requiring opioids", "authors": "Roswell Park Cancer Institute", "abstract": "This phase II trial studies whether psilocybin with psychotherapy is safe and if it works for improving chronic pain in cancer patients who require opioids to manage their pain. Psilocybin is taken from the mushroom Psilocybe mexicana. Psilocybin acts on the brain to cause hallucinations (sights, sounds, smells, tastes, or touches that a person believes to be real but are not real). This may impact a patient's \"total pain\", a view that accounts for the psychological, spiritual, and social factors that contribute to their experience of pain. Psychotherapy uses methods such as discussion, listening, and counseling to help patients change the way they react to environmental triggers that may cause a negative reaction. Giving psilocybin with psychotherapy may be safe and helpful for improving chronic pain in cancer patients who require opioids to manage their pain. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: I. To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and feasibility of low dose psilocybin therapy in patients with chronic cancer pain who require opioids. SECONDARY OBJECTIVE: I. To obtain preliminary evidence for efficacy of low dose psilocybin therapy in reducing pain and opioid requirement in participants with chronic cancer pain. EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES: I. To evaluate potential mechanisms of action for psilocybin in pain control, including its effects on resting brain network activity, inflammation, and psychological changes processes. II. To obtain preliminary evidence for efficacy of psilocybin therapy on additional outcomes related to pain control, physical function, and opioid requirement in participants with chronic cancer pain. III. To obtain preliminary evidence for efficacy of low dose psilocybin therapy in alleviating psychological symptoms associated with chronic cancer pain. IV. To evaluate potential mechanisms of action for low dose psilocybin therapy in pain control, including its effects on the following: resting brain network activity, inflammation, psychological processes and psychedelic effects. OUTLINE: Patients attend two preparatory psychotherapy sessions. Patients then receive psilocybin orally (PO) twice a week (BIW) for 4 weeks (8 doses total) in the absence of unacceptable toxicity and attend three integration psychotherapy sessions over 1.5 hours each during psilocybin dosing sessions 2, 4, and 6. Patients may optionally attend additional psychotherapy sessions as needed during follow-up. Additionally, patients undergo functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and collection of blood and urine samples throughout the study. After completion of study intervention, patients are followed up at days 28-34, 56, and 84.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06827054", "keywords": "Hematopoietic and Lymphatic System Neoplasm, Malignant Solid Neoplasm, Biospecimen Collection, Biological Sample Collection, Biospecimen Collected, Specimen Collection, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI, Functional MRI, Interview, Psilocybine, CY-39, Indocybin, Psilocybin, Psychotherapy, talk therapy, Questionnaire Administration, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06827054\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients,Safety,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3471, "title": "Psilocybin for PTSD With or Without Psychotherapy: A Pilot Study of Safety and Efficacy", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for ptsd with or without psychotherapy a pilot study of safety and efficacy", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "The proposed open-label, controlled study at the Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research (CPCR) will test the following primary hypotheses in adult patients with chronic PTSD who are currently taking a serotonin reuptake inhibitor: psilocybin therapy will be feasible and safe for participants, significantly remediate PTSD symptoms, and enhance wellbeing and quality of life. In addition, the study will examine whether elements of evidence-based trauma-focused psychotherapy enhance treatment response when paired with psilocybin. This study uses a randomized controlled design to compare the safety and efficacy of 2 doses of psilocybin for PTSD. In addition, it will investigate the effects of trauma-focused psychotherapy (which includes standard psychological support) versus standard psychological support alone. Twenty participants will be recruited. Following the first psilocybin session, participants will be randomized to either the trauma-focused psychotherapy (which includes standard psychological support) treatment condition or the standard psychological support treatment condition (the latter being typical for the experimental administration of psilocybin therapy). Both groups will receive identical treatment prior to receiving the first dose of psilocybin, with one group receiving procedures related to trauma-focused psychotherapy (combined with standard psychological support) beginning after receipt of psilocybin. The study will include clinician and participant ratings of PTSD and mood symptoms pre- and post-drug session and monitor and participant ratings of subjective drug effects during and after each drug session. The intervention for both groups will consist of about 8 hours of preparatory meetings (over approximately 2 weeks), followed by 2 psilocybin sessions separated by approximately 2 weeks. The initial psilocybin dose will be 25 mg. The dose for the second session may be increased conditional on the strength of subjective effects, as measured by the Mystical Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ30), taken at the end of participants' first psilocybin session. This allows a dose to increase if, for example, concomitant serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduce subjective effects. Participants with a score ≥60% of the maximum on the MEQ30 will remain at a dose of 25 mg of psilocybin for the second session. Participants with an MEQ30 score below 60% will receive a dose of 40 mg for the second session. Elevation of dose will also be based on the clinical judgment of the principal investigator, study physician, and study staff that a higher dose can be safely administered. In addition, participants who prefer to not elevate the dose will remain at 25 mg for the second session. To support the participant's therapeutic integration of psilocybin experiences, following each psilocybin session, participants will meet with the session facilitator(s) at multiple scheduled time points. Additional contact hours will be scheduled if it is judged that the participant would benefit from additional meetings to discuss experiences from the session(s) or to prepare for the next session. This study is supported in part by philanthropic contributions from private individuals. These donors are not involved in the design, conduct, or analysis of the research.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06407635", "keywords": "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Psilocybin, Trauma-focused psychotherapy, Standard psychological support, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06407635\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Mystical Experience,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3460, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted Existential, Attachment and RelationaL (PEARL) Therapy for Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Phase II Open-Label Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted existential attachment and relational pearl therapy for patients with advanced cancer a phase ii open label trial", "authors": "University Health Network, Toronto", "abstract": "The PEARL Pilot is a phase II open-label trial. Participants will receive a single high-dose (25 mg) of psilocybin in the context of Psilocybin-assisted Existential, Attachment and RelationaL (PEARL) therapy. Individuals with advanced cancer often experience high levels of distress due to physical suffering, difficult treatment decisions, social isolation, and fear of death. While there are many treatment options for the management of physical symptoms associated with cancer, there are relatively few standard treatment approaches to help patients deal with psychological and existential suffering. Over the past decade, research has shown that psychotherapies incorporating existential, attachment and relational approaches can address the specific needs and challenges of the advanced cancer population and thus help to reduce distress. Simultaneously, recent research has shown that psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, in which, an individual ingests the psychoactive drug within the carefully monitored therapeutic setting, can reduce end-of-life distress and greatly benefit those with advanced disease. The multidisciplinary team has combined these two evidence-based approaches into what the team calls Psilocybin-assisted Existential, Attachment and RelationaL (PEARL) therapy. PEARL therapy combines elements from psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, including preparatory therapy sessions, a high-dose drug session, and integration sessions, with important elements from manualized individual psychotherapies designed for patients with advanced cancer. This study will assess the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of PEARL therapy among patients with advanced cancer. This study will yield important information about the feasibility of this type of therapy and contribute to the growing research around the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapies. This type of therapy has the potential to improve quality of life among those with advanced disease and careful research is needed to build upon previous findings to outline the necessary components of therapy and guide public policy, legislation, and clinical guidelines.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06416085", "keywords": "Advanced Cancer, Stage IV Solid Tumor Cancer, Stage IV Sarcoma of Bone, Stage IV Lymphoma, Stage IV Melanoma, Endocrine Cancer, Psilocybin, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06416085\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3024, "title": "Sex-Specific Effects of Psilocybin Versus Escitalopram on Anxiety and Anhedonia: A Bayesian Reanalysis of Antidepressant Treatment Outcomes", "normalized_title": "sex specific effects of psilocybin versus escitalopram on anxiety and anhedonia a bayesian reanalysis of antidepressant treatment outcomes", "authors": "Frick A, Blest-Hopley G, Grin M, Erritzoe D, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Abstract Rationale: Major depressive disorder (MDD) shows marked sex differences in prevalence, symptomatology, and treatment response. However, women remain underrepresented in many clinical trials, and sex-specific treatment outcomes are rarely examined. Objectives This study reanalyzed data from a randomized controlled trial comparing psilocybin and escitalopram for MDD to evaluate sex differences across multiple psychological domains. Methods We reanalyzed data from a six-week, double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing psilocybin with escitalopram in adults with moderate-to-severe MDD. Post-treatment depressive symptoms (MADRS, QIDS-SR-16, BDI), anhedonia (SHAPS), anxiety (STAI), thought suppression (WBSI), and well-being (WEMWBS) were modeled as a function of sex, treatment condition, their interaction, and baseline symptom severity. Sexual dysfunction severity (PRSexDQ-SALSEX), assessed only at the six-week follow-up, was analyzed separately as an ordinal outcome. Results Sex-related patterns emerged for anxiety and anhedonia. Women receiving psilocybin showed greater reductions in anxiety than men (STAI: 95% CrI − 17.5 to − 3.29), whereas women receiving escitalopram showed greater reductions in anhedonia than men (SHAPS: 95% CrI − 4.63 to 0.00). For the remaining continuous outcomes, sex differences were generally small and uncertain. Sexual dysfunction severity was lower overall in the psilocybin group than in the escitalopram group and lower in women than in men, although the treatment-by-sex interaction was not significant. Conclusions This reanalysis identified domain-specific sex-related patterns in anxiety and anhedonia, suggesting that responses to psilocybin and escitalopram may differ between women and men. These preliminary findings support adequately powered, sex-balanced, and hormone-informed trials of serotonergic treatments for MDD.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-06-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-9880403/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9880403/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1255612\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1923, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy in treatment-resistant depression: rapid remission, uncertain durability, and the next phase of clinical evidence", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy in treatment resistant depression rapid remission uncertain durability and the next phase of clinical evidence", "authors": "Sabani Astrit, Khatak Adnan", "abstract": "Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a major clinical challenge and is typically defined as the persistence of depressive symptoms despite at least two adequate antidepressant trials. Individuals with TRD experience substantial morbidity, impaired functioning, and elevated suicide risk, highlighting the need for therapeutic strategies beyond incremental refinements of conventional monoaminergic pharmacotherapy. Psilocybin-assisted therapy has recently emerged as a mechanistically distinct intervention, combining transient 5-HT2A receptor agonism with structured psychological support delivered in supervised sessions. Early randomized trials have demonstrated rapid reductions in depressive symptoms and encouraging short-term remission rates, primarily in patients with major depressive disorder, with more limited but emerging evidence in treatment-resistant populations. However, the central clinical question is not merely whether psilocybin can produce acute improvement, but whether these effects can be sustained without cumulative harm. Current evidence remains limited by modest sample sizes, relatively short follow-up periods, challenges in maintaining blinding, and limited comparisons with established TRD interventions such as esketamine, electroconvulsive therapy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. The durability of benefit beyond several weeks remains an open clinical question, and the implications of repeated dosing are not yet well established. In addition, implementation demands substantial therapeutic infrastructure, raising questions regarding scalability, cost, and equitable access. Future research should prioritize standardized definitions of treatment resistance, recognition of clinical heterogeneity within TRD populations, longer-term outcomes, rigorous active comparators, improved trial methodology, safety monitoring, and cost-effectiveness analyses to determine the appropriate clinical role of psilocybin-assisted therapy.", "journal": "Annals of Medicine & Surgery", "publication_date": "2026-06-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1097/ms9.0000000000005244", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000005244", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1097/ms9.0000000000005244\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1002/wps.21120\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2586\",\"10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00024-x\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2032994\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2206443\"],\"reference_count\":5}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 38, "title": "Psychedelic Use, Microdosing, Motives, and Information and Product Sources Among Young Adults in the United States.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic use microdosing motives and information and product sources among young adults in the united states", "authors": "Berg CJ, McCready DM, LoParco CR, Schubel LC, Romm KF, Thakkar S, Williams J, Cavazos-Rehg PA, Yang YT.", "abstract": "Given the increases in psychedelic use, we examined correlates of psychedelic use and use motives among US young adults. In 2025, adults ages 18-34 (n = 3,227; Mage = 26.38, ~50% past-month cannabis use by design) completed an online survey. Multivariable regression assessed sociodemographics, mental health, and adverse childhood events (ACEs) in relation to: (1) past-year psychedelic use; and (2) among those reporting lifetime use: (a) lifetime microdosing and (b) use motives. Lifetime and past-year psychedelic use were 27.7% and 11.9% (commonly psilocybin/amanita, MDMA, and LSD); 48.8% used only for nonmedical purposes. Of those reporting lifetime use, 26.5% ever microdosed. Correlates of use-related outcomes varied: (1) lifetime use: older, male (vs female), Black (vs White), metropolitan/urban (vs rural), more depressive symptoms and ACEs; (2) microdosing: not having children, more anxiety symptoms and ACEs; (3) higher expansion motives: male, White (vs Asian), more anxiety symptoms and ACEs; (4) higher mood/social enhancement motives: more depressive symptoms; and (5) higher symptom management motives: male, Hispanic, more depressive symptoms and ACEs. Despite half using exclusively for nonmedical purposes, mental health symptoms and ACEs were associated with use, microdosing, and higher use motives. Understanding the role of mental health across sociodemographic groups is necessary to address possible adverse outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2026.2685527", "pubmed_id": "42318842", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2026.2685527", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42318842\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Microdosing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 37, "title": "Marketing by online tobacco retailers: An observational cross-sectional study.", "normalized_title": "marketing by online tobacco retailers an observational cross sectional study", "authors": "Apollonio DE, Dennehy CE, Tsourounis C, Wakefield T.", "abstract": "IntroductionUnderstanding retailer advertising has been identified as critical for developing effective policies to reduce tobacco product use, as these forms of advertising are among the tobacco industry's largest expenditures. Online retailer marketing has grown rapidly, and in this study, we sought to describe the marketing practices of these retailers.MethodsBetween March and July 2022, we conducted keyword searches (e.g. 'buy e-cigs', 'buy vapes') with the Brave search engine, embedded in the Brave browser, to identify online tobacco retailers, using the inclusion criteria: English-language websites of online retailers selling e-cigarette products that allowed online ordering and the sale of products to customers in the United States. Measures included name, address, and landing page characteristics, including products, brands, product types, seasonal specials, social media links, age gating, and whether the retailer sold non-tobacco products. Results are reported descriptively.ResultsWe identified 97 unique online tobacco retailers. Of these, 58 (60%) had set a restriction on browsing based on age. E-cigarettes, both disposable and reusable, were the most available products, followed by liquid nicotine ('vape juice'). Thirty-seven percent of online tobacco retailers sold cannabis products, and 38% of retailer websites listed other types of products for sale (e.g. bongs, dab rigs, cannabis apparel, psilocybin chocolates).ConclusionsOur findings indicated that online tobacco retailers heavily marketed flavored products, and a majority sold derived cannabis products. Future research should continue to investigate whether this marketing conflicts with stated federal regulatory goals, and whether the U.S. Food and Drug Administration should expand enforcement of existing regulations on tobacco and derived cannabis products.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.18332/tid/220983", "pubmed_id": "42325848", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/220983", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42325848\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 72, "title": "Therapeutic advances in fibromyalgia: one year in review 2026.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic advances in fibromyalgia one year in review 2026", "authors": "Bazzichi L, Di Carlo M, Salaffi F, Farah S, Porta F, Ablin JN, Varrassi G, Galli F, Fornasari D, Carotti M, Alciati A, Pellegrino G, Batticciotto A, Lucini D, Casale R, Di Franco M, Sarzi-Puttini P, Iannuccelli C, Pain Study Group of the Italian Society of Rheumatology (SIR).", "abstract": "Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic nociplastic pain syndrome characterised by widespread pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances and cognitive impairment, with a significant impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Despite the availability of several therapeutic options, management remains challenging and often requires a personalised and multidimensional approach.Over the past year, growing attention has been directed toward both emerging pharmacological strategies and innovative non-pharmacological interventions. Among pharmacological treatments, low-dose naltrexone (LDN) continues to show potential benefits in modulating neuroinflammation and central sensitisation. Cannabinoids and other neuromodulatory agents have also been investigated, with preliminary evidence suggesting a role in symptom control. In addition, novel approaches involving serotonergic modulation, including psychedelic compounds such as psilocybin, are being explored in early-phase studies.Intravenous lidocaine remains a potential option in selected refractory patients, although recent evidence has not substantially expanded its clinical role. Similarly, interest in nutraceuticals and antioxidant compounds is increasing, particularly in relation to mitochondrial function and oxidative stress.Non-pharmacological interventions remain a cornerstone of FM management. Recent studies highlight the importance of structured physical activity, including supervised exercise programs and digitally supported rehabilitation. Emerging approaches such as neuromodulation techniques, including non-invasive brain stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation, are gaining attention. Complementary and body-oriented interventions are also being explored for their potential impact on pain perception and emotional well-being.Overall, current evidence supports a biopsychosocial and multimodal approach, integrating pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies tailored to individual patient profiles. Future research should focus on better phenotyping of patients and on identifying predictors of treatment response to optimise personalised management.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.55563/clinexprheumatol/xscnij", "pubmed_id": "42328945", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/xscnij", "keywords": "Humans, Fibromyalgia, Treatment Outcome, Quality of Life, Nociplastic Pain", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42328945\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mitochondrial Function,Oxidative Stress,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 39, "title": "DESI-MSI-Based Multi-Organ Distribution Mapping of Psilocin in Zebrafish.", "normalized_title": "desi msi based multi organ distribution mapping of psilocin in zebrafish", "authors": "Dong M, Zhang Y, Cao M, Shi T, Li L, Zong X, Wang C.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychedelic drug with reported anxiolytic and antidepressant potential, is rapidly metabolized to its active metabolite psilocin. However, a lack of adequate toxicity studies and tissue distribution studies currently restricts its development and application. This study combined behavioral assays in zebrafish with desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) to systematically evaluate the acute neurotoxicity of psilocybin and characterize the in vivo spatial distribution of its active metabolite, psilocin. The novel tank test was used to evaluate zebrafish following a 4 h exposure to psilocybin at three different doses (20, 40, and 80 μM; n = 6 per group). Statistical analysis of the data was performed using ANOVA. Behavioral analyses revealed that exposure to psilocybin induced pronounced neurobehavioral alterations, including hyperactivity and disrupted swimming patterns, as evidenced by significant increases in the number of zone transitions and shuttle frequency. We established a DESI-MSI-based method for quantitative mapping and visualization of psilocin in zebrafish tissues. Methodological validation indicated that a linear relationship between ion intensity, spotted amount (R2 = 0.9947), and reproducibility (RSD < 15%) is suitable for quantitative analysis of psilocin in zebrafish tissues. Spatial distribution maps showed that following continuous exposure for 4 h, psilocin was widely distributed across multiple tissues, such as the eye, brain, heart, liver, and kidney, with marked accumulation in the brain and the periportal regions of the liver. Relative psilocin signal intensity revealed a dose-dependent increase in tissue drug levels. The dose-dependent increase in both behavioral hyperactivity and brain psilocin levels points to a consistent relationship, in line with a central site of action. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that DESI-MSI provides a visual and efficient strategy for studying drug distribution in biological tissues from exposed animals. The neurobehavioral toxicity phenotypes and distinct tissue distribution patterns of psilocin uncovered in this study offer critical insights into the biological effects and potential risks of this psychoactive substance.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/molecules31122143", "pubmed_id": "42357539", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31122143", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Zebrafish, Hallucinogens, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Behavior, Animal, Tissue Distribution, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42357539\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1924, "title": "Community engagement as a foundation for implementation research for group psilocybin assisted therapy in New Mexico", "normalized_title": "community engagement as a foundation for implementation research for group psilocybin assisted therapy in new mexico", "authors": "Leeman Lawrence, Armstrong Maya, Menashi Dara, Nayo-Washington Hanifa, Marseille Elliot, Herrera Janus, Romero Crystal, Page-Reeves Janet", "abstract": "Informed by a community engagement process, we have developed a pragmatic, open-label, hybrid feasibility-implementation study of Group Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy (GPAT) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As psychedelic-assisted therapies begin to enter the broader mental health arena, engaging communities in the design of research and care models is essential to ensuring that those most impacted have access to-and trust in-the treatments being developed. Guided by the principle of “nothing about us without us,” the proposed study was designed from the outset to be community-informed and co-designed. We established a tripartite collaborative partnership among researchers from the University of New Mexico (UNM) Department of Family & Community Medicine (DFCM) and the UNM Office for Community Health (OCH), the Bernalillo County Health Equity Council, and the national Psychedelic Mental Health Access (PMHA) Alliance. The protocol for the FDA-approved study uses a group therapy model incorporating peer facilitators with shared affinity with the participant group. There will be six groups of six participants, including veterans/first responders and women survivors of sexual violence. The study is aligned with the New Mexico Therapeutic Psilocybin Program in its focus on access and equity, as well as the use of state-regulated whole psilocybin mushrooms rather than synthesized psilocybin. Each group will participate in two sessions using psilocybin mushroom-infused chocolates containing 20 mg and 30 mg of psilocybin, along with both group and individual therapy sessions. Outcomes will include safety and feasibility measures, as well as standard measures of PTSD, including the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). An extended integration model provides longer-term support to participants both within and beyond the clinical trial. A barrier to scaling psychedelic-assisted therapy is understanding what it actually costs to deliver a safe, comprehensive model of care, particularly for populations facing structural barriers to access. The University of California, Berkeley Collaborative for the Economics of Psychedelics (CEP) will conduct a prospective micro-costing study in parallel with GPAT. The analysis will capture delivery costs for community engagement, the group psilocybin therapy model, and the post-clinical protocol extended integration program. Study protocol registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07506395.", "journal": "Frontiers in Public Health", "publication_date": "2026-06-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1845943", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1845943", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.3389/fpubh.2026.1845943\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.3389/fphar.2018.00100\",\"10.1177/02698811251362390\",\"10.1001/jama.2023.14530\",\"10.1097/mlr.0b013e3182408812\",\"10.3389/frhs.2024.1414969\",\"10.2105/ajph.93.8.1261\",\"10.1176/ajp.156.1.5\",\"10.1093/tbm/ibae053\",\"10.1038/s41562-025-02103-x\",\"10.1186/s13011-020-00264-8\",\"10.1007/s40501-020-00234-8\",\"10.1177/02698811211008567\",\"10.1186/s40814-020-00634-w\",\"10.1556/2054.2025.00394\",\"10.1097/hs9.0000000000000842\",\"10.1007/s10464-009-9227-y\",\"10.20935/mhealthwellb7932\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538\",\"10.1556/2054.2026.00485\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2022.863552\",\"10.1080/02791072.2019.1593559\",\"10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2023.06.006\",\"10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.0351\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1293243\",\"10.1007/s10597-015-9982-1\",\"10.1093/fampra/cmac004\",\"10.1111/birt.12814\",\"10.1097/nmd.0000000000000635\",\"10.1080/20008066.2025.2512680\",\"10.1017/s1478951524001688\",\"10.1177/0022167817709585\",\"10.3390/ph18070989\",\"10.1038/s41380-024-02477-w\",\"10.1038/s41598-026-39483-7\",\"10.1556/2054.2024.00379\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.824077\",\"10.1177/02698811231179910\",\"10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7\",\"10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z\",\"10.1037/ser0000269\",\"10.1080/00223891.1990.9674095\"],\"reference_count\":46}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Aging,Clinical Trial,Veterans,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 43, "title": "Short- and Long-Acting Psychedelics: Structure-Activity Relationships, Pharmacology, and Implications for Neuropsychiatric Therapeutics.", "normalized_title": "short and long acting psychedelics structure activity relationships pharmacology and implications for neuropsychiatric therapeutics", "authors": "Bhat A, Zolali E, Sakib MA, Rahimian M, McMahon LR, German N, Obeng S", "abstract": "Psychedelics have re-emerged as promising therapeutics for neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. While their beneficial effects are largely attributed to serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor activation, psychedelics exhibit substantial diversity in chemical structure, receptor binding kinetics, metabolism, and duration of action. These differences underpin the distinction between short-acting psychedelics like -dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-DMT, and long-acting compounds like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and mescaline. Short-acting psychedelics may offer advantages in clinical settings where brief therapeutic sessions are preferred, while long-acting agents may be relatively more effective for clinical outcomes. This review highlights the chemistry, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacology of both short- and long-acting psychedelics. We examine key functional group modifications that influence receptor binding affinity, efficacy, and duration. By integrating insights from synthetic chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical effects, this review provides a framework for rational psychedelic drug development aimed at producing next-generation antidepressants, anxiolytics, and substance use disorder treatments with controlled and predictable clinical effects.", "journal": "ACS chemical neuroscience", "publication_date": "2026-06-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.6c00202", "pubmed_id": "42257400", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42257400/", "keywords": "5-HT2A, long-acting, psilocybin, psychedelics, short-acting", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42257400\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 42, "title": "Psilocybin's kinematic effect on manual dexterity.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s kinematic effect on manual dexterity", "authors": "Klintefors P, Bhagavan C, Kanaan R, Bryson A, Berlowitz D, Attard Z, Carter O.", "abstract": "RationaleClinical interest in psilocybin-assisted rehabilitation for motor disorders is growing. However, psilocybin's motor effects are under-researched, and quantifying them is essential for assessing treatment risks and outcomes.ObjectivesThis study aims to clarify whether acute effects of psilocybin disrupt established patterns of manual dexterity and coordination. Specifically, we evaluate the impact of psilocybin on velocity, smoothness and kinematic manifold stability.MethodsIn a randomised, blinded trial, healthy participants received three doses of psilocybin (5-20 mg) administered one week apart. Manual dexterity was assessed using the Box and Block Test (BBT) at baseline and 1.5, 3, and 4.5 hours post-drug administration. Task performance was analysed using a Bayesian mixed-effects model. For kinematic analysis, 21 hand landmarks were tracked from video recordings obtained at baseline and 1.5 hours post-administration. Principal component analysis (PCA) was the basis for evaluating the stability and dimensionality of latent structure.ResultsBBT performance showed a modest biphasic dose-response pattern at higher doses (10-20 mg), with slight impairment during peak effects and slight improvement 4.5 hours post-administration relative to baseline. Effect sizes were small compared to inter-individual baseline variability. Kinematic analyses revealed no substantial changes in movement smoothness or velocity. Dimensionality metrics indicated a stable coordination structure, although finger movements showed a subtle increase in complexity.ConclusionsLow to moderate doses of psilocybin did not meaningfully disrupt manual dexterity or the latent structure of hand coordination. These findings support the feasibility of combining psilocybin administration with active motor rehabilitation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-026-07106-8", "pubmed_id": "42307775", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-026-07106-8", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42307775\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 41, "title": "Anxiety-related platform in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae: An integrated analysis of behavioural and molecular assay in drug screening research.", "normalized_title": "anxiety related platform in zebrafish danio rerio larvae an integrated analysis of behavioural and molecular assay in drug screening research", "authors": "Potoczna M, Kasica N, Chmielewska-Krzesińska M, Dybalska-Szczepanek J, Wąsowicz K, Sokołowska E, Podlasz P.", "abstract": "Zebrafish larvae are increasingly used in behavioural pharmacology because of their translational relevance and suitability for anxiety- and stress-related studies. However, it remains unclear whether commonly used behavioural assays and molecular stress markers provide convergent evidence of anxiolytic-like drug activity. This study therefore aimed not to validate a single predictive screening platform, but to assess the concordance and interpretative value of behavioural and molecular endpoints in larval zebrafish anxiety-related drug screening. Reference compounds with established anxiolytic or antidepressant activity, including diazepam, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine, were used to anchor assay performance. TP003, a GABAergic modulator, and three serotonergic psychedelic compounds, DOI, 5-MeO-DMT, and psilocybin, were included to challenge the assays with pharmacologically diverse mechanisms relevant to stress- and anxiety-related responses. Diazepam showed the strongest cross-assay behavioural consistency compatible with an anxiolytic-like profile. However, this response was not accompanied by reduced cortisol levels or straightforward normalisation of stress-related gene expression. Amitriptyline reduced cortisol but produced only partial behavioural effects, whereas DOI affected selected behavioural preference endpoints and transcriptional markers without significantly reducing cortisol. Fluoxetine and 5-MeO-DMT altered locomotor activity in patterns requiring cautious interpretation, as reduced movement may reflect locomotor suppression or sedation rather than anxiolysis alone. These findings indicate that behavioural and molecular endpoints should not be treated as interchangeable measures of a single anxiety construct. Instead, combined behavioural and molecular assessment is most useful as a profiling framework to identify endpoint-dependent responses, detect sedative or nonspecific locomotor confounds, and support more cautious interpretation of putative anxiolytic-like effects in larval zebrafish.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopha.2026.119680", "pubmed_id": "42308914", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2026.119680", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42308914\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3023, "title": "Distinct brain responses to psilocybin and escitalopram in depression captured by the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem", "normalized_title": "distinct brain responses to psilocybin and escitalopram in depression captured by the fluctuation dissipation theorem", "authors": "Dagnino PC, Acero-Pousa I, Zamora-López G, Escrichs A, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Sanz Perl Y, Kringelbach ML, Deco G.", "abstract": "In recent decades, the psychedelic psilocybin has been studied as a potential treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), offering an alternative to traditional antidepressants. However, the brain changes underlying the clinical effects of different interventions remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of psilocybin and a conventional antidepressant, escitalopram, from the double-blind randomised controlled trial (DB-RCT) - NCT03429075 - on the brain’s hierarchical organisation. Using pre- and post-treatment resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we built whole-brain models and obtained a generative effective connectivity (GEC) matrix for each patient. Based on the GEC, we measured the level of non-equilibrium brain dynamics by quantifying the deviation from the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) and performed complementary analysis on brain segregation and asymmetry. Our results showed opposite reconfigurations of the hierarchical non-equilibrium brain dynamics following each treatment. Additionally, baseline measures effectively distinguished responders from non-responders within each treatment. These findings suggest that the deviation of the FDT may serve as a marker for differentiating the effects of psilocybin and escitalopram in MDD treatment, overall, contributing to the understanding of therapeutic mechanisms of depression.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-06-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.06.12.731811", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.12.731811", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1253375\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3589, "title": "The Acute Effects of Psilocybin on Cognition, Memory, and Brain Function", "normalized_title": "the acute effects of psilocybin on cognition memory and brain function", "authors": "Manoj Doss", "abstract": "This study will test the effects of psilocybin on memory and cognition in healthy participants using computerized tasks and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated measures design in healthy participants, this study will test the effects of psilocybin on memory and cognition in healthy individuals using computerized tasks and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A better understanding of the basic neurocognitive effects of psilocybin may allow for minimizing potential harms and maximizing potential benefits of psilocybin therapy.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07079852", "keywords": "Healthy, Placebo, Psilocybin 15mg, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07079852\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3440, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Severe Alcohol Use Disorder: A Double-Blind, Dose-Comparison Concurrent Control Randomized Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of severe alcohol use disorder a double blind dose comparison concurrent control randomized trial", "authors": "Brigham and Women's Hospital", "abstract": "This study aims to determine the safety and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in improving alcohol-related outcomes among adults with severe alcohol use disorder in a a double-blind, dose-comparison concurrent control, randomized trial. Participants will undergo structured psychotherapy and will be randomized to two psilocybin sessions to receive either a full dose (30mg or 40mg) or low dose (10mg or 15mg). This study is a double-blind, dose-comparison concurrent control randomized trial designed to evaluate the effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy on alcohol-related outcomes, neurocognitive processes related to craving and stress, and neural circuits involved in reward and regulation among adults with severe alcohol use disorder (AUD). Participants are recruited up to 3 months after completing inpatient alcohol withdrawal treatment to ensure medical stabilization prior to psilocybin administration. The study examines both preliminary efficacy and safety while also exploring mechanistic pathways through behavioral assessments and functional neuroimaging. Participants (N=36) are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either a full-dose psilocybin (30 mg, with option to escalate to 40 mg on the second session) or a low-dose (10 mg, with option to escalate to 15 mg on the second session). All participants complete two dosing sessions spaced four weeks apart. The psychotherapy is delivered by a dyad of trained therapists before, during, and after the dosing sessions and is based on established therapeutic frameworks used in prior psilocybin-assisted therapy trials. The aim of the therapeutic support is to prepare participants for the psilocybin experience, facilitate psychological processing during and after dosing, and support integration of insights into daily life. A peer recovery coach is integrated into the study to support relapse prevention, enhance coping skills, and encourage engagement in ongoing addiction treatment. All participants are offered follow-up services at the institution's outpatient addiction treatment program (including the BWH Bridge Clinic), regardless of study arm. This combination of medical oversight, psychotherapy, and recovery support reflects an effort to embed the intervention within real-world addiction care settings. Alcohol-related outcomes are assessed repeatedly from baseline through 48 weeks after the second dosing session. The primary clinical outcome is the percentage of heavy drinking days during the 24-week follow-up period, measured using Timeline Follow-Back. Secondary alcohol outcomes include drinking quantity and frequency, relapse timing, direct alcohol biomarkers (phosphatidylethanol and ethylglucuronide), withdrawal symptoms, treatment expectancy, blinding integrity, and quality of life measures. Additional exploratory outcomes assess peer support engagement and 12-step attendance. Safety is evaluated throughout the study using structured assessments of adverse events, vital signs, and mood and anxiety symptoms. Because participants have severe AUD and recent withdrawal treatment, careful medical screening is conducted prior to each dosing session. The study includes multiple follow-up assessments up to 48 weeks after the second psilocybin dose, allowing characterization of both acute and longer-term safety. Two mechanistic components are incorporated. First, neurocognitive tasks assess cue-induced craving, attentional bias, stress reactivity, delayed discount, decision making, and distress tolerance. These measures evaluate whether psilocybin influences cognitive and affective processes known to contribute to alcohol use and relapse. Second, participants complete two fMRI scans-first within one week prior to the first dosing session and the second within one week after the second dosing session. The fMRI tasks evaluate neural response to alcohol-related cues and the ability to down-regulate craving, focusing on the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Connectivity analyses examine changes in functional coupling between these regions during alcohol cue processing. Together, these approaches allow the study to evaluate whether full-dose psilocybin, compared to low-dose, produces greater reductions in heavy drinking and craving, whether the treatment is safe and tolerable for individuals with severe AUD, and whether changes in cognitive, emotional, and neural functioning help explain clinical outcomes. By recruiting individuals immediately following inpatient detoxification, the study also examines the feasibility of incorporating psilocybin-assisted therapy into a critical window of early recovery. Results will inform whether a larger, fully powered clinical trial is justified and will contribute to the broader understanding of psilocybin's therapeutic potential in alcohol use disorder.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07296094", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Psilocybin, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07296094\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1927, "title": "Psilocybin and Mental Health Outcomes: Scoping Review with ☸️SAIMSARA", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and mental health outcomes scoping review with saimsara", "authors": "", "abstract": "This scoping review aims to comprehensively map and synthesize the breadth of evidence from original research on the relationship between psilocybin and health, spanning clinical trials, epidemiological surveys, mechanistic experiments, and cross-sectional attitudinal studies. The review uses 145 references and builds its evidence map from 216 original studies with 271241797 total participants/sample observations (topic-deduplicated ΣN). This review indicates that the most consistent and replicated signal for psilocybin and health is rapid, large, and sustained reduction of depressive symptoms in clinical populations, with a randomized, waiting-list-controlled major depressive disorder (MDD) trial reporting Cohen's d=2.5 at week 5 and benefits in treatment-resistant depression persisting up to 6 months. Converging evidence suggests broader therapeutic potential for anxiety, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and existential distress, alongside preliminary signals for substance use disorders, though risks such as manic or psychotic episodes in vulnerable individuals warrant rigorous screening. A recurring caveat is that real-world benefits and access are moderated by race and ethnicity, with protective associations and program participation concentrated among White participants. These findings support a cautiously optimistic but equity-conscious role for psilocybin-assisted therapy in psychiatric and palliative care. Future work should prioritize controlled, prospective trials that test mechanisms and confirm durability while embedding culturally adapted, equitable access strategies.", "journal": "SAIMSARA Journal", "publication_date": "2026-06-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.62487/saimsara7a54f680", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.62487/saimsara7a54f680", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.62487/saimsara7a54f680\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.2147/ndt.s500337\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.20231023\",\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.49026\",\"10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.005\",\"10.1038/s41598-024-68908-4\",\"10.1038/s41598-022-14512-3\",\"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.004\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1594307\",\"10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111448\",\"10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114262\",\"10.1080/02791072.2025.2511752\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1199642\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.1384-23.2023\",\"10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102129\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.3038\",\"10.1007/s13670-023-00383-7\",\"10.1017/ipm.2020.94\",\"10.1038/s41467-024-46997-z\",\"10.1038/s41598-025-03383-z\",\"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.04.003\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1169692\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1169686\",\"10.1080/14737175.2020.1826931\",\"10.57187/s.4346\",\"10.3389/fnsys.2025.1585367\",\"10.1017/ipm.2024.49\",\"10.1254/fpj.24007\",\"10.1055/a-1846-1161\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114727\",\"10.1111/bph.16466\",\"10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118720\",\"10.1017/neu.2025.10039\",\"10.3390/ph18030380\",\"10.1097/aln.0000000000004673\",\"10.1021/acsptsci.5c00462\",\"10.1002/btpr.3513\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110402\",\"10.1089/psymed.2023.0022\",\"10.1111/bph.70138\",\"10.1177/02698811221127304\",\"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119220\",\"10.1177/20451253251372449\",\"10.1089/pmr.2024.0108\",\"10.1227/neu.0000000000002275\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2025.119952\",\"10.1093/sw/swae019\",\"10.1177/13634615221129115\",\"10.1107/s2053229621013164\",\"10.1080/03007995.2024.2368725\",\"10.3390/bs13040297\",\"10.1007/s11845-021-02668-2\",\"10.1177/02698811231225609\",\"10.1007/s11274-025-04758-0\",\"10.7196/samj.2023.v113i11.814\",\"10.1007/s00213-022-06170-0\",\"10.1038/s41598-022-18645-3\",\"10.1038/s41598-024-58318-x\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120882\",\"10.1002/brb3.70660\",\"10.1177/02698811211066714\",\"10.1016/j.amepre.2026.108381\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1508811\",\"10.1177/02698811221131997\",\"10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104060\",\"10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7\",\"10.1038/s41598-021-01811-4\",\"10.1007/s00213-018-5106-2\",\"10.3390/ph18040451\",\"10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111243\",\"10.1038/s41380-023-02280-z\",\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.008\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.105\",\"10.1017/s1478951524001494\",\"10.1371/journal.pmen.0000514\",\"10.7759/cureus.38669\",\"10.1080/02791072.2021.2022817\",\"10.1038/s41598-023-28111-3\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0321461\",\"10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474\",\"10.9758/cpn.24.1180\",\"10.1021/acsomega.5c05606\",\"10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100454\",\"10.1080/02791072.2024.2376755\",\"10.3389/fepid.2022.876706\",\"10.1177/20494637251319497\",\"10.17269/s41997-026-01178-x\",\"10.1021/acsomega.5c02751\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.044\",\"10.1007/s00115-024-01792-5\",\"10.1177/02698811211058933\",\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104909\",\"10.1016/j.acepjo.2025.100231\",\"10.1089/psymed.2023.0046\",\"10.53680/vertex.v35i164.544\",\"10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02612\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1066369\",\"10.1021/acsptsci.5c00208\",\"10.1038/s41598-024-53363-y\",\"10.1080/02791072.2025.2461997\",\"10.17992/lbl.2023.11.766\",\"10.1177/02692163231222430\",\"10.1080/02791072.2023.2242358\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1777387\",\"10.1101/2025.02.03.636248\",\"10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf072\",\"10.1002/hbm.25174\",\"10.1093/tbm/ibag027\",\"10.1080/02791072.2025.2474246\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0279073\",\"10.1007/s00213-003-1640-6\",\"10.1038/s41598-022-08085-4\",\"10.1080/21507740.2024.2303154\",\"10.1038/s41598-026-38091-9\",\"10.1073/pnas.1524187113\",\"10.1111/add.70368\",\"10.1017/s1478951525100941\",\"10.1177/02692163261446141\",\"10.1089/can.2024.0059\",\"10.1038/s44220-024-00331-0\",\"10.1186/s40337-025-01508-3\",\"10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083595\",\"10.1016/j.encep.2025.02.007\",\"10.1007/s40615-024-02023-y\",\"10.1080/02791072.2025.2508156\",\"10.2196/86059\",\"10.1101/2025.10.12.681880\",\"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112502\",\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.11029\",\"10.3389/fphar.2017.00974\",\"10.1080/15563650.2026.2628073\",\"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108450\",\"10.1177/0269881117735685\",\"10.1089/jpm.2024.0277\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01721\",\"10.1080/02791072.2024.2424284\",\"10.1080/02791072.2026.2673845\",\"10.1080/15563650.2025.2552438\",\"10.1177/02698811261436577\",\"10.1080/09687637.2020.1854688\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00896\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647909\",\"10.1016/j.xjmad.2023.100023\",\"10.1093/milmed/usac400\"],\"reference_count\":145}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1926, "title": "Efficacy of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "normalized_title": "efficacy of psilocybin assisted therapy in major depressive disorder a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Labra-Lorenzana Angel, Lima-Sánchez Dania Nimbe, Delaflor-Wagner Christian Alejandro, Martínez-Hernández Diana, Ramos-Jiménez Christian, Toledo-Lozano Christian Gabriel", "abstract": "Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) for adults with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: A PROSPERO-registered search (CRD42024561979) of CENTRAL, Scopus, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE (2010-2024) identified clinical trials assessing PAP. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), while non-randomized studies were appraised separately. Evidence certainty was evaluated using GRADE. Results: Ten trials were included; eight provided quantitative data. PAP was associated with large short-term reductions in depressive symptom severity. The overall pooled effect was large (d = 1.15, 95% CI0.83-1.48), though within-subject designs yielded larger estimates (d = 1.63) than between-subject controlled comparisons (d = 0.96). Adverse events were transient and manageable, with no increased risk of serious adverse events on dosing days. Primary risk-of-bias concerns included functional unblinding. Conclusions: PAP may produce clinically meaningful, large short-term reductions in depressive symptoms. However, long-term efficacy remains understudied, and the overall certainty of evidence is low to moderate. Larger, rigorously blinded trials are required.", "journal": "Psychiatry International", "publication_date": "2026-06-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/psychiatryint7030137", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint7030137", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.3390/psychiatryint7030137\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.3390/jpm11020155\",\"10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32279-7\",\"10.4088/jcp.20m13699\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2206443\",\"10.1177/07067437221111371\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.168\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115531\",\"10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2032994\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1416420\",\"10.1136/bmj-2023-078084\",\"10.3390/brainsci14080829\",\"10.1001/jama.2023.14530\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101809\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x\",\"10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7\",\"10.1177/02698811211073759\",\"10.1177/02698811231154852\",\"10.1136/bmj.d5928\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035\",\"10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.11.002\",\"10.9758/cpn.23.1081\",\"10.1177/2042098620937899\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0313569\",\"10.1136/bmj.n71\"],\"reference_count\":29}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1925, "title": "“I even saw four deer grazing”: online-offline entanglements in the psilocybin pluriverse", "normalized_title": "i even saw four deer grazing online offline entanglements in the psilocybin pluriverse", "authors": "Wanke Michał, Matuszewski Paweł, Siuda Piotr", "abstract": "Purpose This paper aims to examine evolving practices and discourses surrounding psilocybin mushrooms on an online drug forum. Situating use within hybrid digital and ecological contexts, it traces shifts in user engagement before and after the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic to contextualize localized realities of the contemporary psychedelic renaissance. Design/methodology/approach Using an agential cut framework, the authors conducted a thematic analysis of approximately 3,000 qualitative posts from the largest Polish forum (mid-2000s-2023). The study tracks how forum users integrate digital tools (mapping, smartphone verification) with environmental field observations, mapping the online-offline entanglements and more-than-human relations of foraging. Findings Analysis reveals a post-2020 shift from immersive, metaphysical narratives toward predictive, scientifically informed and risk-managed practices. Building directly on critical drug scholarship regarding assemblage thinking and ontological multiplicity, the authors conceptualize the forum as an apparatus within a psychedelic pluriverse, where radically different versions of psilocybin simultaneously coexist, negotiate legitimacy and sustain themselves. Originality/value By integrating longitudinal forum analysis with a multispecies and pluriverse perspective, the study shows how digital platforms and embodied ecological practices jointly shape contemporary psychedelic practices, highlighting their relational, contingent and ethically informed character and demonstrating how shifts in discursive framings coincide with changing modes of ecological attention and risk reflexivity.", "journal": "Drugs, Habits and Social Policy", "publication_date": "2026-06-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1108/dhs-01-2026-0003", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1108/dhs-01-2026-0003", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1108/dhs-01-2026-0003\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104571\",\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105114\",\"10.1177/13624806221143365\",\"10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152598\",\"10.1080/13698575.2017.1415304\",\"10.2307/j.ctv12101zq\",\"10.1515/9781400827145\",\"10.1080/17530350.2023.2189144\",\"10.1007/s10612-019-09450-y\",\"10.1177/17416590241254519\",\"10.2196/43850\",\"10.1177/16094069241257937\",\"10.1111/anoc.12154\",\"10.1177/0308275x251357813\",\"10.1177/0306312702032001005\",\"10.5114/ppn.2025.153566\",\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103945\",\"10.1093/jcr/ucaa061\",\"10.1016/j.peh.2019.01.001\",\"10.4337/9781803926391.00036\",\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2026.105175\",\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104509\",\"10.1177/00380385231160470\",\"10.26881/jpgs.2022.1.06\",\"10.1186/s13011-021-00373-y\",\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.08.005\",\"10.4324/9781003041153\",\"10.1556/2054.2019.018\",\"10.1007/s11469-024-01288-y\",\"10.1108/dat-03-2020-0016\",\"10.23858/ep66.2022.2834\",\"10.1057/s41292-020-00222-4\",\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103514\",\"10.1186/s40309-022-00199-2\",\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105116\",\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103973\",\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104984\",\"10.1177/14550725211025847\",\"10.1556/2054.2023.00297\",\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102723\",\"10.1080/09581596.2020.1849562\",\"10.1177/00914509231178940\",\"10.1080/09687637.2022.2046706\",\"10.1080/09687637.2024.2423755\",\"10.1007/s10612-017-9357-8\",\"10.5130/csr.v11i1.3459\"],\"reference_count\":54}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 46, "title": "Music Playlist Use in Clinical Trials of Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "music playlist use in clinical trials of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy a systematic review", "authors": "Cruz L, Beserra FR, Freind JMK, Rodrigues SE, Mograbi DC.", "abstract": "Recent studies have shown promising results for psychedelics in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Both in clinical and recreational settings, contextual elements, such as music, can influence the experience of users and may be linked to positive outcomes. This systematic review identifies how music is being selected and used in psychedelisc-assisted psychotherapy (PAP). The search adopted PRISMA criteria and was conducted using PubMed, PsycNet, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane as databases. The use of music in PAP was compared, considering aspects such as the creation of a playlist, playlist features and characteristics of the setting. A total of 36 articles were found, with 25 articles mentioning the use of music, predominantly addressing depressive disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder using psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). There was considerable variation in terms of procedures, mostly because studies explored different disorders and substances, but also because there was no standardized protocol regarding music. Understanding which aspects are being privileged when choosing music for use in PAP may orient future clinical and research efforts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/jclp.70167", "pubmed_id": "42296474", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.70167", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42296474\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1928, "title": "Unmixing the Psychedelic Connectome: Brain Network Traits of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "unmixing the psychedelic connectome brain network traits of psilocybin", "authors": "Bhavaraju Kirshna Prasad, Mason Natasha L., Mallaroni Pablo, Heinke Dietmar, Toennes Stefan W., Ramaekers Johannes G., Amico Enrico", "abstract": "Abstract Psilocybin induces profound alterations in consciousness, yet prevailing neural models often describe a monolithic change in brain connectivity that may not fully capture the multifaceted nature of the psychedelic state. To test the hypothesis of a composite neural state, this study applied a data-driven framework, Connectome Independent Component Analysis (connICA) with multi-level resampling, to resting-state fMRI data from healthy volunteers. The analysis decomposed connectomes into distinct, empirically uncorrelated functional connectivity traits (“FC-Traits”), revealing two dissociable patterns: a primary trait whose expression scaled with plasma psilocin concentration, and a second, independent trait whose expression was associated with impaired performance on a visual divergent thinking task. These findings are consistent with the view that the acute psilocybin state involves co-occurring, dissociable connectivity patterns rather than a single global reconfiguration. This work demonstrates the potential of a decompositional connectomic framework to move beyond global descriptions and characterise dissociable connectivity patterns associated with distinct pharmacological and cognitive measures.", "journal": "Network Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2026-06-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1162/netn.a.594", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1162/netn.a.594", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1162/netn.a.594\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 51, "title": "Balancing safety and access in Oregon's psilocybin services.", "normalized_title": "balancing safety and access in oregon s psilocybin services", "authors": "Cheung K, Propes C, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "As jurisdictions across the U.S. consider enacting policies that facilitate access to psychedelics, they must determine how the desire to expand access to these substances should be weighed against the need to adequately protect safety. Oregon's psilocybin services program offers an important early case study of this balance in practice. Under the Psilocybin Services Act, adults over 21 are permitted to access psilocybin in Oregon at licensed service centers under facilitator supervision, with no referral from a medical practitioner, or clinical supervision, needed. Drawing on the first full year of data published by the Oregon Health Authority, this commentary examines how safety and access are being balanced through Oregon's policy. Reported adverse reactions in 2025 were relatively uncommon: however, Oregon's reporting framework sets a high threshold for reportable events. Access also remains limited, with most clients being of high-income and from outside Oregon. At the same time, the program has expanded supervised psilocybin use beyond strictly medical uses, with a proportion of clients reporting using psilocybin services for general health and wellness. Others report using psilocybin services for more medical-type motivations, such as for depression and anxiety. Overall, we argue that Oregon's broad eligibility criteria and supervision requirements may raise several safety concerns, particularly when clients with clinical symptoms seek services.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2026.105384", "pubmed_id": "42288041", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2026.105384", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42288041\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 50, "title": "Genome-based optimization of psilocybin and N,N-dimethyltryptamine biosynthetic pathways in E. coli using CRISPR-associated transposases.", "normalized_title": "genome based optimization of psilocybin and n n dimethyltryptamine biosynthetic pathways in e coli using crispr associated transposases", "authors": "Abrahms ZN, Majdi M, Madsen SM, Morton CJ, Sen AK, Fried NB, Sawyer LE, Cegielski ER, Spezzano SJ, Jones JA.", "abstract": "Stable, high-level biosynthesis of complex natural products requires precise control of heterologous pathway expression, yet transcriptional architectures optimized on plasmids often fail when transferred to the chromosome. Here, we present ePathIntegrate, a genome-centric pathway engineering strategy that leverages CRISPR-associated transposases (CASTs) to integrate and rebalance multigene metabolic pathways in Escherichia coli. Direct genomic transfer of plasmid-optimized psilocybin and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) pathways resulted in a loss of productivity, driven by context-dependent promoter behavior. To address this, we developed and characterized a library of mutant T7 promoters that restore mid-range transcriptional control on the genome. Applying ePathIntegrate enabled re-optimization of both pathways, yielding genome-encoded strains that achieve 1.88 g/L psilocybin and 1.62 g/L DMT in fed-batch bioreactors. Whole-genome sequencing of CAST-mediated strains further revealed (i) precise on-target integration, (ii) some off-target pathway integrations, and (iii) small mutations in a subset of strains, highlighting both the power and limitations of CAST-mediated strain engineering.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.ymben.2026.102490", "pubmed_id": "42288133", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2026.102490", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42288133\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 49, "title": "Barriers and Facilitators for Psychedelic Research and Regulation in Brazil: Insights From Diverse Stakeholders.", "normalized_title": "barriers and facilitators for psychedelic research and regulation in brazil insights from diverse stakeholders", "authors": "Guimarães AL, Beserra FR, Cruz L, Bienemmann B, Freind JMK, Guinle V, Rodrigues RS, Regalado JA, Mograbi DC", "abstract": "The interest in psychedelics for health-related purposes has grown significantly over the past decade. However, there is an insufficient representation of stakeholders (eg, Indigenous groups, activists, policymakers) in discussions about research and regulation. Many psychedelics originate from traditional practices historically developed in low- and middle-income countries, but these regions are seldom represented in stakeholder perspectives research. The present study will examine the barriers, facilitators, and perspectives identified by a wide array of key stakeholders regarding the research and regulation of psychedelics in Brazil. Twenty-six stakeholders, including Indigenous leaders, formal industry actors, clinicians, activists, policymakers, and informal sellers, were interviewed. The data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Code-group co-occurrence indexing was used to capture the relevance of each theme across stakeholder groups. Thematic analysis revealed 4 barriers (\"accessibility,\" \"regulation,\" \"limited knowledge,\" and \"risks\"), 3 facilitators (1need for innovation,\" \"scientific advancements,\" and \"legal loopholes\"), and 4 perspectives (\"integration of ancestral knowledge,\" \"idealization, mysticism and scientific rigor,\" \"user autonomy,\" and \"tangible social benefits\"). Themes were similarly present among stakeholders' discourse, though with varying frequencies and weights, allowing comparisons of the particular relevance of themes for each group. We detail cultural, political, scientific, and clinical barriers, facilitators, and perspectives for psychedelic research and regulation within a region with a rich history of traditional psychedelic use, and discuss their ethical, regulatory, and clinical implications.", "journal": "Clinical therapeutics", "publication_date": "2026-06-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.clinthera.2026.05.012", "pubmed_id": "42288429", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42288429/", "keywords": "Ayahuasca, Drug policy, Esketamine, Indigenous perspectives, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42288429\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3774, "title": "Altered States, Enhanced Potential: Psychedelics and Physical Performance", "normalized_title": "altered states enhanced potential psychedelics and physical performance", "authors": "Qarni Z, Richard J.", "abstract": "Interest in psychedelics has expanded beyond clinical treatment contexts, yet little empirical work has examined how users describe psychedelic use in relation to sport and physical activity. This study conducted a qualitative content analysis of Reddit discussions involving psychedelics and physical performance. A Reddit search for “sports psychedelics” returned 253 threads. After screening, 39 threads and 290 comments met inclusion criteria. Analysis identified eight content categories: physical performance enhancement; flow state/automaticity; perceptual and cognitive enhancement; risks, limitations, and safety concerns; reduced fatigue/pain perception; microdosing as strategy; psychological and emotional benefits; and fairness, ethics, and governance. Psilocybin mushrooms and LSD were the most frequently mentioned substances. Across accounts, users most often described psychedelics as enhancing performance indirectly through altered attention, increased mind-body connection, flow-like absorption, and reduced pain or fatigue. Some users reported greater perceived strength, speed, endurance, coordination, or overall capability during activity, while others described effortless movement, reduced self-consciousness, sharper perception, and improved focus. Reports were predominantly positive or mixed, with concerns about overexertion, injury risk, impaired judgment, and fairness in competitive settings. These findings suggest that psychedelics may be understood less as traditional performance-enhancing drugs and more as potential-enhancing substances that alter the subjective conditions under which performance occurs. However, because all accounts were self-reported, it remains unclear whether perceived performance gains correspond to measurable physiological or behavioral improvement. Future controlled research using objective performance outcomes is needed to clarify the relationship between psychedelic use, subjective experience, and physical performance.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-06-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/txgq2_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/txgq2_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:20", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1251202\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Consciousness,Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3242, "title": "Altered States, Enhanced Potential: Psychedelics and Physical Performance", "normalized_title": "altered states enhanced potential psychedelics and physical performance", "authors": "Qarni Z, Richard J.", "abstract": "Interest in psychedelics has expanded beyond clinical treatment contexts, yet little empirical work has examined how users describe psychedelic use in relation to sport and physical activity. This study conducted a qualitative content analysis of Reddit discussions involving psychedelics and physical performance. A Reddit search for “sports psychedelics” returned 253 threads. After screening, 39 threads and 290 comments met inclusion criteria. Analysis identified eight content categories: physical performance enhancement; flow state/automaticity; perceptual and cognitive enhancement; risks, limitations, and safety concerns; reduced fatigue/pain perception; microdosing as strategy; psychological and emotional benefits; and fairness, ethics, and governance. Psilocybin mushrooms and LSD were the most frequently mentioned substances. Across accounts, users most often described psychedelics as enhancing performance indirectly through altered attention, increased mind-body connection, flow-like absorption, and reduced pain or fatigue. Some users reported greater perceived strength, speed, endurance, coordination, or overall capability during activity, while others described effortless movement, reduced self-consciousness, sharper perception, and improved focus. Reports were predominantly positive or mixed, with concerns about overexertion, injury risk, impaired judgment, and fairness in competitive settings. These findings suggest that psychedelics may be understood less as traditional performance-enhancing drugs and more as potential-enhancing substances that alter the subjective conditions under which performance occurs. However, because all accounts were self-reported, it remains unclear whether perceived performance gains correspond to measurable physiological or behavioral improvement. Future controlled research using objective performance outcomes is needed to clarify the relationship between psychedelic use, subjective experience, and physical performance.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-06-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/txgq2_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/txgq2_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1251240\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Consciousness,Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3238, "title": "Altered States, Enhanced Potential: Psychedelics and Physical Performance", "normalized_title": "altered states enhanced potential psychedelics and physical performance", "authors": "", "abstract": "Interest in psychedelics has expanded beyond clinical treatment contexts, yet little empirical work has examined how users describe psychedelic use in relation to sport and physical activity. This study conducted a qualitative content analysis of Reddit discussions involving psychedelics and physical performance. A Reddit search for “sports psychedelics” returned 253 threads. After screening, 39 threads and 290 comments met inclusion criteria. Analysis identified eight content categories: physical performance enhancement; flow state/automaticity; perceptual and cognitive enhancement; risks, limitations, and safety concerns; reduced fatigue/pain perception; microdosing as strategy; psychological and emotional benefits; and fairness, ethics, and governance. Psilocybin mushrooms and LSD were the most frequently mentioned substances. Across accounts, users most often described psychedelics as enhancing performance indirectly through altered attention, increased mind-body connection, flow-like absorption, and reduced pain or fatigue. Some users reported greater perceived strength, speed, endurance, coordination, or overall capability during activity, while others described effortless movement, reduced self-consciousness, sharper perception, and improved focus. Reports were predominantly positive or mixed, with concerns about overexertion, injury risk, impaired judgment, and fairness in competitive settings. These findings suggest that psychedelics may be understood less as traditional performance-enhancing drugs and more as potential-enhancing substances that alter the subjective conditions under which performance occurs. However, because all accounts were self-reported, it remains unclear whether perceived performance gains correspond to measurable physiological or behavioral improvement. Future controlled research using objective performance outcomes is needed to clarify the relationship between psychedelic use, subjective experience, and physical performance.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-06-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/txgq2_v2", "keywords": "exercise, flow state, harm reduction, LSD, microdosing, pain perception, performance-enhancing drugs, physical performance, psilocybin, psychedelics, qualitative content analysis, qualitative research, Reddit, sport psychology, Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Sport Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"txgq2_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Consciousness,Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3027, "title": "EEG microstate dynamics during psilocybin intoxication relate to acute experience and persisting psychological changes", "normalized_title": "eeg microstate dynamics during psilocybin intoxication relate to acute experience and persisting psychological changes", "authors": "Jajcay N, Vejmola Č, Korčák J, Tylš F, Viktorinová M, Viktorin V, Bravermanová A, Androvičová R, Balíková M, Horáček J, Brunovský M, Hlinka J, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and other serotonergic psychedelics show therapeutic promise for psychiatric disorders, yet objective neural correlates linking the acute psychedelic state to persisting psychological outcomes remain limited. Electroencephalography (EEG) microstate analysis characterizes the rapid spatiotemporal organization of large-scale brain activity, offering a millisecond-resolution window into neural dynamics. Here, we examined resting-state EEG microstates in 15 healthy volunteers who participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study of psilocybin, using both data-driven (three-microstate) and canonical (four-microstate) analysis solutions. EEG was recorded at five time points spanning pre-drug baseline, peak intoxication, and recovery. Psilocybin significantly increased the number of global field power (GFP) peaks and reduced microstate lifespan while increasing frequency of occurrence during peak intoxication (50-100 min post-administration), consistent with accelerated transitions between brain states. Notably, microstate coverage was largely preserved, with only a transient difference at peak intoxication in the 2-20 Hz band-width, suggesting that access to the repertoire of canonical brain states is broadly maintained despite altered temporal dynamics. Critically, individual differences in microstate dynamics during peak intoxication correlated with both acute subjective experience intensity and self-reported psychological changes measured 28 days post-administration, providing exploratory evidence for a link between acute neural dynamics and longer-term experiential outcomes in healthy volunteers. These findings suggest that psilocybin is associated with altered temporal organization of large-scale brain dynamics with largely preserved microstate coverage, and identify EEG microstates as candidate neural markers for psychedelic-induced alterations in consciousness with potential relevance to therapeutic research.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-06-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.06.09.731183", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.09.731183", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1251659\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Longevity,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 53, "title": "Psilocybin restores behavior and 5-HT2A signaling while reducing microglial density after chronic traumatic brain injury in rats.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin restores behavior and 5 ht2a signaling while reducing microglial density after chronic traumatic brain injury in rats", "authors": "Allen J, Jupp B, Baker TL, Haskali MB, Brkljača R, Plummer Z, Sun M, Brand J, Christie BR, Debert CT, McDonald SJ, O'Brien TJ, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Shultz SR.", "abstract": "Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes persistent neurobehavioral deficits and increases the risk of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive dysfunction linked to disrupted neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and serotonergic (5-HT) signaling. No effective pharmacotherapies exist for chronic TBI. Psilocybin, a psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonist, shows promise due to its neuroplasticity-enhancing, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant effects. Here, male rats received fluid-percussion or sham injury, followed one year later by a single psilocybin (1 mg/kg) or saline injection. Behavioral testing began 24 h later, and positron emission tomography assessed 5-HT2A binding after two weeks. TBI produced persistent sensorimotor, learning and memory, and affective deficits; reduced 5-HT2A binding; and microglial alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex characterized by decreased process branching and enlarged soma size. Psilocybin treatment could improve sensorimotor function, restore 5-HT2A binding, and reduce microglial cell counts. These findings highlight psilocybin's therapeutic potential in chronic TBI and support further investigation of psychedelic treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102867", "pubmed_id": "42285092", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102867", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42285092\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 54, "title": "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic rational for expanding the therapeutic landscape of psilocybin beyond depression.", "normalized_title": "pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic rational for expanding the therapeutic landscape of psilocybin beyond depression", "authors": "Mingardi J, Molteni R, Bifari F.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2026.108290", "pubmed_id": "42276399", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2026.108290", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42276399\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3768, "title": "Aquahenosis: A non-pharmacological altered state of consciousness induced by Floatation-REST in individuals with anxiety and depression", "normalized_title": "aquahenosis a non pharmacological altered state of consciousness induced by floatation rest in individuals with anxiety and depression", "authors": "Tobel T, Cone A, Choquette E, Garland M, Johnson M, Mink K, Lynch C, Frohlich J, Feinstein J, Reggente N, Khalsa SS.", "abstract": "Floatation-REST (Reduced Environmental Stimulation Therapy) systematically alters sensory and bodily input by combining neutral buoyancy, thermal and proprioceptive neutrality, attenuation of exteroceptive stimulation, and enhancement of cardiorespiratory signaling to the brain. Here we examined whether this non-pharmacological sensory perturbation induces altered states of consciousness and whether specific experiential dimensions are statistically related to changes in affect. In a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled feasibility trial, 75 treatment-seeking adults with anxiety and depression were assigned to six sessions of Floatation-REST with prescribed scheduling, Floatation-REST with preferred scheduling and duration, or a zero-gravity chair comparison condition. Altered states of consciousness were assessed using the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, alongside measures of interoceptive awareness and affect. Compared to the chair condition, Floatation-REST was associated with increased interoceptive awareness of cardiorespiratory sensations and an altered state of consciousness characterized by Oceanic Boundlessness, Disembodiment, and Experience of Unity-a pattern we refer to as \"aquahenosis.\" Effects were strongest among participants who selected longer and more flexible float sessions. Experiential profiles selectively overlapped with those reported for psilocybin and ketamine along boundary-dissolution dimensions. These findings identify Floatation-REST as a tractable, non-pharmacological method for inducing specific altered states of consciousness and highlight oceanic boundlessness as an important mediator of the float-induced changes in positive affect.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-06-09", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/6mj8n_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6mj8n_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1249613\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3711, "title": "The entropic brain today.", "normalized_title": "the entropic brain today", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Introduced in 2014 and revised in 2018, the entropic brain hypothesis has accrued a wealth of supportive evidence. The hypothesis states that-along a dimension of the size of phenomenal consciousness-expansive states reliably exhibit increased brain entropy whereas the inverse applies for states of no or reduced consciousness. Examples of expansive states include expert meditation, flicker light stimulation, near-death-like experiences, atypical breathing, rapid-eye-movement sleep, the pre-ictal aura, unmedicated early psychosis and psychedelic drug states. Examples of states of no or reduced consciousness with low brain entropy, include disorders of consciousness, deep sleep, the anesthetized state, seizure, post-stroke, ageing, cognitive impairment, and neurodegenerative illness. It is shown that the entropic brain has convergent, correlative, predictive, discriminative and external validity. Regarding its predictive validity, increased brain entropy under psilocybin (in a supportive context) predicts subsequent improvements in mental health (improved wellbeing 1-month post-dose). Regarding its discriminative validity, changes in brain entropy selectively index the breadth of subjective experience versus alternative dimensions, such as arousal. Regarding portability/external validity, an entropy-related function is applied in generative artificial intelligence. In conclusion, the entropic brain is a useful model of conscious states.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-09", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1093/brain/awag206", "pubmed_id": "42266156", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awag206", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:38", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42266156\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Aging,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3210, "title": "Aquahenosis: A non-pharmacological altered state of consciousness induced by Floatation-REST in individuals with anxiety and depression", "normalized_title": "aquahenosis a non pharmacological altered state of consciousness induced by floatation rest in individuals with anxiety and depression", "authors": "", "abstract": "Floatation-REST (Reduced Environmental Stimulation Therapy) systematically alters sensory and bodily input by combining neutral buoyancy, thermal and proprioceptive neutrality, attenuation of exteroceptive stimulation, and enhancement of cardiorespiratory signaling to the brain. Here we examined whether this non-pharmacological sensory perturbation induces altered states of consciousness and whether specific experiential dimensions are statistically related to changes in affect. In a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled feasibility trial, 75 treatment-seeking adults with anxiety and depression were assigned to six sessions of Floatation-REST with prescribed scheduling, Floatation-REST with preferred scheduling and duration, or a zero-gravity chair comparison condition. Altered states of consciousness were assessed using the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, alongside measures of interoceptive awareness and affect. Compared to the chair condition, Floatation-REST was associated with increased interoceptive awareness of cardiorespiratory sensations and an altered state of consciousness characterized by Oceanic Boundlessness, Disembodiment, and Experience of Unity-a pattern we refer to as \"aquahenosis.\" Effects were strongest among participants who selected longer and more flexible float sessions. Experiential profiles selectively overlapped with those reported for psilocybin and ketamine along boundary-dissolution dimensions. These findings identify Floatation-REST as a tractable, non-pharmacological method for inducing specific altered states of consciousness and highlight oceanic boundlessness as an important mediator of the float-induced changes in positive affect.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-06-09", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/6mj8n_v2", "keywords": "Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"6mj8n_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 56, "title": "The effects of psychedelics on attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder - a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psychedelics on attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Raikkerus H, Bujour A, Kennedy M, Tiihonen J.", "abstract": "ObjectivesAttention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder (Drechsler et al., 2020). Recently, psychedelics have become of interest regarding developing treatment options for ADHD. The aim of this systematic review is to find all studies from the APA PsychInfo and MEDLINE databases, where psychedelics have been used for ADHD and assess whether further clinical studies are warranted.MethodsAPA PsychInfo and MEDLINE were searched on the 20th of August 2025 for studies discussing ADHD and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or psilocybin or dimethyltryptamine (DMT) or mescaline or phencyclidine or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ketamine. Primary research articles in English where the effects of the psychedelics mentioned on ADHD in humans were included.ResultsN = 1023 results were identified. Six studies were included - one randomised controlled trial (RCT) finding no statistically important difference compared to placebo, 3 cross sectional studies where respondents reported positive effect of psychedelics and one where the statistically important improvement was measured by the Child Bipolar Questionnaire. In addition, one case study, where both, depressive symptoms and functioning improved with ketamine.ConclusionsThere is not sufficient evidence to give recommendations on psychedelic use for ADHD. In addition, it is not known whether patients, whose depressive symptoms have responded positively to ketamine, have also had ADHD. Also, no research was found on how psychedelics affect patient subgroups with different etiopathology causing their symptoms. Although only six studies filled the inclusion criteria, they bring out valuable implications for further research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-09", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1017/neu.2026.10088", "pubmed_id": "42265057", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2026.10088", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42265057\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3565, "title": "Psilocybin as a Treatment for Chronic Pain in Smokers", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a treatment for chronic pain in smokers", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to understand whether psilocybin therapy is safe and well tolerated in improving chronic pain and increasing motivation to quit smoking for people who have chronic pain and smoke cigarettes. Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug and the active ingredient in \"magic mushrooms.\" Psilocybin is currently being studied in clinical trials but has no current medical use in the United States. Some studies have shown that a dose of psilocybin can help people quit smoking. Other studies have shown that a dose of psilocybin may improve certain chronic pain conditions, such as migraine headaches. We believe that it may also be helpful for people who smoke and have chronic pain, but this has not been tested yet. This will be an open-label pilot study examining the feasibility and potential efficacy of psilocybin in individuals who smoke and have chronic pain. Following the screening visit, the potential participants will have 1) an adaptation/preparation session, 2) a treatment session, and 3) two post-treatment follow-up sessions: 1 and 4 weeks after the treatment session. During study participation, participants will also complete surveys 4 times per day on a mobile device for 5 weeks (1 week before the treatment session and 4 weeks post-treatment session). General Procedures: Potential participants will undergo extensive medical and psychiatric screening to minimize the risk of study participation. Psilocybin will be administered as a 25 mg oral dose under close medical and psychiatric monitoring. For the 24 hours before the treatment session, subjects will be asked to abstain from consuming alcoholic beverages and any illicit drugs, verified by urine drug screening and breathalyzer. Non-compliant subjects will be rescheduled or discharged from the study if they are repeatedly non-compliant. Subjects will be instructed to drink their typical number of caffeinated beverages and smoke cigarettes as usual to minimize caffeine and tobacco withdrawal, which could confound the study measures. Subjects will be instructed not to eat for 4 hours before the treatment sessions because a light snack will be provided before the beginning of the session, and lunch will be provided at the end.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07118332", "keywords": "Smokers With Chronic Pain, Psilocybin (drug), NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07118332\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1929, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted Physiotherapy for Refractory Motor Functional Neurological Disorder: A Randomized Dose-comparison Pilot Study (P7-17.001)", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted physiotherapy for refractory motor functional neurological disorder a randomized dose comparison pilot study p7 17 001", "authors": "Bryson Alexander, Bhagavan Chiranth, Carter Olivia, Nielsen Glenn, Berlowitz David, Issak Sara, Attard Zachary, Eleftheriadis Dina, Oliver Gina, Mayne Deanne, Roebuck Greg, Rucker James, Butler Matthew, Kanaan Richard", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neurology", "publication_date": "2026-06-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1212/wnl.0000000000212934", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000212934", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1212/wnl.0000000000212934\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 57, "title": "Alcohol consumption and substance use among French medical students: A nationwide cross-sectional study: Consommation d'alcool et de substances chez les étudiants en médecine de France: une étude transversale nationale.", "normalized_title": "alcohol consumption and substance use among french medical students a nationwide cross sectional study consommation d alcool et de substances chez les étudiants en médecine de france une étude transversale nationale", "authors": "Gillet M, Doudeau N, Vilain F, Sadat K, Morvan Y, Frajerman A.", "abstract": "ObjectivesMedical students are known to face significant psychological distress, making them vulnerable to substance use. There are few data on alcohol and drug consumption among medical students. The aim was to assess the prevalence of substance use, especially alcohol, in French medical students.MethodsThis cross-sectional nationwide study was conducted online from 10 June to 28 July 2024. A survey link was sent to French medical students and residents via official administrative emails. We assessed substance use (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, LSD, psilocybin, heroine, poppers, nitrous oxide and other). For alcohol consumption, we used the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Data analysis was performed, including recoding missing responses as zeros. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regressions were performed with AUDIT as the dependent variable, categorized as binary (cutoff ≥8).ResultsWe included 8,312 students: 11% met criteria for hazardous drinking, and 5.5% for probable dependence according to the AUDIT; 23.3% respondents reported tobacco use, while cannabis use was reported by 13.4% with 1% using it more than 2 or 3 times a week. Among other substances, poppers (23.5%) and nitrous oxide (11.2%) were the most commonly reported. Multivariate analysis identified several factors associated with problematic alcohol use, such as male sex, younger age, financial difficulties, exposure to humiliation, harassment or sexual assault.ConclusionsAlcohol and psychoactive substance use remain prevalent among French medical students, at levels broadly comparable to those reported internationally. These findings underscore the need for targeted preventive and supportive actions within medical schools.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/07067437261457220", "pubmed_id": "42262154", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437261457220", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42262154\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3686, "title": "PRISMatic: A Phase 1b Randomized, Double-Armed, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Psilocybin Efficacy With or Without Pimavanserin Pretreatment", "normalized_title": "prismatic a phase 1b randomized double armed parallel group placebo controlled trial of psilocybin efficacy with or without pimavanserin pretreatment", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "Twenty healthy adults (≥21 years old) will be enrolled to evaluate the efficacy of a single oral dose of psilocybin (25 mg) administered with or without pretreatment using oral pimavanserin (34 mg) or placebo. Outcome assessments will occur at 1 week and 1 month following psilocybin administration. The purpose of this study is to clarify the receptor-level mechanisms underlying psilocybin's effects on mood and well-being, along with the associated neurophysiologic signatures. These mechanisms will be examined using psychometric scales, autonomic and fMRI-based neurophysiologic markers, and integrated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07610135", "keywords": "Mood (Psychological Function), Well Being, Mood, Healthy, Psilocybin, Pimavanserin, Nuplazid, Inactive Placebo, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07610135\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3452, "title": "A Double Blind, Randomized Trial Investigating the Safety, Feasibility, and Mechanisms of Psychedelics in Healthy Older Adults With Low Well-being as Moderated by Biomarkers for Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease", "normalized_title": "a double blind randomized trial investigating the safety feasibility and mechanisms of psychedelics in healthy older adults with low well being as moderated by biomarkers for preclinical alzheimer s disease", "authors": "Jennifer Mitchell", "abstract": "This study is being conducted to understand changes in brain activity following administration of two different drugs (Psilocybin and Dextromethorphan) in older adults with low well-being. The main questions it aims to answer are, does psilocybin: 1. Acutely increase complexity of EEG activity in older adults with low well-being, as modulated by the presence of biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. 2. Longitudinally decrease plasma markers of neuroinflammation, as modulated by the presence of biomarkers of AD pathology. 3. Explore longitudinal changes in autonomic physiology via wearable recording devices as well as longitudinal structural and functional brain changes measured in the MRI Participants will be in the study for up to 3 months, which will include 3 to 4 in person visits and 3 to 4 remote visits. Most visits will be between 1 to 3 hours, but the dosing visit will last a minimum of 8 hours and could be as long as 12 hours. During the dosing visit, all participants will receive a single dose of the study drugs and dosages listed below. Researchers will compare participants who receive the following drug options: * A low-to-moderate dose of Psilocybin (5-10 mg) * A moderate-to-high dose of Psilocybin (25-30 mg) * A low-to-moderate dose of Dextromethorphan (30-60 mg) * A moderate-to-high dose of Dextromethorphan (80-90 mg)", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07386730", "keywords": "Anhedonia in Healthy Volunteers, Older Adults (50-90 Years), Psilocybin (drug), Dextromethorphan (DXM), RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07386730\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Wellbeing,Animal Study,Healthy Volunteers,Older Adults,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 44, "title": "Psychedelics disrupt hierarchical cortical propagations in the default mode network of humans and mice.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics disrupt hierarchical cortical propagations in the default mode network of humans and mice", "authors": "Pines AR, Zhang X, Kochalka J, Vesuna SS, Kauvar IV, Rajasekharan D, Reneau TR, Akiki TJ, Hack LM, Siegel JS, Williams LM.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs are poised to become mainstream treatments, yet we lack a circuit-level account of how they reshape brain activity. Emerging evidence suggests that multiple psychedelic compounds modulate activity in the brain's default mode network (DMN), often interpreted as either increased or decreased bottom-up hierarchical processing. Most imaging studies, however, quantify activity as if it were stationary, remaining agnostic to the ascending or descending movements of activity that defines hierarchical processing. Here, we adapt optical flow analyses to track frame-to-frame trajectories of DMN activity across four independent datasets (humans and mice; methylenedioxymethamphetamine, psilocybin, and lysergic acid diethylamide; nine drug-vs.-control contrasts). In functional magnetic resonance and calcium imaging, all psychedelics attenuate signal flow magnitude and bottom-up directionality within the DMN. Propagation attenuation is not attributable to data quality or previously documented effects of psychedelics and is uniquely associated with self-reported outcomes. This replicable and generalizable attenuation of bottom-up cortical propagations provides fundamental clarification of the effects of psychedelics on macroscale hierarchical processing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2522000123", "pubmed_id": "42258710", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2522000123", "keywords": "Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Animals, Humans, Mice, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Male, Psilocybin, Default Mode Network", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42258710\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3702, "title": "Multivariate Neural and Physiological Correlates of Psychedelic Sub-states: a Within-subjects, Healthy Volunteer Study With Experience-sampling", "normalized_title": "multivariate neural and physiological correlates of psychedelic sub states a within subjects healthy volunteer study with experience sampling", "authors": "Robin Carhart-Harris, PhD, MA", "abstract": "The main purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the distinct mental states and physical reactions that can arise during a psychedelic experience. By repeatedly assessing the same participants in an MRI while under the effects of psilocybin, the investigators want to identify reliable brain and body reactions arising during these psychedelic experiences. It is hoped that this will provide an insight to inspire future research on psilocybin and related psychedelics as well as inform on their therapeutic action. This study will involve up to 12 healthy volunteers with previous psychedelic experience. Participants in this study will be given four doses of psilocybin, with breaks of at least seven days in between dosing visits. The first dosing visit will feature a 10 mg dose of psilocybin, which can be considerate a low to moderate dose, whereas the remaining three dosing visits will feature 25 mg psilocybin, a high dose that is consistent with the dosage chosen for several modern clinical trials with psilocybin. From the initial in-person screening visit to the final follow-up, participants will be in this study for approximately 6-12 weeks and visit the research site 5 times. The first visit will be an in-person screening visit, during which the investigators will assess participants' eligibility to be enrolled. There will be 4 subsequent visits to the scan center for dosing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning, and there will be a final remote follow up. Each of the four dosing visits will include four periods of lying within the MRI scanner for scanning, each of these 'in-scanner' sessions will last for \\~ 45 minutes. Actual scans, which are also called 'runs' last for \\~ 12 mins. During these 'runs', the investigators will ask participants two brief questions about how positive or negative their current experience is every 100 seconds. They will be able to record their answers using a button box which they will be operating with their hand. One day after each dosing visit, the investigators will schedule a phone call with the participant to check how they are doing and perform an informal interview focused on their experience while under the effects of psilocybin.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05698511", "keywords": "Psychedelic Experiences, Neuroimaging, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05698511\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3472, "title": "A Multi-site Randomized Controlled Trial of Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) in Veterans", "normalized_title": "a multi site randomized controlled trial of psilocybin for treatment resistant depression trd in veterans", "authors": "VA Office of Research and Development", "abstract": "The purpose of this multi-site randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the efficacy and risks of psilocybin for the treatment of depression in U.S. military Veterans with and without (±) concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a serious mental health problem in Veterans, frequently comorbid with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and in need of novel and effective treatments. Clinical studies have revealed antidepressant effects of psilocybin for depression in civilians, but less is known about its efficacy and safety in Veterans. Very limited data is available on the effects of psilocybin in the treatment of PTSD. Thus, it is important to evaluate the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of TRD with and without PTSD among Veterans. The purpose of this multi-site, double-blind, randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the efficacy and risks of psilocybin for the treatment of TRD in U.S. military Veterans with and without (±) concurrent PTSD. Eligible and consenting Veterans will two psilocybin dosing sessions along with preparation, administration, and integration psychological support provided by a facilitator. For the 1st psilocybin administration, participants will be randomized to one of two doses under blinded conditions. One month later, all participants will receive a 25mg dose at their 2nd psilocybin visit. Outcomes will be measured by an independent evaluator masked from all treatments at 2 and 4 weeks after each dosing session. Longer-term follow-up will be conducted over 6 months. Both expected and unanticipated adverse events will be collected by type, severity and relatedness to the study drug.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07226232", "keywords": "Major Depression, Psilocybin, COMP360, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07226232\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE3\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Veterans,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 62, "title": "Correction to: Preliminary Evidence of Sleep Improvements Following Psilocybin Administration, and their Involvement in Antidepressant Therapeutic Action.", "normalized_title": "correction to preliminary evidence of sleep improvements following psilocybin administration and their involvement in antidepressant therapeutic action", "authors": "Reid MJ, Kettner H, Blanken TF, Weiss B, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-026-01685-1", "pubmed_id": "42243392", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-026-01685-1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42243392\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 61, "title": "Phylogenomic systematics of Lanmaoa (Boletaceae) reveals cryptic diversity, resolves global evolutionary relationships, and suggests a novel psychoactive lineage.", "normalized_title": "phylogenomic systematics of lanmaoa boletaceae reveals cryptic diversity resolves global evolutionary relationships and suggests a novel psychoactive lineage", "authors": "Domnauer C, Dentinger BTM.", "abstract": "The genus Lanmaoa is a globally distributed, economically important group of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Boletaceae containing edible and psychoactive species. Despite the growing interest in its hallucinogenic properties, the fundamental systematics of this genus remains poorly resolved due to limited taxon sampling and limited genetic characterization. This study combines a comprehensive sampling of all Lanmaoa species, including 21 type specimens, with whole genome sequencing of 53 specimens. A phylogeny of Lanmaoa is generated based upon an alignment of 1515 single-copy orthologs and recovers full statistical support at all major nodes, resolving evolutionary relationships in the genus. Phylogenomic analysis of previously unsequenced type specimens supports several taxonomic changes, including six novel combinations and the discovery of four novel species, two of which are described here-Lanmaoa fallax, sp. nov. and Lanmaoa carbonilivor, sp. nov.-resulting in a total recognition of 17 species in the genus. Genome mining of Lanmaoa asiatica fails to detect canonical biosynthetic genes associated with psilocybin or ibotenic acid production, suggesting the presence of a novel psychoactive compound. This study establishes a comprehensive genomic foundation for Lanmaoa systematics, enabling future research to more robustly explore the evolutionary history and secondary chemistry of the genus.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/00275514.2026.2670968", "pubmed_id": "42247306", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2026.2670968", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42247306\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 60, "title": "Prenatal stress, excitatory-inhibitory imbalance, and ADHD risk: a hypothesis-driven perspective on psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity.", "normalized_title": "prenatal stress excitatory inhibitory imbalance and adhd risk a hypothesis driven perspective on psilocybin induced neuroplasticity", "authors": "Ahmadian-Moghadam S, Roshan-Milani S, Saboory E.", "abstract": "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition in which prenatal stress and long-lasting disruptions of excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) balance have been implicated as key vulnerability factors. Although established pharmacological and behavioral treatments are effective for many individuals, they are not universally successful and do not directly target upstream neurodevelopmental mechanisms. In this hypothesis-driven perspective, we examine whether psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity could theoretically modulate stress-related neurodevelopmental risk pathways relevant to ADHD. Rather than presenting psilocybin as an evidence-based intervention, we synthesize findings from related preclinical and clinical literatures to explore conceptual plausibility. Preclinical studies in non-ADHD models indicate that psilocybin can induce rapid and sustained synaptic plasticity, alter cortical E/I dynamics, and reverse stress-associated structural and functional alterations. Human clinical trials in adults-primarily in mood, trauma-related, and substance use disorders-demonstrate durable changes in emotional regulation, cognitive flexibility, and large-scale brain network organization, processes that overlap with neural systems implicated in ADHD. Research into the use of psilocybin for ADHD is in its early stages, with emerging, largely self-reported, and preliminary studies suggesting potential benefits for managing symptoms like inattention, impulsivity, and emotional dysregulation. We therefore frame psilocybin as a speculative (secondary/tertiary) approach that could, in principle, be explored to probe mechanisms of E/I rebalancing and neuroplasticity. Key mechanistic uncertainties-including the state-dependent effects of psilocybin on excitation and inhibition and the possibility of exacerbating existing imbalances-are explicitly discussed. Ethical and developmental considerations, particularly regarding vulnerable populations, are emphasized as critical constraints on translation. Finally, we propose a translational research roadmap encompassing preclinical prenatal-stress models, biomarker-driven pilot studies in ADHD, and multimodal outcome measures integrating neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and molecular indices. By clearly distinguishing established evidence from hypothesis, this perspective aims to stimulate rigorous and ethically grounded research rather than to advocate premature clinical application.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-026-04151-x", "pubmed_id": "42248832", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-04151-x", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42248832\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 59, "title": "Developing Methods for Observing Awe Narration in Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "developing methods for observing awe narration in psilocybin assisted therapy", "authors": "Tarbi EC, Bhatia I, Balach N, Buehler S, Demeo-Meres M, Gramling C, Thambi T, Hart J, Reblin M, Rizzo DM, Gramling R, Agrawal M, Manetta E.", "abstract": "Background: Understanding the benefits of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) will require scientific attention to the causal interaction between the therapeutic context and process. Measuring what actually happens during PAT in large-scale studies will be an essential component of this work. Objective: We aim to develop and preliminarily evaluate the feasibility and reliability of a direct observation coding system for narrations of awe experiences during PAT, one hypothesized therapeutic mechanism. Methods: We analyzed 32 PAT clinical trial encounter recordings involving eight participants from a Phase 2 clinical trial study of psilocybin-assisted therapy in advanced cancer. Using a conceptually grounded structured codebook, two human coders independently identified start and stop times for moments exhibiting definitional characteristics of awe narration, including expressions of vastness, need for accommodation and ineffability. We used coder agreement and degree of confidence to refine the coding system. Results: During 16,760 total minutes of video, coders collectively recorded 246 moments of awe narration. Of those moments, 42% (104/246) were identified by one coder and 58% (142/246) by two coders. Coders felt substantially more confident in their judgments about a moment of awe when vastness was present compared to when vastness was absent (OR: 4.3; 95% CI: 2.4, 7.8). Iterative refinement of the coding system led to accommodation being operationalized as two distinct components: an initial cognitive disruption followed by variable engagement in the process of accommodation. Conclusions: Awe narration is directly observable using explicit definitional criteria. This work provides the empirical foundation for scalable coding systems of awe narration during PAT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/healthcare14111589", "pubmed_id": "42278842", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14111589", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42278842\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1, "title": "A cross-national comparison of nonmedical and medical use of psychedelic drugs in the international cannabis policy study.", "normalized_title": "a cross national comparison of nonmedical and medical use of psychedelic drugs in the international cannabis policy study", "authors": "Graham M, Ge Y, Pacula RL, Pessar SC, Wilkins C, Hall W, Hammond D.", "abstract": "BackgroundWe know little about the extent psychedelic substances are consumed therapeutically and/or discussed with medical professionals despite renewed global interest in these substances.MethodsWe examined self-reported responses from the 2023 International Cannabis Policy Study (ICPS) in repeated cross-sectional surveys in Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. The survey included questions on lifetime, past year, and past month use of psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, and ketamine. It inquired about respondents' discussions with medical professionals, their self-reported medical use, and related adverse events. We estimate the mean proportion rate for each of these using logistic regression methods that adjust for demographics, country, and sampling weights.FindingsEstimated results suggest nineteen per cent of all ICPS respondents reported lifetime use of one of the four substances. Psilocybin was the most commonly estimated to be used in one's lifetime and in the past year, followed by LSD and MDMA. Estimated prevalences of ever using psilocybin were higher among respondents from Canada (16.3%, CI: 15.6-16.9%) than the USA (13.0%, CI: 12.3-13.6%) and New Zealand (12.1%, CI: 10.4-13.8%). Estimated rates of psilocybin ever use in Australia were significantly lower (7.8%, CI: 6.8-8.8%). An estimated 10-20% of respondents who report ever-use of a psychedelic asked their medical provider about medical use, and over a third who had used in the past year reported experiencing an adverse health effect. Estimated rates of past month use were low for all countries.InterpretationConsumer interest in therapeutic use of psilocybin, MDMA, LSD, and ketamine has surpassed the pace of clinical trials and therapeutic use provisions. These provisions do not necessarily equate to patient access and dual use motivations are not uncommon. Access via nonregulated pathways and self-initiated use in the absence of medical supervision may influence the proportion of individuals who experience adverse events.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2026.105348", "pubmed_id": "42247761", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2026.105348", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Prevalence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Canada, United States, Australia, New Zealand, Female, Male, Young Adult, Self Report, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42247761\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Adolescents,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3664, "title": "Effects of Repeated Dosing of Psilocybin on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized, Waitlist-Controlled Study", "normalized_title": "effects of repeated dosing of psilocybin on obsessive compulsive disorder a randomized waitlist controlled study", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "This study aims to investigate the effects of repeated dosing of oral psilocybin on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptomatology in a randomized, waitlist-controlled design with blinded independent ratings, and assess psychological mechanisms that may mediate psilocybin's therapeutic effects on OCD. Aim 1: To examine the effects of two doses of psilocybin on OCD symptoms among participants in the immediate treatment condition, compared to participants in the waitlist control/delayed treatment condition. The investigators hypothesize that participants in the immediate treatment group will report statistically significantly greater symptom improvement from baseline 4 days post-second dose, compared to participants in the waitlist control/delayed treatment group at the same interval during their waitlist phase. Aim 2: To examine the effects of two doses of psilocybin on OCD symptoms, compared to one dose. The investigators hypothesize that two doses of oral psilocybin will reduce OCD symptoms to a statistically significantly greater extent than one dose. This study aims to investigate the effects of repeated dosing of oral psilocybin on OCD symptomatology and assess psychological mechanisms that may mediate psilocybin's therapeutic effects on OCD. This study will employ a randomized, waitlist-controlled design with blinded independent ratings, with participants randomized to receive either immediate treatment (two doses oral psilocybin separated by one week) or delayed treatment (7 weeks post-randomization). An adaptive dose selection strategy will be implemented, with the first dose being standardized at 25 mg of psilocybin, and the second dose being either the same or a higher dosage (i.e., 30 mg) on the basis of a clinically significant response from baseline or not, respectively, 4 days post-first dose. This study is conducted entirely on an outpatient basis with the possibility of remote/virtual follow-up visits after each dosing session. The dosing sessions last the entire day, and participants will be medically cleared prior to being permitted to return home with assistance (e.g., driven by a family member or friend, or ride share).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05370911", "keywords": "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05370911\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3483, "title": "2 x 2 Factorial, Double-blind, Randomized Trial of 'Set and Setting': a Translational Study in Healthy Volunteers", "normalized_title": "2 x 2 factorial double blind randomized trial of set and setting a translational study in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Robin Carhart-Harris, PhD, MA", "abstract": "One hundred twenty healthy participants, ages 21 to 70, who experience moderate-to-lower-than-average mental well-being will be evenly randomized into four different study arms, using a 2x2 factorial design. Depending on the study arm, participants will either receive an inactive placebo or up to 25mg psilocybin (oral dose), in one of two set and setting conditions; drug administration contexts that are predicted to modulate drug effects. The purpose of this study is to evaluate any interaction effects between an oral dose of psilocybin and the surrounding context (set and setting). Recent research posits that psychedelic medicine is best employed as a combination treatment, i.e., as drug x psychological support or psychotherapy referred to for simplicity as 'psychedelic therapy'. It is assumed that positive outcomes via psychedelic therapy critically depend on a synergistic relationship between drug-induced brain and mind plasticity and supportive contextual factors (Carhart-Harris et al., 2018; Carhart-Harris and Friston, 2019). These contextual factors have been referred to as 'set and setting' (Leary et al., 1963) or 'extrapharmacological'- highlighting elements beyond the drug that contribute to relevant outcomes (Hartogsohn, 2016). The proposed experiment is a double-blind, randomized between-subjects 2 x 2 factorial study in 120 volunteers who experience low psychological well-being at baseline and have limited prior experience with psychedelics (1:1:1:1, n = 30 per condition). The main aim of the study is to assess the contribution of a select number of pre-defined contextual variables (both 'set' and 'setting') on the nature and trajectory of effects linked to a single dosing session with either psilocybin (oral, 25mg) or placebo (oral, inert). The study will have four primary outcomes, two pertaining to mental health, namely: changes in psychological well-being - as measured via the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scales (WEMWBS), from baseline to 4 weeks post dosing session (primary endpoint) and changes in the Watts Connectedness Scale (WCS) at consistent timepoints. The two primary outcomes indexing the quality of the acute experience will be: Emotional Breakthrough - measured via mean scores on the Emotional Breakthrough Inventory (EBI), and Challenging experience (CE) - defined and measured here as scores on the following four sub-factors of the Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ): fear, insanity, isolation, and paranoia.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06626139", "keywords": "Healthy Participants With Lower-than-average Mental Well-being, Psilocybin, Context 1, Context 2, Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06626139\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 66, "title": "Classic Psychedelics for Chronic Pain: A Critical Review of the Literature and Practical Advice for Clinicians.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics for chronic pain a critical review of the literature and practical advice for clinicians", "authors": "Boehnke KF, Pouyan N, Aday JS.", "abstract": "Chronic pain is common, costly, and for many, remains inadequately treated by existing pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches. In parallel with growing dissatisfaction with conventional therapies, classic serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ayahuasca, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and mescaline, administered alone or within psychedelic-assisted therapy models, have re-emerged as potential therapeutic tools for a range of health conditions, including chronic pain. In this review, we examine putative mechanisms of action relevant to pain, including effects on neuroplasticity, inflammation, large-scale brain network dynamics, and higher-order psychological processes, such as pain acceptance and cognitive flexibility. We also briefly overview findings from relevant preclinical models for pain. We then summarize recent observational studies and early-phase clinical trials that highlight preliminary signals of benefit across multiple pain conditions, including fibromyalgia, migraine, cluster headache, and other chronic pain syndromes. In addition, we critically evaluate safety considerations, contraindications, drug-drug interactions, and key regulatory challenges that will shape both research and clinical implementation of psychedelics for chronic pain. Finally, we offer pragmatic guidance for clinicians to work more skillfully with patients choosing to use these substances on their own. Although the existing literature suggests mechanistic plausibility and promising preliminary outcomes, the field is limited by small sample sizes, functional unblinding, and a lack of large, well-controlled randomized trials. We conclude by outlining critical methodological priorities and future research directions needed to rigorously evaluate the potential role of psychedelic compounds in the treatment of chronic pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s40265-026-02339-5", "pubmed_id": "42243569", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-026-02339-5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42243569\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Animal Study,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Drug Interactions,Contraindications,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 65, "title": "Substance-induced manic psychosis in which delusions were corroborated by a chatbot - case report.", "normalized_title": "substance induced manic psychosis in which delusions were corroborated by a chatbot case report", "authors": "Shah S, Morrin H.", "abstract": "BackgroundThis case describes a substance-induced manic episode with psychotic features in which interaction with an AI (artificial intelligence) chatbot appeared to corroborate and reinforce the patient's delusional thought content and to contradict medical advice. Excerpts from the patient's interactions with the AI chatbot provide novel clinical insight into this phenomenon, which to date has primarily been reported in news media.Case presentationA man in his 30s presented to the emergency department with a one-week history of escalating behavioural disturbance, severe insomnia, pressured and overinclusive speech, and grandiose beliefs. Symptom onset followed heavy polysubstance use at a recreational event, including psilocybin (dried mushrooms and liquid preparation), ketamine, cocaine, and alcohol. During this period, the patient reported extensive interaction with an AI chatbot (ChatGPT). The AI chatbot reportedly affirmed his perceived \"spiritual awakening,\" minimised the possibility that his presentation represented a manic episode, and provided medical advice, including discouragement of prescribed antipsychotic medication, though it cannot be determined to what extent, if any, these statements contributed to his existing presentation. Mental state examination was consistent with a manic episode with psychotic features, without evidence of perceptual disturbance. He was detained under mental health legislation for further assessment and commenced on olanzapine, with adjunctive sleep restoration and psychological interventions. Behavioural management included implementation of a care plan restricting AI chatbot use, as a form of environmental containment. Over several weeks, psychotic symptoms and behavioural disinhibition diminished, with subsequent improvement in insight.ConclusionsConcerns regarding potentially harmful interactions between AI chatbots and individuals with mental illness have largely been raised in news media. This case demonstrates that, in patients with psychotic symptoms, AI chatbots may reinforce delusional beliefs and impair the development of insight, and may also interfere with engagement with treatment by providing advice that conflicts with clinical recommendations. These observations raise clinical, ethical, and risk-management considerations regarding AI chatbot use during acute psychiatric illness. As AI chatbot use becomes increasingly widespread, clinicians should consider assessing their use and impact within clinical assessments and, where clinically indicated, implementing interventions to mitigate associated risks, ranging from psychoeducation to use-restriction strategies. Future population-level studies are required to establish the epidemiology of AI-associated mental health harms, and AI companies must bolster efforts to implement harm minimisation strategies and safeguards.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1186/s12888-026-08137-3", "pubmed_id": "42243814", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-026-08137-3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42243814\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Spirituality,Case Report,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 64, "title": "Changes in anxiety, quality of life, and functioning following psilocybin-assisted therapy in veterans with treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "changes in anxiety quality of life and functioning following psilocybin assisted therapy in veterans with treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Kelly CM, Fradet M, Bostian CM, Donnelly A, Ellis S, Ostacher M, Aaronson S, Suppes T.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin has demonstrated promise for improving depressive symptoms in treatment-resistant depression, but its effects on anxiety, quality of life, functioning, and posttraumatic stress symptoms are less well studied. This study reports exploratory findings from an open-label trial in Veterans with TRD.MethodsParticipants received a single 25-mg dose of psilocybin administered with psychological support. The primary endpoint was assessed 3 weeks post-dose, with follow-up extending to 12 months. Outcomes included anxiety severity (GAD-7), quality of life (Q-LES-Q-SF), functional impairment (WSAS), and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PCL-5). Experiential outcomes were measured with the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ), Challenging Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ-30), and Emotional Breakthrough Inventory (EBI). Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate longitudinal changes, and correlation analyses examined associations between measures and changes in depressive symptoms on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale.ResultsFifteen participants were included, with ten completing long-term follow-up. GAD-7 scores demonstrated sustained improvements through 12 months, with a 59% reduction from baseline at Week 3. Q-LES-Q-SF gains were significant through Week 12, with a 24% increase at Week 3, and WSAS improvements persisted through Month 6 before declining, with a 46% reduction at Week 3. These effects were no longer statistically significant after accounting for improvements in depression. Unadjusted PCL-5 reductions were observed at all timepoints. Exploratory analyses of acute subjective experiences did not correlate to treatment response.LimitationsThis study is limited by its small sample size and open-label design.ConclusionsPsilocybin with psychological support was associated with improvements in anxiety, quality of life, functioning, and PTSD symptoms which largely correlated to concurrent improvements in depressive symptoms.Clinical trialNCT04433858.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2026.122063", "pubmed_id": "42248535", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.122063", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42248535\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Veterans", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 63, "title": "Current status and future prospects of research on psilocybin's regulation of neurotransmitters and their receptors related to the pathogenesis of tinnitus.", "normalized_title": "current status and future prospects of research on psilocybin s regulation of neurotransmitters and their receptors related to the pathogenesis of tinnitus", "authors": "Lu S, Zhang Z, Xue X, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Liu P, He D, Shen W, Yang S, Wang F.", "abstract": "Subjective tinnitus is a common auditory disorder characterised by the subjective perception of noise in the absence of external sound sources. Its prevalence has been rising annually due to noise exposure, medication misuse, and population ageing. Current tinnitus treatments employ antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and vasodilators, yet most demonstrate limited efficacy with significant side effects. There is an urgent clinical need for novel therapeutic agents targeting new mechanisms and pathways. In recent years, the natural psychedelic tryptamine psilocybin has garnered attention for its rapid and sustained therapeutic effects following single-dose administration in clinical trials for depression and end-of-life anxiety. Its mechanism involves selectively activating 5-HT2A receptors, triggering substantial glutamate release and subsequently upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This markedly increases dendritic spine density and synaptic protein expression in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, thereby restoring neural plasticity. This review systematically integrates the aforementioned neuroplasticity mechanisms with cross-mechanisms of neuroplastic alterations associated with tinnitus, emphasising its synergistic regulatory effects on excitatory neurotransmitters and their receptors (glutamate, dopamine) as well as inhibitory neurotransmitters and their receptors (gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.heares.2026.109701", "pubmed_id": "42289149", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2026.109701", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42289149\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 68, "title": "Bringing Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy to Palliative Oncology: Early Lessons from Real-World Implementation.", "normalized_title": "bringing psilocybin assisted therapy to palliative oncology early lessons from real world implementation", "authors": "Dorval M, Audet-Croteau V, Chang SL, Masse-Grenier M, Tremblay A, Bénard E, Chapdelaine A, Garel N, Guertin JR.", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) is a promising intervention to alleviate existential distress among patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative care. However, evidence on how to integrate PAT into routine oncology and palliative care services remains scarce. This study aimed to examine real-world PAT implementation, identify factors influencing adoption, and estimate integration costs within oncology and palliative care services. Methods: We conducted a single-case implementation study in a large university-affiliated tertiary care center in Canada during the first year following its introduction. Semi-structured interviews with clinicians, managers, and other stakeholders explored barriers, facilitating conditions, and actions needed to support PAT implementation. A budget impact analysis estimated incremental costs associated with delivering PAT. Results: After one year, no patients had received PAT. Ten professionals representing diverse clinical and managerial roles participated in the interviews. While participants viewed PAT favorably, they emphasized the need to align the intervention with existing care pathways and clarify referral processes. Administrative and regulatory procedures, together with logistical constraints related to treatment delivery, were identified as key barriers, whereas perceived clinical relevance and institutional leadership were seen as important facilitators. From the health care system perspective, the estimated cost of delivering a complete PAT intervention ranged from 2648 to 5827 Canadian dollars (CAD) per patient, depending on the scenario examined, excluding the cost of the psilocybin itself. Conclusions: Despite perceived clinical relevance and relatively modest estimated costs, the absence of treated patients after one year highlights the gap between regulatory authorization and effective service uptake. These findings underscore the importance of structured implementation strategies, sustained institutional support, and alignment between regulatory frameworks and clinical workflows to ensure meaningful integration of PAT into routine oncology and palliative care services.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/healthcare14111559", "pubmed_id": "42278812", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14111559", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42278812\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Cancer Patients,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3558, "title": "The Role of the Subjective Experience in Supporting Positive Effects Following Psilocybin: a Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial Using Risperidone in Healthy Adults", "normalized_title": "the role of the subjective experience in supporting positive effects following psilocybin a randomized controlled clinical trial using risperidone in healthy adults", "authors": "University of Calgary", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to determine the importance of the acute subjective experience induced by psilocybin (the primary component of \"magic mushrooms\") in facilitating positive outcomes. Participants in this study will be given psilocybin in combination with either a placebo or risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic that block the subjective effects of psilocybin. The overall goal of this clinical trial is to systematically explore the relationship between the subjective psychedelic experience, improvements in well-being, and the stress response following psilocybin administration. The investigators aim to determine whether blocking the acute subjective effects (via risperidone) will influence the acute or protracted effects of psilocybin as measured via self-report, biochemical, or psychophysiological measures. The study also aims to determine if individual variability in stress reactivity or regulation predicts acute (day of dosing) or protracted (1-week later) effects of psilocybin. A single site will recruit 128 participants aged 18 to 65 who do not meet criteria for any psychiatric diagnoses. A series of questionnaires, blood labs, and medical exams including electrocardiogram will determine inclusion into the study. Once accepted into the study, participants will complete baseline measures assessing biomarkers such as cortisol and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, cognitive flexibility, mood, well-being, personality traits, and anxiety levels. Participants will then be randomly assigned into one of the following groups: i) high dose psilocybin in combination with placebo pretreatment ii) high dose psilocybin in combination with risperidone pretreatment iii) low dose psilocybin in combination with placebo pretreatment iv) low dose psilocybin in combination with risperidone pretreatment Outcome measures will be assessed at 1-week and 1-month after each dosing session.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-06-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06768944", "keywords": "Investigating the Importance of the Subjective Psychedelic Experience, Psilocybin high-dose, PEX010, high-dose psilocybin, Psilocybin low-dose, low-dose psilocybin, Risperidone 1 MG, Risperdal, Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06768944\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Biomarkers,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3367, "title": "Prolonged Grief Symptom Outcomes During At-Home Ketamine-Assisted Therapy: A Real-World Retrospective Analysis of 503 Adults", "normalized_title": "prolonged grief symptom outcomes during at home ketamine assisted therapy a real world retrospective analysis of 503 adults", "authors": "Carter D, Reardon I, Swain J, Vando L.", "abstract": "Abstract Background Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a clinically distinguishable bereavement-related condition characterized by persistent yearning, identity disruption, and impaired functioning, formalized in DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 (6L72) and empirically distinguishable from but frequently co-occurring with major depressive disorder. Approximately 7 to 10 percent of bereaved adults meet criteria for PGD, with elevated suicide risk and functional impairment. Complicated grief therapy is the targeted psychotherapy most often referenced for prolonged grief, and existing PGD treatments have been studied primarily in specialty academic and clinical settings without examining at-home telehealth delivery. A small psychedelic-grief literature has emerged in psilocybin and ayahuasca observational and pilot studies. Prior real-world ketamine cohorts have characterized depression outcomes without focusing on prolonged grief. Objective This exploratory, hypothesis-generating analysis describes prolonged grief symptom outcomes among adults with clinically elevated baseline grief who received at-home ketamine-assisted therapy through Mindbloom, a telehealth ketamine therapy platform. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 503 bereaved adults with clinically elevated prolonged grief symptoms (PGD-13 Total grief score ≥ 30 at baseline, a pragmatic severity threshold consistent with the score-based caseness cut used in the Shear randomized trials of complicated grief therapy on the predecessor Inventory of Complicated Grief) who confirmed the loss of a significant person on the PGD-13 gating question and received guided at-home sublingual or subcutaneous ketamine-assisted therapy through Mindbloom. Prolonged grief symptoms were assessed using the PGD-13 (mean baseline = 37.18) at post-session 2 (n = 282), post-session 4 (n = 196), and post-session 6 (n = 121). The primary study-defined response was a ≥ 5-point improvement in PGD-13 Total grief score from baseline. We additionally applied an adapted version of a formal Prolonged Grief Disorder caseness algorithm at baseline and post-session 6 to characterize diagnostic remission. Results Mean PGD-13 Total grief score declined from 37.18 at baseline (95% bootstrap CI36.72-37.63) to 31.07 at post-session 2 (mean change − 6.11), 27.61 at post-session 4 (− 9.57), and 25.81 at post-session 6 (− 11.37). Among the 121 post-session 6 completers (24% of the eligible cohort), study-defined response (≥ 5-point improvement) was achieved by 51.8% at post-session 2 (95% Wilson CI46.0-57.5%), 68.4% at post-session 4 (61.6-74.5%), and 76.0% at post-session 6 (67.7-82.8%); any improvement (≥ 1-point) was achieved by 90.1% of post-session 6 completers (83.5-94.2%). The proportion of post-session 6 completers below the score-based threshold of 30 was 63.6% (95% CI54.8-71.7%); 0.8% reported no change and 9.1% reported any worsening. Applying the adapted PGD caseness algorithm, 42.7% of baseline participants met full diagnostic criteria for Prolonged Grief Disorder under the ICD-11 duration threshold (95% CI38.5-47.1%); 35.6% met DSM-5-TR criteria (95% CI31.5-39.9%). Among completers who met caseness at baseline, 73.2% no longer met ICD-11 criteria at post-session 6 (n = 41/56; 95% CI60.4-83.0%); 71.1% no longer met DSM-5-TR criteria (n = 32/45; 95% CI56.6-82.3%). In a worst-case sensitivity analysis in which all non-completers were assumed to retain full caseness, the confirmed diagnostic remission rates were 19.1% (ICD-11; 95% CI14.4-24.8%) and 17.9% (DSM-5-TR; 95% CI13.0-24.1%). Item-level analysis revealed that the single largest mean change across the 10 PGD-13 symptom items occurred on the identity/role confusion item (mean 4.12 to 2.64; change − 1.48, 95% bootstrap CI − 1.70 to − 1.24, corresponding to a 35.9% reduction from baseline to post-session 6). In contrast, the emotional pain item most closely overlapping major depressive disorder phenomenology improved 26.4% over the same interval, ranking sixth of ten. Side effects of any type were uncommon (7.4% at post-session 2, 5.6% at post-session 4, 4.1% at post-session 6). Subgroup patterns of larger mean change in more recently bereaved patients were observed (largest at post-session 6 in the 6-to-11-months-since-loss band, mean change − 13.83 points; smallest in the 12-months-or-longer band, − 10.40 points). Conclusions In this retrospective cohort of 503 adults with PGD-13 Total grief score ≥ 30 at baseline receiving at-home ketamine-assisted therapy through Mindbloom, prolonged grief symptoms declined monotonically across post-session timepoints; among the 121 post-session 6 completers, 76% achieved the primary study-defined response (≥ 5-point improvement) and 64% dropped below the score-based threshold of 30. Among completers meeting formal PGD caseness at baseline, the majority (73% under ICD-11, 71% under DSM-5-TR) no longer met diagnostic criteria at post-session 6, and item-level patterns showed the largest improvement on a non-depression-overlapping grief-specific symptom. Observed PGD-13 changes cannot be cleanly disentangled from concurrent depression-symptom changes in this uncontrolled design, because the cohort was treated for depression and the PGD-13 shares symptom content with depression instruments. The observed subgroup gradient runs opposite to what a strict mood-mediation account would predict, though concurrent depression improvement remains a compatible explanation. Randomized controlled trials with PGD-13 (or comparable independent grief instrument) as primary outcome, depression-independent comparator arms, and longer follow-up are needed to confirm these findings and to characterize the mechanism and durability of any observed effects.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-06-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-9839240/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9839240/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1243670\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 69, "title": "Time to embrace the whole: considering the replacement of psilocybin with Psilocybe spp. in psychedelic research and therapy.", "normalized_title": "time to embrace the whole considering the replacement of psilocybin with psilocybe spp in psychedelic research and therapy", "authors": "Ona G, Llagostera C, Alvarez O, Dueñas RM, González D, Soto-Angona O.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the main psychoactive compound in Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms, has gained considerable attention for its therapeutic potential. Current research focuses only on isolated psilocybin, neglecting the broader pharmacological and cultural use of the whole mushroom. This perspective advocates for an integrative approach that includes standardised P. cubensis extracts within the psychedelic research agenda. We review preclinical studies comparing whole-mushroom extracts with pure psilocybin, showing enhanced or distinct effects on synaptic proteins, metabolomic profiles, and behavioural outcomes, including in models of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Furthermore, the use of whole extracts may promote more affordable, equitable, and publicly accessible treatment models, in contrast to high-cost synthetic psilocybin formulations. This article argues for the urgent need to explore whole-mushroom therapeutics, ensuring that decisions in psychedelic medicine are based on a full spectrum of evidence rather than solely on pharmaceutical feasibility.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-06-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/14786419.2026.2683121", "pubmed_id": "42228759", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2026.2683121", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42228759\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Review Article,Animal Study,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3647, "title": "Imaging the Effects of Serotonin 2A Receptor Modulation on Synaptic Density in Treatment-resistant Depression (SYNVEST)", "normalized_title": "imaging the effects of serotonin 2a receptor modulation on synaptic density in treatment resistant depression synvest", "authors": "Centre for Addiction and Mental Health", "abstract": "Limit: 5000 characters. Psilocybin, the chemical component of \"magic mushrooms\", has been administered with psychotherapy in several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) showing large and sustained antidepressant effects. In healthy volunteers, the psychedelic effects of psilocybin have been shown to be blocked by administration of certain medications such as risperidone. The purpose of this study is to use an established SV2A radiotracer produced at our Centre to determine the feasibility of integrating PET imaging in to psilocybin trials. The preliminary imaging data will assess whether psilocybin's antidepressant effects are related to changes in synaptic density in adults with TRD, and whether any changes in synaptic density are associated with psilocybin's actions on the 5-HT2AR.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06512220", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Psilocybin 25 mg, PEX010, Risperidone 1 MG, MAR-Risperidone, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06512220\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3615, "title": "A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Psilocybin in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)", "normalized_title": "a phase 3 randomized double blind multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy safety and tolerability of psilocybin in adults with major depressive disorder mdd", "authors": "Usona Institute", "abstract": "Approximately 240 eligible adult participants (≥18 years old) who meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR) criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) will be enrolled. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive a single oral dose of Psilocybin 25 mg, Psilocybin 5 mg, or inactive placebo. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of Psilocybin 25 mg versus placebo in adults with MDD, as assessed by the difference between groups in change in depressive symptoms from Baseline to Day 43 post-dose, and to characterize the durability of initial treatment effect and subsequent response to optional Psilocybin 25 mg re-administration(s) during the 1-year Follow-up Period. Double-blind Period: Participants who show stable depression symptoms between Screening and Trial Baseline will be randomly assigned to receive a single oral dose of Psilocybin 25 mg, Psilocybin 5 mg, or inactive placebo. Investigational Product (IP) will be administered in the context of a \"Set and Setting\" (SaS) Protocol for psychosocial support, comprised of 1) a period of preparation with Facilitators prior to dosing; 2) administration of IP in an aesthetically pleasing room under the supervision of two Facilitators; and 3) post-dose integration sessions during which participants will discuss their dosing experience with the Facilitators. Trial outcome measures will assess depressive symptoms, functional disability, health-related quality of life, and clinical global impression of disease severity. Long-term Follow-up Period: After the initial 6-week Double-blind Period and completion of the post-dosing Trial Day 43 assessments, all participants will proceed into a 1-year Follow-up Period. During the 1-year Follow-up Period, participants will be followed regularly by clinic staff to assess MDD symptom severity, functional disability, and health-related quality of life; long-term safety data will also be collected. In addition to scheduled clinic visits, clinic staff will contact participants by telephone every two weeks to assess for changes in MDD symptom severity, concomitant medications, adverse events (AEs), and suicidal ideation and behavior. Participants who meet the pre-defined MDD severity criteria and meet all re-administration eligibility criteria may be offered re-administration(s) of open-label Psilocybin 25 mg administered under a \"Set and Setting\" (SaS) Protocol. Psychosocial support, including psychoeducation, is also incorporated in the long-term Follow-up Period.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06308653", "keywords": "Depressive Disorder, Major, Psilocybin 25 mg, Psilocybine, Psilocibin, Indocybin, Inactive Placebo, Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC), Placebo, Psilocybin 5 mg, Psilocybine, Psilocibin, Indocybin, Active Comparator, Psychosocial Support, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06308653\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE3\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3431, "title": "Psilocybin: Capturing Brain Mechanisms of Motivation and Neurocognition in Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin capturing brain mechanisms of motivation and neurocognition in individuals with opioid use disorder", "authors": "University of Pennsylvania", "abstract": "The goal of this study is to test addiction-related brain circuitry (motivation/reward and inhibition) as well as neurocognitive circuitry prior to and following low or high dose psilocybin (PEX010 from Filament). Using fMRI, we will examine brain circuits relevant to drug relapse as well as neurocognitive flexibility circuits in individuals with opioid use disorder. We will randomize 24 males and females, aged 18 - 60, in the greater Philadelphia area, to either 1mg or 25 mg of psilocybin. Participants will come to our offices for screening visits - these are assessments, interviews, and some medical tests (such as a history and physical, as well as a fasting blood draw) to help us determine eligibility for our study. If eligible, they will be brought to our offices at 3535 Market Street in Philadelphia for about 7 visits. These visits include pre-dose psilocybin preparation therapy, baseline assessments and neuropsychological testing, psilocybin dosing, post dose therapy visits, and post dose assessments.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06810310", "keywords": "Opioid Use Disorder, Psilocybin (high dose), psilocybin (low dose), RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06810310\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3095, "title": "Patient perceptions towards psychedelics for musculoskeletal pain: A cross-sectional survey", "normalized_title": "patient perceptions towards psychedelics for musculoskeletal pain a cross sectional survey", "authors": "Li EJ, Mosharraf B, Ali H, Noyes M, Doshi P, Wallace C, Petranker R, Adili A, Khan M, Busse JW, MacKillop J, Madden K.", "abstract": "Background: Psychedelics are emerging as potential management options for chronic musculoskeletal pain due to preliminary evidence of effectiveness and low addictive potential, but patients’ perceptions remain unknown. This study assessed patient perceptions regarding psilocybin for musculoskeletal pain. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of adults (≥19) with musculoskeletal pain attending a hospital-based orthopaedic clinic. Participants reported demographics, perceptions of psychedelics for pain management, and willingness to participate in psychedelic research. Multivariable regression explored factors associated with perceived analgesic potential, and willingness to try a full therapeutic dose of psilocybin or a microdose. Results: Among 295 participants, 73% reported moderate-to-severe pain; 75% used analgesics; of these, 41% used opioids (86/209). While 24% reported prior psychedelic use, only 3% had discussed psychedelics with a healthcare provider. Most perceived that psilocybin had moderate-to-high effectiveness for pain (76%). Most respondents endorsed a moderate-to-high willingness to try microdoses (58%) and macrodoses (53%) of psilocybin for pain. Prior non-therapeutic psychedelic use predicted a 1.05-unit increase in perceived analgesic potential on the 10-point scale (p=.013). Willingness to try a macrodose of psilocybin was most strongly associated with prior non-therapeutic (B=3.16) and therapeutic (B=2.42) psychedelic use; in contrast, pain severity had a significant but modest association, with a 0.21-point increase in willingness for every 1-unit increase in pain severity (p=.017). Similarly, willingness to try a microdose of psilocybin was predicted by non-therapeutic (B=2.82) and therapeutic (B=2.48) use, whereas the effects of pain severity (B=0.20) and younger age (B=−0.30) were significant but small. Most respondents (52%) reported moderate-to-high willingness to participate in a trial of psilocybin for pain relief, and health risks were the primary concern (33%). Conclusions: Study findings suggest a majority hold neutral-to-positive perceptions of psilocybin for pain. Addressing perceived barriers, including health effects and gaps in patient knowledge, should be considered when designing future trials.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.05.29.26354422", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.29.26354422", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1243498\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Microdosing,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1940, "title": "Psilocybin shows rapid relief for depression symptoms", "normalized_title": "psilocybin shows rapid relief for depression symptoms", "authors": "Canady Valerie A.", "abstract": "A single dose of psilocybin may provide rapid relief for people with major depressive disorder (MDD), with benefits emerging within days and lasting for several weeks, according to a randomized clinical trial published May 15 in JAMA Network Open. Researchers of the study, “Short-Term and Late-Term Effects of Psilocybin on Symptoms in Major Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” found that patients receiving psilocybin experienced significantly larger reductions in depression scores compared with those given an active placebo, meeting the study's primary endpoint at eight days.", "journal": "Mental Health Weekly", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/mhw.34890", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/mhw.34890", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/mhw.34890\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1936, "title": "Impact of formulation variables on the quality attributes of psilocybin-loaded oral thin films for early-phase development", "normalized_title": "impact of formulation variables on the quality attributes of psilocybin loaded oral thin films for early phase development", "authors": "Wongumpornpinit Vorawut, Ingkaninan Kornkanok, Temkitthawon Prapapan, Waranuch Neti, Copetti Pivetta Rhannanda, Zuo Jieyu, Araujo Gabriel Lima Barros de, Bou-Chacra Nádia, Somayaji Vijay, Loebenberg Raimar", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jddst.2026.108228", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2026.108228", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jddst.2026.108228\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/j.cherd.2014.10.020\",\"10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.006\",\"10.4103/2230-973x.114897\",\"10.1016/j.bjan.2016.10.006\",\"10.2147/nedt.2006.2.3.247\",\"10.4103/2230-973x.153387\",\"10.3390/ph16081063\",\"10.22270/jddt.v9i4.3022\",\"10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006\",\"10.3390/molecules26102948\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112749\",\"10.1007/s40263-021-00877-y\",\"10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116\",\"10.1177/0269881115598338\",\"10.9740/mhc.2017.01.024\",\"10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411\",\"10.3390/pharmaceutics17060784\",\"10.1208/s12249-008-9047-7\",\"10.3390/polym9070289\",\"10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.76390\",\"10.3390/foods13091418\",\"10.1155/2013/198137\",\"10.1007/s11095-018-2408-3\",\"10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106960\",\"10.3390/polym15143034\",\"10.3390/pharmaceutics13101613\",\"10.1021/js9601896\",\"10.1023/a:1012167410376\",\"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121855\",\"10.1021/js9602711\",\"10.1111/jphp.12183\",\"10.3390/pharmaceutics14081747\",\"10.1016/j.xphs.2015.10.008\"],\"reference_count\":42}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1935, "title": "Corrigendum to “From Prohibited to Prescribed: The Rescheduling of MDMA and Psilocybin in Australia”", "normalized_title": "corrigendum to from prohibited to prescribed the rescheduling of mdma and psilocybin in australia", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": "Drug Science, Policy and Law", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/20503245261459447", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245261459447", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1177/20503245261459447\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1934, "title": "Comparative medico-legal frameworks for psilocybin regulation: A March 2026 update", "normalized_title": "comparative medico legal frameworks for psilocybin regulation a march 2026 update", "authors": "Brinzei Octavian Victor", "abstract": "", "journal": "Drug Science, Policy and Law", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/20503245261458143", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245261458143", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1177/20503245261458143\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1177/20503245251337360\",\"10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101537\"],\"reference_count\":14}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1933, "title": "EE127 A REVIEW OF HEALTH ECONOMIC ANALYSES OF PSILOCYBIN, MIDOMAFETAMINE(MDMA), AND KETAMINE-BASED TREATMENTS FOR MENTAL HEALTH CARE", "normalized_title": "ee127 a review of health economic analyses of psilocybin midomafetamine mdma and ketamine based treatments for mental health care", "authors": "Sidovar Matthew, O'Connor Shane J., Orsini Lucinda", "abstract": "", "journal": "Value in Health", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jval.2026.03.422", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2026.03.422", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jval.2026.03.422\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1932, "title": "Real-World Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Retrospective Observational Study", "normalized_title": "real world psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression a retrospective observational study", "authors": "Jungwirth Johannes, Westenhöfer Samuel, Aicher Helena D., Provaznikova Barbora, Kronenberg Golo, Seifritz Erich, Prinz Susanne, Olbrich Sebastian", "abstract": "", "journal": "The Lancet Regional Health - Europe", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.lanepe.2026.101719", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2026.101719", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.lanepe.2026.101719\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00757-8\",\"10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905\",\"10.1002/wps.21120\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1588902\",\"10.1186/s12888-019-2222-4\",\"10.1177/20451253211006508\",\"10.1038/s41583-020-0367-2\",\"10.1177/02698811241312866\",\"10.1136/bmj-2023-078084\",\"10.1007/s00115-024-01727-0\",\"10.1177/02698811231180276\",\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.24119\",\"10.1001/jama.2023.14530\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2206443\",\"10.4088/jcp.24m15449\",\"10.3390/jcm11040938\",\"10.1016/j.medj.2024.01.005\",\"10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105525\",\"10.1007/s00278-024-00711-y\",\"10.1038/s41598-024-66817-0\",\"10.1177/02698811241278873\",\"10.1007/s00115-006-2098-7\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863\",\"10.18637/jss.v067.i01\",\"10.3390/brainsci14080829\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2032994\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.10.002\",\"10.1177/02698811231179910\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.01.004\"],\"reference_count\":34}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1931, "title": "Demoralization in Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Advanced Cancer: An Exploratory Network Analysis", "normalized_title": "demoralization in psilocybin assisted therapy for advanced cancer an exploratory network analysis", "authors": "Mallard Austin, Harbour Jessica, Pappano Catherine, Mancuso Mary, Kilbourn Kristin, Fischer Stacy M.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Pain and Symptom Management", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2026.04.025", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2026.04.025", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2026.04.025\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1930, "title": "EE341 COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF PSILOCYBIN-ASSISTED THERAPY (PAT) FOR PATIENTS WITH TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION", "normalized_title": "ee341 cost effectiveness of psilocybin assisted therapy pat for patients with treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Ziadi Yosr, Park Taehwan", "abstract": "", "journal": "Value in Health", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jval.2026.03.635", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2026.03.635", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jval.2026.03.635\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 80, "title": "Integrating the Mystical Experience Questionnaire Into a Broader Psychometric Framework: English Validation of the Psychedelic Experience Scale and Comparison of Psilocybin and LSD Sessions Across Two Controlled Settings.", "normalized_title": "integrating the mystical experience questionnaire into a broader psychometric framework english validation of the psychedelic experience scale and comparison of psilocybin and lsd sessions across two controlled settings", "authors": "Stocker K, Hartmann M, Barrett FS, Richards WA, Sepeda ND, Ley L, Becker AM, Holze F, Liechti ME.", "abstract": "ObjectivesFor English, the validated part of Psychedelic Experience Scale (PES48) is a four-factor structure called the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30). The other validated part of the PES48 consists of four more factors: two more mystical factors (paradoxicality and connectedness, which together with the MEQ30 form the MEQ40), and two more non-mystical factors (visual experience and distressing experience). However, this latter four-factor part of the PES48 has thus far only been validated for the German version of the PES48. We investigated whether the overall eight-factor structure of the PES48 (which includes the MEQ30 four-factor structure) can also be validated, and thus potentially be put to good use in English.MethodsData from 280 English PES measurements (145 different healthy participants) from four placebo-controlled studies with low to high doses of psilocybin were included. The reliability of the eight subscales was evaluated using measures of internal consistency. The validity of the factor structure was assessed through model fit indices from confirmatory factor analysis. English results were then also compared with the German PES validation data set from Stocker et al. (2024).ResultsSix of the eight subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, ineffability, connectedness, distressing experience) of the English PES48 show high internal consistency, one subscale (paradoxicality) shows good, and one (visual experience) acceptable internal consistency. Both MEQ models (MEQ30 and MEQ40) show similar fits (acceptable to good model fits). In English, both MEQ models show better fits than in German. All six MEQ40 scale means of the English data are higher compared to German data.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that the eight-factor PES48 is also a valid psychometric tool in English. With the MEQ40 part of the PES48, one can measure mystical experience with a still wider conceptual breath than with the MEQ30. Furthermore, one can also measure non-mystical visual and distressing states in an overall more comprehensive and broader conceptualization of the psychedelic experience. Higher MEQ40 scale means for the English than the German study participants could inspire future research into the role of setting in relation to mystical experience.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/mpr.70073", "pubmed_id": "42035466", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.70073", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Reproducibility of Results, Psychometrics, Mysticism, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42035466\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 78, "title": "Global increases in brain glucose metabolism following acute N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmine administration in healthy volunteers: A randomised [18F]FDG-PET study.", "normalized_title": "global increases in brain glucose metabolism following acute n n dimethyltryptamine and harmine administration in healthy volunteers a randomised 18f fdg pet study", "authors": "Egger K, Bozsak R, Aicher HD, Sari H, Poetzsch SN, Rominger A, Martin-Soelch C, Smallridge JW, Dornbierer D, Quednow BB, Scheidegger M, Cumming P.", "abstract": "Classical psychedelics such as N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) modulate consciousness via serotonergic receptor agonism, and are increasingly investigated for their psychotherapeutic potential. When combined with the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitor harmine-mimicking the pharmacological profile of ayahuasca-oral DMT induces a psychedelic experience lasting 4-5 h. While some neuroimaging studies have characterized effects of DMT on functional connectivity and electroencephalography its impact on cerebral energy metabolism remains largely unexplored. We assessed the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose consumption (CMRglc) with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG-PET) and linear graphic analysis following buccal DMT + harmine (90 mg DMT, 120 mg harmine) versus placebo in a single-blind, crossover design in 14 healthy males. Scans were acquired during peak drug effects (100-170 min post-administration). Global CMRglc increased by 12.5% under DMT+harmine versus placebo (t = 2.58, p = 0.011). Vertex- and network-wise analyses revealed widespread cortical increases, particularly in higher-order brain networks. Exploratory analyses found a significant positive correlation between global CMRglc and harmine plasma levels, but not with DMT plasma levels, subjective intensity ratings. A psychedelic dose of DMT + harmine globally increased cerebral glucose metabolism, recapitulating a classic finding for psilocybin, and suggesting a potential metabolic signature of the psychedelic state. Clinical trial registry name and URL incl. registration number: Molecular Imaging Study of Harmine/DMT: a Basic Research Approach (HaD-PET) https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06252506.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/0271678x261454172", "pubmed_id": "42220002", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678x261454172", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42220002\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 77, "title": "Psilocybin Decreases Preference for Large Rewards Accompanied by Increased Activity of Parvalbumin Neurons With Perineuronal Nets in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin decreases preference for large rewards accompanied by increased activity of parvalbumin neurons with perineuronal nets in the medial prefrontal cortex", "authors": "Houff J, Williams A, Allen O, Gisabella B, Pantazopoulos H, Del Arco A.", "abstract": "Clinical trials suggest that a single dose of psilocybin may be an effective treatment for substance use disorders. Choice impulsivity is a value-based decision-making bias that predicts drug-intake escalation and is commonly associated with substance use disorders. The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex regulates choice impulsivity and is enriched with 5-HT2A receptors that mediate effects of psilocybin. We hypothesized that psilocybin has long-term (≥ 48 h) effects on choice impulsivity in association with dorsomedial prefrontal cortex inhibitory interneurons with perineuronal nets (PNNs). Male Long Evans rats were trained in a delay discounting task where rats chose between delayed large rewards and immediate small rewards. Forty-eight hours after psilocybin or vehicle injections, delay discounting was assessed and rats' brains processed for microscopy analysis of extracellular matrix (PNNs) together with inhibitory parvalbumin (PV) interneurons and c-Fos as a marker of neuronal activity. Psilocybin acutely increased head-twitch responses. Psilocybin decreased large reward choices and increased the latency to large reward choices 48 h after administration. These effects were independent of delay and therefore not consistent with changes in impulsivity. Psilocybin also increased the density of triple-labelled neurons (PNN + PV + cFos) in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that psilocybin decreases appetitive motivation through the increased activation of PV interneurons with PNNs in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/ejn.70574", "pubmed_id": "42226515", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70574", "keywords": "Prefrontal Cortex, Neurons, Interneurons, Animals, Rats, Rats, Long-Evans, Parvalbumins, Hallucinogens, Impulsive Behavior, Reward, Male, Delay Discounting, Perineuronal Nets", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42226515\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 76, "title": "Reorganization of Human Brain Waves Across Diverse States of Consciousness", "normalized_title": "reorganization of human brain waves across diverse states of consciousness", "authors": "Fotiadis P, Jang H, Dai R, Li D, Cofré R, Timmermann C, Mashour GA, Hudetz AG, Huang Z.", "abstract": "Brain waves are ubiquitous phenomena of human brain activity. As they propagate, they coordinate neural communication, shaping conscious perception. Understanding how brain waves unfold across space and time is thus critical for uncovering the neural mechanisms that support and suppress consciousness. Here, we analyzed data from the Human Connectome Project alongside multiple independent human datasets of various states of consciousness collected during non-rapid eye movement sleep, propofol anesthesia, and psychedelic states produced by lysergic acid diethylamide, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, psilocybin, nitrous oxide, and ketamine. We then applied complex principal component analysis to map spatiotemporal propagation patterns of blood oxygen level-dependent activity across the human brain, under these diverse states of consciousness. We identified four dominant motifs of wave propagation: a global synchronized wave supporting unimodal-transmodal propagation, an anti-correlated unimodal-transmodal wave, an anti-correlated task-positive/task-negative wave, and an anti-correlated visual-somatomotor wave. Among them, the global wave exhibited the most pronounced state-dependent reconfiguration: in diminished states (sleep and anesthesia), the time needed for the wave to propagate across brain regions consistently increased and the distribution of regional contributions to the wave's power became more spatially concentrated and heterogeneous across individuals, indicating slower, more fragmented, and less stereotyped dynamics. In contrast, propagation duration decreased under psychedelic states, reflecting accelerated global wave dynamics alongside a trend towards more spatially distributed and uniform regional contributions, consistent with a more integrated global wave propagation pattern. Beyond this global mode, diminished states slowed propagation primarily along the unimodal-transmodal axis, whereas psychedelic states selectively accelerated propagation along the task-positive/task-negative axis. Together, our findings reveal that diminished (sleep and anesthesia) and psychedelic states alter the spatiotemporal structure of wave propagation across the brain in opposite and distinct ways, providing a unifying account of how macroscale brain dynamics are dynamically reshaped under pharmacological and endogenous perturbations of consciousness.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.05.27.728182", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.27.728182", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1243454\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 75, "title": "Hallucinogen-Assisted Psychotherapy for Trauma Disorders: A Bionian Lens.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogen assisted psychotherapy for trauma disorders a bionian lens", "authors": "Miller CWT, Kozak Z.", "abstract": "There has been an increasing interest in the use of classic psychedelics (such as psilocybin) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) for treating mental health conditions. Individuals often describe psychedelic sessions as among the most significant experiences in their lives, emphasizing the sense of awe, connectedness, and spiritual transformation taking place. While the psychedelic literature from the past two decades has mostly focused on using these drugs in the treatment of major depressive, anxiety, and substance use disorders, researchers have also investigated the utility of classic psychedelics and MDMA for other conditions, including trauma- and stressor-related disorders. Trauma can profoundly affect biological systems, including stress hormone pathways and neural circuitry, often leading to hyperarousal and rigid cognitions. In this article, we discuss how some of the concepts posited by Wilfred Bion can be applied to neurobiological models of the mind and to the effects of these drugs. Relevant concepts from neurodevelopment are presented first, including how key areas can be significantly affected by early adversity. This is followed by a discussion of Bion's theory of containment and of how the K link (K denoting knowledge) is developed or disrupted, depending on one's experience. Finally, we present extant literature on the use of MDMA and classic psychedelics in trauma disorders, reflecting on how a Bionian lens can enrich our understanding of their therapeutic action.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1521/pdps.2026.54.2.308", "pubmed_id": "42301163", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2026.54.2.308", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42301163\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 74, "title": "Expectations and Motivations for Participation in Clinical Trials Utilizing Psychedelics for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Qualitative Study.", "normalized_title": "expectations and motivations for participation in clinical trials utilizing psychedelics for treatment resistant depression a qualitative study", "authors": "Poppe C, Lyck L, Bechtold L, Repantis D.", "abstract": "PurposeExpectations strongly shape participant experiences in clinical trials, contributing to placebo effects that complicate interpretation of outcomes. While quantitative tools exist to measure expectations, their subjective and multidimensional nature, especially for individuals with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), remains underexplored. This study aimed to explore the motivations and expectations of participants in psychedelic clinical trials.MethodSeventeen semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals prior to screening for two TRD clinical trials involving 5-MeO-DMT or psilocybin at a German university hospital. Two matched follow-up interviews were also completed after trial participation. Data were analyzed thematically to identify overarching themes and subthemes.FindingsTwo main themes emerged: motivations and expectations, each with four subthemes. Motivations included hope, demoralization, prior psychedelic experience, and social motivation. Expectations involved anticipated symptom reduction, perceived mechanisms of change during the psychedelic experience, the role of setting, and retrospective expectations. Many participants viewed trial participation as a last resort due to chronic illness and previous treatment failures. In two cases, retrospective accounts suggested that initially cautious expectations were reinterpreted as stronger after participation.ConclusionExpectations in psychedelic trials are complex and may evolve over time. These findings highlight the need to systematically address expectancy in trial design, informed consent, and interpretation of clinical outcomes, particularly in treatment-resistant populations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/brb3.71544", "pubmed_id": "42304595", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.71544", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Motivation, Qualitative Research, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Clinical Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Outcome Expectations", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42304595\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 71, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy and the Role of Music: A Scoping Review of Quantitative Evidence on Subjective and Objective Outcomes.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy and the role of music a scoping review of quantitative evidence on subjective and objective outcomes", "authors": "Rowe T, Hurzeler T, Towers E, Louie E, Morley KC.", "abstract": "PurposePsychedelics have received considerable attention due to their potential in treating psychiatric disorders. The \"setting\" during psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is recognized as playing a central role in the experience, during which music features prominently. Although music is theorized as directing and shaping psychedelic sessions, its precise contribution to acute experience and therapeutic outcomes is unclear. This scoping review aimed to map quantitative research on the interplay of psychedelics and music by consolidating existing evidence, identifying gaps, and where possible, reporting on effects of psychedelics and music on subjective (e.g., psychological) and objective (e.g., biological) outcomes.MethodFollowing PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, relevant papers were identified through electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO, Scopus) using terms associated with psychedelic compounds, psychedelic-assisted therapy, and music. Papers were restricted to quantitative studies published in peer-reviewed journals investigating human subjects within therapeutic and controlled experimental contexts, focusing on interactions between music and psychedelics.FindingA total of 19 papers (total human sample = 330) met inclusion criteria. Psilocybin and LSD were the most studied psychedelic compounds; no studies were found investigating MDMA and music. Characteristics of music conditions across studies have been limited. The findings suggest that music modulates the psychedelic experience through: (1) amplifying and intensifying emotions, (2) recruiting brain networks involved in meaning-attribution and visual imagery, and (3) increasing overall neural entropy.ConclusionConsiderable gaps remain in understanding mechanisms of action and how music is delivered to optimize therapeutic response, due in part to methodological inconsistencies and small sample sizes. This review underscores the critical role of music in shaping psychedelic experiences and therapeutic outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/brb3.71533", "pubmed_id": "42348297", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.71533", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Music Therapy, Mental Disorders, Music, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42348297\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 70, "title": "Trials, trips, and tribulations: pathways for implementing psychedelic therapy in Ireland.", "normalized_title": "trials trips and tribulations pathways for implementing psychedelic therapy in ireland", "authors": "Kelly JR, Sheridan C, Iusan P, Coakley L, Burke L, Brennan C, MacDonald A, Ivers JH, Trepel D, Tormey G, Finnegan M, Young GW, Harkin A.", "abstract": "Classical serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, show emerging evidence of therapeutic potential across a range of mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, with indications of transdiagnostic efficacy. While early-phase studies yielded encouraging results, recent larger-scale phase 3 trials, such as those evaluating psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression, have shown more modest effects, and further findings from ongoing trials are awaited. Despite the absence of regulatory approvals from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency, a small but growing number of countries have permitted psychedelic therapies within regulated clinical settings. Across these divergent international approaches, the long-term trajectory and real-world impact of these therapies within public health systems remain uncertain. In anticipation of potential future approval, Ireland has an opportunity to draw on international experience and proactively plan for the integration of psychedelic therapies. Building on emerging evidence, international frameworks, and Ireland-specific policy and health system features, this paper examines the challenges of integrating psychedelic therapies into the Irish public healthcare system. These challenges span regulatory approval, Health Technology Assessment, service implementation, workforce capacity, and the evaluation of long-term patient outcomes. The aim is to inform policymakers, practitioners, and researchers about key system-level considerations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyag028", "pubmed_id": "42113605", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyag028", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Ireland, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42113605\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 67, "title": "Studies on enzymatic hydrolysis of psilocin-O-glucuronide for screening of psilocin in human urine by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry.", "normalized_title": "studies on enzymatic hydrolysis of psilocin o glucuronide for screening of psilocin in human urine by liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry", "authors": "Barajas DA, Carter HCN, Tomedi MR, Lam HY, Deloatch TN, Reynolds GD, Castaneto MS, Ke P.", "abstract": "Psilocin is a psychedelic indole alkaloid and one of the major human metabolites of its phosphorylated precursor, psilocybin. Psilocin binds to the serotonin receptor, 5-HT2A, and dose-dependently induces hallucinogenic effects stronger than psilocybin. As a result, psilocin has been a drug of interest in the analytical toxicology community for years. In vivo, a majority of psilocin is metabolized to and excreted in urine as psilocin-O-glucuronide. Therefore, efficient conversion of psilocin-O-glucuronide to free psilocin directly impacts urine psilocin testing. Due to the chemical lability and light sensitivity of psilocin, the hydrolysis of psilocin-O-glucuronide requires relatively mild and carefully controlled reaction conditions, thus posing a significant challenge to analysts. In recent years, the development of recombinant β-glucuronidases offered a new approach for highly efficient deconjugation. However, to the best of our knowledge, little information on enzymatic hydrolysis of psilocin-O-glucuronide has been published since 2014. We utilized a certified LC-MS/MS-based psilocin screening method and investigated hydrolysis of psilocin-O-glucuronide in human urine catalyzed by one conventional β-glucuronidase (originating from E. coli) and three recombinant enzymes (IMCSZyme, Kura Biotech-BGTurbo, and Kura Biotech-B-One). The scope of our study included effects of enzyme concentration, pH, incubation time, and incubation temperature on the hydrolysis efficiency, as well as the comparison of modern enzymatic to traditional Brønsted-Lowry acidic and basic hydrolysis methods. The recombinant β-glucuronidases demonstrated remarkable superiority in hydrolysis efficiency compared to the E. coli-originated conventional β-glucuronidase. Kura Biotech-BGTurbo achieved the fastest hydrolysis completion at the lower temperatures (25-50°C) while IMCSZyme offered the most consistent performance across a wide range of incubation temperatures (25-80°C). Our findings provide quantifiable scientific references as a general guideline for other forensic toxicology laboratories to establish or optimize their own psilocin-O-glucuronide hydrolysis methods.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1093/jat/bkag030", "pubmed_id": "42203689", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkag030", "keywords": "Humans, Glucuronides, Glucuronidase, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Liquid, Substance Abuse Detection, Hydrolysis, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42203689\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 89, "title": "Classic psychedelics and personality: An updated systematic review.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics and personality an updated systematic review", "authors": "Vicentini AB, de Paula CC, Silva Reis JA, Bouso JC, Hallak JEC, Dos Santos RG.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe impact of classic psychedelics (5-HT2A receptor agonists) on personality traits has been studied for decades, and it has been hypothesized that the mechanisms underlying these changes are linked to agonism at cortical serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors. However, research results are contradictory. Therefore, the present paper aims to systematically evaluate the effects of psychedelics on personality, updating (2016-2024) a previous systematic review by Bouso and collaborators (2018). The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews ID for this study is CRD42024582704.MethodSystematic review using four databases (PubMed, LILACS, PsycINFO, and SciELO) including randomized controlled trials, open-label, and observational studies. Interventions included the consumption of any classic psychedelic (lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, ayahuasca/dimethyltryptamine, mescaline), and the studies were required to use some instrument for personality assessment. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to conduct the data collection.ResultsOut of 6043 references screened, 48 studies were included: 14 experimental and 34 observational. The most consistent findings were increases in Openness and reductions in Neuroticism, especially with psilocybin and ayahuasca. Changes in other traits, such as Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, were more variable. Microdosing was associated with modest reductions in Neuroticism and higher Absorption. Most studies used instruments based on the Five-Factor Model, reflecting its growing dominance.ConclusionsClassic psychedelics seem to promote lasting personality changes, most consistently increasing Openness and reducing Neuroticism. Future research would benefit from combining experimental and naturalistic designs, using longer follow-up periods and more diverse personality models to better understand the interplay between psychedelics and personality, thus providing a more accurate guide for clinical use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261449386", "pubmed_id": "42218644", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261449386", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42218644\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Personality Change,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3576, "title": "A Phase 2a Study of Group Retreat Psilocybin Therapy for Cancer-Related Anxiety and Depression", "normalized_title": "a phase 2a study of group retreat psilocybin therapy for cancer related anxiety and depression", "authors": "University of Washington", "abstract": "This phase II trial tests the safety, side effects and how well group retreat psilocybin therapy works for the treatment of anxiety and depression in patients with solid tumors that have spread from where they first started (primary site) to other places in the body (metastatic) or with hematologic cancers for which no treatment is currently available (incurable). For patients with metastatic, incurable cancer, unrelieved anxiety and existential distress can cause profound suffering. Psilocybin therapy can relieve anxiety and existential distress by disrupting patterns of thinking that contribute to anxiety and depression. Psilocybin is a substance being studied in the treatment of anxiety or depression in patients with cancer. In this study, a pharmaceutical grade of psilocybin will be used that has been approved by the FDA for research, provided by Filament Health. Psilocybin acts on the brain by resetting the brain's activity and increasing connections between brain regions, particularly those involved in mood regulation and self-perception. In this study psilocybin is combined with structured discussions and reflections that enable patients to have new insights about their situation. In a prior study, group retreat psilocybin therapy was proven to be safe and this study tests a refined dosing regimen for symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with metastatic solid tumors or incurable hematologic malignancies. OUTLINE: Patients attend group preparation therapy sessions on days -14 (virtual), -7 (virtual) and -1 (in person), and also attend an individual preparation therapy session on day -1 (in person). Patients receive psilocybin orally (PO) on day 0. Patients may receive an additional \"booster\" dose 60-90 minutes after the initial dose based on their subjective report combined with the physician's clinical judgement. Patients attend group integration therapy sessions on days 1 (in person), 8 (virtual), 15 (virtual), and 22 (virtual), and attend individual integration therapy sessions on days 1 (in person) and 8 (virtual). After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up at 2 weeks and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07336238", "keywords": "Anxiety, Depression, Hematopoietic and Lymphatic System Neoplasm, Metastatic Malignant Solid Neoplasm, Psychotherapy, therapy, talk therapy, Psilocybin, psilocybine, Survey Administration, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07336238\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1937, "title": "Effect of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy on anxiety symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy on anxiety symptoms a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Hood Alex, Elkins Gary", "abstract": "Abstract Background and Aims Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is a novel, transdiagnostic treatment in which the 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocybin is combined with psychotherapy. Studies to date have evaluated PAP's effects on depression, substance use, and end-of-life adjustment. Relatively less attention has been given to its effects on anxiety symptoms, which are highly comorbid with other psychiatric conditions and are a leading cause of global disability. This review systematically evaluated evidence for PAP's effects on anxiety symptoms across diagnoses, with attention to variations in interventional components across studies. Methods A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were completed in six databases and independent reviewers screened records. Study quality was assessed and data extracted on participant demographics and intervention features. Random-effects models estimated within- and between-group effects from baseline to primary endpoint. Results Twenty-five studies were determined eligible for inclusion. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in psychotherapy format, dosing, session structure, and outcome timing. Pooled results showed a large within-groups effect on anxiety after controlling for measurement artifacts (Hedge's g = 0.96) and a small between-groups effect (Hedge's g = 0.48). High heterogeneity persisted even after controlling for the influence of different anxiety measures and moderators related to intervention formulation and delivery. Conclusions PAP shows promise for reducing anxiety across primary diagnoses. However, variability in study quality, interventional design, sample representativeness, and high heterogeneity warrant caution in interpretation. More rigorous, high-quality trials with diverse populations are needed. Implications and directions for future research are summarized.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2026-05-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2026.00507", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2026.00507", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2026.00507\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1021/acsptsci.1c00014\",\"10.1007/s00213-024-06620-x\",\"10.1177/0269881119897615\",\"10.1002/cncr.35010\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538\",\"10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00296-3\",\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.9817\",\"10.1038/s41386-025-02097-0\",\"10.1089/psymed.2023.0007\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1490907\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2032994\",\"10.1038/s41398-022-02039-0\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.887255\",\"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.051\",\"10.1186/s12888-023-04581-7\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0261590\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1394962\",\"10.1017/s1092852922000888\",\"10.1177/00048674241289024\",\"10.1002/cesm.12047\",\"10.1177/0269881121991822\",\"10.1038/tp.2016.108\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2206443\",\"10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.20221043\",\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116359\",\"10.1016/j.isci.2024.109686\",\"10.1177/20451253221090822\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1215972\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00224\",\"10.4088/pcc.v03n0609\",\"10.3233/efi-180221\",\"10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.03.008\",\"10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20200055\",\"10.1177/02698811231180276\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102711\",\"10.1007/s00213-024-06733-3\",\"10.1177/0269881108093587\",\"10.1177/02698811221127304\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2021.800072\",\"10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12135\",\"10.1111/add.70187\",\"10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.013\",\"10.1177/02698811221084063\",\"10.1177/1073191119888582\",\"10.1007/s11136-019-02177-x\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1416420\",\"10.3390/jcm12041540\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1040217\",\"10.1016/0165-0327(88)90072-9\",\"10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411\",\"10.1136/bmj-2023-078084\",\"10.1136/bmj.k4817\",\"10.1177/02698811251368367\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0321648\",\"10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.004\",\"10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001\",\"10.1007/s11920-012-0264-0\",\"10.46747/cfp.6811823\",\"10.1038/s41591-023-02455-9\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.07.011\",\"10.1001/jama.2023.14530\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2011.11.014\",\"10.1016/j.medj.2024.01.005\",\"10.1177/0269881116675512\",\"10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.08.001\",\"10.1177/02698811241278769\",\"10.1038/s41562-023-01787-3\",\"10.1177/02698811231154852\",\"10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.08.010\",\"10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092\",\"10.1089/jpm.2024.0277\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0030800\",\"10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024719\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.032\",\"10.1186/s12874-015-0024-z\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101809\",\"10.1179/2042618612y.0000000001\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.022\"],\"reference_count\":186}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 93, "title": "A systematic review of the pharmacokinetics of classical serotonergic psychedelic compounds in healthy adult subjects.", "normalized_title": "a systematic review of the pharmacokinetics of classical serotonergic psychedelic compounds in healthy adult subjects", "authors": "Hampsey E, Martin K, Kalfas M, Benson L, Wihlborg S, Jelen L, Young AH, Rucker J.", "abstract": "IntroductionDespite renewed investigations into classical psychedelic compounds, their pharmacokinetic profiles remain incompletely understood.MethodsThis systematic review collated data from healthy adult volunteers on the pharmacokinetic properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), mescaline, and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MEO-DMT).ResultsWe identified 32 eligible trials. LSD was the most studied compound, followed by DMT, split between intravenous (IV) and oral formulations. Psilocybin was also frequently studied. Mescaline was reported in two trials, with IV LSD, IV psilocybin, inhalation 5-MEO-DMT, and intranasal 5-MEO-DMT reported in single studies. Key findings include dose proportional Cmax values for LSD and psilocybin, alongside differences between oral and IV formulations of DMT that may be clinically significant.DiscussionThis systematic review highlights key variations in absorption, distribution, and elimination between the studied compounds that may have important implications in both clinical and research settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261453938", "pubmed_id": "42212869", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261453938", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42212869\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 92, "title": "Effects of psilocybin on sleep quality and brain microstructure in chronic cluster headache.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on sleep quality and brain microstructure in chronic cluster headache", "authors": "Brendstrup-Brix K, Ozenne B, Fisher PM, Stenbæk DS, Petersen AS, Armand S, McCulloch DE, Marstrand-Joergensen MR, Ulv Larsen SM, Johansen A, Jensen RH, Knudsen GM, Madsen MK.", "abstract": "BackgroundPatients with chronic cluster headache (CCH) suffer from poor sleep, which may impact their brain microstructure and parenchymal clearance of waste products. Psilocybin has shown promise for the treatment of CCH and has been linked to increased neuroplasticity with possible influences on brain microstructure.AimsTo investigate the effects of psilocybin on sleep, brain water diffusivity, and microstructure in CCH.MethodsEleven CCH patients underwent diffusion-weighted MRI and subjective sleep quality assessment with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) before and 1 week after three psilocybin administrations (0.14 mg/kg) spaced 1 week apart. Measures taken prior to intervention were also compared to 24 healthy controls, and subjective sleep quality was related to brain microstructure and diffusivity across groups.ResultsWe found that sleep was poor in CCH patients, but improved after psilocybin treatment (CCH mean PSQI change (SD) = -2.50 (2.1), pFWER = 0.015). When analyzing brain microstructure and water diffusivity in conjunction, we found differences between CCH patients and controls, which were primarily driven by differences in grey matter. On average, psilocybin intervention in CCH patients was not associated with statistically significant changes in brain microstructure or water diffusivity. However, most patients exhibited lower white matter diffusivity and neurite volume after intervention. Subjective sleep quality showed borderline significant correlations of moderate effect size with brain microstructure and water diffusivity.ConclusionSubjective sleep quality improved in CCH patients after psilocybin and showed some evidence of an association with measures of brain microstructure and water diffusivity.Clinicaltrialsgov identifiers:Prophylactic Effects of Psilocybin on Chronic Cluster Headache (EPOCH; NCT04280055) and The Neurobiological Effect of 5-HT2AR Modulation (NeuroPharm2; NCT03289949).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261449380", "pubmed_id": "42212900", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261449380", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42212900\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 91, "title": "A spatiotemporal gating hypothesis for psilocybin plasticity: reconciling the 5-HT₂A-TrkB mechanistic paradox.", "normalized_title": "a spatiotemporal gating hypothesis for psilocybin plasticity reconciling the 5 ht₂a trkb mechanistic paradox", "authors": "Pei G.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41421-026-00906-4", "pubmed_id": "42215437", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-026-00906-4", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42215437\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 90, "title": "Psychedelic-induced hypomania and mania: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic induced hypomania and mania a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Eskinazi M, Nasserdine R, Cusin RM, Baniotoupoulos P, Saccaro LF, De Pieri M, Corino T, Seragnoli F, Briefer JF, Aboulafia Brakha T, Richard-Lepouriel H, Penzenstadler L, Böge K, Kirchner M, Zullino D, Højlund M, Sapienza J, Bosia M, Catalan A, Vieta E, Solmi M, Sabé M.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics are increasingly investigated as treatments for affective disorders. Concerns persist regarding their potential to induce hypomania or mania, particularly in individuals with bipolar spectrum vulnerability. Whether these substances precipitate transient mood switches or contribute to persistent bipolar illness or diagnostic transition remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review of human studies examining manic or hypomanic symptoms following exposure to serotonergic psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, mescaline, DMT/ayahuasca) or MDMA (CRD420251160656). Databases and trial registries were searched through January 26, 2026. Eligible designs included randomized and non-randomized clinical studies, registry-based cohorts, cross-sectional surveys, and longitudinal observational studies. Outcomes included dysphoria/euphoria, manic or hypomanic symptoms and transition to bipolar disorder. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I, ROB2 or NIH tools. Twenty-three studies met inclusion criteria, four contributing to meta-analysis. Rates of psychedelic-associated dysphoria/euphoria, hypomania or mania ranged from 5.8% in controlled trials of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for major depressive disorders to 30% in naturalistic studies of individuals with bipolar disorder. When present, manic symptoms were typically acute and self-limited. Observational studies identified higher risks among individuals with bipolar I disorder, familial vulnerability, polysubstance use, and unsupervised or illegal use. Registry-based cohorts examining diagnostic transitions showed a prevalence of subsequent transition to bipolar disorder of 4% (95% CI2-8%; N = 7478; I² = 32.1%), with little evidence for a hallucinogen-specific signal. Overall, serotonergic psychedelics appear to pose a low but clinically meaningful relative risk of transient mood-related symptoms in susceptible individuals while remaining relatively safe in controlled clinical settings. Long-term outcomes and repeated exposure remain insufficiently studied, underscoring the need for rigorous longitudinal research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-026-03657-6", "pubmed_id": "42215638", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-026-03657-6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42215638\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1941, "title": "Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Urine by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy", "normalized_title": "rapid and sensitive detection of psilocybin and psilocin in urine by surface enhanced raman spectroscopy", "authors": "Lin Wei, Chen Hong, Li Yuanyuan", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Psilocybin, one of the primary active compounds in magic mushrooms, is metabolized into psilocin in the human body. In this study, we employed surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), leveraging its unique molecular fingerprinting capabilities and high sensitivity, in combination with silver-coated gold nanoparticles (Au@AgNPs) as the enhancement substrate (enhancement factor ~1.14 × 10 5 ), to detect psilocybin and psilocin in human urine samples. The method demonstrated remarkable sensitivity, with detection limits as low as 1.11 × 10 −10 mol·L −1 for psilocybin and 6.75 × 10 −12 mol·L −1 for psilocin. In real sample analysis, the total recovery rates for psilocybin and psilocin ranged from 80.79% to 109.53% and 83.98% to 106.78%, respectively, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 9%, indicating excellent accuracy and stability. By enabling rapid, accurate detection of psilocybin and psilocin at trace levels, this technique holds significant potential for practical use in drug enforcement, clinical toxicology, and future psychoactive substance surveillance.", "journal": "Journal of Raman Spectroscopy", "publication_date": "2026-05-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/jrs.70178", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.70178", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:49:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/jrs.70178\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1007/bf02159243\",\"10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9\",\"10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00278-9\",\"10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113485\",\"10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7\",\"10.1126/science.adf0435\",\"10.1177/0269881114548296\",\"10.1177/0269881114565144\",\"10.1038/s41593-025-01964-9\",\"10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00213-9\",\"10.1007/s11419-006-0006-2\",\"10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00067-x\",\"10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129025\",\"10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126429\",\"10.1039/d0nj04489j\",\"10.1016/j.nano.2016.09.003\",\"10.1021/la201938u\",\"10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125923\",\"10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.045\",\"10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02423\",\"10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133707\",\"10.1021/jp0460947\",\"10.1002/jrs.1719\",\"10.1002/vzj2.20076\",\"10.1016/j.cej.2020.124528\",\"10.1021/am404142e\",\"10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03735\",\"10.1016/j.cej.2025.161592\",\"10.1021/acssensors.1c00332\",\"10.1016/j.bios.2019.111542\",\"10.1063/1.3382344\",\"10.1021/j100091a024\",\"10.1021/jp803695p\",\"10.1063/1.4704743\"],\"reference_count\":35}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 97, "title": "Psilocybin-induced neurocardiogenic syncope: a case report.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced neurocardiogenic syncope a case report", "authors": "Atiq MA, Weisman E, Guerra RB, Martinez LL, Yaden DB, Barrett FS, Nayak S, Sayali C.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is among the serotonergic psychedelics closest to potential FDA approval, with growing evidence of therapeutic benefit across psychiatric conditions. As clinical trials expand, systematic characterization of adverse events (AEs) remains essential. While transient hypertensive responses are well documented, hypotensive events such as neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) are rarely reported.Case presentationWe describe a healthy 35-year-old male enrolled in an open-label study investigating psilocybin-evoked changes in brain function during transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG). Approximately 60 minutes after receiving 25 mg oral psilocybin, and shortly after initiation of an eye-open resting-state EEG, he experienced prodromal lightheadedness followed by a brief loss of consciousness and postural tone. Immediate blood pressure was 93/51 mmHg with tachycardia and diaphoresis. Supportive measures, including leg elevation and oral hydration, led to rapid stabilization, and no further cardiovascular abnormalities occurred. The participant reported an emotionally intense experience, and contextual factors - including upright seated posture, restrictive EEG equipment, and anticipatory anxiety surrounding TMS - may have contributed to heightened autonomic arousal and susceptibility to NCS.ConclusionsThis case highlights a rare hypotensive AE during psilocybin administration and underscores the importance of vigilant cardiovascular monitoring, particularly during procedures that may amplify emotional arousal. Given that fewer than one-quarter of contemporary psychedelic trials report systematic AE assessment, transparent documentation of both hypertensive and hypotensive events is critical for defining psilocybin's safety profile as clinical applications expand.Parent trial registrationOpen Label Psilocybin Brain Stimulation and Imaging Pilot Study; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06835699. Date registered: 02/13/2025. The parent-study consent form explicitly permits publication of de-identified participant data, and separate institutional approval for this case report was obtained (IRB00543773).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-026-07079-8", "pubmed_id": "42207275", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-026-07079-8", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42207275\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Case Report,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 96, "title": "Blinding integrity in psychedelic research: Evidence from a comparative randomized controlled trial of psilocybin, MDMA, and methylphenidate in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "blinding integrity in psychedelic research evidence from a comparative randomized controlled trial of psilocybin mdma and methylphenidate in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Belinger L, Rieser NM, Engeli EJE, Becciolini L, Clamote M, Pribis M, Saissi F, Florineth GA, Hehl NL, Herdener M, Preller KH.", "abstract": "Maintaining effective blinding is a major methodological challenge in psychedelic research. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of blinding integrity in 120 healthy volunteers who received either psilocybin, MDMA, or methylphenidate (active placebo) in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Using a multi-level assessment incorporating forced-choice substance guesses, certainty ratings, decision factors, and subjective substance effects, the analyses characterize blinding integrity and its relation to the substance experience. Results indicate that overall blinding was insufficient, with psilocybin showing the highest rates of functional unblinding, MDMA moderate levels, and methylphenidate the lowest. As an active placebo, methylphenidate provided more effective blinding for MDMA than for psilocybin. Incorporating certainty levels of substance guesses revealed a more differentiated pattern, with lower functional unblinding rates. Decision factors and subjective substance experiences were associated with phenomenological substance effects. Prior substance experiences did not influence accuracy of forced-choice substance guesses. These findings provide empirical guidance for the design and reporting of blinding procedures in psychedelic trials and underscore the value of systematic, multi-level assessment of blinding integrity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112879", "pubmed_id": "42208423", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112879", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42208423\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 95, "title": "Retail Availability of Intoxicating Cannabis and Mushroom Products Across Eleven U.S. Cities: Sales Persist Despite Prohibitions.", "normalized_title": "retail availability of intoxicating cannabis and mushroom products across eleven u s cities sales persist despite prohibitions", "authors": "LoParco CR, Rossheim ME, Tillett KK, Cui Y, Johnson M, Speer M, Mihelich D, Amdeta H, Ndisebuye D, Berg CJ.", "abstract": "ObjectiveRetail sales of intoxicants, including derived intoxicating cannabis products (DICPs) such as delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and hallucinogenic mushrooms, have rapidly increased throughout the US, despite their sale being federally illegal. This study assessed DICP and hallucinogenic mushroom availability in US smoke shops with differing DICP and psilocybin laws.MethodsIn May-October 2025, using Google's Incognito mode, we searched \"smoke shop in [city, state]\" across eleven cities in states (California, Colorado, Florida, Maryland, New York, Nevada, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, Washington) with differing legal contexts for THC and mushrooms (7 explicitly prohibited DICP sales, 2 decriminalized psilocybin, Amanita was not explicitly illegal in any). We called each store (n=1,023) to assess product availability. Bivariate tests assessed differences by state laws.Results73.0% (n=747/1,023) answered the phone and responded about DICP availability: 51.4% (n=384/747) reported selling DICPs (39.6% DICPs illegal vs. 80% not explicitly illegal, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.15288/jsad.26-00013", "pubmed_id": "42212774", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.26-00013", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42212774\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 94, "title": "Transient multidomain functional improvement in advanced Alzheimer's disease following high-dose psilocybin-containing mushroom administration: a case report.", "normalized_title": "transient multidomain functional improvement in advanced alzheimer s disease following high dose psilocybin containing mushroom administration a case report", "authors": "Lago M, Cerveira M, Simonet JX.", "abstract": "BackgroundAdvanced Alzheimer's disease (AD) is generally regarded as a stage of irreversible functional decline. Psilocybin is known to transiently alter large-scale brain network dynamics and to induce plasticity-related mechanisms in preclinical models, yet clinical data in advanced dementia remain lacking.Case presentationWe report the case of an octogenarian Japanese-American woman with a 10-year history of Alzheimer's disease, including 5 years of marked hypofunction and predominantly monosyllabic speech. Baseline features included chronic urinary incontinence, executive dysfunction, dysphagia, dependent mobility, flat affect, and severe reduction in spontaneous communication. The patient received 5 g of orally administered psilocybin-containing mushrooms (Enigma strain). The acute phase was marked by autonomic activation, clinically suspected hyperthermia, profuse sweating, and a prolonged deep sleep-like state. Approximately 19 h post-administration, spontaneous autobiographical speech emerged. Over subsequent days and weeks, functional improvements included restoration of urinary continence, improved ambulation, autonomous dressing, increased emotional responsiveness, sustained social interaction, contextual memory retrieval, preserved working memory for social context, and spontaneous conversational engagement.ConclusionThis case documents transient multidomain functional improvement in advanced Alzheimer's disease following psilocybin administration. The findings do not imply disease reversal but suggest that residual functional capacity may persist in late-stage neurodegeneration and may become transiently accessible under specific neuromodulatory conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1813281", "pubmed_id": "42292331", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1813281", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42292331\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Case Report,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3607, "title": "Targeting Reward Circuits: Psilocybin as a Novel Therapy for Residual Anhedonia", "normalized_title": "targeting reward circuits psilocybin as a novel therapy for residual anhedonia", "authors": "NYU Langone Health", "abstract": "The primary objective is to evaluate whether a single dose of psilocybin (25 mg), compared to placebo, can restore fronto-striatal reward circuit function and thereby improve anhedonia and emotional blunting in individuals with residual symptoms despite ongoing SSRI or SNRI treatment. This will be assessed using precision functional mapping (PFM), task-based fMRI, and clinical rating scales (DARS).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07607938", "keywords": "Anhedonia, Emotional Blunting, Psilocybin, Placebo, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07607938\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 99, "title": "Long-Term Efficacy of Psilocybin with Adjunct Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression (EPIsoDE): 6- and 12-Month Naturalistic Follow-Up of a Phase 2b Trial.", "normalized_title": "long term efficacy of psilocybin with adjunct psychotherapy in treatment resistant major depression episode 6 and 12 month naturalistic follow up of a phase 2b trial", "authors": "Mertens LJ, Betzler F, Brand M, Evens R, Jungaberle A, Jungaberle H, Kärtner L, Majić T, Schmitz CN, Ströhle A, Scharf D, Spangemacher M, Wolff M, Assadi Z, Bahri S, Becher L, Färber LV, Harder H, Kirchen N, Kulakova E, Kunz LC, Meijer A, Rohrmoser B, Wellek S, Berger MM, Koslowski M, Gründer G.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin shows promise for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), but long-term data are limited. This study examined the antidepressant effect of one or two psilocybin doses with adjunct psychotherapy in TRD until twelve months.MethodsThis is a naturalistic follow-up of a phase 2b, randomized, active placebo-controlled trial, where participants were randomized to receive two drug administrations six weeks apart, embedded within seven psychotherapeutic sessions: (1) active placebo (100 mg nicotinamide) then 25 mg psilocybin, (2) 5 mg psilocybin then 25 mg psilocybin, (3a) 25 mg psilocybin then 5 mg psilocybin, or (3b) 25 mg psilocybin twice. The controlled phase ended at twelve weeks, after which participants could pursue other treatments, with follow-ups at six- and twelve-months. The primary follow-up endpoint was change from baseline on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD17).Results126/144 randomized participants (51 females, 40%) completed at least one follow-up visit. A generalized additive mixed regression model for change in HAMD17 scores showed a significant time effect across groups for both follow-up time points, with estimated average changes from baseline of -7.93 (95% CI: -9.17, -6.70, adj. p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1159/000552272", "pubmed_id": "42201843", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000552272", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42201843\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 98, "title": "Correction: Catatonia Associated With First-Time Psilocybin Exposure: A Case Report.", "normalized_title": "correction catatonia associated with first time psilocybin exposure a case report", "authors": "Singh J, Mruthyunjaya P.", "abstract": "[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.106474.].", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.c439", "pubmed_id": "42211293", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.c439", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42211293\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3660, "title": "The Safety and Acceptability of Psilocybin With Support and With Massed Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD", "normalized_title": "the safety and acceptability of psilocybin with support and with massed prolonged exposure therapy for ptsd", "authors": "Emory University", "abstract": "This pilot study will examine the safety, tolerability, acceptability, and efficacy of combination psilocybin + psychotherapy to decrease PTSD symptoms. Participants will be randomized into two different treatment groups, allowing the investigators to directly compare PE augmented with psilocybin and psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. The Primary objective is to pilot and investigate tolerability, safety, and acceptability of psilocybin-assisted supportive therapy and psilocybin-assisted massed prolonged exposure (PE) therapy and conduct exploratory analyses related to comparative effectiveness of these treatments, including preliminary outcomes from pre-treatment to 1-month follow-up on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Safety and tolerability of the treatment will be assessed and evaluated using the Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory (SPSI), Psychedelic-assisted Therapy After Effects (PATAE), and the Accessibility Questionnaire (AQ). The study will also evaluate the effect of psilocybin and massed exposure therapy using Subjective Units of Distress (SUDS) during imaginal exposure sessions; to assess self-reported PTSD and depression symptoms across treatment and investigate effect on fear extinction learning and fear extinction recall as assessed via fear potentiated startle. Given that this is a pilot study with small sample, analyses will be preliminary.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07332143", "keywords": "PTSD, psilocybin, 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yl dihydrogen phosphate, Supportive Therapy, Prolonged Exposure Therapy, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07332143\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3275, "title": "Environmental and Internal Gating of Memory: ARCH Multiplicative Threshold Framework for Encoding and Retrieval", "normalized_title": "environmental and internal gating of memory arch multiplicative threshold framework for encoding and retrieval", "authors": "Rahman T.", "abstract": "Memory encoding depends on the joint convergence of substrate readiness, internal drive, environmental input, and a permissive temporal-physiological state. The same logic recurs across vertebrate learning systems: hippocampal-dependent spatial and schema-modulated memory (the Navigia substrate in the Systema Behavorum taxonomy), filial imprinting in the chick intermediate medial mesopallium (Lorenz's prägung), vocal learning in the songbird auditory pallium, and Pavlovian conditioning in the basolateral amygdala and ventral striatum. Despite differences in substrate, timescale, and output, writing events are gated by the multiplicative convergence of substrate (A), drive (D), content/context (C), and a permissive state (Φ); retrieval is gated by a parallel conjunction on the same substrate; and behavioral output depends on the match between current input and the stored trace. The framework specifies f in Lewin's B = f(P, E) as the multiplicative threshold A × D × C × Φ ≥ T, decomposing person and environment into computationally separable terms with empirical signatures.Three contributions advance beyond descriptive integration. First, retrieval is formalized as ARCH × Φ-gated in the same form as encoding, generating dissociation predictions between trace-degradation and Φ-mediated retrieval failures that current accounts do not formalize. Second, inherited priors (ethology) and acquired schemas (Tse, Morris, and colleagues) are unified under the same conjunctive logic, both biasing C through Bayesian-like prior weighting. Third, the multiplicative form generates a quantitatively precise prediction - supra-additive failure under combined partial perturbations - that distinguishes the framework from interactionist accounts; a tractable 2 × 2 factorial in chick imprinting is developed in §4.7, with detection power calculated in Appendix A.The framework yields four testable predictions. Single-domain perturbation should cause categorical encoding failure regardless of other domains. Combined partial perturbations should produce supra-additive failure distinguishable from additive null models in factorial designs not yet performed in any of the four systems. Reading-event Φ-suppression should produce retrieval failures dissociable from trace-degradation failures. Pharmacological Φ-modulators (ketamine, psilocybin, MDMA) are reframed as substrate-state modulators that widen the retrieval envelope, converting reading events into writing events, and supply a clinical-translational test. The framework is offered as a falsifiable account of common computational structure across vertebrate memory systems.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2026-05-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202605.1558.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202605.1558.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1239766\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 100, "title": "Epigenome-wide association study of psilocybin-induced methylome changes in alcohol use disorder.", "normalized_title": "epigenome wide association study of psilocybin induced methylome changes in alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Urban MM, Zillich L, Rieser NM, Herdener M, Spanagel R, Vollenweider FX, Preller KH, Meinhardt MW.", "abstract": "The serotonergic hallucinogen psilocybin has shown potential as a treatment for psychiatric conditions like alcohol use disorder (AUD) and depression in clinical studies. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, are hypothesized to contribute to its lasting therapeutic benefits. In this exploratory study, we present the first methylome-wide analysis of psilocybin-induced changes in a cohort of detoxified patients with AUD. The longitudinal study design included three assessment days in 37 patients with blood sampling and acquisition of psychometrics - at baseline, 24 h after administration of psilocybin (25 mg) or placebo (mannitol), and one month after treatment. As the primary endpoints (duration of abstinence and mean alcohol use) in this trial were not reached, our investigation included secondary psychometrics that differed significantly between groups: Beck's Depression Inventory and Beck's Hopelessness Scale. The epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) identified one CpG site in TLE4 (p = 1.1e-7) associated with psilocybin treatment. Screening for differentially methylated regions, we observed altered methylation in the gene RASGRP4 (pFDR = 3.2e-4). Network analysis revealed co-methylation modules related to psilocybin treatment, as well as modules associated with the reduction of depressive symptoms and drinking behavior. Gene ontology analysis indicated involvement of these modules in neuroplasticity and immune functions, suggesting that they may reflect abstinence-related recovery processes. Investigating candidate genes at nominal significance (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-026-03961-3", "pubmed_id": "42192100", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-03961-3", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Longitudinal Studies, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Genome-Wide Association Study, Psilocybin, Epigenome", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42192100\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Observational Study,Genomics,Immune Function", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2, "title": "Mystery shopper assessments of cannabis retailer practices and regulatory compliance in five U.S. states, 2025.", "normalized_title": "mystery shopper assessments of cannabis retailer practices and regulatory compliance in five u s states 2025", "authors": "Berg CJ, LoParco CR, Rossheim ME, McCready DM, Langan L, Platt E, Romm KF, Johnson M, Speer MB, Burris S, Cavazos-Rehg PA.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis study used mystery shoppers to assess cannabis retail practices in 5 US states regulating legal nonmedical cannabis retail.MethodsThis mystery shopper study assessed 130 cannabis retailers in 5 cities (Los Angeles [LA], California; Las Vegas [LV], Nevada; Denver, Colorado; Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington) in summer 2025. Researchers recorded: 1) age verification; and 2) retail staff responses to inquiries about: a) use for anxiety, sleep, pregnancy-related nausea, etc.; b) use-related risks/cautions; c) interstate cannabis transport; and d) availability of derived intoxicating cannabis products (DICPs) and 'mushrooms' (psilocybin).ResultsMystery shoppers were asked for ID at 87.7% of retailers. When asked, most (>88%) retail staff responded that cannabis helps with anxiety and insomnia. While 40.8% warned against use for pregnancy-related nausea, 36.2% suggested it helps and 24.6% said it depends on the person/situation. Over half (58.5%) warned against driving post-use, but 50.0% said it depends (on person/situation). When asked about interstate transport, several indicated not to (42.3%) and/or it was illegal (39.2%); however, 44.6% indicated ways to pack cannabis to be undetectable, and 27.7% said not to worry about getting caught. Retail staff generally indicated DICPs are not as safe as delta-9 THC (27.7%) or are illegal (20.0%). The majority said mushrooms were illegal (67.7%), but 53.8% indicated they were easy to obtain, and 29.2% suggested their mental health benefits.ConclusionsCannabis retailer frequently made prohibited health claims and minimized risks, reinforcing public health concerns and the need for ongoing cannabis retail surveillance and stronger regulatory oversight and enforcement.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2026.113218", "pubmed_id": "42224931", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2026.113218", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42224931\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 102, "title": "Psilocybin modulates social behaviour in male and female mice in a time-dependent manner.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin modulates social behaviour in male and female mice in a time dependent manner", "authors": "Shadani S, McCoy K, Ong L, Greaves E, Conn K, Andrews ZB, Foldi CJ.", "abstract": "With the resurgence of psychedelic research and growing evidence of their therapeutic potential, there is an urgent need to understand how these compounds act across biological sexes. Despite widespread interest in their use for conditions marked by social impairments, including depression, anxiety, and anorexia nervosa, the influence of sex as a biological variable on the prosocial effects of psychedelics remains poorly understood. Indeed, enhanced connectedness, sociability and empathy are common outcomes of psychedelic use and these have shaped human social structures for millennia. Here, we investigated the sex-specific effects of a single dose of psilocybin (1.5 mg/kg) in C57BL/6 J mice across multiple aspects of social behaviour. Psilocybin acutely enhanced huddling and induced hypothermia selectively in female mice and post-acutely (4 h) enhanced novelty-seeking and grooming in females, with no comparable effects in males. By 24 h, psilocybin-treated males showed reduced grooming and rearing alongside increased sociability directed toward a cage-mate. This was accompanied by blunted novelty-evoked nucleus accumbens dopamine responses that persisted to 7 days post-administration. At 7 days, psilocybin shifted female social preference toward familiarity over novelty, associated with prolonged nucleus accumbens dopamine release during familiar conspecific interactions, while males exhibited increased grooming, opposing the effect observed at 24 h. Both 5-HT1AR and 5-HT2AR contributed to psilocybin's behavioural effects in sex-specific ways. These findings reveal temporally dynamic, sex-differentiated patterns of social behaviour and dopaminergic modulation following psilocybin, underscoring the importance of sex-informed approaches in preclinical research and clinical application of psychedelic compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-026-02450-x", "pubmed_id": "42185639", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-026-02450-x", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42185639\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Eating Disorders,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 101, "title": "Psilocybin induces stereotyped movements and reduces defensive responding in planarians through 5-hydroxytryptamine mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces stereotyped movements and reduces defensive responding in planarians through 5 hydroxytryptamine mechanisms", "authors": "Akbar RJ, Stringer AD, Wiah S, Dachepalli M, Daws SE, Inan S, Rawls SM.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a serotonergic 5-HT2A R agonist that causes psychedelic and anxiolytic effects in human users. To delineate conservation of psilocybin pharmacology, we investigated behavioral effects of psilocybin in planarians ( Dugesia dorotocephala ), the simplest living animal with cephalization that also has a well defined serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) system. We quantified stereotyped movements (e.g. head bops, twists, scrunches, and C-shapes) and defensive responding (negative phototaxis) and probed a 5-HT2A R mechanism for psilocybin using a selective 5-HT2A R antagonist (volinanserin). Psilocybin (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 nM) increased all stereotyped movements and, at higher concentrations, reduced motility. Volinanserin (1, 10, and 100 nM) did not induce any stereotyped movements or reduce motility. For combination experiments, volinanserin reduced cumulative stereotyped movements produced by psilocybin (0.01 nM) and specifically reduced psilocybin-evoked twists and head bops. Concentrations (", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1097/fbp.0000000000000879", "pubmed_id": "42186402", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/fbp.0000000000000879", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42186402\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 52, "title": "Overcoming Pharmacokinetic and Peripheral Safety Challenges in Psychedelic Therapies: The Promise of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems.", "normalized_title": "overcoming pharmacokinetic and peripheral safety challenges in psychedelic therapies the promise of advanced drug delivery systems", "authors": "Zhang T, Lin C, Wang X.", "abstract": "Classic serotonergic psychedelics-such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)-hold remarkable promise for treating neuropsychiatric disorders, yet their clinical translation is severely constrained by first-pass metabolism, erratic pharmacokinetics, unsuitable action profiles, and off-target peripheral serotonin effects. To overcome these barriers, advanced delivery systemssuch as transdermal and microneedle patches, intranasal sprays, sublingual films, and injectable formulationshave been developed, alongside molecular strategies including prodrugs, \"off-switch\" 5-HT receptor antagonists for session control, selective receptor bias, and adjunctive pharmacological approaches. These innovations help bypass hepatic metabolism, enable precise control over onset and duration of action, and minimize peripheral receptor activation. Preclinical and early clinical evidence shows gains in bioavailability, half-life extension, and conversion of fleeting psychedelic effects into manageable windows. These platforms offer a path to safer, patient-centered therapies. Despite regulatory and trial-design challenges, delivery innovations provide the essential pharmacokinetic toolkit to advance the field and clinical adoption.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.6c00146", "pubmed_id": "42312173", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.6c00146", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42312173\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3757, "title": "Serotonergic Psychedelics as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Anxiety, A Systematic Review", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics as a potential therapeutic strategy for anxiety a systematic review", "authors": "Bralic N, Bragagnolo E, Palner M.", "abstract": "Background and objective: Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide and affect all age groups. Current pharmacological treatments, such as selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s) and benzodiazepines, have limitations in terms of adverse effects and efficacy, which highlights the need for alternative therapies. Serotonergic psychedelics have demonstrated promising anxiolytic-like behaviors in preclinical studies, primarily thought to be mediated through agonism of the 5-HT2A receptor. This systematic review aimed to investigate the preclinical evidence of anxiolytic-like potential of serotonergic psychedelics in animal models, and to evaluate the validity and limitations of the included behavioral tests. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Embase. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined prior to screening to ensure a transparent inclusion of studies and minimize bias. The title, abstract and full-text screening were conducted independently by two reviewers, with conflicts being resolved through discussion. In total, 18 studies were included after the final screening. Results: Overall, the results demonstrate that serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and DOI, exerted anxiolytic-like effects across several behavioral tests. However, anxiogenic and null effects were also reported. This suggests that the effects are context-dependent, influenced by dosage, administration pattern, biological variables, as well as the experimental conditions. The predictive and face validity of the included behavioral models was generally acceptable. However, the construct validity had some limitations, and inconsistencies in the experimental conditions create a need for more standardization to ensure more transparent and reproducible data, and further the research field. Conclusions: The preclinical studies included in this review indicate that the serotonergic psychedelics have therapeutic potential in the treatment of anxiety, especially psilocybin elicited consistent anxiolytic-like effects, possibly due to 5-HT2A receptor agonism. However, future studies should focus on understanding mechanisms, sex-specific effects, and further the combinations of behavioral tests to ensure better interpretation of behavioral outcomes.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-05-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/gf7bq_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gf7bq_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1237570\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3172, "title": "Serotonergic Psychedelics as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Anxiety, A Systematic Review", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics as a potential therapeutic strategy for anxiety a systematic review", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background and objective: Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide and affect all age groups. Current pharmacological treatments, such as selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s) and benzodiazepines, have limitations in terms of adverse effects and efficacy, which highlights the need for alternative therapies. Serotonergic psychedelics have demonstrated promising anxiolytic-like behaviors in preclinical studies, primarily thought to be mediated through agonism of the 5-HT2A receptor. This systematic review aimed to investigate the preclinical evidence of anxiolytic-like potential of serotonergic psychedelics in animal models, and to evaluate the validity and limitations of the included behavioral tests. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Embase. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined prior to screening to ensure a transparent inclusion of studies and minimize bias. The title, abstract and full-text screening were conducted independently by two reviewers, with conflicts being resolved through discussion. In total, 18 studies were included after the final screening. Results: Overall, the results demonstrate that serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and DOI, exerted anxiolytic-like effects across several behavioral tests. However, anxiogenic and null effects were also reported. This suggests that the effects are context-dependent, influenced by dosage, administration pattern, biological variables, as well as the experimental conditions. The predictive and face validity of the included behavioral models was generally acceptable. However, the construct validity had some limitations, and inconsistencies in the experimental conditions create a need for more standardization to ensure more transparent and reproducible data, and further the research field. Conclusions: The preclinical studies included in this review indicate that the serotonergic psychedelics have therapeutic potential in the treatment of anxiety, especially psilocybin elicited consistent anxiolytic-like effects, possibly due to 5-HT2A receptor agonism. However, future studies should focus on understanding mechanisms, sex-specific effects, and further the combinations of behavioral tests to ensure better interpretation of behavioral outcomes.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-05-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/gf7bq_v1", "keywords": "Anxiety, Preclinical, Psychedelics, Systematic Review, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Emotion, Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Animal Learning and Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"gf7bq_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3003, "title": "Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "psilocybin", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": "Reactions Weekly", "publication_date": "2026-05-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s40278-026-95077-4", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40278-026-95077-4", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1007/s40278-026-95077-4\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.7759/cureus.106474\"],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3661, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin With Psychological Support on Anhedonia in Treatment-resistant Depression: a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin with psychological support on anhedonia in treatment resistant depression a randomized controlled pilot trial", "authors": "University of Colorado, Denver", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of psilocybin on the symptom of anhedonia in individuals with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06230757", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Anhedonia, Treatment Resistant Depression, Psilocybin 25mg, Placebo (active placebo), Ultra Low Dose Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06230757\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3614, "title": "Group Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder", "normalized_title": "group psilocybin assisted therapy for post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "University of New Mexico", "abstract": "This study is a community-informed, pragmatic, open-label, phase 1 clinical trial of group-format psilocybin-assisted therapy (GPAT) for individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The primary objectives of this phase 1 study are to assess the safety and feasibility of (GPAT) for individuals with (PTSD) and to evaluate preliminary effects on PTSD severity. This study is a community-informed, pragmatic, open-label, phase 1 clinical trial of group-format psilocybin-assisted therapy (GPAT) for individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The primary objectives of this phase 1 study are to assess the safety and feasibility of (GPAT) for individuals with (PTSD) and to evaluate preliminary effects on PTSD severity. These will be assessed by the following outcome measures: * Proportion of participants completing the study protocol * Incidence of adverse events (AEs), serious adverse events (SAEs) and AEs of special interest using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0 * Mean change in the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). The CAPS-5 and PCL-5 are based on the DSM-5 not the DSM-5-TR.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07506395", "keywords": "PTSD, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07506395\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 105, "title": "PsiConnect: Multimodal Neuroimaging of Context-Dependent Brain and Behaviour Dynamics under Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "psiconnect multimodal neuroimaging of context dependent brain and behaviour dynamics under psilocybin", "authors": "Novelli L, Stoliker D, Barta T, Greaves MD, Chopra S, Jackson J, Kwee J, Pang JC, Williams ML, Razi A.", "abstract": "PsiConnect is a large-scale neuroimaging study designed to investigate context-dependent neural and subjective effects of psilocybin using multimodal neuroimaging. It combines functional, structural, and diffusion-weighted MRI with EEG to examine brain activity in 62 participants before and after a 19 mg dose of psilocybin. The design includes resting-state scans and three naturalistic conditions: guided meditation, music listening, and movie watching. Half of the cohort underwent an 8-week meditation training program, enabling exploration of interactions among meditation, psilocybin, and brain function. fMRI data was obtained through multi-echo fMRI, enhancing signal-to-noise ratio and reducing susceptibility artifacts to improve reliability. A comprehensive battery of behavioural and self-report measures captured acute and longitudinal cognitive and subjective effects, with follow-ups to one year post-administration. The large sample, multimodal imaging, contextual diversity, and behavioural follow-ups enable study of psilocybin-induced brain and behaviour changes with unprecedented comprehensiveness and reliability. Data is curated according to open science principles to ensure accessibility and compatibility with established neuroimaging pipelines, making PsiConnect a valuable, reusable resource for cognitive and computational neuroscience.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-20", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41597-026-07312-1", "pubmed_id": "42168232", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-026-07312-1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42168232\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Observational Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 104, "title": "Mescaline Alters Cerebellar Function, Global Connectivity, and Frequency-Selective Acoustic Gating: A BOLD fMRI Study in Awake Rats.", "normalized_title": "mescaline alters cerebellar function global connectivity and frequency selective acoustic gating a bold fmri study in awake rats", "authors": "Cavallaro N, Rai P, Akins D, Soltanpour S, Nasseef MT, Ortiz RJ, Utama R, Cody CR, Mistry A, Brenhouse HC, Kulkarni PP, Ferris CF.", "abstract": "Mescaline, a 5-HT2A agonist psychedelic used ceremonially for millennia, lacks neuroimaging characterization due to its Schedule 1 status. Using pharmacological and resting-state fMRI in awake rats, we report mescaline's first comprehensive neurobiological profile. Acutely, mescaline produced cerebellar-selective BOLD suppression, suggesting functional disconnection from forebrain structures. Paradoxically, resting-state analysis revealed global hyperconnectivity, with the cerebellum forming enhanced connections to the hippocampus, thalamus, somatosensory cortex, and midbrain. Mescaline abolished normal BOLD responses to rewarding olfactory stimuli, indicating disrupted sensory processing. Pre-pulse inhibition showed frequency-dependent acoustic gating effects: enhancement at 4 kHz (+ 27.6%) and 20 kHz (+ 27.3%), but impairment at 12 kHz (- 16.4%). These findings distinguish mescaline from LSD and psilocybin, implicating the cerebellum as a dysregulated sensory filter that floods forebrain circuits with unprocessed sensorimotor information-a potential mechanism underlying psychedelic-induced perceptual alterations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-20", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s12264-026-01632-3", "pubmed_id": "42168715", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-026-01632-3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42168715\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3636, "title": "A Pilot Mechanistic Study of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy as a Treatment for Depression", "normalized_title": "a pilot mechanistic study of psilocybin assisted therapy as a treatment for depression", "authors": "Washington University School of Medicine", "abstract": "Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting an estimated 300 million people. Despite available treatments, response rates remain modest, and treatment resistance is common. Novel treatments are needed that act rapidly, produce lasting effects and work differently than existing antidepressants. In clinical trials, psilocybin has shown promise as a treatment for depression due to its rapid onset of antidepressant effects and sustained benefits. This study will use MRI scanning of the brain and other biological measures (biomarkers) to investigate how psilocybin affects brain activity and psychological flexibility before, during, and after receiving psilocybin in participants with depressive symptoms.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07582120", "keywords": "Depression, Psilocybin (Usona Institute), NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07582120\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Biomarkers,Psychological Flexibility,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3005, "title": "265 Self-reported rates of psilocybin use in North Florida, 2012 to present", "normalized_title": "265 self reported rates of psilocybin use in north florida 2012 to present", "authors": "Millay T, Kodali M, Cottler L.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13172864", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC13172864\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2980, "title": "361 Effect of intravenous psilocybin on mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of reserpine-induced chronic centralized pain", "normalized_title": "361 effect of intravenous psilocybin on mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of reserpine induced chronic centralized pain", "authors": "Huels E, Smith S, Liu T, Pal D.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13172966", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:55:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC13172966\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 106, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy: a survey on the clinical methods of Swiss physicians.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy a survey on the clinical methods of swiss physicians", "authors": "Beichmann K, Catzeflis P, Aicher HD, Seragnoli F, Calder A, Amrani A, Hasler G.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe Swiss Federal Office of Public Health provides case-by-case exemptions allowing physicians to provide psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) using psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), or 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA).ObjectivesThe study provided an overview of PAT as currently provided in Switzerland under the regulatory framework of the Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH).DesignSwiss PAT practices were examined using an anonymous survey of physicians providing PAT. Questions included physicians' backgrounds, training, therapeutic orientation, treatment protocols, patient characteristics, and perceived benefits.MethodsParticipants were recruited from PAT professional associations and the research team network. Forty-one physicians providing PAT under FOPH exemptions contributed to the survey.ResultsRespondents used PAT primarily for depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and chronic pain. Most physicians practiced in private practices, private outpatient clinics or shared practices (82%), with a minority in hospitals (18%). The most reported labels when providing PAT were body-oriented (61%), psychodynamic (59%), and eclectic (54%) approaches. Respondents provided PAT using psilocybin (85%), MDMA (71%), and LSD (65.9%). Choice of first substance was linked to diagnosis, with physicians preferring psilocybin for depression (54%) and substance use disorder (46%) and MDMA for PTSD (86%) and anxiety disorders (54%). A total of 90% reported always playing music during psychedelic sessions. Loss of orientation in time and space, feeling too cold, anxiety, and nausea where the most frequent adverse effects of PAT. 95% had emergency medication available, on average used during 2.4% of sessions. Challenges included legal constraints, high patient expectations, and financial barriers. Group therapy was common, with 9% reporting providing only group sessions, 42% providing both individual and group settings, and 47% providing only individual sessions. Only 9% reported never using co-sitters.ConclusionThis study offers valuable insights into the methods and experiences of physicians providing PAT in a legal clinical context, giving insight into the considerable variety of clinical methods. Cultural and regulatory differences may limit generalizability.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/20451253261448745", "pubmed_id": "42179908", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253261448745", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42179908\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3514, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for depression", "authors": "University of California, Los Angeles", "abstract": "The primary objectives of this clinical investigation are to (1) determine the acceptability and feasibility of joining psilocybin-assisted therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy (PA-CBT) for patients with depression, (2) optimize CBT to most effectively integrate the psilocybin experience with psychotherapy and (3) examine the clinical benefit of psilocybin as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for major depressive disorder. This study will involve an open trial of PA-CBT where participants will receive two doses of psilocybin (10mg and then 25mg, separated by one month) plus 12 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05227612", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, Cognitive behavioral therapy, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05227612\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3580, "title": "Psilocybin-facilitated Treatment for Cocaine Use", "normalized_title": "psilocybin facilitated treatment for cocaine use", "authors": "University of Alabama at Birmingham", "abstract": "The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and estimate the efficacy of psilocybin-facilitated treatment for cocaine use. We also will monitor the impact of psilocybin-facilitated treatment on the use of other drugs and outcomes relevant to cocaine involvement. MRI assessment is a unique aspect of this study. As a potential biological mechanism of psilocybin's effect includes changes in default mode network functional connectivity (Carhart-Harris et al., 2012), we will determine if psilocybin's therapeutic effects are mediated by such changes. Moreover, as Glx (a brain metabolite that reflects glutamate) abnormalities have been shown to play a role in cocaine addiction, we will determine if psilocybin impacts Glx in the anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus. Individuals who are eligible to participate and provide informed consent will complete baseline questionnaires and be randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to the Psilocybin or Active Placebo group. The first MRI assessment will take place shortly thereafter using a 3T head-only Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy scanner (Magnetom Allegra, Siemens medial Solutions, Malvern, PA), optimized for neuroimaging applications. Preparation sessions (see below) and the drug administration session will take place in a room at the Clinical Research Unit designed to be as comfortable, aesthetically pleasing (i.e., living-room like), and safe (e.g., no furniture with sharp corners or glass objects) as possible, with a directly adjacent, private restroom. All participants will undergo four weekly preparation sessions of approximately 2 hours each. The purpose of these sessions is to: 1) develop strong therapeutic alliance between the participants and the primary therapist (Dr. Hendricks) and secondary therapist; 2) establish comfort and rapport between participants and the remainder of the research team; 3) discuss participants' aspirations with regard to their drug administration experience (e.g., What do participants hope to gain from their experience?); 4) discuss the treatment rationale and putative mechanisms of action of psilocybin; 5) obtain a detailed personal history of the participant, with a focus on those factors contributing to their current difficulties; 6) prepare participants for drug administration, including a detailed account of all potential effects of the drug; 7) discuss all aspects of the drug administration protocol (i.e., logistics and procedures), including plans of action in the event that participants experience acute distress; and 8) administer cognitive-behavioral treatment for cocaine use. Any participant who demonstrates significant anxiety, discomfort, or unease regarding drug administration at the conclusion of the four preparation sessions will be provided up to two additional preparation sessions. If these sessions are unsuccessful at mitigating the participant's anxiety, discomfort, or unease, the participant will be removed from the study. Approximately one week after their final preparation session, participants will be instructed to eat a low-fat breakfast prior to presenting for their drug administration session at 8:00 am, approximately 1 hour before drug administration. A urine sample will be collected to verify drug-free status and participants will be encouraged to relax and reflect before drug administration. The drug administration session will take place over the course of 8 hours. The primary and secondary therapists will be present with participants throughout this session (at least one individual will always be present with the participant, even during brief intervals when one of the two therapists may be using the restroom). During this time, participants will be encouraged to lie down, use an eye mask to block external visual distraction, and use headphones through which a supportive music program will be played. Participants will be instructed to focus their attention on their inner experiences throughout the session. Any participant reporting significant distress will be provided reassurance verbally or physically (e.g., with a supportive touch to the hand or shoulder). In the event that psychological distress is insufficiently managed with reassurance alone, medication will be administered under the guidance of the study physician. Blood pressure will be assessed at regular intervals via automatic blood pressure monitor (e.g., pre-administration, and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 minutes post-administration), and medication for the treatment of acute hypertension will be administered should blood pressure remain elevated at \\>200 systolic or \\>110 diastolic. Seven hours after drug administration, when the major drug effects have subsided, participants will complete questionnaires assessing their experience. Participants will then be released into the care of a friend or family member (as arranged during preparation sessions) and instructed not to drive an automobile or engage in any other potentially dangerous activity for the remainder of the day. Participants will be provided with the primary therapist's pager number should they feel the need for support that evening. Within 2 days after the drug administration session, participants will meet with the therapists for approximately 1 hour to discuss and reflect on their experience. The therapists will assess for potential adverse effects at this time. The second MRI session will take place shortly thereafter. Participants will then meet with the guide once per week over the next 4 weeks with an emphasis on integration of their medication session experience in the context of achieving abstinence from cocaine; continued cognitive-behavioral treatment for cocaine use will be provided during these follow-up meetings. Long-term assessment visits will take place 3 and 6 months after the final therapy meeting. A battery of measures will be delivered at these times. At the conclusion of the 6-month assessment meeting, participants will be debriefed.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02037126", "keywords": "Cocaine-Related Disorders, Psilocybin, psychedelic compound, Diphenhydramine, Benadryl, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT02037126\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3529, "title": "Evaluating the Feasibility, Clinical Effects, and Safety of Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment-resistant Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: An Open-label Clinical Trial", "normalized_title": "evaluating the feasibility clinical effects and safety of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for treatment resistant obsessive compulsive disorder an open label clinical trial", "authors": "Centre for Addiction and Mental Health", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the chemical component of \"magic mushrooms\", has been administered with psychotherapy in several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) showing large and sustained antidepressant effects. There is interest to see if similar effects may be provided in those with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and clinical effects of psilocybin administration in those with OCD. Ten participants with treatment-resistant OCD will receive two doses of 25mg of psilocybin under supportive conditions, two weeks apart. The investigators hypothesize that two sessions of psilocybin 25mg administered under supportive conditions to participants with treatment-resistant OCD will lead to significant reductions in OCD symptoms. Literature suggests that up to 40 percent of individuals with OCD do not respond to conventional treatment and experience treatment resistant OCD (TROCD) (1, 2). Psilocybin, the chemical component of \"magic mushrooms\", has been administered with psychotherapy in several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) showing large and sustained antidepressant effects (3). Results of these trials have led to growing calls for transition to clinical use, as well as increased research for other mental health disorders. It is presumed that psilocybin's therapeutic effects are induced by the psychedelic \"trip\", which is dependent on serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) activation (4, 5). All studies have used psilocybin in conjunction with psychotherapy involving two therapists present during full-day dosing sessions. There is a need for more data in the TROCD population as there is only one clinical trial published for this specific population, followed by various case reports. Using a proof-of-concept, open-label, clinical trial approach, 10 participants with TROCD will receive 2 doses of 25mg of psilocybin, with two weeks between each dosing day. The objectives of this study are as follows: 1. To assess the safety, and feasibility, of psilocybin, administered with psychological support to adult participants with TROCD. Hypothesis 1: The investigators will be able to recruit and retain ten participants with TROCD for the duration of the trial and that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for obsessive compulsive disorder (PAP-OCD) will be safe in those with TROCD, as measured by monitoring adverse events and using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). 2. To assess the clinical effects of PAP in those with TROCD. Hypothesis 2: Two sessions of psilocybin (25mg) administered under supportive conditions to participants with TROCD will lead to significant reductions in OCD symptoms as measured by the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) when comparing baseline to Week 3. 3. Provide pilot data on the effect of psilocybin and supportive therapy on TROCD in preparation of a future larger RCT. Overview of Study Design: All 10 participants will follow the same study design. Each participant will undergo a screening assessment where they will complete lab tests, and clinical and psychiatric assessments to determine eligibility. Following the screening visit, participants will undergo a washout period where they will be tapered off concomitant medications over a medication the participant is being tapered off (based on the half-life of the medication) and the participant's preference for the length of the tapering period. All medications will require a minimum of a 2-week tapering period with the exception of fluoxetine which will require a minimum of 4-weeks. Additional time may be added at the discretion of the study investigator. During this period, there will be weekly check-ins with the study physician. At study Visit 2 (Baseline, V2), participants will complete a series of questionnaires and assessments, preparatory therapy with trained study therapists, and undergo a brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The preparatory therapy sessions will build a therapeutic alliance, and provide psychoeducation about, and set intentions for, the psilocybin session. To reduce participant burden, baseline can be broken up into multiple days, however all assessments must be completed within 7-days of the first dose. At study Visit 3 (V3), neurophysiological measurements will be performed. Upon completion of V2 and V3, participants will undergo the first psilocybin dosing session at Visit 4 (V4) where they will receive an active dose (25mg) of psilocybin in conjunction with supportive therapy. The psilocybin session will last 5 to 6 hours and will be conducted in the existing psychedelic treatment suite developed at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH). Two trained study therapists will be supporting each participant during the dosing session. After 5 hours of dose administration, participants will be evaluated for safety by the study psychiatrist and discharged home in the company of a caregiver or a family member. On the day after the dosing session (Visit 5, V5) and one-week after the dosing session (Visit 6, V6), participants will be asked to complete the same questionnaires that were done at Baseline (V2) and will undergo an integrative therapy session with the trained study therapist. Between Visit 5 (V5) and Visit 7 (V7), during study Visit 6 (V6), the same neurophysiological measurements will be performed as during Visit 3 (V3). Follow-up assessments will also occur at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks (Visit 7, 8, 9 and 10) after the second psilocybin dosing session. The same questionnaires administered at Baseline (V2) will be repeated at each of these study visits.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06299319", "keywords": "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin, PEX010, ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06299319\",\"overall_status\":\"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,OCD,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Case Report,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3021, "title": "Appetite for change: How psilocybin reshapes food reward learning through striatal dopamine function", "normalized_title": "appetite for change how psilocybin reshapes food reward learning through striatal dopamine function", "authors": "Conn K, Wong N, Sunnetci S, Al Siyabi A, McCoy K, Huang K, Greaves E, Milton LK, Kuhlmann L, Maguire S, Foldi CJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent for psychiatric disorders characterised by cognitive rigidity and disrupted reward processing, including anorexia nervosa. While its pro-cognitive effects have been mechanistically probed almost exclusively through serotonin receptor subtype antagonism, the downstream contributions of dopaminergic systems to these outcomes remain poorly understood. Here, we examined how psilocybin (1.5 mg/kg) modulates striatal dopamine dynamics and cognitive flexibility across multiple operant paradigms in female rats, and whether nutritional state or prior activity-based anorexia (ABA) exposure moderate these effects. Calorie restriction selectively attenuated psilocybin-enhanced reversal learning, shifting the temporal profile of benefit without abolishing it, and was associated with exacerbated nucleus accumbens (NAc) cFos+ expression relative to ad libitum fed animals. In vivo fiber photometry revealed that psilocybin broadly amplified NAc dopamine transients time-locked to expected and unexpected outcomes during probabilistic reversal learning across 7 days. Computational modelling identified psilocybin-specific increases in learning rate and reductions in prior value weighting, consistent with strengthened feedback-driven updating. In touchscreen paradigms, psilocybin enhanced discrimination accuracy and accelerated reversal learning acquisition when administered prior to initial discrimination, but impaired serial reversal accuracy when administered at a later training stage. ABA exposure constrained psilocybin’s pro-cognitive effects, abolishing discrimination accuracy benefits and trending toward worsened reversal learning, likely reflecting ABA-induced reductions in cortical 5-HT2A receptor availability. These findings provide the first direct evidence that psilocybin modulates striatal dopamine prediction error signalling in a behaving animal and demonstrate that nutritional state and prior ABA exposure critically moderate its cognitive effects.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-05-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.05.14.725265", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.14.725265", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1209323\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 109, "title": "Corrigendum to: \"Psilocybin in the real world: Regulatory, ethical, and operational challenges in Australia's clinical landscape\".", "normalized_title": "corrigendum to psilocybin in the real world regulatory ethical and operational challenges in australia s clinical landscape", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/00048674261450797", "pubmed_id": "42145135", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674261450797", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42145135\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 108, "title": "Association Between Lifetime Hallucinogen Use and Valvular Heart Disease: Findings from the All of Us Research Program.", "normalized_title": "association between lifetime hallucinogen use and valvular heart disease findings from the all of us research program", "authors": "Yang KH, Rasmussen M, Bhatt K, Satybaldiyeva N, Kepner W, Moore AA, Bergstrom J.", "abstract": "Recent literature suggests potential associations between hallucinogen use and valvular heart disease (VHD) due to prolonged activation of serotonin 5-HT2B receptors, which may lead to valvular fibrosis - a condition also linked to drugs including fenfluramine and pergolide. Despite these concerns, epidemiological studies exploring this association are lacking. This exploratory analysis investigated associations between lifetime hallucinogen use and VHD using cross-sectional data from US adults with linked electronic health record data in the NIH All of Us Research Program who completed the Lifestyle survey. This survey included questions about lifetime hallucinogen use (lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], mushrooms/psilocybin, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]/ecstasy, ketamine, phencyclidine [PCP]). Multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between hallucinogen use and VHD, adjusting for sociodemographic factors and other confounding health conditions. Our sample comprised 286,842 adults (mean age 50.8 [SD16.7], 61.4% female, 60.6% White). Among them, 13.2% reported lifetime hallucinogen use. Individuals with lifetime hallucinogen use had lower unadjusted VHD prevalence compared to those without lifetime hallucinogen use (3.6% vs. 4.7%, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2026.2673845", "pubmed_id": "42152600", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2026.2673845", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42152600\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3733, "title": "Strong alliance, weak conclusions: Comment on Goodwin et al. (2026) “The role of therapeutic alliance in psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression”", "normalized_title": "strong alliance weak conclusions comment on goodwin et al 2026 the role of therapeutic alliance in psilocybin treatment for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "", "abstract": "This commentary critically examines the interpretation and analytic choices in Goodwin and colleagues’ recent analysis of therapeutic alliance in psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression. While the authors conclude that alliance did not meaningfully contribute to treatment efficacy, we argue that this interpretation is not supported by the reported results, which are, in addition, shaped by methodological decisions that obscure relevant effects. By contextualizing the observed associations, clarifying the logic of mediation analysis, and pointing out methodological weaknesses, we show that the available evidence is more consistent with a meaningful role of therapeutic alliance in shaping both the psychedelic experience and clinical outcomes. Furthermore, we highlight unexplained deviations from the study protocol that warrant scrutiny. These concerns underscore the importance of accurately characterizing psychological and contextual factors in psychedelic treatment research and calls for more comprehensive and transparent analyses of psychotherapeutic processes.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-05-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/28314425261461057", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/8s7xk_v2", "keywords": "depression, psilocybin, psychedelic therapy, psychotherapy, therapeutic alliance, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:09:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"8s7xk_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3073, "title": "Strong alliance, weak conclusions: Comment on Goodwin et al. (2026) “The role of therapeutic alliance in psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression”", "normalized_title": "strong alliance weak conclusions comment on goodwin et al 2026 the role of therapeutic alliance in psilocybin treatment for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Wolff M, Kangaslampi S, Zeifman R, Spangemacher M.", "abstract": "This commentary critically examines the interpretation and analytic choices in Goodwin and colleagues’ recent analysis of therapeutic alliance in psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression. While the authors conclude that alliance did not meaningfully contribute to treatment efficacy, we argue that this interpretation is not supported by the reported results, which are, in addition, shaped by methodological decisions that obscure relevant effects. By contextualizing the observed associations, clarifying the logic of mediation analysis, and pointing out methodological weaknesses, we show that the available evidence is more consistent with a meaningful role of therapeutic alliance in shaping both the psychedelic experience and clinical outcomes. Furthermore, we highlight unexplained deviations from the study protocol that warrant scrutiny. These concerns underscore the importance of accurately characterizing psychological and contextual factors in psychedelic treatment research and calls for more comprehensive and transparent analyses of psychotherapeutic processes.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-05-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/8s7xk_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8s7xk_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1208581\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3741, "title": "Low doses of psilocybin as adjunct pharmacological treatment to virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: A study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "low doses of psilocybin as adjunct pharmacological treatment to virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder a study protocol for a double blind randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Cohen J, Parbo P, Ørskov PT, Wildgruber D, Kreifelts B, kirk u, Gerke O, Madsen MK, Palner M.", "abstract": "Background: Social anxiety disorder is a chronic and disabling condition with limited response to standard therapies. Low-dose psilocybin may enhance the effectiveness of exposure-based treatments by modulating neural circuits associated with fear and avoidance. Virtual reality exposure therapy offers a controlled and individualized platform for intervention. Objective: This phase 2b, double-blind clinical trial (n = 32) investigates feasibility and tolerability of low-dose psilocybin as an adjunct to virtual reality exposure therapy in individuals with social anxiety disorder.Design and Methods: Participants will be randomized to receive either low-dose psilocybin or placebo alongside virtual reality exposure therapy. The primary outcome is the change in social anxiety symptoms, measured by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). The primary endpoint is a Cohen’s d ≥ 0.5 for LSAS reduction in the psilocybin group versus placebo. Secondary outcomes include identification of multimodal biomarkers predictive of treatment response. Neuroimaging (e.g., amygdala reactivity, thalamo-cortical connectivity), psychophysiological (e.g., heart rate variability, galvanic skin response, sleep quality), and behavioral task measures (e.g., Affective Shift Task, Emotional Go/No-Go Task) will be analyzed to stratify participants and predict therapeutic response. Successful biomarker stratification is defined as a significant correlation with LSAS change and classification accuracy >70%. Conclusion: This study will provide proof-of-concept evidence for low-dose psilocybin as an adjunct to virtual reality exposure therapy in social anxiety disorder and evaluate multimodal biomarkers for patient stratification. Positive results will support progression to a larger phase 3 trial and inform precision-based approaches for treatment of social anxiety disorder.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-05-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/3b9fx_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3b9fx_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:17", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1208061\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3606, "title": "Exploring the Safety, Acceptability, and Efficacy of Psilocybin Among Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Proof-of-Concept Trial (DREAM LUNG STUDY)", "normalized_title": "exploring the safety acceptability and efficacy of psilocybin among non small cell lung cancer patients with major depressive disorder a proof of concept trial dream lung study", "authors": "Alan Davis", "abstract": "This phase II trial tests the safety and side effects of psilocybin in combination with therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. A cancer diagnosis is life-changing, resulting in significant levels of psychological symptoms, including a combination of depression, anxiety, stress, including feelings of existential distress (i.e., loss of meaning, demoralization, despair). Among all cancer patients, those diagnosed with lung cancer have the highest prevalence of mood disorders, such as depression (up to 40%) leading to profound deterioration in quality of life, prolonged hospital stays, poorer treatment adherence, decreased survival rates, and high rates of suicide (5- and 3-times higher than the general population and other cancer patients, respectively). Psilocybin is substance being studied in the treatment of anxiety or depression in patients with advanced cancer. It is taken from the mushroom Psilocybe mexicana. Psilocybin acts on the brain to cause hallucinations (sights, sounds, smells, tastes, or touches that a person believes to be real but are not real). Psilocybin in combination with therapy may be safe and effective in treating major depressive disorder in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: I. To determine the safety and acceptability of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. SECONDARY OBJECTIVE: I. To determine the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy in the reduction of depression and the impact of treatment on quality of life, cancer-related stress, and existential distress. OUTLINE: Patients participate in two preparation therapy sessions over 4 hours each on days 7 and 14, then patients receive psilocybin orally (PO) on day 21 and participate in a single dosing therapy session for over 8-10 hours on study. Patients also complete two post-dosing therapy sessions over 2 hours each on days 22 and 28 on study. Patients additionally undergo blood and urine sample collection throughout the study. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up at 4 and 12 weeks.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07216404", "keywords": "Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma, Unipolar Depression, Biospecimen Collection, Biological Sample Collection, Biospecimen Collected, Specimen Collection, Counseling, Counseling Intervention, Interview, Psilocybin, [3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate, Survey Administration, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07216404\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3511, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for post traumatic stress disorder in survivors of intimate partner violence", "authors": "University of Calgary", "abstract": "The goal of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the efficacy of psilocybin administered with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as an intervention to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom burden in adult (aged 18-65) survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). This trail will test the following 2 aims: AIM1: To compare the efficacy of a therapeutic psilocybin dose at improving outcomes on the PCL-5 and CAPS-5 as compared to an active control psilocybin dose in IPV survivors with chronic PTSD. AIM2: To evaluate the efficacy of psilocybin on quality of life, cognitive function, motor ability, depression, anxiety, and cognitive flexibility. Participants will be asked to: * Complete a 2 part screening process * Attend a baseline assessment * Complete a psychoeducation preparation session(s) * Attend psilocybin administration session (receive high dose \\[25mg\\] or low dose psilocybin \\[1mg\\]) * Complete 5-6 weekly sessions of ACT * Repeat outcome measures at 1-week, 4 weeks, 3 months (online questionnaires only), and 6 months post-psilocybin administration. The overall objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of psilocybin administered with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as an intervention to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom burden in survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). This trail will test the following 2 aims: AIM1: To compare the efficacy of a therapeutic psilocybin dose (25mg) at improving outcomes on the PCL-5 and CAPS-5 as compared to an active control psilocybin dose (1mg) (allocation ratio 1:1) in IPV survivors with chronic PTSD. Mean baseline scores will be compared to scores at each follow-up timepoint (1-week, 4 weeks, 3 months (PCL-5 only), and 6 months post-psilocybin administration). AIM2: to evaluate the efficacy of psilocybin on quality of life, cognitive function, motor ability, depression, anxiety, and cognitive flexibility. Mean baseline scores will be compared to scores at each follow-up timepoint (1-week, 4 weeks, 3 months (online only), and 6 months post-psilocybin administration). The secondary efficacy outcomes will include measures of mood, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, cognitive flexibility, emotional regulation, and quality of life. Exploratory Aim: Exploratory objectives of this study include evaluating blood biomarkers reflective of inflammation, growth factors, brain injury, and oxidative stress relevant to PTSD and psilocybin's mechanisms of action. A total of 76 male and female patients between the ages of 18-65 with the last incident of IPV greater than 6 months prior with a score of 1 on the Composite Abuse Scale with repetition of abusive events, meeting DSM-5 criteria for PTSD and a minimum PCL-5 score of 33. All patients will undergo a thorough, 2-part screening procedure. Eligible participants will be randomly allocated 1:1 to either the high dose (38 participants) or low dose (38 participants) psilocybin groups. All participants will be asked to attend a baseline session consisting of clinical and behavioural outcome measures followed by a pre-dosing psychoeducation session. Following the single dosing session, participants will complete 5-6 weekly ACT sessions. Outcome measure assessments will be repeated at 1-week, 4 weeks, 3 months (online only), and 6 months post-dosing.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06885996", "keywords": "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD, Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), Psilocybin, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06885996\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Oxidative Stress,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Inflammation", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3035, "title": "Low doses of psilocybin as adjunct pharmacological treatment to virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: A study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "low doses of psilocybin as adjunct pharmacological treatment to virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder a study protocol for a double blind randomized controlled trial", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Social anxiety disorder is a chronic and disabling condition with limited response to standard therapies. Low-dose psilocybin may enhance the effectiveness of exposure-based treatments by modulating neural circuits associated with fear and avoidance. Virtual reality exposure therapy offers a controlled and individualized platform for intervention. Objective: This phase 2b, double-blind clinical trial (n = 32) investigates feasibility and tolerability of low-dose psilocybin as an adjunct to virtual reality exposure therapy in individuals with social anxiety disorder. Design and Methods: Participants will be randomized to receive either low-dose psilocybin or placebo alongside virtual reality exposure therapy. The primary outcome is the change in social anxiety symptoms, measured by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). The primary endpoint is a Cohen’s d ≥ 0.5 for LSAS reduction in the psilocybin group versus placebo. Secondary outcomes include identification of multimodal biomarkers predictive of treatment response. Neuroimaging (e.g., amygdala reactivity, thalamo-cortical connectivity), psychophysiological (e.g., heart rate variability, galvanic skin response, sleep quality), and behavioral task measures (e.g., Affective Shift Task, Emotional Go/No-Go Task) will be analyzed to stratify participants and predict therapeutic response. Successful biomarker stratification is defined as a significant correlation with LSAS change and classification accuracy >70%. Conclusion: This study will provide proof-of-concept evidence for low-dose psilocybin as an adjunct to virtual reality exposure therapy in social anxiety disorder and evaluate multimodal biomarkers for patient stratification. Positive results will support progression to a larger phase 3 trial and inform precision-based approaches for treatment of social anxiety disorder.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-05-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/3b9fx_v1", "keywords": "microdosing, psilocybin, social anxiety, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"3b9fx_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 110, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa: Clinical Considerations and Emerging Models of Care.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa clinical considerations and emerging models of care", "authors": "Geller JA, Pacilio R, Downey AE, Ragnhildstveit A, Raymond-Flesch M, Knatz-Peck S, Gukasyan N.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThere is growing evidence that psychedelics and associated treatment modalities may offer therapeutic benefits across a range of psychiatric conditions. Anorexia nervosa (AN), a serious and often treatment-resistant illness associated with significant morbidity and mortality, is one such condition for which psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) may hold promise.Recent findingsTo date, research on PAT for AN has focused primarily on adults, despite the fact that AN frequently begins in adolescence, and early age of onset portends poorer prognosis, including more severe AN, more lifetime psychiatric comorbidity, and greater life difficulties. Given these risks, an exploration of the theoretical potential of PAT for adolescent populations is warranted. Important considerations include biological implications, developmental stage, and consent. Adaptations to the current models of psilocybin-assisted therapy in studies of adults are proposed, and emerging models that address the unique challenges of these patients are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-026-01679-z", "pubmed_id": "42128951", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-026-01679-z", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anorexia Nervosa, Adolescent, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42128951\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Review Article,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 114, "title": "Microdosing psilocybin for major depressive disorder: study protocol for a phase II double-blind placebo-controlled randomised partial crossover trial - CORRIGENDUM.", "normalized_title": "microdosing psilocybin for major depressive disorder study protocol for a phase ii double blind placebo controlled randomised partial crossover trial corrigendum", "authors": "Beidas Z, Ragnhildstveit A, Blackman A, Anderson T, Fewster E, Syed OA, Sobolenko V, Kanca IK, Son T, Farb N, Petranker R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1192/bjo.2026.12000", "pubmed_id": "42125778", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2026.12000", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42125778\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Microdosing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 113, "title": "Efficacy and Safety of a Single Dose of Psilocybin for Chronic Suicidal Ideation: An Open-Label Trial.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of a single dose of psilocybin for chronic suicidal ideation an open label trial", "authors": "van der Vaart A, LaPratt J, Swartz K, Shoultz A, Lauterbach M, Suppes T, Sackeim HA, Aaronson ST.", "abstract": "Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and durability of a single 25-mg dose of a proprietary, synthetic formulation of psilocybin with psychological support for reducing chronic suicidal ideation in a treatment-resistant population.Methods: This was an open-label, single-arm study with a 12-week follow-up conducted between March 2022 and May 2025. Twenty adults with chronic suicidal ideation, major depressive disorder (DSM-5), and ≥2 prior antidepressant treatment failures received a single 25-mg dose of psilocybin administered within a structured preparatory and integration psychotherapy protocol. The primary outcome was change from baseline in the Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation (MSSI) at week 3. Secondary outcomes included change in MSSI at weeks 1 and 12 and change in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores at weeks 1, 3, and 12. Outcomes were analyzed using 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons.Results: Significant reductions in MSSI scores were observed from baseline to week 3 (primary end point: mean difference [MD] = 13.95; 95% CI, 8.63-19.27; P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.4088/jcp.26m16338", "pubmed_id": "42138588", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.26m16338", "keywords": "Humans, Chronic Disease, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Suicidal Ideation, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42138588\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 112, "title": "Inaugural year of regulated psilocybin services in Oregon: safety, motivations, and utilization.", "normalized_title": "inaugural year of regulated psilocybin services in oregon safety motivations and utilization", "authors": "Yu F, Tafur J, Moreno F, Dahmer S.", "abstract": "ImportanceThe Oregon Psilocybin Services (OPS) program is the first statewide, regulated framework for legal psilocybin in the U.S. Analyzing inaugural-year utilization and safety is essential for informing policy and equity monitoring.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive analysis of statewide aggregate data from the OPS Public Dashboard (January 1-December 31, 2025). Outcomes included service volume, client demographics, motivations, and acute adverse events.ResultsIn 2025, 5,935 clients participated in 5,375 sessions. Volume peaked in Q2 (n=1,758) before stabilizing in Q4 (n=1,358). Service tourism was significant, with 32.6% of participants residing outside Oregon. The largest segment was aged 35-49 (~40%); women (57.4%) and LGBTQ+ individuals (27.2%) represented substantial portions of the annual cohort. Racial diversity was limited, with White participants representing 84.1%-91.5% quarterly, while Hispanic/Latino (7.1%) and African American (2.1%) participation lagged. Adverse events were rare, with annual behavioral and medical rates of 2.42 and 2.79 per 1,000 sessions, respectively.DiscussionFull-year data indicate stabilized utilization by a predominantly midlife adult population. While the program successfully reaches sexual and gender minorities, racial disparities persist. High service tourism suggests significant socioeconomic barriers. These findings underscore the program's dual role as a wellness modality and a functional alternative for addressing mental health distress.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1777387", "pubmed_id": "42233004", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1777387", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42233004\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3710, "title": "A Randomized Double-masked Dose-controlled Trial to Assess the Tolerability, Safety, Subjective Experience, and Efficacy of Repeated Administration of Three Different Doses of Psilocybin Whole Mushroom for the Treatment of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder.", "normalized_title": "a randomized double masked dose controlled trial to assess the tolerability safety subjective experience and efficacy of repeated administration of three different doses of psilocybin whole mushroom for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Francisco A Moreno", "abstract": "The study tries to improve our treatments for people who have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) by testing psilocybin, a mind altering drug that changes activity in brain areas involved in OCD. 30 patients with moderate or more severe OCD who are not taking mind altering medications or street drugs will participate in a 12 week study. Participants will be assigned (by luck of the draw) to take a low, medium, or high dose whole psilocybin mushroom contained in three chocolate pieces, prepared for this study by the Scottsdale Research Institute. Participants will come to the University of Arizona CATS Research Unit in Tucson for assessment, if they are found to be fit for study participation, they will be scheduled for a preparation session with a study therapist and then will participate in a dosing session when they will ingest three pieces of chocolate containing psilocybin mushroom. They will answer questions of how they are feeling, and will be monitored for safety by two study staff members, and their vital signs will be checked every hour on the day they receive the study drug. The will be sent home with a responsible adult selected by the patient after they are felt to be safe once the effects of the drug have resolved. Participants will receive four different doses separated by about three weeks. After they complete the treatment phase, they will be contacted monthly for follow up assessment of efficacy, and safety.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07347405", "keywords": "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin 10 mg, Psilocybin 20 mg, Psilocybin 30 mg, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07347405\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3527, "title": "Safety and Feasibility of Psilocybin in Methamphetamine Use Disorder in a Community-Based Sample", "normalized_title": "safety and feasibility of psilocybin in methamphetamine use disorder in a community based sample", "authors": "University of Wisconsin, Madison", "abstract": "The purpose of this research study is to investigate the safety and feasibility of two (2) oral doses of psilocybin when combined with behavioral support for methamphetamine use disorder (MUD). Participants have a diagnosis of methamphetamine use disorder (MUD). Participants can expect to be actively engaged in the study for up to 26 weeks. The objective of this study is to determine the safety of psilocybin in adult participants with MUD. Eligible participants will be adults with methamphetamine use disorder recruited from the community. After physical and psychological screening, and at least 6 hours of psychological support for the psilocybin dosing, each participant will ingest 1 oral dose of psilocybin. All dosing sessions will be attended by 2 specially trained facilitators, in a dedicated Session Room at the University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy. After eight hours of observation in the dosing room, the participant will stay overnight in the hospital Clinical Research Unit, and complete an integration session with at least one of the session facilitators before discharge to home. Approximately 4 weeks after the first dose, the participant will receive a second oral dose of psilocybin, with the same length of observation. Participants who decide not to proceed to the second dose will complete two additional integration sessions and study measures through the two-month follow-up. If you are interested in participating in this study, please fill out a brief 1-minute survey at the link in the \"More Information\" section at the bottom of this record.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05322954", "keywords": "Methamphetamine Use Disorder, Substance-Related Disorders, Chemically-Induced Disorders, Substance Use Disorders, Stimulant-Use Disorder, Psilocybin, TERMINATED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05322954\",\"overall_status\":\"TERMINATED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3490, "title": "A Phase 2b/3, Multicentre, Randomised, Double-blind, Controlled Trial, With an Open Label Extension, to Investigate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of COMP360 in Participants With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder", "normalized_title": "a phase 2b 3 multicentre randomised double blind controlled trial with an open label extension to investigate the efficacy safety and tolerability of comp360 in participants with post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "COMPASS Pathways", "abstract": "The Redefine Study (COMP202) is testing COMP360 to see if it may reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms when administered alongside monitoring and support from a trained study team. COMP360 is a lab-made form of the naturally occurring chemical compound psilocybin.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07570654", "keywords": "PTSD - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, PTSD Symptoms, PTSD, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, COMP360 psilocybin, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07570654\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\",\"PHASE3\"]}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1945, "title": "Rapid-acting interventions in treatment-resistant depression - a comparative review of esketamine and psilocybin", "normalized_title": "rapid acting interventions in treatment resistant depression a comparative review of esketamine and psilocybin", "authors": "Kosiarski Bartłomiej, Skrzypek Anna, Markowicz Patrycja, Zbrożek Mikołaj, Biłyk Krzysztof, Hutkowski Maciej, Chwostek Zuzanna, Maruchniak Hanna, Marzec Wiktoria, Biedroń Paulina", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research", "publication_date": "2026-05-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.26444/jpccr/221219", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.26444/jpccr/221219", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.26444/jpccr/221219\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3022, "title": "Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review", "normalized_title": "safety and efficacy of psilocybin in the management of treatment resistant depression a systematic review", "authors": "Walters CK, Chetty S, Rants’o TA, Gossayn S, Lerotholi LJ.", "abstract": "Abstract Background: Conventional pharmacotherapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) has been found to provide limited benefit in a subset of patients. Psilocybin-assisted therapy has emerged as a promising modality due to its rapid-acting antidepressant effects and favourable tolerability profile shown in early trials. Despite growing research interest in psilocybin-assisted therapy the evidence for its use remains fragmented. Aim: To systematically review the evidence on the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in adults with TRD. Methods: This review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) and JBI Manual for Systematic Reviews of Effectiveness. PubMed ®, MEDLINE ®, the Cochrane Collaboration's CENTRAL ® trials registry, PsycINFO ® and EMBASE ® were searched between 2014 and 2025 for clinical trials and observational studies that met the inclusion criteria for psilocybin versus other antidepressants for TRD. The JBI Critical Appraisal Checklists were used to assess the quality of the clinical trials. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD420251063913) Results: Six trials met the inclusion criteria. Psilocybin showed promising results in lowering depressive scores in participants with TRD. Common adverse events included anxiety, nausea, headache, fatigue and suicidal ideation. No serious safety concerns or cases of physiological toxicity were identified. Study limitations included small sample sizes, open-label designs, and heterogeneous psychotherapy protocols. Conclusions: Psilocybin as a novel therapy for TRD demonstrates promising efficacy and tolerability safety profile. Nonetheless, current evidence remains preliminary, and larger, methodologically robust randomized trials are needed to confirm efficacy, optimize dosing, and standardize psychological support frameworks.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-05-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-9283280/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9283280/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1188752\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 115, "title": "Psilocybin in Older Adults: Therapeutic Opportunities in Inflammation-Driven Disorders of Aging-From Depression to Neurodegeneration.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in older adults therapeutic opportunities in inflammation driven disorders of aging from depression to neurodegeneration", "authors": "Jóźwiak-Bębenista M, Stasiak A, Sienkiewicz M, Kwiatkowski P, Kowalczyk E.", "abstract": "Aging is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation (\"inflammaging\"), which contributes to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as depression, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Conventional pharmacotherapies often provide limited benefit in older adults and are further complicated by polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions. Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic acting primarily as a partial agonist at the 5-HT2A receptor and currently undergoing accelerated clinical development, has emerged as a potential multimodal therapeutic agent addressing these challenges. Acting via its active metabolite psilocin, 5-HT2A receptor-mediated signaling modulates cortical glutamatergic transmission, enhances tropomyosin receptor kinase B/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (TrkB/BDNF) pathways, and modulates neuroimmune cascades (includingnuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), with convergent systems-level effects such as reorganization of the default mode network. Human studies report acute reductions in TNF-α with variable effects on IL-6 and CRP, consistent with an immunomodulatory profile. Pharmacokinetically, psilocybin shows properties advantageous in geriatric care: rapid onset, short half-life, and predominant phase-II glucuronidation, reducing interaction risk. Controlled studies demonstrate rapid antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, and existential distress, with emerging feasibility signals in neurodegeneration. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that a time-limited, mechanism-based intervention may improve mood and cognition while attenuating inflammation. This review integrates current evidence on psilocybin's neuroimmune and pharmacokinetic mechanisms relevant to aging, outlining its potential role in inflammation-related disorders and highlighting the need for targeted studies in older adults, who remain underrepresented in psychedelic research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/ijms27104229", "pubmed_id": "42196212", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104229", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Inflammation, Hallucinogens, Depression, Aging, Aged, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42196212\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Inflammaging,Review Article,Older Adults,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3570, "title": "The Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin Therapy Compared to Low-dose Control in Reducing Depressive Symptoms in Patients With COPD, ALS, MS, or APD.", "normalized_title": "the safety and efficacy of psilocybin therapy compared to low dose control in reducing depressive symptoms in patients with copd als ms or apd", "authors": "University Medical Center Groningen", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether psilocybin therapy can effectively treat depression and psychological distress in adult patients with COPD, ALS, MS, or APD who have at least 6 months life expectancy. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Can psilocybin therapy safely reduce depressive symptoms compared to low-dose control? * Will the therapeutic effects be rapid and sustained over a 6-month period? Researchers will compare patients receiving two escalating doses of psilocybin (15mg followed by 25mg) against those receiving two low doses (1mg) to see if the higher doses lead to greater improvements in depression, anxiety, demoralization, and quality of life. Participants will: * Attend three preparation sessions with psychotherapists (1-2 hours each) * Undergo two supervised psilocybin dosing sessions (6-8 hours each) * Complete five integration therapy sessions following the dosing sessions * Participate in follow-up assessments at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months * Have access to a digital care platform and peer support groups during the 6-month follow-up period * Optional: Control group participants may receive one high-dose psilocybin session (25mg) after the initial study period Rationale Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), or atypical and advanced Parkinsonian disorder (APD) often suffer from severe psychological distress with demoralization and death anxiety, which may culminate in to depressive disorder. Treatments of depression in palliative care currently involves psychotherapy and/or the use of antidepressants. However, these treatments have shown limited efficacy which urgently calls for new and innovative approaches. In recent years, a number of studies have shown very promising results of psilocybin therapy in alleviating psychological distress in patients with advanced cancer. The current study (PsyPal) aims to evaluate whether psilocybin therapy can also lead to rapid and sustained decreases in depressive symptoms, demoralization and other facets of psychological distress in patients who suffer from COPD, ALS, MS and APD. Objective The primary objective of the PsyPal study is to assess the safety and efficacy of psilocybin therapy compared to low-dose control in reducing depressive symptoms in patients with COPD, ALS, MS, or APD. Secondary objectives of PsyPal are to assess change in clinical functioning, end-of-life anxiety, psychological/existential distress, health-related quality of life, and how it impacts caregiver 's health- and economic burden. The safety objective of PsyPal is to evaluate the difference in adverse events between high and low dose groups before, during and after the dosing session. Exploratory objectives include the investigation of psychological mechanism, subjective effects, biomarkers (EEG and blood-based), cost-effectiveness, and the usefulness of a digital care platform, with a mixed methods approach. Main trial endpoints The main trial endpoint for PsyPal is the change in depression severity from baseline to 6 weeks after the second dose of psilocybin (high dose session). Adverse events and change in depression symptoms will also be assessed at 3- and 6-month follow-up to determine the safety and sustained effects of psilocybin therapy. Secondary trial endpoints Secondary trial endpoints will be assessed at baseline and 6 weeks after the second dose of psilocybin. These include response rate, anxiety, demoralization, health-related quality of life, experiential avoidance, coping with illness, death anxiety, the wish to hasten death, self-compassion, spirituality, attachment, pain, healthcare resource use, blood-based biomarkers, and functional brain changes. Some secondary endpoints will also be assessed at the 3- and 6-month follow-up, including anxiety, demoralization, health-related quality of life, experiential avoidance, and coping with illness. These endpoints aim to improve our understanding of the effects of psilocybin therapy, how psilocybin therapy works, and to see which patients show the best response. Finally, changes in (religious/spiritual) beliefs/understandings and the experience(s) with psilocybin therapy will be assessed through in-depth qualitative interviews with patients that are conducted 6 weeks after the second dose of psilocybin. Trial design PsyPal trial consists of a double-blind randomized low-dose controlled clinical trial with long term follow-up. Patients who are enrolled in the trial will be actively participating for ten weeks. After the primary endpoint, patients who received a low dose of psilocybin (1 mg) will be offered an optional single open label high-dose of psilocybin (25mg) together with three integration sessions. During long-term follow-up, patients will have access to a digital care platform and peer support groups. Trial population The trial population in PsyPal consists of patients with COPD, ALS, MS, or APD and co-morbid depression. The main further inclusion criteria for participation are an age of 18 or higher, having an identified caregiver or support person, and a life expectancy of at least 6 months. The main exclusion criteria are current use of antipsychotic drugs, suicidal ideations, schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, bipolar I/II disorder, other major neurological conditions, cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, and/or moderate to severe hepatic impairment (i.e., liver failure). Other exclusion criteria are a first-degree relative on the schizophrenia spectrum, other psychotic disorders, or bipolar I disorder. Interventions Patients will receive psilocybin therapy consisting of three phases; 1) preparation, 2) dosing, and 3) integration: Preparation - The preparation phase consists of three psychotherapy sessions of 1-2 hours each. The purpose of these sessions is threefold: to build a therapeutic alliance between the patient and the therapist, to make a psychotherapeutic treatment plan for the patient using a process-based approach, and to educate patients about psilocybin's acute effects and how patients and therapists together can handle difficult experiences during the dosing sessions. Dosing - The dosing phase of PsyPal starts 1-3 days after the last preparation session. It consists of two escalating dosing sessions of 6-8 hours each. The patient first receives a moderate dose of psilocybin (15mg). Two weeks later, the patient receives a high dose of psilocybin (25mg). Patients in the control group will receive two doses of psilocybin (1mg). All dosing sessions take place under supervision of two trained therapists within a treatment room specifically designed for psilocybin therapy and with a medical doctor on call. Integration - The integration phase consists of five psychotherapeutic sessions of 1-2 hours each. There are two integration sessions following the first dosing session and three integration sessions following the second dosing session. The integration sessions are intended for further psychotherapeutic work, including working with the experience(s) that may have emerged during dosing sessions, and clinical assessment of the patient. Central topics may include the relationship with their life-limiting illness, death, meaning, sense of purpose, personal (religious/spiritual) beliefs, (social) relationships, and conflict resolution. The patient can also share thoughts and feelings about the PsyPal trial. Long-term follow-up After the intervention, patients will be returned to regular care and followed for a period of 6 months, tracking usage of healthcare resources, the digital care platform, and peer support groups. Qualitative aspects of the intervention will be evaluated for patients, caregivers and therapists. Long-term safety data of psilocybin therapy will be collected for the four patient populations.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06782724", "keywords": "COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), MS (Multiple Sclerosis), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Atypical Parkinson Disease, Psilocybin therapy, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06782724\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3056, "title": "Characterizing Resting-State Brain Dynamics with Frequency-Resolved EEG Microstates: Parallel Analyses of Psilocybin Microdosing and Acute Inhaled DMT", "normalized_title": "characterizing resting state brain dynamics with frequency resolved eeg microstates parallel analyses of psilocybin microdosing and acute inhaled dmt", "authors": "Tarailis P, Griskova-Bulanova I.", "abstract": "Electroencephalographic (EEG) microstates provide a compact framework for characterizing the temporal organization of large-scale brain activity, yet their sensitivity to altered brain states remains insufficiently explored. In this study, we applied broadband and frequency-resolved EEG microstate analysis to resting-state EEG data from two publicly available datasets acquired under markedly different altered-state conditions: psilocybin microdosing and acute inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). The aim was to determine whether narrowband microstate analysis reveals structured alterations in resting-state brain dynamics beyond those captured by broadband analysis alone. Psilocybin microdosing was associated with relatively subtle effects, including reduced global field power and frequency-specific alterations in delta- and theta-band microstate parameters, while no significant broadband spatiotemporal changes were observed. In contrast, acute inhaled DMT was associated with broader microstate alterations spanning broadband, delta, theta, and alpha activity, indicating more extensive reorganization of temporal microstate expression. Across both datasets, a descriptive overlap was observed in the delta band, where microstate C showed increased duration and microstate D showed decreased occurrence. Given the substantial differences between datasets in dose, route of administration, temporal dynamics, and study context, these overlapping effects should be interpreted cautiously. Overall, the findings support frequency-resolved EEG microstate analysis as a useful approach for characterizing altered resting-state brain dynamics and for detecting frequency-specific effects that may be obscured in broadband summaries.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-05-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.05.05.723034", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.05.723034", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1211288\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Microdosing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1966, "title": "1020 Long-term Impact of Psilocybin Administration on Sleep-Continuity via Wearable Sensor Time-series: Preliminary-results in Post-Treatment Lyme Disease", "normalized_title": "1020 long term impact of psilocybin administration on sleep continuity via wearable sensor time series preliminary results in post treatment lyme disease", "authors": "Reid Matthew, Yaffe Abigail, Geithner Ian, Rebman Alison, Aucott John, Garcia-Romeu Albert", "abstract": "Abstract Introduction Post-treatment Lyme Disease (PTLD) is a post-infectious syndrome characterized by fatigue, hypersomnia, sleep-disturbance, musculoskeletal pain and/or cognitive difficulties. As part of an open-label pilot study of psilocybin-assisted treatment for PTLD, we explored potential for psilocybin-assisted treatment to remedy sleep-related disturbances in this population. Methods 12 participants consented to undergo continuous sleep-monitoring using a non-intrusive consumer smart-ring, throughout an 8-week treatment protocol, which included two psilocybin sessions (15mg and 25mg at weeks 4 and 6, respectively), with follow-up assessments 1, 3, and 6 months after the final psilocybin session. Sleep data were captured continuously throughout the entire study period, beginning three weeks prior to the first dosing session. We obtained nightly estimates of Total Sleep Time (TST mins), which were modeled using Bayesian structural time-series (BSTS) models. Results BSTS models indicated a cumulative reduction in total sleep time (TST) following the first psilocybin session (-613 min; 95% Credible Interval: -1216 to -33), with a high posterior probability of a causal effect (97.9%). Following the second session, the cumulative reduction was smaller (-153 min; 95% Credible Interval: -458 to 165) and accompanied by greater uncertainty. Average causal effects across the post-session windows were -32 min (95% Credible Interval: -64 to -2) after session one and -17 min (95% Credible Interval: -51 to +18) after session two. However, the credible interval for session two spanned zero, indicating reduced certainty regarding both the presence and direction of the effect relative to session one. Conclusion Findings suggest a long-term reduction in actigraphy-TST following psilocybin administration that was maximal following the first dose. This decrease in actigraphy-TST could reflect a normalization of hypersomnia and excessive sleep drive typically observed in PTLD. Future work is required to further align these findings within the conceptual framework of PTLD symptomatology by examining whether these actigraphic estimates of sleep continuity align with participant-reports of sleep quality, and daytime somnolence. Support (if any) Work was supported by the Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research with funding provided by Tim Ferriss, Matt Mullenweg, Blake Mycoskie, Craig Nerenberg, and the Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation.", "journal": "SLEEPJ", "publication_date": "2026-05-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1093/sleep/zsag091.1019", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsag091.1019", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1093/sleep/zsag091.1019\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1955, "title": "1080 Psilocybin Elicits Non-Linear Night to Night Changes in Sleep Spectral Power", "normalized_title": "1080 psilocybin elicits non linear night to night changes in sleep spectral power", "authors": "Reid Matthew, Weisman Eli, Martinez Luis Luna, Coon William, Barrett Frederick", "abstract": "Abstract Introduction Despite evidence of an acute effect of psilocybin on sleep physiology, its enduring effects beyond the period of acute administration and active metabolism remain unexplored. Within a clinical trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder comorbid with major depressive disorder, we monitored sleep for ten continuous nights (3 pre-dose | 7 post-dose) in participants (N=22) undergoing an open-label psilocybin-dosing session. Methods We obtained two frontal bipolar-derivations (AF7-FPZ & AF8-FPZ) of sleep-EEG to quantify whole-night power spectral density (PSD). Artifactual epochs (30s) were rejected automatically using our validated convolutional neural network (CNN) based sleep-state classifier (‘ezscore-f’) before deriving whole-night PSD (10·log10 μV²/Hz) in canonical bands (SWA: 0.5-2Hz, Delta2: 2-4Hz, Theta: 4-8Hz, Alpha:8-13Hz, Sigma:13-15Hz, beta:18-30Hz) from 30s-windowed multitaper spectral analyses using six orthogonal tapers. Night-to-night (N−2 to N+7) changes in PSD displayed evidence of curvilinear trajectories and were modeled through mixed-effects growth-curve models, using 3rd-degree polynomial spline terms with participant-specific random intercepts. Results Across all models, between-participant variance of random intercepts was small (mean ICC=0.66), indicating consistent baseline spectral levels. SWAPSD, ThetaPSD, and AlphaPSD showed no evidence of systematic change, with all spline terms non-significant (all p>0.15), suggesting stable dynamics across nights. In contrast, Delta2PSD showed low-order curvature, with two natural spline (ns) components reaching significance (ns1: p=0.009; ns2: p=0.042), consistent with an increase in nights following dosing followed by stabilization. SigmaPSD demonstrated a similar pattern, with a significant second-order spline component (p=0.017) and a third-order spline component approaching significance (p=0.067). BetaPSD likewise exhibited a small but detectable nonlinear fluctuation, with a significant second-order spline term (ns2: p=0.024). First-derivative estimates from fitted trajectories suggested that Delta2PSD approached its peak at night-five, and subsequently trended toward baseline, whereas SigmaPSD and BetaPSD approached local maxima on night-three, yet values remained above baseline thereafter. Conclusion While SWA, Theta, & Alpha remained stable across nights, night-to-night variability in delta2, sigma, and beta bands were observed characterized by subtle early increases that did not persist across the full observation window. Support (if any) Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Sleep Research Society (Small Research Award), Tim Ferriss, Matt Mullenweg, Blake Mycoskie, Craig Nerenberg, and the Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation.", "journal": "SLEEPJ", "publication_date": "2026-05-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1093/sleep/zsag091.1079", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsag091.1079", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1093/sleep/zsag091.1079\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Consciousness,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1950, "title": "0408 Insomnia Severity Differences by Psilocybin, LSD, and DMT Use Status Among Young Adult Daily Cannabis Consumers in the Herbal Heart Study", "normalized_title": "0408 insomnia severity differences by psilocybin lsd and dmt use status among young adult daily cannabis consumers in the herbal heart study", "authors": "Vidot Denise, Diggs Bria-Necole, Baral Amrit, Thompson Michelle, Jean-Louis Girardin", "abstract": "Abstract Introduction Psychedelic use and interest in its therapeutic potential are rapidly increasing; yet its relationship with insomnia remains poorly understood. This study aims to estimate differences in insomnia severity by type of psychedelic consumed among a cohort of 18-to-35-year olds. Methods Data are from the Herbal Heart Study - Sleep Ancillary (N=100) cannabis consumers. Psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) was self-reported. Insomnia and sleep problems were assessed via the Insomnia Severity Index: no clinical insomnia ( < 7), subthreshold clinical insomnia (8-10), moderate-severity clinical insomnia (15-21), and severe clinical insomnia (> 22). Measures were self-reported via REDCap. Chi-square tests, Fisher’s Exact tests, and independent t-tests were conducted where appropriate. Results Among daily cannabis consumers, 55.6% reported lifetime history of psychedelics, of which 42.9% reported past-year consumption. Psilocybin was the most prevalent (50.0%), followed by LSD (29.3%) and DMT (3.5%). Overall, 33.3% met criteria for subthreshold insomnia; 3.2% for moderate severity clinical insomnia; and 1.6% for severe clinical insomnia. There were differential associations between insomnia and psychedelic types (p< 0.05). LSD: 17.7% had moderate-to-severe-clinical-insomnia vs. 0.0% of non-LSD, p=0.006); DMT: 50.0% had moderate-to-severe-clinical-insomnia vs. 3.6% of non-DMT (p= 0.004); Psilocybin: 10.3% had moderate-to-severe-clinical-insomnia vs. 0.0% of non-psilocybin (p=0.07). Sleep problems interfered with daily functioning more frequently among LSD consumers (16.6%) than non-LSD consumers (2.8%, p=0.01). There were no differences consuming cannabis for sleep (p=0.70), or demographics [age: 26.9y (SD: 4.56) vs. 27.2y (SD: 5.56), p= 0.81, sex: 60.0% vs 60.7% female, p=0.95; or ethnicity: 68.6% vs. 57.1% Hispanic/Latino, p=0.26] by psychedelic use. Conclusion LSD and DMT were associated with clinical insomnia; and LSD consumers reported greater sleep problem interference in daily functioning. Longitudinal studies are warranted to evaluate causal effects and long-term sleep outcomes. Given the high burden of insomnia in this population, understanding psychedelic-specific associations with insomnia is essential for clinical and harm-reduction guidelines. Support (if any) R01HL153467 (Vidot); T37MD008647 (Diggs); T32 DA007292 (Baral).", "journal": "SLEEPJ", "publication_date": "2026-05-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1093/sleep/zsag091.0408", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsag091.0408", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1093/sleep/zsag091.0408\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1946, "title": "Neural correlates of insight on psilocybin: a within-subjects, healthy volunteer study", "normalized_title": "neural correlates of insight on psilocybin a within subjects healthy volunteer study", "authors": "Pasquini Lorenzo, Girn Manesh, Kettner Hannes, Ostrand Avery, Allison Kate, Valtierra Christian, Lucas Will, McConnell Patrick, Miller Catriona, Griffith Sydney, Weinstein Dawn, Anderson Brian, Rosati Andrea, Mitchell Jennifer, Carhart-Harris Robin", "abstract": "", "journal": "JoCN Forum", "publication_date": "2026-05-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21428/8e6ba8ef.1db8272c", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21428/8e6ba8ef.1db8272c", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.21428/8e6ba8ef.1db8272c\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 116, "title": "Exploring new avenues: Psychedelic-assisted therapy for young people.", "normalized_title": "exploring new avenues psychedelic assisted therapy for young people", "authors": "Vamvakopoulou IA, Nicholls D, Nutt DJ, Di Simplicio M.", "abstract": "Rates of mental illness in young people are increasing, whereas the development of novel mental health treatments has not significantly progressed. Psychedelic-assisted therapy, using substances such as psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), has shown potential in the treatment of mental illnesses in the adult population, including depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Interest has been growing around the potential use of psychedelic-assisted therapy to treat mental illness in adolescents. We present here a comprehensive review of all research focusing on children and young people, from experimental research of the 50s to observational and retrospective research focusing on traditional and Western non-medical use. The limited available research so far suggests that psychedelics appear to be safe overall and may have the potential to improve mental wellbeing in young people. However, young people may be at more risk of experiencing anxiety, challenging experiences and ego dissolution, but more thorough clinical research is warranted. Moving forward, we suggest that psychedelic-assisted therapy for young people should be administered within a rigorous ethical framework, where education of both the young people and their families is incorporated. Family involvement should be considered as part of the therapeutic framework. Lastly, avenues within the psychedelic space should be considered for young people, like the use of lower doses (psycholytic approach), which might lower the potential risks that are seen with high doses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/bcp.70579", "pubmed_id": "42101062", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bcp.70579", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42101062\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Wellbeing,Review Article,Observational Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3496, "title": "Does Psilocybin Require Psychedelic Effects to Treat Depression? A4-Week, Double-Blind, Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial", "normalized_title": "does psilocybin require psychedelic effects to treat depression a4 week double blind proof of concept randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Centre for Addiction and Mental Health", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the chemical component of \"magic mushrooms\", has been administered with psychotherapy in several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) showing large and sustained antidepressant effects. In healthy volunteers, the psychedelic effects of psilocybin have been shown to be blocked by administration of serotonin (5HT)2A receptor antagonists such as risperidone. The purpose of this \"double dummy\" proof-of-concept trial is to evaluate whether psilocybin's antidepressant effects are dependent on its psychedelic effects. Sixty participants with treatment-resistant depression will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) Psilocybin 25 mg plus risperidone 1 mg; 2) Psilocybin 25 mg plus placebo; and 3) Placebo plus risperidone 1 mg. The investigator's hypothesize that the combination of psilocybin and risperidone will be well tolerated, safe, and will block the psychedelic effects of psilocybin in patients diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression. This study is a three-arm, 4-week, double blind, proof-of concept RCT for investigating psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) administered with risperidone in treating TRD. This three-arm \"double dummy\" design allows for an assessment of risperidone's anti-psychedelic effects, while allowing for an assessment of psilocybin's antidepressant effects alone and combined with risperidone, compared to an \"active placebo\" (i.e. placebo plus risperidone 1 mg). Overview of Study Design: A study team member will obtain informed consent from interested participants prior to study activities being initiated. Following this, participants will undergo a screening assessment where they will complete lab tests, and clinical and psychiatric assessments to determine eligibility. Following the screening visit, eligible participants will undergo a washout period where they will be tapered off concomitant medication over a period of 4 to 6 weeks. The length of the tapering period will depend on the type of medication the participant is being tapered off (based on the half-life of the medication) and the participant's preference for the length of the tapering period. Most medications will require a minimum of a 2-week tapering period before the baseline, with the exception of fluoxetine, which will require a minimum of 4-weeks. Additional time may be added at the discretion of the study investigator. During the tapering period, the study psychiatrist will see participants weekly (V1a, V1b, etc.) for at least 4 weeks to monitor for withdrawal and worsening of depressive symptoms and suicidality. Suicidality will be closely monitored using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Participants and their family members/carers will be educated on the signs and symptoms of worsening depression and suicidality and will be given contact details of the study team in case of major decline in mental state. At the Baseline visit (V2), which occurs the day before the dosing session, participants will complete clinical measures, and undergo a preparatory session (up to 4 hours) with the study therapists. These sessions will build a therapeutic alliance, provide psychoeducation about, and set intentions for, the psilocybin session. To reduce participant burden, baseline can be broken up into multiple days, however all assessments must be completed within 7-days of the intervention. Ideally, baseline occurs the day before the intervention is administered. The psilocybin session (Day 0 \\[V3\\]) will last 5 to 6 hours and will be conducted in the existing psychedelic treatment suite developed at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Mood Disorder Service by Dr. Husain (PI). Two trained study therapists will be supporting each participant during the dosing session. Participants will receive psilocybin 25 mg plus risperidone 1 mg, or psilocybin 25 mg plus placebo, or placebo plus risperidone 1 mg. All participants will receive 10 hours of manualized supportive psychotherapy (which includes the 5-6 hour dosing session). After 5 hours of dose administration, participants will be evaluated for safety by the study psychiatrist and discharged home in the company of a caregiver or a family member. After the dosing session, participants will be seen for two 1-hour integration sessions (Day 1 \\[V4\\], Week 1 \\[V5\\]). Thereafter, participants will be followed-up after 2 \\[V6\\], 3 \\[V7\\] and 4 weeks \\[V8\\] post-dosing (see Figure 1). A study psychiatrist will be available throughout the duration of the RCT to respond to any concerns or changes in mental/physical state. Participants will not start other interventions for MDD during the study.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05710237", "keywords": "Treatment-resistant Depression, Psilocybin 25 mg, Risperidone 1 MG, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05710237\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1947, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in Depressive Disorders: Efficacy, Safety, and Persistence of Clinical Effects - A Narrative Review", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy in depressive disorders efficacy safety and persistence of clinical effects a narrative review", "authors": "Zachar Kinga, Sito Maksymilian, Jurkowski Filip, Wójcik Łukasz, Gawron Natalia, Bojanowski Hubert Tomasz, Dobracka Aleksandra, Marczak Zuzanna, Jarowicz Monika, Czmyr Jędrzej", "abstract": "Introduction and purpose: Depressive disorders, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD), remain major causes of disability worldwide. Conventional treatments are limited by delayed onset, incomplete response, relapse, and adverse effects. This review summarizes current evidence on the efficacy, safety, and durability of psilocybin-assisted therapy in depressive disorders. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Evidence from randomized trials, open-label studies, follow-up analyses, and meta-analyses indicates that psilocybin-assisted therapy can produce rapid reductions in depressive symptoms, often within days, in carefully selected patients treated in controlled settings. Short-term benefits have been reported in both MDD and TRD, although findings in TRD are less consistent. In a head-to-head trial, psilocybin was not superior to escitalopram on the primary endpoint, while several secondary outcomes favored psilocybin. Follow-up studies suggest that benefits may persist for weeks to months, but longer-term evidence remains limited and heterogeneous. Under supervision, psilocybin was generally well tolerated, with mostly transient adverse effects, including anxiety, nausea, headache, dizziness, and brief cardiovascular activation. Summary: Psilocybin-assisted therapy appears to be a promising investigational approach for depressive disorders, with rapid onset and possible medium-term benefit in some patients. However, the evidence base remains limited by small samples, heterogeneous designs, restricted comparative data, and delivery in specialized settings. Larger and longer-term studies are needed to clarify comparative efficacy, durability, long-term safety, and feasibility in routine clinical practice.", "journal": "Journal of Education, Health and Sport", "publication_date": "2026-05-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.12775/jehs.2026.91.70672", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2026.91.70672", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.12775/jehs.2026.91.70672\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 118, "title": "Magic mushroom compound shows promise against cocaine addiction.", "normalized_title": "magic mushroom compound shows promise against cocaine addiction", "authors": "Nuwer R", "abstract": "Small study that prioritized Black and low-income participants yields \"remarkable\" results.", "journal": "Science (New York, N.Y.)", "publication_date": "2026-05-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1126/science.aei6155", "pubmed_id": "42096564", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42096564/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:12", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42096564\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 117, "title": "The magic of mushrooms: psilocybin influences behavior in the mangrove rivulus fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus.", "normalized_title": "the magic of mushrooms psilocybin influences behavior in the mangrove rivulus fish kryptolebias marmoratus", "authors": "Forsyth D, Faraone N, Lamarre SG, Currie S.", "abstract": "Non-human models, including fish, are increasingly important for investigating how pharmacological agents such as hallucinogens influence behavior, physiology, and cellular processes. These models help to reveal underlying mechanisms and to support assessments of toxicological impact, efficacy, and safety. In this study, we used isogenic lineages of the amphibious mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus), an emerging model fish known for high activity and socially dynamic interactions. This species often display aggression towards conspecifics making it well-suited to study behavioral effects of low doses of the psychoactive compound, psilocybin. We determined whether psilocybin could induce calming effects and reduce social aggression and activity. We socially stimulated fish using pairs of size-matched fish from different isogenic lineages and compared baseline social behavior following a waterborne dose of psilocybin. Waterborne psilocybin treatment resulted in a significant decrease in activity levels and in the frequency of swimming bursts (an aggressive behavior) towards a conspecific fish from a different lineage, with modest alterations on other behaviors. Our results also revealed considerable intraspecific variation in the behavioral response of these homozygous fish, suggesting the effects of psilocybin were largely independent of genotype. This study demonstrates that psilocybin reduces aggression and activity in an emerging fish model, adding to the evidence supporting its potential as a therapeutic agent for future clinical translation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1767175", "pubmed_id": "42182826", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1767175", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42182826\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3620, "title": "A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of up to Two Doses of Psilocybin for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in Adults With Cancer", "normalized_title": "a phase 2 randomized double blind placebo controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of up to two doses of psilocybin for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults with cancer", "authors": "Sunstone Medical", "abstract": "This is a Phase 2, single-center study to explore the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of up to two 25-mg doses of psilocybin administered at an interval of 9 to 10 weeks in patients with MDD and cancer. This two-part study will administer a fixed dose (25 mg) of psilocybin in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled portion (Dosing Session 1) and subsequently allow rollover into an open-label portion (Dosing Session 2; fixed dose of psilocybin, 25 mg) for patients who do not achieve remission of MDD symptoms after the first dose. In Dosing Session 1, groups of two to four patients will be randomized, as a cohort, to receive either psilocybin 25 mg or niacin 100 mg (active placebo) in a group session, with each patient supported by their dedicated study therapist and monitored by a second therapist via video feed. In Dosing Session 2, all eligible participants (i.e., patients who have not achieved remission defined as MADRS \\< 10 at V7) will receive psilocybin 25 mg in an open-label fashion using the group session model. The study population will include adult men and women who are 18 years of age or older and have diagnoses of both MDD and a malignant neoplasm. MDD is defined as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria for a single or recurrent episode of MDD without psychotic features. A diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm is defined as having a diagnostic code from C00 to C97 according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10). Participants will be recruited through referrals from specialized psychiatric and oncology services as well as through patient self-referrals. The majority of participants will have no prior exposure to psilocybin or so-called \"magic mushrooms\"; however, participants with prior recreational experience with psilocybin or \"magic mushrooms\" are eligible.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05947383", "keywords": "Cancer, Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, Placebo, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05947383\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3613, "title": "Induction Protocol for Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD): A Pilot Study", "normalized_title": "induction protocol for psilocybin assisted therapy in treatment resistant depression trd a pilot study", "authors": "University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to test how well psilocybin-assisted therapy works in treating people with depression. The main questions this study aims to answer are: * Does psilocybin with assisted therapy help improve symptoms for people with depression? * How long do the effects of this treatment last? Participants will: * Take part in a couple of screening and preparation visits. * Be given psilocybin in one or two treatment sessions. * Attend a series of follow-up sessions over the following year. * Complete forms and surveys to test how their symptoms have changed and what they thought of their experience. Researchers will also compare whether one treatment or two treatments help improve symptoms more for participants. Major depressive disorder (MDD) ranks fourth in global disease burden and has significant morbidity, mortality, societal and financial costs. However, few adequate and effective treatments exist with 60% of MDD patients not responding sufficiently to an initial oral antidepressant treatment. These patients who experience treatment resistant depression (TRD), defined as an intolerance or lack of response to two antidepressants of different classes, have limited treatment options beyond the antidepressant treatments that often yield insufficient results or relapse. Psilocybin, a novel treatment, has been found to relieve symptoms of TRD, but there are limited studies on specific dosing and long term treatment follow-up. In this study, the investigators will look closer at the effectiveness of one treatment with psilocybin versus two treatments with psilocybin, as well as the long term effectiveness over the first 12 months after treatment.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06303739", "keywords": "Refractory Depression, Treatment Resistant Depression, psilocybin, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06303739\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE3\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3536, "title": "A Phase 2 Randomized Study Examining the Safety, Feasibility, and Effectiveness of Masking Psilocybin Therapy With General Anesthesia in Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "a phase 2 randomized study examining the safety feasibility and effectiveness of masking psilocybin therapy with general anesthesia in major depressive disorder", "authors": "Stanford University", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects millions of Americans and remains difficult to treat. Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound, has shown promise for reducing depression symptoms, but a key challenge in psychedelic research is that participants can usually tell whether they received the active drug - making it hard to conduct fully blinded studies. This study (Studying Psilocybin with Anesthesia Controlled by EEG \\[SPACE\\]) tests a new approach: administering psilocybin while participants are under general anesthesia, so that the noticeable psychological effects of psilocybin are masked. This allows both participants and outcome assessors to remain unaware of whether psilocybin or placebo was given, improving the scientific rigor of the research. Participants with MDD will be randomly assigned to receive either psilocybin or placebo across four dosing sessions conducted under general anesthesia. The study will assess whether this approach is safe and feasible, and will collect early data on whether it may reduce depression symptoms. Participants will receive four dosing sessions spaced one week apart. Each session involves taking an oral capsule containing either psilocybin (10 mg or 25 mg) or placebo, followed by general anesthesia with propofol. All sessions take place at Stanford Hospital under the supervision of a board-certified anesthesiologist. Between and after sessions, participants complete questionnaires about mood, sleep, wellbeing, and anxiety. Participants may also wear a consumer-grade EEG headband at home to track sleep patterns. The total study duration per participant is approximately 7 weeks, across around 25 visits, most of which are conducted remotely. Psilocybin is not FDA-approved and is administered under an FDA Investigational New Drug (IND) authorization for research purposes only.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07479550", "keywords": "Major Depression, Psilocybin (Usona Institute), Propofol, Placebo, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07479550\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3501, "title": "An Exploratory Pilot Study of Palliadelic Treatment to Reduce Psychological Distress in People With Pancreatobiliary and Other Advanced Gastrointestinal Cancers", "normalized_title": "an exploratory pilot study of palliadelic treatment to reduce psychological distress in people with pancreatobiliary and other advanced gastrointestinal cancers", "authors": "University of Nebraska", "abstract": "The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the ability to recruit and retain participants, and to successfully conduct a psilocybin-based protocol, for a study of the treatment of distress related to stage IV or inoperable gastrointestinal cancers. Secondary objectives include pre/post, and longitudinal measurement of distress in intervention participants and a paired family member who is in an observational arm. Participants with stage IV or inoperable gastrointestinal cancers are eligible for intervention, paired family member recruited for observational arm. Following preparatory sessions in outpatient palliative care clinic or by telehealth (2-4 sessions lasting 60-90 minutes each), psilocybin will be administered as a 25mg capsule during an 8-hour monitored session. Integration sessions (2-3 sessions lasting up to 90 minutes each) will take place in the outpatient palliative care clinic or by phone or tele-heath. Primary and secondary objectives are complete at one-week post treatment, longitudinal exploratory measures collected up to 12 months post baseline. Parallel assessment of health care utilization, including choices regarding anti-cancer treatment and resource utilization, and family member distress, family communication, well-being and bereavement will be conducted at concurrent time points.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05220046", "keywords": "Pancreas Cancer, Biliary Tract Cancer, Psychological Distress, Gastrointestinal Cancer, Psilocybin, mushroom, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05220046\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 119, "title": "Human brain changes after first psilocybin use.", "normalized_title": "human brain changes after first psilocybin use", "authors": "Lyons T, Spriggs M, Kerkelä L, Rosas FE, Roseman L, Mediano PAM, Timmermann C, Oestreich L, Pagni BA, Zeifman RJ, Hampshire A, Trender W, Douglass HM, Girn M, Godfrey K, Kettner H, Sharif F, Espasiano L, Gazzaley A, Wall MB, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have robust effects on acute brain function and long-term behavior but whether they also cause enduring functional and anatomical brain changes is largely unknown. In an exploratory, placebo-controlled, within-subjects, electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in 28 healthy, entirely psychedelic-naive participants, anatomical and functional brain changes are detected from one-hour to one-month after a single high-dose (25 mg) of psilocybin. Increases in cognitive flexibility, psychological insight, and well-being are seen at one-month. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) done before and one-month after 25 mg psilocybin reveals decreased axial diffusivity bilaterally in prefrontal-subcortical tracts that correlate with decreases in brain network modularity (fMRI) over the same month. Enduring functional brain changes are largely absent, but network modularity change (numerical decrease) negatively correlates with well-being change (significant increase), in line with previous findings in depression. Increased cortical signal entropy (EEG) at 1- and 2-hours post-dosing predicts improved psychological well-being at one-month. Next-day psychological insight mediates the entropy to well-being relationship. All effects are exclusive to 25 mg psilocybin; no effects occur with a 1 mg psilocybin placebo.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-026-71962-3", "pubmed_id": "42086570", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71962-3", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Electroencephalography, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Psilocybin, Psychological Well-Being, Cognitive Flexibility", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42086570\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3577, "title": "A One-Year Observational Follow-up Study of Participants With Major Depressive Disorder Following a Randomized, Double-Blind Single-Dose of Psilocybin or Niacin-Control", "normalized_title": "a one year observational follow up study of participants with major depressive disorder following a randomized double blind single dose of psilocybin or niacin control", "authors": "Usona Institute", "abstract": "This is a Phase 2 double-blind, long-term observational follow-up study of participants from Study PSIL201. Participants providing informed consent were enrolled into this study and completed web surveys and telephone interviews conducted by one central site at the following time intervals: months 3 and 6 (± 7 days for each assessment) and months 10 and 12 (± 14 days for each assessment).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04353921", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, No intervention will be administered as part of this study., TERMINATED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04353921\",\"overall_status\":\"TERMINATED\",\"phase\":[]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3559, "title": "A Phase 2 Sequential Dose-Finding Study of Preparation for Group Retreat Psilocybin Therapy for Healthcare Clinicians With Loss of Meaning in Their Work and Symptoms of Depression", "normalized_title": "a phase 2 sequential dose finding study of preparation for group retreat psilocybin therapy for healthcare clinicians with loss of meaning in their work and symptoms of depression", "authors": "University of Washington", "abstract": "In this single-arm Phase 2 study, the researchers are assessing the feasibility of the group retreat format for clinicians and explores different 'doses' of preparation. A sequential dose-escalation design is used. The study will recruit healthcare clinicians (physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants) aged 25-70 years currently in clinical practice with moderate or greater symptoms of depression and loss of meaning during the past 5 years. Each participant will be in a group cohort of 8, and 3 cohorts will be tested at each dose level. The objectives are safety, feasibility, mechanism testing, and outcomes. This is a single-arm study that examines the feasibility of the group retreat format for clinicians and explores different 'doses' of preparation. Population: Healthcare clinicians (physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants) aged 25-70 years currently in clinical practice with moderate or greater symptoms of depression (PHQ-9 ≥10) and loss of meaning during the past 5 years. Study Design: Phase 2, non-randomized, sequential cohort dose-escalation study examining the optimal number of preparation sessions for group retreat psilocybin therapy. Three cohorts will receive different \"doses\" of preparation: Cohort 1 receives 7 total preparation sessions (6 virtual + 1 in-person), Cohort 2 receives 4 total preparation sessions (3 virtual + 1 in-person), and Cohort 3 receives 2 total preparation sessions (1 virtual + 1 in-person). Each cohort includes 3 retreats with 8 participants per retreat. Sample Size: 72 participants total (24 per cohort, distributed across 3 retreats of 8 participants each) Study Duration: 18-24 months from enrollment of first participant to completion of final data analysis. Individual participant involvement spans approximately 8-10 months including 6-month post-retreat follow-up. Primary Objectives: (1) Safety: Assess incidence and severity of challenging experiences and adverse events across preparation dose levels using the Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), adverse event monitoring, and psychiatric symptom scales (PHQ-9, GAD-7, C-SSRS). (2) Feasibility: Determine completion rates for preparation sessions at each dose level. Secondary Objectives: (1) Mechanism Testing: Examine relationship between preparation dose, group cohesion, and challenging experiences. (2) Clinical Outcomes: Explore effects on depression and burnout for future power calculations. (3) Participant Preference: Assess participant-reported optimal preparation length. Summary: Psilocybin therapy has demonstrated promising efficacy for symptoms of depression related to frontline work during the COVID pandemic for clinicians. The group retreat format offers potential advantages over individual treatment, including enhanced accessibility, reduced cost per participant, and potential therapeutic benefits from group cohesion and shared experience. However, a critical unanswered question concerns the optimal number of preparation sessions. A sequential dose-finding design is appropriate because: (1) the dose-response curve for preparation sessions in group format is unknown; (2) attrition/completion rate is a critical feasibility outcome, particularly for time-constrained healthcare clinicians; (3) the design allows protocol refinement between cohorts based on emerging data; (4) this approach is more scientifically honest about genuine uncertainty regarding optimal preparation dose than premature randomization; and (5) it seeks to establish a minimum effective dose of preparation for practical feasibility and future scalability.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07565909", "keywords": "Depression, Anxiety, Psilocybin, Group Retreat Psilocybin Therapy, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07565909\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3531, "title": "Safety, Tolerability, Outcomes of Psilocybin for Depression (STOP Depression) in Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury", "normalized_title": "safety tolerability outcomes of psilocybin for depression stop depression in veterans with spinal cord injury", "authors": "James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center", "abstract": "The main goal of this study is to determine if psilocybin is safe for use in people with SCI. The study will measure how people with SCI respond to three psilocybin doses: low (5mg), medium (10mg), and high (25mg). The main question the study aims to answer is: does psilocybin increase the number and severity of adverse (bad) events reported by people with SCI? These may include pain, muscle spasms, symptoms of depression, and symptoms of low or high blood pressure. The investigators will also measure how well people with SCI tolerate the psychedelic experience, and compare responses between the low (5mg), medium (10mg), and high (25mg) doses. Participants will: * Agree to be enrolled in the study for up to 13 months. * Agree to complete the seven (7) visits that are included in the psilocybin-assisted therapy. * Agree to complete follow-up study visits, including in-person visits to the James J Peters VA Medical Center, located in the Bronx, New York and remote visits. * Agree to keep a log of how they are feeling and any change in the frequency or severity of adverse events. Background: Depression may be explained partly by decreased signaling of serotonin in the nervous system. Psilocybin, the active component of 'magic mushrooms', is a drug that activates serotonin pathways in the nervous system. Some scientists think psilocybin could help people with major depression, but it is not currently approved as a medicine in the United States. People with spinal cord injuries (SCI) often feel depressed, even more commonly than people without injuries. People with SCI have not been included in psilocybin studies. The goals of this study are first to see if psilocybin can be safely administered, and to determine if psilocybin can help improve symptoms of depression in people with SCI. Study Goals: The investigators will look at how safe psilocybin is for people with SCI, how people with SCI respond to different doses, and whether it helps reduce the severity of depression and other problems, like pain or muscle spasms. The study team will also check to see if psilocybin improves quality of life and wellbeing. The study will track these effects for a year after participants receive psilocybin. Study Plan: Thirty people with chronic SCI with a depressive disorder will be asked to join-15 with paraplegia and 15 with tetraplegia. They will be split into three groups to try different psilocybin doses: low (5mg), medium (10mg), and high (25mg). The study will take a stepwise approach to safety, but participants will not know the dose of psilocybin they receive. There will be at least 16 study visits, including medical and mental health check-ups, psilocybin assisted therapy, primary study endpoint and follow-up visits. What Will Be Measured: The study focus is to see if psilocybin is safe and tolerable in people with SCI. The study will track side effects, how people feel, and any changes in mood, pain, medication use, or body reactions. Doctors will check for problems like chest pain, high blood pressure, and changes in suicidal thoughts. The study team will also measure satisfaction with the therapy, experiences during the psilocybin sessions, and changes in depression. Why It Matters: Some people wrongly believe depression is just a normal part of living with SCI, so their depression may not be adequately treated. Also, people with SCI often can't join trials of new treatments because they have other health problems. Psilocybin could help treat depression and may improve many body functions affected by SCI if it is shown to be safe and effective.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07251491", "keywords": "Spinal Cord Injury, Depression - Major Depressive Disorder, Veteran, Psilocybin (Usona Institute), Magic Mushrooms, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07251491\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Veterans,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3516, "title": "Group Psilocybin-assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "group psilocybin assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for major depressive disorder", "authors": "University of California, Los Angeles", "abstract": "This study will seek to determine the (1) acceptability and (2) feasibility of psilocybin as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral therapy, delivered as a group treatment (G-PACBT) for major depressive disorder and (3) explore the clinical effects of G-PACBT on depressive symptoms and psychosocial functioning.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-05-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07566104", "keywords": "Depression - Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Psilocybin (drug), Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07566104\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 120, "title": "Prevalence and Reasons for Microdosing Cannabis, Psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA Among U.S. Adults.", "normalized_title": "prevalence and reasons for microdosing cannabis psilocybin lsd and mdma among u s adults", "authors": "Yang KH, Satybaldiyeva N, Kepner W, Friedman J, Ping S, Leas EC.", "abstract": "IntroductionMicrodosing involves consuming low doses of psychoactive substances, typically between 1/5th and 1/20th of a recreational dose. Despite increasing public attention to cannabis and psychedelics amid evolving drug policies, epidemiologic data on microdosing remain limited.MethodsA cross-sectional, web-based survey (Characterizing the Epidemiology of Cannabidiol Use Survey) of 1,523 U.S. adults was conducted in October-November 2023 and analyzed in 2024-2025 using the Ipsos KnowledgePanel. Participants reported lifetime microdosing of cannabis, psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Lifetime prevalence, frequency, and reasons for microdosing were assessed, along with associations with demographics, mental health, quality of life, and cannabis and psychedelic policy environments. Survey weights were applied to generate nationally representative estimates.ResultsCannabis was the most commonly microdosed substance (9.4%; 95% CI=8.0, 10.7; 24.1 million adults), followed by psilocybin (5.3%; 95% CI=4.3, 6.3; 13.7 million adults), LSD (4.8%; 95% CI=3.8, 5.9; 12.4 million adults), and MDMA (2.2%; 95% CI=1.5, 2.9; 5.7 million adults). Cannabis (41.2%; 95% CI=33.3, 49.5) was primarily microdosed for medical purposes (e.g., to manage pain), whereas psilocybin (66.6%; 95% CI=56.9, 75.1), LSD (59.2%; 95% CI=46.5, 70.8), and MDMA (86.0%; 95% CI=68.8, 94.5) were more commonly microdosed for recreational purposes (e.g., to get less high). Across all substances, lifetime microdose use was more prevalent among respondents reporting poorer mental health and among those residing in jurisdictions that permitted recreational cannabis use and had decriminalized psychedelic possession.ConclusionsDespite cannabis, psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA remaining illegal at the federal level, a considerable number of U.S. adults reported having microdosed these substances in their lifetime. Microdosing was associated with poorer mental health and was more common among respondents who lived in environments with fewer restrictions on the use of cannabis and psychedelics. As policy reforms continue to expand, the prevalence of microdosing may increase, making ongoing surveillance essential for evidence-based public health responses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.amepre.2026.108381", "pubmed_id": "42092643", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2026.108381", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42092643\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Microdosing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1948, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin Treatment on Cognitive Effort Avoidance in Major Depressive Disorder and Co-Occurring Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin treatment on cognitive effort avoidance in major depressive disorder and co occurring alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Sayali Ceyda, Weisman Eli, Barrett Frederick", "abstract": "", "journal": "JoCN Forum", "publication_date": "2026-05-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21428/8e6ba8ef.31e358f9", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21428/8e6ba8ef.31e358f9", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.21428/8e6ba8ef.31e358f9\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 128, "title": "Effects of psychedelic use on authoritarian attitudes revisited.", "normalized_title": "effects of psychedelic use on authoritarian attitudes revisited", "authors": "Simonsson O, Lyons T, Marks J, Kettner H, Roseman L, Haijen E, Kaelen M, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "BackgroundPrevious research suggests that psychedelics may, under certain conditions, decrease authoritarian attitudes, but larger and more rigorously designed studies are needed to confirm these findings.AimsWe aimed to examine the effects of psychedelic use on authoritarian attitudes.MethodsUsing data from three separate studies with different designs and populations, we investigated the relationship between psychedelic use and authoritarian attitudes. Study 1 was a naturalistic observational study with participants who planned to use psychedelics at their own initiative, Study 2 was a single-arm study with healthy volunteers who received psilocybin, and Study 3 was a randomized, controlled trial with patients diagnosed with depression who received psilocybin or escitalopram.ResultsAcross the three studies, results showed no significant changes in authoritarian attitudes after psychedelic use.ConclusionsContrary to previous research, the latest evidence is not compelling that psychedelic use influences authoritarian attitudes in a reliable direction. Future research should recruit larger and more diverse samples, collect additional context-related data, and also investigate political outcomes other than authoritarian attitudes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-05-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261443677", "pubmed_id": "42068187", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261443677", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42068187\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3600, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Bipolar II Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for treatment resistant depression in bipolar ii disorder a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Lakshmi N Yatham", "abstract": "This study is a 12-week (in addition to up to 30 days of screening) randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. The primary objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of single-dose psilocybin (25 mg)-assisted therapy in comparison to active placebo (1 mg micro-dose) psilocybin-assisted therapy in patients with bipolar II depression who have not responded to adequate trials with at least two first or second-line treatments for bipolar II depression (i.e. quetiapine, lithium, lamotrigine, sertraline, or venlafaxine as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy, or bupropion adjunctive therapy). The active placebo is a substance that looks identical to the study medication but contains less therapeutic ingredients, and thus is less capable of producing the transformative and meaningful aspects of psychedelic experience compared to the 25 mg dose. Participants will have a total of 11 study visits over a period of up to 16 weeks, which includes 5 therapy sessions from trained study therapists. Bipolar disorders (BD) are lifelong conditions characterized by recurrent episodes of depression and (hypo)mania. Statistics Canada data indicate over a million Canadians are affected by this illness. Bipolar II disorder is characterised by recurrent episodes of hypomania and depression and individuals with BD-II are symptomatic about 50% of the time despite treatment. The majority of this time is spent being depressed thus there is an urgent need to develop new treatments that are safe and effective. Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in mushrooms, has been noted to result in an increase in psychological well-being in healthy volunteers as well as have antidepressant effects when administered in conjunction with psychological support. Two recent open-label pilot trials of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy (PAT) in treatment-resistant depression, including BD-II participants, demonstrated high response rates and excellent tolerability, thereby providing strong justification for the current study.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06943573", "keywords": "Bipolar II Depression, psilocybin (25 mg), psilocybin 1mg micro-dose, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06943573\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE3\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Wellbeing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3537, "title": "Computationally, Electrophysiologically, and Qualitatively Characterizing Serotonergic Psychedelics; Transdiagnostic Therapeutic and Pro-Psychotic Effects", "normalized_title": "computationally electrophysiologically and qualitatively characterizing serotonergic psychedelics transdiagnostic therapeutic and pro psychotic effects", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "This is an observational study which does NOT directly administer a psychedelic substance but rather recruits participants who are already participating in another clinical trial in which they may receive a serotonergic psychedelic. The goal of this observational study is to learn how the brain's information processing changes during and following administration of serotonergic psychedelics (psilocybin, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine/DMT, Lystergic Acid Diethylamide/LSD, etc.) for people with and without mental illness receiving serotonergic psychedelics through any clinical trial at Yale University. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Do serotonergic psychedelics cause the brain to rely on new information more than previously learned information while under the influence? What about 1 day, 5-14 days, and 4-6 weeks after use? 2. Do serotonergic psychedelics cause long-lasting side-effects in how people perceive (see, hear, feel, etc.) the world and how easily people change their beliefs? 3. How does the brain's electrical activity change after using serotonergic psychedelics? How does the balance between excitation and inhibition change while under their effect? 4. Can changes in how the brain uses information predict who will benefit from a psychedelic and who will have side effects from psychedelics? Researchers will compare with people given placebos to see what changes in brain processing are unique to serotonergic psychedelics. Participants will have the opportunity to do some combination of the following: 1. Online computer assessments consisting of games and questionnaires that probe how participants think. 2. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) or electroencephalography (EEG) with eyes closed and with repeated clicks, images, or sensations delivered. 3. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. 4. Semi-structured qualitative interviews about their experience after taking a serotonergic psychedelic recorded via Zoom. Mounting evidence suggests that serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; eg. psilocybin, LSD) reduce symptoms across many mental illnesses with rapid, sustained effects from single interventions. They also cause persisting, positive effects in the general population and those without mental illness. This improved wellness comes at the cost of acute psychosis-like effects, that sometimes persist in weakened forms or, rarely, as prolonged episodes of psychosis. Understanding the mechanism underlying these dual effects may help maximize therapeutic effect and minimize unwanted outcomes. The reason SPs cause therapeutic change and also cause psychotic-like effects regardless of whether one has a mental illness may be because they alter the basic machinery that the brain uses to process all information. SPs seem to shift processing-in both how we perceive (seeing, hearing, etc.) and learn-to rely more on new, incoming information over previously learned information. Essentially, SPs shift the brain into an extreme learning mode that allows it to modify harmful thought patterns associated with many mental illnesses, but that may also be similar to the brain states of early psychosis. Participants in this study will opt-in to complete various measures to be completed before, during, and after being administered a serotonergic psychedelic through a clinical trial at Yale University. How participant's brains process information will be assessed by: 1. Playing 3-4 computer games that measure how people see, hear, and learn. These will be completed 1-30 days before receiving the serotonergic psychedelic, the day they receive the serotonergic psychedelic (once psychologically acceptable and permitted by relevant trial researchers), the day after, 5-14 days after, and 4-6 weeks after. 2. MEG or EEG to measure the brain activity responsible for representing new vs. old information-and structural MRI to determine where the activity is coming from. The MEG/EEG will be done the day before, day of, and day after administration of the serotonergic psychedelic. The MRI can be done before, after, or during the trial. They behaviors that accompany these changes will be assessed by: 1. Validated, online questionnaires at the same time points as the computer games. 2. Semi-structured interviews about what participants' day-to-day experiences are like and how they have changed after taking a serotonergic psychedelic. These may be done 2-5 days after using a psychedelic, or at the same time that clinical trial staff do their interviews. Participants participating in a trial with single-arm placebo-controlled study design that includes a placebo arm may only complete these measures around a placebo administration. Those in a trial with a crossover design may complete these measures twice (except for day 1-30 and 4-6 week time points). Those opting to complete open-label administrations after study completion may complete relevant time points. The primary objectives are to: 1. Investigate how serotonergic psychedelics change brain reliance on new vs. old information in perception and belief-updating while under the influence. 2. Investigate how serotonergic psychedelic change brain reliance on new vs. old information in perception and belief updating at short and long-term follow-up. 3. Investigate whether serotonergic psychedelics cause side effects in people's perception, attention, and belief updating that are both healthy and psychosis-like. 4. Investigate how serotonergic psychedelics acutely alter excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance in the brain. 5. Investigate whether there are any persisting changes in resting state EEG power or E/I balance. The secondary objectives are to: 1. Investigate whether changes in brain information processing can explain therapeutic effects of serotonergic psychedelics. 2. Investigate whether changes in brain information processing can predict who will respond positively to serotonergic psychedelics. 3. Investigate whether changes in brain information processing can explain psychotic-like side effects of serotonergic psychedelics. 4. Investigate whether changes in brain information processing can predict who will have stronger psychotic-like side effects from serotonergic psychedelics. 5. Investigate whether acute or persisting changes in E/I balance predict therapeutic or psychotic effects of serotonergic psychedelics.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06624137", "keywords": "OCD, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), Healthy Volunteer, Migraine, PTSD, PTSD - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Addiction, Tobacco Use Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Opioid Use Disorder, Serotonergic Psychedelic, Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06624137\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Headache / Migraine,Brain Imaging,Aging,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3004, "title": "Sa1731 A PILOT STUDY OF OPEN-LABEL PSILOCYBIN-ASSISTED THERAPY IN TREATMENT-REFRACTORY IBS", "normalized_title": "sa1731 a pilot study of open label psilocybin assisted therapy in treatment refractory ibs", "authors": "Mauney Erin, Zambrano Juliana, Clukey Jenna, Burton-Murray Helen, Datko Michael, Napadow Vitaly, Kuo Braden, King Franklin", "abstract": "", "journal": "Gastrointestinal Endoscopy", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/s0016-5107(26)04363-4", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(26)04363-4", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/s0016-5107(26)04363-4\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2002, "title": "Sex-Specific Effects of Psilocin on Paraventricular Nucleus of the Thalamus (PVT) Circuitry and Threat Responding Behavior in Male and Female Rats", "normalized_title": "sex specific effects of psilocin on paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus pvt circuitry and threat responding behavior in male and female rats", "authors": "Herman Melissa", "abstract": "", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.055", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.055", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.055\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1967, "title": "Prohedonic Effects of Psilocybin (COMP360) in a Touchscreen-Based Rodent Probabilistic Reward Task (Abstract ID: 227883)", "normalized_title": "prohedonic effects of psilocybin comp360 in a touchscreen based rodent probabilistic reward task abstract id 227883", "authors": "LaMalfa Kayleigh, Pizzagalli Diego A., Bergman Jack, Thomas Christopher W., Kangas Brian", "abstract": "", "journal": "The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104267", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104267", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104267\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1965, "title": "Acute Effects of 4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) Compared With Psilocybin and MDMA in Healthy Participants", "normalized_title": "acute effects of 4 bromo 2 5 dimethoxyphenethylamine 2c b compared with psilocybin and mdma in healthy participants", "authors": "Holze Friederike, Arikci Denis, Thomann Jan, Rudin Deborah, Luethi Dino, Liechti Matthias E.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.056", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.056", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.056\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1964, "title": "PDE4B Inhibition and Psilocybin as Promising Approaches for Treating Methamphetamine Use Disorder: Preclinical Evidence From Rat Models (Abstract ID: 232554)", "normalized_title": "pde4b inhibition and psilocybin as promising approaches for treating methamphetamine use disorder preclinical evidence from rat models abstract id 232554", "authors": "Hayduk Sean, Stringer Amy, Zagorski Satoria, Ward Sara Jane", "abstract": "", "journal": "The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104282", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104282", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104282\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1963, "title": "Profiling the Cell-Type Specific Effects of Psilocybin in Medial Prefrontal Cortexh", "normalized_title": "profiling the cell type specific effects of psilocybin in medial prefrontal cortexh", "authors": "Schuler Heike, Zhou Delong, Savignac Chloé, Cvetkovska Vedrana, Tse Yiu-Chung, Meccia Juliet, Bzdok Danilo, Bagot Rosemary", "abstract": "", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.054", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.054", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.054\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1962, "title": "356. Psilocybin Therapy is Associated With Decreases in Markers of Mitochondrial Stress and Inflammation in an Open-Label Clinical Trial of Parkinson’s Disease", "normalized_title": "356 psilocybin therapy is associated with decreases in markers of mitochondrial stress and inflammation in an open label clinical trial of parkinson s disease", "authors": "Bradley Ellen, Kelley D Parker, Picard Martin, Szigeti Balazs, Sakai Kimberly, Fernandes Gisele, Ostrem Jill, Tanner Caroline, Finley Patrick, Ludwig Connie, Llerena Katiah, Busby Zach, McKernan Amber, Zuzuarregui Jose Rafael, Bock Meredith, Wang Aliss, Penn Andrew, Woolley Josh, O'Donovan Aoife", "abstract": "", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.590", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.590", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.590\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers,Mitochondrial Function,Clinical Trial,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1961, "title": "483. Acute Functional Brain Changes Associated With Psilocybin in Depression and Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis", "normalized_title": "483 acute functional brain changes associated with psilocybin in depression and healthy adults a systematic review and coordinate based meta analysis", "authors": "Poulin Joshua, Viulet Nic, Liu Ashley, MacIntosh Bradley J., Nestor Sean M.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.717", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.717", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.717\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1960, "title": "Pure psilocybin reduces reward-associated preference while mushroom extract shows transient exploratory effects in rats", "normalized_title": "pure psilocybin reduces reward associated preference while mushroom extract shows transient exploratory effects in rats", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": "RevSALUS - Revista Científica da Rede Académica das Ciências da Saúde da Lusofonia", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.51126/revsalus.v8isupii.46826", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.51126/revsalus.v8isupii.46826", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.51126/revsalus.v8isupii.46826\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1959, "title": "C29-12 Psilocybin Treatment Could Improve Outcomes for Age-associated Lung Diseases", "normalized_title": "c29 12 psilocybin treatment could improve outcomes for age associated lung diseases", "authors": "Hecker L, Kleinhenz J M, Coarfa C, Kato K", "abstract": "Abstract Rationale The elderly population is rapidly growing. Overwhelming epidemiologic data has demonstrated worse health outcomes with increasing age for a multitude of lung diseases (COVID being one of numerous examples). There is an increasingly urgent need for a more complete understanding of the molecular pathways and biological processes underlying aging to improve outcomes for age-associated lung diseases. Psilocybin is the psychoactive substance in psychedelic mushrooms, which has been used in > 150 clinical studies for numerous disease indications. However, the overwhelming majority of psilocybin studies have focused on its neuro/psych impacts or clinical outcomes; Few studies have evaluated its systemic impacts. It has been hypothesized that psilocybin may exert beneficial effects on aging; however, no prior studies have experimentally evaluated this. Methods Human lung fibroblasts were treated with psilocin (the active metabolite of psilocybin) throughout their replicative life span, and hallmarks of aging were evaluated. To evaluate the impact of psilocybin on aging in vivo, aged (19 month) female mice (∼60-65 human years) were treated with vehicle or psychedelic-dose psilocybin via oral gavage once/month for 10 months. Survival was evaluated and bulk RNA-seq, proteomic profiling, and bioinformatic analyses were used to evaluate organ-specific function. Results Psilocin treatment led to a dose-dependent increase in cellular life extension in human lung fibroblasts (10μM - 29%; 100μM - 57%). These results were consistent with dose-dependent impacts multiple hallmarks of aging, including delayed senescence, preservation of telomere length, enhanced DNA stability, and decreased oxidative stress (associated with decreased Nox4 and increased Nrf2). In mice, psilocybin treatment led to significantly increased survival (80%), compared to vehicle (50%). Bulk RNA-seq data and bioinformatic analyses demonstrated that the lung exhibited the greatest number of rescued hallmark pathways (32 out of 50), compared to any other organ, including the brain. Further, inflammatory response was the most significantly downregulated pathway across all organs. Conclusions Our studies support the untapped potential of psilocybin beyond its neurological/psychological benefits, as we demonstrate that psilocybin influences systemic aging processes. Psilocybin may represent a “disruptive” geroprotective agent that could be used as a novel therapeutic intervention to improve age-related lung disease outcomes. This abstract is funded by: Imagine, Innovate and Impact (I3) Award from the Emory School of Medicine. This work was also funded by a grant from the Emory Woodruff Health Sciences Center for Health in Aging", "journal": "American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1093/ajrccm/aamag162.144", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ajrccm/aamag162.144", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1093/ajrccm/aamag162.144\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Aging,Telomeres,Cellular Senescence,Oxidative Stress,Animal Study,Older Adults,Proteomics,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1958, "title": "Prevalence and Correlates of Past-Year Psilocybin Use in the U.S., 2024, USA", "normalized_title": "prevalence and correlates of past year psilocybin use in the u s 2024 usa", "authors": "Yockey R. Andrew, Amis Amber, Devier Elise, Apu Aminul, Hoopsick Rachel", "abstract": "", "journal": "AJPM Focus", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.focus.2026.100518", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focus.2026.100518", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.focus.2026.100518\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1177/02698811251319457\",\"10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012\",\"10.1038/npp.2017.84\",\"10.1080/02791072.2024.2424284\",\"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108071\",\"10.12688/f1000research.2-98.v1\",\"10.1080/15563650.2025.2571299\",\"10.1080/15563650.2024.2346612\",\"10.1080/00275514.2018.1479561\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.3038\",\"10.2196/43850\",\"10.1111/add.12239\",\"10.1556/2054.2021.00166\",\"10.1002/hup.2234\",\"10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5\",\"10.1177/0269881108093587\",\"10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093548\",\"10.1056/nejmra1511480\",\"10.1177/0269881116677852\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645246\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.20230787\"],\"reference_count\":31}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1957, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin on Attentional Set-Shifting Following Chronic Unpredictable Stress in Rats (Abstract ID: 231339)", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on attentional set shifting following chronic unpredictable stress in rats abstract id 231339", "authors": "Hennessey Joseph, Mantsch John, McCorvy John", "abstract": "", "journal": "The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104291", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104291", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104291\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1956, "title": "Preclinical evaluation of psilocybin and related compounds: Inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoforms", "normalized_title": "preclinical evaluation of psilocybin and related compounds inhibition of cytochrome p450 isoforms", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": "RevSALUS - Revista Científica da Rede Académica das Ciências da Saúde da Lusofonia", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.51126/revsalus.v8isupii.46635", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.51126/revsalus.v8isupii.46635", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.51126/revsalus.v8isupii.46635\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1954, "title": "Sa1731 A PILOT STUDY OF OPEN-LABEL PSILOCYBIN-ASSISTED THERAPY IN TREATMENT-REFRACTORY IBS", "normalized_title": "sa1731 a pilot study of open label psilocybin assisted therapy in treatment refractory ibs", "authors": "Mauney Erin, Zambrano Juliana, Clukey Jenna, Burton-Murray Helen, Datko Michael, Napadow Vitaly, Kuo Braden, King Franklin", "abstract": "", "journal": "Gastroenterology", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/s0016-5085(26)04432-x", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(26)04432-x", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/s0016-5085(26)04432-x\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1953, "title": "SAT-219 Hepatic 5-HT2B receptor antagonism mediates the anti-steatotic and antifibrotic effects of psilocybin in preclinical MASH models", "normalized_title": "sat 219 hepatic 5 ht2b receptor antagonism mediates the anti steatotic and antifibrotic effects of psilocybin in preclinical mash models", "authors": "Signor Anna, Colognesi Martina, Finzi Giovanna, Gabbia Daniela, Mattarei Andrea, Comai Stefano, Pasut Gianfranco, Folli Franco, Manfredi Paolo, De Martin Sara", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Hepatology", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/s0168-8278(26)01861-1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(26)01861-1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/s0168-8278(26)01861-1\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1952, "title": "6. Open-Label Extension of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: Continued Safety and Short-Term Efficacy Signal for Drinking, Craving, and Self-Efficacy", "normalized_title": "6 open label extension of psilocybin assisted therapy in patients with alcohol use disorder continued safety and short term efficacy signal for drinking craving and self efficacy", "authors": "Pagni Broc, Ross Stephen, Kim Yuna, Bogenschutz Michael", "abstract": "", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.240", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.240", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.240\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1951, "title": "Cytochrome P450 Inhibition by Psilocybin and Psilocin: A Combined Molecular Dynamics and Enzymatic Screening Study", "normalized_title": "cytochrome p450 inhibition by psilocybin and psilocin a combined molecular dynamics and enzymatic screening study", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": "RevSALUS - Revista Científica da Rede Académica das Ciências da Saúde da Lusofonia", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.51126/revsalus.v8isupii.46839", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.51126/revsalus.v8isupii.46839", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.51126/revsalus.v8isupii.46839\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1949, "title": "Role of Psychological support in sustaining Antidepressants effects in Psilocybin - Assisted Clinical", "normalized_title": "role of psychological support in sustaining antidepressants effects in psilocybin assisted clinical", "authors": "Gupta Gyandev, Yadav Ravina", "abstract": "", "journal": "JOURNAL OF ADVANCE AND FUTURE RESEARCH", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.56975/jaafr.v4i5.509087", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.56975/jaafr.v4i5.509087", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.56975/jaafr.v4i5.509087\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 147, "title": "Predictors of therapeutic response to psychedelic-assisted therapy: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "predictors of therapeutic response to psychedelic assisted therapy a systematic review", "authors": "Viljoen G, Walter H, Bendau A, Koslowski M, Betzler F", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) has demonstrated substantial efficacy across a range of mental disorders. However, heterogeneity between patients confers differential responsiveness. This systematic review aims to explore factors which may predict therapeutic responses to PAT. A systematic search was performed from inception through to March 2024 and studies that assessed predictors of response related to the use of classic psychedelics for mental disorders were included. A total of 54 studies investigating potential predictors of treatment response to psychedelic-assisted therapy were included in the review. These studies encompassed adult populations diagnosed with substance-use disorders, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and existential distress related to life-threatening illness as well as naturalistic samples reporting psychopathological symptoms without a formally confirmed diagnosis. The most frequently reported predictor of therapeutic response was the intensity of the acute psychedelic experience, particularly mystical-type experiences (MTEs), though this was not consistent across all disorders or time points. Factors related to set, setting and dose were frequently associated with the likelihood and intensity of MTEs. The acute psychedelic experience, especially MTEs, was the most frequently reported predictor of therapeutic response. Future trials should explore a broader range of predictors, include longer-term follow-up and improve methodological consistency to strengthen the evidence base for reliable predictors of therapeutic response.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251389581", "pubmed_id": "41388888", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41388888/", "keywords": "addictive disorders, depression, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychiatric disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41388888\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 133, "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Psilocybin in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression: The EPISODE Randomized Clinical Trial.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psilocybin in treatment resistant major depression the episode randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Mertens LJ, Koslowski M, Betzler F, Brand M, Evens R, Kärtner L, Jungaberle A, Jungaberle H, Majic T, Schmitz CN, Ströhle A, Scharf D, Spangemacher M, Wolff M, Assadi Z, Bahri S, Becher L, Färber LV, Kirchen N, Kulakova E, Kunz L, Meijer A, Rohrmoser B, Wellek S, Berger MM, Gründer G.", "abstract": "ImportancePsilocybin shows promise in treating depression, although limitations of previous research warrant further research.ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy and safety of oral psilocybin, 25 mg, with adjunct psychotherapy in treatment-resistant depression (TRD).Design, setting, and participantsThis was a 2-center, triple-blinded (investigator, participant, rater), phase 2b, active placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Participants were randomized to 4 groups in ratios 2:2:1:1, receiving 2 doses 6 weeks apart (week 0, week 6) as follows: (1) placebo (nicotinamide, 100 mg) then psilocybin, 25 mg; (2) psilocybin, 5 mg, then 25 mg; and (3) psilocybin, 25 mg, then 5 mg or psilocybin, 25 mg, twice embedded in psychotherapeutic sessions. Participants aged 25 to 65 years with TRD and withdrawn from antidepressant medication were recruited predominantly from 2 outpatient settings in Germany. Study data were analyzed from April 2024 to November 2025.InterventionsOral synthetic psilocybin, 25 mg; psilocybin, 5 mg; or nicotinamide, 100 mg administered with psychotherapeutic sessions.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary end point was treatment response (≥50% reduction on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [HAMD17]) at week 6 before the second dose. Key secondary end points were response on the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and mean change from baseline on the HAMD17 and BDI-II at week 6.ResultsA total of 144 participants (mean [SD] age, 42.6 [10.8] years; 85 male [59.0%]) were randomized, and 142 were included in the primary efficacy analysis: psilocybin, 25 mg (n = 47), psilocybin, 5 mg (n = 48), and nicotinamide (n = 47). Response rates on the primary end point were 17.0% in the group receiving psilocybin, 25 mg; 12.5% in the group receiving psilocybin, 5 mg; and 10.6% in the group receiving nicotinamide. The first hierarchical comparison was nonsignificant (psilocybin, 25 mg vs nicotinamide, adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.73; 95% CI, 0.53-6.23; P =.19; 1-sided α P =.03); consequently, further formal testing was not performed. Analyses of key secondary end points (mean changes from baseline on HAMD17 and BDI-II) provided exploratory evidence of a clinically meaningful effect of psilocybin, 25 mg. Psilocybin, 25 mg, was linked to adverse events, predominantly acutely, and was associated with higher reports of suicidal ideation on dosing days (4% vs 1%-2% in comparator conditions). Two serious adverse reactions were reported after psilocybin, 25 mg, including 1 case of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder.Conclusion and relevanceIn this randomized clinical trial, psilocybin, 25 mg, with adjunct psychotherapy, was associated with a clinically meaningful reduction in depressive symptoms in individuals with TRD, although findings did not show a significant effect on the primary outcome. The treatment was well tolerated by most participants, although safety signals were observed. While overall this constituted an inconclusive trial, these results add to the existing evidence on the potential of psilocybin treatment for depression.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04670081.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.0132", "pubmed_id": "41848690", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.0132", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Double-Blind Method, Psychotherapy, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41848690\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 132, "title": "Enlightenment in a Pill-Testing the Efficacy of Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "enlightenment in a pill testing the efficacy of psilocybin", "authors": "Hudson JI, Pope HG.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.0070", "pubmed_id": "41848717", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.0070", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41848717\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 130, "title": "Trip killers: Addressing a critical knowledge gap in psychedelic research.", "normalized_title": "trip killers addressing a critical knowledge gap in psychedelic research", "authors": "O'Mahony B, Harrington C, Harkin A, Lally N", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs are increasingly under investigation as potential therapeutic agents for mental health conditions and are being increasingly used recreationally. Psychedelic use may result in an episode of intense psychological distress, commonly referred to as a \"bad trip.\" Bad trips represent a potentially volatile, erratic, and dangerous situation, which may, in extreme cases, require presentation to accident and emergency departments and psychiatric hospital admission. Managing such cases requires careful consideration, with priority given to non-pharmacological strategies. When these measures prove insufficient, an alternative approach may be necessary, one that can effectively attenuate or terminate the psychedelic state and restore psychological stability. Despite clinical relevance, there is no systematic evaluation of pharmacological interventions to terminate such experiences. This review identifies and critically appraises candidate medications with potential utility as abortive agents, including serotonin antagonists, drugs for psychosis, and select drugs for anxiety and depression. We review these agents, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, safety profiles, and applicability in acute care settings. Binding strength at the molecular level, potency to functionally block receptor-mediated effects, and lack of side effects are key considerations. We conclude by proposing a provisional framework for the pharmacologic management of adverse psychedelic experiences and highlight key priorities for future research.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261431056", "pubmed_id": "41869862", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41869862/", "keywords": "5-HT2A, LSD, antipsychotics, bad trips, psilocybin, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41869862\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 127, "title": "Psilocybin in the Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in the treatment of cocaine use disorder a randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Hendricks PS, Lappan SN, Shelton RC, Lahti AC, Cropsey KL, Johnson MW, Bradley M, Simonsson O, Davis LL, Grossman DH, Ortiz CE.", "abstract": "ImportanceCocaine use disorder is a serious public health problem and no medications have been proven effective for its treatment.ObjectiveTo evaluate psilocybin in the treatment of cocaine use disorder. It was hypothesized that psilocybin, compared with placebo, would yield a higher percentage of cocaine abstinent days, a greater likelihood of complete abstinence from cocaine, and a greater latency to first cocaine lapse through 180 days after end of treatment.Design, setting, and participantsRandomized, quadruple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial at a major medical research center in the Deep South of the US. Participants were individuals with cocaine use disorder who were motivated to quit and without significant comorbidities, recruited between May 2015 and August 2023 with data collection completed in May 2024.InterventionsParticipants were randomized (1:1) to receive a single oral dose of psilocybin (25 mg per 70 kg of body weight) or active placebo (100 mg diphenhydramine). All participants received manualized psychotherapy that incorporated cognitive-behavioral treatment approximately 1 month before and 1 month after an all-day investigational drug treatment session.Main outcomes and measuresPercentage of cocaine abstinent days, rates of complete cocaine abstinence, and time to first cocaine lapse through 180 days after end of treatment, assessed by timeline followback interview and confirmed with urinalysis. Hypotheses were formulated before data collection and analyses followed intention-to-treat principles.ResultsOf the 40 participants, 33 (82.5%) were men, the median (IQR) age was 50.0 (43.8-56.0) years, 33 (82.5%) were Black, and 7 (17.5%) were White. Most participants had lower socioeconomic status, with 26 participants (65%) having an annual income of $20 000 or less. Four participants were lost to follow-up, resulting in 36 participants who completed assessments through 180 days after end of treatment. Psilocybin recipients had a higher percentage of cocaine abstinent days (β = 28.95; 95% CI, 18.22-39.67; P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.11029", "pubmed_id": "42096204", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.11029", "keywords": "Humans, Cocaine-Related Disorders, Treatment Outcome, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42096204\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 126, "title": "Pilot Results for Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for Cocaine Use Disorder-A Critical Appraisal.", "normalized_title": "pilot results for psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for cocaine use disorder a critical appraisal", "authors": "Bonar EE.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.11042", "pubmed_id": "42096207", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.11042", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42096207\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 125, "title": "Associations between psychedelic use and migraine history in Swedish twins.", "normalized_title": "associations between psychedelic use and migraine history in swedish twins", "authors": "Simonsson O, Sun S, Wesseldijk LW, Ullén F, Osika W, Mosing MA", "abstract": "While psychedelics have shown initial promise in the treatment of migraine, experimental studies have relied on small and homogenous samples, which limit the reliability and generalizability of findings. These limitations underscore the complementary value of other research designs that leverage larger and more representative samples. This cross-sectional study included three cohorts of twins from the Swedish Twin Registry and evaluated associations between psychedelic use and migraine history. In this study, 50,726 twins answered questions related to the use of psychedelics. There were 1287 twins who reported psychedelic use, of whom 420 were monozygotic twins. While 271 twin pairs were discordant on psychedelic use, 40 twin pairs (16 male, 24 female) were discordant on both psychedelic use and migraine history. When restricting the analyses to monozygotic twins in the between-within logistic regression model, the between-pair association was significant, with pairs in which at least one twin reported psychedelic use showing lower odds of migraine history (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.50, = 0.041). The within-pair association was also significant, with twins who reported psychedelic use showing lower odds of migraine history compared to their co-twin (aOR = 0.38, = 0.008). Notably, subgroup analyses showed that these results were broadly the same when only males were included in the models, but no significant associations were observed in female-only models. The findings from this twin study suggest that psychedelics may be linked to a lower likelihood of migraine, with potential differences by sex. This warrants further investigation and highlights the importance of sex-specific analyses in future studies.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261449385", "pubmed_id": "42113558", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42113558/", "keywords": "LSD, migraine, psilocybin, psychedelics, twins", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42113558\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 124, "title": "Olanzapine for young people with anorexia nervosa: a synopsis of the main results from the OPEN open-label feasibility study.", "normalized_title": "olanzapine for young people with anorexia nervosa a synopsis of the main results from the open open label feasibility study", "authors": "Filiz ES, Stringer D, Kellermann V, Olive RR, Said O, Mutwalli H, Bektas S, Akkese MN, Ireland K, Beishon-Murley D, Khor JWT, Allman L, Kotze N, Carter B, Tyrrell-Bunge E, Rowlands K, Keeler JL, Ivin G, Simic M, Sually DS, Bentley J, Young AH, Madden S, Byford S, Landau S, Treasure J, Schmidt U, Nicholls D, Lawrence V, Himmerich H", "abstract": "In clinical practice, olanzapine is commonly used in young people with anorexia nervosa, although the underpinning evidence-base is limited. However, its efficacy, tolerability, acceptability and adherence rate, and the patients', carers' and clinicians' views of olanzapine treatment are unclear. This synopsis article summarises the methods and results of the OPEN feasibility study, overarching the findings and drawing comprehensive conclusions from a quantitative feasibility outcome paper and two qualitative research papers. The OPEN study assessed the feasibility of a future randomised controlled trial on olanzapine in young people with anorexia nervosa in an open-label, one-armed feasibility study. In this study, we aimed to include 55 patients with anorexia nervosa or atypical anorexia nervosa aged 12-24 who gained Fifty-two people were pre-screened, 35 were eligible and 20 participants were recruited and started olanzapine. Of these, 15 continued olanzapine for ≥ 16 weeks. Participants experienced, on average, a decrease in their eating disorder psychopathology, and body weight and body mass index increased during treatment with olanzapine as an adjunct to treatment as usual. Important themes derived from semi-structured qualitative interviews with young people and their parents were: moving away from the illness towards recovery, evaluating information on olanzapine, consent and trust in shared decision-making and the ambivalence around recovery. The main themes expressed by clinicians included: acknowledging the concerns of young people with anorexia nervosa and their families, prioritising person-centred care, the limited service capacity and strict study eligibility criteria. The study failed to meet the recruitment target and showed low adherence rates for treatment with olanzapine. Possible reasons for the recruitment difficulties and the low adherence rate include the high clinical workload of eating disorder services during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, the heterogeneity of eating disorder service setup across the country, and the reluctance of patients to agree to take olanzapine under the relatively restricted conditions of a clinical study. A realistic time schedule for site-preparation, recruitment, treatment and follow-up, realistic recruitment targets and easy access to medical and laboratory examinations may improve the success of future feasibility studies and randomised controlled trials in this patient group. The difficulties in conducting the OPEN study will inform the planning for future pharmacological and non-pharmacological studies in anorexia nervosa. Therefore, we developed a checklist with action points for the planning of pharmacological trials in eating disorders. Furthermore, novel pharmacological options such as typical and atypical psychedelic drugs (e.g. psilocybin and ketamine) might be more acceptable for people with anorexia nervosa as they do not have the side effect of immediate weight gain. This synopsis presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme as award number NIHR130780.", "journal": "Health technology assessment (Winchester, England)", "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3310/gjhh0812", "pubmed_id": "42116676", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42116676/", "keywords": "ADHERENCE, ANOREXIA NERVOSA, ATTRITION, FEASIBILITY, OLANZAPINE, RECRUITMENT, SIDE EFFECTS", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42116676\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 123, "title": "Short-Term and Late-Term Effects of Psilocybin on Symptoms in Major Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial.", "normalized_title": "short term and late term effects of psilocybin on symptoms in major depression a randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Yngwe H, Plavén-Sigray P, Ekman CJ, Henje E, Berglund A, Tiger M, Beckman M, Lundberg J.", "abstract": "ImportancePsilocybin has been proposed as a rapid-acting antidepressant (onset 6 weeks), but evidence from randomized clinical trials remains limited, particularly in the broader major depressive disorder (MDD) population.ObjectiveTo assess short-term and long-term antidepressant effects of psilocybin therapy in patients with MDD.Design, setting, and participantsThis double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of participants diagnosed with moderate to severe recurrent MDD was conducted at the Northern Stockholm Psychiatric Clinic between January 26, 2021, and February 19, 2024. Statistical analysis was performed from February 20, 2024, to June 20, 2025.InterventionsParticipants received a single dose of psilocybin (25 mg) or active placebo (niacin, 100 mg) and 5 psychotherapeutic support sessions during 17 days.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary end point was between-group difference in change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score from baseline to day 8. Secondary end points included MADRS scores on days 15, 42, and 365, as well as monthly self-reports (MADRS-S) of depressive symptoms, disability, quality of life, and anxiety throughout the 365-day follow-up.ResultsThe study included 35 participants (21 [60%] female; mean [SD] age, 41.0 [10.1] years) diagnosed with moderate to severe recurrent MDD, with 17 randomized to the psilocybin group and 18 to the niacin group. The study met its primary end point with a significant mean between-group difference (model estimated) in change in MADRS score on day 8 (-7.27; 95% CI, -12.89 to -1.65; P =.01) in favor of psilocybin. The between-group difference was significant also on days 15 (mean difference, -11.03; 95% CI, -16.65 to -5.42; P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.12589", "pubmed_id": "42138922", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.12589", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42138922\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 122, "title": "New Approach Methodologies and Open Access Tools Help Characterize Risks for DART, DNT, or Endocrine Effects From Exposure to Hallucinogens With Potential Pesticide Contaminants.", "normalized_title": "new approach methodologies and open access tools help characterize risks for dart dnt or endocrine effects from exposure to hallucinogens with potential pesticide contaminants", "authors": "Silva MH.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybe mushrooms (psilocybin/psilocin [PSI/PSC]) and ayahuasca (N,N-dimethyltryptamine [DMT]) are hallucinogenic serotonergic agonists. Pregnant and lactating women are frequently omitted from clinical studies; hence minimal developmental/reproductive/neurotoxicity (DART/DNT) and endocrine disruption (ED) data in humans are available. Hallucinogens contaminated with pesticides may have overlapping metabolic pathways affecting toxicity. An examination of potential adverse effects on pregnancy and development from exposure to hallucinogenic plants, hypothetically contaminated with organophosphates (OP) or organochlorines (OC), was performed using new approach methodologies (NAMs) and open access tools.MethodsCheminformatics Modules, Predicting Developmental Toxicity Potential Project, Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (TEST) using quantitative structure-activity relationships, Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program, California's Proposition 65 list, and ToxCast assays were investigated for DART/DNT and ED reported effects and/or predictions related to PSI/PSC, DMT, and sentinel pesticides (chlorpyrifos/chlorpyrifos-oxon and endosulfan). ToxCast data were inputs for Integrated Chemical Environment (ICE) PBTK adult and fetal models to generate adjusted human Administered Equivalent Doses (AdjAEDs) that were compared to regulatory dose ranges for hallucinogens and pesticides to assess model predictions.ResultsCheminformatics Modules, PregPred, and TEST-QSAR predicted that hallucinogens and pesticides have DART, DNT, and ED effects. No ToxCast data were reported for DMT and PSI was ToxCast inactive. PSC/pesticide overlapping metabolic pathways were CYP2C9 modulated by serotonin, thyroid hormones and sonic hedgehog, each associated with development. Clinical PSC and regulatory pesticide points of departure were generally within range of predicted fetal AdjAEDs.ConclusionsOpen access NAMs tools identified risks to fetal development from exposure to hallucinogens and pesticides.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/bdr2.70048", "pubmed_id": "42163018", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.70048", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Pesticides, Risk Assessment, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Pregnancy, Female, Endocrine Disruptors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42163018\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 121, "title": "Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Depression in Patients With Cancer: A Review of Mechanistic and Clinical Evidence.", "normalized_title": "pharmacotherapeutic management of depression in patients with cancer a review of mechanistic and clinical evidence", "authors": "Hajivalizadeh S, Farahmand K, Kazemzadeh K, Hajivalizadeh G, Shamabadi A.", "abstract": "BackgroundDepression is a prevalent comorbidity in cancer, yet conventional treatments show inconsistent efficacy. This review sought to provide a mechanism-based framework for managing cancer-related depression by exploring its unique pathophysiology and evaluating promising pharmacotherapies based on their alignment with these biological pathways. This narrative review synthesized evidence on promising pharmacotherapies based on their ability to target the core biological mechanisms of cancer-related depression, including pro-inflammatory cytokine activity, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity, serotonin pathway disruption via indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase activation, and glutamate excitotoxicity.Recent findingsInterventions directly targeting inflammation (e.g., celecoxib) and glutamate modulation (e.g., ketamine) demonstrated encouraging early evidence. The effect of ketamine can also be due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Atypical antidepressants, such as mirtazapine, and the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin also showed promising but preliminary benefits. In contrast, conventional selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants yielded conflicting results. Other agents, including the psychostimulant methylphenidate, showed utility for specific symptoms like fatigue.ConclusionA personalized, mechanism-informed approach targeting the core pathophysiological cascade of inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity, and glutamate excitotoxicity is essential for effectively managing depression in patients with cancer. This represents a necessary paradigm shift away from a one-size-fits-all treatment model.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/cnr2.70587", "pubmed_id": "42178235", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.70587", "keywords": "Pituitary-Adrenal System, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Humans, Neoplasms, Antidepressive Agents, Depression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42178235\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 111, "title": "Synthesis of Amines for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Using the Whole-Cell Factory Saccharomyces Cerevisae.", "normalized_title": "synthesis of amines for active pharmaceutical ingredients using the whole cell factory saccharomyces cerevisae", "authors": "Kwiatos N, Ossel S, Mutti FG.", "abstract": "Whole-cell biocatalysis offers a sustainable alternative to traditional chemical synthesis for producing pharmaceutically relevant, often chiral, amines and amino acids. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has emerged as a privileged microbial chassis due to its robustness, ease of genetic manipulation, and GRAS status. This concise review summarizes recent advances in metabolic and genetic engineering of S. cerevisiae for amine biocatalysis, focusing on strategies to overcome bottlenecks such as enzyme gene expression, cofactor regeneration, and precursor channeling. The first section covers state-of-the-art methods for engineered strain construction, including genomic editing, optimization of gene expression (copy number, promoters, terminators, codon usage), and metabolic engineering (pathway balancing, compartmentalization, cofactor supply, transport proteins, auxiliary enzymes, and enzyme targeting via signal peptides), all enhancing product yields and enabling complex amine synthesis. The central section critically discusses compound families accessible via engineered S. cerevisiae, including various amines, amino alcohols, and amino acids such as l-carnitine, ergothioneine, halogenated tryptamine, serotonin, psilocybin, spermidine, l-ornithine, and mycosporine derivatives. Bioproduction of complex alkaloids, such as tropine derivatives (hyoscyamine and scopolamine) and ergot alkaloids, is also reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are outlined, highlighting the integration of systems and synthetic biology tools to establish S. cerevisiae as a scalable platform for industrial amine production.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/cbic.202500898", "pubmed_id": "42107106", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202500898", "keywords": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Amines, Biocatalysis, Metabolic Engineering, Bulk Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42107106\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Genomics", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 103, "title": "Psilocin glucuronide in whole blood: a stable and useful biomarker of psilocybin intake.", "normalized_title": "psilocin glucuronide in whole blood a stable and useful biomarker of psilocybin intake", "authors": "Bergh MS, Bogen IL, Vevelstad M, Øiestad ÅML.", "abstract": "Detecting psilocybin use is challenging because it rapidly converts to its psychoactive metabolite psilocin, and both compounds are unstable in blood. Bufotenin, a structural isomer of psilocin, may exhibit comparable instability in blood. For reliable detection, we developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify psilocin, bufotenin, and their metabolites, psilocin glucuronide (PSG) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), in human whole blood. We prepared blood samples by protein precipitation and lipid removal filtration. Analytes were separated using a biphenyl column. The method was validated according to AAFS guidelines with LOQs of 2.4 nM for psilocin, PSG, and bufotenin, and 30 nM for 5-HIAA. We assessed analyte stability in whole blood under conditions relevant to forensic sample handling. Psilocin degraded by 46%-66% at room temperature and 66%-76% at 4°C after one day, increasing to 88%-99% and 94%-100% after three days. At -20°C, degradation slowed, with up to 51% loss after one month and ≥91% after three months. In contrast, PSG remained stable for 14 days at both room temperature and 4°C, and for at least one year at -20°C, making it a reliable biomarker of psilocybin intake. Bufotenin showed moderate stability, while 5-HIAA was unsuitable as a biomarker due to its endogenous presence. Our method enables direct quantification of PSG, offering a straightforward and accurate alternative to indirect approaches. We demonstrated the method's applicability by analyzing 23 forensic blood samples that screened positive for psilocin or PSG, with PSG quantified in nearly all cases, even when psilocin was below LOQ. These findings confirm PSG as a specific and stable biomarker of psilocybin use, and its integration into routine forensic workflows could significantly improve detection reliability.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1093/jat/bkag015", "pubmed_id": "41723823", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkag015", "keywords": "Humans, Glucuronides, Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid, Bufotenin, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Liquid, Reproducibility of Results, Substance Abuse Detection, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Limit of Detection, Biomarkers, Psilocybin, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41723823\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 151, "title": "Does Psychological Flexibility Correlate with Mystical Experiences: A Machine Learning Approach Including State of Surrender, Near-Death Experiences, and Psilocybin Consumption.", "normalized_title": "does psychological flexibility correlate with mystical experiences a machine learning approach including state of surrender near death experiences and psilocybin consumption", "authors": "Briggs D, Sease TB, Menou R, Perkins DR.", "abstract": "Mystical experiences are characterized by a profound sense of interconnectedness and transcendence of ordinary reality. These experiences can facilitate feelings of connectedness with oneself and others and have been documented as leading to significant positive changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the extent to which the four mindfulness facets of psychological flexibility (i.e., experiential acceptance, present-moment awareness, cognitive defusion, and self-as-context) were associated with self-reported mystical experiences while controlling for established covariates. Using a sample of 150 individuals recruited online, a regularized regression with an elastic net-a computationally efficient machine learning algorithm-was used to model the relationships among mystical experiences, State of Surrender, frequency of psychedelic use, near-death experiences, and facets of psychological flexibility. State of Surrender, experiential acceptance, cognitive defusion, and present-moment awareness emerged as the most robust predictors of mystical experiences. Collectively, these findings underscore the role of psychological processes, including surrender-related processes and facets of psychological flexibility, in predicting mystical experiences.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/bs16050686", "pubmed_id": "42193565", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16050686", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42193565\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Psychological Flexibility", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3509, "title": "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in Palliative Care: a Randomised, Double-blind, Active-placebo Controlled Phase II Study (LPC-Study)", "normalized_title": "lysergic acid diethylamide lsd in palliative care a randomised double blind active placebo controlled phase ii study lpc study", "authors": "University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland", "abstract": "Background: Terminally ill patients often experience significant psychosocial distress having depressed mood, death anxiety, pain, and an overall poor quality of life. Recent evidence from pilot studies suggests that serotonergic hallucinogens including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin produce significant and sustained reductions of depressive symptoms and anxiety, along with increases in quality of life, and life meaning in patients suffering from life-threatening diseases. Additionally, serotonergic hallucinogens may produce antinociceptive effects. Objective and Design: The study aims to evaluate effects of LSD on psychosocial distress in 60 patients suffering from an advanced or end-stage fatal disease with a life expectancy ≥12wks and ≤2yrs in an active placebo-controlled double-blind parallel study. Patients will be allocated in a 2:1 ratio to one of the two intervention arms receiving either two moderate to high doses of LSD (100 µg and 100 µg or 100 µg and 200 µg) as intervention and two low doses of LSD (25 µg and 25 µg) as active-placebo control.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05883540", "keywords": "Palliative Care, Pain, Anxiety, Depression, Demoralization, Psychological Distress, Quality of Life, Caregiver Burden, Fear of Death, Existential Distress, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Tartrate, LSD, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05883540\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3474, "title": "A Double-blind, Randomized Trial Examining the Preliminary Efficacy of Psilocybin Therapy for People With Chronic Low Back Pain", "normalized_title": "a double blind randomized trial examining the preliminary efficacy of psilocybin therapy for people with chronic low back pain", "authors": "Joshua Woolley, MD, PhD", "abstract": "This study evaluates whether psilocybin therapy helps patients cope with chronic low back pain more effectively. Patients may be recruited at Stanford and University of California San Francisco (UCSF), study procedures will occur at UCSF. Each participant will receive a dose of psilocybin with possibly one or more other drugs. Participants will undergo two preparation sessions, a dosing session, three integration sessions to discuss their psilocybin experience, and several follow up sessions. Chronic pain is associated with higher levels of pain-related distress, depression, emotional dysfunction, helplessness, hopelessness, and suicidality. Psilocybin is a psychoactive drug that may be well-suited to easing the psychological and emotional symptoms of distress associated with chronic pain. Previous studies testing psilocybin therapy have shown improvements on multiple behavioral and psychiatric outcomes, but it is unknown whether psilocybin therapy similarly enables patients to cope with chronic pain more effectively. The investigators will determine whether psilocybin therapy improves patients' ability to cope with chronic low back pain. If psilocybin therapy is an effective treatment in this population, its use could be incorporated into interventions for chronic low back pain and other psychological conditions.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05351541", "keywords": "Chronic Low-back Pain, Psilocybin therapy with Zolpidem and Modafinil, 4-phosphoryloxy- N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Psilocybin therapy with Zolpidem, Psilocybin therapy with Modafinil, Psilocybin therapy with Placebo, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05351541\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3041, "title": "The Ecstasy of Gold in Neurodiversity: Focus on the Use of Psychedelics in Autism Spectrum Disorder", "normalized_title": "the ecstasy of gold in neurodiversity focus on the use of psychedelics in autism spectrum disorder", "authors": "Marini S, De Berardis D.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs are serotonergic hallucinogens that can be divided into two types: naturally occurring (psilocybin, psilocin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and synthetic (LSD, MDMA, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, and ketamine). Psychedelics generally work on 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors and might be useful in cognitive enhancement, brain connectivity, neuroplasticity, and neuronal regeneration. These properties could be used in the pharmacological treatment of selected mental disorders. Autism spectrum disorders include a group of developmental disorders characterized by social communication issues, the presence of restricted interests as well as repetitive behaviors that impact the quality of life of patients and their caregivers. Currently, there are no authorized drugs for the treatment of the symptomatic features of ASD, but drugs are used for comorbid psychopathological aspects, but the efficacy and tolerability of such treatments are often questionable. Here, studies demonstrating the therapeutic utility of using psychedelic substances in autism are reported. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential of psychedelics for some aspects of symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorder.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2026-04-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202604.1998.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202604.1998.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1183908\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3222, "title": "A128-Channel Wireless Wearable Myolink (W2 Myolink): Functional Characteristics and Multidisciplinary Experiments", "normalized_title": "a128 channel wireless wearable myolink w2 myolink functional characteristics and multidisciplinary experiments", "authors": "Zajaczkowski M, Koutsoftidis S, Sheeraz M, Barsakcioglu DY, Jia T, McGeady CA, Kundu A, Pizzi M, Tatti F, Bashford J, Bhavesh P, Farina D, Drakakis E.", "abstract": "Abstract This paper presents Wireless Wearable Myolink (W2 Myolink), a high-density, battery-powered system for wireless acquisition of surface electromyography(EMG) signals, and demonstrates its practicality across diverse experimentalparadigms. The device features a compact form factor (110x70x35 mm), low weight(160 g), and continuous operation for up to 6 h. It supports low-noise (1.34 µVRMS),high-resolution (24 bit) recordings from 128 EMG channels with real-time wireless datatransmission over Wi-Fi. The capabilities of W2 Myolink have been validated througha series of experiments. Conventional EMG studies included the recording and analysisof muscle activity during various gestures and hand movements, as well as concurrentEMG-EEG measurements for the investigation of cortico-muscular coherence. Thesystem’s suitability for clinical and pathological scenarios was examined using surrogateEMG signals representative of healthy subjects and of conditions such as myopathy,neuropathy, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). More complex experimental usecases involved human-robot interaction with ISYBOT robotic arms, intraoperativeEMG monitoring during different types of surgery with and without exoskeletonassistance for the surgeon, and EMG acquisition during psychedelic experiencesinduced by psilocybin. Collectively, these results demonstrate that W2 Myolink canreliably acquire and wirelessly transmit high-quality, high-density EMG data in a broadrange of research and application contexts.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-04-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-9266175/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9266175/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1183277\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 154, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psycho-existential distress in advanced cancer: a narrative review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for psycho existential distress in advanced cancer a narrative review", "authors": "Magnani L, Ghirotto L, Fesce F, Re T, Tanzi S, Amerio A, Costanza A.", "abstract": "IntroductionThis article presents a narrative review of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a promising intervention for addressing anxiety, depression and psycho-existential distress in patients with advanced cancer. This group of disorders, often resistant to conventional treatments, significantly impacts patients' quality of life and autonomy, as well as illness trajectories. Psilocybin, when administered in high doses within a structured therapeutic framework, seems to alleviate these symptoms safely and effectively, with potential additional benefits on pain and systemic inflammation.Methods and analysisA targeted literature search was conducted across major scientific databases-including PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library and Embase-supervised by experts from various relevant disciplines to identify sources of particular importance.ResultsThe process also led to the acquisition of highly cited scientific works to compose a coherent theoretical framework through which to interpret the evidence initially collected. Emerged key themes include: the complex and treatment-resistant nature of psycho-existential disorders in cancer; the importance of set, setting and peak experiences for psilocybin efficacy, as well as the consequent therapeutic value of integrated approaches that include psychotherapy; and the methodological limitations in more recent experimental trials. The article also identifies palliative care as a uniquely appropriate context for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy.Conclusionpsilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is a compelling therapeutic option warranting further investigation through rigorous, interdisciplinary research to promote an anthropologically/ethically grounded implementation in palliative settings, even beyond the oncology field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1136/spcare-2025-005689", "pubmed_id": "41708300", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/spcare-2025-005689", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Depression, Stress, Psychological, Psychotherapy, Quality of Life, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41708300\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 152, "title": "The Harmonious Dance: A Narrative Review on Psychedelics and Music in Therapeutic Settings.", "normalized_title": "the harmonious dance a narrative review on psychedelics and music in therapeutic settings", "authors": "Wang H, Li X, Yu F, Wang X", "abstract": "The integration of psychedelics and music in therapeutic settings is gaining recognition for its potential to enhance mental health outcomes. This review synthesizes current evidence on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this synergy, focusing on receptor-level pathways (e.g., 5-HT2A receptor agonism, BDNF-TrkB signaling) and neural circuit dynamics (e.g., default mode network desynchronization, thalamo-cortical connectivity) that mediate psychedelic action and mu-sic-induced emotional processing. By examining how music, acting as a \"hidden therapist,\" ampli-fies the emotional and cognitive effects of psychedelics, we elucidate the mechanistic interplay that fosters deep psychological insights and emotional healing. Several key areas have been addressed, such as the exploration of dynamic brain activity in realistic music environments, the micro-neural mechanisms underlying basic musical elements, and the development of quantitative techniques for music therapy aimed at improving sleep quality and alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression. Psychedelics increase neural plasticity and downregulate the default mode network, allowing music to guide emotional processing and facilitate profound therapeutic breakthroughs. The synergy be-tween music and psychedelics shows promise in treating conditions such as depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and addiction. The scientific contributions of this review include providing an integrated mechanistic framework for understanding psychedelic-music interactions and identifying key neurobiological targets for future therapeutic optimization. Future research should focus on optimizing therapeutic protocols and understanding the neurobiological mecha-nisms underlying this powerful combination to ensure its safe and effective integration into main-stream mental health care.", "journal": "Current neuropharmacology", "publication_date": "2026-04-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.2174/011570159x442471260422110855", "pubmed_id": "42083530", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42083530/", "keywords": "Psychedelics, default mode network, mental health, music therapy, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42083530\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 155, "title": "Fusing Specialized Surveys of Rare Populations to Larger Surveys for Generalized Inference: Cross-Sectional Survey Study.", "normalized_title": "fusing specialized surveys of rare populations to larger surveys for generalized inference cross sectional survey study", "authors": "Rockhill KM, Bemis EA, Schow N, Olsen HA, Beekman K, Fox EJ, Monte AA, Black JC.", "abstract": "BackgroundMainstays of pharmacoepidemiology are large, representative, behavioral surveys, which focus on many drugs with few detailed behaviors. Smaller, targeted studies measure drug-specific patterns but without explicit generalizability assumptions; the evidence generated is narrow.ObjectiveIn this cross-sectional survey study, we outline an estimation framework based on data fusion and combine two surveys: a representative, anchor survey and an enriched survey about psychedelic drugs in the United States. Application of calibration weighting transports estimates from the enriched survey to the anchor survey.MethodsThe psychedelic-focused enriched survey was sampled twice from a commercial online panel of adults from April 19 to June 25, 2024, (n=2306; 40.4% female, 33.1 y median age) and January 24 to March 21, 2025 (n=2023; 39.6% female, 35.2 y median age). The anchor survey was sampled twice from a different online panel from March 13 to May 6 2024 (n=28,679 total; 2430 using psychedelics) and 14 August to 9 October 2024 (n=29,040 total; 2309 using psychedelics). Internal consistency (transport bias, the absolute difference between the weighted estimates from the anchor survey and weighted fused survey) and external validity (root-mean-square error, RMSE, of self-reported demographic, health, and substance use estimates to probability-based benchmarks) metrics were calculated. The methodology was applied to estimate reasons for using specific psychedelic drugs.ResultsWithout adjustments, the enriched surveys had lower percentages of male and White respondents, lower self-perceived health, and higher cigarette use. A total of 2048 weighting schemes were tested, with good internal consistency. Average transport biases with the final weighting scheme were: demographics, 0.09 percentage points; health characteristics, 0.35 percentage points; and substance use, 0.22 percentage points. Estimates after fusion were externally consistent with benchmarks. RMSE increased by 3.3% for demographic estimates (1.82 unweighted to 1.88 weighted); larger decreases were observed for health RMSE (7.30 to 3.38, 53.7% decrease) and for substance use RMSE (6.56 to 6.03, 8.1% decrease). Alcohol use substantially increased the RMSE, likely due to question differences (without alcohol, the RMSE decreased from 6.03 to 1.55). Using the fused dataset, recreational use of psilocybin (92.9%, 95% CI91.1, 94.7), LSD (93.2%, CI90.1, 96.4, and MDMA (93.3%, 91.0, 95.6) was more common than medical use (30.9%, CI27.6, 34.2; 26.4%, CI21.1, 31.7; and 21.1%, CI17.5, 24.7, respectively).ConclusionsBuilding upon past data fusion research, this study fused two surveys for the purpose of surveillance. This methodology, termed the \"fused survey design,\" is a rigorous but accessible approach for surveilling rare behaviors like drug use, and we demonstrated constructs absent from anchor surveys may be measured with generalizable inference. This expands the surveillance epidemiology toolbox, giving researchers an actionable process to field enriched surveys with specialized questions that would be impractical to add to larger surveys due to space constraints and respondent fatigue.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.2196/86059", "pubmed_id": "42044375", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/86059", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Pharmacoepidemiology, Adult, United States, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42044375\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 158, "title": "\"Large-Scale and Local Functional Connectivity Changes Following Psilocybin Administration in Methamphetamine Use Disorder.", "normalized_title": "large scale and local functional connectivity changes following psilocybin administration in methamphetamine use disorder", "authors": "Chaganti J, Siefried KJ, Vyakaranam VS, Acheson L, Brett J.", "abstract": "Background and purposeMethamphetamine (MA) use disorder is associated with widespread disruption of large-scale brain networks involved in cognitive control, attention, and salience processing. Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) provides a means to characterize these alterations; however, little is known about the capacity for functional network reorganization following targeted intervention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in large-scale and local functional connectivity following psilocybin administration in individuals with MA use disorder.Materials and methodsIn this exploratory prospective longitudinal study, participants with MA use disorder underwent rs-fMRI before and after psilocybin administration alongside psychotherapy. Large-scale functional connectivity was assessed across canonical resting-state networks, including the default mode, salience, dorsal attention, and executive control networks. Local connectivity was evaluated using regional homogeneity (ReHo). Connectivity changes were examined in relation to clinical measures of MA use, craving and psychological distress.ResultsFollowing intervention, significant reorganization of functional connectivity was observed within and between attentional, default mode, and salience networks. Improvements in network integration were accompanied by complementary shifts in local neural synchrony, with post-intervention increases in ReHo observed within frontal and sensorimotor regions. Greater MA reductions in use was associated with recovery of frontostriatal and attentional connectivity, whereas reductions in psychological distress correlated with strengthened integration of attentional and prefrontal-striatal circuits.ConclusionsPsilocybin administration was associated with measurable reorganization of both large-scale network connectivity and local functional coherence in individuals with MA use disorder. These findings provide preliminary evidence for distributed nature of brain network dysfunction in stimulant addiction and support the potential utility of multimodal rs-fMRI metrics as imaging biomarkers of network-level plasticity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3174/ajnr.a9364", "pubmed_id": "42031666", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a9364", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42031666\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 157, "title": "Psilocybin ameliorates neuropathic pain-like behaviour in mice and facilitates gabapentin-mediated analgesia.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin ameliorates neuropathic pain like behaviour in mice and facilitates gabapentin mediated analgesia", "authors": "Askey T, Allen-Ross D, Luzyanin D, Lasrado R, Gilmour G, Hunt SP, Tamagnini F, Ahmed M, Stephens GJ, Maiarú M.", "abstract": "Chronic pain states remain challenging to control with current drug therapies. Here, we demonstrate that a single dose of psilocybin produces a sustained anti-nociceptive effect in chronic neuropathic pain models in male and female mice, mediated primarily by 5-HT2A receptors. Critically, psilocybin significantly potentiates the analgesic efficacy of gabapentin, a standard-of-care treatment, representing the first preclinical evidence that a psychedelic can serve as a pain-network primer for existing analgesics. This finding represents a novel therapeutic strategy with potential clinical application, particularly for the 30-50% of neuropathic pain patients who fail gabapentin monotherapy. Our data demonstrate that a single psilocybin injection produces sustained month-long changes that enhance gabapentin efficacy in a preclinical model of human pain. Together, these findings indicate that psilocybin both acutely enhances analgesia and induces lasting changes that amplify gabapentin efficacy weeks later. Such a translation is notable in chronic pain management, where most analgesics require chronic dosing and lose efficacy through tolerance. These findings establish psilocybin as a potential therapeutic addition for pain management by enabling longer-lasting changes in pain-processing networks and enhancing the utility of established treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s42003-026-10065-7", "pubmed_id": "42032175", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-10065-7", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Neuralgia, Disease Models, Animal, Analgesics, Analgesia, Behavior, Animal, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Gabapentin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42032175\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 159, "title": "Methamphetamine-Fentanyl Polysubstance Administration Produces Social Deficits and Corticolimbic Stress-Reward Circuit Adaptations", "normalized_title": "methamphetamine fentanyl polysubstance administration produces social deficits and corticolimbic stress reward circuit adaptations", "authors": "Salinsky LM, Fox JL, Diaz KC, Timmons BC, Ferguson SM.", "abstract": "Abstract Rationale and Objectives: Polysubstance use involving psychostimulants and opioids is increasingly prevalent and associated with elevated overdose risk, relapse vulnerability, and poor treatment outcomes. However, the neurobehavioral consequences of opioid-stimulant use remain poorly understood. We evaluated whether repeated methamphetamine-fentanyl polysubstance treatment disrupts social preference during withdrawal, whether psilocybin treatment restores sociability, and whether these manipulations alter corticolimbic expression of stress- and opioid-related genes. Methods Male and female rats received injections of methamphetamine and fentanyl or saline and were assessed for social preference at baseline and following 10 days of withdrawal. On withdrawal day 10, rats received psilocybin or saline and were reassessed for sociability 24 h later. CRHR1 and OPRM1 expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) were quantified by RT-qPCR. Results Withdrawal from 14-days of polysubstance treatment reduced social preference, replicating prior findings of withdrawal-associated social dysfunction. Psilocybin pretreatment did not restore social preference at the time point examined. In the mPFC, psilocybin bidirectionally altered CRHR1 expression depending on drug history, decreasing expression in saline-treated controls, while increasing expression following polysubstance treatment. In the NAc, polysubstance administration reduced CRHR1 expression. OPRM1 expression showed sex-dependent regulation with a marked reduction in the NAc of females following polysubstance treatment and evidence of sex-dependent effects in the mPFC. Conclusions Methamphetamine-fentanyl treatment produces persistent social deficits during withdrawal and region- and sex-dependent corticolimbic transcriptional adaptations in vivo. Although psilocybin did not restore sociability, it produced drug history-dependent regulation of cortical CRHR1.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-04-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-9306429/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9306429/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1181545\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 35, "title": "Serotonergic psychedelics for Autism spectrum disorder: Neurobiological mechanisms and translational prospects.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics for autism spectrum disorder neurobiological mechanisms and translational prospects", "authors": "Low ZXB.", "abstract": "Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent social-communication deficits, cognitive rigidity, and atypical sensory processing. Current pharmacological treatments, including risperidone and aripiprazole, provide only limited symptomatic relief and do not address the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Converging evidence implicates dysregulated serotonergic signaling, impaired neuroplasticity, and chronic neuroimmune activation as central features of ASD pathophysiology. Serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, act as high-affinity 5-HT2A receptor agonists and have re-emerged as candidates for modulating these core pathways. In this Review, we synthesize molecular, cellular, and systems-level findings suggesting that psychedelics may transiently relax overly rigid cortical priors, reopen critical periods for social learning, and recalibrate dysfunctional neural circuits in ASD. These compounds enhance synaptic plasticity via BDNF and mTOR signaling, modulate cortical oscillations, and suppress neuroinflammation by shifting microglial phenotypes and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Systems-level frameworks, including the REBUS and anarchic brain hypotheses, contextualize how psychedelics induce globally integrated, less constrained brain states that may counteract the hyper-segregated connectivity commonly observed in ASD. While preclinical and early human studies report improvements in sociability, sensory responsiveness, and behavioural flexibility, rigorous clinical trials are urgently needed to establish safety, efficacy, and optimal developmental windows for intervention. We conclude by outlining a translational roadmap to guide future research, emphasizing the need for structured integration with behavioural therapies, attention to ASD heterogeneity, ethical considerations, and the potential to shift ASD treatment beyond symptomatic management toward disease-modifying intervention.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111717", "pubmed_id": "42034276", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111717", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Neuronal Plasticity, Autism Spectrum Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42034276\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3658, "title": "Psilocybin-Enhanced Psychotherapy for Methamphetamine Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin enhanced psychotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder", "authors": "Portland VA Research Foundation, Inc", "abstract": "This is a proof-of-concept randomized clinical trial of psilocybin-enhanced psychotherapy versus treatment-as-usual among individuals being treated for methamphetamine use disorder. The trial will take place with individuals admitted to a residential rehabilitation treatment program. The treatment protocol will consist of 4 preparatory therapy visits, 2 psilocybin sessions (25-30mg), and 8 total integration therapy visits. Primary aims assess acceptability, feasibility, and safety with a primary endpoint at the conclusion of the study intervention. An additional aim assesses preliminary efficacy for methamphetamine use disorder and overall functioning at follow-up assessments 60 and 180 days after discharge from the residential treatment program.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04982796", "keywords": "Amphetamine-Related Disorders, Psilocybin, Treatment-as-usual, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04982796\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3596, "title": "A Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Single-Dose Psilocybin for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)", "normalized_title": "a randomized double blind study of single dose psilocybin for major depressive disorder mdd", "authors": "Usona Institute", "abstract": "One hundred participants, ages 21 to 65, who meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) will be stratified by study site and randomized with a 1-to-1 allocation under double-blind conditions to receive a single 25 mg oral dose of psilocybin or a single 100 mg oral dose of niacin. Niacin will serve as an active placebo. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential efficacy of a single 25 mg oral dose of psilocybin for MDD compared to the active placebo in otherwise medically-healthy participants, assessed as the difference between groups in changes in depressive symptoms from Baseline to Day 43 post-dose. Major depressive disorder (MDD) has become a health crisis of epidemic proportions in the modern world. One in six individuals in the United States will experience an episode of major depression in his or her lifetime, and it is estimated that major depression will rank second after cardiac disease as a cause of international medical morbidity by the year 2020. Depression is associated with greater disability than are most other chronic illnesses and is a risk factor for mortality. Additionally, depression predicts the later development of a number of medical conditions, including cardiac and cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, dementia, and cancer. Unfortunately, most patients with depression do not experience a complete resolution of symptoms with antidepressant treatment. Partial-but incomplete-response to antidepressants is associated with an increased risk of full symptomatic relapse (even when on therapy) and a worse long-term disease course. Combined with the high prevalence and significant disability associated with MDD, the fact that currently available treatments are not fully adequate highlights the tremendous need to identify novel treatment strategies. Data suggest that psilocybin may have behavioral effects relevant to the treatment of depression and recent studies also suggest that psilocybin may possess antidepressant properties. To further assess the effects of psilocybin on MDD signs and symptoms, this trial will enroll 100 participants, ages 21 to 65, who meet criteria for MDD. Participants will be stratified by study site and randomized with a 1-to-1 allocation under double-blind conditions to receive a single 25 mg oral dose of psilocybin or a single 100 mg oral dose of niacin. Niacin will serve as an active placebo. To enhance participant safety, a Set and Setting (SaS) protocol will be utilized similar to the protocol that has been used in all modern studies of psilocybin. The SaS protocol for this study includes: 1) a period of preparation with session Facilitators prior to dosing; 2) administration of study medications in an aesthetically pleasing room under the supervision of two Facilitators who are present throughout the session; and 3) three post-dose integration sessions during which participants are encouraged to discuss their intervention experience with the Facilitators. The SaS protocol will be identical for those randomized to psilocybin or active placebo. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the potential efficacy of a single 25 mg oral dose of psilocybin for MDD compared to the active placebo (niacin), assessed as the difference between groups in changes in depressive symptoms from Baseline to Day 43 post-dose.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03866174", "keywords": "Depressive Disorder, Major, Psilocybin, Psilocybine, Psilocibin, Indocybin, Niacin, Vitamin B3, Set and Setting (SaS) Protocol, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03866174\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3567, "title": "Toward Patient-Tailored Care for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Pilot Patient-Preference Clinical Trial of Music and Mindfulness in Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy", "normalized_title": "toward patient tailored care for treatment resistant depression a pilot patient preference clinical trial of music and mindfulness in psilocybin assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Kyle Greenway", "abstract": "The goal of this pilot clinical trial is to learn whether it is feasible to individually tailor psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) for people with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) based on their personal preferences. The study also aims to explore whether two different psychotherapy styles, music-centered and mindfulness-centered, influence how people respond to psilocybin treatment. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Is it feasible to conduct a patient-preference randomized trial of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy? * Does receiving a preferred psychotherapy style improve treatment experiences or outcomes? * How do music-centered and mindfulness-centered PAP approaches compare in their effects on improving mood and well-being? Researchers will compare music-centered PAP to mindfulness-centered PAP to see if aligning psychotherapy with individual preferences is a practical and potentially beneficial approach for improving treatment efficacy and tolerability. Participants will: * Be adults with treatment-resistant depression * Receive two 25 mg psilocybin (PEX010, Filament Health) sessions, spaced four weeks apart * Experience one session with music-centered psychotherapy and one with mindfulness-centered psychotherapy * Before treatment, rate their preference for the two psychotherapy approaches * Be randomly assigned to receive their preferred or non-preferred approach first, followed by the other * Complete preparation and integration sessions before and after each psilocybin session This feasibility trial will also collect information on participants' cultural and personal factors influencing psychotherapy preferences using a modified Cultural Formulation Interview, and explore physiological measures of therapeutic alliance, an important factor in psychotherapy outcomes. Depression is one of the top causes of disability worldwide. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is an emerging treatment for Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) that pairs one or two doses of psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, with a brief course of psychotherapy. While multiple studies of PAP have found safe, rapid, and lasting antidepressant effects, much remains unknown about how to optimize this promising intervention's psychotherapy component. This pilot study aims to explore a novel strategy for improving the efficacy and tolerability of PAP: individually-tailoring its psychotherapy based on patient preferences for two important nonpharmacological treatment elements: music and mindfulness. These core treatment components were selected based on their ubiquitousness in psilocybin studies and their potential for significant patient preference effects. The investigators will conduct a patient-preference randomized clinical trial where 16 patients with TRD will receive two doses of psilocybin (PEX010, Filament Health, 25mg). For each patient, one psilocybin dose will be administered with music-centered psychological support and the other with mindfulness-centered psychological support. In the first 4-week phase, patients will be asked to rate their preferences for these different psychotherapeutic approaches. Patients will then be 50:50 randomized to first receive either their preferred or their non-preferred treatment approach. In a second 4-week crossover phase, patients will receive the other treatment approach. All patients will thus undergo both music-centered and mindfulness-centered PAP interventions, but in an order dictated by their preferences and randomization. Each treatment phase entails pre-treatment and post-treatment psychotherapy following standard protocols. Similar patient-preference clinical trial designs have shown that preferences can significantly influence the efficacy and tolerability of existing psychiatric treatments. The primary aim of this pilot trial is to examine this design's feasibility for exploring such preference effects in PAP, which the investigators hypothesize will be substantial. As secondary aims, the trial will generate preliminary estimates about the magnitude of preference effects, compare the music- and mindfulness-centered approaches, and yield qualitative data about the diverse sociocultural factors that influence patient preferences, including with a modified Cultural Formulation Interview administered at baseline. An additional exploratory aim is to examine novel physiological measures of therapeutic alliance, a crucial factor in psychiatric care. Depression affects millions of Canadians and new treatments are sorely needed. This line of research seeks to produce systematic approaches to tailoring the psychotherapy of PAP for TRD. Its ultimate goal is to improve this promising intervention's efficacy, safety, and applicability to diverse populations.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07373535", "keywords": "Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin 25mg, PEX010(25), Music-centered psilocybin-assisted therapy, Mindfulness-centered psilocybin-assisted therapy, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07373535\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3137, "title": "Distinct Modulatory Effects on Affective Biases by Different Serotonergic Psychedelics and MDMA in Male Rats: Possible Implications for Antidepressant Effects", "normalized_title": "distinct modulatory effects on affective biases by different serotonergic psychedelics and mdma in male rats possible implications for antidepressant effects", "authors": "Hinchcliffe JK, Bartlett J, Thomas CW, Golden CT, Gilmour G, Bortolotto ZA, Robinson ES.", "abstract": "Affective biases are important neuropsychological mechanisms by which emotions modulate cognition, behaviour and the subjective experience of mood. Previous studies have shown that the rapid-acting antidepressant, ketamine, and serotonergic psychedelic, psilocybin, modulate affective biases in a translational rat model. Both treatments differ from conventional, delayed onset antidepressants in being able to attenuate negatively biased memories and facilitate re-learning with a more positive affective valence. Psilocybin, but not ketamine, also positively biased new experiences, an effect similar to conventional antidepressants. This study used the different affective bias test protocols, in adult male rats, to investigate the effects of acute treatment with the serotonergic psychedelics N,N-DMT, LSD and 5-MeO-DMT, and MDMA. These drugs have different pharmacology in relation to their effects on serotonin receptor subtypes and we hypothesised this may influence their modulation of affective biases. When comparing the ability to attenuate a negatively biased memory, only MDMA had specific effects although for all drugs tested, retrieval of the FG7142-induced negative affective bias was more variable and less robust statistically. LSD attenuated the negative bias at higher doses but had non-specific effects on memory retrieval. At 24hrs post treatment only N,N-DMT had a sustained effect and none of the treatments facilitated re-learning with a more positive affective valence. However, like psilocybin and conventional antidepressants, N,N-DMT positively biased new experiences. These findings suggest there are divergent affective bias modulating effects associated with different psychedelics which may be relevant to their antidepressant effects.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.04.20.719483", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.20.719483", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1213772\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1968, "title": "Psilocybin as an alternative to conventional treatments: A systematic review", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as an alternative to conventional treatments a systematic review", "authors": "Cahuasqui-Mendoza Deivid Antonio", "abstract": "Introduction. Limitations of conventional treatments for depression and anxiety, particularly in treatment-resistant cases, have driven interest in alternative therapeutic approaches. Psilocybin, a serotonergic agonist with demonstrated effects on neuroplasticity and large-scale brain networks, has emerged as a promising therapeutic option. Materials and methods: A systematic review of controlled clinical trials published between 2020 and 2025 was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Eligible studies included adults aged 18-65 years with DSM-5 diagnoses of depression and/or anxiety who received psilocybin-assisted therapy with psychotherapeutic support. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2, the Jadad scale, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Due to methodological heterogeneity, a qualitative narrative synthesis was performed.", "journal": "Gaceta Médica de Caracas", "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.47307/gmc.2026.134.s2.32", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.47307/gmc.2026.134.s2.32", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.47307/gmc.2026.134.s2.32\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 164, "title": "Prevalence and Correlates of Past-Year Psilocybin Use in the United States.", "normalized_title": "prevalence and correlates of past year psilocybin use in the united states", "authors": "Yang KH, Eun A, Palamar JJ.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20251343", "pubmed_id": "42014961", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20251343", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42014961\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 163, "title": "Classic psychedelic and cannabis use among U.S. cancer survivors aged ≥ 50 years: nationally representative estimates by cancer type/site.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelic and cannabis use among u s cancer survivors aged 50 years nationally representative estimates by cancer type site", "authors": "Baral A, Pan Y, Hlaing WM, Garcia-Romeu A, Pinheiro PS, Vidot DC.", "abstract": "PurposeTo examine the prevalence of lifetime (\"ever\") cannabis and classic psychedelic use, and their co-use among U.S. adults aged ≥ 50 years with versus without a lifetime history of cancer, and to describe variation by cancer type/site among survivors.MethodsWe analyzed pooled 2015-2019 and 2021-2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) data of U.S. adults aged ≥ 50 years (Unweighted; n = 42,815 for 2015-2019; n = 21,144 for 2021-2022). Lifetime cannabis and classic psychedelic (LSD, psilocybin, peyote/mescaline) use and cancer history (physician-diagnosed, self-reported) were assessed. Weighted prevalence estimates and 95% CIs were computed, and subgroup analyses by cancer type/site were conducted.ResultsBetween 2015 and 2019, cannabis use was similar among cancer survivors (41.6%, 95% CI40.0-43.2) and individuals without cancer (42.6%, 95% CI42.0-43.2, p = 0.21). LSD (8.9, 95% CI8.1-9.7 vs 10.3, 95% CI9.8-10.8) and psilocybin (6.4, 95% CI5.6-7.3 vs 7.7, 95% CI7.4-8.1) were lower among cancer survivors. Any classic psychedelic use was 11.6% (95% CI10.6-12.5) among cancer survivors versus 12.9% (95% CI12.4-13.3) among those without cancer (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s10552-026-02172-x", "pubmed_id": "42017992", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-026-02172-x", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Prevalence, United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Aged, Middle Aged, United States, Female, Male, Cancer Survivors, Marijuana Use", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42017992\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 162, "title": "Wherefore the Magic? The Evolutionary Role of Psilocybin in Nature.", "normalized_title": "wherefore the magic the evolutionary role of psilocybin in nature", "authors": "Matthews Nicholass KJ, Flis I, Hanley ME, Knight ME, Lane SM, Littlejohn G, Thom MDF, Billington RA, Boden R, Cummins R, Green BJ, Griffin C, Jones S, Salmon D, Sleep I, Smirnoff N, Ellis JS.", "abstract": "Research into psychedelic compounds is in resurgence because of the exciting potential for their use in the treatment of psychiatric and mental health disorders. Despite this revival, remarkably little is known about their evolution. One of the most intriguing psychedelic compounds is psilocybin, the compound found in 'magic' mushrooms and used in ritual ceremonies in North America for generations. Associated with agaricomycete fungi across eight distantly related genera, psilocybin acts in a similar way to the neurotransmitter serotonin, yet how and why natural selection favoured its biosynthesis remains unclear. Given the resemblance to serotonin, a highly conserved neurotransmitter across invertebrates and vertebrates, modulation of invertebrate behaviour for defence is a likely explanation, but neither this nor alternative hypotheses have ever been formally tested. Here, we show that Drosophila larvae exposed to extracts from Psilocybe mushrooms exhibit reduced survival, pupation rates, and inhibited locomotion. Adults exposed during development show reduced thorax and wing size, along with small but significant deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry in wing venation, indicating developmental stress. However, mutants lacking the serotonin receptor that mediates psilocybin's effects in humans (5HT2A) showed the same response to Psilocybe extracts as wild-type flies. Furthermore, DNA metabarcoding revealed that although Psilocybe semilanceata demonstrates a distinct invertebrate community compared to most other grassland fungi, it overlapped with the non-psychedelic species Mycena epipterygia. This study provides a crucial first step toward understanding the evolutionary role of psilocybin-producing fungi and provides a grounding for future research into the molecular mechanisms, ecological interactions and evolutionary origins of psychedelic compounds in nature.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/ece3.73522", "pubmed_id": "42037650", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.73522", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42037650\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 161, "title": "Metastability of resting-state bold fMRI as a reliable biomarker of individual brain dynamics: An interrogation of within-subject variability as a function of total acquisition time.", "normalized_title": "metastability of resting state bold fmri as a reliable biomarker of individual brain dynamics an interrogation of within subject variability as a function of total acquisition time", "authors": "Sheheitli H, Hermosillo R, Grimsrud G, Madison T, Dominguez OM, Nelson S, Fair D, Nahas Z.", "abstract": "Metastability of BOLD fMRI signals is a commonly used proxy of brain dynamics in behavioral and clinical studies. To date, little has been done to assess the confidence with which we can use estimates of metastability as reliable biomarkers of individual brain state. We analyze whole-brain and network-specific metastability for a highly sampled individual brain (84 sessions taken over 18 months) and quantify the within-subject reliability for the metrics as a function of the amount of data used, which we find to be comparable to that seen for static functional connectivity. As considerable variability is observed across networks in the required amount of data, we combine the networks' metrics in one novel feature vector that exhibits an order of magnitude improvement in reliability. We then test reproducibility by analyzing the Midnight Scan Club dataset (10 subjects imaged over 10 consecutive days). Finally, we examine the susceptibility to change of the proposed metastability measure in another dataset examining brain dynamics under the effect of psilocybin. We conclude that the networks' metastability feature vector exhibits strong within-subject reliability that renders it a promising candidate for the study of individual-specific biomarkers of brain dynamics and potential targets for precision neuromodulation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1162/netn.a.537", "pubmed_id": "42039092", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1162/netn.a.537", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42039092\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 160, "title": "Structural plasticity and enhanced fear extinction following psilocybin in chronically stressed mice", "normalized_title": "structural plasticity and enhanced fear extinction following psilocybin in chronically stressed mice", "authors": "Knox CA, Woodburn SC, Gilbert AD, Schlotzhauer JM, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "The classic psychedelic psilocybin elicits long-lasting neural plasticity and behavioral effects, but prior studies largely examined stress-naive animals. Using longitudinal imaging, we show that psilocybin increases dendritic spine density in frontal cortical neurons and facilitates fear extinction after chronic restraint stress, demonstrating psilocybin’s effects in a translationally relevant mouse model.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.04.21.720014", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.21.720014", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1213850\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3, "title": "A25-year analysis of Armillaria (honey mushroom) poisoning in Wisconsin.", "normalized_title": "a25 year analysis of armillaria honey mushroom poisoning in wisconsin", "authors": "Feldman R, Audette M, Leacock PR, Theobald J.", "abstract": "BackgroundWild mushroom foraging is common in the United States. Poisoning usually results from misidentification, though some \"edible\" mushrooms can also cause toxicity. Armillaria (\"honey mushrooms\") are widely foraged and generally considered edible, yet sporadic gastrointestinal illness has been reported. Their clinical effects remain poorly described. Poison center data provide real-world exposure characterization with standardized symptom documentation and mycologist collaboration. This study characterized the presentation, management, and outcomes of suspected or confirmed Armillaria ingestions reported to the Wisconsin Poison Center (WPC) over 25 years.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective case series of WPC records (2000-2025). Cases coded as Armillaria, \"unknown mushroom,\" or \"gastrointestinal irritant mushroom\" were screened. Inclusion required mycologist confirmation or patient-reported Armillaria ingestion.ResultsEighteen cases were identified; 50% (n = 9) had mycologist confirmation. Exposures occurred August-October, with 78% in late September-mid-October. Most patients were adults (94%), median age 41.5 years. Fifteen (83%) developed gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea); all symptomatic patients had vomiting or diarrhea. Three (17%) remained asymptomatic. Symptom onset ranged 0.25-7.5 h (median 3.5), with resolution in 2-41 h (median 8.75). Five patients (28%) were evaluated in an emergency department; four were discharged and one had a brief admission for symptom control. No organ failure or deaths occurred. Illness occurred despite reported cooking. Concern for misidentification with toxic look-alikes was common; some cases reporting Armillaria were later identified as psilocybin-containing Gymnopilus.ConclusionsArmillaria ingestion produces a self-limited gastrointestinal toxidrome, typically with early onset but occasionally >6 h, which may complicate differentiation from amatoxin-containing species such as Galerina. If patients report Armillaria ingestion toxic look-alikes, including Gymnopilus, Galerina, Cortinarius, and muscarine-containing genera, should remain in the differential if appropriate toxidrome features are present. Confirmed cases generally have a favorable prognosis. Early poison center or toxicology consultation can assist with identification and management.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.ajem.2026.04.033", "pubmed_id": "42066652", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2026.04.033", "keywords": "Humans, Mushroom Poisoning, Vomiting, Retrospective Studies, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Poison Control Centers, Wisconsin, Female, Male, Armillaria, Young Adult", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42066652\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Aging,Case Report,Adolescents,Toxicity", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3436, "title": "Study of Psilocybin Assisted Psychotherapy to Address Fear of Recurrence in Patients Diagnosed With Early-stage Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer in Remission", "normalized_title": "study of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy to address fear of recurrence in patients diagnosed with early stage breast cancer and ovarian cancer in remission", "authors": "University of Colorado, Denver", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to test whether psilocybin along with therapy in women with early breast cancer and ovarian cancer in remission can improve their fear of recurrence. The main question\\[s\\] it aims to answer \\[is/are\\]: Does psilocybin assisted therapy improve fear of cancer recurrence? Does psilocybin assisted therapy improve anxiety, depression, and quality of life? Participants will complete a series of survey measures, participate in preparatory therapy. After prep therapy is complete, they will receive a moderately high dose of psilocybin in a monitored and supportive environment. After the dosing day, they will complete 4 sessions of integrative therapy and complete survey measures.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-20", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06430541", "keywords": "Breast Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06430541\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 2978, "title": "The efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: a meta-analytic review of clinical outcomes", "normalized_title": "the efficacy and safety of psilocybin assisted therapy for major depressive disorder a meta analytic review of clinical outcomes", "authors": "Khosravi Mohsen, De Berardis Domenico, Tusconi Massimo", "abstract": "This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized data from 13 clinical trials (n=606) evaluating psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Despite early enthusiasm, the pooled standardized mean difference (-0.79, 95% confidence interval: -3.98 to 2.40, p=0.63) revealed no statistically significant overall antidepressant effect, with extreme heterogeneity (I2=96.9%) across studies. Notably, the type of control group (active comparator vs. placebo/waitlist) accounted for 98.7% of between-study variance, with waitlist and low-dose comparators producing exaggerated effect sizes. Session frequency was a significant moderator: 2 to 5 psilocybin sessions yielded larger effects, while more intensive protocols attenuated benefit. Neither participant age nor follow-up duration significantly influenced outcomes. Evidence of reporting bias and small-study effects was detected (Egger’s test p=0.012). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that no single study accounted for the non-significant pooled result. Overall, psilocybin’s antidepressant efficacy appears highly context-dependent-shaped by trial design, comparator, and session structure-rather than universally robust. These findings underscore the need for larger, rigorously controlled trials to clarify psilocybin’s therapeutic role in depression.", "journal": "Mental Wellness", "publication_date": "2026-04-20", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.4081/mw.2026.40", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4081/mw.2026.40", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:55:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.4081/mw.2026.40\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905\",\"10.1038/npp.2017.84\",\"10.1177/0269881114548296\",\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1177/0269881116675512\",\"10.1073/pnas.1119598109\",\"10.1038/s41583-020-0367-2\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.1177/02698811211073759\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2032994\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040\",\"10.3109/00952990.2016.1170135\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0030800\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115886\",\"10.1002/cncr.35010\",\"10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101809\",\"10.1101/2025.03.17.25324123\",\"10.1001/jama.2023.14530\",\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.49026\",\"10.1192/bjo.2022.565\",\"10.1177/02698811241237870\",\"10.1016/j.medj.2024.01.005\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.108\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115531\"],\"reference_count\":28}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2977, "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psilocybin assisted therapy for depression a meta analysis of randomised controlled trials", "authors": "Siti Nashria Rusdhy, Andrian Fajar Kusumadewi, Carla Raymondalexas Marchira, Mustika Suci Mahardikaningrum, Teresa Lalita Wiryarini, Devira Ayu Wulandari", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy shows promise for depression, though current evidence relies on Phase 2 trials with notable methodological limitations. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating psilocybin-assisted therapy for major or treatment-resistant depression up to February 2024. We evaluated depressive symptom severity using random-effects meta-analysis, moderator analyses, Cochrane Risk of Bias 2, and GRADE methodology. Nine RCTs (N=514) were included. Psilocybin therapy demonstrated a large pooled effect size for symptom reduction (SMD = 1.270, 95% CI: 0.865-1.676, p", "journal": "Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews", "publication_date": "2026-04-20", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.37275/oaijmr.v6i2.883", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.37275/oaijmr.v6i2.883", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:55:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.37275/oaijmr.v6i2.883\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 166, "title": "Serotonergic Polypharmacology of 2-Halogenated Tryptamines", "normalized_title": "serotonergic polypharmacology of 2 halogenated tryptamines", "authors": "Yacoub J, Bray E, Bayyat J, Glatfelter GC, Leake A, Buitrago EM, Maitland AD, Partilla J, Cavalco NG, Schalk SS, Lammers JC, Baumann MH, McCorvy J, Leahy JW, Gulick D, Witowski CG, von Salm JL.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics such as N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin) show therapeutic promise for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders but may be limited by liabilities from serotonin (5-HT)-2A mediated psychoactive effects and potential cardiotoxicity via 5-HT2B activation. To address these limitations, we designed and synthesized 2-halogenated derivatives of DMT and psilacetin to reduce 5-HT2A/5-HT2B activity while retaining engagement of therapeutically relevant targets, particularly 5-HT6, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT1B. This study demonstrated that 2-position halogenation decreased affinities, potencies, and efficacies at 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors while preserving potent 5-HT6 agonism, especially for 2-Br-psilocin. The analogues exhibited reduced affinities at 5-HT2B and hERG ion channels, suggesting safer cardiac valve and cardiotoxic profiles. In C57BL/6J mice, 2-Br-psilacetin did not induce the head-twitch response and attenuated 2,5 dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI)-induced head-twitch behavior, suggesting a reduced potential for inducing psychedelic effects. Behavioral assays further revealed improvements in stress-induced affective measures and hippocampus-independent cued learning at intermediate doses. These findings identify 2-halogenated tryptamines as polypharmacological serotonergic ligands with reduced psychoactivity and cardiac valve and toxic liabilities, supporting their potential as next-generation psychedelic-inspired therapeutics.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-04-20", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.04.16.718915", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.16.718915", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1214370\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 165, "title": "Case Report: Repeated low doses of psilocybin reduce perceived symptom severity but fail to restore cognitive flexibility in a case of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: an observational case study of identical twins.", "normalized_title": "case report repeated low doses of psilocybin reduce perceived symptom severity but fail to restore cognitive flexibility in a case of severe obsessive compulsive disorder an observational case study of identical twins", "authors": "Drange S, Cohen J, Johansen SS, Dunkley B, Palner M.", "abstract": "BackgroundObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) can present significant challenges to individuals mental health, characterized by intrusive thoughts and repetitive maladaptive behaviors. Recent research into alternative treatments has highlighted psychedelics, notably psilocybin, for their potential therapeutic benefits in various psychiatric disorders, including OCD. This case study evaluated the impact of self-administered, low-doses of psilocybin, commonly referred to as microdosing, on symptom reduction and cognitive flexibility in OCD, with a focus on identical twins discordant for the condition.Case presentationThe study documents the experiences of one twin diagnosed with OCD who began a regimen of low-doses of psilocybin containing mushrooms, while the other twin, unaffected by OCD, served as a comparison. Case X was diagnosed with OCD by a general practitioner in the Danish healthcare system. Following years of severe OCD, case X began a self-medicated regimen consisting of psilocybin containing mushrooms, corresponding to 1-5 mg of psilocybin, every 3rd day. The other twin, case Y, who remained unaffected by OCD, and did not take psilocybin containing mushrooms. Cognitive flexibility was evaluated in both cases using a set-shift task. The affected twin reported a notable reduction in OCD symptoms, along with improvements in emotional regulation and overall well-being. However, despite these symptomatic improvements, deficits in cognitive flexibility remained present compared to the unaffected twin.ConclusionThis case study underscores the potential of low-doses of psilocybin as a promising avenue for mitigating symptoms of OCD. Nevertheless, the observed disparity in cognitive flexibility highlights the nuanced nature of OCD pathology, suggesting that while low-doses of psilocybin may alleviate certain symptoms, it may not fully address underlying cognitive impairments. Further research employing larger sample sizes and rigorous longitudinal designs is imperative to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of psilocybin low-doses in OCD, offering insights into its broader applicability as a treatment modality.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-20", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1819962", "pubmed_id": "42094840", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1819962", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42094840\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Case Report,Observational Study", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3533, "title": "Open Label Psilocybin Brain Stimulation and Imaging Pilot Study", "normalized_title": "open label psilocybin brain stimulation and imaging pilot study", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This open-label pilot psilocybin administration study investigates the influence of psilocybin on brain function and cognitive control functions in clinically and psychiatrically healthy volunteers. Participants will undergo experimental drug administration sessions after careful screening and preparation. Participants will also have brain activity measured using electroencephalogram (EEG) also during non-invasive brain stimulation using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06835699", "keywords": "Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin 25 mgs, TMS, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06835699\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3030, "title": "Comparative Medico-Legal Frameworks for Psilocybin Regulation: A March 2026 Update", "normalized_title": "comparative medico legal frameworks for psilocybin regulation a march 2026 update", "authors": "Brinzei OV.", "abstract": "In the past year, the medical regulation of psilocybin-assisted therapy has expanded across additional international jurisdictions, requiring an update to the original medico-legal synthesis. Newly established or clarified regulatory pathways in New Zealand, Germany, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, and at the United States federal level reflect continued evolution in therapeutic governance. Within the United States, Utah and New Mexico have now joined Oregon and Colorado in establishing lawful medical access pathways. These developments build upon earlier reforms in Alberta, Canada and Australia, where structured psychiatric prescribing frameworks were implemented.This update consolidates recent statutory amendments and regulatory decisions to provide a current comparative overview of jurisdictions permitting lawful medical use of psilocybin. By distinguishing comprehensive medical regulation from restricted or exceptional access schemes, this revised analysis maintains clarity within an increasingly dynamic global regulatory landscape.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2026-04-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202604.1423.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202604.1423.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1180553\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 36, "title": "Psilocybin restores behavioral and neuroplastic deficits induced by chronic stress in rats.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin restores behavioral and neuroplastic deficits induced by chronic stress in rats", "authors": "Bysiek A, Szpręgiel I, Wojtas A, Maćkowiak M, Wawrzczak-Bargieła A, Leśkiewicz M, Trojan E, Kamińska K, Kumorek W, Bilecki W, Gołembiowska K.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have emerged as a promising novel therapeutic approach for major depressive disorder (MDD). Altered activity and structural atrophy of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and limbic structures are associated with depressive disorders. Psilocybin may reverse the loss of synaptic connections and restore the function of these brain regions. In this study, we investigated the effects of psilocybin on rat behavior, hippocampal neurogenesis, expression level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Psilocybin administered in two doses (0.6 mg/kg, s.c., 7 days apart) reversed anhedonia in stressed rats, produced antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test (FST), and exerted anxiolytic activity in the light/dark box (LDB), elevated plus maze (EPM), and open field (OF) tests in stressed animals. Psilocybin induced hippocampal neurogenesis as evidenced by increasing the number of BrdU-positive cells (an exogenous marker of cell proliferation and survival), DCX-positive cells (a marker of immature neurons), and Ki-67-positive cells (an endogenous marker of cell proliferation) in stressed animals. Stress-induced reductions in BDNF expression levels appeared to be associated with normalization of HPA axis activity. These findings underscore the role of psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity in the antidepressant and anxiolytic mechanisms of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111710", "pubmed_id": "42009274", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111710", "keywords": "Pituitary-Adrenal System, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Hippocampus, Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Disease Models, Animal, Chronic Disease, Corticosterone, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Stress, Psychological, Neuronal Plasticity, Male, Neurogenesis, Psilocybin, Doublecortin Protein", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42009274\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 168, "title": "Psychedelics and Autism Therapy: A Review of Current Research and Future Directions.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and autism therapy a review of current research and future directions", "authors": "Gondi CS, Gnanamony M, Gondi TP, Nersesyan L, Demirkhanyan L.", "abstract": "Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong condition marked by challenges in social communication and repetitive behaviors. Current treatments, primarily behavioral therapies, often fail to address the core symptoms. Recent research has explored the potential of psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, and MDMA, as a new therapeutic approach. While these substances primarily modulate the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, their therapeutic effects also involve interactions with other serotonergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic pathways, collectively promoting neuroplasticity-the brain's ability to change and adapt. The specific receptors' activation leads to structural and functional changes in the brain that can enhance social behavior and emotional regulation. Studies show that psychedelics may reduce symptoms of conditions like treatment-resistant depression and PTSD, highlighting their therapeutic potential. For ASD specifically, psychedelics may improve psychological flexibility, reduce distress, and enhance social interaction. While promising, the use of these substances requires careful consideration. Psychedelics can induce intense experiences and altered states of consciousness, necessitating strict monitoring and support during therapy. Ethical guidelines, including informed consent, are crucial, especially for vulnerable populations. In conclusion, psychedelics hold significant promise for treating ASD and other psychiatric disorders by promoting neuroplasticity and modulating complex signaling pathways. Continued research and clinical trials, conducted with strong ethical oversight, are essential to realizing their full therapeutic potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/cimb48040417", "pubmed_id": "42042077", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48040417", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42042077\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Psychological Flexibility,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3630, "title": "Probing the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Response to Psilocybin in Functional Neurological Disorder (PsiFUND)", "normalized_title": "probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder psifund", "authors": "King's College London", "abstract": "The goal of this study is to learn about the brain network response in people who have functional neurological disorder who are administered with a single dose of the psychedelic psilocybin with therapeutic support. The main question it aims to answer is: Can the default mode network, a brain network thought to be relevent in FND, be modified by the administration of psilocybin based on functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after the dose?", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05723276", "keywords": "Functional Neurological Disorder, Psilocybin, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05723276\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 169, "title": "Psilocybin reshapes cortical inhibition through selective interneuron recruitment", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reshapes cortical inhibition through selective interneuron recruitment", "authors": "Davoudian PA, Jiang Q, Knox CA, Savalia NK, Shao L, Wilson J, Weiner AM, Chong CW, Liao C, Nothnagel JD, Sakurai T, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "Psychedelics show therapeutic potential for treating psychiatric disorders. While studies have emphasized the roles of cortical pyramidal cells, GABAergic neurons also express serotonin receptors and are therefore likely targets of psychedelics. In this study, we determine the effect of psilocybin on the activity dynamics of major GABAergic cell types in the mouse medial frontal cortex. Psilocybin reduces the firing of somatostatin-expressing interneurons, but increases the activity of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. This cell type-specific response is unlikely to involve vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing interneurons. Instead, pharmacological blockade and conditional knockout experiments demonstrate that psilocybin acts on the 5-HT1A receptor at SST interneurons, which contributes to the drug's long-term behavioral effects. Collectively, the results reveal that the classic psychedelic psilocybin alters cortical inhibition in a cell type-specific manner.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-04-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.04.16.718963", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.16.718963", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1215011\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 170, "title": "Substance use predictors of arrest and self-reported criminal behavior in the United States: The role of psychedelics and rarely used drugs.", "normalized_title": "substance use predictors of arrest and self reported criminal behavior in the united states the role of psychedelics and rarely used drugs", "authors": "Norris JJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundLittle research investigates the role of rarely used drugs in criminal offending. Moreover, given research suggesting that psychedelics reduce criminal offending, more research is needed to further document connections between psychedelics and crime.AimThis study examines the role of rarely used drugs in criminal behavior and extends previous research on psychedelics by incorporating additional substance use measures, including youth respondents, and analyzing self-reported crime as well as arrests.MethodsUsing data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2014-2023) (n = 544,740), a nationally representative US survey, logistic regressions were performed testing whether substance use measures predicted arrest for various offenses and self-reported crimes after controlling for multiple covariates.ResultsUse of phencyclidine (PCP), a rarely used drug, was strongly associated with arrest for serious violent offenses, assault, and sex offenses, and with attacking three or more people. Another rarely used substance, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), was associated with arrest for several offenses. Among psychedelics, psilocybin was associated with reduced odds of several offenses, while DMT/AMT/Foxy and peyote were associated with increased odds. LSD and Salvia divinorum were associated with increased odds of some offenses but decreased odds of others. For minors, psychedelics were mainly associated with increased odds of arrest, as protective effects were almost entirely absent. Psychedelics were associated with reduced odds of arrest for whites far more than for minorities.ConclusionsPCP use was strongly associated with violent offending. This study's mixed findings on psychedelics indicate a need for further research to clarify causal connections between psychedelics and crime-related outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261436577", "pubmed_id": "41989154", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261436577", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41989154\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3117, "title": "Psilocybin’s Kinematic Effect on Manual Dexterity", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s kinematic effect on manual dexterity", "authors": "Klintefors P, Bhagavan C, Kanaan R, Bryson A, Berlowitz D, Attard Z, Carter O.", "abstract": "Abstract Rationale Clinical interest in psilocybin-assisted rehabilitation for motor disorders is growing. However, psilocybin’s motor effects are under-researched, and quantifying them is essential for assessing treatment risks and outcomes. Objectives This study aims to clarify whether acute effects of psilocybin disrupts established patterns of manual dexterity and coordination. Specifically, we evaluate the impact of psilocybin on velocity, smoothness and kinematic synergies. Methods In a randomised, blinded trial, healthy participants received three doses of psilo-cybin (5-20 mg) administered one week apart. Manual dexterity was assessed using the Box and Block Test (BBT) at baseline and 1.5, 3, and 4.5 hours post-drug administration. Task performance was analysed using a Bayesian mixed-effects model. For kinematic analysis, 21 hand landmarks were tracked from video recordings obtained at baseline and 1.5 hours post-administration. Principal component analysis (PCA) was the basis for evaluating the stability and dimensionality of kinematic synergies. Results BBT performance showed a modest biphasic dose-response pattern at higher doses (10-20 mg), with slight impairment during peak effects and slight improvement 4.5 hours post-administration relative to baseline. Effect sizes were small compared to inter-individual baseline variability. Kinematic analyses revealed no substantial changes in movement smoothness or velocity. Dimensionality metrics indicated a stable coordination structure, although finger movements showed a subtle increase in complexity. Conclusions Low to moderate doses of psilocybin did not meaningfully disrupt manual dexterity or the latent structure of hand coordination. These findings support the feasibility of combining psilocybin administration with active motor rehabilitation. Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12621000560897 Date registered: 12 May 2021 URL: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id= 381526&isReview=true", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-04-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-9291780/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9291780/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1177862\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3019, "title": "Psilocybin in Older Adults: Therapeutic Opportunities in Inflammation-Driven Disorders of Aging-From Depression to Neurodegeneration", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in older adults therapeutic opportunities in inflammation driven disorders of aging from depression to neurodegeneration", "authors": "Jóźwiak-Bębenista M, Stasiak A, Sienkiewicz M, Kwiatkowski P, Kowalczyk E.", "abstract": "Aging is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation (“inflammaging”), which contributes to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Conventional pharmacotherapies often provide limited benefit in older adults and are further complicated by polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions. Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic acting primarily as a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and currently undergoing accelerated clinical development, has emerged as a potential multimodal therapeutic agent addressing these challenges. Acting via its active metabolite psilocin, 5-HT2A-mediated signaling biases cortical glutamatergic transmission, enhances TrkB/BDNF pathways, and modulates neuro-immune cascades (including NF-κB), with convergent systems-level effects such as re-organization of the default mode network. Human studies report acute reductions in TNF-α with variable effects on IL-6 and CRP, consistent with an immunomodulatory profile. Pharmacokinetically, psilocybin shows properties advantageous in geriatric care: rapid onset, short half-life, and predominant phase-II glucuronidation, reducing interaction risk. Controlled studies demonstrate rapid antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, and existential distress, with emerging feasibility signals in neurodegeneration. Together, these find-ings support the hypothesis that a time-limited, mechanism-based intervention may improve mood and cognition while attenuating inflammation. This review integrates current evidence on psilocybin’s neuroimmune and pharmacokinetic mechanisms rel-evant to aging, outlining its potential role in inflammation-related disorders and high-lighting the need for targeted studies in older adults, who remain underrepresented in psychedelic research.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2026-04-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202604.1125.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202604.1125.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1179388\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Inflammaging,Review Article,Older Adults,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1969, "title": "Psilocybin use in Puerto Rico: Patterns, motivations, and personality correlates from an online survey", "normalized_title": "psilocybin use in puerto rico patterns motivations and personality correlates from an online survey", "authors": "Vélez Rodríguez Jean C., Duquesne-Maldonado Yanice, Hernández Torres Julián M., Da'Luz Sant'Ana Istoni, Nazario Cruz M.", "abstract": "Abstract Background and aims Psilocybin, a psychoactive compound found in fungi commonly referred to as “magic mushrooms,” is consumed for both spiritual and recreational purposes. However, psilocybin use in Puerto Rico remains understudied. This exploratory cross-sectional survey aimed to describe patterns of use, motivations for consumption, explanatory factors, personality traits, and sex-gender differences associated with psilocybin use in a convenience sample of adults residing in Puerto Rico. Methods The study recruited 343 respondents through internet-based advertisements to complete an online survey, which included demographic variables, patterns of psilocybin consumption, polysubstance use and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI-SPA). Logistic regression models were used to identify significant explanatory factors. Results Within this convenience sample, 52.6% of participants reported lifetime psilocybin use; this figure reflects the recruited sample and should not be interpreted as a population prevalence estimate. Participants largely believed that magic mushrooms were non-addictive (61%) and safe (57%). Curiosity was the primary motivation for use (43%), and most participants reported pleasant or very pleasant experiences (88%). Significant explanatory factors of psilocybin consumption included identifying as male (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 6.2; 95% CI: 2.81-14.49), identifying as bisexual (aOR = 3.14; 95% CI: 1.14-9.14), identifying as gay (aOR = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.03-0.54), identifying as non-heterosexual identities (aOR = 4.33; 95% CI: 1.27-16.38), identifying as non-Christian (aOR = 3.76; 95% CI: 1.77-8.37), openness (aOR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.49-3.0) and agreeableness (aOR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.20-2.63). Conclusion This exploratory study describes psilocybin use in a convenience sample of adults in Puerto Rico by sociodemographic characteristics, patterns of consumption, sex-gender identity, and personality traits. Findings are preliminary and warrant replication using probability-based sampling designs.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2026-04-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2026.00519", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2026.00519", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2026.00519\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.011\",\"10.1016/j.paid.2020.110048\",\"10.1080/00224499.2020.1768204\",\"10.1007/s10508-019-01606-9\",\"10.1002/0471667196.ess2478.pub2\",\"10.1177/0269881114565144\",\"10.1002/dta.1376\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096\",\"10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7\",\"10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003\",\"10.1201/9781420010138\",\"10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352\",\"10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1080\",\"10.2307/1268249\",\"10.1037/adb0000468\",\"10.1080/14737175.2016.1220834\",\"10.37226/rcp.v4i2.2029\",\"10.37226/rcp.v6i1.6325\",\"10.1007/s11930-023-00369-8\",\"10.1080/10826084.2021.1899225\",\"10.2174/1570159x22666231027111147\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112749\",\"10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00046-1\",\"10.1186/s12889-020-09210-6\",\"10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208\",\"10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010\",\"10.1007/s00213-003-1640-6\",\"10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.030\",\"10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.09.004\",\"10.1177/0269881114548296\",\"10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012\",\"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010\",\"10.1177/0269881108093587\",\"10.3109/10826084.2014.980954\",\"10.1007/7854_2022_366\",\"10.1037/a0038087\",\"10.1111/1467-6494.00123\",\"10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.005\",\"10.1353/hpu.2019.0089\",\"10.1017/cbo9780511812743\",\"10.1080/00031305.2000.10474502\",\"10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674\",\"10.1124/jpet.124.002237\",\"10.1177/0013164419874494\",\"10.1055/a-1310-3990\",\"10.1177/1088868307309606\",\"10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02333.x\",\"10.1080/15534511003676441\",\"10.1080/1355621021000005937\",\"10.1016/j.ajp.2016.08.010\",\"10.1097/adm.0000000000000764\",\"10.1513/annalsats.201508-531ps\",\"10.1177/109019817400200405\",\"10.1177/0269881116675512\",\"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107755\",\"10.1016/j.mcna.2019.02.005\",\"10.22459/bj.03.2014\",\"10.1146/annurev.pu.14.050193.000441\",\"10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859\",\"10.1016/j.funbio.2022.01.003\",\"10.1556/2054.2020.00159\",\"10.1080/00918369.2013.839919\"],\"reference_count\":150}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Personality Change,Spirituality,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 173, "title": "Effects of a single dose of psilocybin on diet-induced weight loss in obese mice.", "normalized_title": "effects of a single dose of psilocybin on diet induced weight loss in obese mice", "authors": "Keenan RJ, Haque RT, Jin X, Mustafa T, Homman-Ludiye J, Elysee K, Wee ZS, Simonds SE, Foldi CJ, Cowley MA.", "abstract": "Prolonged obesity induces enduring structural changes within neural circuits that contribute to maintaining the body at an elevated/obese body weight. These circuits regulate various mechanisms which can inhibit extreme or persistent weight loss. Therefore, a potential therapeutic strategy to facilitate weight loss is to promote structural plasticity within the brain. Psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, promote neural plasticity caused by a rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines, which can facilitate the remodelling of neural circuits. Preclinical and clinical studies using psychedelic compounds have demonstrated efficacy for various neuropsychiatric disorders, which are often comorbid with obesity, and share underlying neural mechanisms. Here, we evaluate the effects of a single dose of psilocybin on body weight, food intake and energy expenditure in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice switched onto a low-fat chow. Psilocybin exacerbated diet-induced weight loss over a four-week period in DIO mice and increased the susceptibility for mice to exhibit more profound weight loss. Psilocybin appears to exert these effects predominantly through modulating food intake, with no influence on energy expenditure. No differences were observed in body weight or food intake in DIO mice maintained on a high-fat diet, indicating psilocybin does not necessarily directly promote weight loss or reduce food intake. Rather, it may help facilitate weight loss, provided it is administered in combination with other weight loss promoting interventions. Additional experimentation is required to examine the precise mechanisms involved; however, this data supports further investigation into the use of psychedelic compounds as an adjunct therapy for obesity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-026-03995-7", "pubmed_id": "41980923", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-03995-7", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Mice, Obese, Obesity, Body Weight, Weight Loss, Hallucinogens, Energy Metabolism, Eating, Male, Diet, High-Fat, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41980923\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 172, "title": "A phase 1 study of a second experience with Group Retreat Psilocybin Therapy for partial responders after a first experience.", "normalized_title": "a phase 1 study of a second experience with group retreat psilocybin therapy for partial responders after a first experience", "authors": "Back AL, McGregor BA, Thorn LL, Harvey K, Blom D, Callan G, Guy J, Kumar S, Hershberg R, Layer M, Levin J, Myers S, Perez J, Salmonson K, Thompson P, Whinney J.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin therapy has demonstrated efficacy for cancer-related anxiety and depression, but resource-intensive individual treatment models raise important questions for psychedelic public health about equitable access and scalability. In our prior Phase 1/2 study of group retreat psilocybin therapy for patients with metastatic cancer, we observed partial responders who did not achieve full therapeutic benefit. No published research has examined whether partial responders might benefit from a second psilocybin therapy experience.MethodsWe conducted a single-arm Phase 1 study to assess the safety of a second experience of Group Retreat Psilocybin Therapy for partial responders from our prior study. Protocol modifications addressed dose as a potential contributor to partial response: the initial dose was increased to 35 mg, and an optional 10 mg booster could be requested by participants who reported low subjective effect at 60-90 min and passed a safety check. Pre-retreat antidepressant tapering was not required. The intervention was delivered in a group retreat format with four primary facilitators and included three preparation sessions, a single psilocybin dosing day, and four integration sessions.ResultsThirteen participants (mean age 56 years, 70% female, 38% on concurrent antidepressants) completed the intervention. No serious adverse events occurred; mild adverse events included transient hypertension (n = 4), nausea (n = 3), and headache (n = 1). Seven participants (54%) received the booster dose. Mean Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Total scores decreased from 15.08 (SD4.35) at baseline to 9.00 (SD4.62) at Day +8, with improvements maintained through 24-week follow-up (mean 10.42, SD6.93); 69% achieved HADS scores below the clinical threshold. The proportion of participants with a \"complete\" mystical experience (Mystical Experience Questionnaire ≥ 60%) increased from 38% in the first experience to 77% in the second, without an increase in challenging experiences (Challenging Experiences Questionnaire). Social support, social identification, and group cohesion scores showed progressive improvements that persisted at 24 weeks.DiscussionA second experience of group retreat psilocybin therapy was safe and feasible for partial responders with metastatic cancer. The protocol modifications-higher dose, optional booster, and no antidepressant tapering requirement-did not introduce new safety concerns and were associated with substantially enhanced mystical experiences and preliminary efficacy signals. These findings support further investigation of retreatment protocols for partial responders and contribute to developing scalable group-based models relevant to psychedelic public health, where the resource intensity of individual treatment remains a fundamental barrier to population-level access.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1810904", "pubmed_id": "42058096", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1810904", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Retreatment, Depression, Anxiety, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42058096\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3578, "title": "CAPSI - Cancer Related Major Depression Treated With a Single Dose of Psilocybin: A Multicenter Randomized Placebo Controlled Double Blind Clinical Trial", "normalized_title": "capsi cancer related major depression treated with a single dose of psilocybin a multicenter randomized placebo controlled double blind clinical trial", "authors": "Section for Affective Disorders; Northern Stockholm Psychiatry", "abstract": "The goal of this randomized placebo controlled trial is to compare the antidepressant effect of a single oral dose of psilocybin 25 mg compared to 1 mg in 100 patients with cancer related major depressive disorder. The main question it aims to answer is: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a single 25 mg oral dose of psilocybin for major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to an active placebo (psilocybin 1 mg) assessed as the difference between groups in changes in depressive symptoms, in the following Population: 20-80 (inclusive) years old, current depressive episode (according to Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) ≥10), \\>1 month after cancer diagnosis, with at least 12 months of life expectancy, willingness to abstain from other psychotherapeutic or antidepressant treatments during the study (wash out time 5 half-lives).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06319378", "keywords": "MDD, psilocybin 25 mg sod, psilocybin 1 mg sod, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06319378\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3015, "title": "Psilocybin acutely reduces low-frequency BOLD power and frequency-specific connectivity", "normalized_title": "psilocybin acutely reduces low frequency bold power and frequency specific connectivity", "authors": "Olsen AS, Larsen K, McCulloch DE, Ganz M, Madsen MK, Ozenne B, Knudsen GM, Rehman Nu, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and other serotonergic drugs acutely alter human brain function and large-scale connectivity as measured with BOLD fMRI, but whether these effects are frequency-specific remains unknown. We applied multitaper spectral and cross-spectral analyses to resting-state fMRI data from 28 healthy volunteers scanned multiple times acutely following oral psilocybin administration (0.2 - 0.3 mg/kg), together with plasma psilocin measurements, to estimate psilocin associations with temporal frequency-specific activity and connectivity. Psilocybin produced a selective reduction in low-frequency spectral power (0.01 - 0.06 Hz ) and an increase in spectral entropy, with the strongest effects in transmodal networks. We also observed a reduction in low-frequency connectivity energy explained by the unimodal/transmodal axis. These findings demonstrate that psilocin induces spatially distributed, frequency-dependent alterations, suggesting that broadband fMRI analyses may obscure low-frequency dynamics. Frequency-resolved approaches may offer greater sensitivity for characterizing psychedelic effects on brain activity.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-04-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.04.09.717379", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.09.717379", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1215195\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1970, "title": "Psilocybin for Treatment of Prolonged Grief Disorder: An Open-Label Feasibility Study Protocol", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment of prolonged grief disorder an open label feasibility study protocol", "authors": "Penberthy J. Kim, A. Wise Fatma, Cherup Nicholas, Penberthy J. Morgan, Mitchell Evaline, Burns Madeline, Akinlade Oluwafunmilayo, Chung David, Parmar Harshit, Singer Jonathan", "abstract": "Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) affects approximately 10% of bereaved individuals and is now formally recognized in both the DSM-5-TR and ICD-11. Despite its prevalence, PGD often responds poorly to traditional therapeutic approaches. This manuscript outlines the protocol for an early-stage open-label feasibility trial investigating the use of psilocybin, a psychedelic compound, in treating PGD in adults, with a focus on young adults. The study will involve 20 participants diagnosed with PGD. Each participant will undergo a structured therapeutic process that includes a preparatory session, a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin, and post-session integration. Throughout the study, participants will be monitored via symptom assessments, including qualitative and quantitative data, with the main aims related to safety, feasibility and acceptability. Functional MRIs will be obtained pre- and post-dosing and collected during a standardized grief-elicitation methodology. Key outcome measures include changes in the severity of PGD and trauma symptoms, cognitive flexibility, openness to experience, meaning in life and subjective experiences during the psilocybin session. Neural activity will also be evaluated through fMRI to better understand the neurobiological effects of the treatment. This research represents one of the first clinical protocols specifically focused on the potential of psilocybin for treating PGD. The goal is to assess feasibility and safety while laying the groundwork for future randomized controlled trials.", "journal": "Psychoactives", "publication_date": "2026-04-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/psychoactives5020012", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives5020012", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.3390/psychoactives5020012\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121\",\"10.1002/da.20780\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.030\",\"10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30189-7\",\"10.1056/nejmcp2308707\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0892\",\"10.1001/jama.293.21.2601\",\"10.1037/0022-006x.75.2.277\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.173\",\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2032994\",\"10.1093/ijnp/pyab026\",\"10.1073/pnas.1921475117\",\"10.1073/pnas.1918477117\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1642605\",\"10.1080/09540261.2024.2357668\",\"10.1002/pst.185\",\"10.1177/20451253251377187\",\"10.1186/s40814-025-01706-5\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0313741\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.091\",\"10.1056/nejmra041867\",\"10.1364/navs.1992.sub4\",\"10.1016/0165-1781(95)02757-2\",\"10.1017/s0033291796004229\",\"10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111704\",\"10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x\",\"10.1055/s-2007-979351\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0012412\",\"10.1080/17439760.2018.1484940\",\"10.1177/0269881116678781\",\"10.1177/0269881120967878\",\"10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007\",\"10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80\",\"10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596\",\"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111902\",\"10.1037/a0033872\",\"10.1038/sj.npp.1301342\",\"10.1117/12.2512968\",\"10.1038/ncomms12141\",\"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.058\"],\"reference_count\":47}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 183, "title": "The astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex contribute to the rapid antidepressant-like effects of psilocybin in the chronic restraint stress mouse model.", "normalized_title": "the astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex contribute to the rapid antidepressant like effects of psilocybin in the chronic restraint stress mouse model", "authors": "Qiao YX, Dai W, Yao YS, Wei QQ, Yue CX, Yin YY, Li YF, Zhang LM.", "abstract": "Psilocybin showed a rapid antidepressant response in several clinical trials, which offers new hope for treating depression. Astrocytes were associated with the etiology of depression and might contribute to the onset of psilocybin. In this study, we investigated the fast antidepressant effect of psilocybin and tested variations of GFAP (astrocytic markers) and C3 protein (markers of A1 astrocyte) expression after psilocybin treatment in the chronic restraint stress (CRS) mouse model. We next defined the modulating impact of psilocin (psilocybin's main active metabolite) on primary astrocytes as well as A1 astrocytes in vitro. The depletion of astrocytes was achieved by AAV injection to further verify the astrocytic role underlying the action of psilocybin. Psilocybin and ketamine (positive control) rapidly reversed the depressive-like behaviors in the CRS mice. Both psilocybin and ketamine inhibited the CRS-induced astrocytic loss and increased C3 protein in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Psilocin up-regulated the activation and proliferation of primary astrocytes, and strengthened astrocytic ATP/lactate/glutamate release and mitochondrial function. Psilocin reversed A1 astrocyte-induced impairments in ATP/lactate/glutamate release and mitochondrial function. In vivo, depletion of astrocytes in the prelimbic (PrL) region of mPFC might affect the antidepressant action of psilocybin in unstressed mice. Our findings might be significant for a better understanding of astrocytic mechanisms in the action of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111698", "pubmed_id": "41974301", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111698", "keywords": "Prefrontal Cortex, Astrocytes, Cells, Cultured, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Disease Models, Animal, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Restraint, Physical, Depression, Stress, Psychological, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41974301\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Mitochondrial Function,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2979, "title": "Observing the mind under psychedelics: conceptual metaphors used following four once-weekly macrodoses of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "observing the mind under psychedelics conceptual metaphors used following four once weekly macrodoses of psilocybin", "authors": "Rundquist Eric, Monasterio López Diego Nicolás, Oyarzo Alvarado Juan Jonathan, Carhart-Harris Robin, Pasquini Lorenzo, Vinson Erin, Girn Manesh, Ostrand Avery, Allison Kate, Kettner Hannes, Miller Catriona, Griffith Sydney, Gazzaley Adam, Rosati Andrea, Mitchell Jennifer", "abstract": "", "journal": "Philosophical Psychology", "publication_date": "2026-04-09", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/09515089.2026.2657452", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2026.2657452", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:55:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1080/09515089.2026.2657452\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1234/ccd.2023.xxxxx\",\"10.4324/9780429058141-26\",\"10.4324/9781003300687\",\"10.1515/cogsem-2014-0012\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.010\",\"10.1124/pr.118.017160\",\"10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020\",\"10.1016/j.tics.2018.11.002\",\"10.1162/netn_a_00250\",\"10.1515/revneuro-2018-0092\",\"10.1353/pbm.1976.0042\",\"10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.277\",\"10.1515/9780748629862\",\"10.1515/9781474405232\",\"10.1037/cns0000261\",\"10.1037/0003-066x.34.10.906\",\"10.1016/j.concog.2005.04.002\",\"10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.001\",\"10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116171\",\"10.1111/j.1468-0017.2006.00285.x\",\"10.1017/9781107762350\",\"10.1016/j.newideapsych.2024.101144\",\"10.1159/000467984\",\"10.1080/10926480709336752\",\"10.1075/dapsac.43\",\"10.1126/science.7384800\",\"10.2466/pms.1984.58.2.467\",\"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010\",\"10.1556/2054.2023.00021\",\"10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00048\",\"10.1017/cbo9780511527715\",\"10.1177/096394700201100105\",\"10.1007/978-1-137-08545-0_18\",\"10.3389/fnhum.2014.00958\",\"10.7208/chicago/9780226470993.001.0001\",\"10.1093/med/9780198843122.001.0001\",\"10.1177/0022167820917767\",\"10.1101/2024.10.11.617955\",\"10.7551/mitpress/9780262019200.001.0001\",\"10.31234/osf.io/5ybhk_v1\",\"10.1101/2024.01.15.111268\",\"10.1177/02698811211066709\",\"10.1016/bs.alkal.2018.03.001\",\"10.1155/2014/307106\",\"10.1177/0963947020908622\",\"10.1515/jls-2020-2024\",\"10.1075/pc.24032.run\",\"10.1093/applin/amw028\",\"10.2307/jj.26931984.12\",\"10.19130/iifl.adel.4.2.2016.1400\",\"10.14198/elua.22349\",\"10.1007/s12144-021-01655-1\",\"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105325\",\"10.1016/j.pragma.2022.12.011\",\"10.1073/pnas.2218949120\",\"10.1177/02698811211069113\"],\"reference_count\":76}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 176, "title": "Psilocybin elicits a conserved glucocorticoid-responsive gene signature across five 5-HT2A receptor-rich brain regions in rat.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin elicits a conserved glucocorticoid responsive gene signature across five 5 ht2a receptor rich brain regions in rat", "authors": "Veysi A, Atanasovski D, Ardalan M, Motamed N, Eriksson E.", "abstract": "ObjectivePsychedelics such as psilocybin are known for their hallucinogenic properties and have also been reported to produce long-lasting therapeutic effects in depression and possibly also other psychiatric disorders. Several lines of evidence suggest that psilocybin exerts its effects through activation of 5-HT2A receptors located postsynaptically to serotonergic neurons, for example, in the frontal cortex, parts of the limbic system, including the amygdala and hippocampus, and striatum. The present study was conducted to shed further light on psilocybin-induced changes in gene expression.MethodSamples from the medial prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum were collected from 24 male Wistar rats 90 min after they had been injected with either saline or psilocybin (2 mg/kg) and subjected to multi-region transcriptional profiling using 3prime-RNASeq technology.ResultsNfkbia and Sgk1 were upregulated in all the studied regions, Ddit4 was upregulated in four regions, and Gpd1, Apold1, Sox9, Tsc22d3, and Slc2a1 were differentially expressed in two regions. Other cases of differentially expressed genes were region-specific.ConclusionWhereas psilocybin was not found to alter the expression of genes encoding enzymes, transporters, or receptors implicated in the serotonergic signalling, or those specifically involved in the regulation of the synaptic activity of other neurotransmitters, a common denominator for many of the genes impacted by psilocybin is that they have previously been found to be activated by glucocorticoids.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-09", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1017/neu.2026.10075", "pubmed_id": "41958297", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2026.10075", "keywords": "Brain, Amygdala, Gyrus Cinguli, Hippocampus, Corpus Striatum, Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Gene Expression Profiling, Male, Transcriptome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41958297\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 175, "title": "Sex-specific increased reactivity of the PVT and prolonged PVT→CeA circuit engagement following psilocin administration.", "normalized_title": "sex specific increased reactivity of the pvt and prolonged pvt cea circuit engagement following psilocin administration", "authors": "Effinger DP, Hoffman JL, Quadir SG, Rollison CS, Toedt D, Echeveste Sanchez M, High MW, Hodge CW, Herman MA.", "abstract": "The psychedelic psilocybin has shown therapeutic potential, yet underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. We investigated the impact of psilocin-the active metabolite of psilocybin-on basal activity and reactivity within the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) and PVT projections to central amygdala (CeA) in rats. Psilocin administration increased PVT c-Fos expression and selectively engaged PVT→CeA neurons in females, but not males. Psilocin enhanced PVT reactivity to an aversive air-puff stimulus, with effects primarily driven by passive responders. In PVT→CeA neurons, psilocin prevented time-dependent reductions in stimulus-evoked activity and maintained reactivity across timepoints in females but not males. The sustained engagement of PVT→CeA circuitry was driven by active responders. These findings identify sex-specific modulation of thalamic-limbic circuitry and behavior by psilocin, implicating PVT→CeA circuitry in the neural and behavioral effects of psychedelic compounds, advancing our understanding of how psychedelics modulate emotional brain circuits to further inform potential therapeutic mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-09", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-026-71481-1", "pubmed_id": "41963345", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71481-1", "keywords": "Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, Neurons, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Hallucinogens, Female, Male, Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41963345\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 178, "title": "Evaluation of a facilitator training program in a randomized controlled trial of psilocybin treatment for depression.", "normalized_title": "evaluation of a facilitator training program in a randomized controlled trial of psilocybin treatment for depression", "authors": "Morel NS, Stenbaek DS, Lundberg J, Beckman M.", "abstract": "BackgroundMajor depression is a prevalent condition among patients with life-threatening illnesses, such as cancer, and recent findings suggest that psilocybin may hold promising treatment potential. Contemporary trials of psilocybin generally employ a model that includes psychotherapeutic support consisting of preparation and integration sessions surrounding the dosing. However, there is limited research on the psychotherapeutic component of treatment, including the skills, professional qualifications and training needed to provide it.MethodsIn this study, nine nurses completed a 15-week online and on-site training program as facilitators in an ongoing randomized controlled trial of psilocybin treatment for depression. The training evaluation consisted of a subjective evaluation by the facilitators collected during and after completion of training, and an objective evaluation of the facilitators' verbal relational skills assessed with standardized role-plays before and after completion of training. The recorded role-plays were assessed using the relational components of the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity (MITI) code 4.2 and analyzed with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.ResultsThe facilitators' subjective evaluations indicated that the online and on-site training sessions had supported their knowledge- and skill acquisition. However, most facilitators reported that additional practical in-person training would have been necessary for them to feel adequately prepared to provide the treatment. The objective assessment of the facilitators' verbal relational skills showed a significant increase in one of twelve MITI variables and medium to large effect sizes for six of the measures pre- to post-training.ConclusionsThe training model used in this study showed potential to improve outcomes, though effects were modest and only demonstrated in role-play. The facilitators also indicated a need for additional training to feel adequately prepared. The exact requirements for the psychotherapeutic support surrounding the dosing in these treatments, including the specific skills and professional qualifications needed to provide it, remain unclear. Nonetheless, the results of this study suggest that different professionals may require distinct types of training to deliver these treatments effectively. Future studies should design training programs based on the facilitators' baseline skills and provide clear descriptions and objective measures of both the training intervention and outcome, along with adherence measures throughout treatment.Trial registrationEudraCT: 2023-505532-35-00; Clinicaltrails.gov ID: NCT06319378. Registered 8 November 2023.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1186/s12909-026-09124-8", "pubmed_id": "41952163", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-09124-8", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Program Evaluation, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41952163\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 177, "title": "Severe Illness Associated with Eating Mushroom-Containing Chocolate Products - United States, January-October 2024.", "normalized_title": "severe illness associated with eating mushroom containing chocolate products united states january october 2024", "authors": "Rumph JT, Winquist A, Troeschel AN, Pulver S, Schnall AH, Ebersole J, Yeh M, Burt B, Federman SL, Klontz K, Dasenbrock C, Leahy HL, Brady S, Stuteville H, Patel K, Daniel J, Chang A", "abstract": "In late spring 2024, CDC was alerted to an outbreak of poisoning potentially associated with eating Diamond Shruumz microdosing chocolate bars. Diamond Shruumz microdosing chocolate bars are edible products designed so that small doses of mushroom-derived psychoactive compounds and other psychoactive ingredients can be eaten in a presectioned serving. In response to this alert, CDC and the Food and Drug Administration coordinated a nationwide outbreak investigation to characterize the potential poisonings associated with eating Diamond Shruumz microdosing chocolate bars. A case of poisoning was defined as an illness with moderate or major clinical effects (i.e., symptoms) as defined by America's Poison Centers in a person who ate any Diamond Shruumz product or another mushroom-containing chocolate product during January-October 2024. In total, 180 cases were reported in 34 states. Among these, 73 persons were hospitalized, including 38 persons who required intensive care unit (ICU) admission, 29 who required endotracheal intubation, and two deaths. Eating Diamond Shruumz chocolate bars was associated with higher odds of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] = 3.29; 95% CI = 1.51-7.40), ICU admission (OR = 6.30; 95% CI = 2.17-22.6), seizures (OR = 8.45; 95% CI = 3.00-27.9), and endotracheal intubation (OR = 8.04; 95% CI = 2.24-44.2), compared with eating other mushroom-containing chocolate products. Eating larger amounts of Diamond Shruumz chocolate bars was associated with an increased likelihood of hospitalization, ICU admission, and endotracheal intubation (p-value for trend tests [p-trend] = 0.023, 0.004, and", "journal": "MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report", "publication_date": "2026-04-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.15585/mmwr.mm7513a2", "pubmed_id": "41955162", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41955162/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:12", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41955162\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 40, "title": "Dissociating the Hallucinogenic and Neuroplastic Effects of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "dissociating the hallucinogenic and neuroplastic effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Baker JJ, Kogan E, Ma S, Lu J, Zuo Y.", "abstract": "It is unclear how serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT2A Rs) in cortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons (L5 PyrNs) differentially contribute to psilocybin-induced hallucinations versus neuroplasticity. Here we show that psilocybin promotes synapse formation and maturation while accelerating the elimination of pre-existing synapses. Cell type-specific manipulation further demonstrated that 5-HT2A R signaling in L5 PyrNs is necessary and sufficient for psilocybin-induced synaptic remodeling but dispensable for the head-twitch response, a rodent proxy of hallucination.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-04-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.04.06.716778", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.06.716778", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1215700\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3656, "title": "Safety Profile of 25 mg Psilocybin in Individuals With Cocaine Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "safety profile of 25 mg psilocybin in individuals with cocaine use disorder", "authors": "University of California, Los Angeles", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to establish the safe administration of psilocybin in individuals with cocaine use disorder in terms of cardiovascular (e.g., heart rate) and subjective (e.g., mood) effects. The study's subject population consists of men and women between the ages of 21 and 55 from the Los Angeles area that meet criteria for cocaine use disorder and express an interest in ceasing cocaine use. 25 mg oral psilocybin will be administered to 10 individuals (separately) during a single laboratory visit. The laboratory visit will take place from 9 am until 3 pm within a comfortable, living room like environment. Within this study session room, participants will be accompanied by two clinicians. Participants will then consume the psilocybin capsule, and thereafter will be encouraged to lie down on a couch and introspect on the experience. At one-hour intervals following ingestion, participants will be tested briefly for changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and subjective effects. No blood draws, behavioral assessments, or neuroimaging is included in the study. Following the laboratory visit, investigators will check-in on participants remotely, after 48 hours, and 10, 50, and 90 days from the psilocybin session.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06102434", "keywords": "Cocaine Use Disorder, Psilocybin, SUSPENDED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06102434\",\"overall_status\":\"SUSPENDED\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Aging,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3249, "title": "Altered States of Consciousness and the Subconscious Mind: A Comprehensive Comparative Review of Disciplines, Neurobiological Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Philosophical Frameworks - Including Life Between Lives and Transpersonal Hypnotherapy", "normalized_title": "altered states of consciousness and the subconscious mind a comprehensive comparative review of disciplines neurobiological mechanisms clinical applications and philosophical frameworks including life between lives and transpersonal hypnotherapy", "authors": "Gallardo LM.", "abstract": "Altered states of consciousness (ASC) represent a universal human capacity for accessing and transforming the subconscious mind, employed across cultures and millennia through diverse contemplative, somatic, pharmacological, ritual, and technological modalities. This comprehensive review synthesizes evidence from over 25 distinct disciplines spanning five clusters: (A) contemplative and meditative practices (yoga, hypnotherapy, qigong, Tibetan meditation, mindfulness); (B) breathwork and somatic practices (holotropic breathwork, pranayama, somatic experiencing, trauma-release exercises, Wim Hof method); (C) plant-based and psychedelic practices (ayahuasca, psilocybin, MDMA, ketamine, ibogaine, peyote, cannabis); (D) ritual, cultural, and energetic practices (shamanic drumming, Sufi whirling, sound therapy, sweat lodge, lucid dreaming); and (E) neurotechnology and sensory modulation (neurofeedback, TMS, tDCS, float therapy, VR therapy, EMDR). We provide the first in-depth scholarly treatment of transpersonal hypnotherapy modalities-Life Between Lives (LBL) hypnotherapy and Past Life Regression (PLR) therapy-as legitimate therapeutic frameworks warranting rigorous empirical investigation. Comparative neurobiological analysis reveals converging mechanisms across all disciplines: default mode network (DMN) suppression or modulation, autonomic nervous system regulation via vagal tone and heart rate variability, neuroplasticity enhancement through brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) upregulation, memory reconsolidation enabling schema revision, interoceptive predictive coding that updates maladaptive priors, theta and alpha brainwave entrainment facilitating subconscious access, and ego dissolution permitting self-transcendence. Clinical evidence demonstrates strongest support for MDMA-assisted therapy in PTSD (Phase 3 RCTs, 67% response rate), psilocybin therapy in treatment-resistant depression (60-70% response in multiple RCTs), EMDR for trauma (WHO and APA endorsed), mindfulness-based interventions for depression relapse prevention and anxiety (multiple meta-analyses), and neurofeedback for ADHD and anxiety disorders (systematic reviews). Transpersonal modalities including LBL and PLR show preliminary evidence for existential distress, grief, depression, and life-purpose confusion in case series and open trials, though rigorous controlled trials are lacking. Philosophical frameworks from Vedantic (atman, samskaras, moksha), Buddhist (alaya-vijnana, anatta), Jungian (collective unconscious, archetypes), Platonic (anamnesis), transpersonal (Assagioli, Wilber), and neuroscientific (predictive coding, Bayesian brain) traditions offer complementary conceptualizations of the subconscious mind as the universal therapeutic target. All ASC disciplines converge on temporarily suspending ordinary critical consciousness to enable direct access to subconscious patterns-conceptualized variously as samskaras, unconscious complexes, predictive priors, conditioned schemas, or soul memories. LBL hypnotherapy uniquely targets the superconscious or Higher Self dimension, representing the only modality explicitly accessing soul-level knowing and between-lives experiences. Significant research gaps include absence of head-to-head comparative trials, lack of standardized ASC phenomenological and neurophysiological measurement protocols, limited mechanistic neuroimaging studies during deep transpersonal trance states, insufficient integration protocols, and need for personalized matching algorithms. We propose an integrative framework positioning ASC as a spectrum from subconscious (conditioned patterns) to superconscious (transpersonal wisdom), with diverse modalities as complementary vehicles for consciousness transformation. Future research priorities include rigorous RCTs for LBL and PLR, neurophenomenological studies combining EEG/fMRI with first-person phenomenology, replication of reincarnation research with modern methodology, quantum consciousness investigations, and culturally safe integration of indigenous healing practices. This review provides the most comprehensive synthesis to date of ASC-based therapeutics, establishing a foundation for integrative, cross-disciplinary, evidence-based practice in consciousness medicine.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2026-04-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202604.0415.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202604.0415.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1175423\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 186, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted pharmacotherapy: clinical applications and regulatory considerations.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted pharmacotherapy clinical applications and regulatory considerations", "authors": "Marazziti D, Gambini M, Gurrieri R, Russomanno G, Sità G, Pescini E, Digiuseppe FR, Mucci F.", "abstract": "IntroductionAfter decades of regulatory marginalization, psychedelic compounds have reemerged as promising therapeutic tools in psychiatry, driven by unmet clinical needs in treatment-resistant mental disorders and by growing evidence of rapid and sustained effects on mood, cognition, and behavior.Areas coveredThis narrative review critically examined the current clinical and regulatory landscape of psychedelic-assisted therapies in psychiatry. We synthesize evidence from phase II-III clinical trials, regulatory agency documents, and international drug policy frameworks, focusing on ketamine/esketamine, MDMA, psilocybin, LSD, DMT/5-MeO-DMT, and ibogaine across major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, PTSD, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. Particular attention will be given to regulatory pathways, scheduling constraints, access mechanisms, and compound-specific approval trajectories in the United States, European Union, and selected international jurisdictions.Expert opinionPsychedelic-assisted therapies are unlikely to follow a conventional prescription model and instead require specialist-delivered, psychotherapy-integrated care under appropriate regulatory and ethical safeguards. While late-stage trials support their potential in high-need populations, unresolved challenges, including long-term safety, scalability, workforce training, equity of access, and medico-legal accountability, must be addressed before broader clinical implementation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/14656566.2026.2654682", "pubmed_id": "41944071", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2026.2654682", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Drug Approval, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41944071\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1971, "title": "A living systematic review, meta-analysis and open-data resource of randomized controlled trials of psilocybin treatment for symptoms of depression", "normalized_title": "a living systematic review meta analysis and open data resource of randomized controlled trials of psilocybin treatment for symptoms of depression", "authors": "Singleton S. Parker, Sevchik Brooke L., Lahey Analiese, Cuijpers Pim, Harrer Mathias, Jones Megan T., Nayak Sandeep M., Strain Eric C., Vandekar Simon N., Dworkin Robert H., Scott J. Cobb, Satterthwaite Theodore D.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Nature Mental Health", "publication_date": "2026-04-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s44220-026-00630-8", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-026-00630-8", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1038/s44220-026-00630-8\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1007/s40273-021-01040-7\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4101\",\"10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.020\",\"10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790140028003\",\"10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00333-x\",\"10.2147/dddt.s443177\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2206443\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.168\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115531\",\"10.1177/02698811241287542\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1359088\",\"10.3390/bs13040297\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1416420\",\"10.1136/bmj-2023-078084\",\"10.9758/cpn.23.1120\",\"10.1111/acps.13778\",\"10.1038/s44220-024-00373-4\",\"10.1177/0269881116675512\",\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.1001/jama.2023.14530\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101809\",\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.49026\",\"10.1016/j.medj.2024.01.005\",\"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004519\",\"10.1111/add.70152\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103149\",\"10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.08.001\",\"10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2032994\",\"10.1038/s41386-023-01755-5\",\"10.4088/jcp.20m13699\",\"10.1177/20451253231198466\",\"10.1056/nejmoa051688\",\"10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.611\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.28\",\"10.1007/s11920-007-0061-3\",\"10.1001/archpsyc.64.4.419\",\"10.1177/070674371005500304\",\"10.1080/17512433.2021.1951473\",\"10.31234/osf.io/caup9_v1\",\"10.1007/s00213-022-06221-6\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.4809\",\"10.1136/bmj-2023-078607\",\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.24119\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.20221043\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.20230661\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.20230643\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.20230664\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.20230665\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.20230667\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.20230572\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.20230905\",\"10.3102/10769986030003261\",\"10.1002/sim.2514\",\"10.1002/sim.1482\",\"10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629\",\"10.1007/s11121-021-01246-3\",\"10.6028/jres.087.022\",\"10.31234/osf.io/7tbrm\",\"10.1002/jrsm.1475\",\"10.1136/ebmental-2019-300117\",\"10.18637/jss.v036.i03\",\"10.18637/jss.v093.i06\",\"10.5281/zenodo.15714852\"],\"reference_count\":70}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 187, "title": "An international mega-analysis of psychedelic drug effects on brain circuit function.", "normalized_title": "an international mega analysis of psychedelic drug effects on brain circuit function", "authors": "Girn M, Doss MK, Roseman L, Preller KH, Palhano-Fontes F, Pasquini L, Barrett FS, Mallaroni P, Mason NL, Timmermann C, McCulloch DE, Fisher PM, Winston BS, Moujaes F, Muller F, Liechti ME, Vollenweider FX, Ramaekers JG, Kuypers K, Araujo DB, Sporns O, Siegel J, Dosenbach N, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Stamatakis EA, Bzdok D.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs are re-emerging as promising scientific and clinical tools. However, despite a rapidly expanding literature on their therapeutic value, the neural mechanisms underlying psychedelic effects remain unclear. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of acute psychedelic effects, conducted independently by several research groups, have so far yielded fragmented and sometimes inconsistent findings. Here, to help facilitate greater convergence, we conducted a 'mega-analysis' integrating 11 independent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets across five psychedelic drugs (psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine and ayahuasca) from research groups spanning three continents and five countries. By applying a uniform preprocessing pipeline and a Bayesian hierarchical modeling framework, we discovered several common features in the induced alterations to brain function across drugs and sites. Most prominently, we identified a core signature of increased functional connectivity between transmodal (default, frontoparietal and limbic) and unimodal networks (visual and somatomotor), with subnetwork specificity. Furthermore, key subcortical regions (thalamus, caudate and putamen) and the cerebellum exhibited altered coupling with sensorimotor networks. In contrast to several single-site reports, Bayesian modeling revealed weak-to-moderate and selective reductions in within-network functional connectivity, with substantial variability across drugs and networks. Together, these findings extend past work by demonstrating that psychedelics reconfigure large-scale cortical organization while selectively engaging subcortical circuitry. This study provides the most comprehensive synthesis of psychedelic brain action to date, helping resolve inconsistencies and offering a probabilistic map of how psychedelics alter large-scale brain organization. We hereby provide a cornerstone to benchmark and shepherd future psychedelic neuroimaging research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41591-026-04287-9", "pubmed_id": "41942645", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-026-04287-9", "keywords": "Brain, Nerve Net, Humans, Banisteriopsis, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Bayes Theorem, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41942645\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 180, "title": "Catatonia Associated With First-Time Psilocybin Exposure: A Case Report.", "normalized_title": "catatonia associated with first time psilocybin exposure a case report", "authors": "Singh J, Mruthyunjaya P.", "abstract": "In this case report, we highlight a 28-year-old male patient with predominantly retarded type of catatonia following a single incidence of psilocybin ingestion. This patient presented with a history of six months of mutism and inability to feed himself after consuming psilocybin for the first time. He did not have any history of psychiatric illness or substance use. Imaging and laboratory results were unremarkable. The goal of this case report is to document one of the earliest records of psilocybin-induced catatonia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.106474", "pubmed_id": "42093782", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.106474", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42093782\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Aging,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3678, "title": "Role of Experience, Conscious Awareness, and Plasticity in Psilocybin's Behavioral Effects - Follow-Up Study (The RECAP 2 Study)", "normalized_title": "role of experience conscious awareness and plasticity in psilocybin s behavioral effects follow up study the recap 2 study", "authors": "University of Wisconsin, Madison", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to learn about the role that inducing neuroplasticity (the brain's ability to adapt and change) plays in the behavioral effects of psilocybin in people who have experienced a mild decline in emotional wellbeing. Researchers will compare different doses of psilocybin combined with midazolam or placebo to see what dose induces increased wellbeing. Participants will: * Receive one of four possible combinations of medications * Undergo an MRI * Complete questionnaires * Undergo transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and EEG The purpose of this study is to investigate the role that inducing neuroplasticity plays in the behavioral effects of psilocybin in people with modest decrements in emotional wellbeing.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06692192", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psilocybine, Psilocibin, Midazolam, Saline, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06692192\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3542, "title": "Activating Neuroplasticity to ENHANCE the Perception Box Expanding Effects of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "activating neuroplasticity to enhance the perception box expanding effects of psilocybin", "authors": "University of Wisconsin, Madison", "abstract": "This study will examine whether combining a single dose of psilocybin with non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), a potential inducer of neuroplasticity and enhanced memory formation, will enhance the long-term beneficial behavioral effects of psilocybin when compared to sham taVNS or no VNS by allowing memory for insights gained during the psychedelic experience to remain vivid after they will have faded in subjects who receive psilocybin followed by sham taVNS or no VNS. One hundred and eight medically healthy adult volunteers with a modest decrement in wellbeing will receive a single open-label 25 mg dose of psilocybin administered within a \"set and setting\" (SaS) framework of psychological support provided by trained facilitators, such as has been successfully employed in prior psychedelic studies at UW-Madison. The SaS protocol will include 2-4 hours of preparation, a 6- to 8-hour psilocybin dosing session and an hour-long integration session 1 day and 9 days post dosing. All subjects will receive various combinations of active taVNS or sham taVNS prior to, or following, psilocybin dosing. Active and sham taVNS sessions will last 20 minutes and will occur twice daily (morning and afternoon/evening) for 7 consecutive days, using an \"at home\" protocol that has been used safely and effectively by study collaborators. taVNS is a non-invasive low-risk procedure. Subjects will be randomized with equal allocation to one of four conditions: 1) seven days of sham taVNS prior to psilocybin dosing and 7 days of active taVNS post- psilocybin dosing (Group 1: n=27); 2) seven days of sham taVNS prior to psilocybin dosing and 7 days of sham taVNS post- psilocybin dosing (Group 2: n=27); 3) seven days of sham taVNS prior to psilocybin dosing and psilocybin with psychosocial support post-dosing (Group 3: n=27); and 4) seven days of active taVNS prior to psilocybin dosing and 7 days of sham taVNS post- psilocybin dosing (Group 4: n=27). Importantly, participants in all groups will receive psychosocial support in addition to their randomization status (i.e., taVNS or sham taVNS prior to, or following psilocybin, or psychosocial support alone), as the provision of psychosocial support is the current standard of care for the use of psychedelics in FDA-regulated clinical trials (FDA2023). It is anticipated that a total sample of 108 subjects will be enrolled to provide 100 subjects who complete study activities/assessments sufficient to provide evaluable data for testing study primary and exploratory outcomes.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05866471", "keywords": "Healthy, Psychedelic Experiences, Vagus Nerve Stimulation, Psilocybin, Psilocybine, Psilocibin, Filament Health Psilocybin, PEX010, Transcutaneous auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS), Psychosocial Support Alone, Sham taVNS, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05866471\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 181, "title": "Psilocybin and human longevity.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and human longevity", "authors": "Lerer L.", "abstract": "Psilocybin extends lifespan in aged mice, and this has prompted extensive media speculation about possible human longevity benefits. We examined mortality among prominent psychedelic personalities, researchers, and advocates who claimed psychedelic use (n = 11) and compared them with cancer (n = 12) and aging researchers (n = 5). All groups exceeded population life expectancy, reflecting the effect of socioeconomic advantage on lifespan, but psychedelic personalities did not outlive cancer and aging researchers. These findings highlight the need for rigorous mechanistic and epidemiological studies before inferring human anti-aging effects of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-04-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41514-026-00380-y", "pubmed_id": "41932939", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41514-026-00380-y", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41932939\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Longevity,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3670, "title": "Acute Analgesic Effects of DMT on Experimentally Induced Acute Nociceptive Pain, Hyperalgesia and Allodynia in Healthy Participants", "normalized_title": "acute analgesic effects of dmt on experimentally induced acute nociceptive pain hyperalgesia and allodynia in healthy participants", "authors": "University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland", "abstract": "N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a classical psychedelic with similar effects like LSD or psilocybin. Preliminary evidence from case series and small open-label trials suggests that psychedelics may be promising candidates for the treatment of several pain-related diseases such as chronic pain, migraine, cluster headache or phantom limb pain. However, data from rigorously conducted and randomized clinical trials are lacking. Additionally, the potential acute analgesic properties of psychedelics remain poorly characterized. Therefore, the investigators will evaluate the efficacy of DMT on different pain qualities within a model of electrically induced pain in healthy participants. The analgesic effects will be compared to racemic ketamine (active control) and placebo within a cross-over design. Preliminary evidence from case series and small open-label trials suggests that psychedelics may be promising candidates for the treatment of several pain-related diseases such as chronic pain, migraine, cluster headache or phantom limb pain. However, data from rigorously conducted and randomized clinical trials are lacking. Additionally, the potential acute analgesic properties of psychedelics remain poorly characterized. For instance, it is unclear whether psychedelics possess acute antinociceptive effects or if they rather modulate secondary pain phenomena such as hyperalgesia, allodynia, and/or functional pain. Here, the investigators will employ a validated electrical stimulation model in healthy volunteers that produces acute nociceptive pain but also features of chronic pain such as hyperalgesia and allodynia. The model is established for the detailed assessment of the analgesic effect of known analgesics or new compounds. Thus, the investigators will evaluate the efficacy of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a classical and naturally-occurring psychedelic, on different pain qualities within this model. DMT differs from other classical psychedelics in its very short elimination half-life. Due to its rapid metabolization by monoaminoxidases (MAO), DMT is not orally bioavailable in the absence of MAO-inhibitors and thus has to be administered continuously and intravenously. Recently, the investigators tested several continuous intravenous administration regimes of DMT that lead to the induction of a constant and rapidly adaptable psychedelic state. The regime allows to induce stable DMT effect that can be terminated rapidly. Due to this controllability, a continuous infusion of intravenous DMT is most suitable to assess time and concentration-dependent analgesic effects within the used pain model. The analgesic efficacy of DMT will be compared to ketamine, a known analgesic (positive control), and placebo.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06180759", "keywords": "Healthy, Intravenous infusion of DMT, Intravenous infusion of ketamine, Intravenous infusion of placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06180759\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Case Report,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3651, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin in obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This study will test the feasibility, safety, and evidence for efficacy of psilocybin administration in participants with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This will serve as a preliminary proof of concept study for future larger studies aimed to investigate the utility, cognitive mechanisms, and neural correlates of this intervention. Participants in this study will receive two doses of psilocybin approximately two weeks apart. Assessments will be conducted during screening visits, psilocybin sessions, and at follow up visits up to 6 months after the final psilocybin session. Thirty participants will complete all study visits including follow-up visits. Primary objectives: 1. Investigate the feasibility, safety, and acceptability of psilocybin for OCD. 2. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on OCD symptoms and concomitant depression and anxiety symptoms. 3. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on quality of life. Secondary objectives: 1. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on metacognition of episodic memory and decision-making. 2. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on model-based learning. 3. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on the ERN. 4. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on affect and social connection. 5. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on movement and communications.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-04-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05546658", "keywords": "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05546658\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3810, "title": "265 Self-reported rates of psilocybin use in North Florida, 2012 to present", "normalized_title": "265 self reported rates of psilocybin use in north florida 2012 to present", "authors": "Millay Tamara, Kodali Monica Bhargavi, Cottler Linda", "abstract": "Objectives/Goals: Mainstream interest in psilocybin (“shrooms”) has grown over the past several years as two US states have “legalized” psilocybin and clinical trials are underway for use in multiple mental health conditions. We evaluated self-reported use of psilocybin among community members in North Florida and trends in use from 2012 to the present. Methods/Study Population: Established in 2011 as part of the UF Clinical and Translational Science Institute, UF HealthStreet Community Health Workers enroll community members from North Florida through outreach, conduct Health Needs Assessments (HNAs) to guide referrals to social and medical services and opportunities to participate in research. This model provides community health concerns and behaviors, which can be compared across time to direct resources based on importance to the community. Topics covered in the HNA include demographics, trust in research and researchers, food insecurity, access to medical care, health conditions, and use of various substances, from legal drugs like alcohol or opioid pain medication to illicit substances such as cocaine, heroin, or psilocybin. Results/Anticipated Results: We evaluated self-reported use of psilocybin among HealthStreet members, beginning in 2012 when psilocybin use was first assessed until October 2025. Among 12,870 participants, 1,194 (9.3%) reported using psilocybin in the past 12 months. Males were more likely to endorse psilocybin use than females (57.3% vs 42.7%), and Whites were overwhelmingly more likely to report psilocybin use (76.1%) than Blacks (12.1%) or People of Other Race (11.8%). Prevalence of psilocybin use was roughly equal to self-reported rates of use of speed or amphetamines (9.2%), but slightly higher than rates of use of ADHD medications (8.5%). Most notably, when viewed over time, self-reported psilocybin use tripled, from 6% in 2012-2013 to 18% in 2024-2025. Discussion/Significance of Impact: These community data from North Florida confirm a rapidly growing use of psilocybin across the United States. Risk factors for psilocybin use such depression, anxiety, and other drug use will be evaluated. Knowledge of current trends is essential to tailor public health messages and inform both providers and policymakers.", "journal": "Journal of Clinical and Translational Science", "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1017/cts.2026.10464", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2026.10464", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1017/cts.2026.10464\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3734, "title": "361 Effect of intravenous psilocybin on mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of reserpine-induced chronic centralized pain", "normalized_title": "361 effect of intravenous psilocybin on mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of reserpine induced chronic centralized pain", "authors": "Huels Emma, Smith Sara, Liu Tiecheng, Pal Dinesh", "abstract": "Objectives/Goals: We recently showed that a single dose of psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity for up to 28 days in a rat model of formalin-induced chronic centralized pain. The goal of this study is to determine whether psilocybin can alleviate chronic pain in a rat model of reserpine-induced chronic centralized pain. Methods/Study Population: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (male=12, female=12) will be surgically equipped with a chronic indwelling catheter in jugular vein for the delivery of psilocybin. After 14 days of post-surgical recovery, rats will undergo Randall-Selitto testing to assess their baseline muscle pressure threshold. Thereafter, the rats will receive subcutaneous reserpine (1mg/kg) for three consecutive days, which depletes biogenic amines that have been reported to be reduced in fibromyalgia patients. The rats will be tested again on the Randall-Selitto assay on post-reserpine days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28. One subgroup of the rats will receive intravenous psilocybin (1mg/kg) on post-reserpine day 4, while the other subgroup will receive intravenous saline. Results/Anticipated Results: We have completed data collection from four female rats which shows that compared to baseline, reserpine reduced muscle pressure threshold on post-reserpine days 1-21 (mean ± SD, day 1: -18.33%±7.26%, day 3: -15.05%±7.2%, day 5: -29.19%±3.75%, day 7: -19.64%±14.67%, day 14: -30.02%±10.14%, day 21: -14.95%±12.9%). On day 28, muscle pressure thresholds approached baseline levels (-8.12%±14.73%). These data show that we have successfully reproduced the reserpine model in our laboratory. Based on our previous study showing alleviation of mechanical hypersensitivity in formalin-treated rats after a single dose of intravenous psilocybin, we expect that psilocybin will shorten the duration of reserpine-induced mechanical hypersensitivity as compared to the rats receiving 0.9% saline as vehicle control. Discussion/Significance of Impact: These studies are expected to provide a neuroscientific foundation for the emerging use of serotonergic psychedelics as a potential treatment for chronic pain conditions, including fibromyalgia.", "journal": "Journal of Clinical and Translational Science", "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1017/cts.2026.10531", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2026.10531", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:09:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1017/cts.2026.10531\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2982, "title": "26-CCC-15854-ACC TALK ABOUT A BAD TRIP!: PSILOCYBIN USE WITH PRE-EXISTING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, A CASE REPORT", "normalized_title": "26 ccc 15854 acc talk about a bad trip psilocybin use with pre existing cardiovascular disease a case report", "authors": "Buchanan Christine", "abstract": "", "journal": "JACC", "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jacc.2026.02.3249", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2026.02.3249", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:55:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jacc.2026.02.3249\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2981, "title": "MedCheck: FDA Approves Novel Antipsychotic Milsaperidone; Designates Psilocybin Analogue as Breakthrough Therapy for Postpartum Depression, and More!", "normalized_title": "medcheck fda approves novel antipsychotic milsaperidone designates psilocybin analogue as breakthrough therapy for postpartum depression and more", "authors": "Richmond Linda M.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2026.04.4.3", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2026.04.4.3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:55:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1176/appi.pn.2026.04.4.3\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1973, "title": "Psilocybin: Wirksam, aber kein Wundermittel.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin wirksam aber kein wundermittel", "authors": "Pichler H.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s15006-026-5871-5", "pubmed_id": "41917578", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s15006-026-5871-5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41917578\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1972, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin in Psychiatric Disorders: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Clinical Implications", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of psilocybin in psychiatric disorders mechanisms efficacy and clinical implications", "authors": "Meshkat Shakila, Jha Manish K., Bhat Venkat", "abstract": "", "journal": "Focus", "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1176/appi.focus.20250043", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20250043", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1176/appi.focus.20250043\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1007/bf02159243\",\"10.1055/a-1721-2914\",\"10.1038/npp.2017.84\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112749\",\"10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00576-3\",\"10.1080/02791072.2017.1320734\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2206443\",\"10.1001/jama.2023.14530\",\"10.1016/j.medj.2024.01.005\",\"10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7\",\"10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4685\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.20231063\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.133\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2032994\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.1177/02698811231154852\",\"10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.0351\",\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.49026\",\"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004519\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101841\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x\",\"10.1177/02698811211073759\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102799\",\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1177/0269881119897615\",\"10.1177/0269881116675512\",\"10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.08.001\",\"10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116\",\"10.1177/0269881114548296\",\"10.3109/00952990.2016.1170135\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096\",\"10.1176/appi.ajp.20230887\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103149\",\"10.1111/add.70152\",\"10.1177/02698811251319457\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1215972\",\"10.2174/1874473708666150107121331\",\"10.1111/add.70187\",\"10.4088/jcp.v67n1110\",\"10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152619\",\"10.1177/02698811251362390\",\"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.03.031\",\"10.1038/s41591-023-02455-9\",\"10.3390/ijms22020835\",\"10.1016/j.mehy.2023.111068\",\"10.1177/0269881119895520\",\"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.009\",\"10.1097/cm9.0000000000002647\",\"10.1093/nc/niaf060\",\"10.1007/s40263-021-00877-y\",\"10.1177/02698811241286771\",\"10.1089/psymed.2024.0009\",\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.01.002\",\"10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.004\",\"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.004\",\"10.1098/rstb.2013.0475\",\"10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411\",\"10.1080/02791072.2024.2399128\",\"10.1177/02698811241278769\",\"10.1080/02791072.2019.1593561\",\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.019\",\"10.1111/adb.13143\",\"10.7554/elife.62878\",\"10.1038/s41398-022-02039-0\"],\"reference_count\":67}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 190, "title": "Clinical Characteristics of Emergency Visits Related to Recreational Psychedelic Use.", "normalized_title": "clinical characteristics of emergency visits related to recreational psychedelic use", "authors": "Bhatt KV, Friedman J, Benster L, Narasimhan R, Yang K, Mishra J, Weissman CR, Ramanathan D.", "abstract": "Recreational psychedelic use is increasing, yet data on adverse events remains limited. This study characterized emergency department (ED) visits associated with recreational psychedelic use at UC San Diego Medical Center. We conducted a retrospective chart review of ED encounters (2010-2023). Cases were identified using ICD-10 hallucinogen-related codes and confirmed through manual review. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with psychiatric hospitalization. We identified 232 cases, primarily related to LSD (35.0%), MDMA (30.2%), and psilocybin (24.0%). The cohort was predominantly young, white, and male. Common psychiatric symptoms included agitation (25.9%) and anxiety (24.6%). Common nonpsychiatric symptoms included nausea/vomiting (9.5%) and diaphoresis (5.2%). 11.2% of cases required psychiatric hospitalization. Factors associated with psychiatric hospitalization included concurrent cannabis use (OR = 10.9, 95% CI3.37-39.64), history of bipolar disorder (OR = 12.67, 95% CI2.35-70.43), and history of a primary psychotic disorder (OR = 17.10, 95% CI2.01-187.49). Psychedelic-associated emergency visits present with various clinical characteristics. While most recreational psychedelic presentations are effectively managed in the emergency department, specific factors predict severe outcomes. Concurrent cannabis use and pre-existing psychotic or bipolar disorders are associated with increased odds of psychiatric hospitalization, underscoring the importance of targeted risk assessment in patients with these vulnerabilities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s10597-026-01620-x", "pubmed_id": "41920509", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-026-01620-x", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41920509\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 189, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy: Breakthrough for Whom?", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy breakthrough for whom", "authors": "Adams DR, Xu KY, Cabassa LJ", "abstract": "", "journal": "Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)", "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ps.26077010", "pubmed_id": "41920580", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41920580/", "keywords": "MDMA, Medicaid, Mental Health Equity, Psilocybin, Psychedelic Assisted Thereapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41920580\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 188, "title": "Psychedelic Therapies for Comorbid Major Depressive Disorder and Chronic Pain: A Review of Putative Mechanisms of Action.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapies for comorbid major depressive disorder and chronic pain a review of putative mechanisms of action", "authors": "Kazdan J, Ladha KS, Husain MI.", "abstract": "Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and chronic pain are independently debilitating conditions that frequently co-occur. This comorbidity poses a significant clinical challenge, resulting in greater symptom severity, higher disability, and worse prognosis than either condition alone. Current therapies often address each disorder in isolation, leaving individuals with comorbid MDD and chronic pain underserved. Serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) have reemerged as promising therapeutic targets for a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. When combined with psychological support, psychedelics show rapid and sustained antidepressant potential, and preliminary evidence supports analgesic effects. Despite substantial overlap in the biological and psychological processes underlying MDD and chronic pain, research on psychedelics for this comorbidity remains largely unexplored. This narrative review examines putative mechanisms through which psychedelics target symptoms of both MDD and chronic pain. Mechanisms considered include serotonergic modulation via the 5-HT2A receptor, anti-inflammatory effects, neuroplastic changes, altered brain network dynamics, psychological effects, and the influence of set and setting. While most existing evidence comes from populations with either depression or pain alone, the breadth of proposed mechanisms supports psychedelics as a unified therapeutic approach for comorbid MDD and chronic pain. This review provides a compelling rationale for future clinical trials to evaluate psychedelic-assisted therapies for complex neuropsychiatric and medical conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/prp2.70238", "pubmed_id": "41940853", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/prp2.70238", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Comorbidity, Chronic Pain, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41940853\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 185, "title": "An Open-Label Study of Single-Dose Psilocybin for Borderline Personality Disorder With Co-Occurring Major Depressive Disorder.", "normalized_title": "an open label study of single dose psilocybin for borderline personality disorder with co occurring major depressive disorder", "authors": "Grant JE, Boutouis S, O'Brien M, Avila L, Neelapu M, Ehsan D.", "abstract": "ObjectivesBorderline personality disorder (BPD) is often comorbid with major depressive disorder (MDD), and there has been a suggestion in the literature that this comorbidity may interfere with MDD treatment response. Our objective was to conduct a pilot study of psilocybin in adults with BPD and MDD.MethodsAdults aged 18 to 65 years with a DSM-5 diagnosis of MDD and BPD were enrolled in an open-label pilot study of a single dose of psilocybin. Assessments were conducted 1 week before dosing (baseline), on the dosing day (visit 2), and at 1, 2, and 4 weeks postdosing. The co-primary outcome measures were changes in depressive and BPD symptoms from baseline to study endpoint, and we used a paired-samples t test to examine changes in symptoms.ResultsNine participants (4 males; mean age=31.3 y) with MDD and BPD were enrolled. MDD symptoms significantly changed from baseline to visit 5: baseline (M=28.56, SD=4.53) and final visit (M=17.22, SD=10.39); t(8)=-4.217, P=0.003; Cohen d=1.41. BPD scores did not significantly change from baseline to study endpoint.ConclusionsThis small open-label study resulted in statistically significant improvement in MDD symptoms but not for BPD symptoms. These findings, which await larger clinical trials, suggest that BPD does not appear to interfere with response to depressive symptoms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1097/wnf.0000000000000683", "pubmed_id": "41973961", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0000000000000683", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41973961\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Personality Change,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 182, "title": "Complete biosynthesis of psychedelic tryptamines from three kingdoms in plants.", "normalized_title": "complete biosynthesis of psychedelic tryptamines from three kingdoms in plants", "authors": "Berman P, Höfer J, Mehlman H, Almekias-Siegl E, Khersonsky O, Dong Y, Heinig U, Sulimani L, Hao LK, Cohen S, Peleg Y, Meir S, Rogachev I, Meiri D, Fleishman SJ, Aharoni A.", "abstract": "Psychedelic indolethylamines with therapeutic potential are naturally produced in plants, fungi, and animals. Here, we elucidated the complete N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) biosynthetic pathway in hallucinogenic plant species traditionally used in shamanic rituals for spiritual healing. Leveraging the similarities in their chemical structures, we reconstructed in one plant assay the full biosynthetic pathways of five renowned natural psychedelics; psilocin and psilocybin found in mushrooms, DMT from plants, and bufotenin and 5-methoxy-DMT secreted by the Sonoran Desert toad. We further engineered halogenated analogs of these molecules, which do not naturally occur in plants and exhibit prospective therapeutic potential for psychiatric conditions. Blending catalytic functions across the tree of life, coupled with metabolic engineering guided by rational protein design of mutant enzymes, enabled substantially more efficient in planta production of the indolethylamine components. This work establishes a versatile platform for concurrent biosynthesis and diversification of psychoactive indolethylamines, paving the way for their production in plants.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.aeb3034", "pubmed_id": "41921002", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeb3034", "keywords": "Plants, Tryptamines, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Bufotenin, Hallucinogens, Biosynthetic Pathways, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41921002\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Aging,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 174, "title": "Psilocybin Trends in States That Decriminalized Use.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin trends in states that decriminalized use", "authors": "Black JC, Bau GE, Cook RR, Bemis EA, Monte AA.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1001/jama.2026.1952", "pubmed_id": "41817506", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2026.1952", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41817506\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 153, "title": "Specific and Multi-Product Clade I and Clade IV Sesquiterpene Synthases Contribute to the Psilocybe cubensis Volatilome.", "normalized_title": "specific and multi product clade i and clade iv sesquiterpene synthases contribute to the psilocybe cubensis volatilome", "authors": "Schober S, Dorfmann L, Walther K, Blei F, Chadeayne AR, Gressler M, Bartram S, O'Connor SE, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "Apart from the psychedelic psilocybin, the metabolite spectrum of Psilocybe \"magic mushrooms\" comprises sesquiterpenes, a class of natural products known to exhibit receptor-modulating bioactivities. However, the composition of the sesquiterpene profile has largely remained an open question. Here, we report the characterization of five Psilocybe cubensis sesquiterpene synthases, both in vitro using recombinantly produced enzymes and in vivo in Aspergillus niger. CubF is a clade I α-muurolol synthase. The investigated clade IV synthases were the near-identical CubG1 and CubG2 synthases, which catalyze mainly epi-isozizaene and β-duprezianene formation. Furthermore, CubH and CubI were identified as primarily making dauca-4(11),8-diene and β-barbatene, respectively. Gas chromatographic analyses of the headspaces of P. cubensis vegetative mycelium and fruiting bodies showed qualitative and quantitative differences, with sterpurene being among the major compounds in mycelium and dauca-4(11),8-diene in fruiting bodies. This fundamental knowledge of the P. cubensis terpenome may help distinguish the pharmacological effects of magic mushrooms versus pure psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/cbic.70318", "pubmed_id": "42011697", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.70318", "keywords": "Sesquiterpenes, Alkyl and Aryl Transferases, Psilocybe", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42011697\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 208, "title": "Reshaping human neurons.", "normalized_title": "reshaping human neurons", "authors": "Maltman JL, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "Human neurons derived from stem cells show increased structural complexity and stronger synaptic connections after exposure to psilocin, the active metabolite of the psychedelic psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.7554/elife.110981", "pubmed_id": "41914141", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.110981", "keywords": "Neurons, Humans, Hallucinogens, Neuronal Plasticity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41914141\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 207, "title": "In-silico toxicity study of tryptamine, psilocin, psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 5'-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and O-acetylpsilocin.", "normalized_title": "in silico toxicity study of tryptamine psilocin psilocybin n n dimethyltryptamine 5 methoxy n n dimethyltryptamine and o acetylpsilocin", "authors": "Jurowski K, Kobylarz D, Noga M.", "abstract": "Understanding the toxicity of serotonergic tryptamines is becoming increasingly important from both clinical and forensic perspectives, yet experimental data for these compounds remain extremely limited. Despite their growing medical relevance and widespread non-medical use, there is still no systematic evaluation of their toxicological risks. This study presents the first comprehensive in silico assessment of key toxicological endpoints for six tryptamines of clinical and forensic interest: tryptamine, psilocin, psilocybin (4-PO-DMT),N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT),and O-acetylpsilocin (4-AcO-DMT). A multi-model computational approach was applied using STopTox, admetSAR 3.0, ADMETlab 3.0, ACD/Labs Percepta, Toxtree, ProTox 3.0, OCHEM, TEST, and VEGA QSAR, following OECD principles for QSAR model validation. The study covered acute systemic toxicity (LD50), organ-specific effects, cardiotoxicity (hERG inhibition), genotoxicity (Ames test), irritation potential, and estrogenic activity (ER-α binding). All compounds were classified as Cramer Class III (high toxicological concern). Predicted oral LD50 values were in the 100-500 mg/kg range, indicating moderate to high acute toxicity. Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems were consistently identified as primary targets (predicted effect ≥ 90%). DMT and 5-MeO-DMT showed the highest predicted hERG inhibition (20", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s00204-026-04365-4", "pubmed_id": "41915186", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-026-04365-4", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41915186\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 206, "title": "Psychedelic exposure in pregnancy: a scoping review to inform perinatal drug safety and clinical counseling.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic exposure in pregnancy a scoping review to inform perinatal drug safety and clinical counseling", "authors": "Albert OM, Arthur A.", "abstract": "Psychedelic and psychedelic-adjacent substances, including 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and classic serotonergic hallucinogens, are undergoing renewed therapeutic investigation and remain in non-medical use. Inadvertent exposure during early, unrecognized pregnancy is clinically plausible, yet pregnancy-specific safety evidence is limited. To map and synthesize the extent, characteristics, and limitations of primary human evidence on prenatal exposure to MDMA, psilocybin, and classic hallucinogens (lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline/peyote, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)/ayahuasca), and to identify clinically relevant evidence gaps for perinatal counseling and pharmacovigilance. Peer-reviewed primary human studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, case series, case reports, and brief reports) describing prenatal exposure with reported maternal, obstetric, neonatal, congenital anomaly, or child neurodevelopmental outcomes were included. Animal and preconception-only studies were excluded. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to March 2025. Supplementary methods included Google Scholar screening and citation tracking. Data were charted in duplicate using a standardized form and synthesized descriptively by substance and outcome domain. Consistent with scoping methodology, no formal risk-of-bias assessment or meta-analysis was undertaken. Twenty-three primary human sources (1968-2020) met inclusion criteria: MDMA (n = 11), LSD (n = 11), and mescaline/peyote (n = 1). No eligible primary human pregnancy outcome studies were identified for psilocybin or DMT/ayahuasca. The evidence base was heterogeneous and predominantly comprised small cohorts, teratology service follow-up reports, and case-based publications, frequently limited by self-reported exposure, polysubstance confounding, and inconsistent outcome definitions. Human evidence on prenatal psychedelic exposure remains sparse and methodologically constrained. Absence of data for several substances should not be interpreted as evidence of safety. Clinicians should counsel with explicit acknowledgment of uncertainty while supporting harm reduction and appropriate follow-up. Structured perinatal pharmacovigilance and ethically designed evidence-generation strategies are needed as therapeutic psychedelic research expands.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/20420986261436104", "pubmed_id": "41930230", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20420986261436104", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41930230\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Meta-Analysis,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 205, "title": "Psychedelics and the quantum brain: a falsifiable hypothesis on Posner molecules and spin-dependent pharmacology.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and the quantum brain a falsifiable hypothesis on posner molecules and spin dependent pharmacology", "authors": "Geraci J, Viirre E, Qorri B, Pani L.", "abstract": "Classical serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., LSD, psilocybin, DMT) alter perception and neuroplasticity primarily via 5-HT2A receptor activation and downstream Ca2+-dependent signaling cascades. Here we propose a speculative yet falsifiable pharmacological hypothesis that these drug-induced biochemical cascades might interface with quantum-mechanical processes in the brain. We focus on nuclear spin dynamics in phosphate-containing biomolecules-calcium phosphate nanoclusters known as \"Posner molecules\" (Ca9(PO4)6) - as a candidate substrate for quantum coherence and entanglement in neural tissue. We distinguish the metaphorical \"classical\" analogies in psychedelic neuroscience from a literal quantum-level mechanism involving nuclear spin coherence and entanglement. The central hypothesis is that intense 5-HT2A-driven neural activity and Ca2+ flux during psychedelic exposure foster conditions under which 31P nuclear spins in phosphate groups may become entangled and shielded from decoherence within Posner molecules and subsequently influence neuronal signaling when these clusters dissolve and release bursts of Ca2+ in different neuronal compartments. Building on Fisher's Posner model of quantum cognition, we reframe Posner molecules as a potential quantum-coherence nexus in psychedelic action, de-emphasizing earlier microtubule-centric models and explore how such quantum effects, if they exist, might influence pharmacological outcomes. We outline translational implications of this hypothesis, including potential insights into inter-individual variability in treatment response and novel experimental paradigms for psychiatry. To ensure falsifiability, we propose concrete experimental directions in the short term (isotopically modified psychedelics and xenon environments), medium term (advanced quantum sensors such as nitrogen-vacancy magnetometry and ultrafast spectroscopy), and long term (entangled ligand studies or quantum neuroimaging modalities). While speculative, this interdisciplinary framework generates specific, disprovable predictions. Confirming or refuting the role of quantum-mechanical phenomena in psychedelic neuropharmacology would profoundly impact our understanding of mind-brain relationships and encourage high-reward innovation in psychiatric treatment and brain-targeted drug design.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2026.1777613", "pubmed_id": "41988526", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1777613", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41988526\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3663, "title": "Engaging Mood Brain Circuits With Psilocybin: a Randomized Neuroimaging Trial in Depression", "normalized_title": "engaging mood brain circuits with psilocybin a randomized neuroimaging trial in depression", "authors": "Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre", "abstract": "The goal of this neuroimaging clinical trial is to test whether psilocybin produces significant immediate changes in functional brain activity in networks associated with mood regulation and depression compared to placebo in patients with depression. The trial aims to determine if psilocybin: 1. Changes connectivity within brain networks associated with mood and depression 2. Changes blood flow in brain regions associated with mood and depression Participants will be attend two treatment sessions where they receive an oral medication and supportive psychotherapy. At each session, participants will undergo an MRI scan after drug administration but prior to psychotherapy. Participants will be randomly to assigned to one of two groups that will receive, 1) microcrystalline cellulose (25mg) at the first visit and psilocybin (25mg) at the second visit, or 2) psilocybin (25mg) at both visits, respectively. Differences between groups will be compared to understand what effects on brain activity are specific to psilocybin.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06072898", "keywords": "Depressive Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, Microcrystalline cellulose, MCC, Supportive psychotherapy, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06072898\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3478, "title": "Psilocybin Assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment Resistant Depression and Co-occurring Substance Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for treatment resistant depression and co occurring substance use disorder", "authors": "Indiana University", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if a single dose of psilocybin (5mg Vs 10mg Vs 25mg) alongside psychotherapy is safe and can help treat treatment resistant depression (TRD) with co-occurring substance use disorder (SUD) in veterans and first responders. We seek to answer: * Whether 5mgs, 10mgs and 25mgs of psilocybin are safe in individuals with co-occurring TRD and SUD * Whether psilocybin assisted psychotherapy will reduce substance use severity and depression symptoms * What neurobiological processes are associated with the effects of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy. The researchers will compare the effects of a single dose of psilocybin (either 5mgs or 10mgs or 25mg) alongside psychotherapy on substance use severity and depression symptoms over six weeks in veterans and first responders with TRD and co-occurring SUD. In this 14-week study, participants will: * Visit the clinic for two intake sessions * Complete seven psychotherapy sessions. This will include three sessions before psilocybin administration, an 8 to 10 hour dosing session, and three sessions following psilocybin administration * Complete short, repeated daily assessments for six weeks, in total, before and after psilocybin administration * Complete two brain scans before and after psilocybin administration This is a double-blind randomized clinical trial to examine the safety and efficacy of a single dose of psilocybin (5mg or 10mg or 25mg) in reducing substance use severity and depression symptoms in N=50 veterans and first responders with treatment resistant depression (TRD) and co-occurring substance use disorder (SUD). The study will be conducted at Goodman Hall outpatient clinic located at Indiana University, Department of Psychiatry. All participants will take part in two intake visits (one to conduct safety tests and establish eligibility, and one to collect baseline and covariate data). They will then participate in three preparatory psychotherapy sessions with a certified psilocybin counselor before receiving one of three, randomly assigned, psilocybin doses during an 8 to 10 hour administration session. Following psilocybin administration, participants will participate in three weekly integrative psychotherapy sessions. We will also conduct three, two-week bursts of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) during weeks 1 and 2, weeks 5 and 6 and weeks 10 and 11 of study participation, to measure daily substance use patterns and depression symptoms both during stressful and non-stressful situations. A pre- and post- fMRI paradigm will additionally be conducted to determine psilocybin-related changes within and between the default mode network, the salience mode network and the central executive network, during both resting state and stress. We will also explore the extent to which elevations in subjective mystical and existential experience contributes to psilocybin's therapeutic and mechanistic effects. It is anticipated that all three doses of psilocybin will be safe and well-tolerated in this sample of veterans and first responders. We additionally expect that 25mgs of psilocybin compared with 5mgs will attenuate substance use severity and depressive symptoms six weeks following administration, and during both stressful and non-stressful situations. In addition, we expect that 25mg Vs 5mg psilocybin will decrease resting state functional connectivity within the default mode network (DMN) and modulate connectivity between the DMN, salience network, central executive network, and the amygdala during stress exposure.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07499583", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Substance Use Disorders, Psilocybin, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07499583\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Veterans,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3085, "title": "Strong alliance, weak conclusions: Comment on Goodwin et al. (2026) “The role of therapeutic alliance in psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression”", "normalized_title": "strong alliance weak conclusions comment on goodwin et al 2026 the role of therapeutic alliance in psilocybin treatment for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Wolff M, Kangaslampi S, Zeifman R, Spangemacher M.", "abstract": "This commentary critically examines the interpretation and analytic choices in Goodwin et al.’s (2026) analysis of therapeutic alliance in psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression. While the authors conclude that alliance did not meaningfully contribute to treatment efficacy, we argue that this interpretation is not supported by the reported results, which are, in addition, shaped by methodological decisions that obscure relevant effects. By contextualizing the observed associations, clarifying the logic of mediation analysis, and pointing out methodological weaknesses, we show that the available evidence is more consistent with a meaningful role of therapeutic alliance in shaping both the psychedelic experience and clinical outcomes. Furthermore, we highlight unexplained deviations from the study protocol that warrant scrutiny. The commentary underscores the importance of accurately characterizing psychological and contextual factors in psychedelic treatment research and calls for more comprehensive and transparent analyses of psychotherapeutic processes.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/8s7xk_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8s7xk_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1171795\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1942, "title": "Strong alliance, weak conclusions: Comment on Goodwin et al. (2026) “The role of therapeutic alliance in psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression”", "normalized_title": "strong alliance weak conclusions comment on goodwin et al 2026 the role of therapeutic alliance in psilocybin treatment for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "", "abstract": "This commentary critically examines the interpretation and analytic choices in Goodwin et al.’s (2026) analysis of therapeutic alliance in psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression. While the authors conclude that alliance did not meaningfully contribute to treatment efficacy, we argue that this interpretation is not supported by the reported results, which are, in addition, shaped by methodological decisions that obscure relevant effects. By contextualizing the observed associations, clarifying the logic of mediation analysis, and pointing out methodological weaknesses, we show that the available evidence is more consistent with a meaningful role of therapeutic alliance in shaping both the psychedelic experience and clinical outcomes. Furthermore, we highlight unexplained deviations from the study protocol that warrant scrutiny. The commentary underscores the importance of accurately characterizing psychological and contextual factors in psychedelic treatment research and calls for more comprehensive and transparent analyses of psychotherapeutic processes.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/8s7xk_v1", "keywords": "depression, psilocybin, psychedelic therapy, psychotherapy, therapeutic alliance, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"8s7xk_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 210, "title": "Psychedelics in NHS services: exploring a model for real-world implementation of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in nhs services exploring a model for real world implementation of psilocybin", "authors": "Smith KA, Harcourt E, Cipriani A.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are increasingly described as a new therapeutic approach in a variety of mental disorders including depression. Oral psychedelics such as psilocybin have an acute effect evolving over 6-8 h and are generally given in combination with psychological support. There is debate on the exact role of this support and how and by whom it should be delivered. This has significant implications for real-world implementation in health services post-licensing. In this feature, we discuss these issues and outline a model for psychological support delivery in publicly funded health services such as the National Health Service. We also suggest further research to explore the exact role of support in psilocybin treatment and identify the essential elements to direct service plans for clinical implementation. These steps are important: over recent decades, there have been few new treatments for depression, moreover, psychedelic drugs are appealing to patients, and accumulating data suggest that their efficacy may be long-lasting. However, realistic plans for implementation must be based on high-quality evidence and the needs of the whole patient population. This will ensure that these treatments, if licensed, are available not only for those able to pay but to all on an equitable basis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1192/bjp.2026.10612", "pubmed_id": "41906234", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2026.10612", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41906234\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 209, "title": "Unlocking 'stuckness' and catalysing change: A qualitative study of clinician and service leader perspectives on psychedelic-assisted therapy for substance use and mental health problems.", "normalized_title": "unlocking stuckness and catalysing change a qualitative study of clinician and service leader perspectives on psychedelic assisted therapy for substance use and mental health problems", "authors": "Catchlove SJ, Oliver K, Savic M, Arunogiri S.", "abstract": "Background and aimsAustralia recently down-scheduled and authorised psychedelic-assisted therapies, including psilocybin, for certain mental health conditions. Evidence is emerging for potential application in substance use disorder treatment. However, regulatory developments have outpaced implementation readiness. While service leaders and clinicians are crucial to implementation, little research examines their perspectives on what psilocybin-assisted therapy is, how it works, and for whom. This study explored how these stakeholders conceptualise psychedelic-assisted therapy within their own professional setting, in the context of a broader implementation trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy for co-occurring depression and alcohol use disorder (AUD) in a routine alcohol and other drug (AOD) clinic.DesignA qualitative approach informed by the evidence-making intervention approach.SettingVictoria, Australia, prior to the implementation of psilocybin-assisted therapy in routine clinical services.ParticipantsTwo focus groups were conducted: one with clinicians (n = 9; nursing, psychology, psychiatry, pharmacy, and peer support professionals) and one with health service leaders (n = 9).MeasurementsFocus groups used a semi-structured guide, consisting of open-ended questions about understandings and perspectives on psilocybin-assisted therapy for co-occurring substance use and mental health problems. Verbatim transcripts underwent inductive thematic analysis, informed by the evidence-making intervention approach.FindingsThree enactments of psilocybin-assisted therapy emerged: (1) treatment of last resort for treatment-resistant conditions, which was emphasised by service leaders and aligned with regulatory frameworks; (2) tool to \"unlock stuckness\" in ongoing relational care when conventional therapies plateau, which was prominent among clinicians; and (3) catalyst for rapid progress applicable at any treatment stage. Clinicians emphasised the need for careful integration, robust support, and aftercare, alongside concerns about access and eligibility. Service leaders highlighted operational and ethical tensions within regulatory requirements. Both groups understood psilocybin-assisted therapy as a complex intervention dependent on interplay between medication, therapist skill, client readiness, and care context.ConclusionsPsilocybin-assisted therapy in Victoria, Australia is constituted through local implementation rather than existing as a singular intervention. Implementation approaches must be reflexive and adaptive, with attention to clinical and managerial dialogue, equity considerations, and contextual practice factors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/add.70403", "pubmed_id": "41906885", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70403", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41906885\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 211, "title": "Associations Between Psilocybin Use Motives and Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioural Self-Stigma.", "normalized_title": "associations between psilocybin use motives and cognitive affective and behavioural self stigma", "authors": "Knibb G, Ward R, Christiansen P, Roberts CA.", "abstract": "Background: Self-stigma refers to the internalization of negative societal beliefs and has been associated with reduced self-efficacy, self-esteem and treatment avoidance among substance users. However, little research has explored antecedents of self-stigma such as substance use motives. This may be particularly salient for psilocybin which is used both as a therapeutic agent and a recreational substance and these different motivations for use may shape how users' behaviors are interpreted and internalized. Methods: The current study assessed associations between motives for psilocybin use and self-stigma across cognitive, affective and behavioral dimensions. Participants with prior experience of psilocybin (N = 239) completed an online questionnaire assessing their motives for using psilocybin and levels of self-stigma. A principal component analysis identified three components of psilocybin use motives, Social Recreation (ωt = 0.78), Experiential Enhancement (ωt = 0.80) and Therapeutic Growth (ωt = 0.73). Results: Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that greater Therapeutic Growth motives were associated with reduced self-stigma while greater Social Recreation motives were associated with increased self-stigma for all dimensions. No significant associations were found for Experiential Enhancement. Therapeutic Growth motives were also associated with increased frequency of psilocybin use. Conclusions: Although the variance explained was modest, these findings suggest that motives for psilocybin use may influence the extent to which users internalize stigma. This finding has implications for other substances and is important given the growing clinical interest in psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/10826084.2026.2643418", "pubmed_id": "41902789", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2026.2643418", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41902789\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 81, "title": "Mapping cognitive-behavioral approach in psychedelic-assisted treatment: a systematic review across phases with classic and non-classic psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "mapping cognitive behavioral approach in psychedelic assisted treatment a systematic review across phases with classic and non classic psychedelics", "authors": "Varela YM, de O Tavares VD, Delgado LM, de Faria HAT, Menezes LQ, Almeida RM, Agrícola P, de Carvalho BS, Bienemann B, Falchi-Carvalho M, Cavalcanti-Ribeiro P, Palhano-Fontes F, Fernandes-Osterhold G, de Araujo DB, Galvão-Coelho N.", "abstract": "The use of psychedelics in the treatment of psychopathologies has been expanding, highlighting Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy (PAP) as a promising resource in mental health care. This systematic review investigates. This systematic review investigates whether and how cognitive-behavioral therapies are integrated with psychedelic substances-both classical and atypical-for the treatment of mental disorders. A PRISMA-based search was conducted across four databases (Embase, PsycArticles, PubMed, and Web of Science) up to May 2025. The review included 9 clinical trials involving a total of 283 patients; these studies used ketamine (n = 5), psilocybin (n = 3), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (n = 1). Among the Cognitive Behavioral Approaches (CBAs) applied, traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) was predominant (n = 6), followed by emerging modalities such as Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) (n = 2) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) (n = 1). Considerable variability was observed across study designs, particularly in terms of the timing of psychotherapeutic interventions, which occurred before, during, or after the psychedelic experience, with or without concurrent support. The findings indicate that cognitive-behavioral strategies have been incorporated into psychedelic-assisted interventions in diverse ways, across different phases of treatment and with distinct therapeutic purposes. Nonetheless, the therapeutic approaches applied remain highly heterogeneous between studies, highlighting the need for further research to clarify how these models are implemented and characterized in practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s00406-025-02188-5", "pubmed_id": "41902950", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-02188-5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41902950\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3696, "title": "Psilocybe Cubensis Mushrooms With or Without Fluoxetine for Refractory Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybe cubensis mushrooms with or without fluoxetine for refractory depression", "authors": "Federal University of Latin American Integration", "abstract": "This Phase 2a pilot, exploratory, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial will estimate whether concurrent fluoxetine alters the antidepressant effect, acute psychedelic experience, or safety of a psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy session in adults with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (TRD). Eligible participants (ages 25-64) have DSM-5-TR MDD, moderate-severe, MADRS ≥20, and partial response in the current episode (≥1 adequate antidepressant trial of 6-12 weeks with \\", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06898606", "keywords": "Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin and Psilocyn, Placebo, Psychotherapy-assisted session, Fluoxetine, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06898606\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3006, "title": "Psilocin fosters neuroplasticity in iPSC-derived human cortical neurons", "normalized_title": "psilocin fosters neuroplasticity in ipsc derived human cortical neurons", "authors": "Schmidt Malin, Hoffrichter Anne, Davoudi Mahnaz, Horschitz Sandra, Lau Thorsten, Meinhardt Marcus W, Spanagel Rainer, Ladewig Julia, Köhr Georg, Koch Philipp", "abstract": "Psilocybin is studied as innovative medication in anxiety, substance abuse and treatment-resistant depression. Animal studies show that psychedelics promote neuronal plasticity by strengthening synaptic responses and protein synthesis. However, the exact molecular and cellular changes induced by psilocybin in the human brain are not known. Here, we treated human cortical neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocin - the psychoactive metabolite of psilocybin. We analyzed how exposure to psilocin affects gene expression, neuronal morphology, synaptic markers and neuronal function. Psilocin provoked a 5-HT2A-R-mediated augmentation of BDNF abundance. Transcriptomic profiling identified gene expression signatures priming neurons to neuroplasticity. On a morphological level, psilocin induced enhanced neuronal complexity and increased expression of synaptic proteins, in particular in the postsynaptic compartment. Consistently, we observed an increased excitability and enhanced synaptic network activity in neurons treated with psilocin. In conclusion, exposure of human neurons to psilocin might induce a state of enhanced neuronal plasticity, which could explain why psilocin is beneficial in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders where synaptic dysfunctions are discussed.", "journal": "eLife", "publication_date": "2026-03-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.7554/elife.104006.3", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.104006.3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.7554/elife.104006.3\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/s0026-895x(25)09230-2\",\"10.1073/pnas.212517999\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096\",\"10.1038/npp.2017.84\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x\",\"10.1038/nbt.1529\",\"10.3389/fncel.2014.00401\",\"10.1007/s11011-020-00547-w\",\"10.1038/s41598-017-12779-5\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01234\",\"10.1038/s41386-022-01301-9\",\"10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109836\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606\",\"10.1038/nm.4050\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.4733-03.2004\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(84)90436-3\",\"10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.008\",\"10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116\",\"10.1038/s41386-020-00883-6\",\"10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.046\",\"10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110594\",\"10.3109/00952990.2016.1170135\",\"10.1113/jp270655\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.3007-12.2013\",\"10.1007/s10571-017-0510-4\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4610-0\",\"10.1038/s41593-022-01177-4\",\"10.1038/s41583-024-00876-0\",\"10.1186/s13059-014-0550-8\",\"10.3390/molecules26102948\",\"10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022\",\"10.1038/ejhg.2010.22\",\"10.1007/7854_2017_480\",\"10.1038/s41386-020-0718-8\",\"10.1126/science.329.5991.502\",\"10.1038/s41593-023-01316-5\",\"10.4088/jcp.v67n1110\",\"10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.044\",\"10.1124/pr.115.011478\",\"10.1002/cpt.557\",\"10.1016/j.conb.2011.10.010\",\"10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.030\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.05.001\",\"10.1177/0269881116675512\",\"10.3389/fphar.2018.00733\",\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4242829/v2\",\"10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00547-0\",\"10.1074/jbc.m116.730440\",\"10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.008\",\"10.1152/ajpcell.00166.2015\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727117\",\"10.1126/science.adf0435\",\"10.1016/s0893-133x(96)00246-1\",\"10.1097/00001756-199812010-00024\",\"10.1038/nrn2884\",\"10.1093/bioinformatics/btv300\",\"10.3390/ijms23126713\",\"10.1089/omi.2011.0118\",\"10.3390/ijms21238910\",\"10.5061/dryad.xsj3tx9w3\"],\"reference_count\":63}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 213, "title": "Psilocin fosters neuroplasticity in iPSC-derived human cortical neurons.", "normalized_title": "psilocin fosters neuroplasticity in ipsc derived human cortical neurons", "authors": "Schmidt M, Hoffrichter A, Davoudi M, Horschitz S, Lau T, Meinhardt MW, Spanagel R, Ladewig J, Köhr G, Koch P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is studied as innovative medication in anxiety, substance abuse and treatment-resistant depression. Animal studies show that psychedelics promote neuronal plasticity by strengthening synaptic responses and protein synthesis. However, the exact molecular and cellular changes induced by psilocybin in the human brain are not known. Here, we treated human cortical neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocin - the psychoactive metabolite of psilocybin. We analyzed how exposure to psilocin affects gene expression, neuronal morphology, synaptic markers and neuronal function. Psilocin provoked a 5-HT2A-R-mediated augmentation of BDNF abundance. Transcriptomic profiling identified gene expression signatures priming neurons to neuroplasticity. On a morphological level, psilocin induced enhanced neuronal complexity and increased expression of synaptic proteins, in particular in the postsynaptic compartment. Consistently, we observed an increased excitability and enhanced synaptic network activity in neurons treated with psilocin. In conclusion, exposure of human neurons to psilocin might induce a state of enhanced neuronal plasticity, which could explain why psilocin is beneficial in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders where synaptic dysfunctions are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.7554/elife.104006", "pubmed_id": "41891829", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.104006", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Neurons, Cells, Cultured, Humans, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Hallucinogens, Gene Expression Profiling, Neuronal Plasticity, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41891829\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 212, "title": "Psilocybin Attenuates Cortical Representations of Aversion in the Mouse Auditory Cortex", "normalized_title": "psilocybin attenuates cortical representations of aversion in the mouse auditory cortex", "authors": "Johnson JD, Tian R, Etemadi Y, Li Z.", "abstract": "Psilocybin can produce sustained benefits in affective and trauma-related disorders, yet if and how it reshapes sensory representations of learned valence associations remains largely unclear. To address this, we used longitudinal two-photon calcium imaging in awake C57BL/6 mice to examine how psilocybin modulates layer 2/3 auditory cortex activity at single-cell and population levels. Evoked responses were measured for tones with or without prior associations with valenced stimuli, as well as for the valenced stimuli themselves. Most responsive neurons were selective for tones alone, while distinct subsets responded exclusively to reward or aversive stimuli, and a smaller population encoded both. Psilocybin selectively reduced responses to aversive stimuli and earlier-established aversive-associated tones, without affecting aversive association, reward responses, or responses to newly aversive-associated tones. At the population level, psilocybin acutely increased coordination across tone-responsive neurons, while later reducing it selectively among neurons encoding the aversive-associated tone. These results demonstrate that psilocybin preferentially dampens well consolidated aversive sensory representations in auditory cortex, rather than fresh associations, without broadly affecting auditory processing or new aversive learning.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.03.26.714498", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.26.714498", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1217790\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3742, "title": "Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder: Open-Label Extension of a Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial", "normalized_title": "safety and efficacy of psilocybin assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder open label extension of a phase ii randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Pagni BA, Ross S, Mennenga S, Bhatt SR, Zeifman R, Petridis P, Carrithers B, Worth L, Podrebarac S, Owens L, O'Donnell K, Roberts DE, Kim Y, Bogenschutz M.", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has shown promise for alcohol use disorder (AUD) in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, the effects of open-label administration following blinded treatment are unclear. Here, we present safety and efficacy data from an open-label extension of a Phase II RCT (NCT02061293) examining PAT for AUD. Methods: Adults with AUD (N = 59) received a single administration of psilocybin (25-40mg/70kg) along with four total hours of therapy. Of this cohort, 30 participants had originally received psilocybin during the blinded phase of the RCT and 29 received active placebo (diphenhydramine). Mixed-Effects Models for Repeated Measures examined the effects of PAT on (a) alcohol consumption (percent heavy drinking [PHDD], drinks per day [DpD], and percent drinking days [PDD]), (b) alcohol craving, (c) abstinence self-efficacy, (d) and treatment readiness across a four-month follow-up. Results: Psilocybin was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events. Across participants, PDD decreased at 1-month but returned to baseline by Months 2-4. Among those with higher baseline drinking, PHDD, DpD, and PDD showed similar transient reductions. Participants from both double-blind groups demonstrated improvements in craving, self-efficacy, and treatment readiness one week after psilocybin with variable trajectories over follow-up. Discussion: Results suggest that a single administration of psilocybin in an open-label context may produce short-term improvements in alcohol use and core predictors of clinical change. Given long-lasting efficacy in the double-blind phase, it remains unclear if the short-term durability in the open-label extension is due to baseline floor effects, treatment resistance, lower treatment readiness and motivation, or fewer medication/therapy sessions.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/7xfek_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7xfek_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:17", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1170889\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3037, "title": "Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder: Open-Label Extension of a Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial", "normalized_title": "safety and efficacy of psilocybin assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder open label extension of a phase ii randomized controlled trial", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has shown promise for alcohol use disorder (AUD) in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, the effects of open-label administration following blinded treatment are unclear. Here, we present safety and efficacy data from an open-label extension of a Phase II RCT (NCT02061293) examining PAT for AUD. Methods: Adults with AUD (N = 59) received a single administration of psilocybin (25-40mg/70kg) along with four total hours of therapy. Of this cohort, 30 participants had originally received psilocybin during the blinded phase of the RCT and 29 received active placebo (diphenhydramine). Mixed-Effects Models for Repeated Measures examined the effects of PAT on (a) alcohol consumption (percent heavy drinking [PHDD], drinks per day [DpD], and percent drinking days [PDD]), (b) alcohol craving, (c) abstinence self-efficacy, (d) and treatment readiness across a four-month follow-up. Results: Psilocybin was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events. Across participants, PDD decreased at 1-month but returned to baseline by Months 2-4. Among those with higher baseline drinking, PHDD, DpD, and PDD showed similar transient reductions. Participants from both double-blind groups demonstrated improvements in craving, self-efficacy, and treatment readiness one week after psilocybin with variable trajectories over follow-up. Discussion: Results suggest that a single administration of psilocybin in an open-label context may produce short-term improvements in alcohol use and core predictors of clinical change. Given long-lasting efficacy in the double-blind phase, it remains unclear if the short-term durability in the open-label extension is due to baseline floor effects, treatment resistance, lower treatment readiness and motivation, or fewer medication/therapy sessions.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/7xfek_v1", "keywords": "alcohol use disorder, clinical trial, craving, psilocybin, psychedelic, short inventory of problems, treatment readiness, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"7xfek_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 215, "title": "Psilocybin shapes the slow, global propagation of brain activity over the cortical layout of 5HT2a receptors.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin shapes the slow global propagation of brain activity over the cortical layout of 5ht2a receptors", "authors": "Mäki-Marttunen V.", "abstract": "Uncovering the neural basis of psychedelics' potent effects on brain activity and conscious experience has great potential for understanding their therapeutic effects. Numerous studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) uncovered a strong effect of psychedelics on global properties of fMRI signal, but how they map to underlying neural phenomena remains to be further explored. In this article, we aimed to relate commonly reported findings from functional connectivity studies of psychedelics to changes in the spatio-temporal propagation of activity over the unimodal-transmodal cortical axis. We used data from an openly available dataset including baseline sessions, a control session with administration of methylphenidate, and psilocybin, a 5HT2a agonist. We found that faster propagation speed was related to increased total functional connectivity and a contraction of the principal gradient. The results support the view that these functional connectivity indices obtained from entire signal time courses reflect the modulation of specific global events of propagation. Furthermore, we found that the cortical distribution of 5HT2a receptors could contribute to the modulation of travelling wave propagation by psilocybin. These findings provide a link between macroscopic signatures of neuromodulatory activity, global brain events and receptor action, with relevance for understanding the mechanisms of psychedelic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s42003-026-09912-4", "pubmed_id": "41882058", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-09912-4", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41882058\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 214, "title": "Psilocybin in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Seeking Valuable Evidence in History, Pure Science, Clinical Trials and Real-World Data (RWD).", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in neuropsychiatric disorders seeking valuable evidence in history pure science clinical trials and real world data rwd", "authors": "Skalski P, Pękacka-Falkowska K, Pluto-Prądzyńska A, Owecki MK.", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Psilocybin has re-emerged as a promising intervention for neuropsychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, anxiety associated with life-threatening illness, obsessive compulsive disorder, and substance use disorders. However, conventional randomized controlled trials (RCTs)-the current gold standard in evidence-based medicine-may not adequately capture the therapeutic complexity of psilocybin, which depends not only on pharmacological action but also on contextual, psychological, and interpersonal factors. This critical narrative review aimed to evaluate the adequacy of existing clinical research frameworks for assessing psilocybin's therapeutic potential and to explore alternative methodologies that may better reflect real-world clinical conditions. Methods: Using the Web of Science Core Collection database, we identified and analysed the ten most cited clinical studies on psilocybin published between 2015 and 2025 inclusive. Additional literature was included through reference cross-checking, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and interdisciplinary sources covering neurobiology, history, and real-world evidence (RWE). The review synthesizes clinical outcomes, methodological constraints, and epistemic considerations relevant to psychedelic-assisted therapy. Results: Evidence from highly cited trials demonstrates rapid and sustained antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin, with notable benefits also observed in addiction treatment. However, significant methodological limitations were identified, including selection bias, challenges in placebo design and blinding, small sample sizes, and the underrepresentation of diverse populations. Psilocybin outcomes were strongly influenced by subjective experience and contextual factors such as set and setting. Emerging RWE studies revealed heterogeneous patterns of response and provided insights unattainable through RCTs alone. Conclusions: Psilocybin shows considerable therapeutic promise, but current RCT methodologies capture only part of its clinical effects. Comprehensive evaluation will require larger and more diverse clinical trials, long-term follow-up, standardized psychotherapeutic protocols, and the integration of RWE to reflect real-world practice. Psychedelic-assisted therapy should be conceptualized as a complex intervention that combines pharmacological and psychotherapeutic components.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci16040358", "pubmed_id": "42041769", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16040358", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42041769\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3456, "title": "The QUANTUM Trip Trial - Psilocybin-assisted Therapy for Reducing Alcohol Intake in Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial.", "normalized_title": "the quantum trip trial psilocybin assisted therapy for reducing alcohol intake in patients with alcohol use disorder a randomized double blinded placebo controlled clinical trial", "authors": "Anders Fink-Jensen, MD, DMSci", "abstract": "Note: The trial is only eligible for citizens of Denmark. The purpose of this project is to assess the treatment efficacy of a single high dose of psilocybin administered within a protocol of psychological support to patients diagnosed with alcohol use disorder (AUD). To establish efficacy, we will investigate a single dose of psilocybin versus placebo in a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 12 weeks clinical trial. 90 patients, aged 20-70 years, diagnosed with alcohol use disorder and treatment seeking will be recruited from the community via advertisement and referrals from general practitioners and hospital units. The psilocybin or placebo is administered within a protocol of psychological support before, during and after the dosing. Outcome assessments will be carried out one, four, eight- and 12 weeks post dosing. The primary outcome is reduction in the percentage of heavy drinking days from baseline to follow-up at 12 weeks. Key secondary outcomes include 1) phosphatidyl-ethanol as an objective biomarker for alcohol consumption 2) plasma psilocin, the active metabolite, to establish a possible therapeutic range and 3) the acute subjective drug experience as a possible predictor of treatment outcome. Furthermore, we will investigate the neurobiological underpinnings of the possible treatment effects by use of functional magnetic resonance brain imaging one week post dosing.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05416229", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Psilocybin, Maltodextrin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05416229\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3447, "title": "Elucidating the Relevance of the Psychedelic Experience to Psilocybin's Anti-Anhedonic Effects: A Randomized, Open-Label, Cross-Over Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Trial", "normalized_title": "elucidating the relevance of the psychedelic experience to psilocybin s anti anhedonic effects a randomized open label cross over functional magnetic resonance imaging trial", "authors": "Medical University of Vienna", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to systematically categorize potential prohedonic effects of psilocybin in patients with anhedonia in depression. The main questions it aims to answer are: Primary Objectives 1. Systematically categorize prohedonic effects (antianhedonic effects in patients with anhedonia in depression, increase in well-being in all participants). 2. Test effects of psilocybin on brain network complexity measures during the hedonic experience using fMRI as a correlate for prohedonic (anti-anhedonic and well-being increasing) effects. 3. Elucidate relevance of the psychedelic experience to these effects (clinical, behavioral, and imaging) in a pharmacological challenge using the 5-HT2A/D2 antagonist risperidone and extensive characterization of the psychedelic experience. Secondary Objectives 4. Test the differential effects of the psychedelic experience on fMRI paradigms measuring symptoms shown to be altered in anhedonia, more specifically reward processing and sexual arousal. 5. Test the relevance of neuroplasticity (BDNF) and inflammatory parameters to anti-anhedonic, well-being promoting, and brain network dynamic complexity effects. 6. Test the effects of the psychedelic experience on BDNF and inflammatory parameters. Researchers will compare the effects of psilocybin in two separate sessions (one with psilocybin alone, one with co-administration of risperidone) in both patients with depression and anhedonia and healthy control participants. Participants will: * Take 25 mg of psilocybin p.o. in two sessions, in one of the two sessions they will take 1 mg risperidone p.o. before ingestion of psilocybin, to block psilocybin's acute psychedelic effects. * Undergo 3 MRI sessions, one before the first psilocybin session ('baseline') and one session each on the day after each respective psilocybin session. * Perform a variety of tasks during each fMRI session to asses the treatment's effects on anhedonia.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07490353", "keywords": "Depression - Major Depressive Disorder, Anhedonia, Psilocybin (Usona Institute), Psilocybin, Risperidone 1 MG, Risperidone, Risperdal, MRI, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07490353\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 217, "title": "Psilocybin: Chemical Foundations and Emerging Therapeutic Potential.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin chemical foundations and emerging therapeutic potential", "authors": "Patil SA, Hunsberger HC.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, chemically known as (4-phosphoryloxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine, 4-PODMT), is derived from the psychoactive mushroom genus, Psilocybe. Of the four active metabolites, psilocin readily enters systemic circulation. The psychoactive effects of psilocin are thought to arise through partial agonist effects at the 5-HT2A receptor. Psychedelic drugs, including psilocybin, are having a renaissance, especially in mental health disorders, addiction, and cancer-related depression. The beneficial effects of psilocybin are expanding into brain injury and lifespan due to its ability to enhance neuroplasticity. However, the large-scale synthesis of psilocybin was the main challenge for the scientific community after the FDA's breakthrough therapy designation in 2018 for Treatment- Resistant Depression (TRD) and for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in 2019. Synthesizing psilocybin is challenging due to the complex reactions, a multi-step process that requires strict temperature control, hazardous reagents, and purification difficulties. The very first Hoffman's synthetic method was successfully modified by several medicinal chemistry research groups to obtain it on a kilogram scale to conduct important clinical trials. This mini review comprises a brief history, chemistry, and pharmacology, along with the therapeutic use in depression of this naturally occurring psychedelic.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.2174/0113895575429775260119043318", "pubmed_id": "41879500", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575429775260119043318", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41879500\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Longevity,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 129, "title": "Pharmacotherapy in Disorders of Consciousness: A Mechanism-Based Review.", "normalized_title": "pharmacotherapy in disorders of consciousness a mechanism based review", "authors": "Gillet A, Geron C, Vitello MM, Lejeune N.", "abstract": "Disorders of consciousness pose major therapeutic challenges owing to the complexity of underlying brain dysfunctions. Current pharmacological interventions explored in disorders of consciousness target distinct molecular systems, including dopaminergic modulators (amantadine, levodopa, apomorphine, bromocriptine, selegiline, methylphenidate, and modafinil), GABAergic agents (zolpidem and baclofen), and other neuromodulatory compounds acting on glutamatergic, opioid, or serotonergic receptors (ketamine, remifentanil, and psilocin). These treatments aim to modulate disrupted neural circuits, including the mesocircuit, a thalamocortical-striatal network critically involved in consciousness and motor control. This review explores the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying disorders of consciousness and the pharmacological profile of these agents. It summarizes reported clinical improvements and discusses determinants of therapeutic response, highlighting the role of biomarkers derived from neurophysiological and neuroimaging assessments. Safety profiles associated with these treatments are also critically evaluated to guide clinical decision making. By integrating current knowledge on pharmacological modulation of key neural systems, including dopaminergic and GABAergic pathways, this article provides a comprehensive framework for understanding treatment strategies in disorders of consciousness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-026-01274-z", "pubmed_id": "41876835", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-026-01274-z", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Dopamine Agents, GABA Agents", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41876835\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Aging,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 219, "title": "Integrated 5-HT2A -TrkB and G protein signaling in serotonergic psychedelic responses", "normalized_title": "integrated 5 ht2a trkb and g protein signaling in serotonergic psychedelic responses", "authors": "Taddei-Tardón M, Medina-Rodríguez L, Maltman JL, Hudson S, Potukanuma S, Jiménez JH, Martín-Guerrero SM, González-Maeso J, López-Giménez JF.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics have attracted considerable interest as promising therapeutic agents. However, the molecular mechanisms linking their acute hallucinogenic-like effects to longer-lasting neuroplastic responses remain incompletely understood, partly because of the scarcity of native neural models suitable for mechanistic studies. Here, we developed a neural stem cell-derived in vitro model capable of differentiating into neuronal and glial lineages and, after characterization, used it to investigate the molecular pharmacology of serotonergic psychedelics. A panel comprising tryptamines, phenethylamines and ergolines, including psychedelic compounds and selected non-psychedelic analogues, was evaluated alongside ketamine and TrkB agonists. Endpoints included dendritogenesis, synaptogenesis, immediate-early gene induction, BDNF expression and lactate production. TrkB silencing abolished dendritogenic responses to serotonergic psychedelics, ketamine and TrkB agonists, whereas 5-HT2A receptor silencing selectively impaired serotonergic psychedelic-induced plasticity and altered TrkB-dependent responses. Most serotonergic compounds also increased synaptogenesis and induced c-Fos and Egr-2 expression, although ligand-specific differences were evident, particularly for psilocin and the phenethylamines DOI and Ariadne. Uncoupling of G q/11 or G i/o protein-dependent signaling differentially modified neuroplastic and transcriptional responses, indicating a ligand and endpoint dependent contribution of both pathways. Serotonergic psychedelics further induced a 5-HT2A receptor dependent lactate response that was generally sensitive to disruption of either G q/11 or G i/o protein coupling. Taken together, these findings support a model in which serotonergic psychedelics recruit an integrated 5-HT2A -TrkB signaling network with distinct structural, transcriptional and metabolic outputs, and establish this neural stem cell-derived system as a valuable platform for screening and dissecting the signaling basis of psychedelic action.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.03.19.712961", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.19.712961", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1218591\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 4, "title": "The role of therapeutic alliance in psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression: A post hoc path analysis.", "normalized_title": "the role of therapeutic alliance in psilocybin treatment for treatment resistant depression a post hoc path analysis", "authors": "Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, Carhart-Harris R, Croal M, Feifel D, Hellerstein DJ, Husain MI, Kelly JR, Kirlic N, Licht RW, Marwood L, Nowakowska A, Páleníček T, Repantis D, Schoevers RA, Simmons H, Soares JC, Somers M, Tsai J, Wahba M, Williams E, Young AH, Young MB, Zisook S, Malievskaia E.", "abstract": "IntroductionThe contribution of patient support to psilocybin's antidepressant effects remains uncertain.MethodsRelationships between therapeutic alliance (Scale to Assess Therapeutic Relationship-Patient version; STAR-P), psychedelic experience (Five-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Questionnaire and Emotional Breakthrough Inventory; 5D-ASC and EBI) and clinical outcomes (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; MADRS) were explored using correlation and path analysis for individuals with treatment-resistant depression receiving 25 mg psilocybin with monitoring and support (N = 79).ResultsChange from Baseline to Week 3 MADRS scores showed weaker correlations with pre-dosing therapeutic alliance (-0.178) than with measures of the psychedelic experience: EBI (-0.637), Oceanic Boundlessness (-0.508), and Visual Restructuralization (-0.516). Path analysis showed no nominally significant direct effects of therapeutic alliance on Week 3 MADRS scores, but there were nominally significant effects of therapeutic alliance on psychedelic experience (Oceanic Boundlessness (β = 0.28), Visual Restructuralization (β = 0.27), and Auditory Alterations (β = 0.25)). Only one indirect effect of therapeutic alliance on clinical outcome reached nominal significance (via Visual Restructuralization; β = -0.15). Stronger effects were seen on clinical outcomes for psychedelic experience (EBI (β = -0.59), Oceanic Boundlessness (β = -0.53), Visual Restructuralization (β = -0.54), and Auditory Alterations (β = -0.24)).ConclusionsThe therapeutic alliance appeared to facilitate the psychedelic experience, and these experiences in turn had stronger nominally significant direct effects on clinical outcomes. The effects of the alliance itself on therapeutic efficacy were either limited or absent.Trial registrationEudraCT number: 2017-003288-36; Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03775200.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2026.121662", "pubmed_id": "41881122", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121662", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Therapeutic Alliance", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41881122\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2983, "title": "Psilocybin, Lp(a), CAC, Niere und Darmkrebs - Evidenz-Quickies KW12", "normalized_title": "psilocybin lp a cac niere und darmkrebs evidenz quickies kw12", "authors": "Nößler Denis", "abstract": "Nach einer Pause gibt es heute wieder Evidenz-Quickies, und zwar gleich mehrere, dafür aber kürzer und weniger ausführlich als zuletzt. Und dieses Format ist jetzt zweigeteilt: (a) Für alle, denen die Nachricht genügt, gibt es oben die Quickies in Kürze. (b) Alle, die weiterlesen wollen, finden die detaillierten Fassungen unten. Viel Freude und hoffentlich interessante Lektüre! 🍄 Psilocybin bei Depression: Noch nicht. Die bislang methodisch stärkste randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie (EPIsoDE) verfehlt den primären Endpunkt (≥50% Reduktion auf der Depressionsskala HAMD17) bei therapieresistenter Depression doch recht klar. Sekundärsignale sind nett, aber durch kaputte Verblindung und Erwartungseffekte kaum interpretierbar. Ein paralleles Editorial und ein Review liefern Erklärungen, warum Psychedelika in Studien systematisch besser aussehen, als sie vermutlich sind. Details unten👇 🫀 Lipoprotein(a) + Koronarkalk = Hochrisiko-Duo. Wer beides erhöht hat (Lp(a) >50 mg/dl + CAC ≥300), trägt ein über 6-fach erhöhtes Risiko für atherosklerotische Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen (ASCVD). Die Kombination könnte die Risikostratifizierung bei den Koronarien verändern. Therapeutische Konsequenzen hat das aber noch nicht. Die Arbeit ist eher eine Bestätigung, in welche Richtung der kardiovaskuläre Diskurs gehen dürfte. Details unten👇 ✉️ Briefe helfen (den Nieren) nicht. Ein einmaliger elektronischer Erinnerungsbrief (engl. Nudge) an Patient:innen mit chronischer Nierenerkrankung (CKD) oder an deren Hausärzt:innen verbessert die Leitlinientreue bei der CKD-Therapie nach 6 und 12 Monaten nicht. Awareness ≠ Aktion. Details unten👇 🧻 Positiver Darmkrebs-Stuhltest? Bitte zur Kolo! Wer nach positivem Stuhltest die Koloskopie verweigert, hat ein über 4-fach erhöhtes Darmkrebsrisiko vs. der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Im Umkehrschluss werden durch die Kolo die meisten Befunde der Stuhltests (in der Studie zuerst Guajak-Tests und dann iFOBT) wieder ausgeschlossen. Die Botschaft ist der Arbeit klar, die Methodik der Studie hat aber Lücken. Details unten👇 🚽 Krebsscreening per Abwasser: Eher Durchfall als Durchbruch. Eine Proof-of-Concept-Studie aus Louisville zeigt, dass Darmkrebs-Biomarker (CDH1-RNA) im Abwasser nachweisbar sind. Allerdings nur mit N=12 Proben von einem einzigen Dienstag im Juli. Interessant-irrelevant, starker Interessenkonflikt inklusive. Details unten👇 Und ab hier geht’s in die Details und wird etwas detaillierter … Sie sind im Trend: Magic Mushrooms. Nicht nur auf YouTube, auch auf PubMed. Die halluzinogenen, psilocybinhaltigen Pilze sollen gegen allerhand psychische Leiden helfen, u.a. bei Major-Depression. Ob es was bringt, dazu liefern neue Erkenntnisse Daten einer RCT1 samt Editorial 2 sowie ein paralleler Review 3, frisch in JAMA Psychiatry veröffentlicht. Die methodisch sehr hochwertige randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie aus D hat Psilocybin bei therapieresistenter Depression (TRD) untersucht. Die Signale sind durchaus ermutigend, aber der primäre Endpunkt wurde nicht signifikant verbessert.", "journal": "EvidenzUpdate", "publication_date": "2026-03-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.69156/quick/2026.03.00011", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.69156/quick/2026.03.00011", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:55:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.69156/quick/2026.03.00011\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Biomarkers,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 5, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: Perspective from meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for major depressive disorder perspective from meta analysis", "authors": "Kishi T, Sakuma K, Hatano M, Uchida H, Iwata N.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials aimed to investigate the temporal changes in the efficacy and safety of psilocybin treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodsSeparate meta-analyses were conducted for standard-dose psilocybin (25 mg/session, or 20-30 mg/70 kg/session) and low-dose psilocybin (10 mg/session or 15.05 mg/70 kg/session) subgroups. Control conditions included placebo, waiting-list control, niacin, or psilocybin 1 mg.ResultsStandard-dose psilocybin was superior to control in reducing depressive symptoms (standardized mean difference [SMD]: -1.05; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]: -1.60 to -0.50, p = 0.0002, I2 = 75%, K = 4). Sensitivity analysis excluding studies with waiting-list controls supported the superiority of standard-dose psilocybin compared with control without considerable heterogeneity (SMD: -0.70; 95% CI: -1.03 to -0.36, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2026.121675", "pubmed_id": "41876058", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121675", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41876058\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3657, "title": "Precision Phenotyping of Behavioral Risk and Response to Electromagnetic and Psychedelic Therapies", "normalized_title": "precision phenotyping of behavioral risk and response to electromagnetic and psychedelic therapies", "authors": "University of New Mexico", "abstract": "PRE-EMPT will assemble a study group of 150 civilian and Veteran participants from three populations (low risk, intermediate risk, and high risk for self-harm). The investigators will obtain clinical assessments, MRI, and blood levels for circular RNA (circRNA). The teams will then administer three interventions (neurofeedback, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and psilocybin assisted therapy), and repeat the tests above. A team with expertise in artificial intelligence will then use our data to try to find patterns that identify who is at high risk versus low risk with a high degree of accuracy. For U.S. Service Members, deployment and combat exposure can result in significant mental strain, with high rates of disability and suicide. Unfortunately our ability to predict and treat those at high risk of intentional self-harm is limited. PRE-EMPT (Precision Phenotyping of Behavioral Risk and Response to Electromagnetic and Psychedelic Therapies) seeks to transform the assessment and treatment of the spectrum of depression, posttraumatic stress, and self-harm. PRE-EMPT will utilize multimodal neuroimaging, blood-based biomarkers, and predictive analytics to devise highly accurate models of behavioral risk, and to characterize response to three neuroplasticity-enhancing interventions. Background: Rates of suicide have increased 37% since the year 2000 despite concerted governmental and institutional programs to address root causes such as stigma and lack of access. Suicide was the number one cause of active-duty fatality from 2014 to 2019, highlighting the vulnerability of Service Members and Veterans. Suicide is a highly multifactorial event and may be conceptualized as a state in which individuals cannot come up with any other option to endure difficult circumstances or intense feelings, representing failures of cognitive control (CC) and emotion regulation (ER). Similarly, the heritability of suicide risk is well known, and transcriptomics, or the study of transcript molecules such as RNA that regulate gene expression, has potential to reveal mechanisms of risk not fully explained by DNA analysis. Better methods of classifying suicide risk according to objective and measurable factors are needed to proactively identify persons at risk and provide interventions tailored to risk. Research Plan: PRE-EMPT will assemble a cohort of 150 civilian and Veteran participants from three populations (low risk, intermediate risk, and high risk for self-harm). The investigators will obtain baseline clinical assessments, structural and functional MRI utilizing tasks pioneered by our team to assess cognitive control (CC) and emotion regulation (ER), and peripheral circular RNA (circRNA) levels to characterize the molecular brain states associated with behavioral risk. In parallel, investigators will mine publicly available databases to identify network nodes and use deep learning techniques on multivariate patterns of brain activation, structural topography, and functional connectivity. The clinical, imaging, and transcriptomic data will be fused and jointly analyzed to increase the accuracy of risk prediction models. PRE-EMPT in three separate arms will then prospectively assess three promising and innovative interventions for their potential to reduce suicidal ideation and alter activity in key neural networks: 1) neurofeedback (NF) using real-time fMRI with simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG), 2) accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation (aiTBS) with dose optimization through electric field modeling; and 3) psilocybin assisted therapy (PSI), with flexible dosing plan to maximize the depth of psychedelic experience. Assessments will be repeated at post-treatment and at 1, 3, and 6 months after intervention. These therapies were chosen based on our team's prior work in all three interventions demonstrating rapid action and large effects. Each clinical arm will contribute independent insights into mediators of efficacy for the specific interventions and risk groups, while pooling data to identify predictors across the risk spectrum. Specific Aim 1: To construct a neurobehavioral model from structural and functional MRI, clinical, and transcriptomic data that accurately predicts behavioral risk. Specific Aim 2: To test three potential rapid-acting therapies for suicidal ideation and identify mechanistic mediators of response.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07484906", "keywords": "Suicidal Ideation, fMRI Neurofeedback, Accelerated theta burst stimulation, Psilocybin assisted therapy, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07484906\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Veterans,Safety,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3582, "title": "Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Autism: a Pilot Trial With Pre-Post Brain and Cognitive Measurement to Understand Mechanism", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment resistant depression in autism a pilot trial with pre post brain and cognitive measurement to understand mechanism", "authors": "Centre for Addiction and Mental Health", "abstract": "We propose a first-of-its-kind open-label clinical trial to investigate the feasibility, tolerability, and safety of administering psilocybin in autistic adults with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). In this study, 20 participants (intellectually able and fluent-speech adults) with autism and co-occurring TRD will receive around 20 hours of manualized psychotherapy that has previously been used with psilocybin (Agin-Liebes et al., 2020). They will also receive psilocybin at 2 different time points, firstly a safety dose of 10mg, followed by a treatment dose of 25mg. This study design is in accordance with previous studies investigating the use of psilocybin with psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) to treat TRD (Carhart-Harris et al., 2016, 2018) Each participant will begin with a screening visit (V1), during which eligibility will be determined through clinical and psychiatric assessments of the participant's physical and mental health. Following confirmation of eligibility, the study procedures will begin. The participant will begin with a 2-4 week tapering period during which they will taper and discontinue any conventional antidepressants. Most conventional antidepressants will require a minimum 2-week tapering period, with the exception of fluoxetine, which will require a 4-week tapering period. Additional time may be added at the discretion of the study investigator. During the tapering period, there will be weekly check-ins with a study psychiatrist by in-person assessment or brief telephone calls to monitor for worsening depression and suicidality. Following the tapering period, participant eligibility will be re-assessed for the eligibility. At Study Visit 2 (Baseline, V2), participants will complete a series of questionnaires and assessments (Table 2) and preparatory therapy with trained study therapists. The participant will also receive a brain MRI scan lasting for about 45 minutes. At Study Visits 3 \\& 4 (V3/V4), participants will receive oral doses of psilocybin (safety dose of 10 mg at V3, treatment dose of 25 mg at V4), to assess the tolerability and efficacy of psilocybin. These sessions will be held one week apart and will last 6 to 8 hours each. These sessions will take place in a pre-decorated treatment room at CAMH. Throughout the entire duration of the dosing sessions, participants will be monitored by a minimum of two trained therapists. At the end of each session, participants will be evaluated for safety by a study psychiatrist before being discharged. Participants will also rate the 11-Dimension Altered States of Consciousness (11D-ASC) at the end of each dosing day when the subjective effects of psilocybin have subsided to a negligible level. In addition, the participant will also receive a second brain MRI scan lasting for about 30 minutes (V3a) following V3 Safety dosing. To reduce participant burden, MRI scan can be completed on the following day or within 1-3 days following safety dosing (V3). The participants will also be required to complete the self-rated questionnaires at this additional MRI assessment. Visit 5 (V5) will be held one day after administration of the treatment dose (V4). During V5 the participants will complete post-treatment clinical and cognitive assessments, alongside the third and final MRI scan (of the main clinical trial design). Participants will also undergo a 1-hour integration therapy session to debrief their experiences the day before. Visit 6 (V6) will be held one week following the treatment dose (V4). During V6 a second 1-hour integration therapy session takes place and all post-treatment clinical assessments will be repeated. Subsequent clinical progress will be evaluated virtually at V7, V8, V9, which will respectively be held 2, 4, and 12 weeks following the treatment session (V4). 10 participants out of 20 participants in the main clinical trial could opt to receive 7 additional brain MRI scans besides the MRI scans at V2, V3a and V5 required in the main clinical trial. These 7 additional scans will be assessed at V1, in the middle of medication washout/tapering period V6, V7, V8, 8 weeks following the treatment dose (V4), and V9, respectively. At each optional MRI visit, self-rated assessments will also be collected.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06731621", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Psilocybin, Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06731621\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 221, "title": "Psychedelics and Mental Health in Endurance Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study in Brazil.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and mental health in endurance athletes a cross sectional study in brazil", "authors": "Portes MAM, Bertoglio LJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are psychedelic compounds with therapeutic potential for depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress. However, their relevance to endurance athletes, who face particular psychological and physical stressors, remains underexplored. This study combines a conceptual overview with cross-sectional survey data from Brazilian endurance athletes. Twenty-eight participants completed a questionnaire addressing mental health, use of supplements, medications, and psychoactive substances, as well as perceptions and attitudes toward psychedelics and psychedelic therapies. The mean age was 37 ± 10 years. Women more frequently reported pharmacological treatment for depression or anxiety. Overall, 64% reported a lack of mental health support in their athletic environments; 11% had prior psychedelic experience, while 79% expressed openness to psychedelic therapies if legal and supervised. However, 61% were unaware of existing evidence for psychedelics in treating mental health conditions. Their potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties were similarly unrecognized and unexpected. Misconceptions were common: 78% believed psychedelics to be addictive. Despite this, attitudes toward their therapeutic potential were generally positive. These findings reveal unmet mental health needs, significant knowledge gaps, and widespread misconceptions among endurance athletes, suggesting the value of targeted, evidence-based education to support informed consideration of psychedelic therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2026.2644865", "pubmed_id": "41860795", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2026.2644865", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41860795\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Observational Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 220, "title": "Beyond the Genomic Storm: Evaluating Tabernanthalog as a Potential Scaffold for Silent Neuroplasticity and Broad-Spectrum Therapy.", "normalized_title": "beyond the genomic storm evaluating tabernanthalog as a potential scaffold for silent neuroplasticity and broad spectrum therapy", "authors": "Anchesi I, Raffaele I, Astorino MF, Lui M, Calabrò M, Cipriano GL.", "abstract": "The clinical renaissance of psychedelic medicine has highlighted the therapeutic potential of rapid-acting neuroplastogens, or \"psychoplastogens,\" for psychiatric disorders. However, the widespread application of classical psychedelics-such as psilocybin and LSD-and the atypical dissociative ibogaine is severely limited by their hallucinogenic properties and, particularly in the case of ibogaine, life-threatening cardiotoxicity. Addressing these limitations, Tabernanthalog (TBG) has emerged as a frontrunner in the field. This non-hallucinogenic analog of ibogaine was rationally designed to eliminate interactions with the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG, KCNH2) potassium channel, thereby mitigating cardiotoxic risks. While initially characterized for its anti-addictive and antidepressant-like properties, recent data from 2024-2025 have significantly expanded its therapeutic horizon. TBG demonstrates robust efficacy in preclinical models of neuropathic and visceral pain, as well as in the rescue of cognitive deficits associated with cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI). TBG has shown efficacy in reversing cognitive impairments induced directly by the presence of a tumor in preclinical models, rather than by chemotherapy-specific neurotoxicity. Crucially, emerging evidence suggests that TBG's mechanism extends beyond simple 5-HT2A receptor agonism. New findings point to a multi-target profile involving the inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), positive modulation of NMDA receptors, and functional crosstalk with mGlu2 receptors. Furthermore, TBG appears to induce structural neuroplasticity without the widespread induction of immediate early genes (IEGs) seen with classical hallucinogens, suggesting a decoupling of therapeutic rewiring from the subjective psychedelic experience. This review synthesizes current preclinical evidence to discuss TBG as a promising chemical scaffold for next-generation neurotherapeutics targeting the intersection of psychiatry and neurology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/ijms27062811", "pubmed_id": "41898671", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27062811", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Ibogaine, Hallucinogens, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41898671\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Cancer Patients,Safety,Toxicity,Drug Interactions,Genomics", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 131, "title": "Psychological support in psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trials: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psychological support in psychedelic assisted therapy clinical trials a systematic review", "authors": "Brusky B, M'Bailara K, Alla F, Barrault M.", "abstract": "RationaleThe nature and role of the psychological support provided in psychedelic-assisted treatments for psychiatric disorders are currently the object of debate. How this support is conceptualized-as a vector for therapeutic change or framework for risk minimization-has far-reaching consequences in terms of how these treatments should be regulated, delivered, and studied.ObjectivesTo determine whether psychological interventions in psychedelic trials meet accepted definitions of psychotherapy using a common factors framework. We assess whether self-described psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies align with psychotherapy criteria and whether trials where support is not defined as psychotherapy nonetheless embed psychotherapeutic elements.MethodsFollowing Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched PubMed and PsycINFO in January 2024 for all available clinical trials of psilocybin, MDMA, or lysergic acid diethylamide reporting any psychological support. Articles were assessed against a 4-item common factors framework.ResultsWe screened 224 records, reviewed 52 full-text documents, and included 29 clinical trials (449 patients). Of the 29 trials, 69% met all 4 factors. Of the 19 psychotherapy-labeled trials, 84% met all 4 factors. Of the 10 non-psychotherapy-labeled studies, 40% met 4 factors.ConclusionsFindings indicate that the psychological interventions in most therapeutic psychedelic trials qualify as psychotherapy. We highlight the clinical implications in terms of clinician training and treatment timeframe. We emphasize the ethical imperative to measure and address the intervention complexity inherent to psychedelic trials, to optimize clinical outcomes and safeguard patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261424204", "pubmed_id": "41859988", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261424204", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41859988\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1975, "title": "Raman Activity Investigation and Utilization of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "raman activity investigation and utilization of psilocybin", "authors": "Sun Mingyu, Zhao Xiaoyu, Kong Fandi, Wang Jinsong, Lu Yunchang, Tong Liang", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Accidental ingestion of psilocybin-containing mushrooms can cause poisoning and hallucinations, making their rapid detection a public health priority. Conventional methods such as HPLC, GC-MS, LC-MS, TLC, CE, and ELISA provide sensitivity but are often destructive, time-consuming, or impractical for real-time applications. This study introduces a Raman spectroscopy-based approach for rapid, nondestructive identification of psilocybin. The molecular geometry of psilocybin was optimized using density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)), and theoretical Raman spectra were generated to assign characteristic vibrational peaks, confirming its Raman activity. Experimental spectra of fresh and heat-treated Psilocybe cubensis mushroom samples were collected, with peak alignment demonstrating good agreement with theoretical predictions, thus establishing psilocybin fingerprint features. For classification, raw and preprocessed spectra (MSC, SNV, 1st-D, detrending) were evaluated. Among feature extraction methods (PCA, SPA, UVE, CARS), CARS yielded the most discriminative variables. An XGBoost model was developed and optimized via Bayesian tuning, while SMOTE addressed class imbalance. Furthermore, psilocybin fingerprint features were fused with CARS features to enhance interpretability and model robustness. Finally, a Bagging framework integrating XGBoost, KNN, SVM, and Decision Tree was implemented to improve generalization and noise resistance. The final Bagging-based model achieved high performance (accuracy 0.984, F1-score 0.984, ROC AUC0.976), with strong stability under storage conditions. Overall, this study elucidates psilocybin's Raman spectral characteristics and establishes a machine learning-assisted detection model. The approach enables rapid, accurate, cost-effective, and contamination-free identification of psilocybin, with potential applications in food safety monitoring and on-site toxic mushroom screening.", "journal": "Journal of Raman Spectroscopy", "publication_date": "2026-03-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/jrs.70133", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.70133", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/jrs.70133\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/b978-0-12-800605-4.00022-0\",\"10.1001/jama.2024.0731\",\"10.1186/s12889‐023‐16042‐7\",\"10.1002/jgf2.384\",\"10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.189\",\"10.1007/s00204‐015‐1513‐x\",\"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002\",\"10.1111/j.1556‐4029.2005.00033.x\",\"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100090\",\"10.1111/1556‐4029.15454\",\"10.3390/molecules27196607\",\"10.3390/molecules25071566\",\"10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113485\",\"10.1016/j.forc.2022.100421\",\"10.1016/j.vibspec.2024.103670\",\"10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108748\",\"10.1016/j.jfca.2024.106461\",\"10.1002/dta.2950\",\"10.1016/j.vibspec.2016.04.006\",\"10.1039/c0cp02278k\",\"10.1016/j.saa.2010.12.079\",\"10.1016/j.vibspec.2006.04.025\",\"10.1016/j.ssc.2009.05.048\",\"10.1016/j.vibspec.2005.01.003\",\"10.3390/molecules24091659\",\"10.1016/j.saa.2017.05.045\",\"10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08784\",\"10.1016/s0921‐4526(03)00446‐0\",\"10.1007/s00216‐011‐5203‐0\",\"10.1039/c6ra25879d\",\"10.1002/jrs.2507\",\"10.1002/jrs.4776\",\"10.1016/j.saa.2005.02.008\",\"10.1071/an17382\",\"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.12.034\",\"10.1016/j.vibspec.2012.12.004\",\"10.1063/1.4903408\",\"10.1038/nmeth.4346\",\"10.1016/s0169‐7439(01)00119‐8\",\"10.1016/j.compag.2019.105160\",\"10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.046\",\"10.1016/j.asoc.2018.09.029\",\"10.1016/j.patcog.2017.07.024\",\"10.1016/j.patrec.2007.10.002\",\"10.48161/qaj.v1n2a50\",\"10.1007/978-3-540-39964-3_62\",\"10.38094/jastt20165\",\"10.1016/s0039‐9140(00)00503‐8\",\"10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.010\",\"10.1016/j.vibspec.2018.05.002\",\"10.1006/nimg.2002.1053\",\"10.12116/j.issn.1004‐5619.2021.310305\",\"10.13171/mjc.3.1.2014.04.04.16\",\"10.1021/ci049794h\",\"10.1002/jcc.23263\",\"10.1016/j.microc.2024.112552\",\"10.1007/s11224‐019‐01431‐9\",\"10.1021/jp073974n\",\"10.1039/d4ay01455c\"],\"reference_count\":60}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1974, "title": "PSILOCYBIN AS AN ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT FOR DEPRESSION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS IN ONCOLOGY: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as an adjunctive treatment for depression and psychological distress in oncology current evidence and clinical implications", "authors": "Komarczewska Anna, Kociński Michał, Iglewski Patryk, Pietrasz Michał, Idziński Jakub, Lubomska Anna", "abstract": "Depression and psychological distress are highly prevalent among patients with cancer and are associated with impaired quality of life, reduced treatment adherence, and poorer clinical outcomes. Standard pharmacological and psychosocial interventions often demonstrate limited efficacy or delayed onset of action in oncological and palliative settings. Psilocybin-assisted therapy has recently emerged as a potential adjunctive approach for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with life-threatening cancer. This narrative review synthesizes current clinical and neurobiological evidence regarding the use of psilocybin as an adjunctive treatment in oncology. Randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and case reports indicate that psilocybin administered within a structured psychotherapeutic framework may produce rapid and sustained reductions in depressive symptoms and anxiety, including improvements in existential well-being. Mechanistic findings suggest involvement of serotonergic 5-HT2A receptor activation, large-scale brain network modulation, and enhanced neuroplasticity. When applied in controlled clinical settings with appropriate screening and psychological support, psilocybin demonstrates a favorable safety profile. Although current evidence is promising, limitations related to sample size and methodological heterogeneity require cautious interpretation. Further well-designed trials are necessary to determine long-term efficacy and optimal integration into comprehensive cancer and palliative care.", "journal": "International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science", "publication_date": "2026-03-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.5034", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.5034", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.5034\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1002/14651858.cd011006.pub4\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1591864\",\"10.1177/0269881116675512\",\"10.1186/s40359-025-03935-y\",\"10.3390/curroncol32070380\",\"10.46747/cfp.6811823\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.008\",\"10.1038/s41586-024-07624-5\",\"10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7\"],\"reference_count\":10}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 225, "title": "Psilocybin effects on brain functional connectivity: a systematic review of fMRI studies.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin effects on brain functional connectivity a systematic review of fmri studies", "authors": "Farré-Colomés À, Rublinetska O, Soto-Angona Ó.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted therapies are innovative therapeutic approaches, particularly in the treatment of depression. However, there are sparse studies providing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) evidence elucidating the underlying biological mechanisms that support clinical outcomes. This review aims to comprehensively gather all the evidence reported in psilocybin studies using fMRI techniques. Independent extraction of articles was conducted by 2 authors using predefined data fields. 20 unique datasets were identified, with 5 including participants diagnosed with depression. Dropout rates were found to be high, and follow-up scanning timepoints were lacking in most of the studies. Most research has focused on the amygdala, the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex, as key regions involved in the effects of psilocybin. However, the current literature exhibits inconsistency in methods and designs. Further research is necessary to better define psilocybin’s impact on the human brain and its potential to enhance psychotherapy outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s44192-026-00384-w", "pubmed_id": "41854988", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s44192-026-00384-w", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41854988\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 224, "title": "Psilocybin retail stores in Canada: Changes in availability, commercialization, and geographic distribution.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin retail stores in canada changes in availability commercialization and geographic distribution", "authors": "Matsukubo J, Friesen EL, MacDonald-Spracklin R, Iseman R, Solmi M, Fiedorowicz JG, Fischer B, Myran DT.", "abstract": "IntroductionThe use of psychedelics has increased in Canada in recent years. Although non-medical psilocybin use is prohibited under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, we previously documented the emergence of grey-market brick-and-mortar psilocybin retailers. This study examined changes in the number, composition, and geographic distribution of Canadian psilocybin retail stores between 2024 and 2025.MethodsWe conducted a repeated cross-sectional assessment of psilocybin retail stores with a physical storefront in Canada that were publicly visible and indexed through systematic Google and Google Maps searches between May 2024 and July 2025. Data were collected on store location, operating status, chain affiliation, and product offerings. Per capita availability and geographic clustering were calculated using Canadian census metropolitan area and dissemination area data.ResultsBetween 2024 and 2025, the number of psilocybin retail stores in Canada increased from a total of 57 to 75, a 33% increase in stores per 100,000 individuals (0.18 to 0.24). The proportion of Canadians residing within a 10-min walk of a psilocybin retail store increased from 1.4 to 1.7%. In this period, 30 of 57 outlets (52.6%) that were open in 2024 closed, while 48 new stores opened. In 2025, two large chains operated 44% of all stores in Canada. All but 2 stores (97%) were located in Ontario and British Columbia. In Toronto and Vancouver, Canada's first- and third-most populous cities, 9.5% and 29.0% of residents, respectively, lived within a 10-min walk of a psilocybin store. Psilocybin retail stores with a website sold a wide variety of products online, including dried mushrooms (98%), microdose capsules (100%), and infused edibles (89%). Sixty-nine percent offered products packaged to resemble commercial snack brands, such as Scooby-Doo Fruit Snacks and psilocybin-infused drinks styled after Arizona Iced Tea. Among outlets with online listings, 49% advertised the sale of additional psychoactive substances, most commonly N,N-dimethyltryptamine (93%) and cannabis (87%).Discussion and conclusionThe Canadian psilocybin retail market continues to expand substantially despite ongoing federal prohibition. The market is characterized by rapid turnover, increasing dominance of large chain operators, widespread sale of ordinary food brand-mimicking products, and marked geographic concentration in Ontario and British Columbia. The presence of a grey market may expose individuals to unregulated products and unverified health claims. Continued surveillance is warranted to monitor market evolution and to inform policy discussions regarding psilocybin regulation in Canada and elsewhere.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.17269/s41997-026-01178-x", "pubmed_id": "41857461", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-026-01178-x", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41857461\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3643, "title": "Pilot Study of Psilocybin-assisted Treatment for Cannabis Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "pilot study of psilocybin assisted treatment for cannabis use disorder", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This pilot study will evaluate the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in people with Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD). This study will examine the impact of psilocybin treatment on cannabis use and related variables in 12 people with CUD. This is an open-label proof-of-concept trial in which participants will complete a 12-week course of study treatment including two psilocybin sessions with psychological support, and follow-up assessments 3 and 6 months after the first psilocybin session. This pilot study will evaluate the therapeutic potential of psilocybin to produce significant reduction in cannabis use compared to pre-treatment in a sample of 12 treatment-seeking patients with Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD). Upon enrollment, participants will complete a 12-week course of study treatment including two psilocybin sessions, with follow-up assessment 3 and 6 months after the first psilocybin session. After 4 weekly preparatory meetings including a targeted cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention for CUD, participants will receive a moderately high dose (25mg) of psilocybin in week 5 of the 12-week counseling, and either another moderately high dose (25mg) or a high dose (35mg) in week 7. After each psilocybin session, participants will complete a follow-up meeting within 3 days (i.e. integration meeting), as well as continued weekly meetings through week 12. Participants will complete post-session assessments in approximately weeks 12 (End of Treatment), 17 (3 months after 1st psilocybin session, and 29 (6 months after 1st psilocybin session). Some study meetings may be held virtually via a secure web-based video conference platform (e.g., Zoom). Self-reported cannabis use and biomarkers of recent use will be assessed at baseline (screening), weekly throughout the 12-week intervention, and at approximately weeks 17 (3 months after 1st psilocybin session), and 29 (6 months after 1st psilocybin session).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06660381", "keywords": "Cannabis Use Disorder, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06660381\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3641, "title": "Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy for Demoralization Syndrome in Patients Diagnosed With Advanced Stage Cancer: a Pilot Study", "normalized_title": "safety and efficacy of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for demoralization syndrome in patients diagnosed with advanced stage cancer a pilot study", "authors": "Gustavo Vazquez", "abstract": "Demoralization syndrome is frequently present in palliative care and oncology patients. In particular, up to a third of patients diagnosed with cancer will experience demoralization due to their illness. The relevance of demoralization syndrome in oncology is tied to this syndrome's association with other mental health ailments such as depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and quality of life. Unfortunately, so far no pharmacological strategy has been devised for demoralization, and only a few psychotherapeutic approaches have been trialed in this population, though no psychotherapeutic treatments have been tested for demoralization specifically. The new wave of psychedelic research has been showing encouraging results in a broad spectrum of psychiatric diagnosis, including depression and anxiety in patients diagnosed with cancer and other life-threatening diseases. To date, no clinical trials have been published in which the potential therapeutic effects of psychedelics are explored for the treatment of demoralization syndrome. The aim of this open label pilot study is to assess the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a treatment for demoralization syndrome in patients diagnosed with cancer. Fifteen participants between the ages of 18 to 70 years with advanced stage cancer and demoralization syndrome will be enrolled in a treatment program which will include 6 psychotherapeutic sessions and one psilocybin (25 mg) dosing session. Our outcome of interest will be a decrease in demoralization, as measured by the Demoralization Scale at baseline and at the end of the study, and adverse events registration. Other measures of interest include Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. Those patients with partial response a month after the psilocybin intervention will be offered the possibility of a second psilocybin 25 mg dosing session.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06818994", "keywords": "Demoralization, Safety, Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06818994\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Aging,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3540, "title": "Evaluating the Role of Psilocybin Monitors in Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment Resistant Depression: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial", "normalized_title": "evaluating the role of psilocybin monitors in psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression a pilot randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Centre for Addiction and Mental Health", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the chemical component of \"magic mushrooms\", has been administered with psychological support in several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) showing large and sustained antidepressant effects. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of psilocybin monitors on the effects of psilocybin therapy in adults with treatment resistant depression. Psilocybin, the chemical component of \"magic mushrooms\", has been administered with psychological support in several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) showing large and sustained antidepressant effects. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of psilocybin monitors on the effects of psilocybin therapy in adults with treatment resistant depression.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07211438", "keywords": "Treatment-Resistant Depression, Psilocybin, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07211438\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 227, "title": "Cost-Effectiveness of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy Versus Standard of Care for Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression.", "normalized_title": "cost effectiveness of psilocybin assisted therapy versus standard of care for patients with treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Ziadi Y, Park T.", "abstract": "BackgroundTreatment-resistant depression (TRD) imposes a substantial public health and economic burden. Although psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has shown clinical promise, its economic value remains uncertain. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of PAT compared with the standard of care for TRD.MethodsA Markov model adopting a US healthcare perspective simulated patient transitions among health states (remission, response, non-response, and relapse) every 6-week cycle. Model inputs were derived from randomized controlled trials and relevant published literature. Outcomes included quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess uncertainty in key parameters, dosing regimens, retreatment strategies, and psilocybin prices. Scenario analyses extended the time horizon to 30 years to examine treatment persistence and efficacy waning.ResultsCompared with the standard of care, PAT was more effective and less costly, yielding approximately $7000 in cost savings and a gain of 0.10 QALYs per patient. These economic advantages persisted across variations in key parameters, dosing strategies, retreatment assumptions, and psilocybin prices in sensitivity analyses. Extending the horizon to 30 years in scenario analyses increased cumulative savings to $215 900 with gains of 9.87 QALYs. PAT remained cost-effective under all efficacy-waning assumptions over the 30-year horizon.ConclusionThis modeling analysis provides preliminary evidence that PAT may be a cost-effective option for TRD management. Consistent findings across extended time horizons suggest that its economic value is largely driven by early clinical benefits that offset downstream chronic care costs. Longitudinal real-world evidence will be essential to validate these findings and inform sustainable integration into clinical practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.vhri.2026.101605", "pubmed_id": "41842876", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2026.101605", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41842876\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3604, "title": "Pilot Study of Serotonin 2A Receptor (5-HT2A) Agonist Psilocybin for Depression in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment or Early Alzheimer's Disease", "normalized_title": "pilot study of serotonin 2a receptor 5 ht2a agonist psilocybin for depression in patients with mild cognitive impairment or early alzheimer s disease", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This open-label pilot study examines whether the hallucinogenic drug, psilocybin, given under supportive conditions, is safe and effective for depression in people with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or early Alzheimer's Disease (AD). This study will also assess whether psilocybin may improve quality of life in those individuals. This is a pilot study evaluating the potential efficacy of psilocybin to produce improvement in depression compared to pre-treatment in people with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or early Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and clinically significant symptoms of depression. The study will be an open-label trial in a sample of up to 20 treatment-seeking participants with a diagnosis of MCI or early AD. Participants will complete an 8-week course of study treatment including two psilocybin sessions (15 mg/70 kg in week 4 and 15 or 25 mg/70 kg in week 6), with follow-up assessments up to 6 months after the final psilocybin session. The study will assess changes in depressed mood at 1 week after the second psilocybin session compared to pre-treatment, and quality of life in participants from pre- to post-treatment.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04123314", "keywords": "Depressive Symptoms, Depression, Alzheimer Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04123314\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1976, "title": "Explainable AI framework for psilocybin depression treatment optimization", "normalized_title": "explainable ai framework for psilocybin depression treatment optimization", "authors": "Sungheetha Akey, Rajesh Sharma R., Aroba Oluwasegun Julius, Mahapatra Sheila, Mahendhiran P. D.", "abstract": "Introduction This computational modeling study introduces a novel Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) framework for optimizing single-dose psilocybin treatment protocols through personalized intervention modeling using publicly available mental health datasets. All results presented are derived from novel simulated data and predictive modeling only, not from real-time clinical implementations or actual patient treatments. Methods The mathematical optimization model integrates digital twin technologies, multimodal depression detection systems, and Bayesian optimization algorithms to create comprehensive computational patient profiles with temporal resolution processing capabilities at 250 Hz sampling frequency. Validation employed three publicly available datasets: (1) the Psilocybin Precision Functional Mapping dataset from OpenNeuro containing neuroimaging data from 7 participants, (2) the MODMA multimodal mental disorder dataset with 53 participants including electroencephalography and audio signals, and (3) a meta-analytic psilocybin therapy outcomes dataset containing aggregated results from 10 clinical trials. The framework incorporates pharmacokinetic modeling with an absorption rate constant of 0.45 per hour and an elimination rate constant of 0.23 per hour, receptor occupancy dynamics based on a dissociation constant of 6.3 nanomolar, and simulated real-time monitoring protocols processing physiological parameters including heart rate variability, blood pressure measurements, and cortisol levels at a 1 Hz frequency. Results The simulated computational model demonstrates significant improvements in prediction accuracy, reaching 94.7%, and therapeutic transparency, achieving 89.3% explainability scores. Simulated validation demonstrates computational precision of 92.8% in predicting treatment response patterns across diverse patient populations in silico. The proposed computational methodology addresses key challenges in psychedelic-assisted therapy modeling through interpretable artificial intelligence models, achieving 96.2% computational safety index scores and 91.5% algorithmic compliance metrics in simulation environments. Energy-efficient computational architecture achieves 73.4% carbon footprint reduction through optimized algorithm design and sparse matrix representations. Discussion This study presents a theoretical computational framework for modeling therapeutic outcomes through simulation and prediction, establishing a foundation for future clinical validation through prospective randomized controlled trials. The framework supports sustainable digital mental healthcare delivery systems compatible with renewable energy infrastructure. All findings represent computational predictions and simulated scenarios requiring extensive clinical validation before any practical application.", "journal": "Frontiers in Computer Science", "publication_date": "2026-03-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fcomp.2025.1652190", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1652190", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.3389/fcomp.2025.1652190\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.48550/arxiv.1810.03292\",\"10.1136/bmj.309.6947.102\",\"10.1214/09-ss054\",\"10.1177/0962280214558972\",\"10.1038/s41598-020-59282-y\",\"10.1001/jama.2017.18391\",\"10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x\",\"10.1007/978-3-540-24775-3_3\",\"10.3310/hta3090\",\"10.1175/1520-0493(1950)078<0001:vofeit>2.0.co;2\",\"10.1007/s40262-017-0540-6\",\"10.1137/0916069\",\"10.1155/2018/5238028\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2032994\",\"10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7\",\"10.1136/bmjqs-2018-008370\",\"10.1145/1541880.1541882\",\"10.1056/nejmp1714229\",\"10.1136/bmj.g7594\",\"10.7861/futurehosp.6-2-94\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.2307/2531595\",\"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009\",\"10.5555/1248547.1248630\",\"10.1177/0272989x9701700202\",\"10.1038/s41398-021-01706-y\",\"10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045037\",\"10.1007/978-1-4899-4541-9\",\"10.1038/s41591-018-0316-z\",\"10.1109/taffc.2015.2457417\",\"10.48550/arxiv.1807.02811\",\"10.1080/01621459.1937.10503522\",\"10.1016/s2589-7500(21)00208-9\",\"10.1038/sdata.2016.44\",\"10.1007/s11920-019-1094-0\",\"10.1177/02698811211073759\",\"10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.ad\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017\",\"10.1148/radiology.143.1.7063747\",\"10.1007/978-0-387-84858-7\",\"10.1002/9780470316672\",\"10.1002/widm.1312\",\"10.1002/9781118548387\",\"10.1017/cbo9781139506779\",\"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015\",\"10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.521\",\"10.1115/1.3662552\",\"10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x\",\"10.1115/1.3653121\",\"10.48550/arxiv.1910.09700\",\"10.1016/0149-7189(79)90094-6\",\"10.1056/nejm198806303182605\",\"10.1145/3236386.3241340\",\"10.1038/s41746-020-0254-3\",\"10.48550/arxiv.2211.02001\",\"10.48550/arxiv.1705.07874\",\"10.1080/02791072.2020.1769878\",\"10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00237-9\",\"10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9\",\"10.1016/0149-7634(95)00061-5\",\"10.7554/elife.71774.sa2\",\"10.1007/978-94-009-0909-0\",\"10.1192/bjp.134.4.382\",\"10.7326/m14-0698\",\"10.1038/clpt.1981.154\",\"10.1124/pr.115.011478\",\"10.1097/01.mlr.0000062554.74615.4c\",\"10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.020\",\"10.1056/nejmp1606181\",\"10.1126/science.aax2342\",\"10.1080/1355621021000005937\",\"10.48550/arxiv.2104.10350\",\"10.1038/nn.3818\",\"10.48550/arxiv.2010.16061\",\"10.1038/s41591-018-0272-7\",\"10.1056/nejmra1814259\",\"10.7326/m18-1990\",\"10.1145/2939672.2939778\",\"10.1038/s41398-021-01264-4\",\"10.1038/s41593-022-01005-3\",\"10.1002/9780470316696\",\"10.1038/s42256-019-0048-x\",\"10.1007/978-3-030-28954-6\",\"10.1111/pcn.12207\",\"10.1093/cercor/bhx179\",\"10.1145/3381831\",\"10.1038/s41746-020-0253-3\",\"10.1515/9781400881970-018\",\"10.1109/jbhi.2020.3045718\",\"10.1001/jama.2018.17163\",\"10.1023/b:qure.0000018486.91360.00\",\"10.48550/arxiv.1206.2944\",\"10.2307/1412159\",\"10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092\",\"10.48550/arxiv.0912.3995\",\"10.1093/eurheartj/ehu207\",\"10.1097/ede.0b013e3181c30fb2\",\"10.1111/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00994.x\",\"10.18653/v1/p19-1355\",\"10.1038/s41591-018-0300-7\",\"10.3389/fpubh.2017.00307\",\"10.2307/3001913\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006\",\"10.18637/jss.v045.i03\",\"10.48550/arxiv.1706.03762\",\"10.1371/journal.pmed.1002689\",\"10.1038/s41467-019-14108-y\",\"10.1038/s41583-020-0367-2\",\"10.1186/1471-2288-14-135\",\"10.1109/access.2018.2833746\",\"10.1038/sdata.2016.18\",\"10.1109/4235.585893\",\"10.1080/00224065.1999.11979944\",\"10.1109/access.2024.3488081\",\"10.1038/s41551-018-0305-z\",\"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.030\"],\"reference_count\":147}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 228, "title": "Psychedelic Terminology Preference in the 2024 National Survey Investigating Hallucinogenic Trends (NSIHT).", "normalized_title": "psychedelic terminology preference in the 2024 national survey investigating hallucinogenic trends nsiht", "authors": "Lyons FE, Rockhill KM, Fox EJ, Bemis EA, Black JC, Monte AA, Dart RC.", "abstract": "Expanding regulation and increased use of psychedelic substances requires surveillance of behaviors and health outcomes in the United States. Widely comprehendible terminology is important for surveys. The objective of this study was to determine what psychedelic terminology is preferred among adults who used a psychedelic in the past 12 months. A cross-sectional survey measuring psychedelic use behaviors was administered. A rank-order question was included to assess preferences for seven terminology options ranked first to seventh. Median rank scores (lower medians indicating higher preference) were calculated across subgroups defined by age, education, and level of experience with psychedelic substances. A total of 2,306 respondents were included in the final sample. Among the total sample, specific substance names (e.g., psilocybin, ayahuasca) were most preferred (median rank = 3; 24.3% ranked first), followed by \"psychedelics\" (3; 19.4%). Other terms that ranked lower included by effect (3; 15.0%), \"medicines\" (4; 16.2%), \"hallucinogen\" (4; 13.7%), \"entheogens\" (5; 8.5%), or something else (6; 2.9%), and patterns were consistent across subgroups. Broader recommendations for terminology use are proposed to assist further survey development.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2026.2644863", "pubmed_id": "41834488", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2026.2644863", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41834488\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3493, "title": "Psilocybin Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder With Co-occurring Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin treatment of major depressive disorder with co occurring alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to determine whether psilocybin, a hallucinogenic drug, is effective in reducing depressive symptoms and amount of drinking in patients with co-occurring Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). The objectives of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study are to test the hypotheses that a single high (25 mg) oral dose of psilocybin will lead to enduring reductions in depressive symptoms (as measured by the clinician-rated grid version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, or GRID-HAMD) and amount of drinking (as measured using the Time Line Follow Back, or TLFB, procedure) compared to placebo in patients with co-occurring MDD and AUD. 90 male and female volunteers who are between the ages of 21 and 65 years old and who meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for MDD and AUD will be recruited from the community and complete all study procedures. Volunteers will be randomized to one of two study arms (psilocybin \\[N=45\\] or placebo \\[N=45\\]), and will complete a drug administration session paired with a brief Motivational Interviewing intervention for alcohol use. Volunteers will undergo assessments of depression and alcohol use before and after treatment. After primary endpoints are measured, all volunteers will receive a second, unblinded intervention with a single high dose of psilocybin (25 mg) to test a secondary hypothesis that two doses of psilocybin are more effective in treating MDD with co-occurring AUD than a single dose.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04620759", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Alcohol Use Disorder, Psilocybin, 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Placebo, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04620759\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 231, "title": "The renaissance of research on psychedelics in child and adolescent psychopharmacology.", "normalized_title": "the renaissance of research on psychedelics in child and adolescent psychopharmacology", "authors": "Crocq MA, Auby P.", "abstract": "AIMS: The recent regulatory approval of esketamine in adults heralded the renaissance of research into psychedelic compounds. However, the relevance of this resurgence for children and adolescents remains unclear. This review examines the rationale for investigating psychedelics in pediatric psychopharmacology. METHODS: We reviewed recent literature, regulatory documents, and clinical trial registries addressing the psychiatric use of classic serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin, LSD), the entactogen MDMA, and dissociative compounds such as ketamine and esketamine in adolescent and young populations. Although ketamine is not a classic serotonergic psychedelic, it represents a paradigm for innovative pharmacological approaches. RESULTS: Ongoing and planned trials primarily involve adolescents aged 16 years and older. Interest in these compounds is driven by significant unmet needs in child and adolescent psychiatry, where few medications are approved, and unsatisfactory therapeutic response is common. Potential targets include anorexia nervosa, core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, resistant depression, and severe PTSD. The fact that psychedelics may have long-lasting effects after only a few sessions raises the question of their effects on neuroplasticity. CONCLUSIONS: Although psychedelic research has entered a new phase in adult psychiatry, translation to pediatric populations requires caution due to developmental vulnerabilities and limited long-term safety data. Rigorous clinical trials, ethical safeguards, and regulatory oversight are essential before broader application in children and adolescents can be considered.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1186/s13034-026-01069-6", "pubmed_id": "41826990", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-026-01069-6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41826990\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,OCD,Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 134, "title": "A randomized clinical trial of repeated doses of psilocybin for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.", "normalized_title": "a randomized clinical trial of repeated doses of psilocybin for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Moreno FA, Allen KE, Wiegand CB, Dunne R, Prickett JI, Bayze B, Allen JJB.", "abstract": "BackgroundCurrent treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), including serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are often insufficient. Psilocybin, a 5HT2a agonist psychedelic, has shown promise for treating OCD, but rigorous evidence is still needed.AimsThis randomized clinical trial evaluated safety, tolerability, and benefit of multiple psilocybin doses in OCD patients.MethodsFifteen participants were randomized to receive 4 weekly sessions of high-dose (300 µg/kg), low-dose (100 µg/kg) psilocybin, or active placebo (lorazepam) in a double-blind Phase 1 (n = 5 per condition), followed by four additional high-dose sessions (single-blind Phase 2). OCD severity was assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) following each session, and prospectively for 6 months. Safety was evaluated via adverse event systematic assessment, suicide severity rating, and psychosis screening.ResultsPsilocybin was generally well-tolerated, with no serious adverse events, or psychotic symptoms, and no significant changes in suicide severity scores. Psilocybin but not placebo significantly reduced YBOCS scores. At the end of 8-week treatment, after participants had received at least four high doses of psilocybin, 73.3% were responders (⩾35% reduction in YBOCS scores), with 40% in remission. These effects diminished but remained substantial at 6 months. Post hoc analysis of cumulative dosing correlated with YBOCS score reductions at the end of treatment.ConclusionsAdministration of up to eight doses of psilocybin in a clinical research setting appears to be safe and potentially effective for patients with OCD. Larger trials are needed to further support efficacy and refine treatment protocols.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03300947.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811261424214", "pubmed_id": "41825921", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811261424214", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41825921\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 82, "title": "Psychedelics for treatment of negative symptoms and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorder: A narrative review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for treatment of negative symptoms and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorder a narrative review", "authors": "Sabé M, Grof P, Sackett NB, Tai S, Kryskow P, Bershad A, Turkington D, Buonarroti M, De Pieri M, Baniotopoulos P, Eskinazi M, Böge K, Leucht S, Seragnoli F, Furtado L, Brakha TA, Curtis L, Kirschner M, Kaiser S, Penzenstadler L, Zullino D, Højlund M, Gallo J, Solmi M, Sapienza J, Bosia M, La Torre J.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics are re-emerging as therapeutic candidates across psychiatry, particularly for treatment-resistant depression. Their rapid and sustained antidepressant effects, alongside evidence for neuroplastic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic modulation, have prompted interest in whether they could address depressive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). This narrative review summarizes mechanistic, preclinical, and early clinical findings relevant to psychedelic use in SSDs. Schizophrenia and major depressive disorder share disturbances in dopamine, glutamate, and neuroplasticity, and both involve large-scale network abnormalities. Schizophrenia is associated with widespread dysconnectivity, mesocortical hypodopaminergia, and striatal hyperdopaminergia linked to NMDA receptor hypofunction. Depression is characterized by fronto-limbic and default mode network hyperconnectivity, mesolimbic hypodopaminergia, and reduced cortical glutamatergic tone. Depressive symptoms within SSDs may reflect an intermediate phenotype combining depressive-like hyperconnectivity with schizophrenia-related global dysconnectivity, suggesting that psychedelics' capacity to transiently increase network flexibility and recalibrate maladaptive connectivity may be clinically relevant. Preclinical studies show increased dendritic spine density, enhanced BDNF expression, restored reward sensitivity, and modulation of network dynamics after psychedelic administration. Clinically, uncontrolled exposure appears associated with increased psychosis-related presentations, whereas limited case reports suggest controlled administration may be tolerated in carefully selected, clinically stable individuals with SSDs. To date, only one early-phase trial (MDMA in schizophrenia) is ongoing, and no randomized trials have evaluated psilocybin or LSD in SSDs. Overall, psychedelics are biologically and mechanistically plausible but remain unproven for depressive and negative symptoms in SSDs, which partially overlap. Carefully designed, safety-focused early-phase studies in clinically stable patients are therefore a prerequisite for broader clinical application.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.schres.2026.03.003", "pubmed_id": "41830808", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2026.03.003", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Schizophrenia, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41830808\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Review Article,Case Report,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 232, "title": "Digital Intervention for Psychedelic Preparation (DIPP): protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial comparing meditation- and music-based programmes in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "digital intervention for psychedelic preparation dipp protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial comparing meditation and music based programmes in healthy volunteers", "authors": "McAlpine R, Jaglinska M, Jedlovszky K, Kuc J, Castro A, Piot A, Timmermann C, Skipper JI, Sacchet MD, Kamboj SK.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsychedelic-assisted therapy shows promise for treating various mental health conditions; however, its reliance on intensive psychological preparation limits its broader application. Digital health interventions have the potential to address this limitation by providing structured, accessible and scalable preparation solutions. This randomised controlled feasibility trial aims to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the Digital Intervention for Psychedelic Preparation (DIPP), a 21-day mobile-accessible programme designed to prepare individuals for psychedelic experiences.Methods and analysisThe study will recruit 40 non-treatment-seeking adults without a clinical diagnosis, randomly assigning them to one of two conditions: (1) DIPP-MEDITATE, which combines daily guided meditation with background music or (2) DIPP-MUSIC, which provides the same background music without guided meditation. Both groups will complete the 21-day digital intervention remotely. Following the intervention, participants will attend an in-person supervised psilocybin session, receiving a standardised 25 mg dose. Primary outcomes focus on feasibility metrics including recruitment efficiency, participant retention and adherence to the intervention protocol. Secondary outcomes assess subjective feasibility, acceptability and preliminary efficacy, specifically evaluating psychedelic preparedness, the quality of the psychedelic experience and changes in wellbeing, with follow-up assessments at 2 weeks, and at 3, 6 and 9 months post-session. Exploratory measures include neuroimaging, physiological, cognitive and psychological assessments, as well as voice note experience sampling through a chatbot (referred to as 'DIPP-bot') to monitor inner speech, thought and emotional states during the intervention and follow-up periods.Ethics and disseminationApproved by UCL Research Ethics Committee (ID: 19113/003), this study follows the Declaration of Helsinki. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences. Confidentiality will be maintained throughout.Trial registration numberNCT06815653.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2025-107512", "pubmed_id": "41819589", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-107512", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Meditation, Music Therapy, Feasibility Studies, Adult, Female, Male, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Digital Health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41819589\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3599, "title": "Exploratory Study of the Effects of Low-Dose Psilocybin on Sensory Processing, Neurophysiological Arousal, and Emotional Health", "normalized_title": "exploratory study of the effects of low dose psilocybin on sensory processing neurophysiological arousal and emotional health", "authors": "University of Alabama at Birmingham", "abstract": "The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the feasibility, initial signals of efficacy, and potential mechanisms of action of \"microdoses\" of psilocybin (i.e., low doses of psilocybin that are not believed to produce mystical-type, transcendent, hallucinogenic, or other overtly salient subjective effects that limit functionality) in the treatment of moderate to severe demoralization (feelings of hopelessness and meaningless that frequently accompany medical illness and other life hardship). Individuals who call research staff will undergo an initial telephone screen that will determine eligibility. Week 1: Baseline Intake Appointment. Those who are eligible to participate on the basis of the telephone screen and provide informed consent will then complete a standard demographic questionnaire, a detailed psychiatric interview, and provide a urine sample for confirmation of substance abstinence and pregnancy status. Participants will then be administered a detailed medical history interview and physical examination including EKG and blood panel. Week 2: Orientation. Participants who are medically eligible to participate will be scheduled for a psychoeducational orientation session that further explains the rationale of the study, and summarizes the study logistics. Participants will complete a number of baseline questionnaires and neuropsychological assessments at this time. Week 3: Drug administration #1. In a between-groups design, participants will be randomized to receive 0 mg, 1 mg, 2.5 mg, or 5 mg of psilocybin at five weekly 6-hour long drug administration sessions. Dose will remain constant for each participant at each drug administration session. At Drug Administration #1 and all subsequent drug administration sessions, participants will complete visual analogue scale (VAS) questions drawn from different sources that include drug abuse liability measures. These VAS questions will be administered at drug administration baseline and every 30 minutes thereafter through the end of acute effects at 6-hrs post-baseline. Research staff will complete a number of observational assessments at similar intervals. Blood pressure will be assessed at regular intervals via automatic blood pressure monitor (i.e., at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 360 min post-baseline), and medication for the treatment of acute hypertension will be administered should blood pressure exceed 200 systolic and/or 110 diastolic. At peak drug effects (2 hr post-baseline), a number of measures will be administered, each differing by drug administration session. At Drug Administration #1, participants will undergo two electroencephalogram (EEG) tasks (with assessments at baseline serving as pre-drug control values). At 6-hr post-baseline, participants will complete self-report measures assessing the subjective experience. These questionnaires will be administered at the conclusion of each drug administration session. Participants will then be administered a brief semi-structured qualitative interview designed to probe the nature of their experience. All participants will be required to arrange for transportation home from the CRU; participants will not be allowed to drive themselves after drug administration sessions. Week 4: Drug Administration #2. This session will be identical to Drug Administration #1, however, at peak drug effects, participants will complete two new EEG tasks (with assessments at baseline serving as pre-drug control values). Week 5: Drug Administration #3. This session will be identical to prior drug administration sessions, however, at peak drug effects, a neuropsychological measure will be administered. Week 6: Drug Administration #4. This session will be identical to prior drug administration sessions, however, at peak drug effects, participants will complete another neuropsychological measure. Week 7: Drug Administration #5. This session will be identical to prior drug administration sessions, however, at peak drug effects, participants will complete another neuropsychological measure. At the conclusion of this measure, subjects will undergo an EEG assessment (with an assessment at baseline serving as a pre-drug control value). Week 8: Study Termination. This session will comprise completion of the same questionnaires that were previously completed at baseline as well as a semi-structured qualitative interview. EKG will be repeated at study termination. It is noted that over the duration of the study, every day participants will be asked to complete some brief self-report measures and a resting state EEG via a smartphone app.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05227742", "keywords": "Demoralization, Psilocybin, Placebo, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05227742\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3517, "title": "Psilocybin-facilitated Treatment for Chronic Pain", "normalized_title": "psilocybin facilitated treatment for chronic pain", "authors": "University of Alabama at Birmingham", "abstract": "The primary purpose of this study is to preliminarily estimate the efficacy of psilocybin-facilitated treatment for fibromyalgia. Investigators will assess the impact of psilocybin-facilitated treatment on pain, fatigue, and other fibromyalgia symptoms, in addition to the level of functioning and quality of life. Investigators will also evaluate potential mediators of treatment (e.g., treatment expectations, pain characteristics, personality, beliefs/cognitions, emotions). Investigators hypothesize psilocybin treatment will significantly reduce symptom severity in fibromyalgia patients. Participants will be randomized to two groups: Psilocybin or Active Placebo. Those in the Psilocybin condition will receive.36 mg/kg of psilocybin. Based on previous research,.36 mg/kg of psilocybin is expected to balance the intention to increase the probability of having a full mystical-type experience against the odds of having a subjectively challenging psychological experience. Those in the Active Placebo condition will receive 2.6 mg/kg of dextromethorphan (DXM). DXM was selected as the placebo drug in the current study because its subjective and behavioral effects at higher doses can resemble those of classical hallucinogens. Participants will be blinded to what drug they are administered. Participants will be unblinded at the end of the study. Participants will attend between 7 to 9 study sessions to complete the protocol. Interested individuals who call research staff will undergo an initial telephone prescreen by a trained member of the research staff: the study aims, protocol, and any possible risks will be described and a series of questions will be asked to determine interest and eligibility for screening for the study. Initial eligibility may also be assessed via an online questionnaire through Qualtrics. Qualified participants will be scheduled for an in-person screening. In-person screening sessions will be conducted by the PI or trained research staff. Individuals will first undergo informed consent; the consent form will describe the necessary eligibility confirmation that takes place before proceeding with the full study. A physical examination, a detailed psychiatric interview, several self-report questionnaires, and a detailed medical history will be completed at the screening session, which takes place at the UAB Clinical Research Unit. Participants will also have their blood drawn for screening tests. Study staff will provide participants with a hand-held tablet device and instructions on how to complete the daily symptom questionnaire via the tablet. They will be asked to begin reporting daily symptoms on their tablet from home that evening. Eligible participants will be contacted by study staff by phone to inform them of their eligibility. All participants will undergo at least 2 weekly preparation sessions of approximately 2 hours each, with the possibility of 1-2 additional weekly preparatory sessions per the discretion of the investigator. These sessions are to educate participants on the study protocol, psilocybin administration, and study treatment rationale. Participants will be randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to the Psilocybin or Active Placebo group following their final preparation session. One week after the final preparation session, participants will be instructed to eat a low-fat breakfast prior to presenting for their drug administration session at 8:00 am, approximately 1 hour before drug administration. A urine sample will be collected to verify drug-free and non-pregnant status and participants will be encouraged to relax and reflect before drug administration. The drug administration session will take place over the course of 8 hours. The guide and secondary monitor will be present with and monitor participants throughout this session (at least one individual will always be present with the participant, even during brief intervals when the guide or monitor may be using the restroom). Participants will be monitored for physical symptoms of distress and encouraged to report any symptoms experienced. Blood pressure will be assessed pre-administration via automatic blood pressure monitor, and will also be assessed at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 minutes post-administration. Eight hours after drug administration, when the major drug effects have subsided, participants will complete questionnaires assessing their experience. Participants will then be released into the care of a friend or family member oriented to be emotionally supportive of the participant (as arranged during preparation sessions) and instructed not to drive an automobile or engage in any other potentially dangerous activity for the remainder of the day. Participants will be provided with the guide's contact information by phone should they feel the need for support that evening. An immediate post-session meeting will be held the day following the drug administration session. Participants will meet with the guide for approximately 2 hours to discuss and reflect on their experience. A final study visit will take place approximately 6 weeks later; some questionnaires that were administered at Visit 1 will be administered again at the final visit. At the conclusion of the final study visit, participants will be debriefed.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05068791", "keywords": "Fibromyalgia, Primary, Psilocybin, Dextromethorphan, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05068791\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3473, "title": "Safety, Feasibility, and Tolerability of Psilocybin Treatment for Individuals With Functional Impairment Related to Mood, Anxiety, Trauma and/or Addiction Symptoms: An Open-label Proof-of-concept Study", "normalized_title": "safety feasibility and tolerability of psilocybin treatment for individuals with functional impairment related to mood anxiety trauma and or addiction symptoms an open label proof of concept study", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "The primary objective of this study is to investigate the safety, feasibility, and tolerability of psilocybin treatment in individuals with functional impairment due to psychiatric symptoms. The secondary objective of this study is to determine whether individuals with functional impairments due to psychiatric symptoms will experience statistically significant symptom reduction and functional improvement from baseline symptom measurements (Visit 3) to 1-week (Visit 7), 4-weeks (Visit 8), and 6-weeks (Visit 9) post dosing. The investigators will recruit individuals with mood, anxiety, trauma, addictive, or related symptomatology, and who have functional impairment associated with these symptoms. A DSM-5 diagnosis is not required (nor is it an exclusion). The investigators will allow for comorbidity and only exclude based on psychological and physiological safety considerations. Critically, this approach will allow us to assess the tolerability of our interventions in individuals who would typically be excluded from efficacy studies due to various comorbid DSM-5 conditions. The investigators will employ an open-label study where participants will be given one dose of oral psilocybin 25mg. The investigators will also have follow-up visits at 1, 4, and 6 weeks and an optional long-term follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months. In this Phase 1b proof-of-concept clinical trial, the investigators aim to investigate the safety, feasibility, and tolerability of treatment of oral psilocybin in participants with functional impairment due to depressive, anxiety, trauma addictive, or other psychiatric symptomatology, allowing for comorbidity and diagnostic complexity to mirror potential real-world clinical scenarios. Secondarily, The investigators will assess improvement in functional status and symptomatology. The investigators will employ an open-label study design, with participants receiving one dose of oral psilocybin. This is an open-label clinical trial with a single treatment arm and no blinding. All participants will receive 25 mg of oral psilocybin. All dosing will be accompanied by non-directive support before, during, and after treatment sessions.The rationale for conducting this study lies in recognizing that the narrow inclusion and exclusion criteria commonly employed in clinical trials may raise issues of external validity. While previous research has predominantly focused on specific diagnostic categories, our study aims to address these limitations by exploring the safety, feasibility, and tolerability of psilocybin in a heterogeneous population. This study also recognizes the importance of symptom-related functional impairment as a cross-cutting construct relevant to all diagnostic categories.This is a Phase 1b open-label clinical trial to determine the feasibility, tolerability and safety of psilocybin to reduce psychiatric symptoms in participants experiencing functional impairment. Participants will receive one dose of oral psilocybin (25mg). Follow-up visits for assessments and measures at 1-week, 4-week, and 6-week post psilocybin dosing. Long-term follow-up visits assessments and measures for participants who consent to long-term follow-up (reassessments of study measures) for 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month post dosing. Psilocybin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) occurs in nature in many species of mushrooms, including the genera Psilocybe, Conocybe, Gymnopilus, Panaeolus, and Strophparia. Its chemical formula is C12H17N2O4P. Psilocybin is a potent agonist at 5-HT2A/C receptors; potency of binding by related compounds to these receptors correlates with human potency as hallucinogens. Psilocybin is currently a Schedule I substance. Psilocybin will be orally administered in this study. Psilocybin will be administered in an opaque, size 2 gelatin capsule with approximately 180 ml of water to be orally ingested at Visit 5. The dose of psilocybin will be 25 mg. Descriptives for all safety measures (e.g., C-SSRS total and subscale scores, vitals, documented adverse events) will be compiled at all assessment intervals. Classification of adverse events will follow institute and regulatory body guidelines. Subsequent summary descriptives may focus on safety indices surrounding the dosing session and 1-week, 4 weeks, and 6-weeks after dosing. In addition, The investigators will perform descriptives and non-parametric analysis screen failure rates (including analysis of ineligibility), drop out rates pre and post dosing to determine feasibility and tolerability.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06442423", "keywords": "Transdiagnostic, Depression - Major Depressive Disorder, Anxiety, PTSD Symptoms, PTSD, Substance Use, Substance Use Disorder (SUD), OCD, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06442423\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3419, "title": "Oregon's Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce: A Survey of the First Legal Psilocybin Facilitators and Their Training Programs", "normalized_title": "oregon s emerging psilocybin services workforce a survey of the first legal psilocybin facilitators and their training programs", "authors": "", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: New legal frameworks for supervised psychedelic services are emerging, with Oregon and Colorado implementing programs to train and license psilocybin facilitators. This study describes Oregon's early psilocybin facilitator workforce and assesses state-approved training programs. METHODS: The Open Psychedelic Evaluation Nexus (OPEN) reviewed Oregon Health Authority-approved training programs and surveyed facilitators who had completed or were enrolled in these programs between July and November 2023. Data collection included a review of public listings, contact with training programs, and facilitator survey. RESULTS: In the 16 active training programs, the mean tuition was $9,359 and half offered diversity scholarships. Survey respondents (n=106) were relatively diverse; many had an existing healthcare license. The majority reported that training expenses were a moderate-to-severe financial strain. Most were satisfied with training. The mean planned price for a session was $1,388 and the most common areas of specialization were trauma, mental disorders, consciousness exploration, and spirituality. Facilitators requested ongoing training opportunities. CONCLUSION: Oregon's emerging psilocybin facilitator workforce and training programs are in early development These findings are crucial for informing future policy and training program development to support a diverse and effective workforce.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474.", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/4jm2n_v1", "keywords": "certification, licensure, Oregon, psilocybin, psychedelics, workforce survey, Social and Behavioral Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"4jm2n_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3025, "title": "Oregon's Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce: A Survey of the First Legal Psilocybin Facilitators and Their Training Programs", "normalized_title": "oregon s emerging psilocybin services workforce a survey of the first legal psilocybin facilitators and their training programs", "authors": "Luoma JB, Hoffman K, Wilson-Poe A, Levander X, Bazinet A, Cook R, McCarty D, Pertl K, Bielavitz S, Gregoire D, Wolf C, Jarlais DD, Harrison HV, Stauffer C, Korthuis P.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: New legal frameworks for supervised psychedelic services are emerging, with Oregon and Colorado implementing programs to train and license psilocybin facilitators. This study describes Oregon's early psilocybin facilitator workforce and assesses state-approved training programs. METHODS: The Open Psychedelic Evaluation Nexus (OPEN) reviewed Oregon Health Authority-approved training programs and surveyed facilitators who had completed or were enrolled in these programs between July and November 2023. Data collection included a review of public listings, contact with training programs, and facilitator survey. RESULTS: In the 16 active training programs, the mean tuition was $9,359 and half offered diversity scholarships. Survey respondents (n=106) were relatively diverse; many had an existing healthcare license. The majority reported that training expenses were a moderate-to-severe financial strain. Most were satisfied with training. The mean planned price for a session was $1,388 and the most common areas of specialization were trauma, mental disorders, consciousness exploration, and spirituality. Facilitators requested ongoing training opportunities. CONCLUSION: Oregon's emerging psilocybin facilitator workforce and training programs are in early development These findings are crucial for informing future policy and training program development to support a diverse and effective workforce.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/4jm2n_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4jm2n_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1165131\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 234, "title": "Discovery of the closest free-living relative of the domesticated 'magic mushroom' Psilocybe cubensis in Africa.", "normalized_title": "discovery of the closest free living relative of the domesticated magic mushroom psilocybe cubensis in africa", "authors": "Bradshaw AJ, Sharp C, Van Der Merwe B, Tremble KS, Dentinger BTM", "abstract": "The psychedelic mushroom Psilocybe cubensis is cultivated worldwide for recreational and medicinal use. Described initially from Cuba in 1906, there has been substantial debate about its origin and diversification. The prevailing view is that P. cubensis was inadvertently introduced to the Americas when cattle were introduced to the continent from Africa and Europe (approx. 1500 CE), but that its progenitor was endemic to Africa. We report the discovery of the cryptic species Psilocybe ochraceocentrata, the closest wild relative of P. cubensis from sub-Saharan Africa. DNA sequences from type specimens of all known and accessible African species of Psilocybe, and multi-locus phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses, strongly support recognizing African specimens originally identified as P. cubensis as a new species that last shared a common ancestor with P. cubensis approximately 1.5 million years ago (approx. 710 000 to 2.55 million years ago, 95% highest posterior density), long predating cattle domestication. Both species are associated with large herbivore dung, suggesting coprophily in their common ancestor likely predisposed P. cubensis to its present specialization on domesticated cattle dung. Ecological niche modelling using bioclimatic variables for global records of these species indicates historical habitat suitability for the common ancestor of P. cubensis and P. ochraceocentrata across Africa, Asia and the Americas over the last 3 million years. This discovery sheds light on the wild origins of domesticated P. cubensis and provides new genetic resources for research on psychedelic mushrooms.", "journal": "Proceedings. Biological sciences", "publication_date": "2026-03-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1098/rspb.2025.2270", "pubmed_id": "41818815", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41818815/", "keywords": "Psilocybe, diversity, psilocybin, psychedelic mushroom, southern Africa", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41818815\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 233, "title": "Strategic Neurodelivery of Psychedelic Compounds: Bridging Molecular Pharmacology with Therapeutic Innovation in CNS Disorders.", "normalized_title": "strategic neurodelivery of psychedelic compounds bridging molecular pharmacology with therapeutic innovation in cns disorders", "authors": "Chauhan SB, Akhtar N, Jain C, Singh I.", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds such as psilocybin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), N,Ndimethyltryptamine (DMT), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are emerging as novel therapeutics for neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and addiction. Acting primarily through serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonism, they activate intracellular cascades involving Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, leading to enhanced neuroplasticity and synaptogenesis. Recent evidence demonstrates direct TrkB binding and sustained cortical remodeling, underlying their rapid and durable antidepressant effects. Advanced Drug Delivery Systems (DDS)-including liposomes, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs), and Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) carriers-are being engineered to achieve controlled, braintargeted, and stimuli-responsive release while minimizing systemic toxicity. Integration with microfluidic fabrication, Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based dosing, and non-invasive routes such as intranasal and transdermal delivery improves precision and patient adherence. By merging neuropharmacology with materials science, these innovations are redefining psychedelic-assisted therapy through enhanced safety, personalized dosing, and translational potential for central nervous system disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.2174/0118715273434237251212095005", "pubmed_id": "41833044", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715273434237251212095005", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41833044\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3228, "title": "Age moderates the relationship between psychedelics use and mental health in naturalistic settings", "normalized_title": "age moderates the relationship between psychedelics use and mental health in naturalistic settings", "authors": "Gregorio GD, Basset S, Manmohan H, Nixon WC, Pogaku A, Zhou J, Sanderson DJ, Lengieza ML, Bocchio M.", "abstract": "Abstract Depression and anxiety affect one in five adults, with age affecting prevalence. While clinical trials suggest classic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin, LSD) and non-classic psychedelics (e.g., MDMA, ketamine) may alleviate these symptoms, it remains unclear how these relationships function in naturalistic settings or how they vary across the lifespan. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 1,088 adults (18-55 + years) to assess how lifetime psychedelic use - categorized as classic, non-classic, or mixed - relates to mental health. Using structural equation modeling, we found that age significantly moderates the relationship between psychedelic use and mental health outcomes. Specifically, classic psychedelic use was linked to lower depression and anxiety among younger adults, but these effects diminished with age - even reversing for anxiety in older participants. These age-related effects persisted independently of drug-use parameters - including dosage, frequency, and recency of use - and were moderated by mystical experiences for depression, but not for anxiety. Our findings suggest that age may be a meaningful moderator of mental health outcomes from psychedelic use. This underscores the potential value of age-stratified research to optimize the efficacy and safety of psychedelic-assisted interventions, including in aging populations.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-03-09", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-9022170/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9022170/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1164283\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Aging,Longevity,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3028, "title": "Enhancing cGMP signaling with psilocybin reduces head twitch and restructures the synaptic proteome while maintaining antidepressant response", "normalized_title": "enhancing cgmp signaling with psilocybin reduces head twitch and restructures the synaptic proteome while maintaining antidepressant response", "authors": "Floris G, Jefferson SJ, Rondeau J, Yu AL, Menniti FS, Kwan AC, De Aquino JP, Krystal JH, Pittenger C, Kaye AP.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has antidepressant effects, but its 5-HT2 AR-mediated perceptual effects limit tolerability. We combined psilocybin with a phosphodiesterase-9 inhibitor (PDE9i) and observed suppression of head-twitch response, but maintenance of antidepressant-like behavior. Proteomics showed that PDE9i-psilocybin reduced 5-HT2 AR-mediated pathways while enhancing synaptogenesis. These results suggest that PDE9i-psilocybin represents a promising therapeutic strategy.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-09", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.03.06.710108", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.06.710108", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1214698\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Proteomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3654, "title": "An Open-Label, Phase 1 Study of the Safety Pharmacokinetic Profile, and Preliminary Efficacy, of Organic Whole Psilocybin-Containing Mushrooms in Patients Suffering From PTSD", "normalized_title": "an open label phase 1 study of the safety pharmacokinetic profile and preliminary efficacy of organic whole psilocybin containing mushrooms in patients suffering from ptsd", "authors": "Suzanne \"Sue\" Sisley MD", "abstract": "This study will examine the safety and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin mushrooms to treat adults with PTSD. Up to 24 participants will take part in this study. Each participant will ingest psilocybin from dried mushrooms in a chocolate formulation.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07275970", "keywords": "PTSD, Psychedelic, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07275970\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1978, "title": "Behavioural investigations of psilocybin in non-human animals 1962-2021: A scoping review", "normalized_title": "behavioural investigations of psilocybin in non human animals 1962 2021 a scoping review", "authors": "Shore Ronald, Dobson Kat, Thomson Nina, Barnim Nigel, Bergman Hailey, Rideout Katie, McKeown Sandra, Olmstead Mary C., Goldie Craig, Dumont Eric", "abstract": "Abstract Background and Aims Psilocybin is a psychedelic compound that may hold promise for a wide range of human health conditions, yet the identification of therapeutic processes and mechanisms of action remains exploratory. We conducted a scoping review of pre-clinical behavioural investigations of psilocybin in non-human animals to identify behavioural effects, studies completed, behavioural tests employed, and what dosing modalities had been studied. Methods A librarian-conducted literature search was performed using predefined key terms and search criteria and additional searching was conducted by reviewers using electronic databases, grey literature sources, and reference lists of relevant articles or reviews. The final search updated occurred in October, 2021. Studies were reviewed, screened and selected against an a priori protocol using Covidence software by multiple reviewers with results plotted across the Research Domains Criteria construct. Results From 4,124 records identified by database searching, 260 publications were subjected to full-text review with 77 studies included in this scoping review, published between 1962 and 2021. The preponderance of studies ( n = 64) investigated behavioural outcomes in rodents. Only 43 studies (55.8%) reported on housing conditions, and seventeen studies (22.1%) failed to report sample size. All studies reported behavioural outcomes following drug administration, with fifty-one studies (66.2%) using psilocybin, thirty studies (42.9%) psilocin, four studies (5.2%) administering whole mushroom extracts (WME), and a further eight studies investigating both psilocybin and psilocin and one study reporting the effects of both psilocin and WME. One hundred and thirty distinct behavioural investigations using fifty different behavioral paradigms were identified. Few adverse events were reported, and even exceedingly high doses were apparently well tolerated. Conclusion With seventy-seven publications spanning close to sixty years, there is significant variation in study design and quality. Overall, psilocybin presents a unique and strong safety profile with no found evidence of biological toxicity. Psilocybin treatment was characterized by unique time and dose-dependent effects; pattern of drug action appears significantly context and training-sensitive. Data suggest effects of psilocybin to include acute arousal, dose-dependent sedation, reductions in fear conditioning at low doses, reduced aggression, improved valence, acute disruption of working memory, the rescuing of deficits from chronic stress, and improved learning when combined with repeated environmental exposure after resolution of drug effect.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2026-03-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2025.00364", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2025.00364", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2025.00364\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/0091-3057(81)90211-2\",\"10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.003\",\"10.3791/50978\",\"10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x\",\"10.1080/1364557032000119616\",\"10.1038/npp.2016.215\",\"10.4155/fso.15.63\",\"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116980\",\"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002\",\"10.1186/2045-5380-1-9\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0229067\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(79)90590-3\",\"10.1093/schbul/sbl049\",\"10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.013\",\"10.1016/0091-3057(76)90020-4\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4701-y\",\"10.1073/pnas.1119598109\",\"10.1124/pr.118.017160\",\"10.1038/npp.2017.84\",\"10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020\",\"10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7\",\"10.1162/089892905774597191\",\"10.1007/s00213-007-0930-9\",\"10.1007/s00221-013-3579-0\",\"10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00042\",\"10.1186/1741-7015-11-126\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.1659-20.2020\",\"10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.008\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.013\",\"10.1093/brain/awab406\",\"10.1371/journal.pbio.3000411\",\"10.1038/s41380-021-01314-8\",\"10.1111/acps.12904\",\"10.1080/09540261.2018.1481827\",\"10.1016/0091-3057(86)90368-0\",\"10.1177/0269881121991822\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(84)90436-3\",\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5\",\"10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016\",\"10.1177/0269881110388326\",\"10.1007/7854_2009_7\",\"10.1021/cn300138m\",\"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1981.tb13790.x\",\"10.1007/s00213-020-05756-w\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00512\",\"10.1073/pnas.2022489118\",\"10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00493\",\"10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.666.1\",\"10.3389/fphar.2021.640241\",\"10.1186/1471-2288-14-43\",\"10.1016/0041-008x(62)90102-3\",\"10.1186/s13073-018-0526-5\",\"10.1038/nrn.2015.28\",\"10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.001\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2021.800072\",\"10.1590/s0102-695x2010000300017\",\"10.1159/000136297\",\"10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.009\",\"10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.029\",\"10.1007/7854_2017_478\",\"10.1177/00221678211048049\",\"10.1186/s12967-019-1976-2\",\"10.1002/hup.348\",\"10.1177/0269881117748902\",\"10.1111/pcn.12830\",\"10.22127/rjp.2018.58486\",\"10.1038/npp.2008.173\",\"10.1111/bph.12783\",\"10.1038/s41386-020-0694-z\",\"10.1126/sciadv.abh2399\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.2063-13.2013\",\"10.1007/bf02805983\",\"10.4103/0976-0105.177703\",\"10.1007/7854\",\"10.1002/cpt.557\",\"10.1002/jrsm.1123\",\"10.1113/jphysiol.2010.192278\",\"10.1016/j.jocrd.2019.03.001\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00881\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.589\",\"10.1096/fj.07-9574lsf\",\"10.1016/0031-9384(67)90057-1\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.041\",\"10.1002/hbm.23224\",\"10.1093/ijnp/pyy083\",\"10.3389/fphar.2018.00177\",\"10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.008\",\"10.1101/2019.12.04.19013896\",\"10.1038/nprot.2012.044\",\"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.009\",\"10.1186/s42826-020-00054-0\",\"10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1182\",\"10.1016/j.imlet.2020.10.001\",\"10.2307/1602247\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006\",\"10.1097/fbp.0000000000000198\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454\",\"10.1038/s41583-021-00428-w\",\"10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.10.008\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(79)90451-x\",\"10.31887/dcns.2001.3.4/fxvollenweider\",\"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb50119.x\",\"10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.12.004\",\"10.1016/b978-0-444-63462-7.00005-1\",\"10.1007/bf00427414\",\"10.1007/s00213-015-4034-7\",\"10.3389/fnins.2017.00539\",\"10.7554/elife.56344\",\"10.1007/bf00412109\",\"10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.004\",\"10.3390/toxins7041018\",\"10.1111/psyp.12588\"],\"reference_count\":344}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1977, "title": "“Diversity makes the richness of humanity”: The emergence and persistence of mental imagery after self-reported psilocybin truffles intake in an autistic woman with “blind imagination” (aphantasia): A33-month retrospective case report", "normalized_title": "diversity makes the richness of humanity the emergence and persistence of mental imagery after self reported psilocybin truffles intake in an autistic woman with blind imagination aphantasia a33 month retrospective case report", "authors": "Rebecchi Kevin", "abstract": "Abstract This 33-month retrospective case report explores the impact of psilocybin truffle intake on the emergence (and persistence) of mental imagery in an autistic woman with aphantasia. Aphantasia refers to the inability to generate visual mental images, which can significantly affect individuals' experiences and cognitive processes. The case study focuses on a 34-year-old autistic woman who had been living with aphantasia since childhood. After consuming psilocybin truffles, she reported experiencing vivid mental imagery for the first time, with the ability to manipulate and explore images in her mind. The effects persisted even after the psychedelic effects of psilocybin subsided. To document this change, she completed the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire at several timepoints. Retrospectively, she reported a baseline score of 16 (pre-intake) and a post-intake score of 80. A contemporaneous follow-up conducted 12 months later revealed a score of 59, and a subsequent assessment at 33 months showed a further increase to 68, slightly above the population average. The findings align with previous research on the effects of psilocybin on brain connectivity, neuroplasticity, and visual processing. The case report highlights the potential of psilocybin to modulate mental imagery in individuals with (putatively congenital) aphantasia and suggests avenues for further research. Moreover, it raises questions about the classification and pathologization of aphantasia, encouraging a shift toward recognizing cognitive diversity rather than pathologizing neurocognitive differences.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2026-03-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2025.00320", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2025.00320", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2025.00320\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/j.cortex.2020.11.014\",\"10.1038/s41598-020-59282-y\",\"10.1111/mila.12432\",\"10.1016/s0010-9452(85)80003-4\",\"10.1093/omcr/omab019\",\"10.1073/pnas.1119598109\",\"10.1093/schbul/sbs117\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.822989\",\"10.1016/j.concog.2021.103243\",\"10.1016/j.concog.2021.103087\",\"10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00637\",\"10.1038/s41598-020-65705-7\",\"10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01954.x\",\"10.1016/j.cortex.2015.06.013\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606\",\"10.1556/2054.2018.008\",\"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.026\",\"10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00026-7\",\"10.18276/aie.2021.55-01\",\"10.1002/pnp.714\",\"10.1007/s40489-023-00356-8\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112749\",\"10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.016\",\"10.1016/j.cortex.2022.11.005\",\"10.1016/j.cortex.2017.10.014\",\"10.1017/ipm.2019.39\",\"10.1016/j.cortex.2017.10.012\",\"10.1016/b978-0-12-821377-3.00012-x\",\"10.1016/j.cortex.2021.07.012\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.3007-12.2013\",\"10.1016/j.cortex.2023.06.003\",\"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.060\",\"10.1556/2054.2018.014\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.06.001\",\"10.3389/fphar.2022.841648\",\"10.1007/s10803-022-05856-w\",\"10.1177/0269881119895520\",\"10.1093/texcom/tgab035\",\"10.1111/sjop.12887\",\"10.1038/479033a\",\"10.1093/ijnp/pyw041.502\",\"10.1080/13554790500473680\",\"10.1098/rsif.2014.0873\",\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.12.027\",\"10.1177/0957154x241248261\",\"10.3934/medsci.2025012\",\"10.3389/feduc.2022.774685\",\"10.3389/fnhum.2014.00204\",\"10.1038/srep40700\",\"10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.008\",\"10.1017/s0140525x21002375\",\"10.1177/02698811221092508\",\"10.1101/2022.09.06.22279626\",\"10.1101/2022.09.07.22279700\",\"10.1126/science.adf0435\",\"10.1007/s11098-020-01526-8\",\"10.1098/rspb.2021.0267\",\"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.024\",\"10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.019\",\"10.1016/j.cortex.2015.08.015\"],\"reference_count\":146}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Aging,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3296, "title": "Substance-induced manic psychosis in which delusions were corroborated by a chatbot - case report", "normalized_title": "substance induced manic psychosis in which delusions were corroborated by a chatbot case report", "authors": "Shah S, Morrin H.", "abstract": "Abstract Background: This case describes a substance-induced manic episode with psychotic features in which interaction with an AI (artificial intelligence) chatbot appeared to corroborate and reinforce the patient’s delusional thought content and to contradict medical advice. Excerpts from the patient’s interactions with the AI chatbot provide novel clinical insight into this phenomenon, which to date has primarily been reported in news media. Case Presentation: A man in his 30s presented to the emergency department with a one-week history of escalating behavioural disturbance, severe insomnia, pressured and overinclusive speech, and grandiose beliefs. Symptom onset followed heavy polysubstance use at a recreational event, including psilocybin (dried mushrooms and liquid preparation), ketamine, cocaine, and alcohol. During this period, the patient reported extensive interaction with an AI chatbot (ChatGPT). The AI chatbot reportedly affirmed his perceived “spiritual awakening,” minimised the possibility that his presentation represented a manic episode, and provided medical advice, including discouragement of prescribed antipsychotic medication. Mental state examination was consistent with a manic episode with psychotic features, without evidence of perceptual disturbance. He was detained under mental health legislation for further assessment and commenced on olanzapine, with adjunctive sleep restoration and psychological interventions. Behavioural management included implementation of a care plan restricting AI chatbot use. Over several weeks, psychotic symptoms and behavioural disinhibition diminished, with subsequent improvement in insight. Conclusions: Concerns regarding potentially harmful interactions between AI chatbots and individuals with mental illness have largely been raised in news media. This case demonstrates that, in patients with psychotic symptoms, AI chatbots may reinforce delusional beliefs and impair the development of insight, and may also interfere with engagement with treatment by providing advice that conflicts with clinical recommendations. These observations raise clinical, ethical, and risk-management considerations regarding AI chatbot use during acute psychiatric illness. As AI chatbot use becomes increasingly widespread, clinicians should consider assessing their use and impact within clinical assessments and, where clinically indicated, implementing interventions to mitigate associated risks, ranging from psychoeducation to use-restriction strategies. Future population-level studies are required to establish the epidemiology of AI-associated mental health harms, and AI companies must bolster efforts to implement harm minimisation strategies and safeguards.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-03-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-8919841/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8919841/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1163168\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Spirituality,Case Report,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 236, "title": "Psilocybin microdosing in the United States: Insights from a nationally representative survey.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin microdosing in the united states insights from a nationally representative survey", "authors": "Priest M, Kilmer B, Ramchand R, Atshan S.", "abstract": "Background and aimsThere has been a resurgence of interest in using psilocybin to treat various mental health conditions. Although some adults in the United States (US) are using psilocybin, little is known about the epidemiology of its use, especially for microdosing (i.e., taking a fraction of a regular dose). This study aimed to present nationally representative survey results about people who microdose psilocybin in the US.MethodsA probability-based and nationally representative survey of individuals living in the US was fielded from December 2023 to January 2024. A population estimate of how many US adults have microdosed, recency of microdosing, and intentions for microdosing was calculated using sample weights designed to produce national estimates. Multinomial logit models were used to identify predictors of microdosing status across demographic characteristics.ResultsOf 4253 respondents who completed the screener, 554 reported using psilocybin in their lifetime. Among the 12.1% of US adults who used psilocybin in their lifetime, 26.5% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 21.5-32.1%) reported they microdosed the last time they used, 57.5% (95% CI: 51.5-63.2) reported they did not microdose, and 14.6% (95% CI: 10.8-19.5) did not know or were unsure. Among the 3.1% of adults who used psilocybin in the past year, 46.9% (95% CI: 35.3-58.8) reported they microdosed the last time they used, 45.6% (95% CI: 34.2-57.5) reported they did not microdose, and 6.1% (95% CI: 2.8-12.8) did not know or were unsure. Compared with those who did not microdose the last time they used psilocybin, those who did were 12 percentage points (p = 0.002) more likely to have used psilocybin for improved physical health and 25 percentage points (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/add.70368", "pubmed_id": "41795902", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70368", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41795902\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 237, "title": "The combination of exercise and psychedelics for the treatment of major depressive disorder.", "normalized_title": "the combination of exercise and psychedelics for the treatment of major depressive disorder", "authors": "Fabiano N, Stubbs B, Lawrence DW, Rosenblat JD, Teixeira PJ, Wong S, Zhou C, Carhart-Harris R", "abstract": "Upwards of 50% of people do not respond to the primary treatment modalities for major depressive disorder (MDD), which has led to increased attention and use of alternative methods, including exercise and psychedelics. While interventions using either exercise or psychedelics have demonstrated largely positive results in isolation, their synergistic potential has yet to be explored. As such, this commentary provides an overview of exercise/psychedelics as a treatment for depression and their potential synergy and/or complementarity. From a biological perspective, psychedelics acutely enhance brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling, while exercise provides sustained BDNF elevation; psychedelics enhance neuroplasticity largely in the cortex (with only modest effects in the hippocampus), while exercise boosts hippocampal neurogenesis; psychedelics increase glutamate release via stimulation of 5-HT receptors on pyramidal neurons, while exercise enhances glutamatergic transmission via the endocannabinoid system and reduction of systemic inflammation; both boost serotonin release; and psychedelics temporarily disrupt functional connectivity between the hippocampus and default mode network (DMN), while exercise normalizes this connectivity, which may sustain post-psychedelic gains. Through the lens of psychological and behaviour change, psychedelics appear to facilitate the adoption or maintenance of physical activity habits, increase psychological flexibility, and since exercise is associated with emotional resilience to acute stress, this may allow users to experience deeper immersion and exploration during their psychedelic experience, improving antidepressant outcomes. In summary, exercise and psychedelics have numerous potential complementary mechanisms, therefore, future research is warranted to explore the efficacy, tolerability, safety, and neurobiology of this combination.", "journal": "Discover mental health", "publication_date": "2026-03-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s44192-026-00408-5", "pubmed_id": "41793582", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41793582/", "keywords": "Exercise, Depression, Major depressive disorder, Physical activity, Psilocybin, Psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41793582\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Psychological Flexibility,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3626, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin in Anorexia Nervosa in Young Adults", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in anorexia nervosa in young adults", "authors": "Region Skane", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if psilocybin, given with psychological support, is safe and helps treat anorexia nervosa in young adults. Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder that currently has no approved medicine. Psilocybin is a psychedelic substance that may help the brain form new connections, which could make it easier for people with anorexia nervosa to develop healthier ways of thinking. The main questions this study aims to answer are: * Is psilocybin with psychological support safe and well-tolerated? * Does psilocybin with psychological support help lower symptoms of anorexia nervosa? * How might psilocybin work in the brain to support recovery from anorexia? This study will compare psilocybin with psychological support to Treatment as Usual (TAU). Participants in the study will be randomly placed into one of the two groups. There will be 40 patients with anorexia nervosa included, 20 per group. TAU includes the standard care people receive for anorexia nervosa in a specialized eating disorder clinic in Region Skåne, Sweden. Participants will: * Be between 16 and 35 years old and have anorexia nervosa * Take psilocybin (25 mg) by mouth two times, four weeks apart * Receive psychological support before, during, and after each dosing session (including preparation and integration sessions) * Complete questionnaires, have brain scans (magnetic resonance imaging) and blood tests to learn more about how psilocybin may work * Share their personal experiences as part of a qualitative interview This study hopes to learn if psilocybin, when given with the right support, can be a helpful and safe option for people living with anorexia nervosa. Background and Rationale Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is one of the most lethal psychiatric disorders, with mortality rates approximately five times higher than that of the general population. AN affects multiple organ systems due to severe weight loss and malnutrition and hence leads to a substantial decline in health-related quality of life. While psychotherapies have shown partial efficacy, data suggest that only 46% of patients recover within four years, and 20% remain chronically ill. Relapse rates exceed 50% among those who recover, underscoring the need for more effective treatments. Research suggests that several psychological factors, such as challenges in regulating emotions, black-and-white thinking, mental rigidity, and a limited capacity for mentalization may contribute to the persistence of severe, chronic anorexia nervosa. The age of onset for AN typically shows a bimodal distribution, peaking at 14 and 18 years of age, motivating the design of including patients as young as 16 years old in this study. Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic compound, primarily acts as an agonist of the 5-HT2A receptor, inducing profound effects on cognition, emotion, perception, and self-awareness. Although research on psilocybin remains limited, clinical trials across psychiatric disorders suggest its potential therapeutic benefit. For example personality changes such as increased openness, have been observed to persist up to a year following a single high dose. The inclusion of 16-17-year-olds in this study is particularly novel, as research on psychedelic therapy in adolescents and young adults remains scarce. Emerging evidence highlights how psychedelics may benefit AN patients, such as enhanced serotonin signaling and cognitive flexibility. The ability of psychedelics to foster cognitive flexibility, a well-documented phenomenon, is considered a key factor in therapeutic processes. This is especially relevant for AN, where rigid thinking and behavior contribute to treatment resistance. One pilot study demonstrated that a 25 mg psilocybin dose, combined with psychological support, was well-tolerated by female AN patients with a body mass index (BMI) \\>16. The study reported significant reductions in eating disorder symptoms at one month post-treatment, with only mild and transient adverse events. Recent studies indicate that psilocybin induces significant changes in brain function and network organization across key regions. Notably, psilocybin disrupts connectivity in the default mode network by causing desynchronization across spatial scales. These findings suggest a neurobiological basis for psilocybin´s therapeutic effect. However, further research is needed to elucidate long-term effects, particularly in clinical context. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has demonstrated utility in detecting neuronal abnormalities in AN. This study's use of fMRI before and after psilocybin treatment will provide critical insights into the neurobiological impacts of psilocybin on AN. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a protein that plays a crucial role in neuroplasticity. Preclinical studies show that psilocybin promotes neuritogenesis and synaptic plasticity, potentially via increased cortical BDNF expression. Given that individuals with AN exhibit reduced serum BDNF levels, this study will assess changes in BDNF pre- and post-treatment to elucidate psilocybin's impact on neurobiological mechanisms. These insights may advance treatment optimization and efficacy predictions for AN patients. Study Objectives Primary Objective is to assess the safety and tolerability of psilocybin 25 mg in young adults (16-35 years old) with anorexia nervosa. Secondary objectives include evaluating the efficacy of psilocybin with psychological support in reducing AN symptom compared to treatment as usual (TAU), investigate potential mechanisms of action through self-report questionnaires, neuroimaging and BDNF analysis, and conduct qualitative analysis of subjective experiences. Neuroimaging will investigate changes in brain resting state connectivity (measured by fMRI), and commonly used task-based fMRI paradigms. The task-based paradigms will involve food-related conditions, commonly used in the population (Celeghin et al., 2023; Bronleigh et al., 2022) as well as established paradigms involved in processing reward anticipation (Knutson et al., 2000; Ventorp et al 2022) Trial Design and Procedures This is a phase II, open-label, randomized controlled trial with two arms: 1. Active treatment arm; Two dosing sessions with psilocybin 25mg with psychological support alongside TAU. 2. Active comparator control arm; TAU only. The study will include 40 participants, 20 in each group. If the active treatment arm is determined to be safe, tolerable, and preliminarily effective during the follow-up assessment, participants in the control group will have the option to switch to the active treatment while maintaining their usual specialized care. The switch to psilocybin treatment will follow the same preparation, dosing, and integration protocols as outlined for the intervention group. This design minimizes ethical concerns regarding withholding a potentially effective treatment. Participants will be randomly assigned (1:1) to either the intervention or control group. Block randomization stratified by age group (16-18 and 19-35 years) will ensure balanced representation. Given the small sample size of 40 participants (20 per group), the statistical power to detect between-group differences is inherently limited, irrespective of blinding. As such, the trial is appropriately designed as a pilot study, with a primary focus on assessing safety, feasibility, and tolerability. To enhance interpretation, qualitative and neurobiological measures are also included. A formal power calculation was not conducted, in line with the exploratory nature of the study. The sample size was determined based on practical feasibility and aligns with current recommendations for early-phase trials of novel interventions. A post-hoc power analysis will be conducted to evaluate whether the sample size was sufficient to detect clinically meaningful changes in the primary outcomes. Details on location and Data Collection Methods All procedures will be conducted at the University Hospital for Psychiatry, Baravägen 1, Lund, except the fMRI assessments which are performed at the The National 7 Tesla (7T) Facility in Lund. All assessments will be carried out by qualified personnel appointed by the principal investigator, including medical doctors, nurses, and psychologists. The National 7T Facility will appoint qualified personnel for fMRI assessment. The duration of the entire trial is from the first screening of the first patient to the last follow up of the last patient. For each patient participant, the duration of the trial is from the screening to the last follow up at week 52 (12 month). Patient rehospitalization and additional interventions data are collected in patient journal registers. Pre-Study Activity Following ethical approval, a focus group will be conducted with patients with anorexia nervosa in two different groups, one aged 16-18 and one 19-35 years. The purpose is to provide study information, gather feedback on the clarity and ethical aspects of the protocol, and identify ways to improve potential benefit. Input from this focus group will inform study quality, recruitment materials, communication strategies and ethical aspects of psilocybin research experienced by the population. Any amendments based on this will be processed according to CTIS protocol. Screening Phase Screening includes psychiatric and medical history, inclusion/exclusion criteria assessment, safety blood tests (glucose, liver, kidney), electrocardiogram (ECG), informed consent (with a 2-week consideration period), pregnancy test and urine toxicology (U-tox). The time from screening to the first psilocybin dose must not exceed 8 weeks, regardless of washout status. Potential participants will be screened by a psychiatric clinician appointed by the principal investigator to ensure eligibility and understanding of the study requirements. Preparation Phase Preparation Session 1 \\& Baseline Assessment (Week -1): Psychoeducation about psilocybin, breathing and relaxation techniques, rapport-building with therapists, and discussion of expectations and concerns. Includes full baseline assessments (list provided as attachment to protocol: * Expectation of Treatment Scale (ETS-BF) * Readiness and Motivation Questionnaire (RMQ) * General Change Mechanisms Questionnaire (GCMQ) * Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) * Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * Life Satisfaction Scale (LS) * Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) * Harmony in Life Scale (HILS) * Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) * Honesty-Humility Scale (HH) Vital signs, ECG, fasting glucose, urine drug screening, fMRI, BMI, metric assessment of body size perception and blood sampling for BDNF and safety labs are also conducted. Preparation Session 2 (Week 0): 7-10 days after Preparation 1, and 2-3 days before psilocybin dosing. Dosing and Integration Phase Dosing Session 1 (Week 0): Psilocybin 25 mg under therapeutic support with ECG and blood pressure/pulse monitoring. Integration Session 1 (Day after Dosing 1): Reflection, fMRI, blood sampling (including glucose, liver, kidney, BDNF), and reassessments with RMQ, GCMQ, PHQ-9, GAD-7, C-SSRS, BPRS+, LS, PANAS, HILS, TIPI, ECG and blood pressure/pulse. Psychedelic Experience related scales; Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (5D-ASC), Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ-4), Meaningful Life Experience Rating (MLE). Integration Session 2 (Week 1): Continued psychological integration support. Integration Session 3 (Week 2-3): Summary of first dosing experience and preparation for second dosing. Dosing Session 2 (Week 4): Second psilocybin 25 mg administration under identical conditions as first dosing session. Integration Session 4 (Day after Dosing 2): Reflection, blood sampling (including glucose, liver, kidney, BDNF), and reassessments with RMQ, GCMQ, PHQ-9, GAD-7, C-SSRS, BPRS+, LS, PANAS, HILS, TIPI, ECG and blood pressure/pulse. Psychedelic Experience related scales; Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (5D-ASC), Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ-4), Meaningful Life Experience Rating (MLE). Integration Session 5 (Week 5-6): Final integration session and preparation for long-term follow-up. Primary Endpoint (Week 8) Includes full safety and outcome evaluations: * fMRI * blood sampling (including glucose, liver, kidney, glucose, BDNF) * Vital signs, ECG, U-tox * BMI * Metric assessment of body size perception * Adverse Event/Serious Adverse Event (AE/SAE) monitoring * Readiness and Motivation Questionnaire (RMQ) * General Change Mechanisms Questionnaire (GCMQ) * Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) * Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * Life Satisfaction Scale (LS) * Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) * Harmony in Life Scale (HILS) * Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) * Honesty-Humility Scale (HH) Intensive Follow-Up Phase (Week 8-24) Follow-up visits at Week 12, 16, and 20 include: * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * AE/SAE monitoring * BMI, blood pressure, ECG * Fasting glucose, U-tox 6-Month Follow-Up (Week 24) Same as primary endpoint assessments, including: * blood sampling (including glucose, liver, kidney, BDNF) * Vital signs, ECG, U-tox * BMI * Metric assessment of body size perception * AE/SAE monitoring * Readiness and Motivation Questionnaire (RMQ) * General Change Mechanisms Questionnaire (GCMQ) * Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) * Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * Life Satisfaction Scale (LS) * Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) * Harmony in Life Scale (HILS) * Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) * Honesty-Humility Scale (HH) Extended Follow-Up Phase (Week 24-52) 9-Month Follow-Up (Week 36) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * AE/SAE monitoring * BMI, blood pressure, ECG * Fasting glucose, U-tox 12-Month Final Follow-Up (Week 52) * Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q ) * Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) * Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Extended (BPRS+) * Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) * Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) * Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) * Meaningful Life Experience Rating (MLE). * AE/SAE monitoring * BMI, blood pressure, ECG * Fasting glucose, U-tox Participants who show signs of psychological or physical deterioration at any point during the study between follow-ups are instructed to contact the research team at any time and will be offered additional assessment and support. Description of Psilocybin Administration and Psychological support Psychological support includes a non-directive preparation and integration pre- and post-dosing sessions according to protocol manual, alongside support for the patient on the dosing session day. The study follows the guidelines for safe research with psychedelics. Preparation session will include psychoeducation of the effects of psilocybin, breathing techniques, getting to know the two therapists (one male and one female). A standardized preparation script will ensure consistency across participants. The two integration sessions following each dosing session last 1-2 h and focus on exploring the session's effects and offer support in integrating the experience. Integration sessions will include structured discussions about insights gained, with therapists facilitating connections between the experience and the participant's therapeutic goals. The therapists couple will contain at least one licensed healthcare personnel (psychologist, nurse, physiotherapist or physician). The assistant therapist can be non-licensed healthcare personnel experienced with the anorexia nervosa population, such as a healthcare assistant. All psychological support therapists must have done all specific 5-day training in the psiAN manual. Dosing session day The dosing session, lasting 6-8 hours, is supported by the therapists introduced during preparation sessions. The psilocybin's acute effects persist for 4-6 hours, recorded via video and audio. Participants, lie down with an optional eye mask, experience the session in a comfortable room with a pre-selected music playlist, respecting individual preferences. Therapists provide support and guidance if requested but with minimal psychotherapeutic focus. Therapists will follow pre-established protocols for de-escalation and grounding in case of distressing experiences. Parents are introduced at the session's end with participant approval. During the dosing session, a medically trained study doctor will be available, equipped for emergencies in the unlikely event of serious adverse events related to psilocybin risks. Biological Sampling Procedures Blood samples will be collected for the analysis of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as the primary biomarker and for tolerance and safety measurements. Additionally, we aim to collect one tube of additional whole blood per occasion for future analysis. BDNF samples will be taken at five key time points: (1) before treatment (baseline), (2) and (3) at first integration session after Psilocybin 25mg dosing, (4) at 8 weeks, and (5) during the 6-month follow-up. This ensures comprehensive longitudinal data collection. Blood samples of glucose, kidney and liver status will be measured at the same time points as above for safety and tolerance reasons. None of these blood samples are collected or stored. All blood samples are done by a standard peripheral venous sampling method performed by a nurse at the research facility at the university hospital clinic for psychiatry at Baravägen 1, Lund. Procedures will be implemented to minimize discomfort during blood collection, such as using pediatric needles for younger participants when necessary. Blood collection and processing will follow standardized protocols to ensure sample integrity. Discontinuation from the Clinical Trial A participant will be discontinued entirely from the clinical trial (i.e., all further participation and follow-up will end) only under the following condition: Withdrawal of informed consent at any time, for any reason, without the need to justify. Discontinuation from the Intervention (Dosing) Participants may be discontinued from the intervention (i.e., psilocybin administration - first or second dose), without being excluded from the trial. Participants will be encouraged to continue with follow-up assessments unless they explicitly withdraw consent. This approach allows for continued safety and data collection in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Reasons for discontinuing intervention may include: * Development or discovery of exclusion criteria after inclusion (e.g. new psychiatric diagnosis, pregnancy). * Emergence of a serious adverse event (SAE) or medical condition that, in the investigator's judgment, makes continued treatment unsafe. * Initiation of treatment with prohibited medication according to protocol. * Failure to adhere to critical aspects of the study protocol (e.g. repeated missed visits, non-compliance with preparation or safety procedures). * Investigator decision in consultation with the medical monitor. The reason for discontinuation will be documented. Participants will be offered a final follow-up visit when appropriate. Non-compliance to fMRI will not lead to study exclusion nor discontinuation of the intervention. Methods for Measurement of Endpoints for Clinical Safety Continuous clinical safety monitoring will be performed by licensed healthcare professionals at Lund University Hospital throughout the trial, from baseline to the final 12-month follow-up. The safety evaluations cover physical, biochemical, and psychological parameters relevant to psilocybin administration. Measurements for assessing clinical safety will include blood samples of hepatic and renal function, glucose, urine toxicology, cardiovascular parameters, assessment of suicidality, assessment of mental health symptoms and and assessment of Adverse Events/Serious Adverse Events/Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reactions (AE/SAE/SUSARs). Assessment of Adverse Events Participants are instructed to contact the research team during daytime hours for urgent concerns. Outside of study hours, they are directed to seek emergency services. Events will be assessed by the clinical team for causality, intensity, and seriousness and potential relationship to treatment (psilocybin 25mg). The investigator is responsible for determining whether there is a causal relationship between the AE/SAE and use of the investigational medicinal product. Consideration should be given to whether there is a reasonable possibility of establishing a causal relationship between the adverse event and the investigational medicinal product based on the analysis of the available evidence. All AE can be categorized as either likely related, possibly related, unlikely related or not related. Those AEs which are suspected of having a causal relationship to the investigational medicinal product will be followed up until the subject has recovered or is well taken care of and on the way to good recovery. Each adverse event shall be classified by an investigator as mild, moderate or severe. Follow-up of Adverse Events Follow-up visits will be scheduled for all participants experiencing AEs to ensure resolution and ongoing safety. Participants with unresolved AEs at the end of the trial will be monitored until resolution or stabilization. For SAEs, additional follow-ups will be scheduled at least every two weeks until resolution. The frequency can be changed by the Safety Review Committee or Principal Investigator. Procedures in Case of Emergencies and Overdose Emergency protocols are in place, including immediate medical care and monitoring. In case of an overdose, the participant will be transferred to an emergency facility. Emergency kits, including benzodiazepines for anxiety or seizures, will be available during all dosing sessions. Pregnancy Management Participants who can become pregnant must use a highly effective form of contraception during the study and for two months after the last psilocybin dose. Approved methods include hormonal contraception, IUDs, sterilization, vasectomized partner, or abstinence. Urine pregnancy tests will be done at screening, before each psilocybin session, and as needed during follow-up. Psilocybin's effects on pregnancy are unknown. To reduce possible risks, strict contraception and testing protocols are required. Interim Analysis Following two administration sessions of 25mg psilocybin, a panel of three senior psychiatrists, who are not part of the research team, will conduct an evaluation of the safety data and adherence to the protocol. This analysis will be repeated after a total of 20 psilocybin administrations have been completed. After 25 patients over 18 have been through dosing sessions, patients 16-17 will be recruited. Methods for Measurement of Endpoints for Clinical Efficacy Composite Relapse Endpoint: BMI Decrease: Measured at baseline, 8 weeks, and 6 months using calibrated equipment and standardized protocols. Hospitalization Data: Collected through patient reports and confirmed by medical records. Symptom Deterioration: Assessed using validated tools such as the EDE-Q6.0 and clinical interviews conducted by trained staff. Clinical Intervention Use: Recorded in patient files, including initiation of new treatments during follow-up. Statistics Analysis Population Both the Intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol populations will be analyzed. ITT analysis will include all participants who are randomized, regardless of protocol adherence, to ensure generalizability. Per-protocol analysis will focus on participants who completed the study as planned, ensuring the assessment of efficacy under ideal conditions. Statistical Analyses Primary Baseline Analyses: The primary analyses will involve descriptive statistics for demographic and baseline characteristics, ensuring comparability across groups, and control for follow-up measurements. Primary Endpoints analysis We will analyze differences in the number of participants and severity experiencing adverse event/serious adverse event (AE/SAE) between the groups standardized forms for AE/SAE capturing: Event description, Start and end dates, Severity (e.g., mild, moderate, severe), Relatedness to intervention (assessed by safety review committee), Action taken. The primary statistical methods will be: Descriptive Frequencies and Percentages. Comparing Proportions (Most Common for \"Incidence\") (Chi-squared test (or Fisher's Exact Test): Fisher's exact test is preferred for small cell counts (\\ 1 would indicate a higher risk in the intervention group. Comparing Severity and Relatedness is assessed with Mann-Whitney U test or Student t-test to compare severity distributions between groups. Secondary Endpoints: For secondary endpoints (e.g., changes in fMRI connectivity, BDNF, rating scales), group comparisons, including t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Repeated Measures ANOVA will be utilized. When controlling for variables such as individual differences, ANCOVA or Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) will be utilized. Principal component analysis (PCA) or independent component analysis (ICA) may be applied to identify patterns in fMRI data. Endpoints include longitudinal between- and within-person analyses. When dichotomous (binary) outcome variables: Binary outcomes (e.g., remission, response rates) will be analyzed using logistic regression models, adjusting for baseline characteristics such as age, baseline BMI, and symptom severity. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals will be reported. When continuous (dimensional) variables (e.g., BMI, BDNF levels, cognitive flexibility) will be analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, and regression models of various types. Other: Exploratory Subgroup Analyses: Exploratory subgroup analyses will assess treatment effects across different strata (e.g., age groups, baseline severity) using interaction terms in regression models or stratified analyses to explore heterogeneity in treatment responses. Other: Sensitivity Analyses: Sensitivity analyses will address missing data using methods such as multiple imputation or maximum likelihood estimation. These methods ensure robustness of the findings by accounting for the potential impact of missing data on primary and secondary outcomes. Adjustment of Significance and Confidence Interval A Bonferroni correction or false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment will be applied for multiple comparisons to control Type I error. Results will be presented with 95% confidence intervals, and significance will be set at a two-tailed p-value of \\", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07169747", "keywords": "Anorexia Nervosa, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07169747\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Aging,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Adolescents,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 239, "title": "5 Years of bipolar disorder conversations on Reddit: Methods, key topics and future directions.", "normalized_title": "5 years of bipolar disorder conversations on reddit methods key topics and future directions", "authors": "Poh C, Head C, Nunez JJ, Lapadat L, Morton E, Collaborative RESearch Team to Study Psychosocial Issues in Bipolar Disorder (CREST.BD), Michalak EE.", "abstract": "Bipolar disorder (BD) is a prevalent mood disorder that can be associated with serious personal, societal, and economic costs. Growing attention is being paid to the importance of including the experiences of people living with BD in research and healthcare system advancement. However, there is still much to be learned about what people with BD are prioritizing, and where their needs are not yet being met in research and clinical settings. For the past five years, the Collaborative RESearch Team to study psychosocial issues in Bipolar Disorder (CREST.BD) has facilitated the world's largest online BD question-and-answer event, an \"Ask Me Anything\" (AMA) hosted via Reddit. This event allows people internationally to submit BD-related questions to be answered by expert panelists. Altogether, 159 panelists with diverse expertise in BD have participated, and more than 2,000 questions addressed. After five years, the Reddit AMAs have become a large repository of questions that represent the needs and interests of individuals with BD and their supporters. This study used topic modeling, a natural language processing (NLP) method, to algorithmically extract key topics from AMA queries collected over five years. Queries were extracted using a python script and the Reddit API; BERTopic was used for topic modelling. Topic models of 10, 20, and an unrestricted number of topics were run; the 20 topic model was chosen as it best balanced specificity and breadth. The most common topic was BD misdiagnosis/differential diagnoses. Other topics included coping with daily struggles; understanding hypomania and suicidality; medication and use of substances such as psilocybin and ketamine; and supporting loved ones with BD. Future research in these areas would be beneficial for individuals with BD and their loved ones, and patients with BD may benefit from clinicians addressing these topics. Ethical issues are also discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0338622", "pubmed_id": "41790781", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0338622", "keywords": "Humans, Bipolar Disorder, Internet", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41790781\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 238, "title": "Psilocybin Treatment as an Adjunct to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders: Therapeutic Rationale & Considerations for Protocol Development.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin treatment as an adjunct to cognitive behavioral therapy for eating disorders therapeutic rationale considerations for protocol development", "authors": "Koning E, Gamberg S, Keshen A.", "abstract": "Eating disorders (EDs) remain challenging to treat, with high dropout and low remission rates in cognitive-behavioral therapy for EDs (CBT-ED). Psilocybin treatment (PT) demonstrates therapeutic potential to enhance CBT-ED by exerting several neurobiological, psychological, and experiential effects (e.g., antidepressant, neuroplasticity, emotional openness) that are hypothesized to increase psychotherapeutic engagement, reduce dropout, and improve clinical outcomes. This narrative review provides the first consolidation of theoretical evidence for PT/CBT-ED, proposes considerations for a concurrent intervention protocol, and presents clinical and research considerations to empirically test its feasibility, safety, and efficacy. This line of inquiry is expected to advance the development of approaches that improve ED treatment outcomes and, more broadly, advance the study of psychedelics as tools to enhance evidence-based psychotherapy models.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/bs16030376", "pubmed_id": "41898038", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030376", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41898038\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3598, "title": "Pilot Proof of Concept Study Evaluating the Potential Psilocybin Assisted Psychotherapy (PAP) as a Therapeutic Tool for Patients Suffering From Severe Irritable Bowel Syndrome.", "normalized_title": "pilot proof of concept study evaluating the potential psilocybin assisted psychotherapy pap as a therapeutic tool for patients suffering from severe irritable bowel syndrome", "authors": "NYU Langone Health", "abstract": "This study will serve as a pilot randomized controlled trial to assess the feasibility of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy (PAP) in Treating Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Patients with severe IBS will undergo 3 pre-psychotherapy sessions with two licensed and trained psychedelic therapists, then will be randomized to undergo a guided psychotherapy session with single 25 mg oral \"high\" dose of psilocybin or a single 100 mg dose of niacin (active placebo) and attend 4 post-therapy integration sessions.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06760533", "keywords": "IBS - Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Psilocybin 25 mg, Psychotherapy Treatment Session, Niacin 100 mg, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06760533\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 240, "title": "Efficacy and risks of psychedelics in treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and risks of psychedelics in treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Thomas JE, Dellarole A, Caballero J.", "abstract": "PurposeThe purpose of this review is to evaluate which psychedelics have the most efficacy data to support their use in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This review also aims to assess safety data and concerns related to psychedelic therapies and identify demographic characteristics that may influence clinical outcomes.SummaryA systematic review of the literature was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify randomized controlled studies evaluating the use of psychedelic therapy in treatment of PTSD. Thirteen studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Six studies evaluated 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy, while 7 studies evaluated ketamine. Study findings regarding efficacy were mixed. Four of the 6 studies evaluating MDMA-assisted psychotherapy demonstrated statistically significant improvement in PTSD symptoms, while 3 of the 7 studies evaluating intravenous ketamine (ketamine IV) demonstrated statistically significant efficacy (eg, reduced PTSD symptoms, durable effect) in relation to comparators. Both therapies were generally well tolerated. The majority of studies were conducted in primarily civilian populations, with one MDMA study and 2 ketamine IV studies focused on veterans.ConclusionMDMA and ketamine IV currently have the greatest support in the literature for efficacy in PTSD. Studies suggest treatment with these agents under supervision may lead to improvements in PTSD symptoms, with the medications being generally well tolerated. However, caution should be used when interpreting study results due to limitations such as treatment expectancy effect and the potential for inadequate blinding. Randomized controlled studies of other psychedelics (eg, psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide) are needed to assess their utility in PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1093/ajhp/zxag062", "pubmed_id": "41784123", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxag062", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41784123\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Veterans,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3497, "title": "Examining the Safety and Clinical Efficacy of Psilocybin Therapy for Veterans With PTSD: An Open-Label Proof-of-Concept Trial", "normalized_title": "examining the safety and clinical efficacy of psilocybin therapy for veterans with ptsd an open label proof of concept trial", "authors": "Ohio State University", "abstract": "The primary aim of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in United States military Veterans. The objective of this study is to determine the safety and efficacy of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of Veterans with PTSD. This study will recruit 15 United States Military Veterans, age 21 to 64, primarily from the Columbus and Central Ohio Region who meet the criteria for PTSD. After enrollment and informed consent, participants will receive two separate doses of psilocybin in conjunction with preparatory and post-psilocybin therapy sessions. Each psilocybin session will last approximately 8 hours and will be facilitated by two trained session facilitators. Before the first psilocybin session, participants will meet with one or both of the session facilitators for a total of 6-8 hours of contact time (or up to 4 meetings) before the first psilocybin session day. Two post psilocybin therapy session visits will follow Psilocybin Sessions 1 and 2. Psilocybin Sessions 1 and 2 will occur about two weeks apart. Follow-up visits will occur 1 and 2 weeks and 1, 3, and 6 months after the final psilocybin session, with additional contact hours scheduled as needed. Thus, the intervention and follow-up requires at least 13 visits over a period of about 8-10 months.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05554094", "keywords": "PTSD, Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders, Mental Disorder, Psilocybin, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05554094\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Veterans,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3016, "title": "Inhibition of cortico-amygdala projections underlies affective bias modification by psilocybin", "normalized_title": "inhibition of cortico amygdala projections underlies affective bias modification by psilocybin", "authors": "Claydon MDB, Hinchcliffe JK, Bartlett J, Golden CT, Thomas CW, Gilmour G, Mellor JR, Bortolotto ZA, Robinson ESJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, can produce rapid and enduring antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD)[1, 2], yet the neural mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Negative affective biases are an important neuropsychological mechanism central to the development and perpetuation of MDD[3]. Using a translational rodent model, we previously demonstrated that psilocybin modulates negative affective biases which, we hypothesize, contribute to its antidepressant effects[4]. Here, we identify the prelimbic subregion (PrL) of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as a key locus for the modulation of affective biases by psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, and reveal a cell-type-specific bidirectional regulation of synaptic transmission. Psilocin selectively suppressed excitatory synaptic input to cortico-amygdala (CA) projection neurons, but enhanced excitatory transmission to other, putatively cortico-cortical, targets. Interestingly, suppression of the excitatory input to CA cells by psilocin, and modulation of affective biases by psilocybin, were both dependent on 5HT 1A and 5HT 2A receptor signaling. Consistent with the long-term therapeutic effects of rapidly acting antidepressants[1, 2, 4, 5], psilocin produced sustained changes to affective biases evident 24 hours after PrL infusion. In parallel, the suppressed excitatory transmission shifted to enhanced inhibitory synaptic input selectively in CA cells. Finally, chemogenetic inhibition of CA neurons in PrL recapitulated both the acute and sustained modulation of negative affective biases by psilocybin, as well as positively biasing new reward memories. Together, these findings identify modulation of the PrL cortico-amygdala circuit as a key substrate for affective bias modification by psilocybin, an effect which could explain its rapid and sustained antidepressant actions.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.03.02.709133", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.02.709133", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1221362\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 191, "title": "Serotonergic modulation of cortical gamma synchronization: right-lateralized psilocin effects on 40 Hz auditory steady-state responses in rats.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic modulation of cortical gamma synchronization right lateralized psilocin effects on 40 hz auditory steady state responses in rats", "authors": "Griškova-Bulanova I, Vejmola Č, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "Auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs), particularly at 40 Hz, are promising biomarkers for psychiatric disorders involving dysregulated neural synchronization. Although most ASSR studies have focused on the glutamatergic system, the serotonergic system, specifically 5-HT2A receptor signaling, has received limited attention. Psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin and a known 5-HT2A receptor agonist, alters cortical oscillatory activity, but its effects on ASSR dynamics remain unclear. In this study, we examined psilocin's effects on ASSRs in eight adult male Wistar rats implanted with 21 cortical electrodes. The rats were exposed to 40 Hz and 80 Hz click-train stimulation before and 30 min after subcutaneous psilocin administration (4 mg/kg). EEG signals were analyzed using time-frequency decomposition to extract phase-locking index (PLI) and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) values from frontal and temporal regions of both hemispheres. Psilocin selectively decreased PLI at 40 Hz stimulation in the right temporal cortex, with no significant changes in the frontal or left temporal regions, nor in response to 80 Hz stimulation. ERSP analysis revealed a global reduction in spectral power after psilocin administration in response to 80 Hz stimuli, but no consistent effects at 40 Hz. These results indicate that psilocin induces region- and frequency-specific alterations in auditory neural synchronization, characterized by right-lateralized disruption of 40 Hz phase-locking. This highlights the sensitivity of low-gamma oscillations to serotonergic modulation and supports the use of ASSR paradigms in translational models of altered perceptual and cognitive states.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first preclinical study to demonstrate that psilocin selectively disrupts auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) in rats in a frequency- and region-specific manner. The findings indicate a right-lateralized reduction in phase-locking at 40 Hz, along with a global suppression of spectral power at 80 Hz. These results provide new insights into the serotonergic modulation of neural synchrony and support the use of ASSRs as a translational biomarker for altered perceptual states.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1152/jn.00519.2025", "pubmed_id": "41779518", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00519.2025", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Hallucinogens, Cortical Synchronization, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Perception, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Male, Functional Laterality, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Gamma Rhythm, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41779518\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3616, "title": "A Phase 2b Double-blind, Randomized, Low-dose Comparator-controlled Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of NPX-5 in Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Adjustment Disorder Associated With Cancer.", "normalized_title": "a phase 2b double blind randomized low dose comparator controlled clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of npx 5 in psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of adjustment disorder associated with cancer", "authors": "Psyence Australia Pty Ltd", "abstract": "This study is assessing the efficacy and safety of NPX-5 in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of adjustment disorder due to cancer diagnosis. Who is it for? This study is for people who are aged between 18 and 80 years old and suffer from anxiety after adjusting to an acutely stressful event of their cancer diagnosis. This is called adjustment disorder. Study details Participants in this study will be randomly allocated by chance (similar to flipping a coin) to one of three groups: a 25mg NPX-5 dose group, a 10 mg NPX-5 dose group or a 1mg NPX-5 dose group. Participants will be allocated a dose that will be administered during their psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) dosing session. The PAP dosing session will run approximately 8 hours, with NPX-5 administered at Day 14 (dosing day). At Week 10, non-responders that continue to meet the study eligibility criteria may commence an additional PAP cycle (at 25 mg NPX-5). A maximum of 2 PAP cycles may be administered. Long term follow up will comprise of a study visit at 3 months post Week 10 (of the final cycle) to assess safety and tolerability of NPX-5. It is hoped that this research will develop important scientific knowledge that could contribute to the development of a potential new treatment for anxiety and depression after adjusting to an acutely stressful event such as a cancer diagnosis. This is a randomized, double-blind, low-dose comparator-controlled Phase IIb study to investigate the efficacy and safety of PAP with 25 mg, 10 mg and 1 mg \\[low-dose comparator) NPX-5, for the treatment of adjustment disorder symptoms in participants diagnosed with cancer. The referring oncologist will indicate that the participant is physically capable of undergoing psychedelic encounter and is likely to have a minimum life expectancy of 6 months. At least 87 adult participants (age 18 to 80 at screening) with a diagnosis of AjD due to cancer diagnosis will be enrolled in this study. Participants will be randomly assigned with a ratio of 1:1:1 to receive Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy (PAP) with either 25 mg, 10 mg or 1 mg NPX-5. Both the site staff treating participants and the participants themselves will be blinded to the treatments being administered. The study consists of a combination of clinic visits and telehealth phone calls to support this vulnerable participant population. The clinic will have experience with conducting PAP. All study visits be carried out by suitably qualified individuals and wherever possible, the same therapist will meet with study participants for in-person and telehealth appointments. Participants will undertake a screening visit between Day -45 and Day -2 to determine eligibility to participate in the study. Those participants that meet the eligibility criteria will attend the study site on Day 1 when continued eligibility will be assessed and baseline assessments performed. Participants must complete three preparation sessions with the therapist prior to dosing session. Two of these sessions can be completed remotely via telehealth and have flexible timing, provided there is at least one day between each session. One preparation session must be done in person in the dosing room, ideally during a site visit on Day 13. Additionally, at least one preparation session must include the sitter or secondary therapist. The primary therapist has the discretion to include the sitter or secondary therapist in more preparation or integration sessions based on their assessment. The clinic site visits will comprise Day 1, Day 13 (day prior dosing session), Day 14 (dosing session), Day 15 (integration session) and Day 70/Week 10 (follow-up) post-randomization. There will be ± 3 days for a dosing session allowed. Subsequently, all relevant visits will be adjusted accordingly. In addition, participants will be required to attend following telehealth appointments: * Two telehealth appointments for preparatory sessions within 2 weeks prior to dosing session. * One telehealth appointment for integration therapy session in the two weeks following the dosing session. * Follow up telehealth appointments on Day 28 (Week 4), Day 42 (Week 6). * Final study follow-up telehealth appointment at 3 months post the Day 70 (Week 10) visit of the final PAP cycle for final safety assessments. Non responders (for criteria see Section 5.5.2) at Day 70 (Week 10) that continue to meet the study eligibility criteria, may commence an additional PAP cycle (at 25 mg NPX-5). These participants will repeat the schedule described above, including the visit the day prior to dosing session, the actual dosing session, and the integration sessions. A maximum of 2 PAP cycles may be administered.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07072728", "keywords": "Adjustment Disorder, Adjustment Disorder With Anxious Mood, Cancer, Cancer Cachexia, Cancer of Endometrium, Cancer of Kidney, Cancer of Prostate, Cancer of the Breast, Cancer of Stomach, Cancer Melanoma Skin, Cancer Pancreas, Psilocybin therapy, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07072728\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3458, "title": "Study of Psilocybin for Anorexia in Young Adults", "normalized_title": "study of psilocybin for anorexia in young adults", "authors": "Marissa Raymond-Flesch, MD, MPH", "abstract": "This is a single site trial of psilocybin therapy for the treatment of refractory Anorexia Nervosa in young adults. The psilocybin therapy will include three preparatory sessions, psilocybin dosing session one (20mg), two integration sessions, psilocybin dosing session two (up to 25mg), and three final integration sessions. Eating disorder symptoms will be measured pre and post treatment. One to two family member(s) of each young adult participant will be enrolled in the study. One of which will be required to attend a portion of two preparatory sessions and a portion of two integration sessions and receive psychoeducation about supporting the young adult participant through preparation and integration for psilocybin therapy. Investigators hypothesize that psilocybin will increase cognitive flexibility and that this increase will predict long-term changes in cognitive rigidity, habitual eating, and exercise behaviors in patients with Anorexia Nervosa.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06399263", "keywords": "Anorexia Nervosa, Psilocybin, PEX010, Preparation and Integration Sessions, Psilocybin Therapy, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06399263\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 230, "title": "Differential Effects of Acute and Chronic Fluoxetine on Psychedelic-Induced Behavior in Mice: Implications for Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "differential effects of acute and chronic fluoxetine on psychedelic induced behavior in mice implications for clinical trials", "authors": "Wood BJ, Vest MF, Carfagno C, Bartley KR, Sharma P, Halberstadt AL, Blough BE, Murnane KS.", "abstract": "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely prescribed for mood and anxiety disorders, the same conditions under which psychedelic-assisted therapies are gaining renewed interest. However, it remains unclear how SSRI treatment may influence sensitivity to psychedelics, particularly through the shared engagement of serotonergic pathways. Here, we used the head-twitch response (HTR), a well-established behavioral readout of 5-HT2A activation, to investigate how acute, chronic, and discontinued fluoxetine treatment modulates the behavioral effects of R(-)-DOI and psilocybin, where psilocybin was only evaluated in the acute fluoxetine paradigm. In male mice, acute fluoxetine at 10 mg/kg had no effect on DOI-induced HTR, whereas chronic fluoxetine (10 mg/kg for 14 days) produced a downward shift in the DOI dose-response function. This attenuated response following a 14 day discontinuation period was reversed, suggesting that the behavioral consequences of chronic SSRI exposure may return following cessation. Interestingly, acute 10 mg/kg fluoxetine attenuated the efficacy, but not potency, of psilocybin, suggesting that SSRI-psychedelic interactions may vary depending on the pharmacological properties of the psychedelic compound. Together, these findings demonstrate that SSRI treatment history can alter the behavioral efficacy of psychedelics in a way that may be compound specific. These results have important implications for psychedelic-assisted therapies in populations taking SSRIs and highlight the need for translational studies to inform cotreatment strategies and guide clinical trial design.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00484", "pubmed_id": "41852641", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.5c00484", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41852641\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 226, "title": "Synthesis and Characterization of Psilocybin Metabolites and Deuterated Analogs.", "normalized_title": "synthesis and characterization of psilocybin metabolites and deuterated analogs", "authors": "Williamson SE, Burkhartzmeyer EK, Faley MT, Ohana RF, Guzei IA, Valley M, Cali JJ, Sherwood AM.", "abstract": "To support ongoing clinical trials, the major human metabolites of psilocybin were synthesized on a preparative scale, specifically psilocin-O-glucuronide and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (4-HIAA), along with putative minor metabolites and several deuterium-labeled derivatives. Psilocybin, psilocin, psilocin-O-glucuronide, and 4-HIAA were assayed for engagement at seven serotonin receptor subtypes using a BRET-based binding assay, which showed that only psilocin exhibited any discernible binding across the subtypes investigated. Given the high cost and challenging preparation of these compounds, our work offers a comprehensive guide for researchers to access these resources, advancing both basic and clinical research with psilocybin and its metabolites.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00879", "pubmed_id": "41773421", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00879", "keywords": "Humans, Deuterium, Glucuronides, Receptors, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41773421\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3759, "title": "Multidimensional Ego-Dissolution Assessment (MEDA): Scale Development and Substance-Specific Comparisons", "normalized_title": "multidimensional ego dissolution assessment meda scale development and substance specific comparisons", "authors": "Senānāyaka R.", "abstract": "Rationale: Ego-dissolution represents a key therapeutic mechanism in psychedelic-assisted therapy, yet current measurement approaches may inadequately capture its multidimensional nature. Objective: To develop and validate the Multidimensional Ego-Dissolution Assessment (MEDA) and examine substance-specific patterns across classical psychedelics. Methods: Items from three validated scales (Ego-Dissolution Inventory, Mystical Experience Questionnaire, 5D-Altered States of Consciousness) were compiled into a 34-item measure. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on responses from 207 participants reporting profound experiences with ayahuasca (n=51), DMT (n=28), LSD (n=52), or psilocybin (n=76). Results: Factor analysis revealed a robust 6-factor structure: Dissolving of Identity (α=.94), Experiences of Eternity (α=.89), Dissolving of Physical Body (α=.80), Dissolving into Environment (α=.85), Clarity about Life and Purpose (α=.78), and Pleasure (α=.78). Two distinct substance clusters emerged: ayahuasca/DMT produced significantly higher dissolution scores than LSD/psilocybin across four factors, while all substances showed equivalent high scores on insight and pleasure dimensions. Dosage showed no significant effects. Conclusion: The MEDA provides preliminary evidence for multidimensional ego-dissolution assessment. Substance-specific clustering patterns might inform therapeutic selection, while universal insight and pleasure effects suggest core psychedelic benefits achievable across substances.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/9c6xg_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9c6xg_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1161047\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3707, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin on Electrophysiology and the Dynamic Content of Thought", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on electrophysiology and the dynamic content of thought", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This research study will use computerized tasks, electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look at how the drug psilocybin, a naturally occurring compound contained in hundreds of species of psychoactive mushrooms, changes thoughts and brain activity. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject, full cross-over study in healthy volunteers, computerized, electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures will be assessed to test the acute effects of a moderate dose of psilocybin (10 mg/70 kg) on creativity, the contents and dynamics of thought, memory, and shared vs individual brain response while viewing naturalistic stimuli. Understanding the acute psychological and neural effects of psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin may allow for future optimization of psychedelic medicine, as well as a deeper and more refined understanding of consciousness itself.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-03-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05301608", "keywords": "Healthy, Psilocybin, 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05301608\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Creativity,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3175, "title": "Multidimensional Ego-Dissolution Assessment (MEDA): Scale Development and Substance-Specific Comparisons", "normalized_title": "multidimensional ego dissolution assessment meda scale development and substance specific comparisons", "authors": "", "abstract": "Rationale: Ego-dissolution represents a key therapeutic mechanism in psychedelic-assisted therapy, yet current measurement approaches may inadequately capture its multidimensional nature. Objective: To develop and validate the Multidimensional Ego-Dissolution Assessment (MEDA) and examine substance-specific patterns across classical psychedelics. Methods: Items from three validated scales (Ego-Dissolution Inventory, Mystical Experience Questionnaire, 5D-Altered States of Consciousness) were compiled into a 34-item measure. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on responses from 207 participants reporting profound experiences with ayahuasca (n=51), DMT (n=28), LSD (n=52), or psilocybin (n=76). Results: Factor analysis revealed a robust 6-factor structure: Dissolving of Identity (α=.94), Experiences of Eternity (α=.89), Dissolving of Physical Body (α=.80), Dissolving into Environment (α=.85), Clarity about Life and Purpose (α=.78), and Pleasure (α=.78). Two distinct substance clusters emerged: ayahuasca/DMT produced significantly higher dissolution scores than LSD/psilocybin across four factors, while all substances showed equivalent high scores on insight and pleasure dimensions. Dosage showed no significant effects. Conclusion: The MEDA provides preliminary evidence for multidimensional ego-dissolution assessment. Substance-specific clustering patterns might inform therapeutic selection, while universal insight and pleasure effects suggest core psychedelic benefits achievable across substances.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-03-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/9c6xg_v1", "keywords": "ego-dissolution, factor analysis, psychedelics, psychometric scale, scale development, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Cultural Psychology, Cross-cultural Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"9c6xg_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 242, "title": "Psilocybin or Nicotine Patch for Smoking Cessation: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin or nicotine patch for smoking cessation a pilot randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Johnson MW, Naudé GP, Hendricks PS, Garcia-Romeu A.", "abstract": "ImportanceAnnual tobacco-related death estimates are 480 000 in the US and 8 million worldwide, surpassing mortality for other abused substances. Most smoking cessation interventions result in modest long-term success.ObjectiveTo compare prolonged smoking abstinence rates in smokers receiving psilocybin plus cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with those receiving the nicotine patch plus CBT.Design, setting, and participantsIn this pilot randomized clinical trial, participants and investigators were unblinded to treatment condition, including an optional crossover after completion of the primary end point. Data were collected from psychiatrically healthy adult smokers from January 20, 2015, to May 8, 2023, at the Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, an academic medical center and teaching hospital in Baltimore, Maryland.InterventionThe trial randomized cigarette smokers to receive either 1 high dose (30 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin or initiate 8 to 10 weeks of US Food and Drug Administration-approved nicotine patch treatment on the target quit date. Both groups received a 13-week manualized CBT program for smoking cessation.Main outcomes and measuresBiochemically verified prolonged smoking abstinence (primary) and 7-day point prevalence abstinence (secondary) at 6 months after the target quit date were compared between groups using intention-to-treat analysis.ResultsA total of 82 psychiatrically healthy adult smokers (mean [SD] age, 47.6 [12.0] years; 49 [59.8%] male) participated in the study, with 68 (82.9%) completing the 6-month follow-up. At 6-month follow-up, 17 participants receiving psilocybin (40.5%) exhibited biochemically verified prolonged abstinence compared with 4 participants using the nicotine patch (10.0%) (odds ratio, 6.12; 95% CI, 1.99-23.26; P =.003), and 22 participants receiving psilocybin (52.4%) exhibited biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence compared with 10 participants using the nicotine patch (25.0%) (odds ratio, 3.30; 95% CI, 1.32-8.70; P =.01). No serious adverse events were attributed to psilocybin or nicotine patch.Conclusions and relevanceIn this pilot randomized clinical trial, 1 dose of psilocybin with manualized CBT significantly increased long-term abstinence compared with nicotine patch treatment with CBT. Psilocybin abstinence rates were higher than typical treatments, suggesting promise for tobacco smoking cessation.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01943994.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-03-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.0972", "pubmed_id": "41805956", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.0972", "keywords": "Humans, Treatment Outcome, Pilot Projects, Smoking Cessation, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Tobacco Use Cessation Devices, Nicotine Replacement Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41805956\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1981, "title": "Psilocybin Reshapes Anterior Cingulate Network Neuropathic Topology to Reduce Chronic Pain", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reshapes anterior cingulate network neuropathic topology to reduce chronic pain", "authors": "Corder Greg, Rogers Sophie, Oswell Corinna", "abstract": "", "journal": "The Journal of Pain", "publication_date": "2026-02-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105705", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105705", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105705\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1980, "title": "MedCheck: FDA Reviews NDA for Narcolepsy Drug, Green-Lights Psilocybin Trial for PTSD, and More", "normalized_title": "medcheck fda reviews nda for narcolepsy drug green lights psilocybin trial for ptsd and more", "authors": "Richmond Linda M.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2026-02-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2026.03.3.5", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2026.03.3.5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1176/appi.pn.2026.03.3.5\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1979, "title": "Journeying into Right Relations: Scientists Turn to Psilocybin to Shift Psychological Burdens of Global Environmental Change and Find Transformational Pathways Forward", "normalized_title": "journeying into right relations scientists turn to psilocybin to shift psychological burdens of global environmental change and find transformational pathways forward", "authors": "Wrathall David J., Gosnell Hannah, Wickson Fern, Spanger Erika, Associates*", "abstract": "This paper follows 8 scientists who ventured into the world of psychedelics on a quest to find transformational pathways forward. Each have worked on aspects of global environmental change for decades, and observing environmental crises converging into a global polycrisis/metacrisis with genuine potential for collapse, we have all carried psychological burdens, including fatigue, anxiety, grief, and hopelessness. Psilocybin offers potential for alleviating and transforming these burdens, and for shining light towards creative ways forward. Through professional connections and quiet conversations, we came together to conduct a participatory self-study to directly explore this potential. The study was conducted in Oregon, which offers a legal framework for the administration of psilocybin. We embarked with thoughtful preparation, group intention setting, and integration protocols. This paper recounts our journey together, including vignettes of our experiences; a preliminary synthesis of learnings; and a glimpse of insights that continue today. We emerged with a powerful, common insight: it is impossible to learn “right relations” outside of relationship, and that righting of relations for our transformed, collective future is an act of love. We tell our story in the hope of enlivening conversations, actions, and further investigation of psychedelic-assisted approaches for fostering resilience and realizing transformative change.", "journal": "Action Research", "publication_date": "2026-02-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/14767503251404263", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/14767503251404263", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1177/14767503251404263\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1007/s13280-016-0800-y\",\"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.017\",\"10.1177/14767503221118052\",\"10.1163/ej.9789004184510.i-273.61\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.710897\",\"10.1002/pan3.10451\",\"10.1177/14767503241255488\",\"10.1177/1476750320936493\",\"10.1177/14767503241306927\",\"10.1177/1476750319835607\",\"10.1177/1476750319829633\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4701-y\",\"10.1016/j.lana.2022.100410\",\"10.1007/s40572-020-00303-3\",\"10.1038/s41558-018-0092-2\",\"10.1111/anoc.12154\",\"10.1111/j.1556-3537.2012.01055.x\",\"10.1177/1476750319844577\",\"10.1215/9780822371816\",\"10.1007/7854_2024_535\",\"10.1080/17547075.2020.1826182\",\"10.1177/02698811221146356\",\"10.1177/0269881117714049\",\"10.1080/19420889.2017.1288333\",\"10.1177/2055102920978123\",\"10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102042\",\"10.1029/2019eo137460\",\"10.1177/1476750320960328\",\"10.1080/08873267.2003.9986926\",\"10.1016/j.emospa.2017.07.005\",\"10.1093/nc/niad017\",\"10.3390/psychoactives2020012\",\"10.1007/s11625-023-01368-3\",\"10.1177/14767503231195418\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4820-5\",\"10.2190/lfwn-ntbh-6nbc-u3yc\",\"10.3390/ijerph16245147\",\"10.1556/2054.2024.00429\",\"10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8\",\"10.1177/10778004221134088\",\"10.1177/14767503221107937\",\"10.1177/0269881117748902\",\"10.1080/26395916.2024.2339227\",\"10.1007/s00213-022-06153-1\",\"10.1002/wcc.606\",\"10.1007/s11625-023-01360-x\",\"10.1073/pnas.1801528115\",\"10.3389/fphar.2021.639124\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733185\",\"10.1080/09650790802667444\",\"10.1177/1476750308099598\",\"10.1556/2054.2022.00218\",\"10.1177/14767503231179562\",\"10.1080/00050067.2022.2157240\",\"10.1038/s41586-023-06083-8\",\"10.1177/20503245221129803\",\"10.1556/2054.2023.00231\",\"10.1038/s41558-024-02139-3\",\"10.32920/ihtp.v2i3.1704\",\"10.1177/1476750320960810\",\"10.1002/cpp.2945\",\"10.1038/s41598-021-01209-2\",\"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.11.006\",\"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102373\",\"10.1177/0022167817709585\",\"10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5\",\"10.1111/anoc.12161\",\"10.1001/jama.2023.12900\"],\"reference_count\":81}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Resilience,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 258, "title": "Meaning and Psychedelics in Palliative Care: A Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "meaning and psychedelics in palliative care a narrative review", "authors": "Alexander WB, Hansen ED, Anderson BT, Zarrabi AJ, Rogers AH, Loewen G, Ficarro ZR, Alexander MH, Schaefer D, Case AA", "abstract": "Meaning is a primary existential concern in those with advanced illnesses and functions as an important coping mechanism. Loss of meaning contributes to existential distress, and, in particular, may manifest as demoralization, a syndrome of poor coping that is associated with negative outcomes. Psychedelics are unique psychoactive compounds that, among other properties, are proposed to enhance meaning. In the palliative setting, psychedelic therapies are under investigation for existential distress, including demoralization. To synthesize the literature on meaning in palliative care, including the clinical impact of loss of meaning, particularly demoralization, and evidence for proposed interventions including existential psychological interventions and psychedelic therapies. We conducted a narrative review based on a structured search within Pubmed. Articles were screened for those addressing prespecified questions derived from our objectives, and results were synthesized in narrative format. Loss of meaning is a hallmark feature of demoralization syndrome, a prevalent and distinct condition linked with diminished quality of life, increased symptom burden, and increased suicide risk. Existential psychological interventions improve numerous psychosocial outcomes, although evidence for their efficacy in demoralization is limited. In psychedelic therapy, meaning-making is a typical feature, and existential interventions are commonly integrated. Finally, early clinical trial data indicate that psychedelic therapies show promise for existential distress, including demoralization. Novel approaches are needed to address existential distress, especially when manifested as demoralization. Psychedelic therapy is a promising combined pharmacologic and psychological intervention that promotes meaning-making and shows potential for improving demoralization, warranting further investigation.", "journal": "Journal of pain and symptom management", "publication_date": "2026-02-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2025.10.015", "pubmed_id": "41173063", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41173063/", "keywords": "Demoralization, LSD, existential distress, meaning, palliative, psilocybin, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41173063\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 253, "title": "Psilocybin shapes neural plasticity in selective brain networks.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin shapes neural plasticity in selective brain networks", "authors": "Lewis S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41583-025-01019-9", "pubmed_id": "41495463", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-01019-9", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41495463\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 246, "title": "Psilocybin and Ibogaine in Cocaine-Seeking: Extinction Enhancement Without Relapse Prevention.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and ibogaine in cocaine seeking extinction enhancement without relapse prevention", "authors": "Koutrouli IRA, Brejtr V, Schwendt M, Witek K, Charalambous C, Aleksič K, Miniariková N, Lhotková E, Toman M, Nikolič M, Jurok R, Cihlářová P, Mazoch V, Ryšánek P, Kuchař M, Šíchová K, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have emerged as potential therapeutics for substance use disorders, yet preclinical data validating their efficacy remain limited. Here, we investigated the effects of a clinically inspired dose-escalation protocol of psilocybin and ibogaine on extinction and cue-induced reinstatement in Wistar male rats following intravenous cocaine self-administration (IVSA). Rats were trained on a fixed ratio 1 (FR1) schedule with cocaine dose-escalation during the acquisition phase (0.25 mg/kg/infusion, followed by 0.5 mg/kg/infusion). Following acquisition, animals were randomised into treatment groups and then subjected to 10 days of extinction. Psilocybin (1.25 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) or ibogaine (10 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously and intraperitoneally, respectively, on extinction days 1 and 5. A cue-induced reinstatement test was conducted 6 days after the last treatment. Both treatments significantly modulated behaviour during extinction; psilocybin reduced active lever pressing 1 day after the second dose, with a nonsignificant reduction already apparent after the first dose, while the effect of ibogaine was significant even after the first administration. However, neither compound significantly altered reinstatement behaviour, although psilocybin showed a trend toward attenuation. The applied treatment had no side effects on general locomotor activity or anxiety-like behaviour, as measured in the open field test 24 h after each administration. These findings support a role for psilocybin and ibogaine in facilitating extinction learning and suggest possible protective effects against relapse, warranting further research into their antiaddictive efficacy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/adb.70111", "pubmed_id": "41780506", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.70111", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Cocaine-Related Disorders, Ibogaine, Cocaine, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Hallucinogens, Self Administration, Behavior, Animal, Conditioning, Operant, Cues, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Extinction, Psychological, Secondary Prevention, Drug-Seeking Behavior, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41780506\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Animal Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 245, "title": "[Perspectives opened up by the physiopathological understanding of psychiatric disorders].", "normalized_title": "perspectives opened up by the physiopathological understanding of psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Girault N, Quiroga L, Jedrecy S, Bertin S, Djonouma N, Fossati P.", "abstract": "Neuroimaging techniques have a rightful place in the field of psychiatry. They are essential for differential diagnosis, especially when the psychiatric presentation is atypical. Furthermore, they associate brain dysfunction with psychiatric disorders, but they cannot yet provide a definitive psychiatric diagnosis. However, from a therapeutic perspective, brain MRI is a very useful tool for neuronavigation techniques in combination with rTMS. From a neurobiological perspective, advances in genetics are allowing the development of genomic tests to guide antidepressant therapy and predict a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. In addition, psychedelics such as psilocybin offer promising alternatives for the treatment of depression. Similarly, ketamine, an antagonist of NMDA-type glutamatergic receptors, has shown efficacy in the management of suicidal crises and in the treatment of depressive disorders. Finally, antagonism of orexin receptors offer a new avenue for treating insomnia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "41878960", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/41878960", "keywords": "Humans, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41878960\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 243, "title": "Psychedelics, Eleusis, and the Invention of Religious Experience.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics eleusis and the invention of religious experience", "authors": "Mosurinjohn S, Ascough R", "abstract": "This article corrects an idea in psychedelic science and culture that the ancient Eleusynian Mysteries used psychedelics, as claimed by Carl Ruck and co-authors in (1978), revitalized by Brian Muraresku's (2020), and popularized by social media heavyweights such as Joe Rogan. It begins by exposing critical methodological flaws in the arguments, namely, a pattern of presenting claims, followed by mild circumstantial evidence, rhetorically solidifying the interpretation of this evidence into a \"fact,\" on which is built each subsequent round of conjecture. We then explore how the dogged pursuit of evidentiary mirages contributes to the project of establishing a western civilizational pedigree to dignify the use of stigmatized drugs and revitalize experiential religion. Although the desire for legitimacy and meaning is understandable, the strategies used by the writers of this pseudo-history constitute a kind of religious fundamentalism. Their writing attempts to show that a relatively new practice is the old, true religion, in this case, the \"religion with no name\" that underlies every religious tradition. In doing so, they miss seriously relating to the many well-documented historical and living Indigenous histories of psychedelics, or seeing contemporary psychedelic practice in continuity with other, and maybe even older, nonpharmacological methods of changing consciousness. Overall, the \"psychedelic Eleusis\" discourse focuses on the purported Eleusynian drug and its phenomenology rather than focusing on practices for taking up the spiritual injunctions of those psychedelic experiences. We conclude that, given how the psychedelic hypothesis is fundamentally flawed in its study of antiquity, it is a shaky foundation on which to build an argument for modern psychedelic use for therapeutic and spiritual practice. Since scholarly research is key to moving forward decriminalization, legalization, medical regulation, and other roles for psychedelics in society, it is crucial that scholars and popular audiences communicate effectively around psychedelic history and culture. Instead of committing to a specific (and erroneous) view of history, psychedelic scholarship must commit to academic discussion and debate.", "journal": "Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.)", "publication_date": "2026-02-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251361835", "pubmed_id": "42130781", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42130781/", "keywords": "Eleusynian mysteries, ergot, psilocybin, psychedelic phenomenology, psychoactive substances, systematic review", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42130781\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 259, "title": "Psychedelics and the Extracellular Matrix: Rewiring Neuroplasticity and Metaplasticity for Next-Generation Psychiatric Therapies.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and the extracellular matrix rewiring neuroplasticity and metaplasticity for next generation psychiatric therapies", "authors": "Zhang J, Lin C, Lv X, Zhao H, Wang X.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), have emerged as potent modulators of neuroplasticity and metaplasticity in the adult brain, offering novel therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders. Recent findings reveal that beyond their transient psychotropic effects, these compounds activate serotonin 5-HT2A receptors and downstream signaling cascades-including CaMKII (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin), and BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) pathways-thereby inducing synaptogenesis, dendritic spine remodeling, and transcription of the immediate early genes. Critically, the brain's extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly perineuronal nets (PNNs), has been identified as a central regulator of synaptic stability and a key target of psychedelic action. Psychedelics transiently disrupt ECM integrity by loosening PNNs and reorganizing pericellular scaffolds, a process that reopens developmentally restricted critical periods of plasticity and restores circuit-level flexibility. These ECM-mediated metaplastic effects appear essential to the sustained therapeutic outcomes observed in the clinical studies of psychedelic-assisted therapy for depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, addiction, and potentially neurodegenerative diseases. This article synthesizes current cellular, molecular, and translational evidence highlighting the ECM as a dynamic and permissive substrate through which classic psychedelics exert long-lasting structural and functional brain changes, underscoring its potential as a target for precision interventions in neuropsychiatric care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.02.011", "pubmed_id": "41765343", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.02.011", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41765343\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 261, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for demoralisation in hospice patients: feasibility, safety and preliminary efficacy.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for demoralisation in hospice patients feasibility safety and preliminary efficacy", "authors": "Beaussant Y, Sager Z, Brennan C, Kristan I, Ljuslin M, Mazzola E, Macdonald D, Murphy ME, Nigam K, Rinaldi AD, Sanders J, Schaefer KG, Sholevar R, Summer L, Waliji-Banglawala A, Yudilevich-Espinoza S, Tulsky JA.", "abstract": "ObjectivesTo assess the feasibility, safety and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for demoralisation in terminally ill patients receiving home hospice care.MethodsIn this open-label pilot trial, 4607 home hospice patients at a large community hospice were screened over 22 months; 66 were approached, 15 enrolled and 10 received psilocybin. Participants completed two home-based preparation sessions, a single 25 mg oral psilocybin session at an inpatient hospice facility, and two home-based integration sessions. Feasibility was assessed through recruitment, retention and acceptability. Safety was evaluated via adverse event monitoring, and preliminary efficacy was assessed using changes in demoralisation scores and other psychosocial measures.ResultsThe intervention was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events attributed to psilocybin. At week 3, demoralisation scores significantly decreased (mean reduction: 8.8 points, p=0.0196), despite ongoing clinical decline. Grief- and peace-related themes were prominent during psilocybin sessions. While six participants rated the treatment favourably on the Reaction to Research Participation Questionnaire global evaluation factor, three rated neutral on one or more items, suggesting that the emotional intensity and demands of the intervention may influence acceptability.ConclusionThis study provides initial evidence that PAT can be feasibly and safely integrated into hospice care for terminally ill patients. Further research is needed to optimise delivery and further assess therapeutic potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1136/spcare-2025-005773", "pubmed_id": "41184102", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/spcare-2025-005773", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Hospice Care, Feasibility Studies, Pilot Projects, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, Terminally Ill, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41184102\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Emotional Processing,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 260, "title": "Psychedelic therapy and cultural humility.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy and cultural humility", "authors": "Gearin A, Docherty J, Sun X, Cheung EH, Tanuseputro P.", "abstract": "ImportanceAs psychedelic-assisted therapies gain clinical legitimacy, their cultural portability remains underexamined. While promising results have emerged from trials on existential distress in life-limiting illness, most protocols reflect Euro-American values. The expansion of these therapies calls for a pivot toward cultural humility and renewed attention to what constitutes a \"good death\" in cultural worlds. This commentary explores these questions through the case of Chinese palliative care.ObservationsClinical trials of psilocybin and LSD assisted therapy demonstrate significant reductions in depression, anxiety, and demoralization among patients with life-limiting illness. However, psychosocial and cultural factors-including family-centered decision-making, spiritual beliefs, and stigma-will likely impact treatments in complex ways. The evolving healthcare framework of cultural humility emphasizes ongoing self-reflection, relational sensitivity towards power sharing, and openness to diverse worldviews and lived experiences of patients. This posture is particularly important in psychedelic therapy where patient experiences are sensitive to settings, relational processes, and meaning-making.Relevance and conclusionRegulatory openings in Australia and several European and U.S. jurisdictions are accelerating clinical interest in psychedelic therapy, yet the cultural life of these therapies present important challenges. The Chinese example illustrates how stigma, trust, and relational dimensions will likely crystallize differently, reminding researchers and clinicians that efficacy is not solely a biochemical or therapeutic question but also a cultural one. Addressing the translational gap of cultural diversity in psychedelic therapy can benefit from a stance of humility towards how situated beliefs, social norms, and clinical practices interact with psychedelic pharmacology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-026-03913-x", "pubmed_id": "41748534", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-03913-x", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Culture, China, Australia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41748534\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 262, "title": "Calcium activation mechanism of a noncanonical aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase from psilocybin mushroom Psilocybe cubensis.", "normalized_title": "calcium activation mechanism of a noncanonical aromatic l amino acid decarboxylase from psilocybin mushroom psilocybe cubensis", "authors": "Li T, Reynolds EE, Wang Z, Torrens-Spence MP, Weng JK, Wang Y.", "abstract": "PcncAAAD is a noncanonical fungal aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) featuring a unique appendage C-terminal domain (CTD) and two metal-binding sites. Unlike its mammalian and plant counterparts, PcncAAAD is activated by calcium, although the exact activation mechanism remains unclear. Here, we establish an in silico RMSD-based evaluation model through molecular dynamics simulations, validated by in vitro enzyme assays, to decipher the enzyme's calcium activation mechanism. The metal-binding site at the intra-monomer interface between the N-terminal domain and the CTD (site A) is found to play a primary role in the calcium activation of PcncAAAD, whereas the secondary site within the unique CTD (site B) contributes to the calcium-mediated stabilization of enzyme structure. Binding of calcium, but not sodium, exerts a profound influence on PcncAAAD activity by stabilizing a \"lid-rim\" structure underlying site A, which in turn maintains the integrity of the substrate-binding environment. In silico mutations disrupting site A or the lid-rim structure show severe structural distortion of the active site, leading to reduced or even eliminated activity as demonstrated by in vitro assays. These findings deepen our understanding of metal-activatable enzymes and hold promise for the rational design of engineered enzymes for the synthesis of aromatic amino acid derivatives.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s42003-026-09756-y", "pubmed_id": "41748824", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-09756-y", "keywords": "Agaricales, Calcium, Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases, Binding Sites, Enzyme Activation, Molecular Dynamics Simulation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41748824\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 247, "title": "Pharmacological regulation of adult brain neuroplasticity: Synergistic roles of neuropeptide signaling, psychedelics, and synaptic modulators.", "normalized_title": "pharmacological regulation of adult brain neuroplasticity synergistic roles of neuropeptide signaling psychedelics and synaptic modulators", "authors": "Shokr MM, Fawzy MN, Abdelaziz AM.", "abstract": "Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to modify synaptic connections and reorganize neural circuits, underpinning cognitive function, emotional regulation, and recovery from injury. Recent advances have redefined adult neuroplasticity as more dynamic and therapeutically accessible than previously thought, spurring investigation into pharmacological interventions that can augment these adaptive processes. This review dissects current evidence for drug strategies targeting synaptic modulators (NMDA, AMPA, and GABA receptors), neuropeptide systems (including BDNF, oxytocin, vasopressin), and psychedelic compounds (psilocybin, LSD, ketamine), integrating insights from cellular, preclinical, and clinical studies. We detail how these agents modulate molecular pathways governing synaptic transmission, dendritic remodeling, and gene expression linked to neuronal growth and resilience. Highlighted findings include the rapid-acting antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists, the structural and functional reorganization induced by classic psychedelics via 5-HT2A receptor activation, and the neurorestorative roles of neuropeptides in synaptic and network adaptation. Alongside these advances, we critically address safety, ethical considerations, and the risk of maladaptive plasticity, underscoring the importance of dosing, patient selection, and controlled therapeutic environments. Non-hallucinogenic neuroplastogens and combinatorial approaches that are still emerging offer new avenues to fine-tune plasticity with an improved safety profile. The collective evidence positions neuroplasticity-targeting pharmacology as a promising and complex frontier for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders in adulthood.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.mcn.2026.104076", "pubmed_id": "41763341", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2026.104076", "keywords": "Brain, Synapses, Animals, Humans, Neuropeptides, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, Synaptic Transmission, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41763341\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 83, "title": "Psilocybin for psychiatric disorders: History, clinical trials, neuroimaging, and regulations.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for psychiatric disorders history clinical trials neuroimaging and regulations", "authors": "Yonezawa K, Hirata M, Takano H, Kusudo K, Tomiyama S, Harada L, Suzuki K, Nutt DJ, Uchida H, Tani H.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a classic psychedelic compound, has garnered renewed interest as a potential treatment for various psychiatric disorders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of psilocybin's history, recent clinical evidence, ongoing clinical trials, neuroimaging findings, and regulations. Historically used in spiritual and healing rituals, psilocybin was in the early 1970s subjected to strict legal restrictions that stalled research for decades. However, renewed scientific interest began in the 1990s, with studies demonstrating psilocybin's therapeutic potential for psychiatric disorders. Clinical trials have reported therapeutic effects of psilocybin in major depressive disorder (MDD), depressive symptoms associated with life-threatening illnesses, and in some substance use disorders. Moreover, several phase III clinical trials of psilocybin for depression are currently underway, though trial data for obsessive-compulsive disorder and bipolar depression are limited. Short-term side effects are reportedly generally mild and transient, but long-term effects still need further investigation. Neuroimaging research using magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography is still limited and focuses mainly on MDD. However, ongoing clinical trials include neuroimaging studies for psychiatric disorders beyond MDD, as well as positron emission tomography studies for MDD. Regulatory frameworks vary internationally. While many countries continue to classify psilocybin as a prohibited substance, use of psilocybin under controlled conditions is now permitted in Switzerland, parts of the United States, Canada, and Australia. Despite encouraging data, challenges remain, including the need for larger, blinded trials, standardized protocols, and clarification of long-term efficacy and safety. Psilocybin represents a novel therapeutic approach in psychiatric treatment, warranting further rigorous scientific and regulatory research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/pcn.70042", "pubmed_id": "41749057", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.70042", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Clinical Trials as Topic, Neuroimaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41749057\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Brain Imaging,Aging,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3608, "title": "Does Psilocybin Change Synaptic Density in the Brains of Patients With Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment", "normalized_title": "does psilocybin change synaptic density in the brains of patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment", "authors": "Centre for Addiction and Mental Health", "abstract": "The goal of this pilot, exploratory, clinical trial is to investigate the effects of psilocybin on synaptic vesicular density (SVD) as measured by the positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, 18F-SynVesT-1, in participants with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) and healthy participants. The investigators hypothesize that SVD levels in the brain will be higher following the ingestion of psilocybin in comparison to placebo, and that increases in SVD will be associated with improvements in cognition. 10 participants (6 with aMCI, and 4 sex and age matched healthy volunteers) will: * Be randomized to receive either: 1. Two 25 mg macrodoses of psilocybin separated by 1 week. 2. Two placebo doses separated by 1 week. * Receive a baseline 18F-SynVesT-1 PET scan, clinical, and neuropsychological assessments. * Receive a 18F-SynVesT-1 PET scan one week after the last dose of treatment. * Depending on available funds, receive a third PET scan at any time within 4 weeks of the screening visit to quantify tauopathy with the \\[18F\\]T807 radiotracer. * Receive clinical and neuropsychological testing 1, 4, and 12 weeks after the last treatment. Researchers will compare placebo vs. experimental groups to see if psilocybin will increase SVD, and if increases in SVD are associated with cognitive improvements. The proposed study will investigate the effects of on synaptic vesicular density (SVD) levels as measured by the positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, 18F-SynVesT-1, and cognition (i.e., global cognition, executive function, and memory domains) in amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) and healthy participants. Participants will be randomized to receive either two 25mg doses of psilocybin separated by one week, or two placebo doses separated by one week. Brain scans, clinical, and cognitive assessments will be conducted one week before, and one week, four weeks, and 12 weeks post dosing.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-02-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06041152", "keywords": "Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, Psilocybin, Placebo, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06041152\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3439, "title": "The Effects of Psilocybin in Healthy Volunteers: Psychological, Biochemical and Electrophysiological Biomarkers.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin in healthy volunteers psychological biochemical and electrophysiological biomarkers", "authors": "Gabriella Gobbi", "abstract": "In this study, participants will received either psilocybin (the active ingredient found in certain mushrooms) or an inactive placebo (a look-alike tablet with no active drug). The psilocybin is supplied by Filament Health (Burnaby, British Columbia). After psilocybin ingestion, the body quickly converts it into psilocin, which is the form that produces the temporary psychological effects. Psilocin mainly works by interacting with serotonin receptors in the brain, especially a type called the 5-HT2A receptor. This study will be done in healthy volunteers using a single oral dose of 25 mg (one tablet by mouth), consistent with doses used in previous clinical research. The goal is to understand the biological, psychological, and high-density EEG (hd-EEG) changes that can happen after a one-time dose of psilocybin.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-02-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07433452", "keywords": "Healthy Participants, Placebo - Control, Psilocybin, Psilocybin (drug), Placebo, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07433452\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 263, "title": "Pilot study of psilocybin in patients with post-treatment lyme disease.", "normalized_title": "pilot study of psilocybin in patients with post treatment lyme disease", "authors": "Garcia-Romeu A, Naudé GP, Rebman AW, So S, Yaffe A, Geithner I, Kozero EA, Yang T, Soloski MJ, Aucott JN.", "abstract": "Lyme disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States and Europe. Although antibiotics effectively treat most cases, an estimated 10-20% of patients develop post-treatment Lyme disease (PTLD), a chronic syndrome marked by fatigue, pain, cognitive difficulties, mood disturbance, and reduced quality of life. There are no established treatments for PTLD. The serotonin 2A receptor agonist psychedelic psilocybin has recently shown potential antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in clinical trials as well as preliminary evidence for anti-inflammatory effects in animals. This open-label, single-arm pilot study evaluated the effects of psilocybin in 20 participants with well-characterized PTLD. The 8-week intervention included two psilocybin sessions (15 mg in week 4; 15 or 25 mg in week 6) with psychological support. Participants (11 women, 9 men, mean age 44, median illness duration 5.7 years) showed significant improvements in PTLD symptom burden and quality of life from study enrollment through 1-month following the second dose of psilocybin (primary endpoint), with significant benefits sustained through 6 months. At the 6-month follow-up, general PTLD symptom burden (GSQ-30) was decreased 40% from baseline (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-38091-9", "pubmed_id": "41741501", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38091-9", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41741501\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 136, "title": "Advancing cancer neuroscience through stress modulation: Interdisciplinary potential of psilocybin and ketamine.", "normalized_title": "advancing cancer neuroscience through stress modulation interdisciplinary potential of psilocybin and ketamine", "authors": "Courtes AC, Myers B, Daly N, Jones G, Soares JC, Zarate CA, Machado-Vieira R.", "abstract": "Psychological stress not only undermines quality of life for people with cancer but also fuels tumor growth. Emerging evidence from the nascent field of cancer neuroscience suggests that adrenergic signaling from direct tumor-neuron interactions drives cancer progression, resistance to treatment, and worse outcomes. Cancer neuroscientists are increasingly seeking to repurpose psychoactive medications (e.g., β-blockers and others) to augment primary cancer therapies. Preclinical models reveal that psychological stress can be a key activator of the sympathetic pathways that promote pathological tumor-neuron crosstalk. However, conventional antidepressants/anxiolytics used to address psychological distress are often less effective in this population. Conversely, while sample sizes are limited, psilocybin has achieved 60-80% long-term remission of cancer-related depression and anxiety and peri-palliative ketamine studies demonstrate rapid but short-lived symptom control. In preclinical models these agents appear to normalize hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function while upregulating neurotrophic factors, mechanisms which putatively promote stress reductions and resilience. In this review, we propose that this neuroplastic recalibration may reduce sustained adrenergic tone, thereby interrupting the stress-driven tumor-neuron signaling that accelerates cancer progression. Integrating these rapid agents into oncology practice could thus disrupt maladaptive adrenergic signaling, enhance treatment adherence, and ultimately improve survival. Hospital-based psychiatrists are uniquely positioned to lead this effort by collaborating with oncologists, embedding biomarker-rich clinical trials, and monitoring both psychiatric and tumor-neuron interaction metrics. Advancing interdisciplinary research with ketamine and psilocybin will clarify whether targeting systemic stress indices represents a cancer-relevant endpoint beyond psychological symptom relief itself, while advancing research in cancer neuroscience mechanisms to improve oncologic outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2026.02.011", "pubmed_id": "41762772", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2026.02.011", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Stress, Psychological, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41762772\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Resilience,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Cancer Patients,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3046, "title": "SSRIs, Psilocybin, MDMA, and Disease Modeling: Strategies to Advance PTSD Treatment", "normalized_title": "ssris psilocybin mdma and disease modeling strategies to advance ptsd treatment", "authors": "Ishii M, Zervas M.", "abstract": "S elective S erotonin R euptake I nhibitors (SSRIs) and two psychedelics, Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), and MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) act on serotonergic-related neural circuits and function as serotonin modulators. All three molecules are either currently used or proposed as novel therapeutic modalities to treat P ost- T raumatic S tress D isorder (PTSD). While there are important clinical implications for treating PTSD, there are also a number of unanswered questions and still limited understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of how these therapeutic modalities function at a molecular, cellular, and neural circuit level. Given their utility (e.g. SSRIs) and future consideration (e.g. Psilocybin, MDMA) for alleviating the complex symptoms of PTSD, a better understanding of their neurobiological role as well as their past and future intellectual property considerations are important converging topics. This review is a Position Paper by Zervas Scientific Consulting (ZSC) that places in context valuable and multidisciplinary topics to appropriately develop therapeutics with the ultimate goal of advancing effective novel treatment options for patients that currently live with PTSD.", "journal": "ScienceOpen Preprints", "publication_date": "2026-02-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.14293/pr2199.003034.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.14293/pr2199.003034.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1158857\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"ScienceOpen Preprints\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 244, "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Psychoactive Tryptamines in Addiction: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psychoactive tryptamines in addiction a systematic review", "authors": "van der Meer PB, Schukking N, Dik M, van Reemst A, Fuentes JJ, Kaptein AA, Schoones JW, Verboeket S, de Waal MM, Goudriaan AE, Kramers C, Schellekens A, Bossong MG, Somers M, Batalla A.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin have shown a beneficial effect on substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms. In this systematic review, we aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of psychoactive tryptamines in patients with an SUD or non-substance-related disorder (i.e., gambling disorder) in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the available evidence and identify potential research gaps.MethodsA systematic literature search was performed in eight different databases up to February 2024. Clinical trials were included that assessed the efficacy and safety of psychoactive tryptamines other than psilocybin and ibogaine. A quality assessment of the included trials was done based on the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tools.ResultsA total of four clinical trials (three randomized controlled trials and one single-arm clinical trial; n = 176 patients) were included, all in patients with alcohol use disorder. Dipropyltryptamine and diethyltryptamine were the two investigated psychoactive tryptamines. Abstinence ranged from 10% (duration of follow-up unknown) to 38% at 26 weeks of follow-up, and severity of alcohol use did not differ between the psychoactive tryptamine group and the control groups. Adverse effects were not well reported in the trials.ConclusionStudies assessing the efficacy of psychoactive tryptamines other than psilocybin and ibogaine in addiction are scarce and show limited evidence for effectiveness in the treatment of addictive disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251364182", "pubmed_id": "42130778", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251364182", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42130778\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3675, "title": "Inpatient Buprenorphine Induction With Psilocybin for Opioid Use Disorder: a Randomized Double-blind Trial", "normalized_title": "inpatient buprenorphine induction with psilocybin for opioid use disorder a randomized double blind trial", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This study will examine the effect of a single high dose of psilocybin therapy (30 mg) versus a very low dose (1 mg) as an adjunctive therapy to individuals undergoing standard-of-care buprenorphine treatment for Opioid use disorder (OUD). Effects of adjunctive psilocybin will be determined for longitudinal outcomes of opioid abstinence, compliance with buprenorphine maintenance, quality of life, and mood. The proposed study is a double-blind, controlled investigation of the effect of 1 high-dose psilocybin (30 mg) session compared to a very low dose session (1 mg) following standard-of-care buprenorphine induction on drug abstinence, quality of life, craving, tobacco use, and treatment retention in healthy participants with an active OUD diagnosis. Use of buprenorphine follow standard of care, and the investigators are investigating the additive power of adjunctive psilocybin to enhance opioid abstinence, treatment adherence, quality of life, and mood. The study will consist of a brief (6-8 day) inpatient phase for standard buprenorphine induction as well as experimental psilocybin administration, an 8-week outpatient phase involving standard buprenorphine maintenance and experimental follow-up meetings, and long-term follow-up sessions for 4 months after. During the inpatient phase, participants will be inducted onto sublingual (SL) buprenorphine (using a buprenorphine/naloxone combination product) while admitted to the Bayview Clinical Research Unit. During this time, participants will also undergo 2-3 preparatory sessions, and will undergo an experimental drug administration session under supportive conditions, during which the participants will receive either a very low dose (1 mg) or a single high (30mg) oral dose of psilocybin under double-blind conditions. At the end of the inpatient phase, participants will be discharged to complete the 8-week outpatient phase, during which participants will undergo visits at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post-dosing session for monitoring of adverse events, clinical status, treatment adherence, and to receive a weekly supply of buprenorphine. All buprenorphine procedures will be open label and will follow standard-of-care practices. This trial utilizes a Bayesian sequential methodology, employing a maximum sample size of 90 participants and calculating Bayes factors (starting at 20 participants and assessed after each 10) to assess evidence for the null and experimental hypotheses, enabling potential early stopping for efficacy or futility based on predetermined thresholds (Bayes factor of 6 and 1/6). This will be calculated for the primary outcome of opioid abstinence at 8-weeks", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-02-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06005662", "keywords": "Opioid Use Disorder, Psilocybin, Buprenorphine, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06005662\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3602, "title": "Safety for Home Administration of Microdose Psilocybin Use", "normalized_title": "safety for home administration of microdose psilocybin use", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "The goal of this laboratory study is to establish whether and which microdoses of psilocybin are safe to administer at home to healthy participants. Eligible participants will be given ascending doses of psilocybin trihydrate and a single, interspersed, randomized placebo on separate days in double-blind fashion. The participants will be asked to complete questionnaires and undergo safety assessments. This study aims to enroll 20 healthy participants who will complete all study procedures. Participants will undergo a standard screening procedure. Baseline measures will be completed before the first dose. Participants will then be given ascending doses of psilocybin trihydrate (1.2 mg, 2.0 mg, 3.0 mg, and 4.2 mg) and a single, interspersed, randomized placebo on separate days in double-blind fashion at the research site. A1 mg dose of psilocybin anhydrate is equivalent to a 1.19 mg dose of psilocybin trihydrate (used in this study). For each session, participants will be assessed with criteria for the safety of home dosing. If any dose meets criteria for at-home dosing, and a lower dose did not fail these criteria, that dose will be identified as the safe dose for the given participant. After administration of all doses of psilocybin to all participants, if a safe at-home dose was identified for all participants, that will be considered the highest safe dose for at-home administration to be used for future studies. Visit summary: Initial screening: Medical and psychological screening (Approx. 4 hours though portions of this may be completed remotely). Dosing sessions: There will be 5 double-blind laboratory dosing sessions involving administration of ascending doses of psilocybin and a single, interspersed, randomized placebo dose. Baseline questionnaires will be completed on the day of the first dosing visit, and safety assessments will be administered during and at the end of each session.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-02-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06450210", "keywords": "Psychedelic Experiences, psilocybin trihydrate, Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06450210\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3551, "title": "Investigation of Psychedelic Effects in Psychoactive Substances", "normalized_title": "investigation of psychedelic effects in psychoactive substances", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "The aim of this double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects study is to determine whether other psychoactive substances can produce experiences akin to those seen with classic psychedelics. Screening involves a medical and psychiatric examination, including blood draw, history and physical, interviews, and questionnaires. Eligible participants will then be asked to complete up to 6 experimental drug administration session during which the participants will potentially receive and report on the subjective effects of 6 different psychoactive substances or inactive placebo. Drug assignment for some sessions will be randomized (like flipping a count or rolling a pair of dice), and both participants and study staff will be blind to the drug condition on any given day. Participants will also complete 2 preparation sessions (4 hours total) before the first experimental session, and follow-up visits after each session to discuss and debrief on the participants subjective experience.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-02-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06772753", "keywords": "Psychedelic Effects in Healthy Volunteers, Placebo, Psilocybin, Ketamine, Dextromethorphan (DXM), Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06772753\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3047, "title": "Delayed psilocybin treatment after repeated mild traumatic brain injury recovers chronic behavioural deficits, reduces microglial density, and enhances hippocampal neurogenesis in rats", "normalized_title": "delayed psilocybin treatment after repeated mild traumatic brain injury recovers chronic behavioural deficits reduces microglial density and enhances hippocampal neurogenesis in rats", "authors": "Shultz S, Allen J, O'Regan G, Brand J, Liknaitzky P, O'Brien T, Christie B, McDonald S.", "abstract": "Abstract Repeated mild traumatic brain injury (RmTBI) can produce lasting cognitive, emotional, and social deficits (e.g., persistent post-concussion symptoms; PPCS). Despite the prevalence of RmTBI in sports, military, and domestic violence settings, effective treatments to alleviate the neurological consequences of RmTBI remain limited. Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, can enhance neuroplasticity and reduce neuroinflammation and has shown efficacy in psychiatric conditions that share overlapping pathophysiological and symptomatic features with RmTBI and PPCS. Here we examined whether delayed administration of psilocybin after RmTBI could improve long-term recovery in rats. Adult male rats received either five mTBIs delivered once daily via a lateral impactor or underwent sham procedures. After an 8-week recovery period, rats were administered psilocybin (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. Behavioural testing began 24 hours later to evaluate psilocybin’s potential therapeutic effects. Afterwards, rats were perfused for immunohistochemical analysis of Cd11b and doublecortin to assess the density and morphology of microglia and newborn neurons, respectively, in the dorsal dentate gyrus. RmTBI produced persistent behavioural deficits across affective, social, and cognitive domains. Psilocybin treatment reversed several of these alterations, exhibiting antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim and sucrose preference tests, promoting pro-social behaviour, and increasing nociceptive thresholds in the hot plate test. Psilocybin also partially recovered RmTBI-induced increases in microglial density and, while RmTBI had minimal impact on the number of newborn neurons, psilocybin increased their abundance and enhanced their dendritic complexity. These results support the potential of psilocybin as a novel intervention for the enduring consequences of RmTBI.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-02-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-8555503/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8555503/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1157820\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Emotional Processing,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3032, "title": "Safety and Efficacy of Microdosing Psilocybin over 8 Weeks for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "normalized_title": "safety and efficacy of microdosing psilocybin over 8 weeks for major depressive disorder a randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Petranker R, Farb N, Syed O, Li E, Shore D, Anderson T, Blackman A.", "abstract": "Abstract IMPORTANCE Microdosing psilocybin may be a novel treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). OBJECTIVE Assessing the antidepressant effects and safety of repeated low doses of psilocybin in participants diagnosed with MDD. DESIGN This was a Phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING The trial was conducted from July 2022 to December 2024 at two centers: a pediatric clinic and a dedicated psychedelic therapy clinic. PARTICIPANTS were 39 adults aged 27 to 65 years with a diagnosis of MDD and mild to moderate symptom severity. INTERVENTIONS Participants received four weekly doses of placebo or 2 mg psilocybin, followed by four weekly open-label psilocybin doses. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcome: Patient Health Questionnaire with Self-Directed Assessment Scales (PHQ-9) score from baseline week four. Secondary outcome measures were symptom counts measured by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) symptom count, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), and the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS-A-17) from baseline to week four. RESULTS 39 participants (mean age 44.4; 56.4% female) reported similar reductions in PHQ-scores regardless of group assignment after four weeks (psilocybin: mean difference -5.4; placebo: -6.0). Similar trends were observed in the QIDS and SCID-5, but participants in the microdose-first group showed more symptoms reduction than those in the placebo-first group (psilocybin: mean difference -1.2; placebo: -0.1) for the DAS-A-17. Symptom reductions persisted through open-label phase, with no serious treatment-emergent adverse events. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Repeated low doses of psilocybin were safe and well tolerated but did not demonstrate statistically greater efficacy than placebo. Trial participation itself contributed to clinically significant symptom improvement. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05259943", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-02-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-8319478/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8319478/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1157780\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 264, "title": "Psychedelic medicine: mechanisms, evidence, and translation to practice.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic medicine mechanisms evidence and translation to practice", "authors": "Jacobs E, Zahid Z, Hinkle J, Nayak S, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "Over the past 15 years, psychedelic treatments have garnered substantial clinical interest, with psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) advancing to phase 3 trials for various psychiatric conditions. This state-of-the-art review examines the evidence for these treatments and their proposed mechanisms of action, and identifies key challenges in clinical translation. Psychedelic treatments combine limited drug administration with psychotherapy or psychological support, potentially working through various biological and psychological pathways, including effects on neural circuitry, emotional processing, and psychological flexibility, though the precise mechanisms are not completely understood. The strongest evidence supports psilocybin for treatment resistant depression and MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder, with emerging data in substance use disorders and psychological distress in life threatening illness. Although psychedelics are well tolerated under controlled conditions, methodological limitations complicate interpretation of the evidence, including functional unblinding, variable psychotherapeutic protocols, and homogeneous trial populations. Current treatment models require extensive therapeutic support in specialized settings, posing challenges with scalability. While innovative approaches like group administration may improve accessibility, their comparative effectiveness remains to be established. Future priorities for the research field include standardizing adverse event assessment, developing evidence based implementation guidelines, and showing durable benefit in diverse patient populations. Whether psychedelic treatments can fulfil their therapeutic promise while meeting regulatory requirements and healthcare system constraints remains a defining question for the field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1136/bmj-2024-081723", "pubmed_id": "41730563", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2024-081723", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41730563\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Psychological Flexibility,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 135, "title": "Trends in first-time psychedelic and other hallucinogen use in the United States: Results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.", "normalized_title": "trends in first time psychedelic and other hallucinogen use in the united states results from the national survey on drug use and health", "authors": "Montoy JCC, Wang RC, Coker AR, Anderson BT.", "abstract": "Background and aimsPsychedelic drug use is increasing due in part to local legislative reforms. Understanding the patterns of first-time psychedelic drug use is imperative for informing consumers, healthcare providers, and policy makers.Design setting and participantsThe National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) is a repeated cross-sectional nationally representative survey of civilians aged 12 and older. Use estimates are presented for 2002-2019 and 2021-2023; regression analyses did not span 2020 due to data incompatibility.MeasurementsPrimary analysis variables were binary indicators for a) lifetime use of hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, and MDMA) and b) first-time use of hallucinogens in the past year.FindingsAmong 1,005,421 respondents from 2002 to 2019 the prevalence of first-time use of any hallucinogen in the past year was 0.71 %; among 173,808 respondents from 2021 to 2023 0.79 % reported new hallucinogen use. From 2002-2019, an average of 0.39 % of participants used MDMA for the first time; 0.28 % used psilocybin for the first time; and 0.18 % used LSD for the first time each year. First-time use of any hallucinogen increased from 2002 to 2019 at an average odds ratio (OR) 1.009 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.001-1.016). New use varied by age group, with the age cohort x year interaction showing a decrease among the 12-17 age cohort (OR0.96 (95 %CI0.96-0.97)) and an increase among the 65 + cohorts (OR1.56 (95 %CI and 1.02 (95 %CI1.01-1.03), respectively). New LSD use increased (OR per additional year 1.08, 95 % CI1.07-1.09). Similar increases were not observed for psilocybin, MDMA, or hallucinogens overall. For 2021-2023, there was no change in new use of hallucinogens (OR0.97 [95 %CI0.86-1.08]).ConclusionsFirst-time psychedelic and hallucinogen increased only slightly over the period from 2002 to 2019 though there were notable age-group and substance-specific trends: new use generally decreased among adolescents and increased in among those aged 65 and older. Trends from 2021 to 2023 likewise did not suggest changes in overall new use, but continue to show changing patterns of use across substances and age groups.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2026.113059", "pubmed_id": "41795251", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2026.113059", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Health Surveys, Prevalence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Child, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41795251\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Adolescents,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3761, "title": "Ethical Complexities and Best Practices in Informed Consent for Psychedelic Services: A Qualitative Study on Expert Perspectives", "normalized_title": "ethical complexities and best practices in informed consent for psychedelic services a qualitative study on expert perspectives", "authors": "Chwyl C, Bazinet A, Wilson-Poe A, Hoffman K, Pertl K, McCrimmon S, Korthuis P, Luoma JB.", "abstract": "Background: Informed consent in psychedelic-assisted services is ethically complex, difficult to implement, and remains largely unstudied and unstandardized. Objective: The current study sought expert recommendations from experienced psychedelic facilitators on what constitutes informed consent best practices for supervised psychedelic experiences across various settings. Methods: Participants with expertise in facilitating psilocybin-assisted experiences or other expertise in the psychedelic field were recruited with purposive sampling. Qualitative interviews on informed consent best practices and recommendations were analyzed using Thematic Analysis. Results: Participants (N = 36; 71% white; 56% heterosexual; 53% female) reported facilitating psilocybin services (64%) for a mean of 15.2 (SD = 13.1) years in clinical trial, licensed service center, underground, or ceremonial settings. Participants viewed informed consent as a process (Theme 1), necessitating a strong therapeutic relationship, centering client empowerment, and occurring as an ongoing process. Potential risks and benefits should be comprehensively conveyed (Theme 2), including potential long-term psychological and social changes, and the potential for disappointing experiences. Participants recommended detailed consent processes around touch and boundaries (Theme 3), including explicitly establishing boundaries prior to psychedelic administration, maintaining those boundaries throughout, and recognizing subtle non-verbal cues that may indicate lack of true consent. Within facilitator trainings (Theme 4), participants emphasized cultivating a deep respect for client agency, and experientially learning relational and boundary setting skills. Conclusions: Findings may inform practitioner training, consent practices in varied settings, and policy development for state-regulated psychedelic services.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-02-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/mdz73_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mdz73_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1157026\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3182, "title": "Ethical Complexities and Best Practices in Informed Consent for Psychedelic Services: A Qualitative Study on Expert Perspectives", "normalized_title": "ethical complexities and best practices in informed consent for psychedelic services a qualitative study on expert perspectives", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Informed consent in psychedelic-assisted services is ethically complex, difficult to implement, and remains largely unstudied and unstandardized. Objective: The current study sought expert recommendations from experienced psychedelic facilitators on what constitutes informed consent best practices for supervised psychedelic experiences across various settings. Methods: Participants with expertise in facilitating psilocybin-assisted experiences or other expertise in the psychedelic field were recruited with purposive sampling. Qualitative interviews on informed consent best practices and recommendations were analyzed using Thematic Analysis. Results: Participants (N = 36; 71% white; 56% heterosexual; 53% female) reported facilitating psilocybin services (64%) for a mean of 15.2 (SD = 13.1) years in clinical trial, licensed service center, underground, or ceremonial settings. Participants viewed informed consent as a process (Theme 1), necessitating a strong therapeutic relationship, centering client empowerment, and occurring as an ongoing process. Potential risks and benefits should be comprehensively conveyed (Theme 2), including potential long-term psychological and social changes, and the potential for disappointing experiences. Participants recommended detailed consent processes around touch and boundaries (Theme 3), including explicitly establishing boundaries prior to psychedelic administration, maintaining those boundaries throughout, and recognizing subtle non-verbal cues that may indicate lack of true consent. Within facilitator trainings (Theme 4), participants emphasized cultivating a deep respect for client agency, and experientially learning relational and boundary setting skills. Conclusions: Findings may inform practitioner training, consent practices in varied settings, and policy development for state-regulated psychedelic services.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-02-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/mdz73_v2", "keywords": "Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, Clinical Ethics, Health Psychology, Mental Health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"mdz73_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1982, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin and Select Pharmaceutical Interactions", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin and select pharmaceutical interactions", "authors": "McDowell Jordan, Middleton Jada, Bluett Alanna, Kozachenko Alisa, Attar Bayan, Saini Yuvraj, Burke Jennifer, McPhee Cayden, Mutahera Mutahera, Ahmed Talya, Ibrahim Nabila, Atukwatsibwe Gilbert, Adhikari Sulabha, Esmaili Mohammad, Yambayamba Jean-Vital", "abstract": "In Canada, the use of both prescription medications and psychedelics has become increasingly prevalent. As of 2022, approximately 16.5% of Canadians-about 6.3 million individuals-were prescribed at least one antidepressant, with fluoxetine remaining one of the most commonly used options (IQVIA, 2023). Benzodiazepine use, including drugs like alprazolam, ranges between 5% to 10% nationwide, with notably higher usage (15-20%) among older adults aged 65 and over (Davies et al., 2017). Psilocybin use, while less common, has shown steady presence in the population; in 2019, years hallucinogens such as psilocybin, LSD, and PCP were used by approximately 2% of Canadians-equating to roughly 587,000 people- and by approximately 6% of young adults aged 20 to 24 (Health Canada, 2023). Based on the statistical overlap between antidepressant and psychedelic users, it is estimated that over 126,000 Canadians may be experiencing interactions between these drug classes, a number that is expected to grow as both psychedelic therapy and recreational use become more culturally accepted. We investigated the chemical, physical, and psychological effects of psilocybin, fluoxetine, and alprazolam and their interactions with each other. In clinical contexts, benzodiazepines like midazolam are sometimes used to manage overwhelming psychedelic experiences, offering a pharmacological baseline for understanding how sedatives may interact with psilocybin. When taken concurrently, fluoxetine appears to attenuate the mind-altering effects typically induced by psilocybin, likely due to its modulation of serotonin receptor activity. This dampening effect suggests a pharmacological counteraction between the two substances. There is little direct research on the interaction between psilocybin and alprazolam, but from what is indicated, they may exhibit small interactive effects. Understanding these interactions may provide insight into more accurate harm-reduction strategies and clinical decision-making.", "journal": "MacEwan University Student eJournal", "publication_date": "2026-02-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31542/bcek6t76", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31542/bcek6t76", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.31542/bcek6t76\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Older Adults,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 192, "title": "Regulatory ambiguity and governance challenges for psilocybin mushrooms in Brazil.", "normalized_title": "regulatory ambiguity and governance challenges for psilocybin mushrooms in brazil", "authors": "Nogueira M, García-Hernández S, Roberto GS, Rodrigues DC.", "abstract": "The legal status of psilocybin mushrooms in Brazil remains ambiguous, despite increasing global scientific and public interest in their therapeutic and ceremonial use. This commentary examines the regulatory uncertainty surrounding psilocybin mushrooms in Brazil and situates the debate within broader legal, drug policy, public health, and Indigenous rights discussions. Building on academic literature, media reports, jurisprudence, and insights drawn from the regulatory experience surrounding ayahuasca, our commentary argues that any future coherent approach to psilocybin regulation would need to integrate scientific evidence, Indigenous knowledge, and ethical governance. We underscore the importance of regulatory mechanisms that ensure Indigenous leadership in decision-making and protect traditional knowledge, consistent with international frameworks such as the World Health Organization's Global Traditional Medicine Strategy and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Despite the growing international momentum toward psychedelic reform, the absence of a coherent framework in Brazil continues to generate legal uncertainty and arbitrary enforcement. Accordingly, our reflection points to the need to open formal deliberative spaces by regulatory bodies, particularly the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) and the National Drug Policy Council (CONAD), to develop evidence-based, culturally sensitive, and constitutionally consistent policies for psilocybin regulation in Brazil.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2026.105198", "pubmed_id": "41713116", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2026.105198", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Public Health, Government Regulation, Legislation, Drug, Drug and Narcotic Control, Brazil, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41713116\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 85, "title": "Sex-dependent developmental changes in behavior, brain structure, functional connectivity, and sensory perception following exposure to psilocybin during adolescence.", "normalized_title": "sex dependent developmental changes in behavior brain structure functional connectivity and sensory perception following exposure to psilocybin during adolescence", "authors": "Sahoo I, Masadi S, Maheswari A, Utama R, Abeer MI, Soltanpour S, Nasseef MT, Chukwuemeka T, Sinhal N, Pandit J, Ortiz RJ, Cavallaro N, Brengel E, Kulkarni PP, Gitcho MA, Ferris CF.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a hallucinogen with complex neurobiological and behavioral effects. Underlying these effects are changes in brain neuroplasticity. We hypothesized psilocybin given during adolescence, a time of heightened neuroplasticity, particularly in the forebrain, would affect emotional behavior and the associated underlying neuroanatomy, neurocircuitry, and epigenetics. Female and male mice were given vehicle or 3.0 mg/kg psilocybin every other day by oral gavage from postnatal days 40-50 for a total of five exposures. Between postnatal days 90-120 mice were imaged and evaluated for affective behavior and perception of rewarding and aversive stimuli. MRI data from voxel-based morphometry, diffusion weighted imaging, and BOLD resting state functional connectivity were registered to a mouse 3D MRI atlas with 139 brain regions providing site-specific differences in global brain structure and functional connectivity between experimental groups. The prefrontal cortex was measured for changes in proteins associated with epigenetics. Mice showed no significant differences in the light/dark box test, but female mice exposed to psilocybin showed reduced mobility in the open field as compared to controls. Mice with early psilocybin exposure showed reduced brain sensitivity to both rewarding and aversive odors during scanning sessions. There were regional reductions in brain volume and alteration in water diffusivity affecting males more than females. Global and regional functional connectivity were increased in both sexes with the prefrontal cortex showing enhanced connections to the hypothalamus, thalamus and midbrain. Males showed reduced levels of epigenetic and neuroplasticity protein markers in the prefrontal cortex. The pronounced changes in brain volume, water diffusivity - a surrogate marker of gray matter microarchitecture, increase in functional connectivity, altered perception of rewarding and aversive stimuli and altered levels of protein markers of neuroplasticity provide compelling evidence that exposure to psilocybin during adolescence has long term developmental consequences, particularly in males.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-026-02356-8", "pubmed_id": "41708994", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-026-02356-8", "keywords": "Brain, Neural Pathways, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Sex Characteristics, Neuronal Plasticity, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41708994\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Epigenetics,Emotional Processing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3749, "title": "Mindfulness-Based Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy (MB-PAT) for cancer-related demoralization in Canada: the case for a hybrid group-based delivery model", "normalized_title": "mindfulness based psilocybin assisted therapy mb pat for cancer related demoralization in canada the case for a hybrid group based delivery model", "authors": "Albertyn CP, Richard J, Shore RJ, Carlson LE.", "abstract": "Demoralization syndrome (DS) - a distinct clinical entity characterized by helplessness, hopelessness, and a persistent loss of meaning - affects approximately one in five Canadians with advanced cancer and is associated with increased desire for hastened death, negative clinical outcomes, and higher economic burden, yet recognition and treatment of DS remains suboptimal in modern oncology. While current pharmacological treatments fail to address demoralization's existential dimensions, and despite the potential effectiveness of a number of psychosocial interventions, not everyone responds to behavioral therapies and they remain chronically underfunded in mainstream oncology. Mindfulness-Based Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy (MB-PAT) offers enhanced therapeutic potential by synergistically integrating evidence-based mindfulness training with psilocybin's neuroplastic effects; however, the traditional dyadic delivery model limits scalability within healthcare s settings. This viewpoint opines that MB-PAT delivered in a group format represents a potentially optimal solution to this evidence-implementation gap. Our contention is that MB-PAT may harness synergistic biopsychosocial mechanisms that directly counter the isolation of demoralization through an integrative approach. We finish by highlighting the Canadian Network for Psychedelic-Assisted Cancer Therapy (CAN-PACT) as a pioneering initiative poised to generate critical evidence, infrastructure and capacity through its planned multi-phase initiatives and projects. By leveraging existing group-therapy infrastructure and therapist familiarity with mindfulness-based interventions as the basis for multi-site national clinical trials, and developing a scalable, equity-focused delivery model, MB-PAT offers a pragmatic pathway to integrate potentially transformative existential care into publicly funded Canadian oncology practice.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-02-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/yrgkf_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yrgkf_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:18", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1156181\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3520, "title": "Pilot Study of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Demoralization in Patients Receiving Hospice Care - PATH Study", "normalized_title": "pilot study of psilocybin assisted therapy for demoralization in patients receiving hospice care path study", "authors": "Yvan Beaussant, MD, MSci", "abstract": "The overall objective of this study is to develop and pilot test a novel regimen of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for demoralization in patients receiving hospice care. -The name of the study drug involved in this study is Psilocybin The purpose of this research is to understand how psilocybin-assisted therapy may be adapted in the context of hospice care, in order to test its safety in people with terminal illness who experience demoralization, and to study how well it works to lessen symptoms of psychological and existential distress. * This research study involves a combined drug and psychotherapeutic (talk therapy) intervention. The research study procedures include screening for eligibility, and study intervention including preparation, evaluations, one psilocybin session and follow up visits. * The treatment regimen consists of a single administration of psilocybin with a supportive psychotherapy including 2 preparation sessions and 2 integration sessions * The name of the study drug involved in this study is Psilocybin. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic drug produced by more than 200 species of mushrooms, which is manufactured for medical use to control potency and purity. * Participants will be followed for up to 24 weeks (approximately 6 months) after the study treatment. It is expected that about 15 people will take part in this research study. * This research study is a Feasibility Study, which mean it is the first time investigators are examining psilocybin-assisted therapy in the context of hospice care. Psilocybin is an \"Investigational\" drug, meaning that the study drug has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a treatment for any disease. However, the FDA has granted psilocybin the status of \"breakthrough therapy\" in the treatment of depression and the investigators have permission from the FDA to use this drug in this research study.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-02-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04950608", "keywords": "Hospice, Psilocybin, Demoralization, Terminal Illness, Cancer-related Problem/Condition, Psychotherapy, Terminal Cancer, Cancer Terminal, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04950608\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3113, "title": "Mindfulness-Based Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy (MB-PAT) for cancer-related demoralization in Canada: the case for a hybrid group-based delivery model", "normalized_title": "mindfulness based psilocybin assisted therapy mb pat for cancer related demoralization in canada the case for a hybrid group based delivery model", "authors": "", "abstract": "Demoralization syndrome (DS) - a distinct clinical entity characterized by helplessness, hopelessness, and a persistent loss of meaning - affects approximately one in five Canadians with advanced cancer and is associated with increased desire for hastened death, negative clinical outcomes, and higher economic burden, yet recognition and treatment of DS remains suboptimal in modern oncology. While current pharmacological treatments fail to address demoralization's existential dimensions, and despite the potential effectiveness of a number of psychosocial interventions, not everyone responds to behavioral therapies and they remain chronically underfunded in mainstream oncology. Mindfulness-Based Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy (MB-PAT) offers enhanced therapeutic potential by synergistically integrating evidence-based mindfulness training with psilocybin's neuroplastic effects; however, the traditional dyadic delivery model limits scalability within healthcare s settings. This viewpoint opines that MB-PAT delivered in a group format represents a potentially optimal solution to this evidence-implementation gap. Our contention is that MB-PAT may harness synergistic biopsychosocial mechanisms that directly counter the isolation of demoralization through an integrative approach. We finish by highlighting the Canadian Network for Psychedelic-Assisted Cancer Therapy (CAN-PACT) as a pioneering initiative poised to generate critical evidence, infrastructure and capacity through its planned multi-phase initiatives and projects. By leveraging existing group-therapy infrastructure and therapist familiarity with mindfulness-based interventions as the basis for multi-site national clinical trials, and developing a scalable, equity-focused delivery model, MB-PAT offers a pragmatic pathway to integrate potentially transformative existential care into publicly funded Canadian oncology practice.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-02-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/yrgkf_v1", "keywords": "Canadian healthcare, cancer, demoralization, existential distress, group therapy, implementation science, mindfulness, mindfulness-based interventions, palliative care, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychedelic medicine, psychedelics, psychosocial oncology, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"yrgkf_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 266, "title": "Sense-Making Around Psilocybin in UK Women Experiencing Cancer-Related Existential Distress: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.", "normalized_title": "sense making around psilocybin in uk women experiencing cancer related existential distress an interpretative phenomenological analysis", "authors": "Khan Z, Weaver S, Dando RV, Schlag AK, Neill JC, Wainwright V.", "abstract": "People with cancer often experience anxiety and depression following a diagnosis and can face barriers to accessing treatment for their mental health. An increasing number of patients are considering alternative approaches to managing their mental health symptoms, such as the psychedelic, psilocybin. A growing number of clinical trials show significant and enduring improvements in mood and quality of life following psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) in this patient group. While the lived experiences of patients undergoing PAT in clinical trials and medical contexts have been explored, the broad decision-making processes, perceptions of societal and self-acceptance of psilocybin, and the impact or otherwise of the legality of psilocybin outside of these settings have not. In this study, qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore the attitudes and perceptions of using psilocybin by seven females in the United Kingdom with a current or previous diagnosis of cancer (four who had used psilocybin and three who had considered taking the drug). Data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Three group experiential themes were created: (i) somatic healing needs; (ii) outlawing nature: illegality as both a burden and boundary; and (iii) reconnecting self, nature, and mortality. Participants considered psilocybin a much-needed alternative to traditional treatments for the depression and anxiety they experienced in relation to their cancer diagnosis but felt its legal status was a significant barrier to access. As such, a compassionate access scheme here in the United Kingdom could transform the mental health of people with cancer.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/10497323261419338", "pubmed_id": "41700878", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323261419338", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41700878\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Aging,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 265, "title": "Rebuttal to \"Questioning the recovery of dissociated traumatic memories under psilocybin\".", "normalized_title": "rebuttal to questioning the recovery of dissociated traumatic memories under psilocybin", "authors": "Knatz Peck S, Brewerton TD.", "abstract": "In our original case report we provide detailed accounts of two research participants who reported the emergence of spontaneously recovered, previously forgotten traumatic memories of sexual assaults during psilocybin treatment. In their commentary of this article, Kangaslampi et al. argue that we preemptively label the experiences as dissociated traumatic memories in the absence of corroborating evidence and consideration of alternative explanations. Here we further address potential therapeutic effects associated with the classification of experiences and provide a rebuttal to the authors' criticisms on our chosen nomenclature.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-026-01532-x", "pubmed_id": "41703646", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-026-01532-x", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41703646\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 269, "title": "Microdosing psilocybin for major depressive disorder: study protocol for a phase II double-blind placebo-controlled randomised partial crossover trial.", "normalized_title": "microdosing psilocybin for major depressive disorder study protocol for a phase ii double blind placebo controlled randomised partial crossover trial", "authors": "Beidas Z, Ragnhildstveit A, Blackman A, Anderson T, Fewster E, Syed OA, Sobolenko V, Kanca IK, Jaglinska M, Son T, Farb N, Petranker R.", "abstract": "BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting roughly 322 million people. Recently, doses of psilocybin have shown promise in treating mood disorders, sparking interest in other dosing practices. According to anecdotal reports and observational studies, microdosing psilocybin yields benefits to mental health; however, rigorously controlled trials have failed to produce compelling evidence for this.AimsTo conduct a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised partial crossover trial to compare microdosing psilocybin to placebo for MDD, evaluating its safety, tolerability and preliminary antidepressant effects.MethodForty adults with MDD will be randomised to four doses of psilocybin (2 mg) or placebo (maltodextrin) once weekly over 4 weeks, then four doses of psilocybin (2 mg) once weekly for an additional 4 weeks. The primary efficacy end-point will be change in depression symptoms, as measured at baseline (0 weeks), after the experimental phase (4 weeks), and after the open-label phase (8 weeks). A battery of mood, well-being, attention, creativity, mindfulness and pro-sociality measures will be administered at each time point. Follow-ups will occur every 6 months for up to 2 years after the trial start date, as part of a long-term extension study.ResultsThe results of the primary outcome of this trial will be published as a manuscript in a peer-reviewed science or medical journal regardless of the magnitude or direction of effect.ConclusionsFindings will inform future research on microdosing psilocybin for MDD, regarding dose regimens, effect sizes and expectancy bias. Findings will also facilitate discussions on the comparable benefits of sub- versus threshold doses of psilocybin and the therapeutic value of radically altered perception.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05259943.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1192/bjo.2025.10968", "pubmed_id": "41693474", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10968", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41693474\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Creativity,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 268, "title": "Management of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults.", "normalized_title": "management of obsessive compulsive disorder in adults", "authors": "Abramowitz JS, Abramovitch A, McKay D, Draffin A.", "abstract": "Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic, often debilitating psychiatric condition characterized by intrusive thoughts and behavioral or mental rituals. Although exposure and response prevention (ERP) remains the first line treatment, many individuals do not experience full remission, highlighting the need for innovation. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis of evidence based treatments for OCD in adults, as well as emerging psychological and biological approaches. It first describes established psychological and pharmacological therapies, highlighting recent findings and factors affecting treatment outcomes. It then examines innovations in psychological care including inhibitory learning informed ERP, acceptance and commitment therapy, inference based therapy, and telehealth delivery methods, as well as emerging biological treatments such as psilocybin, ketamine, and neuromodulation techniques. Cultural and identity related considerations are also discussed, emphasizing the importance of tailoring interventions for diverse populations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1136/bmj-2024-083443", "pubmed_id": "41698714", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2024-083443", "keywords": "Humans, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Implosive Therapy, Adult, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41698714\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 267, "title": "Effects of LSD, DMT and psilocybin on cognitive and psychological functions: A systematic review of the literature.", "normalized_title": "effects of lsd dmt and psilocybin on cognitive and psychological functions a systematic review of the literature", "authors": "Kase M, Kaup KK, Aru J.", "abstract": "We carried out a systematic review of modern-era (1990-2025) placebo-controlled studies assessing the acute and post-acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide, dimethyltryptamine and psilocybin on cognitive and psychological functions. From February 28 to March 19, 2025, PubMed and APA PsychINFO were systematically searched for placebo-controlled studies examining the influence of psychedelics on empathy, reaction time, attention, inhibition, emotional processing, memory, cognitive flexibility, and related cognitive functions using experimental methods. Additional searches were done in Google Scholar. The systematic review included 32 studies. Psychedelics tended to enhance emotional empathy but had no effect on cognitive empathy. Psychedelics impaired, enhanced or had no effect on memory depending on the task and timing of the assessment. Dose-dependent impairments were seen in many of the reaction time, attention, and inhibition tasks, although some studies found no effects. Some studies found impaired recognition of negative stimuli under the acute effects of psychedelics. The findings regarding cognitive flexibility were mixed. Many studies had small samples, and it is hard to find a reliable placebo due to psychedelics' unique subjective effects. Future studies should use bigger samples and also study more longitudinal effects of psychedelics on cognitive and psychological functions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251412012", "pubmed_id": "41699449", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251412012", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41699449\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 179, "title": "Hallucinogenic Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease targeting Mitochondria-Associated Membranes.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic therapy in alzheimer s disease targeting mitochondria associated membranes", "authors": "Minauro-Sanmiguel F, Vargas-Perez H.", "abstract": "Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a central driver of Alzheimer's disease (AD), contributing to neuroinflammation, synaptic failure, and energy collapse.Emerging preclinical evidence suggests that classic hallucinogens, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), mescaline, may restore mitochondrial integrity by activating Serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) and sigma-1(Sig-1R) receptors. In experimental models, these pathways are associated with enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, reduced oxidative stress, and preservation of ER-mitochondrial coupling. DMT and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) specifically engage Sig-1R at mitochondria-associated membranes, improving calcium homeostasis and cellular resilience. While these mechanisms are mechanistically compelling, evidence for clinical efficacy in AD remains limited and largely preclinical. Accordingly, this framework is presented as a hypothesis-generating model suggesting that mitochondrial-centered psychedelic mechanisms warrant further investigation,provided that neuropsychiatric safety, patient selection, and translational feasibility are carefully addressed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.02.028", "pubmed_id": "41707907", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.02.028", "keywords": "Mitochondria, Animals, Humans, Alzheimer Disease, Receptors, sigma, Hallucinogens, Mitochondria Associated Membranes, Sigma-1 Receptor", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41707907\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mitochondrial Function,Oxidative Stress,Resilience,Animal Study,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 47, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for major depressive disorder: A pilot trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for major depressive disorder a pilot trial", "authors": "Weintraub MJ, Jeffrey JK, Ichinose MC, Bergman RL, Shapiro B, Barnett G, Artin H, Lynn M, Salimian A, Grody S, Ramesh R, Eales L, Grob CS, Miklowitz DJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-assisted therapy has emerged as a promising treatment for major depressive disorder, but little attention has been paid to the psychotherapy that adjoins psilocybin. Providing an adjunctive psychotherapy that is manualized and evidence-based may make psilocybin treatment more acceptable, effective, and disseminable. We examined the acceptability, feasibility, and clinical outcomes of psilocybin paired with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for major depressive disorder.MethodsParticipants were adults with major depressive disorder who presented with at least moderately severe depressive symptoms. All participants underwent psilocybin-assisted CBT (PA-CBT), which consisted of two psilocybin doses (10 mg and 25 mg separated by one month) interspersed with 12 psychotherapy sessions over four months. Participants' depressive symptoms, psychosocial functioning, and cognitive-affective responses were collected at the study's baseline, at the completion of PA-CBT, and three months post-treatment.ResultsSixteen participants were enrolled, and all were retained through the 7-month study. PA-CBT was rated as highly acceptable by participants and study clinicians, with no serious adverse events reported. Based on independent assessments, 13 of 16 participants showed at least moderate (≥ 25%) improvement in depressive symptoms by the end of treatment, and 9 had fully remitted. Pre-to-post treatment improvements in depressive symptoms and psychosocial functioning were sustained at the 3-month follow-up (Hedges' gs = 1.9-2.7). Changes in depressive severity during the treatment were associated with improvements in emotion regulation and positive and negative cognitive schemas.ConclusionsCBT appears to be a feasible, well-accepted, and beneficial adjunct to psilocybin treatment. Future randomized trials are needed to compare the efficacy of PA-CBT with other psilocybin-assisted therapy modalities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2026.121423", "pubmed_id": "41707717", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121423", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Feasibility Studies, Pilot Projects, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41707717\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Healthcare Workers,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 270, "title": "Hope for Neurotic Disorders: A Summary of New Zealand Research on the Development of Biomarkers and Novel Treatments.", "normalized_title": "hope for neurotic disorders a summary of new zealand research on the development of biomarkers and novel treatments", "authors": "McNaughton N, Shadli SM, Beaglehole B, Glue P.", "abstract": "The neurotic disorders (e.g., depression, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder) are costly and difficult to treat. Diagnosis is based on symptoms not biological causes. Here, we summarize New Zealand-based work developing EEG biomarkers and novel treatments. Working at the University of Otago, we have developed an anxiety disorder biomarker and shown its potential to detect anxiety resistant to conventional treatments. Others have started similar work on depression biomarkers. We have also found that ketamine is a novel treatment for treatment-resistant neurotic disorders in general and have provided a \"double hit\" hypothesis of the mechanisms involved. Muthukumaraswamy and coworkers at the University of Auckland and elsewhere have obtained similar results with ketamine, LSD, and psilocybin, and we, along with them, have demonstrated treatment-related effects on EEG. These linked developments, potentially supplemented with psychotherapy, should open the way to quicker acting, broad ranging, effective treatment of neurotic disorders. With the our recent more purely practical development of oral tablet delivery, which will allow home dosing, the future for the treatment of neurotic disorders looks bright.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/snz2.70002", "pubmed_id": "41798779", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/snz2.70002", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41798779\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,OCD,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 274, "title": "Electrophysiological effects of psilocybin co-administered with midazolam.", "normalized_title": "electrophysiological effects of psilocybin co administered with midazolam", "authors": "Sutherland MH, Nicholas CR, Lennertz RC, Wenthur CJ, Krause BM, Sauder CJ, Riedner BA, Smith RF, Hutson PR, Raison CL, Banks MI.", "abstract": "The serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin induces neural plasticity and profoundly alters consciousness. The benzodiazepine midazolam blunts neural plasticity and induces conscious sedation and amnesia at low doses. In our recent open label pilot study, we administered oral psilocybin (25 mg) along with intravenous midazolam at doses allowing a full psychedelic experience while blunting memory for the experience. We previously reported preliminary results from high density scalp electroencephalography (EEG) recorded during the dosing session. Here, we examined changes in EEG band power, normalized Lempel Ziv complexity (LZCn), and spectral exponent. We used linear mixed effects models that incorporated time and the subjective effects of midazolam and psilocybin, measured with the Observer's Assessment of Arousal and Sedation (OAA/S) and selected items from the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire, respectively. At 15-30 min, when midazolam but not psilocybin was at its targeted effect site concentration, we observed increased beta power and decreased spectral exponent. As the subjective effects of psilocybin commenced and over the next six hours, we observed increased LZCn and spectral exponent and decreased broadband power, with the most prominent power reductions in the delta, theta, and alpha frequency bands. OAA/S improved model fits for alpha power while ASC improved model fits for LZCn and spectral exponent. While recognizing limitations inherent to the small sample size and variability in dosages of midazolam, these data are further evidence that the effects of psilocybin are maintained in the presence of midazolam, supporting its utility in mechanistic studies of psilocybin's therapeutic activity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-026-03894-x", "pubmed_id": "41688423", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-03894-x", "keywords": "Humans, Midazolam, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Pilot Projects, Consciousness, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41688423\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 273, "title": "Network pharmacology and molecular simulation reveal the entourage effect mechanisms of psilocybin-producing mushrooms on the brain.", "normalized_title": "network pharmacology and molecular simulation reveal the entourage effect mechanisms of psilocybin producing mushrooms on the brain", "authors": "Murray Z, Lewies A, Wentzel JF, Schutte-Smith M, Erasmus E, Noreljaleel A, Visser H, Wilhelm A, Issahaku AR.", "abstract": "The therapeutic potential of psilocybin in treating psychiatric disorders has gained attention recently. While most research has focused on isolated psilocybin, evidence suggests that whole mushroom extracts exhibit greater efficacy, implicating a possible entourage effect of additional bioactive compounds. This study aimed to elucidate the holistic neuropharmacological effects of psilocybin-producing mushroom compounds through a computational framework incorporating network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics. Fifteen mushroom-derived compounds were identified from literature, of which eight exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Target prediction and network analysis identified 44 brain-localized proteins with partial biological connectivity. Functional enrichment and pathway analyses implicate key neurological pathways. The compounds exhibited strong docking scores to neurologically relevant targets. Several compounds formed stable salt bridges with the Asp155 residue of HTR2A, mirroring serotonin’s binding behavior. Molecular dynamics simulations further confirmed high residence stability of the compounds within the binding pockets of HTR2A and MAOA. These findings support a mechanistic rationale for the enhanced efficacy of whole mushroom extracts over isolated psilocybin and underscore the therapeutic potential of other constituent compounds. The study highlights the importance of multi-target interactions in mediating neuropsychiatric effects and provides a foundation for further investigations into the synergistic roles of these compounds in CNS modulation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-39483-7", "pubmed_id": "41691031", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39483-7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41691031\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 272, "title": "Ischemia-Induced Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Opportunities for Psychoplastogen-Based Therapies.", "normalized_title": "ischemia induced neurodegeneration in glaucoma mechanistic insights and translational opportunities for psychoplastogen based therapies", "authors": "Dolenec P, Pelčić G, Pilipović K, Mršić-Pelčić J, Hrkać AH.", "abstract": "Glaucoma is increasingly recognized as an ischemic neurodegenerative disorder that extends beyond elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) to involve complex vascular, metabolic, and inflammatory mechanisms. Retinal ganglion cells are particularly vulnerable to ischemia-reperfusion injury, oxidative stress, and chronic neuroinflammation, leading to progressive disconnection from central visual pathways. Current therapies primarily target IOP reduction but fail to address ischemia-driven neurodegeneration or to restore lost neuronal connectivity. Ischemia triggers excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and a maladaptive inflammatory response involving activated microglia and astrocytes, perpetuating neuronal injury and suppressing intrinsic regenerative capacity. Thus, restoring neural plasticity and mitigating neuroinflammation represent key unmet therapeutic needs. Psychoplastogens are a class of compounds capable of rapidly enhancing structural and functional neuroplasticity and have recently emerged as promising multitarget agents. Compounds such as ketamine, psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and some newly synthesized non-hallucinogenic analogs act through convergent signaling pathways involving BDNF-TrkB-mTOR, promoting dendritic growth, synaptogenesis, and glial modulation. Beyond their neurotrophic effects, psychoplastogens seem to exert potent immunomodulatory actions. In this review we will explore the interplay between ischemia, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and impaired plasticity in glaucoma, integrating mechanistic insights from cerebral ischemia. We discuss emerging preclinical evidence supporting psychoplastogens as neurorestorative and anti-inflammatory agents, propose their potential application in ocular ischemic neurodegeneration, and outline translational challenges for future studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3390/ph19020316", "pubmed_id": "41754856", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19020316", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41754856\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Oxidative Stress,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3541, "title": "A Phase 1 Translational Study to Assess Brain Activity Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Multiple Doses of MLS101 (Psilocybin) in Healthy Volunteers", "normalized_title": "a phase 1 translational study to assess brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging fmri and to evaluate the safety tolerability and pharmacokinetics of multiple doses of mls101 psilocybin in healthy volunteers", "authors": "MycoMedica Life Sciences PBC", "abstract": "MLS101 is being developed as a low dose psilocybin, that can be administered to treat neurological and psychiatric conditions. The purpose of this trial is to investigate brain activity, safety, tolerability, and PK of multiple doses of MLS101 in healthy participants. In recent years, high-dose psilocybin has gained attention for it potential therapeutic benefit in many psychiatric conditions, however existing clinical data for low psilocybin doses are limited. The multiple-dose regimen proposed in this study is designed to optimize the pharmacology of MLS101 and elucidate whether it provides a longer period of positive effects, which could be used in future studies in chronic indications such as PMDD, obsessive compulsive disorder and opioid use disorder. Translational functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) imaging will confirm the central nervous system (CNS) activity of priming and repeat low-dose psilocybin, which will serve as a computational evaluation of efficacy and complement the cognitive and perceptual scales and questionnaires.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-02-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07050368", "keywords": "Healthy Volunteer, Psilocybin, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07050368\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3425, "title": "Psychedelic Healing: Adjunct Therapy Harnessing Opened Malleability", "normalized_title": "psychedelic healing adjunct therapy harnessing opened malleability", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "The main purpose of the current studies is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of psilocybin in patients with chronic stroke. Stroke is the leading cause of death and adult disability worldwide, and every year more than 795,000 people in the United States have a stroke. According to the National Stroke Association, only 10 percent of people who have a stroke recover completely, while 50 percent experience moderate to severe long-term disability, including significant impairment in language, cognition, motor, and sensory skills, which require special care or long-term care in a nursing home or other facility. Therefore, in the United States alone, nearly 400,000 people per year will suffer the lasting debilitating consequences of stroke. Previous studies have indicated that rehabilitation following stroke is constrained by a so-called 'critical' or 'sensitive' period. While this learning window can be extended or enhanced, once the post-stroke rehabilitation critical period has closed, clinically applicable manipulations that can reopen it are lacking. Recently the investigators have shown that the psychedelic compounds like psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 3,4-methylenedioxmethamphetamine (MDMA) can reopen a novel critical period for social reward learning. The adage \"you can't teach an old dog new tricks\" captures a certain truth about the brain. Specifically, a young person's brain is much more malleable (e.g., able to make new motor-memories and store new motor-memories) compared to an adult's brain. Neuroscientists call these periods of heightened sensitivity to input \"critical periods.\" Based on these observations the investigators posit that psychedelic compounds serve as the long sought-after \"master key\" for unlocking critical periods across the brain. Ongoing preclinical studies are examining this possibility, with the goal of determining the therapeutic potential of psychedelics (including psilocybin) as adjunct therapies for any intervention whose clinical efficacy may be constrained by critical period closure, including post-stroke rehabilitation. The main purpose of the proposed studies is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of psilocybin in stroke patients (Phase 1). as a secondary aim the investigators will collect data on the efficacy of psilocybin in effecting motor recovery in post-stroke patients.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-02-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07053917", "keywords": "Stroke, Chronic Stroke, Intracerebral Haemorrhage, Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH), Intracerebral Hemorrhage Basal Ganglia, Ischemic Stroke, Ischemic Stroke and Hemorrhagic Stroke, Hemiparesis After Stroke, Hemiplegia Following Ischemic Stroke, Hemiplegia and Hemiparesis, Hemiplegia and/or Hemiparesis Following Stroke, Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke, Psilocybin (Usona Institute), RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07053917\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 137, "title": "Trip sitting or just sitting? Session facilitators substantially influence psychedelic experiences in clinical trials but not in healthy ones.", "normalized_title": "trip sitting or just sitting session facilitators substantially influence psychedelic experiences in clinical trials but not in healthy ones", "authors": "Goldy SP, Sepeda ND, Hilbert SN, Bari BA, Garcia-Romeu A, Gukasyan N, Barrett FS, Yaden DB, Nayak SM.", "abstract": "Psychedelics' characteristic acute subjective effects predict therapeutic benefits, such as decreases in depression and anxiety. Thus, optimizing treatment involves better understanding which factors shape subjective effects. Session facilitators, who support participants before, during, and after psychedelic administration sessions, form an important part of the setting of these experiences. Yet, the extent to which session facilitators influence participants' acute subjective effects is unknown. To address this gap, we analyzed data from 9 psilocybin administration studies involving 298 participants, 670 dosing sessions, and 60 facilitators-the largest dataset of its kind. Using multilevel models, we examined whether facilitators contributed to variance in participants' acute subjective effects. Results showed that facilitators accounted for negligible variance (0.8 %) in healthy volunteers, but greater variance in clinical samples (13.6 %), after controlling for study and participant differences. These findings reveal that facilitators may play a clinically meaningful role in shaping psychedelic treatment outcomes in patient populations, relative to non-patients, comparable to or exceeding therapist effects in traditional psychotherapy (∼8 %). These results have direct implications for clinical trial design, training protocols, and the implementation of psychedelic treatments as they continue to scale.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-12", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117010", "pubmed_id": "41747432", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117010", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Clinical Trials as Topic, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41747432\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3704, "title": "Single Dose Psilocybin for a Post-surgical Trauma Inpatient Population for Pain, Mood, and Opioid Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin for a post surgical trauma inpatient population for pain mood and opioid use disorder", "authors": "Trent Emerick", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether a single dose of psilocybin is feasible and safe for adults with opioid use disorder (OUD) who are recovering from trauma surgery. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Is a single psilocybin dose feasible to administer during postoperative hospitalization? 2. Is psilocybin safe in this patient population? 3. How does psilocybin affect postoperative pain, opioid use, anxiety, and depression after hospital discharge? Participants will: Receive one oral dose of psilocybin during their postoperative inpatient stay Complete assessments of pain, mood, and opioid use during recovery This is an open-label pilot feasibility trial conducted at a single academic medical center. Fourteen participants receive a single oral dose of psilocybin during inpatient hospitalization following trauma surgery. Outcomes in the psilocybin group are compared with a retrospectively identified standard-of-care cohort of 56 trauma surgery patients with opioid use disorder, identified through electronic medical record review. The standard-of-care cohort is selected using propensity score methods based on baseline characteristics, including age, sex, trauma diagnosis, psychiatric comorbidities, baseline medications, comorbid conditions, type of surgery, and baseline opioid consumption measured in morphine milligram equivalents. No interim efficacy analyses are planned. After the first three participants have received psilocybin and completed the one-week follow-up assessments, the Data and Safety Monitoring Board reviews safety data to assess ongoing risk and determine whether study procedures should continue unchanged.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-02-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07406828", "keywords": "Pain Management, Postoperative Pain, Psilocybin (Usona Institute), Postoperative analgesia, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07406828\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3624, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted Therapy for Comorbid Major Depressive Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for comorbid major depressive disorder and alcohol use disorder a pilot randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Centre for Addiction and Mental Health", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to determine the safety and efficacy of psilocybin assisted Therapy (PAT) in individuals with comorbid Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). The main question it aims to answer is: \\- What is the feasibility and safety of administering PAT in adults with MDD-AUD by evaluating recruitment, retention, tolerability, and safety? Researchers will compare the psilocybin (25 mg) and placebo groups to see if there are any significant differences in frequency of dropouts or serious adverse events. Participants will: * be randomized to receive either psilocybin (25 mg) or placebo * visit the site (in-person and remotely) for a total of 14 times to complete study tasks * receive psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) at five various timepoints", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-02-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07405606", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), Psilocybin 25 mg, Placebo, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07405606\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1983, "title": "Low-income group psilocybin assisted therapy for depression: An Oregon feasibility study", "normalized_title": "low income group psilocybin assisted therapy for depression an oregon feasibility study", "authors": "Hicks Matthew, Hicks Olivia, Bradley Ryan, Zwickey Heather", "abstract": "Abstract Background and aims Despite growing popularity and increasing legal access, psychedelic therapy remains financially inaccessible to many. This study was designed to test the feasibility of conducting group psilocybin therapy in low-income adults with depression in Oregon's regulated psilocybin program. Methods An open label, uncontrolled design was used. After a medical screening visit, participants were enrolled in cohorts of six. Each cohort participated in two 90-min preparation sessions conducted online followed by two psilocybin administration sessions one week apart where they consumed dehydrated and homogenized whole mushrooms, Psilocybe cubensis (B+ strain) prepared in a tea. Two days after each psilocybin administration they had an online, 90-min integration session. Results We recruited 26 eligible participants, 20 of whom began treatment and 19 completed. No severe adverse events were reported, and participants rated their satisfaction, on average, as 4.8 out of 5, reporting moderate to high benefit and no harm. Exploratory outcomes include Hamilton Depression scores which demonstrated a significant decrease ( t = 8.24, p < 0.001) in a paired t -test and a strong effect size (Cohen's d = 1.89). For the same time periods all eight domains of the PROMIS-29 were significantly improved on paired t -tests at p", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2026-02-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2026.00485", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2026.00485", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1556/2054.2026.00485\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1177/02698811241287542\",\"10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.0351\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.018\",\"10.1016/j.amepre.2009.02.002\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.1016/s0005-7916(00)00012-4\",\"10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7\",\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1038/s44220-025-00417-3\",\"10.1080/1751696x.2014.993244\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116359\",\"10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56\",\"10.1007/s11136-018-1842-3\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012\",\"10.1016/j.cct.2022.106740\",\"10.1177/02698811241257839\",\"10.7759/cureus.29167\",\"10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2023.06.006\",\"10.1111/add.15987\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1025726\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0263252\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1293243\",\"10.1038/s41597-022-01822-4\",\"10.1001/jama.2023.14530\",\"10.1037/1040-3590.7.4.472\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0012412\",\"10.31363/2313-7053-2024-982\",\"10.1080/02791072.2019.1593559\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101809\",\"10.1007/s11469-023-01160-5\"],\"reference_count\":80}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Observational Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 275, "title": "Time-Dependent Effects of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants in iPSC-Derived Neurons from Treatment-Resistant Depression and Healthy Volunteers", "normalized_title": "time dependent effects of rapid acting antidepressants in ipsc derived neurons from treatment resistant depression and healthy volunteers", "authors": "Johnston J, Jones G, Peng S, Yuan P, Yavi M, Kadriu B, Henter I, Quintanilla B, Elkahloun AG, Moaddel R, Schulmann A, Akula N, Kvarta M, McMahon F, Zarate C.", "abstract": "Abstract Rapid-acting antidepressants like ketamine and serotonergic psychedelics show promise for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), but the molecular mechanisms that contribute to their therapeutic effects remain unclear. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer a platform to model human cortical neurons and investigate drug effects in a human-relevant system. Here, iPSCs from individuals with TRD and healthy volunteers (HVs) were differentiated into mature cortical-like neurons and treated for six and 24 hours with agents being investigated as rapid-acting antidepressants, including (2 R,6 R )-hydroxynorketamine (HNK), psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI). Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing assessed global and cell-type-specific transcriptomic responses. Synaptic proteins were evaluated via Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. To validate translational relevance, transcriptomic results were compared to CSF proteomics from ketamine-treated HVs. Despite differing initial pharmacological targets, overall gene expression across all compounds was highly correlated at matched timepoints compared to vehicle control, suggesting shared downstream effects. Both glutamatergic and serotonergic drugs converged on pathways involving inflammation, mTORC1 signaling, and cellular growth. At the single-cell level, HNK showed distinct cell-type specific alterations: upregulation in excitatory neurons and concomitant downregulation of inhibitory neuron populations. Differentially expressed genes from HNK-treated neurons also overlapped with CSF proteomic signatures from ketamine-treated individuals, supporting the model’s translational relevance. This study is the first to assess multiple putative rapid-acting antidepressants in parallel using an iPSC-derived neuron model. Both convergent and drug-specific changes in gene expression and pathway enrichment were observed across diverse compounds, supporting the use of human iPSC-derived neurons in antidepressant drug discovery. Clinical Trial Registry: www.clinical trials.gov, NCT02484456", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-02-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-8733841/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8733841/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1154314\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Transcriptomics,Proteomics,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 86, "title": "Therapeutic effects of psilocybin in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis exploring dose effects.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic effects of psilocybin in major depressive disorder a systematic review and meta analysis exploring dose effects", "authors": "He Z, Wang Y, Chen J, Cheng J, Feng Y, Niu S, Yan J.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Several recent trials indicate positive effects of psilocybin in patients with major depressive disorder. However, questions need to be addressed regarding the relationship between dosage and therapeutic outcomes, such as the recommended dose range and frequency for optimal practice as well as the dose-dependent adverse effects. OBJECTIVE: (1) to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of psilocybin on major depression; (2) to explore a suitable dosing regimen for psilocybin treatment concerning both dose and frequency. METHODS: Four databases (Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Pubmed, Web of Science) were searched up to February 23, 2024, to include primary studies evaluating the use of psilocybin in adults presenting major depressive disorder. All primary studies evaluating psilocybin in adults diagnosed with MDD were included. Case series, animal research, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews were excluded. The primary outcomes assessed were changes in depression scores, response rates, remission rates, and safety and tolerability profiles. Two reviewers performed study selection and data extraction independently based on the prepared criteria. The quality and potential risk of bias in each trial were evaluated using criteria outlined in the Cochrane Handbook. The review was registered in the PROSPERO (CRD420251115865). RESULTS: Seven trials including 464 participants were identified (one meeting abstract included). The overall quality of included trials is moderate, as assessed with Cochrane Handbook. Psilocybin presented significant effects in treating major depression with safety and tolerability. In a certain range, the higher dose and frequency resulted in a better effect. Our findings indicate the dose regimen of 35-50 mg/70kg and double-dosing may be a promising dosing strategy. CONCLUSION: The results support the potential application of psilocybin for treating major depressive disorder. Given that the included trials are limited by small sample sizes and short follow-up periods, further clinical studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to fully assess the efficacy and safety of high-dose psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s00406-025-02165-y", "pubmed_id": "41677823", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-02165-y", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41677823\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 48, "title": "Examining the effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy on anhedonia in treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "examining the effects of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy on anhedonia in treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Kaczmarek ES, Rodrigues NB, Chisamore N, Doyle Z, Meshkat S, Blainey MG, Brudner R, Ali S, Teopiz KM, McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD.", "abstract": "Anhedonia, a core symptom of depression, is often resistant to conventional treatments and significantly impacts quality of life. This secondary analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) on anhedonia severity in individuals with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Participants (n = 30) with TRD and a primary diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder or Bipolar II Disorder received at least one 25 mg dose of oral psilocybin with psychotherapy as part of a randomized, waitlist-controlled trial (NCT05029466). The primary outcome of the present secondary analysis was changes in anhedonia, measured by the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS). Exploratory analysis examined whether changes in anhedonia were mediated through changes in overall depression severity, measured by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). A mixed ANOVA, adjusted for sex and age, revealed a statistically significant reduction in SHAPS scores following PAP at the 2-week primary endpoint (F(8, 143.48) = 3.43, p = 0.001, n = 29) with clinically significant improvements observed at 3-month and 6-month secondary endpoints. Our findings from this preliminary analysis suggest that PAP may offer a promising intervention for addressing anhedonia in TRD, but further research with larger, placebo-controlled trials are needed to confirm these effects and elucidate potential mediators. This study adds to a growing body of evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of PAP.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2026.121385", "pubmed_id": "41690631", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121385", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Bipolar Disorder, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Anhedonia, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41690631\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3740, "title": "Mystical but Not Challenging Experiences Predict Symptom Improvement After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant OCD", "normalized_title": "mystical but not challenging experiences predict symptom improvement after psilocybin for treatment resistant ocd", "authors": "Shnayder S, Agin-Liebes G, Hubert T, Ching THW, Hokanson J, Pittenger C, Kelmendi B, Adams T.", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin treatment has shown promise across a range of psychiatric conditions. Mystical-type experiences during dosing sessions have been shown to predict the clinical effects of psilocybin treatment in depression, anxiety, and addiction. However, no studies have examined whether acute subjective experiences predict treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Methods: Exploratory analyses were conducted using data from participants with treatment-resistant OCD who received psilocybin as part of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and subsequent open-label phase. Twenty-seven participants who received psilocybin (0.25 mg/kg) completed the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ) and Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) the day following their session. OCD severity was assessed using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) at baseline and at 1- and 12-week follow-up. Results: Greater mystical-type experiences during psilocybin were associated with lower OCD symptom severity at 1- and 12-week follow-up, even after controlling for baseline OCD symptom severity and treatment condition. The Mystical subscale demonstrated the strongest and most consistent associations at both time points, while the Space-Time subscale was only associated with lower Y-BOCS at 12 weeks. The Positive Mood and Ineffability subscales were not significantly associated with post-treatment OCD symptom severity after correction for multiple comparisons. Challenging experiences were not significantly associated with post-treatment OCD severity. Conclusions: Mystical experiences - particularly experiences of unity, sacredness, and transcendence - during psilocybin sessions are associated with greater OCD symptom reduction. These findings support attention to experiential quality in psilocybin-assisted therapy and have implications for optimizing treatment through dosing, set, setting, and integration practices.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-02-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/d94hb_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d94hb_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:17", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1154075\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3031, "title": "Mystical but Not Challenging Experiences Predict Symptom Improvement After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant OCD", "normalized_title": "mystical but not challenging experiences predict symptom improvement after psilocybin for treatment resistant ocd", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin treatment has shown promise across a range of psychiatric conditions. Mystical-type experiences during dosing sessions have been shown to predict the clinical effects of psilocybin treatment in depression, anxiety, and addiction. However, no studies have examined whether acute subjective experiences predict treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Methods: Exploratory analyses were conducted using data from participants with treatment-resistant OCD who received psilocybin as part of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and subsequent open-label phase. Twenty-seven participants who received psilocybin (0.25 mg/kg) completed the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ) and Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) the day following their session. OCD severity was assessed using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) at baseline and at 1- and 12-week follow-up. Results: Greater mystical-type experiences during psilocybin were associated with lower OCD symptom severity at 1- and 12-week follow-up, even after controlling for baseline OCD symptom severity and treatment condition. The Mystical subscale demonstrated the strongest and most consistent associations at both time points, while the Space-Time subscale was only associated with lower Y-BOCS at 12 weeks. The Positive Mood and Ineffability subscales were not significantly associated with post-treatment OCD symptom severity after correction for multiple comparisons. Challenging experiences were not significantly associated with post-treatment OCD severity. Conclusions: Mystical experiences - particularly experiences of unity, sacredness, and transcendence - during psilocybin sessions are associated with greater OCD symptom reduction. These findings support attention to experiential quality in psilocybin-assisted therapy and have implications for optimizing treatment through dosing, set, setting, and integration practices.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-02-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/d94hb_v1", "keywords": "Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"d94hb_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 278, "title": "The potential of event-related beta oscillations as biomarkers for neuromodulatory treatment efficacy.", "normalized_title": "the potential of event related beta oscillations as biomarkers for neuromodulatory treatment efficacy", "authors": "Habelt B.", "abstract": "Electroencephalography (EEG) recently celebrated its 100-year anniversary, having revolutionized the study of cognitive function across species. Over the past century, neuroelectric measures such as resting-state EEG, event-related potentials (ERP), and event-related oscillations (ERO) have become indispensable not only for advancing our understanding of brain function but also for identifying valuable biomarkers for diagnosing neurological and psychiatric disorders and evaluating the efficacy of novel therapies. Compared to resting state activity and ERPs, EROs-oscillatory dynamics time-locked to and modulated by task events-remain relatively underutilized in evaluating treatment outcomes, despite growing evidence of their potential. Our recent findings from a rat model of alcohol addiction indicate that event-related beta oscillations are sensitive markers of cognitive function and recovery following therapeutic interventions. Both pharmacological treatment with psilocybin and targeted electrical stimulation induced a shift in dominant beta activity from higher to lower sub-bands during an auditory oddball task, underscoring the importance of sub-band-specific analyses beyond aggregate beta power as potential indicators of treatment efficacy acknowledging functional distinctions within the beta range. Despite these promising observations, systematic investigations of beta sub-band activity for diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders remain scarce. Here, I propose that event-related beta oscillations are an underexplored yet highly promising biomarker for evaluating the efficacy of neuromodulatory interventions, including brain stimulation and neurofeedback, in both preclinical and clinical settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-10", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1779055", "pubmed_id": "41756488", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1779055", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41756488\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3185, "title": "Ethical Complexities and Best Practices in Informed Consent for Psychedelic Services: A Qualitative Study on Expert Perspectives", "normalized_title": "ethical complexities and best practices in informed consent for psychedelic services a qualitative study on expert perspectives", "authors": "Chwyl C, Bazinet A, Wilson-Poe A, Hoffman K, Pertl K, McCrimmon S, Korthuis P, Luoma JB.", "abstract": "Background: Informed consent in psychedelic-assisted services is ethically complex, difficult to implement, and remains largely unstudied and unstandardized. Objective: The current study sought expert recommendations from experienced psychedelic facilitators on what constitutes informed consent best practices for supervised psychedelic experiences across various settings. Methods: Participants with expertise in facilitating psilocybin-assisted experiences or other expertise in the psychedelic field were recruited with purposive sampling. Qualitative interviews on informed consent best practices and recommendations were analyzed using Thematic Analysis. Results: Participants (N = 36; 71% white; 56% heterosexual; 53% female) reported facilitating psilocybin services (64%) for a mean of 15.2 (SD = 13.1) years in clinical trial, licensed service center, underground, or ceremonial settings. Participants viewed informed consent as a process (Theme 1), necessitating a strong therapeutic relationship, centering client empowerment, and occurring as an ongoing process. Potential risks and benefits should be comprehensively conveyed (Theme 2), including potential long-term psychological and social changes, and the potential for disappointing experiences. Participants recommended detailed consent processes around touch and boundaries (Theme 3), including explicitly establishing boundaries prior to psychedelic administration, maintaining those boundaries throughout, and recognizing subtle non-verbal cues that may indicate lack of true consent. Within facilitator trainings (Theme 4), participants emphasized cultivating a deep respect for client agency, and experientially learning relational and boundary setting skills. Conclusions: Findings may inform practitioner training, consent practices in varied settings, and policy development for state-regulated psychedelic services.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-02-09", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/mdz73_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mdz73_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1154119\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 222, "title": "Psychedelics in functional disorders: A scoping review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in functional disorders a scoping review", "authors": "Bhagavan C, Carter O, Bryson A, Dandash O, Kanaan R.", "abstract": "Functional disorders, characterised by symptoms unexplained by organic disease, impose a significant burden on individuals and healthcare systems. Existing treatments are limited in efficacy, with no effective pharmacotherapies. There is growing evidence supporting the treatment potential of psychedelics in neuropsychiatric conditions, including several distinct functional disorders. This scoping review explores existing studies using classic psychedelics in functional disorders to identify current knowledge, highlight evidence gaps, and inform future research. Four databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Web of Science) and the World Health Organisation International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched, supplemented by citation searching, relevant websites, and search engine alerts. 62 reports were identified from 55 unique studies, comprising six surveys, six case studies of naturalistic psychedelics use, 33 completed clinical studies, and 10 registered trials. For completed studies, most refer to data from prior to 1976, few used comparator or control groups, and LSD was the most common psychedelic used. For registered trials planned or currently underway, most use comparator or control groups and all use psilocybin. Functional neurological symptoms represented the most common category of functional disorder studied. 60.7% demonstrated improvement. Adverse events encompassed several acute psychological and physical effects, including transient exacerbations of functional symptoms. Despite showing potential as a novel treatment, the evidence is limited by predominantly observational study designs, disparate methodologies, and a lack of long-term outcomes. Future research must adapt to the evolving complexities of trial designs in psychedelic research, implement standardised treatment protocols, explore mechanistic analyses, and incorporate comprehensive outcome and safety assessments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-09", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111642", "pubmed_id": "41679377", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111642", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41679377\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3690, "title": "Safety and Psychological Effects of Psilocybin and D-Serine Formulation in Healthy Volunteers", "normalized_title": "safety and psychological effects of psilocybin and d serine formulation in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Hadassah Medical Organization", "abstract": "The goal of this open-label, dose-escalation, prospective study is to evaluate the safety and psychological effects of a Psilocybin and D-Serine formulation in healthy volunteers. The main objectives are: 1. To assess the psychological and physiological effects of psilocybin administered with D-Serine in healthy adults. 2. To determine whether D-Serine modulates or attenuates the psychedelic effects of psilocybin. 3. To evaluate the safety and tolerability of psilocybin and D-Serine co-administration. Study population includes: 10 healthy male or female volunteers aged 25-60 years with no history of psychiatric or major medical disorders and no current evidence of such disorders. The study includes two cohorts. The first cohort of 5 participants will receive 15 mg of Psilocybin and 5 g of D-Serine. Safety data will be collected and submitted in an interim report to the Ethics Committee. If no safety concerns arise, the second cohort will receive an increased dose of 25 mg of Psilocybin and 7 g of D-Serine to help determine the optimal dose for a future Phase IIa clinical trial. This is a first-in-human, Phase I, exploratory clinical trial designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and initial psychological and physiological responses to a single administration of psilocybin in combination with D-Serine in healthy adult volunteers. The rationale for this combination stems from preclinical evidence indicating that D-Serine, a naturally occurring co-agonist at the NMDA receptor, may attenuate the acute psychedelic effects of psilocybin while preserving its neuroplastic and therapeutic properties. Preclinical studies demonstrated that D-Serine reduced the psilocybin-induced head-twitch response (HTR) in rodent models and enhanced the expression of synaptic plasticity markers (e.g., GAP43, PSD95, SV2A, synaptophysin) across multiple brain regions, with effects sustained up to 12 days post-treatment. These findings suggest that the combination may improve the safety and tolerability of psilocybin, particularly for populations sensitive to its psychoactive effects. The trial will consist of four sequential components: Screening Phase - to assess eligibility. Preparation Phase - to establish therapeutic rapport and baseline assessments. Administration Phase - involving a single oral administration of the investigational combination (psilocybin + D-Serine). Follow-up Phase - including in-person follow-up visits on Day 2, Day 7, Day 28, and Day 84 post-treatment to monitor safety outcomes, subjective responses, and potential delayed effects.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-02-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07079930", "keywords": "Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin and D-Serine, Physical Examination, Vital signs, ECG test, Comprehensive Blood Panel, SMAC-20, Complete Blood Count, CBC, Urinalysis, Urine Toxicology Screen, A pregnancy Urine test, Electroencephalogram, EEG, Plasma Amino Acid Levels, Plasma Inflammation Markers, Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Facto, Plasma BDNF, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, MINI, Family Psychiatric History Assessment, FPHA, Beck Depression Inventory, BDI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI, Profile of Mood States, POMS, Subjective Units of Distress Scale, SUDS, Five-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire, 5D-ASC, Integration, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07079930\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Animal Study,Healthy Volunteers,Safety,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3550, "title": "A Phase 2a, Open-label, Pilot Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Oral Psilocybin (TRP-8802) Administration in Concert With Psychotherapy Among Adult Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Delayed Treatment Control Design", "normalized_title": "a phase 2a open label pilot study to assess the safety and efficacy of oral psilocybin trp 8802 administration in concert with psychotherapy among adult patients with irritable bowel syndrome a randomized delayed treatment control design", "authors": "TRYP Therapeutics", "abstract": "Participants with IBS (all subtypes) and with no exclusionary comorbid psychiatric or medical disorders will be enrolled in the study. This study will involve a randomized waitlist control design to investigate the rapid and sustained effects of TRP-8802 following two experimental sessions in which an oral dose of TRP-8802 is administered to participants with IBS. The study will include clinician and participant ratings of depression and anxiety pre- and post-drug-session, monitor and participant ratings of subjective drug effects during and after each drug session. This study comprises approximately a 28-day screening period (Days 28 to 1). After screening and enrollment, participants will be randomized to an immediate treatment group or a delayed treatment group (\"waitlist control\" condition). Participants in the immediate treatment group will proceed directly into three weeks of baseline and preparation (Days 1 to 18), a 2-dose administration period (Days 22 and 37), integration (Days 23, 30, 38, and 45), the End of Therapy (EOT) visit (Day 52). Participants in the delayed treatment group will wait 8 weeks after enrollment before beginning the study interventions and neuroimaging assessments. As a safety precaution, participants in the delayed treatment group will be assessed weekly via telephone calls or in-person visits during the wait period (i.e., telephone assessments during post-randomization weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7; in-person assessment during post-randomization week 8) to assess suicide risk to determine if intervention is warranted. During week 8, IBS symptoms will also be assessed. At the end of the delay period, all participants in the delayed treatment group will complete the same intervention as the participants in the immediate treatment group. Validated and commonly used assessment tools will be used to evaluate symptoms at baseline and repeatedly after each session. The weekly average of worst daily pain score and weekly stool frequency and consistency for the 7 days immediately prior to EOT visit will be assessed for change from baseline and at the 3-, 6, and 12- month follow-up visits (Days 120, 240, 365).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-02-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06206265", "keywords": "Irritable Bowel Syndrome, TRYP-0082, Psychotherapy, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06206265\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3486, "title": "Psilocybin AsSisted pSychotherapy for the treatmENt of Gambling disordER: a Pilot Study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of gambling disorder a pilot study", "authors": "Nantes University Hospital", "abstract": "The PASSENGER project aims to conduct a pilot feasibility study of the implementation of a randomized clinical trial on psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of gambling disorder. Feasibility will be assessed by estimating the ability to retain participants until the end of the protocol. Other objectives of the study will be to generate preliminary efficacy data, identify clinical factors potentially associated with the intensity of the psychedelic experience (which determines the expected therapeutic effect), and conduct a preliminary assessment of the safety of the treatment under study.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-02-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07391332", "keywords": "Gambling Disorder, Psychotherapy assisted by high-dose psilocybin (25mg or 40mg where appropriate), Psychotherapy assisted by low-dose psilocybin (1 mg), NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07391332\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 279, "title": "India's Unique Legal Framework for Psilocybin Mushroom Research: An Unprecedented Opportunity in Psychiatric Therapeutics.", "normalized_title": "india s unique legal framework for psilocybin mushroom research an unprecedented opportunity in psychiatric therapeutics", "authors": "Tom A, Reddy BSC, Sethi MIS, Math SB.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02537176261416347", "pubmed_id": "41659196", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176261416347", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41659196\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 250, "title": "Cardiac Consequences Associated with Psychedelic Use: A Systematic Review of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2B-Mediated Valvular Heart Disease.", "normalized_title": "cardiac consequences associated with psychedelic use a systematic review of lysergic acid diethylamide 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 5 hydroxytryptamine 2b mediated valvular heart disease", "authors": "Xu T, Wong S, Le GH, Dri CE, Teopiz KM, Lu A, Lee S, Rhee TG, Yin L, Bargiota S, Ho R, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin, and the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine exhibit agonist activity at the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor, a signalling pathway known to mechanistically mediate drug-induced valvular heart disease. This systematic review evaluates whether chronic or repeated use of psychedelics and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine may contribute to valvular heart disease through sustained 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor activation. A systematic search of Google Scholar, OVID and PubMed was conducted from inception to June 1, 2025. We sought to include studies that reported an association between psychedelics or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine at 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B binding and molecular, cellular, structural, and/or functional evidence of cardiac valvulopathy. Seventeen studies were included in this review. No studies were found on psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine or mescaline. Both lysergic acid diethylamide and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine have high affinity for 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptors and promote downstream signaling linked to mitogenic and fibrotic changes in valvular tissue. In vitro and structural studies show that lysergic acid diethylamide exhibits high affinity and induces β-arrestin-biased signaling in valvular interstitial cells, while 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine displays moderate affinity and similar functional responses. In vivo studies confirm serotonin-induced valvulopathy, and chronic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine use has been associated with valvular abnormalities in humans. No clinical cases of lysergic acid diethylamide-induced valvulopathy have been reported, but preclinical data support its potential to engage fibrotic signaling pathways under sustained exposure. Preliminary converging mechanistic and preclinical evidence suggests that lysergic acid diethylamide and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine may promote cardiac valvulopathy via 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor signalling. This is consistent with existing Food and Drug Administration concerns and supports the need for ongoing cardiac and valvular safety monitoring in psychedelic research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1055/a-2794-6487", "pubmed_id": "41643722", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2794-6487", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Heart Valve Diseases, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41643722\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 138, "title": "Challenges with clinical trial participants in studies with classical psychedelics: A position statement from the National Network of Depression Centers' task group on psychedelics and related compounds.", "normalized_title": "challenges with clinical trial participants in studies with classical psychedelics a position statement from the national network of depression centers task group on psychedelics and related compounds", "authors": "Lewis BR, Reid MJ, Novick AM, Byrne K, Niciu MJ, Fonzo GA, Meyer TD, Feifel D, El-Mallakh RS, Soares J, Suppes T, Barrett FS.", "abstract": "RationaleClassical psychedelics-a broad class of compounds that include psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, dimethyltryptamine, and mescaline-have shown significant promise for the treatment of mental health conditions in recent clinical trials. Organizations such as the National Network of Depression Centers (NNDCs) can play a pivotal role in uniting researchers and clinicians working in this field to explore and synthesize existing evidence as well as characterize emerging challenges.ObjectivesWe outline several categories of challenges that have emerged in the context of clinical trials with psychedelic drugs, drawing from our collective empirical observations as well as the extant literature. While these challenges have been presented in the context of clinical trial environments, many of them are likely to persist if and when psychedelic treatments become approved and are implemented in psychiatric clinical practice.ResultsWe describe four categories of challenges in the context of clinical trial participants-(1) treatment nonresponse, (2) expectancy effects and functional unblinding, (3) post-session psychological difficulties, and (4) contagion effects-and provide management strategies for study teams to mitigate associated risks.ConclusionsClassical psychedelics show therapeutic promise as mental health treatments. Studying them properly presents unique and unprecedented challenges that require researchers to develop sophisticated strategies to navigate nonresponse, expectancy effects, functional unblinding, post-session psychological issues, and possible contagion effects to responsibly advance this field. The NNDC and similar organizations are well-positioned to guide best practices and ensure the responsible advancement of this promising field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251413490", "pubmed_id": "41645048", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251413490", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41645048\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 281, "title": "Retraction: Acute psilocybin increased cortical activities in rats.", "normalized_title": "retraction acute psilocybin increased cortical activities in rats", "authors": "Frontiers Editorial Office.", "abstract": "[This retracts the article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1168911.].", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1787833", "pubmed_id": "41716656", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1787833", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41716656\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 280, "title": "Acute psilocin increased cortical activity in rat.", "normalized_title": "acute psilocin increased cortical activity in rat", "authors": "Liu J, Wang Y, Xia K, Wu J, Zheng D, Cai A, Yan H, Su R.", "abstract": "Psilocin, a naturally occurring hallucinogenic component of magic mushrooms, exerts notable psychoactive effects in both humans and rodents. However, the underlying mechanisms remain not fully understood. Blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a valuable tool in many preclinical and clinical trials for investigating changes of brain activity and functional connectivity (FC) due to its noninvasive nature and widespread availability. However, fMRI effects of psilocin on rats have not been thoroughly explored. This study aimed to explore the impact of psilocin on rats' brain activity by combining BOLD fMRI and immunofluorescence (IF) of EGR1, an immediate early gene (IEG) closely related to depressive symptoms. Ten minutes after psilocin hydrochloride injection (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.), elevated brain activity was detected in the frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex (including the cingulate cortex and retrosplenial cortex), hippocampus, and striatum. Moreover, a region-of-interest (ROI) -wise FC analysis matrix indicated enhanced interconnectivity of several regions, such as the cingulate cortex, dorsal striatum, prelimbic, and limbic regions. Further seed-based analyses revealed increased FC of cingulate cortex with the cortical and striatal areas. In addition to the fMRI observations, acute psilocin led to an increase in the EGR1 level in most cortical and striatal regions, indicating a consistent activation throughout the cortical and striatal areas. In conclusion, the psilocin-induced hyperactive state in rats is congruent to that in humans, and the increased brain activity, enhanced functional connectivity and up-regulation of EGR1 may be responsible for its pharmacological effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1593703", "pubmed_id": "41716660", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1593703", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41716660\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1985, "title": "Psilocybin exerts differential effects on social behavior and inflammation in mice in contexts of activity-based anorexia", "normalized_title": "psilocybin exerts differential effects on social behavior and inflammation in mice in contexts of activity based anorexia", "authors": "Shadani Sheida, Greaves Erika, Andrews Zane B., Foldi Claire J.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, have shown therapeutic potential across several psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anorexia nervosa (AN). These disorders often share social deficits that may be effectively alleviated by psychedelics considering their use has been linked with emotional empathy and enhanced social cognition. However, the mechanisms through which psychedelics alter social behavior are unclear, and mechanistic studies in animal models have largely focused on male subjects. This is problematic for understanding the therapeutic effects relevant for disorders that predominantly affect females, such as AN. Here, we used the activity-based anorexia (ABA) mouse model to characterize their social behavior compared to mice exposed to food restriction (FR), running wheels (RW) or standard housing (Controls) in female mice. Together with these metabolic stressors, we also investigated the effects of psilocybin on the circulating proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is implicated in AN and is suppressed by psychedelics. Psilocybin did not alter sociability in ABA, RW, or FR mice but increased preference for social familiarity (reduced novelty-seeking) in Controls. Novelty-seeking behavior was elevated in both ABA and RW groups, although with distinct social patterns. Psilocybin elevated IL-6 levels in RW mice, which was positively correlated with preference for novelty. No such relationships were found in ABA or FR groups. These findings reveal subtle, context-dependent effects of psilocybin on social behavior and inflammation in female mice, advancing our understanding of how ABA and exercise influence social behavior and inflammatory signaling. They underscore the need to clarify the temporal, neuroplastic, and immune-related mechanisms of psilocybin across sexes and disease models.", "journal": "Psychedelics", "publication_date": "2026-02-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.61373/pp026a.0003", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.61373/pp026a.0003", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.61373/pp026a.0003\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1177/10398562221077890\",\"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.035\",\"10.1002/eat.22572\",\"10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.07.002\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.007\",\"10.1348/014466502163976\",\"10.1080/13546805.2013.794723\",\"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.011\",\"10.1002/eat.10096\",\"10.1111/acps.12774\",\"10.1016/j.jocrd.2023.100820\",\"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.014\",\"10.1007/s12035-018-1283-6\",\"10.1002/da.22790\",\"10.1192/bja.2020.82\",\"10.1111/acps.12698\",\"10.3390/jcm8111915\",\"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.06.002\",\"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.031\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.023\",\"10.3390/cells14080607\",\"10.1007/s40519-024-01659-3\",\"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.007\",\"10.2174/1568026618666181115093136\",\"10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.037\",\"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.009\",\"10.1186/s10020-019-0126-x\",\"10.3389/fcvm.2017.00048\",\"10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00660\",\"10.1038/s41598-017-12779-5\",\"10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113245\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.108\",\"10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7\",\"10.1038/s41380-024-02875-0\",\"10.1038/s44184-023-00053-8\",\"10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116\",\"10.1177/0269881116675512\",\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.1038/s41591-023-02455-9\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.1659-20.2020\",\"10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1112\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110648\",\"10.1038/s41586-023-06204-3\",\"10.1101/2025.04.08.647810\",\"10.3390/brainsci15020117\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0075426\",\"10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.004\",\"10.3109/08923979409029898\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0106533\",\"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114956\",\"10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.06.013\",\"10.7554/elife.84961\",\"10.1038/s41380-024-02575-9\",\"10.1037/bne0000040\",\"10.1038/s41380-019-0633-8\",\"10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.023\",\"10.21769/bioprotoc.4009\",\"10.1038/srep03929\",\"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107453\",\"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114528\",\"10.1016/j.cub.2025.08.014\",\"10.1038/s41380-022-01932-w\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113354\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1599890\",\"10.1186/s40337-021-00516-3\",\"10.1038/npp.2010.188\",\"10.1101/cshperspect.a011940\",\"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174039\",\"10.1017/s1092852900009627\",\"10.3390/jcm9061936\",\"10.1002/eat.20033\",\"10.7759/cureus.10309\",\"10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x\",\"10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017\",\"10.3389/fnins.2025.1630491\",\"10.1210/endocr/bqae083\",\"10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.014\",\"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105133\",\"10.1093/cercor/bhaa394\",\"10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.005\",\"10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.003\",\"10.1053/comp.2002.32356\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0145894\",\"10.1002/eat.23705\",\"10.1038/srep35813\",\"10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105842\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2022.920665\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114449\",\"10.3390/nu10111573\",\"10.15252/embj.201488856\",\"10.1016/j.bbi.2018.02.013\",\"10.1080/09540261.2018.1481827\",\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1321542/v1\",\"10.3390/molecules28062624\",\"10.1126/science.161.3841.584\",\"10.1111/j.1601-1848.2004.00076.x\",\"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.01.019\",\"10.1111/ejn.15992\",\"10.1038/s41598-025-85514-0\"],\"reference_count\":206}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Animal Study,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1984, "title": "Computational Analysis of Psilocybin Effects on Three-Choice Touchscreen Reversal Learning in Rats: A Pilot Study", "normalized_title": "computational analysis of psilocybin effects on three choice touchscreen reversal learning in rats a pilot study", "authors": "Gregersen Anton T., Whelan Tobias, Golden Caroline, Blackmore Thomas, Palner Mikael", "abstract": "Introduction: Cognitive flexibility is essential for behavioral adaptation in response to environmental changes and is impaired in various neuropsychiatric disorders. The serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin has shown potential in enhancing cognitive flexibility, although with mixed results. In this study, we investigated the effects of psilocybin on cognitive flexibility in rats using a three-choice visual reversal learning task. Methods: Sixteen Long-Evans rats were trained on a three-choice touchscreen-based reversal learning task. Following training and initial reversal testing, psilocybin (1 mg/kg, subcutaneous) or saline was administered in a crossover design. Behavioral performance was assessed through recording the time to achieve learning criteria, reaction times, and interaction patterns with image choices, focusing on short-term effects (days after administration during the crossover interventions) and trends over subsequent reversals (weeks). Using computational reinforcement learning models, we analyzed development in latent cognitive parameters, such as learning rate and value sensitivity. Results: Five rats successfully completed all six reversal learning protocols, demonstrating significant learning and unlearning dynamics. The number of sessions to attain learning criteria and the reaction time for the touchscreen decreased significantly across protocols. Psilocybin administration impaired the rate of learning and unlearning across sessions during the first postdrug reversal. Computational modeling identified low learning rates, with no significant differences between psilocybin and placebo conditions on any parameters. However, exploratory analysis revealed enhanced rates of learning and unlearning over the session in the second postdrug reversal compared with baseline. Conclusions: Only a subset (31%) of rats effectively engaged in this complex three-choice visual reversal learning task, thereby demonstrating learning and unlearning over time. Psilocybin impaired short-term performance in learning and unlearning speeds, whereas exploratory findings suggested possible long-term enhancements in learning dynamics. Results show a nuanced effect of psilocybin on cognitive flexibility, with potential relevance for its interventional use in neuropsychiatric disorders. Further research should explore long-term outcomes and refine computational models for complex tasks.", "journal": "Psychedelic Medicine", "publication_date": "2026-02-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251386879", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251386879", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1177/28314425251386879\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/j.tins.2015.07.003\",\"10.2307/2785779\",\"10.31219/osf.io/2bxe8\",\"10.1038/s41583-021-00428-w\",\"10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.039\",\"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.021\",\"10.1007/s00213-015-3963-5\",\"10.1038/nprot.2013.123\",\"10.1017/s0033291703007682\",\"10.1002/mds.20508\",\"10.1097/htr.0b013e3181d6c715\",\"10.1016/j.bbr.2006.01.019\",\"10.1038/sj.npp.1301584\",\"10.1017/s1461145711001441\",\"10.1002/aur.1395\",\"10.1111/gbb.12343\",\"10.1016/j.bbr.2010.12.031\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.4312-09.2010\",\"10.1038/s41398-021-01706-y\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x\",\"10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7\",\"10.1177/0269881117725915\",\"10.1177/0269881110388326\",\"10.1038/s41380-023-02280-z\",\"10.1177/1179069518800508\",\"10.1124/pr.118.017160\",\"10.1111/j.1476-5381.1974.tb08611.x\",\"10.1097/fbp.0000000000000626\",\"10.1038/s41386-023-01545-z\",\"10.1038/s41380-024-02439-2\",\"10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112861\",\"10.1136/jnnp-2015-310737\",\"10.1038/nn.4238\",\"10.1177/2470547020984732\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.1989-14.2015\",\"10.1007/s00213-024-06586-w\",\"10.1038/s41398-024-03103-7\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2206443\",\"10.1186/2045-5380-3-12\",\"10.1017/s0033291719002393\",\"10.1038/s41380-024-02575-9\",\"10.61373/pp025r.0002\",\"10.1038/s41398-023-02414-5\",\"10.1007/s10071-017-1124-4\",\"10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100362\",\"10.1037/abn0000641\"],\"reference_count\":49}", "topic_tags": "Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 283, "title": "MDMA and Psilocybin Regulate Oligodendrocyte-Lineage Cell Numbers and Anxiety-Like Behaviors in a Rat Model of Fear.", "normalized_title": "mdma and psilocybin regulate oligodendrocyte lineage cell numbers and anxiety like behaviors in a rat model of fear", "authors": "Bostancıklıoğlu M, Kaplan DS, Bal R, Yiğit E, Ulusal H, Temiz E.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin and MDMA produce rapid, enduring therapeutic effects in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated whether adult myelin plasticity contributes to the therapeutic actions of psilocybin and MDMA in a rat model of contextual fear conditioning.MethodsAdult male Wistar rats (N = 210) received repeated low doses of psilocybin (0.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.], for 4 days) or MDMA (0.1 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 4 days). Behavioral tests assessed anxiety-like behaviors and spatial memory. Following local and global manipulations of myelin integrity, we assessed the drugs' effects on myelination by quantifying myelin sheath thickness; oligodendrocyte-lineage cell densities; and transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiles in the dentate gyrus.ResultsBoth compounds reduced anxiety-like behaviors. These improvements coincided with oligodendroglial changes and multiomic signatures of myelin-related remodeling; however, mean g-ratio measures of myelin thickness did not differ significantly between intact fear-conditioned animals with or without psychedelic treatment. Myelin disruption abolished these anxiolytic effects, and integrative multiomics revealed convergent upregulation of myelin-related proteins following administration of psilocybin or MDMA. Psilocybin preferentially induced early oligodendroglial gene programs, while MDMA enhanced markers of mature myelin. Notably, 5-HT2A receptor blockade completely abolished the myelin and behavioral enhancements induced by both psilocybin and MDMA.ConclusionsPsilocybin and MDMA promote adult oligodendrocyte and myelin plasticity. Enhancing myelination may be a viable strategy to augment or sustain the therapeutic effects of psychedelic-assisted treatments for PTSD and related disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.01.016", "pubmed_id": "41644029", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.01.016", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41644029\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study,Transcriptomics,Proteomics,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 87, "title": "Spatiotemporal mapping of brain organisation following the administration of 2C-B and psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "spatiotemporal mapping of brain organisation following the administration of 2c b and psilocybin", "authors": "Mallaroni P, Singleton SP, Mason NL, Satterthwaite TD, Ramaekers JG.", "abstract": "As psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy gains momentum, clinical investigation of next-generation psychedelics may lead to novel compounds tailored for specific populations. 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) is a psychedelic phenethylamine reported to produce less dysphoria and subjective impairment than the psychedelic tryptamine psilocybin. Despite its popularity among recreational users and distinct pharmacodynamics, the neural correlates of 2C-B remain unexplored. Using 7 T resting-state functional MRI in 22 healthy volunteers, we mapped out the acute effects of matched doses of 20 mg 2C-B, 15 mg psilocybin and placebo across spatiotemporal benchmarks of functional brain organisation. In a within-subjects, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, we evaluated the neuropharmacological and neurobehavioural correlates of an array of connectivity measures - including static (sFC) and global connectivity (gFC), dynamic connectivity variability (dFC), and spontaneous brain complexity. Compared to placebo, 2C-B and psilocybin selectively reduced intranetwork sFC, while broadly increasing between-network and subcortical-cortical connectivity. Compared to psilocybin, 2C-B exhibited less pronounced reductions in between-network dFC but elicited elevations in transmodal sFC. Both compounds yielded spatially divergent increases in gFC yet produced similar increases in brain complexity. Using PET density modelling, the spatial distribution of neural effects aligned with documented differences in monoaminergic transporter and serotonergic receptor binding affinity beyond 5-HT2A, highlighting the role of pharmacology in shaping functional dynamics. Lastly, we show behavioural markers of psychedelic effects are reflected by the decoupling of the transmodal axis of functional brain organisation. Together, our findings highlight 2C-B as a useful new addition to the study of psychedelic neuroscience and may motivate new pharmacotherapy strategies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-026-03447-0", "pubmed_id": "41634136", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-026-03447-0", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Dimethoxyphenylethylamine, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41634136\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3272, "title": "Can LLMs Get High? A Dual-Metric Framework for Evaluating Psychedelic Simulation and Safety in Large Language Models", "normalized_title": "can llms get high a dual metric framework for evaluating psychedelic simulation and safety in large language models", "authors": "Ben-Zion Z, Simon G, Lazebnik T.", "abstract": "Abstract Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly consulted by individuals for support during psychedelic experiences (\"trip sitting\"), yet no framework exists to evaluate whether these models can accurately simulate or safely respond to altered states of consciousness. We aimed to determine if LLMs can be induced to generate narratives resembling human psychedelic experiences and to quantify this behavior using psychometric and linguistic metrics. We developed a dual-metric evaluation framework comparing 3,000 LLM-generated narratives (from Gemini 2.5, Claude Sonnet 3.5, ChatGPT-5, Llama-2 70B, and Falcon 40B) against 1,085 human trip reports sourced from Erowid.org. Models were prompted under neutral and psychedelic-induction conditions across five substances (psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca, and mescaline). We assessed outcomes using semantic similarity (Sentence-BERT embeddings) to human reports and the Mystical Experience Questionnaire-30 (MEQ-30). Psychedelic induction prompts produced a significant shift in model outputs compared to neutral conditions. Semantic similarity to human reports increased from a mean of 0.156 (neutral) to 0.548 (psychedelic), and mystical-experience scores rose from 0.046 to 0.748. While models demonstrated substance-specific linguistic styles (e.g., generating distinct semantic profiles for substances like LSD versus ayahuasca), they exhibited uniformly high mystical intensity across all substances. Contemporary LLMs can be \"dosed\" via text prompts to generate convincingly realistic psychedelic narratives. However, the dissociation between their high linguistic mimicry and lack of genuine phenomenology suggests they simulate the form of altered states without the experiential content. This capability raises significant safety concerns regarding anthropomorphism and the potential for AI to inadvertently amplify distress or delusional ideation in vulnerable users.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-02-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-8682370/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8682370/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1149771\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 193, "title": "Real-world effectiveness and safety of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: Outcomes from a large-scale compassionate use cohort in Switzerland.", "normalized_title": "real world effectiveness and safety of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy outcomes from a large scale compassionate use cohort in switzerland", "authors": "Aboulafia-Brakha T, Buchard A, Mabilais C, Alaux S, Amberger C, Furtado L, Seragnoli F, Briefer JF, Thorens G, Sabé M, Szczesniak L, Iuga R, Zullino D, Penzenstadler L.", "abstract": "BackgroundClassic serotonergic psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin show promising antidepressant effects in controlled trials, but real-world data from routine clinical care remain limited.MethodsThis study retrospectively analysed routine data from adults with treatment-resistant depressive and/or anxiety disorders who received a first standardized Psychedelic-assisted Psychotherapy (PAP) cycle with 100 µg LSD or 25 mg psilocybin at a Swiss university hospital (May 2024-October 2025). Self-reported depression (BDI) and trait anxiety (STAI-T) were assessed at screening, one month before treatment, and 1-3 months post-treatment. In a subset of participants, cognitive emotion regulation (CERQ) was assessed pre- and post-treatment. Subjective drug effects and adverse events were recorded on the treatment day.ResultsThe sample consisted of 115 patients (56.5 % female; Mean age = 47.5 years). Depressive and anxiety symptoms significantly decreased over time (BDI: F(2178) = 63.50, p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.42; STAI-T: F(1.74,145.9) = 16.97, p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.17), with no main effect of substance. CERQ analyses indicated reduced self-blame, rumination and catastrophizing, and increased positive refocusing and reappraisal. Perceived intensity followed distinct temporal profiles for LSD and psilocybin, but comparable subjective drug effects and clinical outcomes. Adverse events were mostly mild and transient, with no serious complications or treatment discontinuations.ConclusionsIn this compassionate-use real-world cohort, a first fully-active dose PAP session with LSD or psilocybin was well tolerated and associated with significant improvements in depressive and anxiety symptoms. These findings support the feasibility and effectiveness of PAP in specialised routine care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-02-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2026.116992", "pubmed_id": "41643299", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2026.116992", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Retrospective Studies, Anxiety Disorders, Psychotherapy, Adult, Middle Aged, Switzerland, Female, Male, Compassionate Use Trials, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Outcome Assessment, Health Care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41643299\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2984, "title": "Psilocybin wirkt bei therapieresistenter Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin wirkt bei therapieresistenter depression", "authors": "Müller Thomas", "abstract": "", "journal": "DNP - Die Neurologie & Psychiatrie", "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s15202-025-6636-1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s15202-025-6636-1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:55:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1007/s15202-025-6636-1\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1987, "title": "Ketamine and psilocybin for athletes: A therapeutic breakthrough or a slippery slope?", "normalized_title": "ketamine and psilocybin for athletes a therapeutic breakthrough or a slippery slope", "authors": "Zandonai Thomas, Venturini Sofia, Corazza Ornella", "abstract": "", "journal": "Performance Enhancement & Health", "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.peh.2025.100386", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2025.100386", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100386\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.2147/jpr.s358070\",\"10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.009\",\"10.1080/20961790.2017.1285219\",\"10.1186/s40798-024-00743-3\",\"10.1177/20451253241264812\",\"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100366\",\"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100301\"],\"reference_count\":10}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1986, "title": "Attitudes and perceptions of Portuguese mental health professionals on the therapeutic use of psilocybin and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).", "normalized_title": "attitudes and perceptions of portuguese mental health professionals on the therapeutic use of psilocybin and methylenedioxymethamphetamine mdma", "authors": "Encantado Jorge, Carvalho Laura C., Mota Pedro, Cunha Catarina, Garcia-Romeu Albert, Johnson Matthew W., Teixeira Pedro J.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Professional Psychology: Research and Practice", "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1037/pro0000664", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000664", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1037/pro0000664\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 307, "title": "Ketamine, Psychedelics, and Psychotherapy: Reframing, Redefining, Renaming Treatment Models.", "normalized_title": "ketamine psychedelics and psychotherapy reframing redefining renaming treatment models", "authors": "Swainson J, Brietzke E, Khullar A, McIntyre RS, Soares CN", "abstract": "There has been a renewed interest in the use of various psychedelic agents as potential therapies for multiple psychiatric conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), to name a few. This follows the recent accumulation of evidence for ketamine pharmacotherapy and a rapid proliferation of clinics/programs offering a variety of ketamine based treatments. A quick glance at the existing evidence, however, reveals a confusing scenario for patients, healthcare providers, and regulators. Overall, there are no standard definitions of what constitutes a psychotherapeutic intervention within a psychedelic-based or a ketamine-based treatment. More specifically, studies have not always distinguished between using a well-known, manualized psychotherapy, providing psychoeducation and psychological support, or providing a therapy specifically to integrate the drug experience in psychedelic trials. Also, it is difficult to determine the role of the psychedelic agent as a stand-alone treatment, and the relative importance (if any) of the psychedelic experience for the desired therapeutic effect. In this perspective, we discuss the evolving landscape of psychedelic-based and ketamine-based treatments, highlighting different therapeutic models, their methodologies, and the need for clearer definitions and rigorous clinical trials. The document proposes three new definitions to improve clarity in evaluating the effects of these agents and the role of psychotherapies. We suggest language that will distinguish: (1) when the drug is used for its pharmacologic effects as a stand-alone treatment, without requiring the psychedelic experience or combined psychotherapy; (2) when the treatment requires the acute psychological effects of the drug to assist psychotherapy and (3) When ketamine or a psychedelic agent is used in combination with a structured, manualized psychotherapy that could be implemented even in the absence of these agents. We hope that this new terminology and definitions will help distinguish the various therapeutic roles of these agents (as stand-alone treatments or in combination with psychotherapies), and facilitate study designs, regulatory pathways, and more informed patient care.Plain Language Summary TitleKetamine, Psychedelics, and Psychotherapy: Understanding treatment models to better inform practice.", "journal": "Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie", "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/07067437251389090", "pubmed_id": "41148143", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41148143/", "keywords": "MDMA, PTSD, depression, ketamine, nomenclature, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychotherapy, terminology, therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41148143\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 300, "title": "Placebo Effects in the Treatment of Depression-Implications for the Psychedelic Renaissance.", "normalized_title": "placebo effects in the treatment of depression implications for the psychedelic renaissance", "authors": "Ansari M, Elliott SI, Holmes SE, Sanacora G", "abstract": "The development of novel, rapid-acting treatments and the resurgence of interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelic-like compounds has stimulated excitement and enthusiasm within the pharmaceutical industry, and provided new hope for millions of individuals suffering with mental illness such as major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. This review summarizes the scope and mechanisms of placebo related effects in depression treatment trials, with a particular focus on their implications for psychedelic-like compounds. We examine how expectancy, therapeutic setting, and trial design interact to shape outcomes and consider emerging approaches for mitigating, measuring, or even harnessing placebo-effects in future research.", "journal": "Neurologic clinics", "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.ncl.2025.08.009", "pubmed_id": "41232997", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41232997/", "keywords": "Antidepressant, Ketamine, MDMA, Masking, Placebo, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Unblinding", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41232997\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 295, "title": "Difficulties following naturalistic psychedelic use and associations with adverse childhood experiences.", "normalized_title": "difficulties following naturalistic psychedelic use and associations with adverse childhood experiences", "authors": "Olofsson M, Osika W, Goldberg SB, Hendricks PS, Petrovic P, White T, Stenfors CUD, Chaturvedi S, Simonsson O", "abstract": "Naturalistic psychedelic use can result in a range of difficulties that impair social, occupational, and other important areas of functioning. Yet, the prevalence, phenomenology, and etiology of these outcomes remain poorly understood. Recent qualitative research has shown that individuals with long-term difficulties after psychedelic use sometimes attribute their challenges to childhood trauma. Further studies are needed to investigate these relationships. In this cross-sectional mixed-methods study of U.S. adults with lifetime psychedelic use (n = 3168), we examined the prevalence, duration, and nature of psychedelic-related difficulties, as well as associations with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Of all participants (n = 3168), most (n = 2785, 87.9 %) reported no difficulties; 6.4 % (n = 203) reported post-acute difficulties that lasted for more than one day, and 1.3 % (n = 40) for more than one year. Among those who reported difficulties (n = 383), 47 % (n = 180) reported that their difficulties resolved in one day or less. The most frequently reported post-acute difficulties were general anxiety (33.9 %), negative changes in self-concept (25.9 %), and social disconnection (23.0 %). In covariate-adjusted regression models, 2 ACEs (aOR: 2.24, p = 0.007), 3 ACEs (aOR: 2.27, p = 0.006), and ≥4 ACEs (aOR: 2.84, p < 0.001) were associated with higher odds of psychedelic-related difficulties compared to 0 ACEs. ≥4 ACEs were also associated with higher odds of difficulties that lasted more than one day (aOR: 2.37, p = 0.015) and more than one week (aOR: 2.89, p = 0.042). There are a range of difficulties that can follow psychedelic use and childhood adversity may represent a risk factor for persistent adverse effects.", "journal": "The International journal on drug policy", "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105105", "pubmed_id": "41389560", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41389560/", "keywords": "Adverse, Challenging experiences, Childhood, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Trauma", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41389560\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 288, "title": "Participant Experiences of Therapeutic Touch in Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "participant experiences of therapeutic touch in psilocybin assisted therapy", "authors": "Ham R, Gardner J, Carter A, Liknaitzky P.", "abstract": "IntroductionAlthough commonly used in psychedelic-assisted therapy, the role of therapeutic touch remains loosely defined and ethically sensitive. Gaining insight into how participants experience and interpret touch during psychedelic sessions is essential for informing safe and effective clinical practice.MethodsParticipants were sampled from a large randomized clinical trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy that permitted protocol-defined supportive touch. Longitudinal qualitative data (39 semi-structured interviews) were analyzed from n = 18 participants. Interviews covered expectations, experiences, and reflections on the use of touch during acute psychedelic states, before and after dosing. Thematic analysis was used to identify major themes.ResultsParticipants expressed varied preferences and responses to therapeutic touch. Most valued its availability, particularly after firsthand experience, describing its capacity to foster emotional connection, provide grounding during intense affective states, and modulate the depth of psychedelic experience. Several reported perceiving therapeutic benefit directly attributable to touch. Acceptability was consistently linked to the quality of the therapeutic relationship and robust consent processes. Some participants also identified potential for discomfort or distraction, underscoring the need for sensitivity to individual history and context.ConclusionsTherapeutic touch may support emotional safety and affect regulation during acute psychedelic states. Findings highlight the importance of explicit preparation, consent, and attunement when incorporating touch into psychedelic therapy. Further research should inform therapist training, individualized consent frameworks, and safety protocols to guide ethical and effective use in clinical practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/brb3.71262", "pubmed_id": "41699875", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.71262", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Therapeutic Touch, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41699875\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 287, "title": "Psychedelic- and Substance-Assisted Therapies in Global Mental Health: Bridging Cultures, Evidence, and Access.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic and substance assisted therapies in global mental health bridging cultures evidence and access", "authors": "Halm S.", "abstract": "Psychedelic- and substance-assisted therapies, including MDMA, psilocybin, and ketamine, are gaining attention for conditions such as PTSD and depression, yet their development and implementation remain largely concentrated in high-income settings. This graphical abstract summarizes the central argument of the commentary: while these interventions may hold relevance for global mental health, particularly in conflict-affected and humanitarian contexts, their equitable use is constrained by cultural, ethical, regulatory, and resource-related challenges. Responsible implementation requires culturally grounded, ethically robust, and context-sensitive pathways rather than uncritical expansion.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/brb3.71265", "pubmed_id": "41699879", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.71265", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Global Health, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41699879\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 286, "title": "We Licked the Toads so You Don't Have to: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Chemical Syntheses of the Classical Psychedelics Bufotenin(e) and 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine.", "normalized_title": "we licked the toads so you don t have to a comprehensive analysis of the chemical syntheses of the classical psychedelics bufotenin e and 5 methoxy n n dimethyltryptamine", "authors": "Homon A, Laramie J, Hayward JJ, Trant JF", "abstract": "Bufotenin (also spelt as bufotenine) and its methylated derivative, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), are potent psychedelics that are found in many plants but also excreted by some species of toads. The compounds are regulated differently around the world, and although used in traditional medicine, 20-century prohibition culture has slowed research into their utility for ameliorating psychological disorders and inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the global trend toward legalization and a renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has increased the number of clinical and preclinical studies of these and related materials. This necessitates access to large amounts of these compounds, but they are not commercially available on scale, leaving researchers with a need to either contract out, or make their own. The first bufotenin synthesis was reported in 1935 by Hoshino and coworkers, and novel syntheses are still being disclosed in the 2020s. This is the first effort to collate and compare all extant academic and patent syntheses (as of fall 2024) into a single review so that researchers can identify the most appropriate route for their own purposes. We conclude by highlighting outstanding challenges that are ripe for solutions to reduce the cost of any future commercial-scale production.", "journal": "ChemMedChem", "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1002/cmdc.202500525", "pubmed_id": "41765690", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41765690/", "keywords": "5-HT receptors, psilocin derivatives, psychedelic, serotonin, total synthesis", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41765690\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 285, "title": "[Pharmacological post-acute treatment of alcohol use disorder: Established strategies and innovative approaches].", "normalized_title": "pharmacological post acute treatment of alcohol use disorder established strategies and innovative approaches", "authors": "Roser P.", "abstract": "IntroductionAlcohol use disorders are common and contribute significantly to the global burden of disease. The treatment of alcohol dependence includes the acute withdrawal phase and the post-acute rehabilitation phase. The primary goal of post-acute treatment is long-term abstinence, although reduction of alcohol consumption is also recognized as an intermediate goal. In addition to psychosocial and psychotherapeutic interventions, the use of medications is recommended. In Switzerland, four medications (acamprosate, naltrexone, nalmefene, and disulfiram) are approved for post-acute treatment. Their efficacy in reducing relapse risk, drinking days, and overall alcohol consumption is well established. Baclofen, topiramate, and gabapentin are used \"off-label\", but sufficient evidence of their effectiveness is still lacking. Innovative approaches such as cannabidiol, psilocybin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists show promising therapeutic potential, which needs to be confirmed in further clinical studies. The use of pharmacological interventions can help improve patient outcomes, reduce the need for inpatient treatment, and lower healthcare costs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.23785/tu.2026.01.006", "pubmed_id": "41878754", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.23785/tu.2026.01.006", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Disulfiram, Taurine, Naltrexone, Alcohol Deterrents, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Switzerland, Secondary Prevention, Topiramate, Acamprosate", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41878754\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 284, "title": "Bioactive compounds from Psilocybe cubensis mycelial cultures with transient anxiolytic effects in mice.", "normalized_title": "bioactive compounds from psilocybe cubensis mycelial cultures with transient anxiolytic effects in mice", "authors": "Kala K, Bederska-Lojewska D, Lazur J, Gasior K, Maslanka A, Szewczyk A, Sulkowska-Ziaja K, Turek J, Szewczyk B, Pilc A, Muszynska B.", "abstract": "The growing percentage of people suffering from drug-resistant depression increases interest in alternative therapies, particularly the usage of psychedelics such as psilocybin. The main source of psilocybin is the Psilocybe cubensis species. Due to the potential therapeutic benefits of psilocybin and the legal restrictions on its possession and use in the form of fungal fruiting bodies, this research work documents an attempt to obtain in vitro P. cubensis mycelium in which psilocybin and other biologically active substances acting on the central nervous system would be present. It was hypothesized that chronic microdosing with whole in vitro - cultured P. cubensis mycelium, containing psilocybin together with other neuroactive secondary metabolites, could exert anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects through their combined action. For this purpose, the anti-anxiety and antidepressant activity of mycelium microdosing in male C57BL/6J mice was investigated. The tail suspension test (TST), novelty suppressed feeding test (NSFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), locomotor activity (LA), and female urine sniffing test (FUST) were used to examine animal behavior. The chemical analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method. Analysis of the studied extracts showed that psilocybin was present only in the mycelium of the Cambodian strain, at a concentration of 20.78 mg per 100 g dry weight. The experiment showed that mycelium supplementation significantly reduced anxious behavior in mice on day 22 but did not affect locomotor activity, depressive, anxiety-related, or anhedonic behaviors at later stages of the experimental protocol. Although the results suggest the potential of P. cubensis mycelial cultures in anxiety prevention, further studies using higher doses or alternative models are needed to confirm and extend these findings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-31", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.26402/jpp.2026.1.07", "pubmed_id": "41931735", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.26402/jpp.2026.1.07", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Mycelium, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Antidepressive Agents, Behavior, Animal, Anxiety, Female, Male, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41931735\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Microdosing,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1988, "title": "Psilocybin-Induced Neuroplasticity and Sustained Antidepressant Effects", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced neuroplasticity and sustained antidepressant effects", "authors": "Komarczewska Anna Maria, Matusiak Filip, Brzoza Klaudia, Kociński Michał, Iglewski Patryk, Pietrasz Michał", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted interventions have shown rapid reductions in depressive symptoms in controlled clinical settings, raising questions about biological mechanisms supporting durability beyond the acute drug effect. [5,7] Mechanistic accounts increasingly focus on neuroplasticity as a candidate pathway linking transient serotonergic receptor activation to longer-lasting psychological and clinical change. [2,6] To synthesize evidence from the publications regarding (1) antidepressant clinical outcomes after psilocybin-assisted interventions and (2) neuroplasticity-related biological findings that plausibly support sustained improvement. [2,3] Narrative review using only (clinical trials/secondary analyses and mechanistic animal/neuroimaging work). Evidence was summarized qualitatively; no meta-analysis was performed. [2,16] Randomized and open-label clinical studies report rapid symptom reduction and follow-up persistence in major depression and cancer-related depression/anxiety, including six-month outcomes in treatment-resistant depression (TRD) protocols with psychological support. [4,5,7,19] Preclinical work provides convergent evidence of plasticity-relevant change after psilocybin, including structural synaptic remodeling in frontal cortex and hippocampal plasticity-related outcomes in extinction learning paradigms. [3,8] Human neuroimaging work reports changes consistent with altered large-scale brain dynamics after psilocybin and TRD-related mechanistic findings on fMRI. [6,20] Across the uploaded dataset, psilocybin-assisted therapy is associated with rapid antidepressant effects and durability signals in selected samples, while convergent animal and human mechanistic findings support neuroplasticity as a biologically plausible contributor to sustained clinical improvement. [2,3]", "journal": "Quality in Sport", "publication_date": "2026-01-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.12775/qs.2026.51.68216", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12775/qs.2026.51.68216", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.12775/qs.2026.51.68216\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Review Article,Animal Study,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 345, "title": "Single-dose psilocybin promotes cell-type-specific changes of neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex.", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin promotes cell type specific changes of neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex", "authors": "Huang Z, Wei X, Wang Y, Tian J, Dong J, Liang B, Lu L, Zhang W.", "abstract": "Recent clinical breakthroughs hold great promise for the application of psilocybin in the treatments of psychological disorders, such as depression, addiction, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psilocybin is a psychedelic whose metabolite, psilocin, is a 5-HT2A receptor agonist. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms for the effects of psilocybin on the brain are not fully illustrated, and cell type-specific and circuit effects of psilocybin are not fully understood. Here, we combined single-nucleus RNA-seq with functional assays to study the long-term effects of psilocybin on the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) of male mouse, a brain region vulnerable to psychological disorders such as depression. We found that a single dose of psilocybin induced long-term genetic and functional changes in neurons of the OFC, and the layer 5 pyramidal neurons showed the most significant changes. The layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the OFC showed reduced expressions of glutamate receptors and the gene expressions of multiple intercellular signaling pathways involved in the excitatory synapse formation and maintenance after psilocybin injection, which was consistent with the decreased excitatory synaptic transmission of these neurons. Meanwhile, both Parvalbumin- and Somatostatin-positive inhibitory neurons of the OFC showed meager changes after psilocybin injection. Furthermore, knockdown of 5-HT2A receptor in the layer 5 pyramidal neurons but not the Parvalbumin-positive inhibitory neurons abated psilocybin-induced functional changes and the anti-depressant effect. Together, these results showed the cell type-specific mechanisms of psilocybin and shed light on the brain region difference in the effect of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.neurot.2026.e00841", "pubmed_id": "41620327", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurot.2026.e00841", "keywords": "Pyramidal Cells, Prefrontal Cortex, Neurons, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41620327\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 313, "title": "Regarding \"The molecular mechanisms through which psilocybin prevents suicide: evidence from network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses\".", "normalized_title": "regarding the molecular mechanisms through which psilocybin prevents suicide evidence from network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses", "authors": "Kristensen J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-026-03844-7", "pubmed_id": "41620438", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-03844-7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41620438\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 312, "title": "The Use of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders: A Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "the use of psilocybin in the treatment of depressive disorders a narrative review", "authors": "Siwek L, Nowocien M, Balajewicz B, Samborska A, Szukalska S, Karczewska M, Lichwala K, Wróblewski K, Wróblewska P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a psychoactive chemical compound that exerts its effects through the activation of serotonergic receptors. It occurs naturally in mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe. Despite its potential medical applications, this substance is regarded as a drug with no recognized medical use. Depression constitutes a psychiatric disorder of substantial global burden, affecting millions of individuals worldwide, with epidemiological data indicating a continuing upward trend in its prevalence. It is a complex disease entity that, despite years of research, remains not fully understood and constitutes a significant therapeutic challenge. Its pathogenesis is based on the interaction of biological, environmental, and social factors. It is estimated that by the year 2030, depression will become the leading cause of disability. The concern associated with this projection, together with human curiosity, has formed the foundation of numerous scientific studies conducted in recent years, aimed at identifying a breakthrough therapeutic approach that would expand the range of treatment options available to psychiatrists. The aim of this paper is to present the most recent reports on attempts to use the controversial substance psilocybin in the treatment of depression. Owing to promising research results demonstrating high therapeutic efficacy in comparison with conventional, currently recommended treatments, psilocybin-assisted therapy offers hope for the development of a modern therapeutic approach that provides the expected clinical outcomes, with a proven and more sustained therapeutic effect in treated patients, as well as a minimal number or complete absence of adverse effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-30", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.102694", "pubmed_id": "41777966", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.102694", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41777966\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 346, "title": "Indigenous Knowledge Systems & Psychedelic Science: Towards Ethical and Reciprocal Collaboration.", "normalized_title": "indigenous knowledge systems psychedelic science towards ethical and reciprocal collaboration", "authors": "Magar V, Robbins M, Fernández Lobo Blanco ÓML, Ali IL, Anderson B, Grob C, Henningfield JE, Kryskow P, Kuiper H, Loizaga-Velder A, Rush B, Volat M, Iron Rope S.", "abstract": "Indigenous Peoples have cultivated and protected natural psychoactive medicines through ceremony, kinship, and spiritual responsibility across generations, yet their long-standing contributions have often been marginalized through extractive research, commercialization, and policy exclusion. It is Indigenous communities that have stewarded and gained expertise working with psychoactive medicines for centuries, yet they remain underrepresented within the scientific discourse. This commentary advances the case for reciprocal and equitable collaboration in psychedelic science, grounded in Indigenous sovereignty, cultural and intellectual property rights, and governance. Drawing on traditions involving ayahuasca, psilocybin, peyote, and iboga, we illustrate how Indigenous methodologies, including ritual, community-based practices, and ecological approaches, offer insights critical to both safety and efficacy. We argue that research and policy must embed free, prior, and informed consent, equitable benefit-sharing, and Indigenous leadership. Such efforts require moving past tokenistic inclusion toward meaningful collaboration and systemic change in psychedelic research that is both scientifically rigorous and culturally just. We conclude by calling for more formal, transparent, and globally legitimate convening processes, such as those modeled on WHO global consultations, that can bring Indigenous leaders, researchers, and policymakers together in dialogue. These steps represent profound acts of inclusion essential for these medicines to realize their full potential to heal and transform.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251387104", "pubmed_id": "41618525", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251387104", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Hallucinogens, Cooperative Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41618525\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 194, "title": "PSilocybin for psYCHological and existential distress in PALliative care (PSYCHED-PAL): A single arm unblinded clinical trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for psychological and existential distress in palliative care psyched pal a single arm unblinded clinical trial", "authors": "Downar J, Lapenskie J, Anderson K, Parsons G, Polskaia N, Lalumiere G, Lawlor P.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychological distress is a common problem near the end of life, for which we lack effective, timely and scalable treatments. No previous study has assessed whether microdose psilocybin can improve symptoms in this population.AimTo determine whether microdose psilocybin is safe, feasible and potentially efficacious in a palliative setting.DesignOpen label, single-arm clinical trial of a 3-week oral psilocybin intervention, starting with 1 mg daily in week 1, increased to 2 mg in week 2 and 3 mg in week 3.Clinicaltrialsgov NCT04754061.Setting/participantsTwo-center study in Ottawa, Canada of adults with advanced, incurable illness and an estimated prognosis of 1-12 months, experiencing severe psychological distress.ResultsWe enrolled 20 participants (59% of those screened) between January 2024 and April 2025, of which 17 began and 13/17 (76%) completed the intervention. Participants were 40-84 years old, 53% female, and 82% had cancer. There were no serious adverse events reported, and nine mild or moderate adverse events. Four participants withdrew due to disease progression or poor response. Of the 13 remaining participants, nine (69%) reported a meaningful global improvement (Patient Global Impression of Change ⩾ 5); 8 (62%) reported >50% improvement in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores, 7 (54%) reported >50% improvement in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores and 9 (72%) reported a meaningful improvement in Demoralization Scale II scores.ConclusionsMicrodose psilocybin is a safe, feasible and potentially efficacious treatment for psychological distress in people with advanced illness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-29", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02692163261416269", "pubmed_id": "41617652", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02692163261416269", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Palliative Care, Stress, Psychological, Existentialism, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Psychological Distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41617652\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3712, "title": "Improving access to psilocybin-assisted therapy: barriers, challenges, and recommendations.", "normalized_title": "improving access to psilocybin assisted therapy barriers challenges and recommendations", "authors": "Tsang VWL, Roney C, Kryskow P, Dames S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-28", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1767210", "pubmed_id": "41694514", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1767210", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:39", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41694514\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3039, "title": "Psilocybin and the Evolutionary Significance of Altered Neural States: Interaction-Based Perspectives Beyond Deterrence Models", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and the evolutionary significance of altered neural states interaction based perspectives beyond deterrence models", "authors": "Rebensburg P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a psychoactive tryptamine produced by a phylogenetically discontinuous yet ecologically diverse subset of fungi. Despite decades of chemical, pharmacological, and ethnobiological research, the evolutionary forces driving the emergence and persistence of this compound remain insufficiently explained. Recent hypotheses proposing that psilocybin evolved primarily as a deterrent against insect fungivory account for certain laboratory observations but struggle to reconcile key features of the molecule, including its substantial biosynthetic investment, its highly specific and conserved neuromodulatory effects across taxa, and its patchy phylogenetic distribution. Here, I present a hypothesis-driven conceptual synthesis that reassesses the evolutionary significance of psilocybin by integrating evidence from fungal genomics, chemical ecology, evolutionary biology, and systems neuroscience. To test the limits of deterrence-based explanations, psilocybin is situated within a broader comparative framework that includes other naturally occurring tryptamines, most notably N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and related derivatives such as baeocystin and bufotenin. These compounds occur across fungi, plants, animals, and microbial symbioses, act on conserved serotonergic systems, and reliably induce transient but structured alterations of perception, behavior, and cognition. I argue that psilocybin is more parsimoniously understood as an interaction-modulating secondary metabolite that alters neural and behavioral states in ways that can influence ecological interactions, rather than as a narrowly targeted defensive toxin. Comparative analysis reveals convergent evolutionary patterns that are difficult to reconcile with deterrence-only models but are consistent with a broader evolutionary solution space in which altered neural states represent biologically accessible and functionally meaningful regimes. By reframing psilocybin as part of a class of secondary metabolites that modulate organism-environment interactions through transient alterations of neural state, this synthesis advances an interaction-based evolutionary framework and outlines testable predictions for future empirical work.", "journal": "EcoEvoRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-01-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.32942/x2v66q", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.32942/x2v66q", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1148835\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"EcoEvoRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Drug Interactions,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1989, "title": "PSILOCYBIN IN PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE AND PSYCHEDELIC-ASSISTED THERAPY FOR TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in psychiatric practice and psychedelic assisted therapy for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Łukasz Deska, Cezary Kosmecki, Dawid Głaz, Natalia Kamińska, Wojciech Sołtys, Magdalena Stolarczyk, Maksymilian Głaz, Mateusz Stronczyński, Aleksandra Jagura-Sukiennik, Julia Wawerska", "abstract": "This manuscript comprehensively reviews psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. It aims to synthesize current understanding regarding its mechanisms, efficacy, safety, costs, and accessibility, comparing it with conventional antidepressant and ketamine treatments. The methodology involved a narrative synthesis of academic literature, drawing from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials identified through targeted database searches. Key findings indicate that psilocybin therapy demonstrates rapid, robust, and sustained antidepressant effects, with high response and remission rates, often after one or two sessions. Its safety profile is generally favorable, with transient and mild adverse events. Mechanistically, psilocybin primarily acts on serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, modulating brain networks and enhancing neuroplasticity. However, significant challenges exist in terms of high costs, limited accessibility due to the intensive therapeutic model, and regulatory hurdles. In conclusion, psilocybin-assisted therapy offers a promising alternative for depression, particularly where standard treatments fail, by providing rapid and durable symptom reduction through unique neurobiological pathways. Future research should focus on optimizing treatment protocols, exploring long-term outcomes, identifying predictors of response, and addressing systemic barriers to accessibility and cost-effectiveness to facilitate its integration into broader mental healthcare.", "journal": "International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science", "publication_date": "2026-01-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4711", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4711", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4711\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/j.tips.2021.08.003\",\"10.1007/s00213-024-06599-5\",\"10.1038/s41398-025-03556-4\",\"10.1080/02791072.2023.2278586\",\"10.7249/rra2825-1\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.866018\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2032994\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278823\",\"10.2174/157015908787386104\",\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.42210\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.1038/s41591-022-01744-z\",\"10.1089/pmr.2024.0108\",\"10.3390/neurolint13030038\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102799\",\"10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100727\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1359088\",\"10.31486/toj.23.0076\",\"10.3390/psychoactives3040029\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1268832\",\"10.1093/ijnp/pyac074\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.108\",\"10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7\",\"10.1177/02698811211073759\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115531\",\"10.1177/0269881108093587\",\"10.4088/jcp.23m15102\",\"10.1007/s00213-024-06644-3\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1416420\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1025726\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1293243\",\"10.1017/s0033291723001411\",\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14650\",\"10.1192/bjp.2024.217\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.07.011\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.022\",\"10.3390/ijms231911450\",\"10.1016/j.medj.2024.01.005\",\"10.1177/0269881116675512\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101809\",\"10.1101/2019.12.04.19013896\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1406888\",\"10.1017/s0963180124000604\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1415905\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737738\",\"10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115886\",\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.5960\",\"10.3390/jcm11040938\",\"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1411234\"],\"reference_count\":51}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 315, "title": "High hopes? Precision psychedelic addiction medicine.", "normalized_title": "high hopes precision psychedelic addiction medicine", "authors": "Zafar RR, Kleine P, Kurtin D, Wall M, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "Despite decades of neuroscience research and significant investment in addiction neuroimaging, clinical outcomes for individuals with substance use and behavioural addictions remain poor. Only 1.8% of people with substance use disorders receive effective treatment, highlighting a major disconnect between mechanistic understanding and clinical utility. This paper calls for a reorientation of addiction neuroscience, from a predominantly diagnostic focus toward a theragnostic framework, in which biomarkers are used to stratify patients, guide treatment decisions, and predict outcomes. We argue that the integration of translational neuroimaging biomarkers, particularly fMRI, EEG, and PET, within psychedelic addiction research offers a unique and timely opportunity to catalyse this shift. Psychedelic compounds such as psilocybin represent a new class of therapeutics capable of engaging neuroplasticity, reward and emotional processing, and cognitive control networks central to addiction pathophysiology. We review how acute and pre-post neuroimaging paradigms can index pharmacodynamic effects and longer-term treatment response and propose a roadmap for embedding biomarkers in early and late phase clinical trials. Drawing on ongoing studies at the Centre for Psychedelic Research at Imperial College London, we outline how multimodal biomarkers are being co-developed alongside clinical trials in gambling and opioid use disorders to identify biotype-specific responses and build a deeply phenotyped treatment population. We argue that these biomarkers, if validated, could serve as regulatory-grade tools for drug theragnostic co-development, mirroring successful models in oncology and neurology. Importantly, we emphasise that realising this vision will require robust multi-stakeholder collaboration, including academia, industry, regulatory agencies, funders, healthcare systems, and patient groups alongside dedicated investment to build a scalable theragnostic infrastructure for addiction research and medicine. In conclusion, psychedelic therapy offers more than symptomatic relief, it presents a vehicle for transforming how we diagnose, treat, and understand addiction. By embracing theragnostic principles and prioritising biomarker integration, addiction medicine has the potential to move towards personalised and precision-guided care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-27", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1681795", "pubmed_id": "41684524", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1681795", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41684524\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3502, "title": "PSilocybin Microdose for psYCHological and Existential Distress in PALliative Care (PSYCHED-PAL): A Multi-site Phase 3 Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-arm Clinical Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin microdose for psychological and existential distress in palliative care psyched pal a multi site phase 3 double blind placebo controlled parallel arm clinical trial", "authors": "Bruyère Health Research Institute.", "abstract": "About 30-50% of patients with advanced illness experience depression, anxiety, or decreased sense of purpose and autonomy. Together, these are called psychological distress. Treatment options such as medication and therapy are available; however, they do not always work and can be time-consuming and expensive. We need treatments that work well, quickly, and can be available to all patients with advanced illness who have psychological distress. Psilocybin, a psychedelic medication (commonly called 'magic mushrooms') works well for improving psychological distress in people with cancer or chronic illness when given in high doses with specific forms of therapy. However, psilocybin has not been well-studied among people with advanced illness, and there are concerns about safety and side effects in people approaching the end of life. However, reports on psilocybin microdosing, which involves taking small doses that do not cause hallucinations and do not require therapy, suggest that this may be effective, safer, and more acceptable for people with advanced illness. We recently completed a small study of psilocybin microdosing. Our results showed psilocybin microdose improved psychological distress in most participants with advanced illness, without serious side effects. Our next step is to do a randomized clinical trial where some patients receive psilocybin microdose and some receive placebo (a drug that contains no medicinal ingredients). By comparing these two groups, we can remove the possibility that improvements in symptoms are only because patients thought they were getting treatment. We will enroll 120 patients from inpatient, outpatient, and community care settings across seven sites. Participants in the microdose psilocybin group will receive 2 or 3 mg of psilocybin daily, 4 days per week, for two consecutive weeks. The placebo group will receive placebo with the same treatment schedule. All participants will be offered microdose psilocybin after 2-week follow-up. If this study is successful, we have the potential to change how psychological distress is managed in patients with advanced illness. Patients with advanced illness report feeling a sense of hopelessness, loss of autonomy and relationships, and a lack of purpose in life. These feelings of psychological suffering have been described as \"existential distress\" and are associated with poor outcomes, including decreased medication adherence and quality of life, increased desire for hastened death and rates of suicide, and has been identified as a primary reason why individuals pursue medical assistance in dying (MAiD). Current treatments for psychological and existential suffering have low efficacy and are challenging to use in a palliative context. Pharmacological approaches for treating psychological suffering may reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, but evidence to support their efficacy in palliative care (PC) is underwhelming. Antidepressant and anxiolytic medications also take time to work and can cause serious side effects such as falls and confusion, which can be substantial deterrents for patients. Similarly, results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses have demonstrated psychotherapeutic interventions show limited benefit in a PC population. Further, psychotherapy can be time consuming and slow to work, which is not ideal for patients with limited life expectancy. Given the burden of psychological and existential distress among patients followed by PC providers, there is a need to develop scalable, brief, and rapidly effective therapeutic approaches to reduce this distress. Psychedelic medications offer an innovative, safe, complementary approach to address psychological and existential suffering in patients receiving PC. Studies from the 1950's showed serotonergic hallucinogens (\"psychedelics\") improved depression and anxiety symptoms in cancer patients. However, legislative changes restricted the use of these medications in clinical care and research. Interest in psychedelic medications has been rekindled by two recently published RCTs that studied the use of psilocybin (a mushroom-derived 5HT2A agonist) during a single psychotherapeutic session in cancer patients with anxiety and/or depression. These trials demonstrated rapid, clinically meaningful, and long-lasting reductions in depressed mood and/or anxiety symptoms and improvements in quality of life and death acceptance. Although the exact mechanism by which psilocybin affects mood symptoms is unclear, functional MRI studies of the brain show psilocybin disrupts the functional connectivity between anterior hippocampus (involved in memory and anticipation of future events) and the default mode network (associated with anhedonia and rumination on negative themes). There is also evidence suggesting psilocybin microdosing - taking sub-hallucinogenic doses continuously over longer time periods, rather than a one-time hallucinogenic dose - can improve mood and anxiety. The effects of microdosing, however, have not been rigorously evaluated, particularly in patients with life limiting illness. Results from recent trials are encouraging but knowledge gaps remain. First, studies to date primarily enrolled patients with localized disease who experience different distress than that of patients with advanced disease who are near the end of life. Second, it is unclear if Canadians would find psilocybin an attractive option in the context of MAiD legalization, which provides an alternative option for patients with severe psychological suffering. Third, there is no empirical research on the therapeutic effects of psilocybin microdosing, as most studies have followed macrodosing protocols. While preliminary efficacy of macrodosing has been demonstrated, there are important barriers to administering this therapy in a PC context. Previous trials had slow recruitment rates, suggesting there may be barriers related to the acceptability of psilocybin macrodosing from the perspectives of patients and families. Macrodosing requires the patient to dedicate an entire day to participating in a guided hallucinogenic experience and remain in an acute care setting where they can be closely monitored. It also requires patients to engage in preparatory sessions with monitors and a post-therapy session. In a PC context, this time commitment may not be acceptable or feasible for patients who are nearing the end of life. Macrodosing requires at least two trained moderators to guide the patient through their psychedelic experience and facilitate the pre- and post-dosing sessions. In most PC settings, it is not feasible to have clinicians dedicate two days to a single patient, thus limiting the scalability of this intervention. Anecdotally, concerns about the safety of high-dose psilocybin in the terminally ill, as well as access to psychotherapy, may also be substantial barriers in this population. Moreover, randomized trials of psychedelic medications are methodologically challenging because patients cannot be blinded to having a psychedelic experience. This \"functional unblinding\" was one major reason why the US FDA chose not to approve psychedelic medication for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in August 2024, despite strongly positive trial results. Psilocybin microdosing may be safer and more feasible than psilocybin macrodosing in palliative setting. Psychedelic microdosing involves taking 5-10% of a psychedelic dose of a substance such as psilocybin on a regular basis (daily or several times per week). It does not produce a psychedelic experience, nor does it involve psychotherapy, but large surveys and anecdotal reports suggest that microdosing produces substantial and sustained improvements in mood and anxiety symptoms without any important side effects. By removing the requirement for trained moderators, minimizing the time commitment required of patients, eliminating the hallucinogenic effects of the therapy, and allowing patients to receive treatment either as an inpatient or in the community, microdosing may be a more acceptable option to patients and families and allow psychedelic therapy to be scalable across various PC settings. We have completed a phase 2 dose-finding and proof of concept study for microdosing psilocybin in people with advanced illness receiving PC. Using progressively increasing microdoses of psilocybin over a 3-week period (from 1 mg to 3 mg daily), we found that a large proportion of participants experienced dramatic improvements in their psychological distress, with minimal side effects. This effect was durable after stopping the medication but diminished after 4 weeks. Given the encouraging findings from our phase 2 study, and the potential feasibility, scalability, and safety of psilocybin microdosing for a population with few effective options, proceeding to a phase 3 placebo-controlled trial is warranted. Objectives Primary Objectives: To determine the efficacy of microdose psilocybin for improving psychological distress among patients with advanced illness followed by a palliative care provider. Secondary Objectives: 1. Assess whether microdose psilocybin improves quality of life and desire to die among patients with advanced illness followed by a palliative care provider. 2. Determine the safety of long-term (up to 1 year) use of psilocybin microdose to treat psychological distress among patients with advanced illness followed by a palliative care provider. Open-Label Access and Extension Phase Following the primary study 2-week follow-up completion, all participants will have the option to participate in an open-label access phase. In this phase, participants will be offered open-label psilocybin for two consecutive weeks (same dosing and schedule as the primary study). Two weeks after the access phase has been completed, all participants will have the option to participate in the open-label extension period for up to 1 year. The open-label extension will follow a three-week dosing cycle, where all participants will take psilocybin microdoses for two consecutive weeks, and then no doses on the third week, before starting the cycle again. The open-label and open-label extension phase include safety and primary and secondary outcomes (see Outcome Measures), in line with the primary study protocol. Sample Size We require a sample size of 60 patients per arm (120 patients in total). This assumes a 20% loss to attrition/deterioration and 10% withdrawal (based on our phase 2 study). This sample would have 80% power to detect a change of 0.30 from 30% PGIC response (control) to 60% PGIC response (intervention) at last treatment day, corresponding to an effect size (Cohen's d) of 0.61. Statistical Analysis We will follow an intent-to-treat approach. We will use chi-square tests to compare the proportion of participants in the microdose psilocybin vs. placebo arm with a PGIC score of ≥5 at the last day of treatment and at 2-week follow-up, and to compare the proportion of participants who demonstrate a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in secondary efficacy outcomes. To minimize type I error, a correction will be performed on the multiple secondary endpoint analyses. Safety and feasibility outcomes will be analyzed using descriptive statistics with 95% confidence intervals.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-01-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07063862", "keywords": "Psychological Distress, Psilocybin, Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07063862\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE3\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1990, "title": "Group Retreat Psilocybin Therapy for People with Metastatic Cancer with Anxiety and Depression: A Rite of Passage Facilitation Model for a Phase 1/2 Study", "normalized_title": "group retreat psilocybin therapy for people with metastatic cancer with anxiety and depression a rite of passage facilitation model for a phase 1 2 study", "authors": "Back Anthony L., McGregor Bonnie A., Billingsley Lindsay, Blom Dianna, Callan George, Myers Susanna, Guy John, Kumar Sameet, Layer Melissa, Levin Jackie, Perez Juliana, Thompson Peter, Salmonson Kathy, Whinney Joseph, Thorn Leslie Lazar", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin therapy is an emerging treatment for cancer-related anxiety, depression, and existential distress. Most clinical trials to date have studied individual models of psilocybin therapy, but group models may offer increased access and benefits of community. Purpose: This technical report describes a group facilitation model developed for an food and drug administration (FDA)-approved Phase 1 to 2 clinical trial that recruited people with metastatic cancer who had moderate or severe symptoms of anxiety or depression in which psilocybin was administered at a 3-day, in-person retreat. Results: The facilitation model we developed for this intervention is based on anthropological studies of ritual, specifically rites of passage, to develop a secular ritual with therapeutic aims. Using rites of passage terminology, “separation” corresponds to preparation, “liminal” corresponds to the psilocybin dosing session, and “reincorporation” corresponds to integration. In our usage, the term “ritual” refers to intentionally structured, symbolic acts that embody and reinforce shared meaning, guiding participants through experiences that may otherwise feel unbounded or overwhelming. In the group psilocybin retreat model, ritual functions both psychologically-by supporting emotional regulation, orientation, and meaning-making-and communally-by embedding the individual’s process within a shared field of intention and care. Conclusion: To our knowledge this is the first FDA-approved clinical trial of a secular ritual-based group facilitation model for psychedelic therapy that is associated with empirically demonstrated safety and efficacy outcomes.", "journal": "Psychedelic Medicine", "publication_date": "2026-01-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251404460", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251404460", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1177/28314425251404460\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1002/14651858.cd015383.pub2\",\"10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2023.06.006\",\"10.1002/cncr.35010\",\"10.1002/cncr.35024\",\"10.1080/02791072.2019.1593559\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538\",\"10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2000.54.4.486\",\"10.1007/7854_2021_266\",\"10.1080/00207284.1998.11491538\",\"10.1556/2054.2023.00297\",\"10.1016/j.lana.2022.100410\",\"10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171\",\"10.1089/psymed.2023.0069\",\"10.1002/cncr.31539\",\"10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91551-1\"],\"reference_count\":33}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 316, "title": "A Promise Without Panacea: Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies in Modern Psychiatry.", "normalized_title": "a promise without panacea psychedelic assisted therapies in modern psychiatry", "authors": "Raza M, Kaur J.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapies have re-emerged as a subject of increasing scientific and clinical interest in psychiatry, particularly in the context of persistent treatment gaps for conditions such as treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. Compounds, including psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, are being evaluated in controlled clinical trials and have demonstrated promising therapeutic effects when administered within structured psychotherapeutic frameworks. Emerging neurobiological evidence suggests that these agents may promote neural plasticity and facilitate cognitive and emotional flexibility, potentially enabling durable clinical improvement. Despite these advances, significant challenges remain, including regulatory uncertainty, methodological limitations in existing trials, ethical considerations related to patient vulnerability, and concerns regarding equitable access. This editorial examines the current state of psychedelic-assisted therapies, highlighting both their therapeutic potential and the critical considerations required for their responsible integration into mental health settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.102421", "pubmed_id": "41769492", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.102421", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41769492\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 223, "title": "Psilocybin-induced alterations in EEG power, connectivity and network dynamics in healthy subjects: Correlations with subjective experience and implications for therapeutic applications.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced alterations in eeg power connectivity and network dynamics in healthy subjects correlations with subjective experience and implications for therapeutic applications", "authors": "Ip CT, Olbrich S, de Bardeci M, Monn A, Ort A, Smallridge JW, Vollenweider F.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent advancements in psychedelic research have highlighted psilocybin's potential therapeutic benefits for various mental disorders. Understanding its effects on brain function and identifying predictors of individual responses are essential for developing effective treatments.MethodsThis double-blind, randomized, crossover, and placebo-controlled study enrolled 25 healthy individuals (18 males, 7 females, average age 24.44 years). Participants underwent two sessions involving administration of either psilocybin (oral dose of 10-20 mg) or placebo. Ten-minute resting EEG recordings were taken at baseline and post-administration peaks, focusing on EEG power and connectivity in the default-mode network (DMN) and localized cortical networks in the frontal and parietal cortices. Additionally, we investigated whether baseline EEG features could predict subjective experiences during the psilocybin condition.ResultsPsilocybin significantly decreased EEG power in slow frequency bands (theta and alpha) and increased power in fast frequency bands (beta, gamma1, gamma2) compared to placebo. Connectivity analyses revealed increased connectivity in the DMN and localized parietal network under psilocybin. Subjective experiences, as measured by the Altered States of Consciousness Questionnaire, showed positive correlations with changes in EEG power and connectivity.ConclusionsPsilocybin induces significant changes in brain function, characterized by altered EEG power and connectivity. These changes correlate strongly with subjective experiences, supporting psilocybin's potential for treating mental disorders. The predictive value of baseline EEG features for subjective alterations suggests that specific brain activity patterns may serve as biomarkers for tailoring psilocybin therapy in clinical settings. This study enhances our understanding of psilocybin's neurophysiological impacts and informs future therapeutic applications.Clinical trials registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03853577?cond=NCT03853577&rank=1 Registration number: NCT03853577.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-26", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111626", "pubmed_id": "41611012", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111626", "keywords": "Brain, Nerve Net, Humans, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Brain Waves, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, Default Mode Network", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41611012\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 277, "title": "Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacokinetic Profiling of Fluorinated Reversible N-Alkyl Carbamate Derivatives of Psilocin for Sub-Hallucinogenic Brain Exposure.", "normalized_title": "design synthesis and pharmacokinetic profiling of fluorinated reversible n alkyl carbamate derivatives of psilocin for sub hallucinogenic brain exposure", "authors": "Banzato M, Colognesi M, Lucatello L, Comai S, Pasut G, Capolongo F, Orian L, Biasutto L, Signor A, Gabbia D, Manfredi PL, De Martin S, Mattarei A.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the phosphorylated prodrug of psilocin, holds therapeutic promise across a range of neuropsychiatric conditions, yet its clinical utility is constrained by acute psychoactive effects. Here, we report the rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of a focused library of fluorinated reversible N-alkyl carbamate derivatives of psilocin aimed at reducing acute psilocin exposure and thereby limiting hallucinogenic-like effects. Carbamate bond stability was systematically modulated by varying the number and positioning of fluorine atoms on the alkyl promoiety. The resulting compounds exhibited finely tuned hydrolysis under physiological conditions. A selected lead compound (4e) showed favorable oral bioavailability and efficient brain penetration while undergoing partial bioconversion to psilocin. Notably, 4e displayed intrinsic serotonergic activity at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors but induced attenuated psychotropic effects relative to psilocybin. Overall, these findings highlight fluorinated carbamate chemistry as a versatile platform to control psilocin exposure and serotonergic signaling, rather than the development of a classical pharmacologically inert prodrug.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c01797", "pubmed_id": "41586631", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c01797", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Mice, Rats, Carbamates, Hallucinogens, Prodrugs, Structure-Activity Relationship, Drug Design, Male, Halogenation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41586631\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 249, "title": "Self-medication with psychedelics: a scoping review and narrative synthesis of review-level evidence.", "normalized_title": "self medication with psychedelics a scoping review and narrative synthesis of review level evidence", "authors": "Shiju S, Tirumala R, Marseille E.", "abstract": "BackgroundAs public and scientific interest in psychedelics grows, unsupervised use for health purposes is increasing. In the U.S., past-year hallucinogen use nearly doubled from 2015 to 2023. Many individuals report self-treating physical or psychological symptoms without medical supervision using psychedelics-a practice termed self-medication. Despite this trend, review-level syntheses remain scarce.AimThis scoping review aimed to map and synthesize review-level evidence on the self-medication of psychedelics, including which substances are used, for what health-related purposes, and what benefits and harms have been reported.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review of review-level evidence on self-medication with psychedelics, following the PRISMA PRISMA-ScR (2018) checklist. Searches in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar (October-November 2024) used the terms (\"self-medication\" OR \"self-treatment\") AND \"psychedelics.\" Eligible reviews examined unsupervised use of classical or non-classical psychedelics for physical, mental, or behavioral conditions. Four reviewers independently screened all records. Data extraction was conducted using Elicit AI and was manually verified by reviewers. Methodological quality was assessed using AMSTAR criteria.ResultsThree reviews met inclusion criteria (systematic, scoping, narrative). Psilocybin and LSD were most frequently reported, primarily for cluster headache and chronic pain. Outcomes included abortive relief, prophylactic relief, and prolonged remission, often from microdosed regimens. Approximately 40% achieved full remission; 70% reported preventive benefit. Adverse effects were rare and brief. Motivations for self-use centered on coping, desperation, and dissatisfaction with conventional care.ConclusionsPreliminary review-level evidence suggests that individuals self-medicating with psychedelics-particularly psilocybin and LSD-report symptom relief for conditions such as cluster headache, though findings remain limited by scarce and heterogeneous data. More rigorous research is needed to clarify effectiveness, safety, and real-world patterns of use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.rcsop.2026.100709", "pubmed_id": "41674667", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsop.2026.100709", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41674667\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Microdosing,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 139, "title": "Effects of psilocybin on personality, psychiatric symptoms, and values: Exploring mediating effects of the acute psychedelic experience.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on personality psychiatric symptoms and values exploring mediating effects of the acute psychedelic experience", "authors": "Kerr-Gaffney J, Myrtle S, Askari F, Bird C, Modlin NL, Young AH, Rucker J.", "abstract": "BackgroundChanges in well-being, personality, and personal values have been documented post-psilocybin; however, evidence from placebo-controlled trials is limited.AimsTo examine the effects of psilocybin versus placebo on psychiatric symptoms, personality, and personal values in healthy participants. Potential mediators were also explored.MethodsThis secondary analysis used data from a phase I, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial testing a single dose of 10 mg (n = 30) or 25 mg psilocybin (n = 30) versus an inert placebo (n = 29) in 89 healthy participants. Effects of psilocybin on personality (Neo Five-Factor Inventory; NEO-FFI), psychiatric symptoms (Symptom Checklist-90; SCL-90), and values (Life Changes Inventory; LCI) at short- (day 8) and long-term follow-up (day 85) were analysed using mixed-effects models. Group differences in cognitive flexibility (Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift task; IED) at day 8 were analysed using a Kruskal-Wallis test. Potential mediating effects of the acute psychedelic experience (Five-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Questionnaire; 5D-ASC) were explored.ResultsNo between-group differences were found on the NEO-FFI, SCL-90, or IED. Both psilocybin groups showed greater LCI absolute change scores at both follow-up points compared to placebo. The 5D-ASC oceanic boundlessness subscale partially mediated these changes. Oceanic boundlessness also fully or partially mediated differences across several LCI subscales, and auditory alterations mediated differences on one subscale.ConclusionsThe acute psychedelic experience, namely oceanic boundlessness and, to a lesser extent, auditory alterations, mediates self-reported changes in values in healthy volunteers. Findings from this exploratory study are tentative and should be replicated in larger samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-25", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251408769", "pubmed_id": "41588876", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251408769", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41588876\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1991, "title": "The Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of the Use of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Adults with Treatment-Resistant Depression", "normalized_title": "the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the use of psilocybin in the treatment of adults with treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Scott Rishika, Smith James", "abstract": "Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) has been well-researched within scientific literature, although the therapeutic value of psilocybin is not fully understood. The aim of this systematic review is to determine a stable and effective dosage unit to inform health professionals of the benefits of psilocybin, using peer-reviewed literature and meta-analysis. The review will also compare selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with psychotherapy to draw conclusions and recommendations of psilocybin therapy to improve day-to-day living for affected patients. PubMed and the University of Portsmouth Discovery online database (EBSCOhost) were individually utilised from December 2024 to March 2025. Five open-label studies and 2 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were selected to assess psilocybin efficacy and safety. Appraisal checklists along with search criteria were used to determine eligibility and reliability of these data. The random-effects meta-analyses demonstrated that psilocybin at 25 mg within specific integrated sessions was effective at treating TRD compared to 10 mg and 1 mg by comparing clinical trials between two doses and single doses. Psilocybin at 25 mg was found to significantly reduce patients’ depressive severity compared to the baseline, which was prevalent in the two-dose studies (n = 5) compared to the single-dose studies (n = 2), due to the number of studies produced. The overall evidence suggests that psilocybin is an effective therapeutic for treatment-resistant depression, with a dosage unit of 25 mg administered as a single capsule per dosing session, with one dose per clinical session. Limitations to the evidence and this review have affected the overall results; therefore, more relevant studies are needed.", "journal": "Emerging Minds Journal for Student Research", "publication_date": "2026-01-24", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.59973/emjsr.317", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.59973/emjsr.317", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.59973/emjsr.317\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 195, "title": "Methodological moderators of psilocybin-assisted therapy in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "methodological moderators of psilocybin assisted therapy in depression a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Syed OA, Tsang B, Nestor SM, Lipsman N, Husain MI, Alam F, Giacobbe P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) is an emerging intervention for depression. Though several clinical trials report promising results for PAT in treating depression, there remains a need for consensus on optimal methodologies and standardization of PAT protocols. The objective of this review was to assess the efficacy of PAT in treating depressive symptoms and to systematically examine the influence of methodological moderators underlying antidepressant responses. We searched the electronic databases of PubMed, MEDLINE, PsychInfo and Embase for randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) using PAT as a treatment intervention for major depressive disorder. The primary outcomes were standardized mean difference (SMD) of change in depressive symptoms pre- versus post-treatment sessions, and the difference in antidepressant treatment effects among various PAT methodologies in a subgroup analysis. Seven RCTs involving 522 participants were analyzed. The overall random effects model found PAT to have a large and significant antidepressant effect. The subgroup analyses found larger effects, albeit non-significant differences in subgroup heterogeneity, associated with studies that administered psilocybin in bodyweight-adjusted doses and provided longer preparation, dosing, and integration sessions and provided non-manualized psychotherapy. This study presents the first systematic examination of PAT methodologies influencing antidepressant effects and provides preliminary insights for clinicians in designing future PAT protocols for depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-23", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106573", "pubmed_id": "41587629", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106573", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41587629\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3673, "title": "A Phase 2 Trial of Psilocybin as an Adjunctive Treatment for OUD Patients Who Continue to Use Illicit Opioids Despite Adherence to Methadone Treatment", "normalized_title": "a phase 2 trial of psilocybin as an adjunctive treatment for oud patients who continue to use illicit opioids despite adherence to methadone treatment", "authors": "NYU Langone Health", "abstract": "This is a double-blind, adaptive, 2-stage, multi-site, phase 2 randomized controlled clinical trial designed to evaluate effects of moderate and high dose psilocybin, relative to low-dose psilocybin control, in OUD patients who continue to use illicit opioids in spite of adherence to standard-of-care treatment with methadone. Up to 480 participations will be consented to yield 240 randomized participants. This study is part of the NIH HEAL Initiative (https://heal.nih.gov/). In Stage 1, subjects will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: psilocybin 30 mg (high dose), psilocybin 20 mg (medium dose), and psilocybin 1 mg (control condition). By the end of Stage 1, an interim statistical analysis will be performed. The study will proceed to Stage 2 if at least one of the active dosages of psilocybin demonstrates 1) acceptable safety, based on analysis of safety data from Stage 1; and 2) conditional power of at least 25%, based on effect size estimates for the primary opioid use outcome (weeks of biologically-verified abstinence during 24 weeks of follow-up). Using a priori decision rules, the interim analysis will determine which of the active treatment groups (30 mg, 20 mg, or both) will be retained in Stage 2 of the trial. Stage 2 will continue the study, using the same treatment and assessment protocols, but retaining only the active dosage or dosages with a high probability of demonstrating efficacy relative to the psilocybin 1 mg control condition. The primary aims are to 1) Evaluate safety and efficacy outcomes in Stage 1 subjects in order to optimize design of the Stage 2, 2) Determine whether treatment with a single high (30 mg) or medium (20 mg) dose of psilocybin improves OUD treatment outcomes, relative to psilocybin 1 mg (control condition), in patients who continue to use illicit opioids despite adherence to methadone treatment, 3) Evaluate the effects of high-dose psilocybin and medium dose psilocybin on self-reported OUD-related neuropsychopathology, and 4) Identify likely responders to psilocybin treatment by using machine learning to model post-treatment OUD outcomes, based on pretreatment characteristics including all relevant clinical data, evaluations, and questionnaires.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-01-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06796062", "keywords": "Opioid Use Disorder, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06796062\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1992, "title": "THE PSYCHEDELIC RENAISSANCE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PSILOCYBIN AND LSD IN THE TREATMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic renaissance a systematic review of psilocybin and lsd in the treatment of psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Jakub Klepacz, Radosław Swędrak, Marzena Swojnóg, Zuzanna Dobrakowska", "abstract": "The escalating global burden of mental health disorders, coupled with the stagnation of innovation in traditional monoaminergic pharmacotherapy (e.g., SSRIs), has precipitated a critical need for novel therapeutic paradigms. This article presents a comprehensive systematic review of the so-called \"Psychedelic Renaissance,\" focusing on the clinical resurgence of classical serotonergic hallucinogens: psilocybin and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD). The review adopts an interdisciplinary structure to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and societal implications of these compounds. Firstly, the paper traces the historical evolution of psychedelics from indigenous sacramental use, through the research proliferation of the 1950s, to the prohibitive legislation of the late 20th century. Secondly, it delineates the neurobiological mechanisms of action, specifically 5-HT2A receptor agonism and the disintegration of the Default Mode Network (DMN), which correlates with the alleviation of rigid cognitive patterns in depression and anxiety. Thirdly, the review synthesizes data from contemporary clinical trials demonstrating significant therapeutic potential in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD), end-of-life existential distress, and substance use disorders. Unlike standard pharmacological reviews, this paper also analyzes the distinct psychotherapeutic framework (\"set and setting\"), integration processes, and socio-economic factors, including cost-effectiveness and access equity. The findings suggest that psychedelic-assisted therapy represents a transformative shift from chronic symptom management to rapid, episodic curative interventions, provided that regulatory and ethical challenges are adequately addressed.", "journal": "International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science", "publication_date": "2026-01-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4582", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4582", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:03:07", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4582\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096\",\"10.1038/s41586-020-3008-z\",\"10.1124/pr.118.017160\",\"10.1056/nejmoa2032994\",\"10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7\",\"10.1177/0269881118754710\",\"10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00744.x\",\"10.1097/nmd.0000000000000113\",\"10.1556/2054.2019.015\",\"10.1056/nejme2210975\",\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1007/7854_2016_457\",\"10.1136/bmj.d5928\",\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.08.025\",\"10.1001/jama.2017.11295\",\"10.1177/0269881114568039\",\"10.1177/0269881114548296\",\"10.1007/s00213-015-4014-y\",\"10.3389/fphar.2021.623985\",\"10.1177/0269881112439253\",\"10.1038/npp.2017.86\",\"10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0239997\",\"10.1124/pr.115.011478\",\"10.1038/nrn3530\",\"10.1136/bmj.n71\",\"10.1177/0022167817711304\",\"10.1073/pnas.1815129116\",\"10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905\",\"10.3389/fpsyg.2022.813746\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109165\",\"10.7554/elife.62878\",\"10.1038/s41583-020-0367-2\",\"10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.033\",\"10.1177/0022167817709585\"],\"reference_count\":37}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 196, "title": "Consistency of protocol and safety data reporting in clinical trial registrations and corresponding publications of interventions involving MDMA and psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "consistency of protocol and safety data reporting in clinical trial registrations and corresponding publications of interventions involving mdma and psilocybin", "authors": "Žuljević MF, Mijatović A, Orhanović R, Goasdoué G, Gujinović D.", "abstract": "Objectives3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybin are being investigated as potential treatments for psychiatric disorders and have received increasing regulatory and media attention due to the methodological complexities and societal context of psychedelic substances. Therefore, we assessed the consistency of protocol registration and adverse event (AE) reporting in clinical trials of MDMA and psilocybin.Study design and settingWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of all clinical trials on MDMA or psilocybin registered on ClinicalTrials.gov by March 12, 2025. For each trial, we assessed changes to primary outcome measures (POMs) and eligibility criteria over time and evaluated whether these changes were disclosed in corresponding publications. For completed trials with both posted results and published articles, we compared AE reporting between the article and the corresponding ClinicalTrials.gov registration.ResultsOut of 336 trials, major changes were recorded to POMs for 17.6% trials and to eligibility criteria for 28.6% trials, most of which occurred after participant recruitment began. Among completed trials, 72.0% did not report results on ClinicalTrials.gov, and most posted results exceeded the FDAAA-recommended 1-year reporting window. Only three of 29 trials with both posted results and publications showed full concordance in AE reporting, with most exhibiting both qualitative and quantitative discrepancies.ConclusionInconsistencies in protocol and AE reporting undermine the credibility and safety evaluation of MDMA and psilocybin trials. Greater transparency and stricter adherence to reporting standards are advised to ensure reliable evidence, protect participants, and maintain stakeholder and public trust.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-22", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jclinepi.2026.112170", "pubmed_id": "41581835", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2026.112170", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Research Design, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41581835\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3703, "title": "The STARLIGHT Protocol: State-Funded Trial Assessing Recovery and Long-Term Impact of Guided Psilocybin for Healing Trauma", "normalized_title": "the starlight protocol state funded trial assessing recovery and long term impact of guided psilocybin for healing trauma", "authors": "Baylor College of Medicine", "abstract": "The principal investigator for this study plans to build upon the psilocybin-assisted therapy intervention used in prior completed trials to conduct an open-label trial of two psilocybin administration sessions combined with psychotherapy to investigate the safety, tolerability, and clinical efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy for the treatment of PTSD in US Veterans.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-01-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06888128", "keywords": "PTSD, Psilocybin 15mg, Psilocybin 25mg, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06888128\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Veterans,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 317, "title": "No evidence of immediate or persistent analgesic effect from a single dose of psilocybin in three mouse models of pain.", "normalized_title": "no evidence of immediate or persistent analgesic effect from a single dose of psilocybin in three mouse models of pain", "authors": "Gregory NS, Girard TE, Ram A, Casey AB, Malenka RC, Tawfik VL, Heifets BD.", "abstract": "The psychedelic psilocybin may have lasting therapeutic effects for patients with chronic pain syndromes. Some preclinical data suggest these putative benefits derive from direct analgesic effects; however, this possibility has not been comprehensively tested in preclinical models. Here, we evaluated the analgesic properties of a single exposure to psilocybin at acute and chronic time points in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain, spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain, and acid-induced muscle pain. Across these models, we tested a range of doses (0.3, 2, and 10 mg/kg i.p.) in male and female mice using multiple behavioral assays evaluating sensory aspects (von Frey, cold plate, Hargreaves, thermal place preference, and muscle withdrawal threshold) and functional aspects of pain (marble burying). We further tested the effects of psilocybin on the affective dimension of pain in a surgical model of acute pain (mouse grimace scale). Except for cold sensitivity, we found no effect of psilocybin across pain models, behavioral assays, drug doses, or sex. The apparent reduction in cold sensitivity may be explained by profound hypothermia induced by psilocybin rather than true analgesia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-026-68763-z", "pubmed_id": "41565674", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-68763-z", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Pain, Neuralgia, Disease Models, Animal, Analgesics, Hallucinogens, Freund's Adjuvant, Pain Measurement, Behavior, Animal, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41565674\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 241, "title": "Mushroom-Derived Carbon Nanosheets for Efficient Photothermal De-Icing Applications.", "normalized_title": "mushroom derived carbon nanosheets for efficient photothermal de icing applications", "authors": "Prusti SP, Salian R, Das AK, Kumbhakar P.", "abstract": "The green synthesis of nanomaterials has emerged as a viable alternative to traditional techniques that reduce environmental risks and the production of harmful byproducts. In this work, biomaterial derived from wild mushrooms was used to synthesize psilocybin-derived carbon nanosheets (P-CNSs). The bioactive substance psilocybin serves as a sustainable precursor that ensures an environmentally friendly synthesis procedure. Spectroscopic measurements confirm the structural and functional properties of the P-CNSs. The naturally extracted P-CNSs demonstrated substantial photothermal conversion efficiency under both visible and infrared light. Their adaptability for thermal applications was shown by their medium-specific response. Furthermore, in photothermal de-icing, P-CNSs effectively melted ice under visible light exposure, making it a crucial application. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations were performed to optimize the structures of psilocin, baeocystin, and norbaeocystin, which show the electronic transitions responsible for the appearance of absorption and fluorescence behavior. This work draws attention to the inclusion of psilocybin in green synthesis to produce an affordable and sustainable solution for environmental issues brought to the forefront by the advantages of environmentally benign manufacture and multipurpose use, especially in thermal control and environmental remediation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-21", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c05324", "pubmed_id": "41569282", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c05324", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41569282\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 319, "title": "Mindset over molecule: comparing self-transcendent and mystical experiences across recreational psilocybin, MDMA, and cannabis use.", "normalized_title": "mindset over molecule comparing self transcendent and mystical experiences across recreational psilocybin mdma and cannabis use", "authors": "Chwyl C, Spata A, Lucas W, Luoma JB.", "abstract": "BackgroundSelf-transcendent and mystical experiences may be key mechanisms underlying psychedelics' therapeutic effects, yet how these experiences differ across substances remains unclear. This study compared mystical and self-transcendent experiences across psilocybin, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and cannabis in a diverse, community-based sample, while accounting for covariates. Additionally, we examined the relative contributions of pharmacological versus psychological factors in shaping self-transcendent and mystical experiences.MethodsAdults aged 18 years and older (N = 397) were recruited with general, non-psychedelic-targeted advertisements on a crowdsourcing platform, and randomized to report on their most intense use experience with either cannabis, psilocybin or MDMA in the past five years. Participants completed measures of self-transcendent and mystical experiences, emotions, and variables previously found to predict mystical experiences (e.g., personality traits, motivations for use, intentions/expectations for the experience). Hierarchical multiple linear regressions examined the effects of substance type (cannabis/psilocybin/MDMA) on outcomes, both alone and while adjusting for contextual (set/setting) variables.ResultsMost of the sample reported recreational reasons for use (83%) and concurrently used other substances (75%). Psilocybin and MDMA corresponded to greater self-transcendent and mystical experiences than cannabis, even after controlling for contextual factors. However, effect sizes were generally small (standardized regression coefficients β = 0.14 - 0.34, ps.33). Notably, mindset-particularly surrendering to the experience and having spiritual/prosocial motivations-emerged as the strongest predictors, with models including these variables accounting for up to 58% of variance (compared to ≤ 10% for substance alone).ConclusionsFindings indicate a \"mindset-over-molecule\" pattern wherein psychological context (\"set\") is more strongly associated with psychedelic outcomes than substance type alone.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-20", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1186/s40359-025-03921-4", "pubmed_id": "41566347", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03921-4", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabis, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Mysticism, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Marijuana Use, Recreational Drug Use", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41566347\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Adolescents", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 289, "title": "Patient perspectives on research gaps in cluster headache.", "normalized_title": "patient perspectives on research gaps in cluster headache", "authors": "Haghdoost F, Bahceci D, Delcourt C, Wijeratne T, Jensen RH, Cincinnato C, Tomlinson S, Wold B, Polito V, Carcel C, Ashraf U, Jenkins B, Petersen AS, Ray JC, Schindler EAD, Tsang B, Gianacas C, Rodgers A.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis study was undertaken to identify gaps in cluster headache management, highlight patient-prioritized research needs, and assess patient interest in, and preferences for, clinical trial participation.BackgroundMany people with cluster headache still lack effective treatment options to control or prevent attacks. There is a critical need for more studies, particularly clinical trials, in this field. To design and conduct successful trials, it is essential to identify priority research areas, allocate resources effectively, and ensure patient engagement and support.MethodsThis study was an online survey conducted among Australian adults with self-reported cluster headache. Participants were recruited using a multi-channel approach, including direct outreach by clinicians, support from patient advocacy groups, and broad social media distribution. It collected data on demographics, treatment experiences, and perspectives on future research, including research priorities, and preferred outcomes and interventions. Additionally, participants' interest in joining clinical trials was assessed to help identify potential candidates for future studies.ResultsOf the 219 individuals who began the survey, 17 (8%) were excluded due to providing no responses beyond demographic data or reporting no cluster headache diagnosis by a healthcare professional. The final sample consisted of 202 participants, with an average age of 46 years, 77% aged 25-54 years, 55% male, 72% had been living with cluster headache for more than 10 years, and 29% reported attacks occurring almost every month throughout the year. A quarter of participants had not followed up with a healthcare provider for cluster headache management when they completed the survey. Among those who sought care (n = 145 [72%]), general practitioners were the most frequently consulted (86%), followed by neurologists (66%). Treatments were considered \"not at all effective\" or \"somewhat ineffective\" by 35% of all participants, while 27% reported only partial effectiveness. The main treatment challenges were ineffectiveness (74%), side effects (54%), cost (53%), and difficulties with access (39%). Among the 202 participants, 126 (62%) indicated interest in participating in future cluster headache trials, while 26 (13%) responded with \"maybe.\" Psilocybin was the highest-ranked treatment in terms of participants who were \"very interested,\" with 66% selecting this option. The combined proportion of participants who were \"very interested\" or \"interested\" was 84% for combination therapies, 82% for psilocybin, 71% for medical devices, and 66% for anti-CGRP treatments.ConclusionParticipants with reported cluster headache highlighted inadequate treatment options, emphasized the need for further research, and expressed interest in future clinical trials, particularly those involving psilocybin or combination therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-20", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1111/head.70031", "pubmed_id": "41562498", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/head.70031", "keywords": "Humans, Cluster Headache, Biomedical Research, Adult, Middle Aged, Australia, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41562498\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Healthcare Workers,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 140, "title": "Psilocin mediates long-term synaptic depression in the prelimbic cortex through 5-HT2A receptor-independent mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psilocin mediates long term synaptic depression in the prelimbic cortex through 5 ht2a receptor independent mechanisms", "authors": "Domi A, Lucente E, Cadeddu D, Bengtsson N, Smedler E, Adermark L.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound with potential antidepressant effects. Although it has long been used by humans, primarily for recreational purposes, the molecular mechanisms underlying its actions remain incompletely understood. Here, we examined the acute effects of psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, on excitatory neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Slice electrophysiological whole-cell and field potential recordings were conducted in the rat prelimbic cortex during bath application of psilocin. We observed a sex-independent long-term synaptic depression (LTD) of presynaptic origin. This effect was independent of 5-HT2A and metabotropic glutamatergic receptor group 2 and mediated through enhanced GABAergic tone. The effect was partially inhibited by 5-HT1A receptor antagonist and completely blocked in slices pre-treated with the neuronal receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (TrkB) receptor antagonist ANA-12. These findings suggest that psilocin exerts a complex modulatory influence on excitatory neurotransmission in the prelimbic PFC, involving GABAergic and serotonergic interactions, and producing sustained alterations in synaptic activity that persist beyond drug exposure. Psilocin-induced LTD, independent of 5-HT2A receptor activation, may be associated with the reduced prefrontal connectivity reported in humans after psilocin administration and could have implications for cognitive function.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-20", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.110854", "pubmed_id": "41577180", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.110854", "keywords": "Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Male, Long-Term Synaptic Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41577180\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 197, "title": "Effects of psilocybin and chronic mild stress on microglial activation in rat spinal cord: an ex vivo analysis.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin and chronic mild stress on microglial activation in rat spinal cord an ex vivo analysis", "authors": "Olejnik P, Kamińska K, Gołembiowska K, Kasarełło K.", "abstract": "INTRODUCTION: Psilocybin, a classic serotonergic psychedelic, has antidepressant, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. However, the immunomodulatory effects of psilocybin within the central nervous system, particularly on microglial activation, remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of psilocybin on microglial activation markers and cytokine levels in the spinal cord isolated from rats subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS). METHODS: Tissues were isolated from four groups of adult male Wistar Han rats, each consisting of seven animals: not subjected to CMS (control), receiving two injections of saline (0.9% NaCl ip) or psilocybin (0.6 mg/kg ip) at 7-day intervals, and subjected to CMS, receiving two injections of NaCl (0.9% NaCl ip) or psilocybin (0.6 mg/kg ip) at 7-day intervals. Spinal cords were collected 1 week after the second dose of saline/psilocybin from the sacrificed rats and stored at -80 °C. The levels of microglial activation markers (iNOS and Arg1) and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-10) were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The spinal cords isolated from CMS rats treated with psilocybin revealed significantly increased levels of Arg1 (p = 0.0306), TNF-α (p = 0.0357), and IL-10 (p = 0. 0081) compared to tissues from control rats administered with psilocybin. Additionally, although not statistically significant, iNOS levels showed an increasing trend in CMS rats treated with psilocybin compared to those in psilocybin-receiving controls (p = 0.0755). CONCLUSIONS: CMS activates the immune system/microglia non-specifically despite psilocybin administration. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-026-00824-y", "pubmed_id": "41557251", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-026-00824-y", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41557251\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 141, "title": "Insights into psilocybin use among people with bipolar disorder: A thematic analysis of Reddit posts.", "normalized_title": "insights into psilocybin use among people with bipolar disorder a thematic analysis of reddit posts", "authors": "Mills L, Rossell SL, Carruthers SP.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has been reported to decrease depression symptoms among individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), but has also been associated with reports of mania, psychosis and increased depression. With increasing recreational use of psilocybin, and the potential for psilocybin to be used as a treatment for depression, a better understanding of the risks and benefits of this psychedelic among individuals with BD is warranted. Individuals have used social media sites like Reddit to share their experiences with psilocybin, providing an opportunity to understand a range of perspectives and experiences. The current study aimed to further explore psilocybin experiences as shared on Reddit, with a focus on posts related to BD. A thematic analysis of Reddit posts and comments was undertaken, with a focus on those identified with search terms, \"bipolar\" AND \"psilocybin\" OR \"mushrooms\". A total of 354 comments with a first-hand psilocybin experience were identified and included in the thematic analysis which revealed four core themes: (1) mania, (2) depression, (3) mixed experiences, and (4) broader perspectives. Psilocybin was reported to have benefits in some comments, including reduced depression symptoms and shifts in perspective about oneself and/or the world. However, reports of increased or new mania and psychosis symptoms were also reported, as well as increased depression. While psilocybin may benefit some individuals with BD, there may be potential for increased mania, psychosis and depression symptoms. Understanding the factors that contribute positive and negative outcomes among individuals with BD will be important in future research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-19", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2026.121220", "pubmed_id": "41571194", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121220", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Social Media, Psilocybin, Mania", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41571194\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 324, "title": "Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China.", "normalized_title": "systematic study of panaeolus agaricales galeropsidaceae sensu lato and psilocybin producing traits of species from china", "authors": "He MQ, Yang WQ, Phurbu D, Liu F, Li JX, Cao B, Zhao RL.", "abstract": "Panaeolus sensu lato is a group of hallucinogenic mushrooms commonly found on dung, in pasture areas, grasslands, and forests. Previous studies indicated that the Panaeolus s.l. clade (panaeo-clade) could be ranked as a family (Galeropsidaceae), pending further evidence. In this study, based on phylogenomic, multigene phylogenetic, molecular clock, and morphological analyses, the panaeo-clade is demonstrated to be a distinct family, separate from Bolbitiaceae. The taxonomic system of Galeropsidaceae is revised. The genera accepted in Galeropsidaceae are Panaeolus and Staktophyllus, whereas Crucispora and Panaeolopsis are synonymized under Panaeolus. Three subgenera are accepted in Panaeolus: subg. Bresadolomyces, subg. Panaeolina, and subg. Panaeolus. Subgenus Bresadolomyces is roughly equivalent to the traditional circumscription of subg. Copelandia but is extended to include species formerly placed in Crucispora. Subgenus Panaeolina comprises most species from China and Anellaria-like species. Subgenus Panaeolus mainly comprises the P. papilionaceus species complex and a western Asian clade represented by P. punjabensis. In this study, one new subgenus and eight new species are proposed. Species from China are documented with descriptions, photographs, and illustrations. Additionally, the psilocybin-producing traits of 14 species were tested using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Two species are confirmed to possess psilocybin-producing traits, namely the known species P. cinctulus and the new species P. subfoenisecii proposed in this study. The evolution of the coprophilous lifestyle and psilocybin-producing traits in Panaeolus is also discussed based on phylogenetic relationships and divergence times.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3897/imafungus.17.167329", "pubmed_id": "41607716", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3897/imafungus.17.167329", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41607716\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 251, "title": "Early response to psilocybin in adults with treatment-resistant depression as a predictor for antidepressant efficacy.", "normalized_title": "early response to psilocybin in adults with treatment resistant depression as a predictor for antidepressant efficacy", "authors": "Doyle Z, Chisamore N, Kaczmarek ES, Johnson DE, Brudner RM, Weiglein G, Blainey MG, Bawks J, Riva-Cambrin J, Sethi R, McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2026.01.001", "pubmed_id": "41581334", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2026.01.001", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41581334\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 142, "title": "Insights from the psychedelic experience integration session: Verbatims differentiate 3-month abstinence in alcohol use disorder with depressive symptoms.", "normalized_title": "insights from the psychedelic experience integration session verbatims differentiate 3 month abstinence in alcohol use disorder with depressive symptoms", "authors": "Garcia Garcia M, Belahda D, Graux C, Serrand C, Igounenc N, Sergent F, Mura T, Luquiens A.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-assisted psychotherapy shows promise in alcohol use disorder (AUD), but therapeutic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Previous qualitative studies have described potential processes such as gaining insights, altered self-perception, connectedness, and changes in coping, yet findings remain limited and inconsistent in AUD, and little is known about early markers of therapeutic response.MethodsWe conducted a mixed quantitative-qualitative analysis of first integration sessions in the Psilocybin Alcohol Depression (PAD) randomized controlled trial. Only participants randomized to the 25 mg psilocybin group were included in this analysis. Recently detoxified patients with AUD and persisting depressive symptoms underwent semi-structured integration interviews the day after dosing. Transcripts were analyzed with IRaMuTeQ software using the Reinart descending hierarchical classification. Associations with abstinence at 3 months were examined.ResultsTwenty participants were included (55% male, median age 49); 55% were abstinent at 3 months. The corpus comprised 127,760 words, with 88% classified into two stable classes. Class 1 (44% of text segments) described sensory and emotional aspects of the psychedelic experience (physical sensations, visual phenomena, emotions, setting) and was predominantly elicited by non-responders. Class 2 (56%) reflected active cognitive processes and inner dialogue, including cognitive restructuring, distancing from habitual patterns, commitment to change, and work on pre-elicited intentions related to alcohol. Abstinence at 3 months was significantly associated with references to family connections, pleasant emotions, adaptive processing of fear, and revisiting alcohol-related triggers with new coping strategies, while non-abstinence was associated with negative emotions, physical pain, disappointment, and suppressive coping.ConclusionsResponders were distinguished by narratives of inner dialogue and adaptive coping, while non-responders emphasized sensory and affective descriptions and suppressive coping. Inner dialogue may constitute a distinct therapeutic mechanism, highlighting the importance of preparation and integration in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-18", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2026.121215", "pubmed_id": "41558304", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121215", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Adaptation, Psychological, Depression, Psychotherapy, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Alcohol Abstinence, Psilocybin, Coping Skills", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41558304\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1993, "title": "Group Retreat Psilocybin Therapy for People with Metastatic Cancer with Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression: Safety and Efficacy Outcomes of a Phase 1/2 Study", "normalized_title": "group retreat psilocybin therapy for people with metastatic cancer with symptoms of anxiety and depression safety and efficacy outcomes of a phase 1 2 study", "authors": "Back Anthony L., McGregor Bonnie A., Thorn Leslie L., Baker Kelsey, Gooley Ted, Kaelen Mendel, Harvey Kalin, Guy John M., Myers Susanna, Perez Juliana, Thompson Peter, Billingsley Lindsay, Sesnon Cheryl", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin is a promising therapy for cancer-related distress, but existing individual treatment models are resource intensive. In this study, we designed and tested a group model of psilocybin therapy for people with metastatic cancer and cancer-related anxiety and depression. Method: Eligibility criteria included metastatic cancer, moderate-to-severe symptoms of anxiety or depression without a pre-cancer mental health diagnosis, performance status adequate to attend a 3-day retreat that required self-care, and tapering of antidepressants. Exclusion criteria included enrollment in hospice. The design of the intervention included: two virtual preparatory sessions; a 3-day in-person retreat in a rustic setting that included the third prep session, the psilocybin session, and the first integration session; and two additional virtual integration sessions. Psilocybin was administered in oral capsules at 25 mg. A retreat team of four core facilitators and two backup facilitators conducted a series of eight retreats. The first retreat had five participants. For subsequent retreats, we used the primary safety outcome from each cohort, other safety outcomes, and qualitative feedback to make decisions to increase, decrease, or hold steady the participant number. The primary safety outcome was “unattended episodes of participant distress” during the psilocybin session requiring a backup facilitator. The primary exploratory efficacy outcome was reduction in anxiety and depression symptoms measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: We enrolled 55 participants, of whom 3 withdrew prior to the retreat, leaving a total of 52. Their mean age was 53, and mean duration of living with cancer was 36 months, mean (range 5, 176); anticancer therapy was ongoing for 46 (88%); antidepressants were tapered for 18 (35%). The first retreat cohort had five participants, and the final retreat cohort had eight. For the primary safety outcome, there was not a single episode of unattended participant distress requiring a backup facilitator. The mean baseline at Day −14 (D −14) HADS total score was 17.5 (range 6-28); at D +28, the mean HADS total score was 10.2 (1-30), so the mean decrease in HADS from D −14 to D +28 was 7.3. ( p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The Group Retreat Psilocybin Therapy was safe and well tolerated, and exploratory measures show efficacy that is promising. A group configuration of eight participants with four core facilitators can be safe for future studies with participants with serious medical illness.", "journal": "Psychedelic Medicine", "publication_date": "2026-01-17", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251413856", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251413856", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:03:07", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1177/28314425251413856\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1177/00912174251337572\",\"10.1017/s147895152500032x\",\"10.1177/0269881116675512\",\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116\",\"10.1200/jco.23.00293\",\"10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538\",\"10.1002/pon.3782\",\"10.1038/s44220-024-00302-5\",\"10.1080/00207284.1998.11491538\",\"10.3389/fphar.2021.623985\",\"10.1002/pon.4150\",\"10.1200/jco.2012.47.5210\",\"10.1002/cncr.35010\",\"10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2023.06.006\",\"10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.046\",\"10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.0351\",\"10.1080/02791072.2019.1593559\",\"10.1177/0022167817706884\",\"10.1007/bf02109565\",\"10.1002/cncr.31539\",\"10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2000.54.4.486\",\"10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91551-1\",\"10.1089/psymed.2023.0069\",\"10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x\",\"10.1002/cncr.30012\",\"10.1002/cncr.30015\",\"10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2014.04.012\",\"10.1371/journal.pone.0207820\",\"10.1200/jco.1993.11.3.570\",\"10.1177/0269881115609019\",\"10.1177/0269881116678781\",\"10.1177/0269881119855974\",\"10.1186/1477-7525-6-46\",\"10.1097/01.mlr.0000062554.74615.4c\"],\"reference_count\":39}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 252, "title": "Safety and Efficacy of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Patients Who Use Psychoactive Substances: Potential Drug Interactions and Substance Use Disorder Treatment Data.", "normalized_title": "safety and efficacy of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in patients who use psychoactive substances potential drug interactions and substance use disorder treatment data", "authors": "Rached G, Campana A, Fiani D, Nguyen C, Van den Eynde V, Gillman PK, Barnett BS.", "abstract": "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) remain an important option for patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and other psychiatric conditions, despite potentially serious drug-drug interactions and associated dietary tyramine restrictions. However, they are rarely prescribed in patients with comorbid substance use disorders (SUDs) due to concerns about potential drug interactions and limited research in these populations. This narrative review investigates the use of MAOIs in patients who use psychoactive substances, exploring potential interactions while summarizing the relatively scant literature on using MAOIs as treatments for SUDs. It synthesizes data from 219 peer-reviewed publications investigating MAOI/psychoactive substance interactions or the use of MAOIs to treat SUDs or psychiatric conditions in patients with comorbid SUDs, including 20 randomized controlled trials, 18 non-randomized interventional trials, 32 observational studies/case series, 56 case reports, 85 preclinical studies, and 8 reviews, with publication years spanning from 1955 to 2025. Data from 28 non-peer-reviewed user-submitted reports from drug use/harm reduction forums are also included. Suspected cases of serotonin toxicity have been reported for MAOIs in combination with amphetamine, dextromethorphan, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), meperidine (pethidine), methadone, and tramadol. Hypertensive urgency/emergency has been reported for MAOIs in combination with alcohol (varieties containing significant amounts of tyramine), amphetamine, cocaine, dextroamphetamine, khat, methamphetamine, and psilocybin mushrooms. Other notable adverse events associated with MAOIs in combination with psychoactive substances include agitation (4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine [2C-B] 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine [5-Meo-DMT]), N,N-dimethyltryptamine [DMT]), delirium/confusion (DMT, propoxyphene, and tramadol), edema (chlordiazepoxide), intracranial hemorrhage (amphetamine, khat, and methamphetamine), mania/psychosis (DMT), rhabdomyolysis (5-MeO-DMT, DMT, and propoxyphene), and sedation/stupor/loss of consciousness (amobarbital, amphetamine, cocaine, dextroamphetamine, and propoxyphene). Fatalities have been reported for MAOIs in combination with 5-MeO-DMT, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, dextromethorphan (in overdose), MDMA, methamphetamine, meperidine, and tramadol (in overdose). Based on our findings, some substances, such as alcoholic beverages containing significant tyramine quantities (uncommon today), amphetamines, opioids with significant serotonergic reuptake inhibition, and some hallucinogens such as the empathogen/entactogen MDMA, can pose potentially fatal risks in combination with MAOIs. However, MAOI treatment of patients who use alcoholic beverages low in tyramine, caffeine, cannabis, nicotine, sedatives, some (primarily classic) hallucinogens, and some other substances can likely be appropriately managed with careful monitoring, although psychoactive substance dose and route of administration are important safety considerations. While there was initially hope MAOIs might effectively treat some SUDs, there are no robust human data to support their efficacy in this context. Given growing levels of substance use and an increasing number of novel illicit compounds being produced, more research on MAOI safety in patients with psychiatric conditions and comorbid psychoactive substance use/misuse is essential to determining their appropriateness in this complex patient population.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-16", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7", "pubmed_id": "41546846", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-025-01256-7", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Psychotropic Drugs, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Drug Interactions", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41546846\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 198, "title": "Bridging the reporting gap: Application of the ReSPCT guidelines in psilocybin clinical trial protocols.", "normalized_title": "bridging the reporting gap application of the respct guidelines in psilocybin clinical trial protocols", "authors": "Swieczkowski D, Kwaśny A, Sadko K, Cubała WJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted therapies are increasingly studied for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD), and methodological rigor requires both pharmacological evaluation and consistent reporting of non-pharmacological variables that influence therapeutic outcomes. To address this need, the ReSPCT (Reporting of Setting in Psychedelic Clinical Trials) guidelines were recently introduced, providing a 30-item framework for standardized reporting of set and setting. This study aimed to evaluate how current psilocybin clinical trial protocols incorporate these elements and to identify domains requiring improvement. We systematically searched ClinicalTrials.gov and the EU Clinical Trials Information System (CTIS) for interventional psilocybin studies targeting MDD or TRD, including protocols listing depression as a primary condition. By June 21, 2025, 13 protocols (11 Phase II and 2 Phase III) met the inclusion criteria. Each protocol was assessed using the ReSPCT checklist, yielding a total of 390 item-level assessments rated on a four-point scale. Overall, 61 of 390 entries (15.6%) demonstrated full compliance, 252 (64.6%) partial compliance, and 77 (19.7%) provided no relevant information. Procedural elements, such as medical and experimental procedures (100% compliance), focus and main activities (92.3%), number of sessions (69.2%), and dosing regimens (53.8%), were consistently reported. In contrast, contextual and equity-related domains were markedly underreported: 84.6% of protocols lacked information on cultural competence and safety, 92.3% did not describe objects or decorations, and 84.6% failed to report access to nature. These findings indicate that while procedural safeguards are well documented, critical contextual and equity-relevant aspects remain insufficiently reported. Adopting ReSPCT guidelines may improve transparency and reproducibility.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-15", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.112746", "pubmed_id": "41546918", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.112746", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Clinical Protocols, Research Design, Clinical Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41546918\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3776, "title": "Aquahenosis: A non-pharmacological altered state of consciousness induced by Floatation-REST", "normalized_title": "aquahenosis a non pharmacological altered state of consciousness induced by floatation rest", "authors": "Tobel T, Cone A, Choquette E, Garland M, Johnson M, Mink K, Lynch C, Frohlich J, Feinstein J, Reggente N, Khalsa SS.", "abstract": "Floatation-REST (Reduced Environmental Stimulation Therapy) systematically alters sensory and bodily input by combining neutral buoyancy, thermal and proprioceptive neutrality, attenuation of exteroceptive stimulation, and enhancement of cardiorespiratory signaling to the brain. Here we examined whether this non-pharmacological sensory perturbation induces altered states of consciousness and whether specific experiential dimensions are statistically related to changes in affect. In a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled feasibility trial, 75 treatment-seeking adults with anxiety and depression were assigned to six sessions of floatation-REST with prescribed scheduling, floatation-REST with preferred scheduling and duration, or a zero-gravity chair comparison condition. Altered states of consciousness were assessed using the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire, alongside measures of interoceptive awareness and affect. Compared to the chair condition, Floatation-REST was associated with increased interoceptive awareness of cardiorespiratory sensations and an altered state of consciousness characterized by oceanic boundlessness, disembodiment, unity, and spiritual-type experiences-a pattern we refer to as “aquahenosis.” Effects were strongest among participants who selected longer and more flexible float sessions. Experiential profiles selectively overlapped with those reported for psilocybin and ketamine along boundary-dissolution dimensions. These findings identify Floatation-REST as a tractable, non-pharmacological method for inducing specific altered states of consciousness and highlight positively valenced boundary dissolution as a modality-invariant experiential dimension linking sensory context to affective change.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-01-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/6mj8n_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6mj8n_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:20", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1143578\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3739, "title": "Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant OCD: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment resistant ocd a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Kelmendi B, Adams T, Ching THW, Grazioplene R, Kichuk S, Fram G, Patel P, Eilbott J, D’Amico E, Shnayder S, Martins B, Bohner C, Amoroso L, Jankovsky A, DePalmer G, Valentine G, Agin-Liebes G, Hokanson J, Pittenger C.", "abstract": "Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects 2-3% of the population worldwide. 40-60% of patients do not respond to first-line interventions. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of a single dose of psilocybin in patients with treatment-resistant OCD. Methods: In this phase 2, randomized, double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 28 adults with treatment-resistant OCD to receive a single dose of psilocybin (0.25 mg/kg; n=14) or niacin (250 mg; n=14), in a supportive controlled setting. Primary outcomes were Acute Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (A-YBOCS) from baseline to 48 hours post-treatment and weekly Y-BOCS assessments through 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included depression symptoms (MADRS) and functional disability (SDS). All participants initially assigned to niacin crossed over to open-label psilocybin after 1 week. Results: At 48 hours, A-YBOCS scores decreased from 24.07±6.02 to 14.31±8.83 in the psilocybin group versus no change (24.29±4.81 to 24.36±3.95) in the niacin group (between-group difference, 9.83 points; 95% CI, 5.19-14.91; P", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-01-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/atfum_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/atfum_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:17", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1144094\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,OCD,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3261, "title": "Aquahenosis: A non-pharmacological altered state of consciousness induced by Floatation-REST", "normalized_title": "aquahenosis a non pharmacological altered state of consciousness induced by floatation rest", "authors": "", "abstract": "Floatation-REST (Reduced Environmental Stimulation Therapy) systematically alters sensory and bodily input by combining neutral buoyancy, thermal and proprioceptive neutrality, attenuation of exteroceptive stimulation, and enhancement of cardiorespiratory signaling to the brain. Here we examined whether this non-pharmacological sensory perturbation induces altered states of consciousness and whether specific experiential dimensions are statistically related to changes in affect. In a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled feasibility trial, 75 treatment-seeking adults with anxiety and depression were assigned to six sessions of floatation-REST with prescribed scheduling, floatation-REST with preferred scheduling and duration, or a zero-gravity chair comparison condition. Altered states of consciousness were assessed using the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire, alongside measures of interoceptive awareness and affect. Compared to the chair condition, Floatation-REST was associated with increased interoceptive awareness of cardiorespiratory sensations and an altered state of consciousness characterized by oceanic boundlessness, disembodiment, unity, and spiritual-type experiences-a pattern we refer to as “aquahenosis.” Effects were strongest among participants who selected longer and more flexible float sessions. Experiential profiles selectively overlapped with those reported for psilocybin and ketamine along boundary-dissolution dimensions. These findings identify Floatation-REST as a tractable, non-pharmacological method for inducing specific altered states of consciousness and highlight positively valenced boundary dissolution as a modality-invariant experiential dimension linking sensory context to affective change.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-01-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/6mj8n_v1", "keywords": "Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"6mj8n_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3038, "title": "Psilocybin rapidly, but not immediately, reverses reward learning deficits in a durable manner in an inflammatory rat model of depressive symptoms", "normalized_title": "psilocybin rapidly but not immediately reverses reward learning deficits in a durable manner in an inflammatory rat model of depressive symptoms", "authors": "Hinchcliffe JK, Thomas CW, Gilmour G, Robinson ES.", "abstract": "The serotonergic psychedelic, psilocybin, shows potential for rapid and sustained antidepressant effects but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Using a chronic interferon-alpha-induced rat model of depression, we show acute psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg) reverses impaired reward-induced biases within 24hrs, with effects enduring for at least 7 days. This suggests psilocybin can restore blunted reward processing, an effect which could significantly contribute to its sustained antidepressant effects.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-01-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2026.01.14.699553", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.14.699553", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1226195\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3029, "title": "Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant OCD: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment resistant ocd a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects 2-3% of the population worldwide. 40-60% of patients do not respond to first-line interventions. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of a single dose of psilocybin in patients with treatment-resistant OCD. Methods: In this phase 2, randomized, double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 28 adults with treatment-resistant OCD to receive a single dose of psilocybin (0.25 mg/kg; n=14) or niacin (250 mg; n=14), in a supportive controlled setting. Primary outcomes were Acute Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (A-YBOCS) from baseline to 48 hours post-treatment and weekly Y-BOCS assessments through 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included depression symptoms (MADRS) and functional disability (SDS). All participants initially assigned to niacin crossed over to open-label psilocybin after 1 week. Results: At 48 hours, A-YBOCS scores decreased from 24.07±6.02 to 14.31±8.83 in the psilocybin group versus no change (24.29±4.81 to 24.36±3.95) in the niacin group (between-group difference, 9.83 points; 95% CI, 5.19-14.91; P", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2026-01-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/atfum_v1", "keywords": "Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"atfum_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,OCD,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 341, "title": "Contextualizing Violence Risk Associated With Hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "contextualizing violence risk associated with hallucinogens", "authors": "Durns T, Iannuzzi G.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) have remerged as agents of psychiatric and cultural relevance. However, public discourse has outpaced empirical understanding of their effects. Although hallucinogens have demonstrated a potential to treat certain mental disorders, their effect on aggression and violence risk remains inconclusive. This article reviews the historical, medical, legal, and cultural contexts of these popular psychedelic and entactogenic compounds. The impact of substance type, dose, set and setting, psychiatric comorbidity, and environmental factors on violence is reviewed. Prevention and response strategies relevant to hallucinogenic compounds are discussed, including harm reduction, risk assessment, and treatment. Individual risk factors that mediate violence risk for people who consume psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA remain an area for further research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-14", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1176/appi.focus.20250027", "pubmed_id": "41953889", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20250027", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41953889\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 184, "title": "The Psychological Support Model in Psilocybin Research: Psychotherapy in Disguise?", "normalized_title": "the psychological support model in psilocybin research psychotherapy in disguise", "authors": "Jacobsen CF, Stenbæk DS, Poulsen S, Armand S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-13", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1176/appi.prcp.20250113", "pubmed_id": "42022021", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.prcp.20250113", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42022021\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3532, "title": "A Phase III, Multicentre, Randomised, Double-blind, Controlled Study to Investigate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Two Administrations of COMP360 in Participants With Treatment-resistant Depression", "normalized_title": "a phase iii multicentre randomised double blind controlled study to investigate the efficacy safety and tolerability of two administrations of comp360 in participants with treatment resistant depression", "authors": "COMPASS Pathways", "abstract": "Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of two administrations of COMP360 in participants with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) This is a phase III, international, multi-centre, randomised, parallel group, fixed repeat dose, double-blind, controlled study. The study population will include participants aged ≥18 years with TRD. Overall, 568 participants are to be randomised in a 2:1:1 ratio to receive COMP360 25 mg, 10 mg or 1 mg. The study comprises three parts (A, B, and C) and will last approximately 62 weeks including a three- to ten-week screening period. Part A will include a nine-week follow-up from initial investigational product (IP) administration. Part B will include a further 17 weeks follow-up out to 26 weeks from initial IP administration. Part C will include a further 26 weeks follow-up out to 52 weeks from initial IP administration. In this study, the aim is to assess the efficacy of COMP360, administered with psychological support in adult participants with TRD, in improving symptoms of depression.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-01-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05711940", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Psilocybin, COMP360, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05711940\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE3\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3523, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This study aims to study the feasibility of psilocybin therapy for patients with Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) with depressed mood. The secondary objective is to assess its impact on depression, quality of life, hopelessness, and functional status in this patient population. The proposed research's primary objective is to study the feasibility of psilocybin therapy for patients with ALS with depressed mood. The secondary objective is to assess its impact on depression, quality of life, hopelessness, and functional status in this patient population. The proposed proof-of-concept interventional trial will use a single-arm design. The study will be an open-label trial in a sample of up to 24 treatment-seeking patients with a diagnosis of ALS and depressed mood. Participants will complete an 8-week course of study treatment including two psilocybin sessions (15 mg in week 4 and 15 or 25 mg in week 6), with follow-up assessments 1, 3, and 6 months after the final psilocybin session.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-01-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06656702", "keywords": "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06656702\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 276, "title": "Chemical Design and Pharmacokinetics Enable Precision Psychedelic Therapeutics.", "normalized_title": "chemical design and pharmacokinetics enable precision psychedelic therapeutics", "authors": "Renner AC, Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Recent psychedelic patent activity highlights a strategic shift from experiential framing toward chemically and pharmacokinetically precise neurotherapeutics. Four recent patent applications collectively span solid-state control of psilocybin, exposure-shaped intramuscular and infusion-based dosing, and chemically diversified monoaminergic scaffolds with defined transporter and receptor pharmacology. Together, these disclosures outline a platform-level evolution toward reproducible, mechanism-informed psychedelic medicines.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-11", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00780", "pubmed_id": "41704348", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00780", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41704348\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3645, "title": "Behavioral and Neural Mechanisms Supporting Psilocybin-assisted Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain", "normalized_title": "behavioral and neural mechanisms supporting psilocybin assisted therapy for phantom limb pain", "authors": "University of California, San Diego", "abstract": "This double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study seeks to investigate whether psilocybin can be safely administered to people with chronic phantom limb pain (PLP) in a supportive setting with close follow-up, and its effects on pain symptoms and other moods, attitudes, and behaviors. The investigators' primary hypotheses are that psilocybin is safe to administer in people with PLP and that it will reduce scores on measures of pain. The investigators will also assess a number of secondary measures related to the behavioral and neural responses to pain after psilocybin treatment.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2026-01-08", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05224336", "keywords": "Phantom Limb Pain, Psilocybin, Placebo Niacin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05224336\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 327, "title": "Self-administered complementary and alternative methods of treating mental disorders among students in Wrocław: a cross-sectional study.", "normalized_title": "self administered complementary and alternative methods of treating mental disorders among students in wrocław a cross sectional study", "authors": "Sobieraj J, Sleziak J, Szyszka M, Błażejewska M, Łukańko K, Soczomska P, Bodziony K, Piotrowski P.", "abstract": "IntroductionMental health disorders such as depression are a rising issue among university students. Some of them use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as self-administered therapy instead of or together with professional care. Defining the scale of the problem, its underlying reasons and possible implications are crucial for addressing it in clinical psychiatry and public health strategies.MethodsA cross-sectional survey on students from Wrocław universities was conducted between April 2024 and December 2024. The form developed specifically for this study contained questions about demographic status, respondents' mental health history, satisfaction with psychiatric or psychological help and factors affecting it. Survey also assessed experience and attitudes towards various CAM methods, including non-pharmacological like exercise, meditation, yoga and pharmacological such as herbs, e.g., st. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), supplements, psychedelics, fly agaric (Amanita muscaria), marijuana and other non-conventional therapies. To evaluate current depressive symptoms, questions modelled on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-10) were used. 493 responses were included in the statistical analysis.Results46.5% of respondents had a history of mental disorders, with depression being the most prevalent (74.7%). While 45.3% of all students reported consultations with a psychiatrist and 44.8% usage of antidepressants, 96.1% applied CAM, mainly: physical exercise (81.4%), meditation (60.5%), yoga (39.1%). From herbs, the most popular were Melissa officinalis (53.0%) and Withania somnifera (24.8%), and from other substances: marijuana (31.3%), vitamins (22.5%) and psychedelics (10.4%). The main obstacles we identified in obtaining professional care were cost (80.7%), availability (35.7%) and fear of stigma (30.7%). Acceptance for classic therapies varied from 81.2% for psychotherapy and 75.9% for psychiatric drugs to 16.2% for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The factors affecting propensity to use particular CAM modalities included sex and severity of disorder. Females preferred herbs, probiotics and vitamins, while more males reported intake of A. muscaria. We found that among those students who engaged in professional health care services, there was significantly higher usage of marijuana, vitamins and probiotics. What's more, users of marijuana, ashwagandha and st. John's wort presented more intense depressive symptoms, based on PHQ-10. In the case of marijuana, its use is more prevalent among yoga practitioners and students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Consumption of psychedelics, marijuana and meditating is also connected to higher acceptance for novel therapies, such as ketamine and psilocybin, and practising yoga-for ketamine alone.ConclusionPrevalence of CAM use among students is high. One of the reasons we identified is limited access to professional psychiatric help. Use of CAM without supervision may potentially lead to adverse events. Psychiatrists treating students should consider those risks. Public health strategies should include educating students about CAM and classic therapies such as ECT, developing clinical guidelines for managing patients who use CAM and improving accessibility to mental health care for students. Future research should focus on studying the issue in other communities and populations, as well as precisely assessing the risks and potential benefits of particular CAM methods.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-07", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2025.1734137", "pubmed_id": "41584153", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1734137", "keywords": "Humans, Complementary Therapies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Mental Disorders, Students, Universities, Adolescent, Adult, Poland, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41584153\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Aging,Observational Study,Adolescents,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3014, "title": "Psilocin fosters neuroplasticity in iPSC-derived human cortical neurons", "normalized_title": "psilocin fosters neuroplasticity in ipsc derived human cortical neurons", "authors": "Koch P, Schmidt M, Hoffrichter A, Davoudi M, Horschitz S, Lau T, Meinhardt M, Spanagel R, Ladewig J, Köhr G.", "abstract": "Abstract Psilocybin is studied as innovative medication in anxiety, substance abuse and treatment-resistant depression. Animal studies show that psychedelics promote neuronal plasticity by strengthening synaptic responses and protein synthesis. However, the exact molecular and cellular changes induced by psilocybin in the human brain are not known. Here, we treated human cortical neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocin - the psychoactive metabolite of psilocybin. We analyzed how exposure to psilocin affects 5-HT2A receptor localization, gene expression, neuronal morphology, synaptic markers and neuronal function. Upon exposure of human neurons to psilocin, we observed a decrease of cell surface-located 5-HT2A receptors first in the axonal- followed by the somatodendritic-compartment. Psilocin further provoked a 5-HT2A-R-mediated augmentation of BDNF abundance. Transcriptomic profiling identified gene expression signatures priming neurons to neuroplasticity. On a morphological level, psilocin induced enhanced neuronal complexity and increased expression of synaptic proteins, in particular in the postsynaptic-compartment. Consistently, we observed an increased excitability and enhanced synaptic network activity in neurons treated with psilocin. In conclusion, exposure of human neurons to psilocin might induces a state of enhanced neuronal plasticity which could explain why psilocin is beneficial in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders where synaptic dysfunctions are discussed.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2026-01-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-4242829/v3", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4242829/v3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1140594\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 322, "title": "Presence of 4-Hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine in Commercially Available Products.", "normalized_title": "presence of 4 hydroxy n methyl n ethyltryptamine in commercially available products", "authors": "Barovic A, Pittiglio MK, Barrett JM, Aretz CDJ, Tesfatsion TT, Ramirez GA, Cruces W.", "abstract": "Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) remain an ongoing challenge for public health, forensic laboratories, and regulatory agencies, especially when they are chemically related to controlled tryptamines but are marketed as legal alternatives. In the United States, the Federal Analogue Act (FAA) was intended to restrict such substances; however, regulatory loopholes continue to be exploited. Herein, we present the characterization of a commercially available tablet marketed under the brand name Party Duck, alongside an unlabeled powder provided by our laboratory. Samples were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). All materials were identified to contain 4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine (4-HO-MET), a synthetic psychedelic structure and pharmacologically similar to psilocin. The mean concentration of 4-HO-MET in the tablets was determined to be 2.82 or 1.45 mg/tablet, while the powder was confirmed qualitatively to contain the same compound. These findings demonstrate that 4-HO-MET is present in commercially available products and emphasize the importance of rigorous analytical methods for continuous monitoring of tryptamine derivatives in unregulated markets.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1021/acsomega.5c10889", "pubmed_id": "41585657", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c10889", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41585657\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 320, "title": "Psychedelic Modulation of Excitation/Inhibition Balance: A Dual-Phase Neurodevelopmental Model.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic modulation of excitation inhibition balance a dual phase neurodevelopmental model", "authors": "Kandilakis CL, Papatheodoropoulos C.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are a diverse class of psychoactive compounds that profoundly alter perception, cognition, and emotional states. Recently, classical serotonergic agents, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), along with atypical agents such as methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and ibogaine, have attracted renewed attention due to their rapid and sustained clinical effects in psychiatric disorders. Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that serotonergic psychedelics acutely modulate glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission, enhance neuroplasticity, and reorganize brain network connectivity. However, a unified mechanistic framework linking these effects to enduring clinical outcomes remains elusive. Here, we propose a neurodevelopmental hypothesis in which psychedelics restore excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance, a fundamental property of both neurodevelopment and adult brain function. Acutely, psychedelics shift E/I dynamics through serotonergic and nonserotonergic mechanisms, creating a transient state of heightened plasticity similar to developmental sensitive periods. This permissive window facilitates the long-term reorganization of excitatory and inhibitory circuits with GABAergic interneurons as key mediators. By integrating established pharmacological effects with developmental principles, our dual-phase model links initial network excitability with subsequent neuroplasticity and circuit stabilization, providing a coherent framework for the rapid onset and sustained efficacy of psychedelic interventions across psychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-06", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00892", "pubmed_id": "41498818", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00892", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Neural Inhibition, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurodevelopment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41498818\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 350, "title": "An exploration of the relationships between the effects of psilocybin on behavior, 5-HT2A receptor occupancy, and neuroplastic effects in mice.", "normalized_title": "an exploration of the relationships between the effects of psilocybin on behavior 5 ht2a receptor occupancy and neuroplastic effects in mice", "authors": "Maltby CJ, Klein AK, Paschen E, Pinto J, Dvorak D, Hedde JR, Hanks AN, Bianchi M, Hughes ZA.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin has shown rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder, yet the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these outcomes remain unclear.AimsThis study aimed to bridge clinical and preclinical findings by investigating the relationships between 5-HT2A receptor occupancy (RO) achieved after administration of psilocybin and its effects on behavior and markers of neuroplasticity in mice.MethodsIn vivo 5-HT2A RO was determined via displacement of [3H]MDL-100,907 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). To relate RO with behavioral outcomes of psilocybin, we assessed the head twitch response (HTR) acutely and investigated behavior in the elevated zero maze (EZM) and forced swim test (FST) 20-24 hours post-drug. Neuroplastic changes were assessed by measuring α-tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) and expression of key synaptic proteins in both the PFC and amygdala.ResultsPsilocybin produced dose-dependent 5-HT2A RO (RO₅₀ = 0.88 mg/kg) and an inverted-U dose-response in HTR, with peak effects occurring between ~44% and 62% RO. Behaviorally, a 1.5 mg/kg dose increased the open areas ratio in the EZM, while 3 mg/kg reduced immobility in the FST, 20 and 24 hours after dosing, respectively. Both dose levels shifted α-tubulin PTMs toward a more dynamic microtubule state and selectively increased synaptic marker expression in the PFC, not in the amygdala.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the therapeutic effects of psilocybin could be mediated by dose- and region-specific enhancement of neuronal plasticity, with distinct signatures associated with anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like properties.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251395386", "pubmed_id": "41493065", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251395386", "keywords": "Amygdala, Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Fluorobenzenes, Tubulin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Behavior, Animal, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Neuronal Plasticity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41493065\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 330, "title": "Associations of Couples' Psychedelic Use with Shared Reality and Relational Well-Being.", "normalized_title": "associations of couples psychedelic use with shared reality and relational well being", "authors": "Cornelius T, Barba T.", "abstract": "The resurgence in research with classic psychedelics (e.g. LSD, psilocybin) underscores their potential for improved well-being; however, the interpersonal context and mechanisms of psychedelic impacts remain unknown. In a sample of 798 participants (81 couples), this survey study tested whether use of a psychedelic with a romantic partner (v. not together) was associated with couples' shared understanding (i.e. shared reality) and changes in relational well-being. Multilevel dyadic analyses provided overwhelming support for hypotheses that taking a psychedelic together would be associated with greater shared reality and more positive relational changes (e.g. improved physical intimacy, emotional closeness, satisfaction). Shared reality mediated positive relational changes. Taking a psychedelic alone was indirectly associated with the decision to end a romantic relationship. Although limited by cross-sectional design and low dyadic participation, results emphasize the importance of a socially informed approach to the development of psychedelic therapies, with potential to increase treatment effectiveness and mitigate harms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2607729", "pubmed_id": "41496490", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2607729", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41496490\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 254, "title": "Psychoactive mushroom edibles: trends and toxicities reported to the United States National Poison Data System®, 2023-2024.", "normalized_title": "psychoactive mushroom edibles trends and toxicities reported to the united states national poison data system 2023 2024", "authors": "Jorgenson DM, Santos Leon E, Vakkalanka JP, Krispin S, Radke JB.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsychoactive mushroom edibles are gaining popularity, yet little is known of their clinical effects. These unregulated products are widely available, often with unlisted ingredients and inconsistent formulations, underscoring the need for more research to address public health concerns. We aimed to investigate recent trends in demographics and clinical effects associated with these products.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational analysis of psychoactive mushroom edible exposures reported to the United States National Poison Data System® between 2023 and 2024. We included both single and polysubstance cases from all ages, using the generic codes identifying edible preparations containing Amanita muscaria, psilocybin, or unspecified. We described demographic and clinical characteristics (e.g., management site, related clinical effects) stratified by mushroom type. Our primary outcome was medical admission, and secondary outcomes were the severity of reported toxicity (moderate or worse compared to minimal or non-toxic exposures). Multivariable logistic regression, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were used to measure the association between demographic and clinical factors with each outcome.ResultsOf the 362 total psychoactive mushroom edible exposures identified, the majority were single-substance (78%) and intentional (58%). Factors associated with admission were polysubstance exposures (aOR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.23-5.40), confusion (aOR: 3.06; 95% CI: 1.36-6.86), and central nervous system depression (aOR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.29-5.06). These factors were also associated with moderate or worse toxicity (poly-substance exposure [aOR: 2.88; 95% CI: 1.35-6.13], confusion [aOR: 3.05; 95% CI: 1.14-8.13], and central nervous system depression [aOR: 4.92; 95% CI: 2.45-9.88]). No deaths were reported from exposure.DiscussionThe effects of mushroom edible ingestion are unpredictable, and clinical presentations vary widely. Polysubstance exposures involving mushroom edibles are associated with higher hospital admission rates and more severe toxicity.ConclusionPsychoactive mushroom edibles are an emerging public health concern that necessitates continued epidemiological and clinical monitoring as the trend evolves.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-05", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402", "pubmed_id": "41493095", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2025.2599402", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Mushroom Poisoning, Psychotropic Drugs, Retrospective Studies, Databases, Factual, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Infant, Poison Control Centers, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41493095\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Observational Study,Adolescents,Toxicity", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 290, "title": "The effect of psilocin on neurotransmitters release in the claustrum and on rat behavior.", "normalized_title": "the effect of psilocin on neurotransmitters release in the claustrum and on rat behavior", "authors": "Kościuk Z, Szpręgiel I, Bysiek A, Gołembiowska K.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: The claustrum, a subcortical structure densely expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 A (5-HT2A) receptors, has been implicated in sensory integration, emotional regulation, salience, and attention. Despite its hypothesized involvement in the effects of serotonergic psychedelics, the neurochemical impact of these substances on claustral neurotransmission remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate how psilocin - a tryptamine and the active metabolite of psilocybin - and 4-Iodo-2, 5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) - a phenethylamine and new psychoactive substance (NPS) - modulate extracellular neurotransmitter levels in the rat claustrum, as well as to examine their effects on wet dog shake behavior, a well-established proxy for hallucinogenic activity. METHODS: Adult male Wistar Han rats were used for in vivo brain microdialysis experiments. Microdialysis probes were stereotaxically implanted into the claustrum. Rats received local administration of either psilocin (100 or 500 µM) or 25I-NBOMe (500 µM) through the microdialysis probe. Dialysate samples were collected and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection to quantify extracellular levels of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT), glutamate (GLU), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and acetylcholine (ACh). A behavioral test defined as wet dog shakes (WDS) was conducted after drugs administration, to infer psychedelic-like activity. RESULTS: In vivo microdialysis performed in freely moving rats revealed that both substances markedly altered extracellular levels of DA, NA, 5-HT, GLU, GABA, and ACh. Psilocin, at both administered doses, was the only compound to significantly elevate NA and produced the most pronounced enhancement of cholinergic signaling across all neurotransmitter systems examined. By contrast, 25I-NBOMe induced a more substantial shift toward excitatory dominance, accompanied by the greatest increase in 5-HT release. Overall, psilocin generated a comparatively balanced excitatory-inhibitory neurochemical profile, reflecting its combined engagement of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors, whereas 25I-NBOMe produced an excitation-biased pattern consistent with its selective, high-affinity 5-HT2A agonism. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the claustrum as a neurochemical convergence point for psychedelic action and demonstrate that psilocin engages this circuitry in a regulated, receptor-balanced manner, whereas 25I-NBOMe drives a markedly more excitatory and less compensated profile, underscoring their fundamentally distinct therapeutic and toxicological potentials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-04", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-025-00817-3", "pubmed_id": "41486340", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00817-3", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Dopamine, Serotonin, Dimethoxyphenylethylamine, Neurotransmitter Agents, Hallucinogens, Microdialysis, Behavior, Animal, Male, Psilocybin, Claustrum", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41486340\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 291, "title": "Psilocybin and Bipolar Depression: Promise and Prudence.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and bipolar depression promise and prudence", "authors": "Marques MG, Patarroyo-Rodriguez L, Singh B.", "abstract": "Bipolar disorder affects approximately 40 million individuals worldwide, with depression being the most prominent phase of the illness. Owing to limited treatment options, bipolar depression remains a major public health concern, often causing significant functional impairment and increased suicide risk. Current therapies frequently lack rapid effectiveness, highlighting the need for novel approaches. Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound receiving growing interest for its potential rapid antidepressant effects, is under investigation in clinical trials combined with psychotherapy. Early studies in bipolar II disorder (n = 19) show encouraging results, but evidence is still limited, and important safety concerns such as affective switching and pharmacokinetic interactions persist. Additional challenges include regulatory restrictions, infrastructure demands, and uncertainties about the role of the psychedelic experience, especially given possible interference by common bipolar medications. Cautious, rigorous research is essential to determine psilocybin's safety, efficacy, and practical application in bipolar depression, particularly for bipolar I disorder and long-term outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-03", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-025-01255-8", "pubmed_id": "41485178", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-025-01255-8", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Bipolar Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41485178\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 333, "title": "An open-label pilot study of psilocybin-assisted therapy for binge eating disorder.", "normalized_title": "an open label pilot study of psilocybin assisted therapy for binge eating disorder", "authors": "Dallery J, Miller JL, Boissoneault J, Harvey L, Ives L, Knerr A, Blaes S, Ransom MN, Munson M, Gilligan JP, Silverman MH, Guzzo PR, Loeser B.", "abstract": "Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is the most prevalent eating disorder and is associated with psychiatric comorbidities, health impairments, and decreased quality of life. Emerging evidence suggests that psilocybin-assisted therapy may promote cognitive and emotional flexibility and disrupt maladaptive behavioral patterns, making it a promising candidate for BED treatment. This open-label pilot study evaluated the feasibility, safety, and preliminary therapeutic effects of a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin administered in the context of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)-based psychotherapy in adults with BED (N = 5). Primary outcomes included safety measures, and exploratory outcomes included self-reported binge eating frequency, depression, anxiety, psychological flexibility, anthropometric indices, and neuroimaging biomarkers assessed over a 14-week follow-up. Psilocybin was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events. Reductions in self-reported binge eating frequency were observed across all participants and sustained through week 14. Improvements were also noted in depression, anxiety, and psychological inflexibility. Three participants showed reductions in body mass index and waist circumference. Given the open label design and small sample size, causality cannot be inferred. fMRI analyses generated preliminary signals of change-such as increased functional activation from pre- to post-intervention in the middle frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, and supramarginal gyrus in response to processed versus unprocessed food cues. Psilocybin-assisted therapy was feasible and well-tolerated in individuals with BED. The clinical and neurobiological observations provide directions for future adequately powered trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-02", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-025-01508-3", "pubmed_id": "41485073", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-025-01508-3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41485073\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Psychological Flexibility,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3068, "title": "The one that abstained: Psilocybe fuscofulva genome suggests two recent origins of the psilocybin gene cluster in Psilocybe", "normalized_title": "the one that abstained psilocybe fuscofulva genome suggests two recent origins of the psilocybin gene cluster in psilocybe", "authors": "Slot J, Bradshaw A, Dentinger B, Borovička J, Konkel Z, Rockefeller A, Bollinger I.", "abstract": "Production of the psychoactive compound psilocybin is a defining feature of the genus Psilocybe, commonly referred to as “psychedelic mushrooms”. However, Psilocybe fuscofulva is a striking exception within Psilocybe sensu stricto as it lacks the stereotypical blue bruising characteristic of the genus, and psilocybin has not been detected in the species.To investigate the evolutionary events leading to differential psilocybin production among Psilocybe species, we produced genome assemblies two P. fuscofulva strains, one Psilocybe polytrichoides strain, and one Psilocybe tampanensis strain, complemented by reannotated public genomes and metagenome-derived assemblies from fungarium specimens. This sample represents both major Psilocybe clades (Clade I and Clade II) and the most closely related genera. Phylogenomic analysis based on 100 single-copy orthologs curated for high branch support strongly placed P. fuscofulva as the earliest-diverging lineage in Psilocybe Clade I. No psilocybin gene cluster (PGC) homologs, whether clustered or dispersed, were identified in P. fuscofulva, whereas a single intact PGC was present in all other examined Psilocybe genomes. The PGC resides in two distinct, clade-specific genomic loci: one conserved in Clade I and another in Clade II, each displaying characteristic gene orders and orientations consistent with rearrangement through circular intermediates. Time-calibrated phylogenies estimated the Psilocybe crown group at approximately 28 million years ago, with major clade divergences occurring in the Miocene. The absence of the PGC in P. fuscofulva, together with clade-specific structural conservation and the lack of remnant sequences at alternate loci, supports two independent origins of the PGC within Psilocybe: one in the ancestor of Clade II and a subsequent origin in Clade I following divergence from P. fuscofulva, most likely via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Gene phylogenies provide weak support for transfer from Clade I to Clade II, although broader sampling is required for confirmation. These results constrain the timeframe of PGC emergence and dispersal to the Miocene, implying rapid HGT events possibly driven by ecological pressures in expanding grassland ecosystems. This study challenges the assumption of an ancestral psilocybin pathway in Psilocybe and its close relatives and underscores multiple recent acquisitions of the PGC that suggest it is an ecologically important metabolic trait in psychoactive fungi.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.64898/2025.12.30.697041", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.30.697041", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1229316\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 337, "title": "Daily Administration of Psilocin Mucate (L-130) Produces a Favorable Safety Profile and Anxiolytic Effects in Rodents Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress.", "normalized_title": "daily administration of psilocin mucate l 130 produces a favorable safety profile and anxiolytic effects in rodents exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress", "authors": "Sancilio FD, Dariani M, Chavda P, Rajagopal HM, Tomlinson L.", "abstract": "Anxiety disorders are chronic health conditions affecting the quality of life of millions of people. Psilocin, the active moiety of psilocybin, provides an anxiolytic effect; however, when orally administered as psilocybin, it only offers a moderate level of bioavailability and less predictable pharmacokinetics, potentially making effects after absorption variable and increasing the risk of adverse hallucinations, depending on the dose. As such, we investigated a recently developed stable salt of psilocin, psilocin mucate (L-130), which delivers increased bioavailability and, thus, more precise control of therapeutic levels. We examined factors related to L-130's safety, as well as its effectiveness in addressing anxiety at a commonly used macro dose level, along with dosing schedules similar to those noted in the literature. Clinical assessments and blood analyses suggest psilocin mucate is safe and has no toxicological effects. Compared to vehicle controls, daily dosing of L-130 led to significant reductions in cortisol levels and improved performances on several anxiety-related behavioral tasks: the Elevated Plus Maze, the Open Field Test, and the Novel Object Recognition Task. However, weekly dosing did not generally produce significant results. Overall, daily dosing of L-130 was able to produce anxiolytic behaviors, but larger studies are needed to determine optimal doses and dosing schedules.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2607726", "pubmed_id": "41482437", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2607726", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41482437\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 336, "title": "The effects of psilocybin on psychological distress in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin on psychological distress in cancer patients a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Moshfeghinia R, Mostafavi S, Jazi K, Ghasemi AR, Khosravaninezhad Y, Narayanan S, Ahmadi J, Pasalar M.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin may effectively treat psychological distress in cancer patients. A meta-analysis assessed its safety and effectiveness in this context.MethodsA comprehensive search across six databases (Scopus, PsycINFO, PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL Complete, and Web of Science) was conducted to identify studies on psilocybin's effects on mental health in cancer patients up to November 2024. Both randomized and non-randomized trials were included, assessing anxiety, depression, and other mental outcomes at short-term (2-5 weeks) and long-term (6 months) follow-ups. Study quality was assessed using Cochrane tools, and statistical analyses were performed with Stata version 17.ResultsIn randomized controlled trials (RCTs), psilocybin significantly reduced depressive symptoms, with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (standardized mean difference [SMD] = - 2.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: - 3.99 to - 1.76, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1186/s40359-025-03935-y", "pubmed_id": "41484687", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03935-y", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Psychological Distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41484687\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 335, "title": "Reported Safety Practices of Publicly Advertised Psychedelic Retreats.", "normalized_title": "reported safety practices of publicly advertised psychedelic retreats", "authors": "McGuire AL, Neitzke-Spruill L, Robinson JO, Beit CS, Singh N, Mathai DS, Averill LA.", "abstract": "ImportanceThe availability of psychedelic retreats has grown to meet the demand for access to these substances. Despite centuries of use among Indigenous communities, psychedelics can pose serious risks for some users.ObjectiveTo determine safety precautions that retreat organizations that offer psychedelic substances currently use.Design, setting, and participantsThis qualitative study included structured interviews conducted by phone or email with representatives from 49 organizations publicly advertising psychedelic retreat offerings from July to October 2023. Organizations were eligible if they marketed their services in English, offered at least 1 psychedelic substance, and made contact information available online. Organizations were selected using convenience sampling from a broader pool of organizations identified in a prior study. Data were analyzed from March 2024 to November 2025.Main outcomes and measuresThe main outcomes of interest included the types of drugs offered and presence of polysubstance use, collaboration with health care professionals, presence of health care professionals during retreats, disqualifying conditions, medication washout procedures, and integration practices. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize organizational practices and locations; content analysis was used to categorize medical exclusion criteria, medication washout protocols, involvement of health care professionals, integration offerings, and training of integration facilitators.ResultsOf 48 organizations that reported what substances they offered, all offered either ayahuasca, psilocybin, or both. Nineteen organizations (38.7%) offered more than 1 psychedelic substance. All organizations collected participant medical histories; 36 organizations (73.5%) excluded individuals with certain health conditions. Most (43 organizations [87.8%]) required or recommended medication washout for varying lengths of time, ranging from 1 day to more than 6 weeks. Most (34 organizations [69.4%]) worked with a licensed health care professional or someone with emergency response training, and 32 organizations (65.3%) had someone with those qualifications in attendance at retreats at least some of the time. All organizations offered some sort of integration support.Conclusions and relevanceThis qualitative study of the practices implemented by psychedelic retreat organizations found substantial variability in the implementation of safety precautions. Some practices related to medication washout and polysubstance use may pose increased risks to participants. Best practice guidelines are needed and should be codeveloped with Indigenous and nonclinical communities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.52505", "pubmed_id": "41499117", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.52505", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Qualitative Research, Advertising", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41499117\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 334, "title": "Psychological Therapy Quantity and Depressive Symptom Reduction in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "psychological therapy quantity and depressive symptom reduction in psychedelic assisted therapy a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Florineth GA, Klima I, Boeker AL, Catzeflis P, Wopfner A, Denier N, Bracht T, Adorjan K, Pfammatter M, Müller F, Soravia LM.", "abstract": "ImportancePsychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is a novel intervention for depressive symptoms, typically delivered with additional psychological therapy sessions. Quantitative evidence on how this concomitant therapy contributes to treatment outcomes is limited, highlighting the need for a systematic synthesis.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether the quantity of psychological therapy is associated with symptom reduction in PAT for depressive symptoms.Data sourcesPubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were searched from inception to June 16, 2025.Study selectionThe analysis included controlled clinical trials involving adults with depressive symptoms who received PAT using classic serotonergic psychedelics (eg, psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide). Within these trials, psychedelic dosing sessions were embedded in therapeutic sessions before (preparation) and after (integration). Studies were excluded if they used microdosing as the primary intervention, involved naturalistic or purely pharmacological administration, or did not report therapy session count or duration. Qualitative studies, reviews, case reports, and conference abstracts were also excluded. Of the 226 records identified, 42 full texts were assessed by 2 independent reviewers, of which 12 met inclusion criteria.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Multilevel random-effects meta-analysis and multilevel metaregressions were conducted using robust variance estimation.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcomes were standardized mean differences (Hedges g) in depressive symptoms at all available posttreatment time points. Metaregression analyses assessed associations of different metrics of psychological therapy quantity (duration in hours, number of sessions, and total duration in weeks) with treatment outcomes.ResultsThe 12 included trials had a total sample of 733 participants (365 female [49.8%]; mean [SD] age, 43.1 [6.2] years). PAT showed a large overall effect size in reducing depressive symptoms compared with control conditions (Hedges g = -0.84; 95% CI, -1.15 to -0.54; P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.54843", "pubmed_id": "41563753", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.54843", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Psychotherapy, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41563753\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 321, "title": "Snapshot IP1 Detection Following 5-HT2A Receptor Stimulation in the Mouse Brain.", "normalized_title": "snapshot ip1 detection following 5 ht2a receptor stimulation in the mouse brain", "authors": "de la Fuente Revenga M, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "The distinct subjective effects that define psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, or 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) as drug class are causally linked to the activation of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR). However, some aspects of 5-HT2AR pharmacology remain elusive, such as what molecular drivers differentiate psychedelic from nonpsychedelic 5-HT2AR agonists. We developed an ex vivo platform to obtain snapshots of drug-mediated 5-HT2AR engagement of the canonical Gq/11 pathway in native tissue. This nonradioactive methodology captures the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic events leading up to changes in inositol monophosphate (IP1) in the mouse brain. The specificity of this method was assessed in homogenates from the frontal cortex in DOI-treated wild-type and 5-HT2AR knockout (5-HT2AR-KO) animals compared to other brain regions, namely, striatum and cerebellum. The effect of DOI on mouse frontal cortex IP1 was time-bound, dose-dependent, and was correlated to head twitch response counts. We observed that IP1 levels in frontal cortex homogenates from mice treated with LSD and lisuride varying in magnitude, consistent with LSD's 5-HT2AR agonism and psychedelic nature and lisuride's lack thereof. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) evoked an increase in the IP1 signal in the frontal cortex that was not matched by the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan or the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. We attribute the differences in the readout primarily to the indirect stimulation of 5-HT2AR by MDMA via the release of serotonin from its presynaptic terminals. This methodology enables one to capture a snapshot of IP1 turnover in the mouse brain that can provide mechanistic insights into the study of psychedelics and Gq/11-coupled receptors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2026-01-01", "publication_year": 2026, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00932", "pubmed_id": "41481361", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00932", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inositol Phosphates, Amphetamines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41481361\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2001, "title": "Preclinical evaluation of psilocybin as an anti-inflammatory agent", "normalized_title": "preclinical evaluation of psilocybin as an anti inflammatory agent", "authors": "Martínez-Álvarez N., Erkizia-Santamaría I., Tomás-Alvarado A., Erdozain A.M., Meana J.J., Ortega J.E.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuroscience Applied", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105853", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105853", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105853\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2000, "title": "Psilocybin increases connectivity between unimodal and transmodal networks in healthy volunteers listening to music", "normalized_title": "psilocybin increases connectivity between unimodal and transmodal networks in healthy volunteers listening to music", "authors": "Benes M., Gregus D., Adamek P., Palenicek T., Horacek J.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuroscience Applied", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106823", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106823", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106823\"}", "topic_tags": "Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1999, "title": "Psilocibina en cuidados paliativos: revisión sistemática de los efectos a nivel emocional y espiritual-existenciales", "normalized_title": "psilocibina en cuidados paliativos revisión sistemática de los efectos a nivel emocional y espiritual existenciales", "authors": "Toalombo-Eugenio Graciela Estefanía, Carrillo-Zavala Katheryne Viviana, Mayorga-Núñez Verónica Giovanna", "abstract": "Anxiety, depression, and existential distress are common symptoms in palliative care and significantly impair patients’ quality of life. Psilocybin-assisted therapy, based on preparation, therapeutic support, and psychotherapeutic integration, has emerged as a promising intervention to alleviate this complex cluster of suffering. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the evidence on the efficacy, safety, and effects of psilocybin on emotional and spiritual-existential dimensions in palliative populations. PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed, and searches were conducted between 2015 and 2025 in PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE to identify eligible studies. After title and abstract screening, twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed through systematic extraction of relevant clinical and methodological data. The results showed that a single psilocybin session with psychotherapeutic support produced rapid, significant, and sustained reductions in anxiety and depression, lasting up to six months. In the spiritual-existential domain, increases were observed in meaning in life, acceptance, spiritual well-being, and quality of life, along with impactful mystical experiences of prolonged duration. One cohort demonstrated maintenance of benefits during follow-up periods of up to four years, suggesting durable effects on coping and existential perception. Safety outcomes were favorable, with mild and transient adverse events, including nausea, in-session anxiety, headache, and temporary physiological increases without serious complications. Overall, the evidence clearly indicates that psilocybin, administered within a structured clinical setting, constitutes a viable option for addressing spiritual needs in palliative care.", "journal": "Revista Metropolitana de Ciencias Aplicadas", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.62452/hx8sfs74", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.62452/hx8sfs74", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.62452/hx8sfs74\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1998, "title": "Effects of low-dose psilocybin on EEG markers of sensory processing in autistic and non-autistic adults", "normalized_title": "effects of low dose psilocybin on eeg markers of sensory processing in autistic and non autistic adults", "authors": "Ollari O., Whelan T.P., Ellis C.L., Khalil N., Moruzzi F., Murphy D.G.M., Daly E., Mason L., Puts N., McAlonan G.M.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuroscience Applied", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2026.106903", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2026.106903", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.nsa.2026.106903\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1997, "title": "Mismatch between psilocybin-induced head-twitch behaviour and psilocin brain levels in mice", "normalized_title": "mismatch between psilocybin induced head twitch behaviour and psilocin brain levels in mice", "authors": "Sellitti F., Weber C., Tamura É., Li Z., Thomann J., Luethi D., Simmler L.D.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuroscience Applied", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106574", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106574", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106574\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1996, "title": "Preliminary results from an ongoing naturalistic survey study investigating dose-finding practices and effects of self-administered small amounts of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "preliminary results from an ongoing naturalistic survey study investigating dose finding practices and effects of self administered small amounts of psilocybin", "authors": "Totomanova I., Haijen E.C.H.M., Hurks P.P.M., Mason N.L., Kuypers K.P.C.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuroscience Applied", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106822", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106822", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106822\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1995, "title": "Temporal effects of a single oral dose of psilocybin on plasma circulating miRNAs in humans", "normalized_title": "temporal effects of a single oral dose of psilocybin on plasma circulating mirnas in humans", "authors": "O'shea A., Ramaekers J.G., Schreiber R., Briedé J.J., Krauskopf J., Mason N., Verheijen M.C.T.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuroscience Applied", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106576", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106576", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106576\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1994, "title": "Behavioral and neuronal effects of psilocybin in mice", "normalized_title": "behavioral and neuronal effects of psilocybin in mice", "authors": "Weber C., Sellitti F., Ziming L., von Arx J., Simmler L.D.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuroscience Applied", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106575", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106575", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.nsa.2025.106575\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 376, "title": "Psilocybin: clinical potential, mechanistic insights, and biotechnological advances for scalable production", "normalized_title": "psilocybin clinical potential mechanistic insights and biotechnological advances for scalable production", "authors": "Islas-Vargas J, Armenta S, Rivera-Román ÁA, Hernández-León S, Méndez-Hernández JE, Arce-Cervantes O.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a tryptamine-derived alkaloid from Psilocybe mushrooms, has emerged as a high-value biopharmaceutical candidate due to its promising applications in mental health. While clinical studies highlight its rapid and sustained antidepressant effects, current challenges lie in achieving scalable, reproducible, and cost-effective production to meet growing research and therapeutic demand. Traditional extraction from fungal biomass yields low concentrations and requires extensive downstream processing, limiting industrial viability. Chemical synthesis ensures purity but is hindered by high costs and multistep complexity. In contrast, biotechnological approaches have demonstrated significant progress toward sustainable production. Heterologous expression of psilocybin biosynthetic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus nidulans has enabled improved metabolic flux and precursor availability, reaching titers over 200 mg/L under optimized conditions. Moreover, recent engineering Escherichia coli strains has further enhanced catalytic efficiency of key enzymes such as PsiH, achieving production levels up to 2000 mg/L, while simplifying fermentation and purification workflows. These advances establish microbial platforms as a promising route for industrial-scale biosynthesis. Beyond production, psilocybin offers an opportunity to integrate biotechnology with socio-cultural context. In regions where diversity of Psilocybe species and ancestral knowledge converge, the development of biotechnological pipelines could foster innovation in drug discovery, sustainable manufacturing, and policy reform. Overall, psilocybin exemplifies a frontier molecule in biotechnology, where metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and bioresource valorization converge to transform a natural product into a reproducible, scalable, and globally relevant therapeutic.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND609383879", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"IND609383879\",\"source\":\"AGR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 375, "title": "Toxicology and Pharmacological Interactions of Classic Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "toxicology and pharmacological interactions of classic psychedelics", "authors": "Thomas K.", "abstract": "As psychedelics are being investigated for more medical indications, it has become important to characterize the adverse effects and pharmacological interactions with these medications. This chapter will summarize what is known about the toxicology and drug-drug interactions for classic psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, mescaline, 2C-B, Bromo-DragonFLY, and 25X-NBOMe.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2024_508", "pubmed_id": "39042251", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_508", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Drug Interactions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39042251\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 374, "title": "Pharmacological Properties of Psychedelics with a Special Focus on Potential Harms.", "normalized_title": "pharmacological properties of psychedelics with a special focus on potential harms", "authors": "Holze F, Liechti ME, Müller F.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are a group of substances within the heterogeneous class of hallucinogenic drugs. Via binding to the serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptor, psychedelics exert profound alterations in various mental domains, including sensation, cognition, emotions, and self-perception. Psychedelics comprise phenethylamines (e.g., mescaline), tryptamines (e.g., psilocybin), and ergolines (e.g., LSD). These drugs have been used recreationally for decades but have also regained attention as potential treatments for various psychiatric as well as neurological illnesses. While psychedelics are generally considered to be relatively safe from a physiological standpoint, especially when compared to other recreational drugs, they are not without risks. The main safety concerns are lasting psychological adverse reactions such as persisting anxiety, dissociation, or flashbacks.This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacology of classic psychedelics, including their origins, psychological and autonomic effects, interactions, and potential risks and side effects. Furthermore, the origin, dosing, and consumption methods are discussed. It differentiates psychedelics from other psychoactive drugs, such as MDMA and ketamine, and elaborates on their distinct receptor profiles. Overall, this chapter provides an overview of the pharmacological underpinnings necessary for understanding the harms caused by psychedelic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2024_510", "pubmed_id": "39080236", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_510", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Tryptamines, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39080236\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Safety,Adverse Events,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 372, "title": "Anxiety and Affective Symptoms Related to the Use of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "anxiety and affective symptoms related to the use of classic psychedelics a systematic review", "authors": "Viljoen G, Betzler F", "abstract": "There is a large and rapidly growing body of literature investigating the therapeutic effects of classic psychedelics in affective and anxiety disorders, but very few studies have examined the inverse of this, that is, the potential for psychedelics to inflict anxiety and affective symptoms. A systematic literature search was performed and 39 papers were included in the final review to qualitatively synthesize the current literature on anxiety and affective disorders related to the use of classic psychedelics. Persisting disorders were less frequent but generally occurred in individuals who presented with several risk factors (overdose, polydrug use, unstructured recreational setting, psychosocial stress, personal/familial psychiatric histories). When psychedelics were administered in clinical studies under the framework of psychedelic-assisted therapy, the incidence of enduring anxiety and affective symptoms was low. In most cases, acute transient anxiety emerged and resolved during the dosing session without the need for additional treatment interventions. The nuance of such cases is discussed, shedding light on the role of emotional catharsis in the therapeutic process. Several suggestions are proposed to enhance patient safety including strengthening the therapeutic alliance, ensuring adequate mental preparation, acclimating to high doses and providing on-going therapeutic support.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2024_534", "pubmed_id": "39436632", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39436632/", "keywords": "Affective disorders, Anxiety, Depression, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39436632\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 367, "title": "Informed Consent in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "informed consent in psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Bradberry MM, Appelbaum PS, Gukasyan N.", "abstract": "Humans have long used classical serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, for a variety of purposes. Entactogens, such as methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), emerged during the twentieth century and have likewise seen use in a broad range of settings. Interest has arisen in the use of classical psychedelics and entactogens, together termed \"psychedelics,\" for therapeutic purposes in Western clinical settings. Care in these settings is governed by standards for the communication and assumption of risk in the process of informed consent. Rigorous informed consent standards in psychedelic medicine are not only essential for quality care but also critical to the mitigation of risk, particularly in research settings and for vulnerable individuals. This chapter describes practical elements of informed consent in psychedelic therapy, with a focus on effective communication of the risks and potential benefits of classical psychedelic and entactogen treatments as they are currently understood.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2024_559", "pubmed_id": "39739178", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_559", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Informed Consent", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39739178\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 366, "title": "Development of Psilocybe Mushroom Species Reference Material-Cultivation Parameters and Chemical Profiles.", "normalized_title": "development of psilocybe mushroom species reference material cultivation parameters and chemical profiles", "authors": "Windsor C, Kreynes AE, Chilton JS, Chioffi WA, Niebergall C, Dodds K.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-containing mushrooms are gaining the attention of the scientific community due to the potential benefits offered by their psychoactive phytochemicals in the treatment of addiction and various mental health conditions. Although there are hundreds of different Psilocybe species, only a handful have been successfully cultivated under indoor controlled conditions and chemically analyzed.ObjectiveThe goal of this publication is to describe Nammex's ongoing effort to cultivate poorly studied Psilocybe mushroom species and analyze them by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) to identify and quantify important psychoactive compounds.MethodsPure mycelium cultures of Psilocybe species were created from spore prints and tissue of mushrooms collected in the wild. From these mycelia, numerous cultivars were developed and then propagated on various substrates, based on nutritionally supplemented cellulosic materials. Using indoor growth chambers under strictly controlled conditions, mushrooms were produced and prepared for analysis.ResultsSix Psilocybe species (P. zapotecorum, P. natalensis, P. azurescens, P. subaeruginosa, P. cyanescens, and P. stuntzii) were successfully cultivated indoors. Species identity was confirmed through analysis of anatomical and microscopic features, as well as by DNA sequencing. HPTLC was successfully used to quantify psilocybin and psilocin and to identify norbaeocystin, baeocystin, and aeruginascin. P. zapotecorum had the highest psilocybin content (1.89%), and P. stuntzii the lowest (0.45%). Preliminary data showed that psilocybin concentrations remained stable across three successive flushes of P. stuntzii. Storage of fresh mushrooms in a -20 °C freezer prior to freeze-drying drastically reduced psilocybin and increased psilocin levels.ConclusionsThis study successfully demonstrated the cultivation and chemical profiling of multiple Psilocybe species under controlled conditions. The detailed HPTLC analysis revealed species-specific differences in psychoactive compound concentrations. Future research will incorporate advanced techniques, such as HPLC and mass spectrometry, to develop a more comprehensive chemical profile of these mushrooms.HighlightsThis study successfully cultivated and chemically analyzed six Psilocybe species, revealing species-specific differences in psychoactive compound concentrations. Storage conditions, differences between stem and cap, and mushroom developmental stage influenced the composition of psychoactive compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf007", "pubmed_id": "39960890", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf007", "keywords": "Agaricales, Mycelium, Psychotropic Drugs, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39960890\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 364, "title": "Toward Standardized Products Containing Biomass of Psilocybe Cubensis Fungi.", "normalized_title": "toward standardized products containing biomass of psilocybe cubensis fungi", "authors": "Foster K, Morrison I, Daniel S, Antoine J, Thankappan B, De La Haye W, Tyler M, Grant C, Delgoda R.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe consumption of dried fruiting bodies of Psilocybe cubensis can be traced over centuries, guided by Mesoamerican curanderas, Western medical practitioners, and fungal enthusiasts, all seeking mental wellbeing. There is a notable resurgence in interest both in the fungal biomass and psilocybin, the psychoactive tryptamine, despite the global regulatory restrictions, following enlistment in the UN convention on psychotropic substances.ObjectivesTo evaluate consistency in psilocybin potency and to determine levels of microbial, pesticidal, and heavy metal content in products encompassing biomass of uniformly cultivated P. cubensis.MethodsIn a legally sanctioned, unique laboratory in Jamaica, we cultivated P. cubensis according to published methods, then dried, pulverized, extracted, and tested fruiting bodies for tryptamine content using an Agilent HPLC1290 Infinity assembly. Colony counting was employed for E. coli, yeast, mold, and coliform presence, while a Neogen's Veratox® ELISA assay assessed mycotoxin content. Agilent GCMS and LC assemblies evaluated for pesticidal content while heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Hg) were determined using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF, and direct mercury analysis (DMA) by thermal decomposition-amalgamation-atomic absorption spectrometry (TDA-AAS), respectively.ResultsMean psilocybin and psilocin content in dried cultivated P. cubensis was 1.14 ± 0.17% by weight; however, there was batch variability, potentiating significant differences in projected dosage, particularly for and above 3 g. The homogenized biomass was deemed safe, with acceptable levels of microbial, mycotoxin, pesticidal, and heavy metal contents, and no significant carcinogenic or other health hazards. Encapsulated biomass stably maintained tryptamine content for 11 months.ConclusionsStandardized, safe biomass suitable for human consumption can be achieved using P. cubensis cultivated under stringent, aseptic conditions. Given the observed variability, it is highly recommended that each batch is tested for tryptamine content. Our results may be useful for policymakers, cultivators, clinicians, and consumers.HighlightsThe present study provides a basis for regular potency testing of P. cubensis biomass and substantiates their potential use in clinical trials as a high-quality, standardized, and safe product.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf072", "pubmed_id": "40802522", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf072", "keywords": "Fungi, Metals, Heavy, Tryptamines, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Biomass, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40802522\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 363, "title": "Building standards of psychedelic care: Qualitative examination of expert perspectives on safety, inclusion, and accountability.", "normalized_title": "building standards of psychedelic care qualitative examination of expert perspectives on safety inclusion and accountability", "authors": "Chwyl C, Wilson-Poe AR, Hoffman KA, Bazinet A, Pertl K, Luoma JB, des Jarlais D, Bielavitz S, Korthuis PT", "abstract": "There remain significant gaps in knowledge about best practices for facilitated psychedelic care and psychedelic-assisted therapy. To inform the development of service models that support safe and beneficial experiences, this qualitative study explored expert perspectives on current and ideal standards of care, including key practices (e.g., screening, adapting care to diverse contexts) and regulatory and research challenges that influence service delivery. Online focus groups (n = 8) were conducted with a purposive U.S. sample of people with psychedelic content knowledge expertise, including providers (psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, addiction medicine experts, and licensed/unlicensed practitioners) and harm reduction specialists. Transcripts were analyzed through Thematic Analysis team-based coding using a combined inductive-deductive approach within a semantic framework. Participants (N = 38, mean age 47 (SD = 10) years, 53 % women, 84 % white) had an average of 10 years of psychedelic service experience (SD = 11) across diverse settings, including festivals/events, service centers, and clinical, research, ceremonial, community and 'underground' contexts. Five key themes emerged: (1) 'Strengthening Safety through Credibility and Accountability'; (2) 'Advancing Culturally Responsive and Inclusive Psychedelic Care'; (3) 'Healing in Community: The Crucial Role of Ongoing Support and Integration'; (4) 'Ensuring Safe Psychedelic Use: Preparation, Screening, Vulnerability, and Medication Management'; and (5) 'Providing Informed Guidance and Navigating Legal and Informational Gray Areas.' Overall, results underscore the need for stronger provider accountability structures, culturally inclusive practices, accessible and integrated community support, robust safety and screening protocols, and clearer guidelines to help providers navigate legal complexities, ensure safety, and optimize outcomes across diverse populations.", "journal": "The International journal on drug policy", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104938", "pubmed_id": "40803962", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40803962/", "keywords": "Harm reduction, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Qualitative research, Standards of care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40803962\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 360, "title": "Psychedelic Drug Checking: Analytical and Strategic Challenges in Harm Reduction for Classic Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drug checking analytical and strategic challenges in harm reduction for classic psychedelics", "authors": "Hirschfeld T, Blei F, Stegemann L, van der Gouwe D, Smit-Rigter L.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics such as LSD, psilocybin, and DMT from unregulated markets pose considerable risks through unknown adulterants and potencies. In this chapter, we explore the importance of drug checking in minimizing harm among users of classic psychedelics and examine the opportunities and challenges associated with intervention settings, analytical techniques, and risk communication strategies. Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) provide the most reliable and comprehensive analysis results for classic psychedelics. However, they are relatively costly, stationary, and require legal permission to obtain reference standards. Combined presumptive tests, such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and reagent testing, offer a time-efficient and cost-effective approach to initial substance screening. For certain compounds, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) serves as a valuable complementary technique, although potent psychedelics, such as LSD and NBOMe on blotter paper or in diluted solution, and complex botanical matrices challenge its detection limit, requiring the use of multiple analytical methods to confirm results. Such combination can effectively prevent acute risks, while confirmatory instrumental analysis remains essential for ongoing monitoring and public health efforts. Alongside robust testing procedures, drug checking's consultative component is crucial for clarifying analytical constraints, promoting safer use practices, and offering referrals to health services. By identifying mislabeled samples and ensuring tailored risk communication, drug checking not only protects individual users but also informs the public and health professionals regarding dangerous or novel substances. This chapter situates drug checking as a key public health measure that reduces acute harm from misrepresented psychedelic substances while supporting monitoring efforts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2025_606", "pubmed_id": "41087826", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2025_606", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Substance Abuse Detection, Harm Reduction, Drug Contamination, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41087826\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 357, "title": "Psilocybin Outside the Clinic: Public Health Challenges of Increasing Publicity, Accessibility, and Use.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin outside the clinic public health challenges of increasing publicity accessibility and use", "authors": "Hutchison KE, Hooper JF, Karoly HC.", "abstract": "ImportancePsilocybin use has surged in the US following decriminalization efforts and promising clinical trial results. Mirroring early cannabis legalization, public access and enthusiasm are outpacing regulatory oversight and scientific understanding, posing potential risks to public health.ObjectiveTo review emerging evidence on the public health implications of unregulated psilocybin mushroom use, including trends in use, product variability, co-use with other substances, and age-related differences in outcomes.Evidence reviewSources included peer-reviewed articles, national surveillance data (eg, poison control center reports), and publicly available chemical testing data from decriminalized jurisdictions. The review emphasizes epidemiological and pharmacological findings published between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2024, with attention to parallels from cannabis legalization research. Studies were selected based on relevance to nonclinical psilocybin use, product composition, adverse outcomes, and co-use patterns.FindingsPsilocybin mushroom use has sharply increased in the US, particularly among adults aged 19 to 50 years, with more than 7 million individuals reporting use in the past year. This trend has coincided with a substantial increase in poison control center calls related to psychedelics. Testing data from decriminalized regions indicate more than 20-fold variability in psilocybin potency and inconsistent levels of minor tryptamines across mushroom strains. Clinical trial data on synthetic psilocybin do not generalize to public use due to strict participant selection and controlled environments. Co-use with cannabis is common and may increase the risk of adverse events. Evidence also suggests that age may moderate both risks and benefits.Conclusions and relevanceThe expanding use of unregulated psilocybin mushrooms, combined with high variability in composition and common co-use with other substances, raises urgent public health concerns. Existing clinical data are insufficient to guide harm reduction or policy. There is a pressing need to pivot from controlled efficacy trials to real-world research on psilocybin use, including public education, potency testing, and age-specific risk assessment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.3038", "pubmed_id": "41191341", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.3038", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Public Health, Adult, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41191341\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 356, "title": "'Magic' mechanisms underlie psilocybin's effects in chronic pain.", "normalized_title": "magic mechanisms underlie psilocybin s effects in chronic pain", "authors": "Lewis S", "abstract": "", "journal": "Nature reviews. Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41583-025-00999-y", "pubmed_id": "41219396", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41219396/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41219396\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 351, "title": "Perceptions of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy and Standard Interventions for Nicotine Cessation.", "normalized_title": "perceptions of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy and standard interventions for nicotine cessation", "authors": "Kamilar-Britt P, Oliva AB, Earleywine M.", "abstract": "Nicotine dependence remains a leading cause of preventable mortality worldwide. Pharmacotherapy and behavioral interventions offer modest efficacy with limited long-term success. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is an emerging approach to nicotine cessation with a growing evidence base. As PAP research expands, understanding how nicotine users' attitudes shape treatment engagement becomes critical. We surveyed daily nicotine users (N = 534) to assess their perceptions and attitudes toward PAP versus standard cessation interventions. Point-biserial correlations and multiple linear regressions examined predictors of treatment interest and credibility. Findings suggest that familiarity with treatment options predicts perceptions of credibility for both interventions (standard: β = 0.16, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2607724", "pubmed_id": "41479153", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2607724", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41479153\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 349, "title": "The Effect of Magic Mushroom (Psilocybe azurescens) on Social Interaction, Anxiety- and Depressive-Like Behaviors in Male Rats; the Role of Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Neurotrophic Factors.", "normalized_title": "the effect of magic mushroom psilocybe azurescens on social interaction anxiety and depressive like behaviors in male rats the role of neuroinflammation oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors", "authors": "Moghadam H, Akbari P, Beirami E, Nabavifard S, Ameli A, Valian N.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-containing mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, strongly affect mood, cognition, and behavior. Psilocybe azurescens is a species of psilocybin mushrooms that contains the main active compounds psilocybin and psilocin. Psilocybin mushrooms have been used since ancient times to improve the quality of life. However, their adverse effects have been less studied. This study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the effect of oral consumption of P. azurescens on social behavior, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in rats. The underlying mechanisms of these behaviors were also studied. Male Wistar rats received three doses of P. azurescens (10, 100, and 250 mg/kg) by gavage every other day for 14 days. Social interaction, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors were assessed using the three-chamber, elevated plus maze, and forced swimming tests, respectively. Protein levels of neurotrophic (BDNF and GDNF), neuroinflammatory (IL-6 and TNFα), and oxidative stress (ROS and SOD) factors were measured in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and amygdala by ELISA technique. The results showed that P. azurescens significantly increased anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors and disrupted social interaction behavior in rats. These effects were accompanied by increased neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and decreased neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus, PFC, and amygdala. This study suggests that the high doses of P. azurescens can cause mood disorders by increasing inflammatory responses and oxidative stress and decreasing the expression of neurotrophic factors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/jnr.70107", "pubmed_id": "41493855", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.70107", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Nerve Growth Factors, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Anxiety, Oxidative Stress, Male, Social Interaction, Neuroinflammatory Diseases", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41493855\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Oxidative Stress,Drug Interactions,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 347, "title": "Pharmacological Management of Anxiety in End-of-Life Care: A Systematic Review of Benzodiazepines, Opioids, and Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "pharmacological management of anxiety in end of life care a systematic review of benzodiazepines opioids and psilocybin", "authors": "Freitas da Costa B, Hartmann P, Pagnin D.", "abstract": "ObjectiveAnxiety is common in patients receiving end-of-life care and significantly impacts their quality of life. However, pharmacological management remains challenging due to complex clinical presentations and potential side effects, emphasizing the need for systematically reviewing existing treatments. Here we aim to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for anxiety in end-of-life care.DesignSystematic review following PRISMA guidelines, prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024556913). Comprehensive searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Eligible studies included adults receiving end-of-life care and evaluated pharmacological interventions targeting anxiety.ResultsFive studies met inclusion criteria: two assessing benzodiazepines combined with opioids and three evaluating psilocybin. Both benzodiazepine-opioid combinations and psilocybin reduced anxiety symptoms. Psilocybin studies reported rapid and sustained anxiety relief, with approximately 60%-80% of participants experiencing clinically significant improvements. Both treatment categories showed good tolerability without serious adverse events. However, the evidence base was limited by small sample sizes and narrow study contexts.ConclusionsBenzodiazepine-opioid combinations and psilocybin show promise for anxiety relief in end-of-life patients. Nevertheless, limited high-quality evidence highlights an important research gap. Further robust clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings and guide clinical practice in palliative care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/hup.70032", "pubmed_id": "41502021", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.70032", "keywords": "Humans, Benzodiazepines, Analgesics, Opioid, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Terminal Care, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41502021\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 344, "title": "Magic mushrooms and mood: Exploring psilocybin as a depression treatment.", "normalized_title": "magic mushrooms and mood exploring psilocybin as a depression treatment", "authors": "Rasool M, Hannan TM, Imam M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.47391/jpma.30858", "pubmed_id": "41736353", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.47391/jpma.30858", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41736353\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 343, "title": "Psychedelic-Related Psychosis: From Model Psychosis to Psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic related psychosis from model psychosis to psychotherapy", "authors": "Bröcker AL, Majić T, Montag C.", "abstract": "Psychotic symptoms are uncommon and non-specific adverse effects of classic (serotonergic) psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and mescaline. They can emerge during the acute phase of psychedelic drug effects, persist into the subacute (\"afterglow\") period, or, in rare cases, develop into long-term psychotic illness. Across all three scenarios, the symptoms can be deeply distressing due to their rapid changes, unpredictability, and significant adverse behavioral consequences.Psychedelics have a long history of use as research models for schizophrenia because of the phenomenological overlaps between their acute effects and the core symptoms of psychosis. This \"model psychosis\" paradigm, however, has been widely criticized: although certain acute symptoms may appear similar, the etiology and psychodynamic background of primary psychosis only partially apply to psychedelic-related psychosis. Moreover, it remains unclear whether psychotic symptoms following the use of classic psychedelics differ meaningfully from those associated with other substances, such as dopaminergic stimulants or cannabis.A transient porosity of ego boundaries is a core feature of acute psychedelic states, ranging from heightened feelings of connectedness with oneself and others to complete ego dissolution. These experiences are often perceived as positive and may be followed by a subacute phase characterized by sustained increases in openness to new experiences. In some cases, however, ego dissolution may become fear-inducing and progress from challenging but manageable experiences to paranoid psychotic reactions that require therapeutic guidance and intervention.In this chapter, we examine phenomenological similarities and differences between psychedelic-induced psychosis and primary psychosis. Consistent with current international diagnostic classification systems, we conclude that, with increasing temporal distance from the initial psychedelic \"index\" experience that predated the symptoms, persisting psychedelic-induced psychotic symptoms become indistinguishable from primary psychosis. Finally, we present a psychodynamic therapeutic approach for schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis that may, to some extent, be adapted to psychotic symptoms observed across all three phases of psychedelic drug effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2026_613", "pubmed_id": "41749024", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2026_613", "keywords": "Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Hallucinogens, Psychotic Disorders, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41749024\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 342, "title": "Classifying Psychedelic-Related Complications.", "normalized_title": "classifying psychedelic related complications", "authors": "Majić T, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Evens R.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) have shown promising effects in the treatment of certain mental health conditions. Enthusiastic claims about their therapeutic potential have led to overly optimistic reactions in the media and the public, subsequently resulting in increased use outside of clinical contexts and a heightened rate of psychedelic-related complications. As psychedelics exhibit low toxicity and hardly any habit-forming potential, the typical risks and harms of these substances are often overlooked by mental health professionals and under-assessed in psychedelic research. Similar to the medical history of other psychoactive substances introduced as medicines such as opioids, cocaine, and benzodiazepines, awareness for psychedelic-related complications has emerged with delay. Psychedelics are characterized by a wide range of acute effects on the human psyche and by a particular temporal dynamic in which these effects unfold, including acute, subacute, and long-term effects. Knowledge of how psychedelic effects unfold is not only essential for their use in therapy but also for the understanding and management of risks and complications.Here we provide an overview of complications that may be associated with the use of classic psychedelics, drawing on historical and current classification approaches and using the typical temporal dynamics of drug effects as a guiding thread. We will also discuss to what extent psychedelic-related disorders can be causally and specifically attributed to psychedelic use. Finally, considerations regarding the placement of psychedelic-related disorders within nosological-diagnostic classification systems will be discussed. The increasing interest in using psychedelics within the framework of psychotherapy and the rise of non-medical use underscore the need for a more nuanced classification of psychedelic-related risks and harms. The suggested classification can be used as a comprehensive starting point for the assessment of psychedelic-related complications, contributing to maximizing benefits and minimizing risks of these substances in research, therapy, and beyond.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2026_614", "pubmed_id": "41749025", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2026_614", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41749025\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 340, "title": "New Antidepressant Development in the Treatment of Depression.", "normalized_title": "new antidepressant development in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Spiti A, Caldirola D, Perna G.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) continues to pose a major therapeutic challenge due to its clinical heterogeneity. This chapter looks at the development of antidepressant treatments, starting with early interventions such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Although these treatments targeted the monoaminergic system, they had significant limitations in terms of safety and efficacy. The introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) improved tolerability but left unmet needs, particularly in terms of treatment resistance and side effects. In response, research has expanded beyond monoamines and focused on new mechanisms. A breakthrough came with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as ketamine and esketamine, which achieved fast-acting effects and shifted the focus to glutamatergic modulation. Other developments in this area include modulators such as partial agonists, positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), and negative allosteric modulators (NAMs). In addition, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) modulation has gained attention, with neurosteroids such as zurolone (approved for postpartum depression [PPD]) representing a new therapeutic approach. Other new strategies target the opioid system, particularly kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonism, whose role in the treatment of anhedonia and depression is being investigated. Psychedelics, including psilocybin, have come back into focus as potential treatments due to their ability to elicit rapid and sustained antidepressant effects via agonism of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A), although their efficacy and safety require further research. In addition, innovative treatments targeting orexin, trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and members of the Q subfamily of voltage-gated potassium channels (KCNQ) are also in development. Despite these advances, some challenges remain. These include diagnostic heterogeneity, incomplete understanding of neurobiological mechanisms, limitations of preclinical models, lack of reliable biomarkers, and economic obstacles. Future advances could be driven by artificial intelligence (AI), which has the potential to revolutionize drug discovery, optimize clinical trials, and personalize treatments for patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/978-981-95-6872-7_23", "pubmed_id": "42036580", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-6872-7_23", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Drug Development, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42036580\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 339, "title": "Psychedelics: Future Therapeutics in Major Depression?", "normalized_title": "psychedelics future therapeutics in major depression", "authors": "Olivier B, Olivier JDA.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD), including treatment-resistant depression (TRD), is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. MDD is associated with severe suffering, burden and large economical costs. Although various conventional antidepressant treatments are available, a large portion of depressed people does not or not adequately respond to the first-line treatments (mostly SSRIs and SNRIs) and a substantial part (ca, 30%) completely fails to respond, leading to TRD. The last two decades of intense research into new drugs for major depression and TRD has led to two lines of development, namely, Typical (or serotonergic) psychedelics (psilocybin, ayahuasca) and atypical (glutamatergic/NMDA) psychedelics (ketamine, esketamine). Both approaches, via a different entrance mechanism, have a fast (immediate) onset, combined with a long-lasting antidepressant action, which cannot be explained by long-term biological presence of the drug in the brain. The psychedelic drugs acutely initiate short-lasting CNS-induced side effects but also lead to activation of downstream cortical processes that underlie the 'lasting' antidepressant effects. In the present chapter, the clinical developments that have led to the marketing of psilocybin and esketamine for major depression disorders has been described. The emergence of fast onset antidepressants for major depression and treatment-resistant depression is a huge step forward in treating major psychiatric disorders. The acute psychotomimetic (psilocybin) or dissociative (esketamine) effects heavily interfere with performing of 'blind' studies, making proper placebo effects challenging. The development of new medicines that are acutely effective in depressive disorders is, however, a real breakthrough in psychiatry, but has also led to a spur of new research activities into new mechanisms involved, and also in developing new research techniques involved in designing proper research methodologies to bring this exciting field into adulthood.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/978-981-95-6872-7_25", "pubmed_id": "42036582", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-6872-7_25", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42036582\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 338, "title": "Rural-Urban Disparities in Access to Interventional Psychiatry Treatments among VA Patients.", "normalized_title": "rural urban disparities in access to interventional psychiatry treatments among va patients", "authors": "Shiner B, DuFort V, Peltzman T, Watts BV.", "abstract": "ObjectiveWhile tele-mental health has improved access to standard medication management and psychotherapy for rural Veterans, implementation of interventional psychiatry treatments will require in-person care, potentially leading to the exacerbation of rural-urban disparities in access to mental health care. We studied the availability of interventional psychiatry treatments, delivered clinically or in the context of a research trial, to rural and urban Veterans.MethodsWe used VA electronic medical record data to measure the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), magnetic seizure therapy (MST), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), ketamine (infusion or nasal spray), stellate ganglion block (SGB), and medication-assisted psychotherapy (AP) protocols including 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA)-AP and psilocybin-AP, as appropriate, for VA patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from 2017 through 2024. We compared treatment use in rural and micropolitan locations to use in urban locations.ResultsFew patients received any interventional psychiatry treatment across strata. The most common modalities were rTMS, ECT, SGB, DBS, and ketamine. The numbers receiving MST, VNS, MDMA-AP, and psilocybin-AP were too small to report in the micropolitan or rural cells. Micropolitan and rural patients had lower odds of receiving rTMS, ECT, SGB, DBS, and ketamine than urban patients. The largest disparities were for rTMS and ketamine.ConclusionsThere appear to be rural-urban disparities in the emerging field of interventional psychiatry, and the disparities are most pronounced for treatments that require repeated in-person visits such as rTMS and ketamine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1037/rmh0000333", "pubmed_id": "42267190", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000333", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42267190\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Veterans", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 331, "title": "Neuroscience: What doesn't kill you makes you stronger.", "normalized_title": "neuroscience what doesn t kill you makes you stronger", "authors": "Kucukdereli H, Douglass AM.", "abstract": "Small amounts of stress are thought to have beneficial effects. A new study reports a mechanism by which the psychedelic drug, psilocybin, causes acute release of stress hormones, despite its known long-term anti-anxiety effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.056", "pubmed_id": "41494523", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.056", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Hallucinogens, Stress, Psychological, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41494523\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 329, "title": "From trials to clinics: investigators' perspectives on translating psychedelic research into clinical care.", "normalized_title": "from trials to clinics investigators perspectives on translating psychedelic research into clinical care", "authors": "Mitchell J, Neitzke-Spruill L, Mathai DS, Robinson JO, Kavan Z, Averil LA, McGuire AL.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybin are showing promising results in clinical trials for the treatment of mental health disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder, addiction, and treatment-resistant depression. US Food and Drug Administration approval may be on the horizon. Yet, little is known about how these treatments will move from tightly controlled clinical trials to routine clinical care.PurposeThis study examines how psychedelic clinical investigators anticipate this transition and what challenges they expect.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews with 21 clinical investigators based at major academic psychedelic research centers across the United States. We transcribed and analyzed these conversations using inductive and deductive coding to identify major themes.ResultsInvestigators generally viewed psychedelic medicine as distinct from existing treatments, particularly in terms of drug effects, treatment models, and broader goals. They highlighted three major translational challenges: (i) uncertainty surrounding the role of psychotherapy, (ii) the cost of treatment and its scalability, and (iii) the effects of both hype and stigma on clinical uptake.ConclusionDespite these challenges, most investigators anticipated that psychedelic medicine could eventually fit into routine clinical care and may even improve it.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1093/tbm/ibag027", "pubmed_id": "42152689", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibag027", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Research Personnel, United States, Female, Male, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Translational Research, Biomedical", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42152689\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 323, "title": "[Clinical application and mechanistic studies of psychedelics for treatment of depression: progress and future challenges].", "normalized_title": "clinical application and mechanistic studies of psychedelics for treatment of depression progress and future challenges", "authors": "Xia K, Gao T.", "abstract": "Depression is a complex and globally prevalent mental disorder, for which conventional antidepressant medications face limitations such as delayed onset and insufficient efficacy. Classic psychedelics, most notably psilocybin, have recently emerged as promising candidates for treatment of depression and demonstrated rapid, robust, and sustained antidepressant effects in controlled clinical settings. Their unique mechanisms of action and clinical prospects have become a key research focus in psychiatry and neuroscience. This review synthesizes the latest advances in the field over the past 5 years. Results from multiple randomized controlled trials indicate that a single or limited number of sessions of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can induce rapid and durable antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression. At the mechanistic level, psychedelics rapidly promote the release of neurotrophic factors, enhance neuroplasticity, and facilitate brain network reorganization, thereby creating a critical \"neuroplastic window\" for psychotherapeutic intervention. However, the specific molecular and circuit-level mechanisms have not been fully understood with ongoing debate primarily over the 5-HT2A receptor-dependent hypothesis versus the TrkB neurotrophic pathway-dependent hypothesis. Despite the promising outlook, translational applications of these substances faces several key challenges, including psychedelic-related risks, incomplete mechanistic understanding, lack of standardized treatment protocols, and insufficient long-term safety data. Future research should focus on elucidating the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, developing non-hallucinogenic derivatives, establishing standardized treatment frameworks, and identifying precise biomarkers to advance this therapeutic approach toward safer, more standardized, and personalized clinical implementation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2026.01.01", "pubmed_id": "41540686", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2026.01.01", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41540686\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 235, "title": "Psychedelic therapy and postpartum depression: priorities and prospects.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy and postpartum depression priorities and prospects", "authors": "Thuery G, Crossen F, Mc Loone D, Hinds C, Duffy R, Jairaj C, Harkin A, Kelly JR", "abstract": "Approximately 15% of pregnant women experience postpartum depression (PPD). Even with currently available antidepressant treatments, many women will continue to be impaired by symptoms. Psychedelic therapy offers a promising transdiagnostic therapeutic strategy for several mental health disorders, and early results from current trials suggest that serotonergic psychedelics may represent a viable therapeutic approach for PPD. However, there is marked variability in the therapeutic response to psychedelic therapy, and the benefit-risk ratio in this population is not yet clear. To inform the rationale for the use of serotonergic psychedelics in the treatment of PPD, this review summarises the existing knowledge of immune, endocrine and neural pathways underpinning PPD and explores how serotonergic psychedelics interact with these pathways in the context of maternal motivation, bonding and caregiving behaviours. Finally, special considerations for psychedelic therapy in the postpartum period are outlined and future perspectives explored. Despite the rationale and encouraging early findings, further research is required to determine efficacy and safety profiles. Future studies, particularly longitudinal trials, should include adaptations and safeguards tailored to the unique physiological, psychological and caregiving contexts of the postpartum period.", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251408280", "pubmed_id": "41816502", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41816502/", "keywords": "5-MeO-DMT, major depression, postpartum depression, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41816502\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article,Safety,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 218, "title": "Editorial: Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies: from clinical trials to credibility.", "normalized_title": "editorial psychedelic assisted psychotherapies from clinical trials to credibility", "authors": "Evans M, Charrette A", "abstract": "", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1816932", "pubmed_id": "41947857", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41947857/", "keywords": "DMT, PTSD, addiction, emotional processing, neuroimaging, psilocybin, psychedelic medicine, psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41947857\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 167, "title": "Correction: Characteristics and mental health of psychedelic mushroom and multi-psychedelic users relative to non-psychedelic users in American adults, 2020-2021.", "normalized_title": "correction characteristics and mental health of psychedelic mushroom and multi psychedelic users relative to non psychedelic users in american adults 2020 2021", "authors": "Abramsky-Sze S, Marseille E, Matzopoulos R, Morlock R, Lerer L", "abstract": "[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1508811.].", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1834094", "pubmed_id": "42088004", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42088004/", "keywords": "anxiety, depression, mental health, psilocybin, psychedelic mushroom, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:34", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42088004\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 143, "title": "The effects of psilocybin on time perception in humans: A comparative analysis of subjective and objective measures.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin on time perception in humans a comparative analysis of subjective and objective measures", "authors": "Scholle P, Wenke Š, Nekovářová T, Zaytseva Y, Tylš F, Brunovský M, Horáček J, Andrashko V, Koudelka V, Viktorinová M, Viktorin V, Hájková K, Kuchař M, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "BackgroundAlthough psychedelics have regained attention as potential treatment tools for various mental disorders, little research has examined their impact on temporal perception.AimsThis double-blinded placebo-controlled study aimed to investigate changes in temporal perception under psilocybin, both through performance during the Temporal Bisection Task (TBT) and through subjective self-report scales.MethodsTwenty-four healthy volunteers were assessed by comparing their performance on two parameters of the TBT -the Bisection Point (BP) and the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) with subjectively reported changes measured using the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) and the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaires.ResultsWe observed a rightward shift in BP under psilocybin compared to placebo (t(23) = 2.27, p = 0.033, g = -0.37). This shift corresponded to reports of subjective time slowing down under psilocybin as measured by HRS and ASC. Psilocybin also increased JND compared to placebo (t(23) = 2.48, p = 0.021, g = -0.47), indicating decreased temporal precision. Consistent with previous findings, these effects were significant for durations longer than 2 seconds.ConclusionsBased on Bayesian framework of timing, we emphasised that psilocybin alters time perception through disruptions in cognitive functions, particularly working memory and attention. We also outlined directions for future research, which would allow us to not only understand time perception under psychedelics better, but help elucidate the role of serotonergic system on timing.Research ID:The research was conducted as part of a clinical trial registered at EudraCT database under the number 2012-004579-37.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251389552", "pubmed_id": "41479142", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251389552", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41479142\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 6, "title": "Thirty Years of Ibogaine Research: A Literature Review on Clinical Perspectives.", "normalized_title": "thirty years of ibogaine research a literature review on clinical perspectives", "authors": "Kervadec E, Bezo A, Serreau R, Strika-Bruneau L, Fauvel B, Amirouche A, Benyamina A, Romeo B", "abstract": "Ibogaine has garnered interest for its potential therapeutic properties in substance use and psychiatric disorders. Unlike classic psychedelics such as psilocybin or LSD, ibogaine remains underexplored in clinical research. This review aimed to synthesize the clinical literature on ibogaine use in humans over the past 3 decades, focusing on outcomes and safety. We conducted a narrative review of studies on ibogaine's clinical use published from 1990 to February 2025, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), open-label, retrospective, and observational studies. Databases were searched for reports on efficacy and safety across various indications. Twenty-four studies and 38 case reports/series were included. Most of the positive efficacy data come from uncontrolled, open-label, or retrospective studies, many conducted in nonclinical settings, with a high risk of bias. No double-blind RCT to date has demonstrated that ibogaine or noribogaine can effectively treat opioid use disorder (OUD). Only 1 small RCT reported significant effects for cocaine use disorder. Although observational data suggest that ibogaine may alleviate symptoms of OUD, PTSD, or polysubstance dependence, these findings remain exploratory. Moreover, serious ibogaine-related adverse events have been reported, especially cardiotoxicity due to QT prolongation, which represents a considerable risk given the currently unproven efficacy. While ibogaine remains a compound of interest for neuropsychiatric research, current evidence is insufficient to support its clinical use. Further studies are needed to better demonstrate ibogaine's efficacy, optimize its safety profile, and determine how it could be integrated into psychiatric care, especially in relation to the emerging therapeutic use of classic psychedelics.", "journal": "Journal of clinical psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-12-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/jcp.0000000000002197", "pubmed_id": "42228481", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42228481/", "keywords": "ibogaine, opioid use disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychedelics, substance use disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:30:51", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"42228481\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Addiction,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3779, "title": "Self-Transcendent Perceptual Dynamics and the Effects of Dispositional Mindfulness on Altered States of Consciousness: A Prospective Longitudinal Observational Study of a Naturalistic Psychedelic Retreat", "normalized_title": "self transcendent perceptual dynamics and the effects of dispositional mindfulness on altered states of consciousness a prospective longitudinal observational study of a naturalistic psychedelic retreat", "authors": "Ehmann S, Mosahvili N, White A, Cuzzupe J, Tompkins B, McKibben J, Allen JJ, Gawrysiak M.", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances reliably occasion transient self-transcendent states, including mystical-type experiences, which are theorized to support salutogenic psychological change and long-term well-being. Despite growing interest in these phenomena, little is known about how acute self-transcendent states translate into enduring trait-level changes, or whether individual differences such as baseline mindfulness shape these effects in real-world psychedelic settings. This naturalistic longitudinal study examined changes in mindfulness and multiple dimensions of self-transcendence during and following a medically supervised psychedelic retreat involving sequential psilocybin and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) administration. Fifty-four participants completed validated self-report measures of dispositional mindfulness, non-dual awareness (NDA), perceived body boundaries, spatial frame of reference, and acute psychedelic experiences at baseline, post retreat, and 1- and 2-month follow-ups. Linear mixed-effects models assessed longitudinal change, and regression analyses tested whether baseline mindfulness predicted acute psychedelic experiences or sustained self-transcendence. Results revealed sustained increases in mindfulness and NDA through the 2-month follow-up. Participants also reported increased bodily boundary transparency following the retreat and at the 1-month follow-up, as well as shifts toward a more allocentric spatial frame of reference that persisted across both follow-up assessments. Contrary to expectations, baseline mindfulness did not predict acute psychedelic experiences, nor self-transcendence outcomes at follow-up. Exploratory analyses revealed that acute mystical-type experiences were associated with greater bodily boundary transparency at both follow-ups and showed a trend-level association with NDA at 2 months. These findings suggest that brief, ecologically valid psychedelic retreat interventions can elicit transient selfless states that consolidate into enduring self-related trait changes, largely independent of baseline mindfulness.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/6jf49_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6jf49_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:21", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1139219\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Wellbeing,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3289, "title": "Self-Transcendent Perceptual Dynamics and the Effects of Dispositional Mindfulness on Altered States of Consciousness: A Prospective Longitudinal Observational Study of a Naturalistic Psychedelic Retreat", "normalized_title": "self transcendent perceptual dynamics and the effects of dispositional mindfulness on altered states of consciousness a prospective longitudinal observational study of a naturalistic psychedelic retreat", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances reliably occasion transient self-transcendent states, including mystical-type experiences, which are theorized to support salutogenic psychological change and long-term well-being. Despite growing interest in these phenomena, little is known about how acute self-transcendent states translate into enduring trait-level changes, or whether individual differences such as baseline mindfulness shape these effects in real-world psychedelic settings. This naturalistic longitudinal study examined changes in mindfulness and multiple dimensions of self-transcendence during and following a medically supervised psychedelic retreat involving sequential psilocybin and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) administration. Fifty-four participants completed validated self-report measures of dispositional mindfulness, non-dual awareness (NDA), perceived body boundaries, spatial frame of reference, and acute psychedelic experiences at baseline, post retreat, and 1- and 2-month follow-ups. Linear mixed-effects models assessed longitudinal change, and regression analyses tested whether baseline mindfulness predicted acute psychedelic experiences or sustained self-transcendence. Results revealed sustained increases in mindfulness and NDA through the 2-month follow-up. Participants also reported increased bodily boundary transparency following the retreat and at the 1-month follow-up, as well as shifts toward a more allocentric spatial frame of reference that persisted across both follow-up assessments. Contrary to expectations, baseline mindfulness did not predict acute psychedelic experiences, nor self-transcendence outcomes at follow-up. Exploratory analyses revealed that acute mystical-type experiences were associated with greater bodily boundary transparency at both follow-ups and showed a trend-level association with NDA at 2 months. These findings suggest that brief, ecologically valid psychedelic retreat interventions can elicit transient selfless states that consolidate into enduring self-related trait changes, largely independent of baseline mindfulness.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/6jf49_v1", "keywords": "DMT, Mindfulness, Mystical Experiences, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Psychedelic Service Center, Self-Transcendence, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Perception, Perceptual Organization, Quantitative Methods, Quantitative Psychology, Embodied Cognition, Health Psychology, Mental Health, Cognitive Psychology, Consciousness", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"6jf49_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Wellbeing,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3045, "title": "Psilocybin: clinical potential, mechanistic insights, and biotechnological advances for scalable production.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin clinical potential mechanistic insights and biotechnological advances for scalable production", "authors": "Islas-Vargas J, Armenta S, Rivera-Román ÁA, Hernández-León S, Méndez-Hernández JE, Arce-Cervantes O.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a tryptamine-derived alkaloid from Psilocybe mushrooms, has emerged as a high-value biopharmaceutical candidate due to its promising applications in mental health. While clinical studies highlight its rapid and sustained antidepressant effects, current challenges lie in achieving scalable, reproducible, and cost-effective production to meet growing research and therapeutic demand. Traditional extraction from fungal biomass yields low concentrations and requires extensive downstream processing, limiting industrial viability. Chemical synthesis ensures purity but is hindered by high costs and multistep complexity. In contrast, biotechnological approaches have demonstrated significant progress toward sustainable production. Heterologous expression of psilocybin biosynthetic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus nidulans has enabled improved metabolic flux and precursor availability, reaching titers over 200 mg/L under optimized conditions. Moreover, recent engineering Escherichia coli strains has further enhanced catalytic efficiency of key enzymes such as PsiH, achieving production levels up to 2000 mg/L, while simplifying fermentation and purification workflows. These advances establish microbial platforms as a promising route for industrial-scale biosynthesis. Beyond production, psilocybin offers an opportunity to integrate biotechnology with socio-cultural context. In regions where diversity of Psilocybe species and ancestral knowledge converge, the development of biotechnological pipelines could foster innovation in drug discovery, sustainable manufacturing, and policy reform. Overall, psilocybin exemplifies a frontier molecule in biotechnology, where metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and bioresource valorization converge to transform a natural product into a reproducible, scalable, and globally relevant therapeutic.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s11274-025-04758-0", "pubmed_id": "41474478", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-025-04758-0", "keywords": "Humans, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus nidulans, Biotechnology, Fermentation, Biosynthetic Pathways, Psilocybe, Metabolic Engineering, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41474478\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 144, "title": "The helioscope effect: A new framework for evaluating trauma-related memory processing in psychedelic experiences.", "normalized_title": "the helioscope effect a new framework for evaluating trauma related memory processing in psychedelic experiences", "authors": "Diehl VJ, Calder AE, Hasler G.", "abstract": "BackgroundExisting tools assess psychedelic experiences, but none specifically measure altered processing of traumatic memories-a key mechanism in trauma-focused therapies and psychotherapy in general. The helioscope effect describes how psychedelics like psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) enable revisiting challenging or traumatic experiences while remaining protected from re-actualization of trauma symptoms. This study introduces and evaluates the Helioscope Questionnaire, a novel scale for assessing memory-related processing during psychedelic experiences.MethodA cross-sectional, Internet-based survey was administered to 468 individuals (mean age = 32.9; 66.7% male) with self-reported psychedelic/MDMA use.ResultsThe final Helioscope Questionnaire comprised 21 items across 3 factors: protection, exposure, and avoidant-distress. A composite Helioscope Score (HS) was derived from protection and exposure subscales. Convergent validity was demonstrated through strong correlations with the Psychological Insight Questionnaire. Discriminant validity was evidenced by moderate associations with the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and a lack of significant correlations with the Challenging Experience Questionnaire. Predictive validity was supported by the HS predicting positive changes in mood and attitude on the Persisting Effects Questionnaire, whereas avoidant-distress predicted negative changes. The scale also demonstrated incremental validity by providing explanatory power beyond established psychedelic effect measures. Additionally, the presence of a trip sitter was associated with stronger HS scores, and MDMA use was linked to reduced avoidant distress.ConclusionsThe Helioscope Questionnaire offers a novel, psychometrically robust tool for assessing therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelic experiences, particularly in relation to processing of difficult memories. Further research in clinical populations is warranted to evaluate its utility in predicting treatment outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251397306", "pubmed_id": "41472616", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251397306", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41472616\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3479, "title": "A Randomized Double-blinded Controlled Trial for the Treatment of Persisting Symptoms After Concussion With Psilocybin-assisted Therapy: A Safety and Feasibility Trial", "normalized_title": "a randomized double blinded controlled trial for the treatment of persisting symptoms after concussion with psilocybin assisted therapy a safety and feasibility trial", "authors": "University of Calgary", "abstract": "The goal of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of psilocybin assisted therapy as an intervention to reduce symptom burden in adult patients (aged 18-65) with persisting symptoms after concussion (PSaC). This trail will test the following 2 aims: AIM1: To test the safety and feasibility of an active psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy to an active control for patients with PSaC. AIM2: To evaluate the efficacy of an active psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy compared to an active control as a treatment for PSaC. Participants will be asked to: * Complete a 2-part screening process * Attend a baseline assessment * Complete a psychoeducation preparation session(s) * Attend psilocybin administration session (receive high dose \\[25mg\\] or low dose psilocybin \\[1mg\\]) * Complete 5 weekly sessions of Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) * Repeat outcome measures at 1-week, 4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-psilocybin administration (online only at 6 months). The overall objective of this study is to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of psilocybin assisted therapy administered with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as an intervention to reduce symptom burden in patients with persisting symptoms after concussion (PSaC). This trail will test the following 2 aims: AIM1: To test the safety and feasibility of an active/high dose (25mg) psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy to an active control (1mg) for adults with PSaC. Safety will be determined through the reporting of adverse events and response following psilocybin for each participant up to 6-months. Feasibility will be determined through recruitment, enrollment, and adherence rates. AIM2: To evaluate the efficacy of an active/high dose (25mg) psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy compared to an active control (1mg) as a treatment for PPCS at 1-week, 4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-psilocybin administration. The primary efficacy outcome will be the change in PSaC burden (RPQ). The secondary efficacy outcomes will include measures of headache, dizziness, mood, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, cognitive flexibility, emotional regulation, and quality of life. A total of 40 male and female patients between the ages of 18-65 with a diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury (American College of Rehabilitation Medicine 2023 criteria) who meet criteria for persisting symptoms after concussion (ICD-10) within 3 months to 5 years will be recruited from Calgary brain injury clinics and the community. All patients will undergo a thorough, 2-part screening procedure. Eligible participants will be randomly allocated 1:1 to either the high dose (20 participants) or low dose (20 participants) psilocybin groups. All participants will be asked to attend a baseline session consisting of clinical and behavioural outcome measures, followed by a pre-dosing psychoeducation session. Following the single dosing session, participants will complete 5 weekly ACT sessions. Outcome measure assessments will be repeated at 1-week, 4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-dosing.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06615908", "keywords": "Persisting Symptoms After Concussion, Psilocybin, magic mushrooms, PEX010, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06615908\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Headache / Migraine,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3464, "title": "Microdosing Psychedelics to Improve Mood", "normalized_title": "microdosing psychedelics to improve mood", "authors": "Rotem Petranker", "abstract": "This trial aims to examine the safety and efficacy of small (2mg) sub-hallucinogenic doses of psilocybin in people with Major Depressive Disorder. This protocol is for a University of Toronto - sponsored, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover phase 2 study of the safety and efficacy of low doses of psilocybin in subjects with depressive symptoms who meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5 (DSM-5) criteria for diagnosis of a major depressive disorder (MDD) and who are either unwilling to pursue standard treatment (psychotherapy and/or pharmacotherapy) or have previously been non-responsive to standard treatment. This feasibility study will assess whether microdosing has a short-term impact on participant ratings of depressive symptoms. Participants will be administered one dose of either placebo or psilocybin once weekly for four weeks, and then all participants will be administered a dose of psilocybin once weekly for four additional weeks. Short surveys will be collected once weekly three days after the administration of psilocybin/placebo, and follow-ups will occur for up to two years following the beginning of the trial. Using this design will maximize the experimental power to detect an effect if one exists and would inform future research on microdosing in terms of duration, effect size, and expectancy bias.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05259943", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin first, Placebo first, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05259943\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 282, "title": "Distinguishing 4- vs 5-Hydroxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (Psilocin vs Bufotenine) Using Hydrogen-Deuterium Back-Exchange.", "normalized_title": "distinguishing 4 vs 5 hydroxy n n dimethyltryptamine psilocin vs bufotenine using hydrogen deuterium back exchange", "authors": "Christopher MW, Prentice BM, Garrett TJ.", "abstract": "Distinguishing metabolite isomers often relies on comparing relative data, such as relative chromatographic retention times and ion mobility arrival time orders, or relative product ion abundances. These approaches necessitate the need for quality reference data and/or chemical standards. An ideal method for differentiating isomers would leverage one of the absolute physiochemical properties of the isomers, and would have no reliance on instrument vendor, chromatographic column chemistry, or external reference data. For example, the pKa of an aromatic hydroxy hydrogen changes according to ring position across isomers (e.g., 4- vs 5-hydroxyindole). Herein, we leverage the difference in pKa to resolve 4- and 5-hydroxy positional isomers of hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocin and bufotenine), the structural moiety of compounds with profound effects on the serotonergic system. We first use hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) to rapidly exchange the indole amine hydrogen and gradually exchange the indole hydroxy hydrogen atoms to deuterium atoms. We then back-exchange the indole amine deuterium atom back to a hydrogen atom on the LC column and monitor the kinetic exchange rates of the retained aromatic hydroxy deuterium atom using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). HDX kinetics allow for facile differentiation of the two isomers, with only 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine exchanging at an appreciable amount within hours. These results could ultimately be used to characterize a variety of unknown structural isomers.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/jasms.5c00421", "pubmed_id": "41467535", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/jasms.5c00421", "keywords": "Deuterium, Deuterium Exchange Measurement, Isomerism, Psilocybin, Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange-Mass Spectrometry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41467535\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 199, "title": "Psilocybin Production With Genetically Modified Aspergillus nidulans Under Pressurized Conditions.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin production with genetically modified aspergillus nidulans under pressurized conditions", "authors": "Weiser S, Jung S, Bardl B, Kufs JE, Janevska S, Valiante V, Hoffmeister D, Regestein L.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, an indole alkaloid of psychedelic mushrooms, has the potential to sustainably improve the treatment of several psychiatric diseases. So far, the psilocybin demand for clinical trials has been met by chemical synthesis. In this study, we pursued the biotechnological approach to develop a psilocybin production process utilizing an overproduction strain of Aspergillus nidulans. The developed shake flask cultivation regime was characterized rheologically and was evaluated concerning the sensitivity to changes in oxygen availability and power input. Due to the strong impact of power input on viscosity and thus, (oxygen) mass transfer and mixing of the filamentous culture broth, the bioprocess was scaled up from shake flask to 7 L stirred tank reactor according to the specific power input. Utilizing a pressure reactor, the oxygen supply of the viscous culture broth was enhanced. Subsequently, the nitrogen limitation was addressed by supplementing the cultivation medium with additional ammonium sulfate to provide sufficient building blocks for protein biosynthesis. By producing 542 mg L-1 psilocybin within 68 h from glucose, a robust and efficient batch bioprocess for psilocybin production was developed to potentially contribute to the future supply of psilocybin for pharmaceutical purposes. Moreover, we demonstrated the suitability of pressurized bioprocesses to counteract oxygen limitations for shear-sensitive, filamentous organisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/bit.70137", "pubmed_id": "41467547", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.70137", "keywords": "Aspergillus nidulans, Oxygen, Culture Media, Bioreactors, Metabolic Engineering, Psilocybin, Microorganisms, Genetically-Modified", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41467547\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3515, "title": "Psilocybin in Chronic Low Back Pain: An Integrative Study of Lab-Based Mechanisms and Real-World Physical Therapy Outcomes", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in chronic low back pain an integrative study of lab based mechanisms and real world physical therapy outcomes", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "The purpose of this research study is to investigate whether a single administration of psilocybin can improve interoceptive awareness (awareness of bodily sensations) in individuals with chronic low back pain undergoing physical therapy, and whether these improvements are linked to pain relief and better physical therapy outcomes. Preclinical and human studies suggest that psilocybin can temporarily disrupt rigid, maladaptive patterns of brain activity and promote longer-lasting changes in how the brain processes internal sensations. People with chronic pain who have used psilocybin qualitatively describe feeling more aware of their bodies, able to reinterpret pain sensations, and less distressed and disabled by their pain. Building on these mechanistic insights, this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial will evaluate a single dose of low- (10 mg), moderate-dose (25 mg), or placebo (niacin) administered prior to a standardized course of physical therapy (PT) in adults with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Participants in both treatment groups will receive a course of PT that is consistent with what would be delivered outside of involvement in the research study. That is, the study is evaluating psilocybin as an adjunct to PT delivered in a community outpatient PT clinic. By testing whether psilocybin-induced recalibration of brain networks can enhance engagement with and outcomes of PT, this study aims to establish a novel, non-opioid integrative strategy to relieve CLBP and restore functional recovery.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07306364", "keywords": "Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP), Physical Therapy, Psilocybin, Psilocybin 10 mg, Psilocybin 25 mg, Niacin 100 mg, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07306364\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3017, "title": "Psilocybin as a Serotonergic Therapy in Epilepsy: Narrative Review of Therapeutic Potentials and Seizure Risks", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a serotonergic therapy in epilepsy narrative review of therapeutic potentials and seizure risks", "authors": "Cervera-Sanchez MB, San-Juan D, Díaz-Peregrino R, Camacho-Castillo EZ, Bringas-Ortiz SA, Padilla-Cabezutd C.", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin has shown promise in neuropsychiatric disorders but presents a paradoxical relationship with seizures and epilepsy. Methods:: A narrative review was conducted up to November 23, 2025. We conducted structured literature searches across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science. and Google Scholar using MeSH terms and keywords to identify studies on psilocybin, magic mushrooms, or psilocin related to seizures or epilepsy. We also covered our research on serotonergic modulation and epilepsy. We selected a set of core studies directly addressing the research question and additional publications providing mechanistic and contextual evidence for the narrative synthesis. The Risk of Bias of the studies was assessed according to their type. Results:: Experimental models demonstrate that psilocybin’s action on 5-HT2A receptors may confer anticonvulsant effects, reducing seizure severity in certain contexts. Preclinical findings support serotonergic modulation as a therapeutic strategy, notably in Dravet syndrome models. However, observational studies report seizures associated with recreational psilocybin use, raising concerns about its pro-convulsant potential, particularly outside controlled environments. Our risk of bias assessment of this evidence revealed significant methodological limitations, urging a cautious interpretation. Nevertheless, clinical trials in neuropsychiatric populations have not shown increased seizure risks under medical supervision. Conclusions:: Psilocybin holds potential as a novel adjunctive therapy for epilepsy through selective serotonergic modulation, although conflicting data emphasize the caution with which psilocybin should be implemented clinically, especially in high doses. Animal studies and clinical trials in the future should verify the efficacy and safety of psilocybin in the treatment of epilepsy.", "journal": "Authorea Preprints", "publication_date": "2025-12-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.22541/au.176701186.65064859/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176701186.65064859/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1203831\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Authorea Preprints\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 377, "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Psychedelics in Mental Disorder Cases: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psychedelics in mental disorder cases an umbrella review of meta analyses of randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Dominiak M, Gędek A, Modrzejewski S, Permoda-Pachuta A, Antosik AZ.", "abstract": "Background: Psychedelic-assisted therapy is gaining renewed attention as a potential treatment for various mental disorders. Despite increasing numbers of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses, a comprehensive synthesis of the evidence across different substances and indications is lacking. This umbrella review aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of psychedelic-assisted therapy-primarily psilocybin, MDMA, and LSD-across major psychiatric disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorders. Methods: We systematically identified and synthesized data from 23 meta-analyses encompassing over 100 primary studies. Outcomes were standardized and re-expressed as Hedges' g to enable cross-study comparisons. Study quality was assessed using AMSTAR2, and certainty of evidence was evaluated via the GRADE framework. Results: The number of identified meta-analyses differed markedly depending on the substance and clinical indication: psilocybin for depression (n = 9) and MDMA for PTSD (n = 10) had the strongest evidence base, while fewer meta-analyses were available for LSD in alcohol use disorder (n = 2) and depression (n = 2), ayahuasca in depression (n = 2), and MDMA in autism spectrum disorder (n = 2). Psilocybin demonstrated large effect sizes in major depression (Hedges' g ≈ 1.05), with some evidence of sustained benefits up to six months. MDMA showed very large effects in reducing PTSD symptoms (Hedges' g ≈ 1.24), often after 2-3 sessions. LSD yielded short-term benefits for alcohol use disorder (OR ≈ 2.0), though effects declined over time. Across studies, adverse events were generally mild and transient, with no consistent signal for serious harm. Considerable methodological variability was observed, including small and sometimes overlapping samples, heterogeneity, risk of bias, and limited long-term data. These constraints should be taken into account when interpreting the overall findings. Conclusions: Current evidence supports the short-term efficacy and safety of psychedelic-assisted therapy for selected psychiatric disorders, particularly depression and PTSD. However, the low methodological quality of studies and most meta-analyses, as well gaps in long-term safety data highlight the need for high-quality studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/jcm15010253", "pubmed_id": "41517502", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15010253", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41517502\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 292, "title": "Low, non-psychedelic doses of psilocybin as a novel treatment for MASLD, obesity and type 2 diabetes via 5-HT2B receptor-dependent mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "low non psychedelic doses of psilocybin as a novel treatment for masld obesity and type 2 diabetes via 5 ht2b receptor dependent mechanisms", "authors": "Colognesi M, Gabbia D, Signor A, Sarill M, Centofanti L, Rinaldi A, Cascione L, Nunziata S, Banzato M, Mattarei A, Finzi G, Sonda S, Pendin D, Zanotto I, Comai S, Pasut G, Alajati A, Saponaro M, Bucciarelli L, Lunati ME, Guarato G, Goggi I, La Rosa S, Morano C, Paroni RC, Dei Cas M, Daniele G, Gentilucci M, Pappagallo M, Alimonti A, Manfredi PL, Folli F, De Martin S.", "abstract": "The therapeutic potential of low, non-psychedelic doses of psilocybin, a fungal tryptamine alkaloid, was investigated in metabolic disorders including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and liver steatosis. Mice fed a high-fat/high-fructose diet received chronic treatment with psilocybin (0.05 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. Body weight, liver histology, insulin sensitivity, and skeletal muscle function were assessed, and hepatic and muscle tissues underwent transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses. The role of three serotonin receptors (5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C) in psilocybin-induced metabolic effects was examined in human cell lines using pharmacological and CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic approaches. Low-dose psilocybin reduced body-weight gain, liver steatosis, hyperglycaemia, and insulin resistance without eliciting central nervous system effects. Multi-omics analyses revealed near-complete normalization of disrupted hepatic lipid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways. Psilocybin also improved muscle strength and function, potentially through restoration of leptin sensitivity. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that these metabolic benefits were independent of the canonical psychedelic target 5-HT2A and instead resulted from antagonism of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor in the liver. Overall, chronic low-dose psilocybin exerts broad metabolic benefits via a hepatic 5-HT2B-dependent mechanism, distinct from its psychedelic effects, supporting its potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for liver steatosis, obesity, T2DM, and sarcopenia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2025.108080", "pubmed_id": "41475502", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2025.108080", "keywords": "Liver, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Humans, Mice, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B, Male, Lipid Metabolism, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Diet, High-Fat, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41475502\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 255, "title": "Adverse events associated with classic psychedelics and MDMA: a real-world population-based study using the WHO pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase).", "normalized_title": "adverse events associated with classic psychedelics and mdma a real world population based study using the who pharmacovigilance database vigibase", "authors": "Syed OA, Nestor SM, Husain MI, Sinyor M, Alam F, Giacobbe P.", "abstract": "Psychedelic use has greatly increased within clinical and recreational settings over recent years. While demonstrating a favorable safety profile within certain clinical populations, little empirical research has explored safety of psychedelic use within real-world samples. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) VigiBase, a comprehensive global pharmacovigilance database with voluntary spontaneous reporting of adverse events (AEs) from real-world clinical and recreational populations, we examined reports for classic psychedelics and MDMA. Most reports were made for MDMA (n = 1573) and LSD (n = 394), while psilocybin (n = 56), DMT (n = 18), and mescaline (n = 15) had fewer reports. The most common AEs for all substances were psychiatric in nature, specifically surrounding substance or drug abuse and dependence. Reports of overdose constituted 1.1 to 1.7 % of total AEs. Pregnancy-related and congenital disorders were rare. Compared to the acetaminophen control, LSD and MDMA were associated with significantly greater odds for the reported AEs of alcohol abuse (LSD: ROR=45.7, 95 % CI: 27.2 - 76.9; MDMA: ROR=19.2, 95 % CI: 12.2 - 30.4), substance use disorder (LSD: ROR=71.1, 95 % CI: 36.3 - 139.2; MDMA: ROR=129.9, 95 % CI: 78.4 - 215.5) and substance dependence (LSD: ROR=215.1, 95 % CI: 69.0 - 670.3; MDMA: ROR=76.8, 95 % CI: 25.5 - 231.8). These reports were also greater than those associated with the external positive control, oxycodone. Taken together, this exploratory study provides the first analysis of AEs associated with psychedelics reported to a global pharmacovigilance database and can inform their real-world safety. Findings should be considered in light of limitations surrounding co-use of other substances and potential deterrence towards reporting use of illicit substances.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116929", "pubmed_id": "41485400", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116929", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems, Databases, Factual, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, World Health Organization, Female, Male, Young Adult, Pharmacovigilance, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41485400\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Adolescents,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 200, "title": "Comparing single- and repeat-dose psilocybin with active placebo for migraine prevention in an exploratory randomized controlled clinical trial.", "normalized_title": "comparing single and repeat dose psilocybin with active placebo for migraine prevention in an exploratory randomized controlled clinical trial", "authors": "Schindler EAD, Gottschalk CH, Pittman BP, D'Souza DC.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThe goals of this study were to examine the therapeutic effects and safety of psilocybin given as a pulsed regimen for the prevention of migraine and to consider the blinding integrity of an active control agent.BackgroundThe administration of a single low dose of psilocybin was observed to have lasting therapeutic effects in one small pilot trial in migraine, although the ability of a pulse dose regimen, as practiced by patients with cluster headache, to potentially improve magnitude and/or duration of transitional preventive effects has not been studied. Furthermore, comparison to an active placebo agent that adequately mimics the acute subjective effects of psilocybin is required to improve blinding integrity and measure placebo effects.MethodsIn an exploratory randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study, adults with migraine having at least two weekly migraine days at baseline (n = 18) participated in two drug administration sessions separated by 7 days during which they received zero, one, or two doses of psilocybin (10 mg; psi). Whenever participants did not receive psilocybin, they received diphenhydramine (25 mg; diph). Participant recruitment took place between September 2021 and August 2023. The primary outcome measure was a change in migraine frequency using headache diary data collected starting 2 weeks before and continuing through 8 weeks after the second drug session.ResultsIn the 2 weeks after completion of the two drug administration sessions, the change from baseline in migraine days/week was not significantly different among groups [diph-diph: -0.7 (95% confidence interval, -1.5 to 0.2); diph-psi: -2.0 (-3.0 to -1.0); psi-psi: -1.7 (-4.1 to 0.7); Χ2 (2) = 4.56, p = 0.102], despite large effect sizes against the placebo group in the those receiving one (diph-psi; d = 1.66) or two (psi-psi; d = 0.69) doses of psilocybin. Similar reductions in migraine frequency approximating 50% were seen in all groups over the 8 weeks measured. The difference in 50% response rate among groups over 2 weeks, however, approached significance (diph-diph: 17%; diph-psi: 80%; psi-psi: 80%; p = 0.087). Drug confidence ratings (i.e., blinding integrity) suggested that diphenhydramine partially substituted for the acute effects of psilocybin. No correlations were observed between changes in migraine frequency after psilocybin and drug confidence, acute general drug effects, or acute psychedelic effects. No serious or unexpected adverse events occurred.ConclusionThis exploratory study found similar reductions in migraine frequency with single-dose psilocybin, a two-dose pulse of psilocybin, or diphenhydramine placebo. Whereas blinding was incomplete in this study, this important topic is highlighted in the study design and findings. The potential for psilocybin to serve as a transitional treatment in migraine remains but will require careful planning in future studies to separate drug and non-drug effects. Furthermore, the inclusion of headache specialists in the design and execution of these future studies is necessary to preserve the viability of psilocybin treatment in headache medicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/head.70024", "pubmed_id": "41459830", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/head.70024", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Migraine Disorders, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41459830\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3043, "title": "Psilocybin decreases reward-seeking behavior accompanied by increased activity of parvalbumin neurons with perineuronal nets in the medial prefrontal cortex", "normalized_title": "psilocybin decreases reward seeking behavior accompanied by increased activity of parvalbumin neurons with perineuronal nets in the medial prefrontal cortex", "authors": "Houff J, Williams A, Allen O, Gisabella B, Pantazopoulos H, Del Arco A.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Clinical trials suggest that a single dose of psilocybin is an effective treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). Choice impulsivity is a value-based decision-making bias that predicts drug-intake escalation and is commonly associated with SUDs. The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) regulates choice impulsivity and is enriched with 5-HT2A receptors that mediate effects of psilocybin. We hypothesized that psilocybin has long-term (≥48 hours) effects on choice impulsivity in association with dmPFC inhibitory interneurons with perineuronal nets (PNNs). Male Long Evans rats were trained in a delay discounting task (DDT) where rats chose between delayed large rewards (LR) and immediate small rewards (SR). 48 hours after psilocybin or vehicle injections, DDT was assessed, and rats’ brains processed for microscopy analysis of extracellular matrix (PNNs) together with inhibitory parvalbumin (PV) interneurons and c-fos as a marker of neuronal activity. Psilocybin acutely increased head-twitch responses. Psilocybin decreased LR choices and increased the latency to LR choices 48 hours after administration. These effects were independent of delay and therefore not consistent with changes in impulsivity. Psilocybin also increased the density of PNN+PV+cFos triple-labeled neurons in the dmPFC. These results suggest that psilocybin decreases reward seeking through the increased activation of dmPFC PV interneurons with PNNs.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.64898/2025.12.22.696123", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.22.696123", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1230007\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 379, "title": "Psilocybin-induced modulation of visual salience processing.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced modulation of visual salience processing", "authors": "Muller S, Cavanna F, de la Fuente LA, Bruno N, D'Amelio TA, Pallavicini C, Tagliazucchi E.", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds significantly reshape conscious perception, yet the implications of these alterations for complex visual-guided behaviors remain poorly understood. We investigated how psilocybin modulates visual salience processing during natural scene perception. Twenty-three participants completed eye-tracking tasks under self-blinded low and high doses of psilocybin, in a naturalistic design with experimental conditions unknown to participants and researchers. Subjects viewed natural scenes while their gaze patterns were recorded and analyzed in relation to normative computational saliency maps generated using a deep learning model of visual attention. Results revealed increased fixation on salient image regions and reduced inter-fixation distance under the high-dose condition, suggesting heightened sensitivity to visual salience and more localized gaze behavior. The Shannon entropy of fixations on high-saliency regions indicated a more exploratory and less predictable visual scanning of the images. Complementary resting-state electroencephalography recordings showed broadband spectral power reductions and increased Lempel-Ziv complexity, with delta power negatively correlating with salience metrics. These findings indicate that psilocybin induces a shift in attentional dynamics, altering gaze behavior, and salience processing during natural scene perception.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1093/nc/niaf060", "pubmed_id": "41458361", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niaf060", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41458361\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 378, "title": "Knowledge, perceptions, and use of psychedelics for mental health among autistic adults: An online survey.", "normalized_title": "knowledge perceptions and use of psychedelics for mental health among autistic adults an online survey", "authors": "Afsharnia S, Liang V, Lunsky Y, Orsini AP, Tint A, Lin HY.", "abstract": "Psychedelics such as psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA have shown promise in treating mental health conditions (e.g., depression, post-traumatic stress disorder) among neurotypical individuals, i.e., typically developing individuals without a diagnosed neurodevelopmental condition. However, their therapeutic potential for treating co-occurring mental-health conditions in autistic individuals remains under-explored. Autistic individuals often face co-occurring mental health challenges but are frequently excluded from clinical trials, creating a gap in effective treatments. This study aimed to explore knowledge, perceptions, and experiences of autistic adults regarding psychedelics. In this survey, \"psychedelics\" included classical psychedelics such as psilocybin and LSD, as well as MDMA. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with English-speaking autistic adults. We assessed participants' knowledge of psychedelics, willingness to use them for mental health treatment, and any past psychedelic experiences. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to assess group differences. A total of 424 participants began the survey, with 261 completing it. Nearly half resided in Canada. Participants generally viewed psychedelics positively, with 77.8% expressing a willingness to try them, and 69.7% reported past use-most commonly psilocybin mushrooms. Higher doses and highly meaningful experiences correlated with longer-lasting mental health improvements. Barriers included legal concerns, health risks, and logistical challenges. Participants with prior experience reported greater perceived knowledge and lower perceived risks. Autistic adults in this self-selecting sample demonstrated strong interest in psychedelics as potential treatments for mental health, despite significant barriers to access and research participation. These results highlight the importance of considering education, policy reform, and inclusive research practices to ensure that autistic people have opportunities to explore psychedelic therapies. These findings should be interpreted cautiously, as the sample may not be representative of the broader autistic population. Future trials should optimize dosing and explore long-term benefits of psychedelics in this population.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pmen.0000514", "pubmed_id": "41662127", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmen.0000514", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41662127\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 145, "title": "The 3D-ASCr scale: A revalidation of the core dimensions of the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale 5D(11)-ASC for psychedelic research.", "normalized_title": "the 3d ascr scale a revalidation of the core dimensions of the altered states of consciousness rating scale 5d 11 asc for psychedelic research", "authors": "Stocker K, Hartmann M, Schmid Y, Vogt SB, Becker AM, Ley L, Straumann I, Arikci D, Klaiber A, Erne L, Vizeli P, Holze F, Liechti ME.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe Altered States of Consciousness Scale (3/5D-ASC or 11-ASC) is widely used to assess non-ordinary states of consciousness, particularly for psychedelic research. However, its original dimensional model (3D-ASC within 5D-ASC) and later 11-subscale structure (11-ASC) have a hierarchically incompatible higher/lower-order structure. Although the 11-ASC offers superior model fit, the 3D-ASC remains widely used for summarizing broader experiential domains.AimsWe wanted to provide an updated, psychometrically revalidated version of the ASC. We tested whether the 42-item 11-ASC could be integrated into a coherent three-dimensional framework. We further hypothesized that this revised model would outperform the original 66-item 3D-ASC while preserving its conceptual clarity.MethodsData from 901 5D-ASC questionnaires from 398 healthy participants across 16 randomized, mostly placebo-controlled psychedelic (lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, mescaline, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine) studies were split for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. We compared the 3D-ASC and 11-ASC in terms of reliability and model fit, and tested whether the 11-ASC could be summarized within a three-dimensional model.ResultsTen of the 11 subscales formed three higher-order dimensions-Positive (PosE), Distressing (DisE), and Perceptual (PerE) effects-mirroring the 3D-ASC but with improved fit. We propose this as the 3D-ASCr scale. The Anxiety subscale could not be integrated due to consistent floor effects (low anxiety in the sample), but given its clinical relevance, it is retained within 3D-ASCr (as part of DisE or a standalone subscale).ConclusionThe 3D-ASCr is an updated version of the ASC and is recommended for use with classic serotonergic psychedelics in both clinical practice and research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251397328", "pubmed_id": "41451514", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251397328", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41451514\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3701, "title": "The Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin in Patients With Treatment-resistant Depression and Chronic Suicidal Ideation", "normalized_title": "the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in patients with treatment resistant depression and chronic suicidal ideation", "authors": "Sheppard Pratt Health System", "abstract": "This study aims to explore the safety and tolerability of a single dose of psilocybin (25mg) administered under supportive conditions to adult participants with TRD and chronic suicidal ideation", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05220410", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Suicidal Ideation, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05220410\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3506, "title": "An Open Label Study of Single-Dose Psilocybin for Major Depressive Disorder With Co-occurring Borderline Personality Disorder", "normalized_title": "an open label study of single dose psilocybin for major depressive disorder with co occurring borderline personality disorder", "authors": "University of Chicago", "abstract": "The primary objective of the study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). The primary objective of the proposed study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). Ten subjects with MDD and BPD will receive a single 25 mg oral dose of psilocybin. The hypothesis to be tested is that psilocybin will result significant reduction in symptoms of both MDD and BPD after 1 week and sustained for 4 weeks compared to baseline (improvement in symptoms will be indicated by lower scores on established outcome measures of MDD and BPD symptoms that have been used in prior studies).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05399498", "keywords": "Borderline Personality Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05399498\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Personality Change,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3055, "title": "A Randomised, Triple-Blind, Dose-Finding Study of the Impact of Psilocybin on Motor Function in Healthy Participants", "normalized_title": "a randomised triple blind dose finding study of the impact of psilocybin on motor function in healthy participants", "authors": "Bhagavan C, Carter O, Nielsen G, Berlowitz D, Issak S, Braat S, Zaloumis S, Attard Z, Oliver G, Mayne D, Rucker J, Butler M, Dandash O, Bryson A, Kanaan RA.", "abstract": "Background Psychedelics exert widespread effects on brain activity, but their impact on motor function is unclear. This is clinically relevant given the emerging interest in psychedelic-assisted physical therapy for disorders of motor function. This study’s primary objectives examined the feasibility and safety of administering movement tasks following low-to-moderate doses of psilocybin in healthy volunteers. Methods Healthy participants were randomly assigned three psilocybin doses consisting of either (1) 5mg, 10mg, and 15mg, or (2) 10mg, 15mg, and 20mg, with at least one week between doses. Movement tasks were administered during the acute drug effects. Participants, physiotherapists, and statisticians were blinded to the dosing order. Feasibility was assessed by evaluating completion of the de Morton Mobility Index and Functional Movement Exploration (measures of gross motor function). Safety outcomes included vital signs and adverse events. Additional exploratory motor outcomes included the Action Research Arm Test (assessing dexterity), Box and Block Test (Original and Modified versions) (combining dexterity with motor speed), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (combining motor speed with intellectual functions), and Reaction Time Ruler Drop Test (assessing reaction time). The 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness and Ego-Dissolution Inventory assessed changes in states of consciousness. Blinding efficacy was assessed by asking participants and physiotherapists to guess the doses administered. Results Thirteen participants were randomised: seven to 5mg, 10mg, and 15mg; six to 10mg, 15mg, and 20mg. One participant was unable to complete several movement tasks at 20mg. Nausea (n=8, 62%) and headache (n=7, 54%) were the most common adverse events. No serious adverse events or adverse events related to movement task administration occurred. Median values [interquartile ranges] remained near-perfect across doses for the de Morton Mobility Index (92.5-100.0 [85.0-100.0]), Functional Movement Exploration (100.0 [96.0-100.0]), and Action Research Arm Test (56.0-57.0 [52.0-57.0]). Baseline Box and Block Test (Original) median scores (65.0 [60.0-67.0]) improved to 79.0 [70.0-83.0] at 5mg and 4.5 hours post-dose (5mg-4.5H), and worsened to 57.5 [51.0-64.0] at 20mg-1.5H. Baseline Box and Block Test (Modified) median scores (48.0 [47.0-53.0]) worsened to 43.0 [35.0-45.0] at 20mg-1.5H. Baseline Digit Symbol Substitution Test median scores (73.0 [66.0-77.0]) improved to 87.0 [81.0-90.0] at 10mg-4.5H, and worsened to 62.0 [54.0-86.0] at 20mg-1.5H. Reaction Time Ruler Drop Test scores lacked consistent dose-related changes across participants. Changes in states of consciousness were greatest at 20mg. Participants and physiotherapists correctly guessed the administered dose 53% and 50% of the time, respectively. Conclusions Movement tasks were feasible during psilocybin dosing up to 15mg. Impairments emerged at 20mg in tasks that combined motor and additional cognitive functions. These findings support the feasibility of performing complex movement tasks during psilocybin dosing and will inform the conduct of trials utilising psilocybin-assisted physical rehabilitation in neuropsychiatric disorders. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12621000560897 Date registered: 12 May 2021 URL: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=381526&isReview=true Key Findings There is growing interest for psychedelic-assisted physical therapy in neuropsychiatric disorders of motor dysfunction, however, the impact of psychedelics on motor function remains unclear. This study investigated the feasibility, safety, and impact on motor function of administering movement tasks following low-to-moderate doses of psilocybin in healthy volunteers. These findings support the feasibility of performing complex movement tasks during psilocybin dosing up to 15mg and will inform the conduct of trials utilising psilocybin-assisted physical therapy in neuropsychiatric disorders.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.64898/2025.12.22.25342874", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.22.25342874", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1254240\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 380, "title": "Psychedelics as a Therapeutic Opportunity or Threat: A Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as a therapeutic opportunity or threat a narrative review", "authors": "Liszka P, Ogórek A, Olejnik-Chlewicka KM, Puchalski K, Zasiadła M, Patrzykąt KM, Perediatkiewicz J, Urbański W, Łuczak PM, Brodowski J.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics and related substances, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), have again become a focus of interest in psychiatry as potential therapeutic tools. The aim of this paper is to review current data on their mechanisms of action, clinical applications in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, addictions and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as to assess safety, drug interactions and long-term complications. Studies indicate that psychedelics act mainly through stimulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) receptors, induction of neuroplastic changes and modification of functional brain networks, which may facilitate changes in entrenched cognitive and emotional patterns. Randomized clinical trials with psilocybin have shown a rapid and sustained reduction of depressive symptoms, including in populations with treatment-resistant depression and cancer patients, as well as promising results in the treatment of alcohol use disorders. MDMA, when combined with psychotherapy, has demonstrated substantial therapeutic potential in the treatment of PTSD. The literature indicates that particular caution is required when using these substances in therapy because of the risk of acute and chronic adverse reactions and potential drug interactions, including with serotonergic agents and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). The available findings confirm a substantial, though still only partly explored, therapeutic potential of classic psychedelics and MDMA. At the same time, they emphasize the need for strict control of \"set and setting\", careful patient selection, further multicentre studies with greater statistical power and longer follow-up before these interventions can be incorporated into routine clinical practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.99942", "pubmed_id": "41583322", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.99942", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41583322\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3585, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin on Speech Fluency, Struggle, and Brain Activity in People Who Stutter", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on speech fluency struggle and brain activity in people who stutter", "authors": "NYU Langone Health", "abstract": "This Phase 2a clinical trial is an open-label, single-group, within-subjects pilot study designed to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin as a therapeutic intervention for adults with developmental stuttering. This pilot study will assess whether further research to explore the potential benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy for improving clinical outcomes in individuals who stutter, is warranted. The aims of this study include: * Aim 1: Assess the safety and feasibility of psilocybin as a therapeutic agent for stuttering. * Aim 2: Evaluate the effects of psilocybin on objective and subjective measures of stuttering severity, struggle, and well-being. * Aim 3: Explore the therapeutic neural mechanisms of psilocybin in stuttering.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07296328", "keywords": "Stuttering, Psilocybin, Speech therapy, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07296328\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3052, "title": "Psilocybin modulates social behaviour in male and female mice in a time-dependent manner", "normalized_title": "psilocybin modulates social behaviour in male and female mice in a time dependent manner", "authors": "Shadani S, McCoy K, Ong L, Greaves E, Conn K, Andrews ZB, Foldi CJ.", "abstract": "With the resurgence of psychedelic research and the growing interest in their therapeutic potential, there is an urgent need to understand how these compounds act across biological sexes. Despite widespread interest in their use for conditions marked by social impairments, including depression, anxiety, and anorexia nervosa, the influence of sex as a biological variable (SABV) on the prosocial effects of psychedelics remains poorly understood. Indeed, enhanced connectedness, sociability and empathy are common outcomes of psychedelic use and these have shaped human social structures for millennia. Here, we investigated the sex-specific effects of a single dose of psilocybin (1.5 mg/kg) in C57BL/6J mice on various aspects of social behaviours. We show an intriguing connection between huddling behaviour and body temperature acutely elicited by psilocybin that was restricted to females. We also observe temporally distinct patterns of social behaviour alterations in female mice, whereby enhanced preference for social novelty was observed after acute effects subsided (4 h post-administration), which was maintained for ∼24 h. Longer-term, the impact of psilocybin was reversed and promoted preference for familiar over novel conspecifics when assessed 7d post-administration, which was associated with prolonged nucleus accumbens dopamine signalling during familiar sniffing. In males, psilocybin reduced stress-related behaviours at 24 h and increased preference for familiar conspecifics, along with blunted novelty-evoked dopamine responses at both 24 h and 7 days post-treatment. Both 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors were involved in modulating these behaviours, though in sex-specific ways. These findings highlight that the prosocial effects of psychedelics are not universal and emphasize the importance of sex-informed approaches in both preclinical research and clinical application. Graphical Abstract", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.64898/2025.12.18.695064", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.18.695064", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1229283\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Eating Disorders,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3036, "title": "A Naturalistic Study on the Combined Neural and Psychological Effects of Psilocybin and Compassion Focused Imagery", "normalized_title": "a naturalistic study on the combined neural and psychological effects of psilocybin and compassion focused imagery", "authors": "Pallavicini C, Llobenes L, Cavanna F, de la Fuente LA, Muller S, Costa M, Gumiy N, Bruno N, D’Amelio T, Basran J, Plowright P, Stolkiner A, Namías M, Gilbert P, Tagliazucchi E.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic drug known to alter subjective experience and elicit long-term psychological changes, enhancing cognitive flexibility and reducing rigid self-related beliefs. Combined with compassion motivational primes that involve generating mental representations of compassion, it may increase the potential for activating the care-affiliative motivational systems, linked to several important biopsychosocial processes underpinning social safeness, social connection and mental wellbeing. We investigated the synergetic effects of psilocybin and compassion imagery with self-reported questionnaires and functional resonance imaging data (fMRI) in a sample of 105 participants. Participants were primed with either attention to breathing or a short compassion focused imagery prime. We found a long-term synergetic effect of compassion imagery and psilocybin on cognitive absorption, as well as changes relative to baseline self-compassion and decentering. Based on functional interactions between attentional, executive and default mode networks, fMRI-based classifiers detected participant engagement in compassion focused imagery before psilocybin intake and distinguished compassion imagery vs. attention to breathing priming only the high dose of psilocybin. Our results support the potential for synergistic effects from combinations of psilocybin and compassion-based interventions to induce long-term psychological changes, reshaping the functional organization of large-scale brain networks. Future confirmatory studies of our exploratory analyses should be conducted to determine whether the combination of psilocybin and compassion-based practices promotes increases in caring and contemplative abilities, enhanced psychological flexibility and well-being.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.64898/2025.12.17.694940", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.17.694940", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1230558\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Aging,Wellbeing,Psychological Flexibility,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 389, "title": "A qualitative analysis of participant expectations and experiences of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder.", "normalized_title": "a qualitative analysis of participant expectations and experiences of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder", "authors": "Brett J, Lea T, Knock E, Albert S, Acheson L, Siefried KJ, Job S.", "abstract": "Background and aimsThere is an urgent unmet need for novel treatments for methamphetamine (MA) use disorder. We explored the qualitative experiences of people participating in a study of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAT) to treat MA use disorder.Design and settingQualitative study of participants enrolled in a single arm, open-label pilot study of PAT for MA use disorder delivered in an outpatient stimulant treatment program setting in Sydney, Australia.ParticipantsTwelve participants were interviewed before starting PAT and then again one month following PAT.MeasurementsPre-PAT interviews explored participants' experiences of MA use and expectations of receiving PAT. Post-PAT interviews explored participants' experiences of PAT, with a focus on phenomena related to the acute subjective effects of psilocybin, the perceived effects of PAT on MA use, self-perception, beliefs, values, behaviours, interpersonal relationships and spirituality, and acceptability of the intervention. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using an inductive qualitative approach.FindingsWhile participants generally hoped to have positive outcomes from study participation, their expectations were generally tempered and realistic. Their trial experiences of PAT were often characterised by new understandings of themselves, their narrative histories and interpersonal relationships, all of which were frequently prompted by leaning into vividly presented challenging experiences within the psychedelic experience. This volitional attitude of 'leaning into the obstacle' emerged as a key theme, meriting exploration for its potential to expose the subjective dimension of the psychedelic mechanism of effect. Resolution of this obstacle was associated with a reduction in the salience of methamphetamine. Therapeutic alliance was seen as critical to positive outcomes and was achieved through high levels of concentrated therapeutic attention and intersubjective intimacy between participant and therapist.ConclusionsInterviewed participants in a study of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAT) for methamphetamine use disorder perceived PAT as an acceptable intervention. Transformation in understandings of self and interpersonal relationships and subsequent reduced salience of methamphetamine use often occurred through confronting psychic obstacles in the context of high levels of therapeutic support from study therapists.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/add.70284", "pubmed_id": "41424164", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70284", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41424164\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 388, "title": "The CAnadian Network for Psychedelic-Assisted Cancer Therapy (CAN-PACT): A Multi-Phase Program Overview.", "normalized_title": "the canadian network for psychedelic assisted cancer therapy can pact a multi phase program overview", "authors": "Carlson LE, Richardson H, Shore R, Albertyn CP, Balneaves LG, Bates A, Burnell M, Chochinov HM, Clements D, Deleemans J, Horlock H, Mathews J, McKenzie M, Savard C, Soares CN, Tu W, Williams M", "abstract": "The CAnadian Network for Psychedelic-Assisted Cancer Therapy (CAN-PACT) was launched in 2025 to address urgent gaps in supportive care for Canadians with cancer experiencing demoralization syndrome (loss of meaning, dysphoria, disheartenment, helplessness, a sense of failure) and related psychosocial distress. CAN-PACT has six major objectives: (1) to develop a national interdisciplinary research and practice network; (2) to set research priorities through structured stakeholder engagement; (3) to develop and provide PAT training and education for clinicians, researchers, and patients; (4) to pilot test the feasibility of intervention and assessment procedures; (5) to conduct a multi-center, randomized controlled trial of PAT for people with advanced cancer; and (6) to inform and influence healthcare policy on PAT in Canada. We discuss the background and need for PAT in cancer, describe challenges currently limiting its use, and outline CAN-PACT's strategy for building capacity, generating Canadian evidence, and preparing the oncology healthcare environment for potential implementation. This manuscript presents a summary overview of CAN-PACT as a multi-objective research program; detailed protocols for each discrete study component will be published separately as the research program progresses. Through environmental scans, national engagement, targeted training, rigorous research, and ongoing collaboration with policymakers, CAN-PACT aims to enable equitable access to safe, evidence-based PAT for people with advanced cancer in Canada's publicly funded cancer centers.", "journal": "Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.)", "publication_date": "2025-12-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/curroncol33010007", "pubmed_id": "41590327", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41590327/", "keywords": "cancer, clinical trials, demoralization, fear of death and dying, mindfulness, patient-oriented research, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41590327\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Cancer Patients,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 387, "title": "Using Insights from a Study of Psilocybin with Clergy to Advance Research on Psychedelics, Spirituality, and the Sacred: Commentary on Griffiths et al. (2025).", "normalized_title": "using insights from a study of psilocybin with clergy to advance research on psychedelics spirituality and the sacred commentary on griffiths et al 2025", "authors": "Palitsky R, Grant GH.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251393983", "pubmed_id": "41869002", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251393983", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41869002\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 386, "title": "Publisher's Note re: \"Effects of Psilocybin on Religious and Spiritual Attitudes and Behaviors in Clergy from Various Major World Religions\" (doi: 10.1089/psymed.2023.0044).", "normalized_title": "publisher s note re effects of psilocybin on religious and spiritual attitudes and behaviors in clergy from various major world religions doi 10 1089 psymed 2023 0044", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2025.68798.pn", "pubmed_id": "41869003", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2025.68798.pn", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41869003\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 385, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin on Religious and Spiritual Attitudes and Behaviors in Clergy from Various Major World Religions: The Great Promise of Psychedelics: Evolving Human Consciousness.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on religious and spiritual attitudes and behaviors in clergy from various major world religions the great promise of psychedelics evolving human consciousness", "authors": "Brach T.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251408081", "pubmed_id": "41869004", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251408081", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41869004\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 384, "title": "Griffiths et al.'s Study of Psilocybin with Religious Professionals: A Theological Response from a Christian Perspective.", "normalized_title": "griffiths et al s study of psilocybin with religious professionals a theological response from a christian perspective", "authors": "Lorenz J, Hawkins S, McCarthy B.", "abstract": "Griffiths et al.'s recent \"Effects of Psilocybin on Religious and Spiritual Attitudes and Behaviors in Clergy from Various Major World Religions\" is an important study in the literature on psychedelic medicine and religious experience. In this commentary on the study, we argue: (1) The study design's implicit presupposition of perennialism in its conception of mysticism burdens it with metaphysical and theological freight it doesn't need to support its hypothesis; and (2) Psychedelic usage in pursuit of mysticism, however construed, risks two pathologies-hyper-individualism and idolatry-that religious traditions and communities are well-positioned to counter.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251406251", "pubmed_id": "41869005", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251406251", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41869005\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 383, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin on Religious and Spiritual Attitudes and Behaviors in Clergy from Various Major World Religions.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on religious and spiritual attitudes and behaviors in clergy from various major world religions", "authors": "Griffiths RR, Jesse R, Richards WA, Johnson MW, Sepeda ND, Bossis AP, Ross S.", "abstract": "BackgroundAlthough historical writings, anthropological accounts, and experimental studies document associations between psilocybin use and religion, no prospective experimental study has investigated how the effects of psilocybin are experienced and interpreted by religious clergy. This exploratory study evaluated the overall safety and the acute and enduring effects of psilocybin in clergy.MethodsParticipants were psychedelic-naïve clergy from various major world religions. A randomized, parallel group, waitlist control design was used to assess the effects of two supported psilocybin sessions, with participants receiving 20 and then 20 or 30 mg/70 kg about 1 month later. Outcomes were compared between the Immediate Group (n = 13) and the Delayed Group (n = 16) at 6 months after screening using self-report measures. The effects of psilocybin were also assessed on session days and 4 and 16 months after the second psilocybin session in the 24 participants who completed both sessions.ResultsThe primary outcome assessment at 6 months after screening showed that, compared with the delayed control group, participants who had received psilocybin reported significantly greater positive changes in their religious practices, attitudes about their religion, and effectiveness as a religious leader, as well as in their non-religious attitudes, moods, and behavior. Follow-up assessments showed that positive changes in religious and non-religious attitudes and behavior were sustained through 16 months after the second psilocybin session. At that time, participants rated at least one of their psilocybin experiences to be among the top five most spiritually significant (96%), profoundly sacred (92%), psychologically insightful (83%), and psychologically meaningful (79%) of their lives. Furthermore, 42% rated one of their experiences to be the single most profound of their lifetime. At 16-months follow-up, most (79%) strongly endorsed that the experiences had positive effects on their religious practices (e.g., prayer or meditation) and their daily sense of the sacred, and most (71%) reported positive changes in their appreciation of religious traditions other than their own. Although no serious adverse events were reported, 46% rated a psilocybin experience as among the top five most psychologically challenging of their lives.ConclusionsIn this population of clergy, psilocybin administration was safe and increased multiple domains of overall psychological well-being including positive changes in religious attitudes and behavior as well as their vocation as a religious leader. The study was limited by a waitlist control design, homogenous sample, and the use of some unvalidated outcome measures. Further research with more rigorous control conditions and diverse samples is needed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0044", "pubmed_id": "41869007", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0044", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41869007\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Spirituality,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 382, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin on Religious and Spiritual Attitudes and Behaviors in Clergy from Various Major World Religions, by Griffiths et al.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on religious and spiritual attitudes and behaviors in clergy from various major world religions by griffiths et al", "authors": "de Wit H.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251409219", "pubmed_id": "41869008", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251409219", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41869008\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 381, "title": "Psilocybin, Spirituality, and the Potential for Personal Transformation: Commentary on Effects of Psilocybin on Religious and Spiritual Attitudes and Behaviors in Clergy from Various Major World Religions by Griffiths et al.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin spirituality and the potential for personal transformation commentary on effects of psilocybin on religious and spiritual attitudes and behaviors in clergy from various major world religions by griffiths et al", "authors": "Pargament KI.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251406613", "pubmed_id": "41869009", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251406613", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41869009\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 146, "title": "The serotonin 1B receptor is required for some of the behavioral effects of psilocybin in mice.", "normalized_title": "the serotonin 1b receptor is required for some of the behavioral effects of psilocybin in mice", "authors": "Fleury S, Nautiyal KM.", "abstract": "Recent studies highlight the promising use of psychedelic therapies for psychiatric disorders, including depression. The persisting clinical effects of psychedelics such as psilocybin are commonly attributed to activation of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) based on its role in the acute hallucinatory effects. However, the active metabolite of psilocybin binds to many serotonin receptor subtypes, including the serotonin 1B receptor (5-HT1BR). Given the known role of 5-HT1BR in mediating depressive phenotypes and promoting neural plasticity, we hypothesized that it mediates the effects of psilocybin on neural activity and behavior. We first examined the acute neural response to psilocybin in mice lacking 5-HT1BR. We found that 5-HT1BR expression influenced brain-wide activity following psilocybin administration, measured by differences in the patterns of the immediate early gene c-Fos, across regions involved in emotional processing and cognitive function, including the amygdala and other subcortical limbic structures. Functionally, we demonstrated that 5-HT1BR mediates some of the acute and persisting behavioral effects of psilocybin. Although there was no effect of 5-HT1BR expression on the acute head twitch response, mice lacking 5-HT1BRs had attenuated hypolocomotion to psilocybin. We also measured the persisting effects of psilocybin on anhedonia and anxiety-like behavior using transgenic and pharmacological 5-HT1BR loss-of-function models. Although there were effects of sex and stress paradigms, we found that 5-HT1B is involved in mediating some of the longer-lasting behavioral responses to psilocybin. Finally, using a network analysis, we identified neural circuits through which 5-H1BR may modulate the response to psilocybin. Our findings suggest that the 5-HT1BR influences brain-wide neural changes following psilocybin administration and may contribute to its enduring antidepressant-like effects in mice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03387-1", "pubmed_id": "41422160", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03387-1", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41422160\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3587, "title": "Neurobehavioral Mechanisms of Psilocybin-assisted Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "neurobehavioral mechanisms of psilocybin assisted treatment for alcohol use disorder", "authors": "NYU Langone Health", "abstract": "This is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 2 mechanistic clinical trial designed to evaluate the therapeutic neural mechanisms of psilocybin in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD), and to determine whether further studies are warranted to study the relationship of any such effects to clinical improvement in AUD symptoms. The primary aims are to evaluate the effects of psilocybin on AUD; measures will include 1) fMRI neural activation and functional connectivity, using a well-validated task to characterize neural and subjective response to negative affective and alcohol visual stimuli; 2) alcohol use data (self-report and blood biomarkers); and 3) self-report measures related the NE, IS, and EF domains.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06349083", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Psilocybin, Inactive Placebo, Supportive therapy sessions, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06349083\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3093, "title": "Psilocybin Treatment as an Adjunct to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders: Therapeutic Rationale & Considerations for Protocol Development", "normalized_title": "psilocybin treatment as an adjunct to cognitive behavioral therapy for eating disorders therapeutic rationale considerations for protocol development", "authors": "Koning E, Gamberg S, Keshen A.", "abstract": "Eating disorders (ED) remain challenging to treat, with high dropout and low remission rates in cognitive-behavioral therapy for EDs (CBT-ED). Psilocybin treatment (PT) demonstrates therapeutic potential to enhance CBT-ED by exerting several neurobiological, psychological, and experiential effects (e.g., antidepressant, neuroplasticity, emotional openness) that are hypothesized to increase psychotherapeutic engagement, reduce dropout, and improve clinical outcomes. This article provides the first consolidation of existing theoretical evidence for PT/CBT-ED, proposes considerations for a con-current intervention protocol, and presents clinical and research considerations to empirically test its feasibility, safety, and efficacy. This line of inquiry is expected to advance the development of approaches that improve ED treatment outcomes and, more broadly, advance the study of psychedelics as tools to enhance evidence-based psychotherapy models.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2025-12-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202512.1705.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202512.1705.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1136419\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3044, "title": "Wherefore the magic? The evolutionary role of psilocybin in nature", "normalized_title": "wherefore the magic the evolutionary role of psilocybin in nature", "authors": "Matthews Nicholass K, Flis I, Hanley M, Knight M, Lane S, Littlejohn G, Thom M, Billington R, Boden R, Cummins R, Green B, Griffin C, Jones S, Salmon D, Sleep I, Smirnoff N, Ellis J.", "abstract": "Research into psychedelic compounds is in resurgence due to the exciting potential for their use in the treatment of psychiatric and mental health disorders. Despite this revival, remarkably little is known about their evolution. One of the most intriguing psychedelic compounds is psilocybin, the compound found in ‘magic’ mushrooms and used in ritual ceremonies in Central America for generations. Associated with agaricomycete fungi of the genus Psilocybe, psilocybin acts in a similar way to the neurotransmitter serotonin, yet how and why natural selection favoured its biosynthesis remains unclear. Given the resemblance to serotonin, modulation of invertebrate behaviour for defence is a likely explanation, but neither this nor alternative hypotheses have ever been formally tested. Here, we show that Drosophila larvae exposed to extracts from Psilocybe mushrooms exhibit reduced survival, pupation rates, and inhibited locomotion. Adults exposed during development show reduced thorax and wing size, along with increased fluctuating asymmetry, indicating developmental stress. Conversely, mutants lacking 5HT2A receptors showed the same response to Psilocybe extracts as wild-type flies. Furthermore, DNA metabarcoding revealed that while Psilocybe semilanceata demonstrates a distinct invertebrate community compared to most other grassland fungi, it overlapped with the non-psychedelic species Mycena epipterygia. This study provides a crucial first step toward understanding the evolutionary role of psilocybin-producing fungi and provides a grounding for future research into the molecular mechanisms, ecological interactions and evolutionary origins of psychedelic compounds in nature.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.64898/2025.12.17.694186", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.17.694186", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1230910\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3521, "title": "A Phase III, Multicentre, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Investigate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of COMP360 in Participants With Treatment-resistant Depression", "normalized_title": "a phase iii multicentre randomised double blind placebo controlled study to investigate the efficacy safety and tolerability of comp360 in participants with treatment resistant depression", "authors": "COMPASS Pathways", "abstract": "Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of a single administration of COMP360 in participants with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) This is a phase III, international, multi-centre, randomised, parallel group, fixed single-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The study population will include participants aged ≥18 years with TRD. Overall, 255 participants will be randomised in a 2:1 ratio to receive COMP360 25 mg or placebo. The study comprises three parts (A, B, and C) and will last approximately 62 weeks including a three- to ten-week Screening Period. Part A will include a six-week follow-up from initial investigational product (IP) administration. In this study, the primary aim is to assess the efficacy and safety of a single dose of COMP360 25 mg versus placebo for reducing symptom severity in TRD, when administered with psychological support. This will be assessed in a 6-week, single-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled part of the study (Part A). Durability of efficacy and long-term safety, and the efficacy and safety of re-treatment will be assessed in a 20-week single-dose, double-blind re-treatment part (Part B), and a 26-week open-label treatment part (Part C).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05624268", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Psilocybin, COMP360, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05624268\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE3\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3051, "title": "Exploring Psilocybin-Assisted Schema Therapy: A Conceptual Framework for Potential Therapeutic Synergies in Personality Disorders", "normalized_title": "exploring psilocybin assisted schema therapy a conceptual framework for potential therapeutic synergies in personality disorders", "authors": "Barbieri A.", "abstract": "Personality disorders (PDs) are characterized by rigid and maladaptive patterns of self- and interpersonal functioning, leading to high clinical burden and limited treatment outcomes. Schema Therapy (ST), an integrative psychotherapy rooted in cognitive-behavioral principles, conceptualizes PDs in terms of Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS)-pervasive cognitive-affective structures formed through unmet emotional needs-and schema modes, dynamic states organizing emotion, belief, and behavior. Evidence indicates moderate efficacy of ST, mainly for borderline personality disorder, with limited research on other Cluster B and C PDs. Emerging evidence suggests that psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, can induce enduring personality change, supporting its potential use in treating PDs. Within a predictive coding framework, the REBUS (“Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics”) and REBAS (“Revised Beliefs After Psychedelics”) models propose that psilocybin relaxes high-level priors, facilitating cognitive flexibility and revision of maladaptive self-beliefs. Conceptual parallels between EMS and high-level priors suggest that psychedelic-induced relaxation of entrenched beliefs may enhance responsiveness to ST’s experiential and cognitive interventions. Psilocybin-Assisted Schema Therapy (PAST) is proposed as a model in which psilocybin sessions are followed by integration combining psychedelic-induced cognitive flexibility with ST techniques, aimed at strengthening adaptive modes and reducing dysfunctional EMS and dysfunctional modes. PAST could be relevant in the future for enhancing outcomes and potentially reducing treatment duration in Cluster B and C PDs, pending empirical validation. Although current literature is insufficient to recommend psilocybin-assisted interventions for PDs, this theoretical article bridges computational neuroscience and clinical psychotherapy, outlining a framework for future studies on PAST feasibility, safety, and efficacy.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/v7pxn_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/v7pxn_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1135824\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 392, "title": "Psilocybin reporting in media (PRiMe) for the treatment of depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reporting in media prime for the treatment of depression", "authors": "Brar G, Burke T, Gribben AD, Harrington C, Thuery G, Kelly JR.", "abstract": "ObjectivesInterest in psilocybin as a treatment for depression has risen over the past decade, fuelled by promising clinical trials and a rapidly evolving regulatory landscape. Media coverage plays a critical role in shaping public perceptions, yet little is known about how psilocybin is portrayed in global anglophone online news for the treatment of depression.MethodsThis study examines the comprehensiveness and sentiment of English-language online news articles (n = 125) discussing psilocybin as a treatment for depression from January 2000 to May 2024. Articles were sourced from the top 30 global anglophone news outlets, assessed using a 13-item instrument for comprehensiveness, and analysed for sentiment across five thematic categories. A separate sub-analysis was completed for Irish media.ResultsFindings indicate a significant increase in coverage over time, with 43.2% of articles published between 2022 and 2024, predominantly from the USA (68%). While 90.4% of articles cited researchers, fewer addressed risks (47.2%), long-term evidence (46.4%), or patient perspectives (25%). Sentiment analysis revealed a very positive sentiment across articles which was 2.27 on a scale from -5 (most negative) to + 5 (most positive) (SD1.33), with no significant changes over the time period. Reporting on psilocybin's onset and duration of effects increased significantly, reflecting growing clinical evidence. However, coverage remains concentrated in prominent outlets, with limited attention to patient experiences and long-term safety.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the media's role in shaping discourse on emerging treatments and suggest a need for more balanced reporting to align public understanding with scientific evidence. This study provides a foundation for future research on media portrayals of psilocybin and implications for public perception and policy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/ipm.2025.10142", "pubmed_id": "41410115", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2025.10142", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41410115\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 353, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for individuals with palliative care needs: A systematic review of safety and efficacy.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for individuals with palliative care needs a systematic review of safety and efficacy", "authors": "Matos ARS, Silva AC, Rego L, Fernandes R, Gonçalves S.", "abstract": "BackgroundPalliative Care is concerned with relieving suffering and improving the quality of life of patients and their families. Currently, questions arise about how to provide patients with good end-of-life care. There has been increasing interest in the beneficial effects of using psilocybin-assisted therapy in patients with severe chronic illnesses near the end of their lives and who present symptoms of depression and/or anxiety.AimExplore the role of psilocybin-assisted therapy in palliative care, synthesizing evidence from clinical trials and longitudinal studies.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesA bibliographic search was performed in April 2024 in B-on, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed quantitative research (RCTs, longitudinal, and observational designs) with adult participants in palliative care settings, examining the efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted therapy. Reviews, gray literature, and studies outside the scope of palliative care were excluded.ResultsOf the 215 articles found, six studies (n = 74 participants; age range 22-75 years) met the inclusion criteria. Across randomized and open-label trials, psilocybin-assisted therapy produced clinically significant reductions in depression and anxiety, with 57-79% of participants achieving ⩾ 50% symptom reduction on standardized scales (e.g. HAM-D, HAM-A, BDI, STAI). Improvements were sustained for up to 6-8 months in most trials, and in one follow-up study, for up to 4.5 years. Reported adverse effects were generally mild and transient, including nausea, vomiting, and temporary increases in blood pressure and heart rate; no serious adverse events were observed.ConclusionsPsilocybin-assisted therapy consistently demonstrated efficacy and safety in the reduction of depressive and anxiety symptoms. However, more studies exploring integrating psilocybin-assisted therapy into existing palliative care healthcare systems are needed. This includes investigating the feasibility, acceptability, and cost-effectiveness of integrating psilocybin-assisted therapy into routine clinical practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02692163251383335", "pubmed_id": "41410211", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02692163251383335", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Depression, Anxiety, Quality of Life, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41410211\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 156, "title": "Exploring Psilocybin-Assisted Schema Therapy: A Conceptual Framework for Potential Therapeutic Synergies in Personality Disorders", "normalized_title": "exploring psilocybin assisted schema therapy a conceptual framework for potential therapeutic synergies in personality disorders", "authors": "", "abstract": "Personality disorders (PDs) are characterized by rigid and maladaptive patterns of self- and interpersonal functioning, leading to high clinical burden and limited treatment outcomes. Schema Therapy (ST), an integrative psychotherapy rooted in cognitive-behavioral principles, conceptualizes PDs in terms of Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS)-pervasive cognitive-affective structures formed through unmet emotional needs-and schema modes, dynamic states organizing emotion, belief, and behavior. Evidence indicates moderate efficacy of ST, mainly for borderline personality disorder, with limited research on other Cluster B and C PDs. Emerging evidence suggests that psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, can induce enduring personality change, supporting its potential use in treating PDs. Within a predictive coding framework, the REBUS (“Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics”) and REBAS (“Revised Beliefs After Psychedelics”) models propose that psilocybin relaxes high-level priors, facilitating cognitive flexibility and revision of maladaptive self-beliefs. Conceptual parallels between EMS and high-level priors suggest that psychedelic-induced relaxation of entrenched beliefs may enhance responsiveness to ST’s experiential and cognitive interventions. Psilocybin-Assisted Schema Therapy (PAST) is proposed as a model in which psilocybin sessions are followed by integration combining psychedelic-induced cognitive flexibility with ST techniques, aimed at strengthening adaptive modes and reducing dysfunctional EMS and dysfunctional modes. PAST could be relevant in the future for enhancing outcomes and potentially reducing treatment duration in Cluster B and C PDs, pending empirical validation. Although current literature is insufficient to recommend psilocybin-assisted interventions for PDs, this theoretical article bridges computational neuroscience and clinical psychotherapy, outlining a framework for future studies on PAST feasibility, safety, and efficacy.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.47626/2237-6089-2025-1273", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/v7pxn_v1", "keywords": "Early Maladaptive Schemas, Personality Disorder, Predictive Coding, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy, Schema Therapy, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"v7pxn_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 393, "title": "Which Psychotherapy Model Should be Used in Psilocybin Treatment for Depression?", "normalized_title": "which psychotherapy model should be used in psilocybin treatment for depression", "authors": "Koning E, Bacchi P, Chaves C, Gomes FA, Brietzke E.", "abstract": "ObjectiveUnipolar and bipolar depression severely impact millions of individuals worldwide, with a significant subset of cases remaining unresponsive to conventional treatments. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy; however, the optimal psychotherapeutic approach remains undefined, ranging from unstructured models rooted in historical practices to modern frameworks that are structurally tailored for depression. This narrative review proposes a conceptualization of psychotherapeutic models employed in existing interventional trials of PAP for depression and provides a preliminary comparison of their main characteristics and evidence for efficacy.MethodsThe online databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar were searched for interventional trials evaluating PAP for individuals with unipolar or bipolar depression.ResultsA total of 38 publications were reviewed, contributing to the conceptualization of two main types of psychotherapy models: 1) 'Specific' approaches (most commonly Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Perceptual-Control Therapy) and 2) 'Non-specific' models of psychological support. Both models emphasize the critical role of the therapeutic alliance, yet differ in mechanistic focus, with specific models being developed to enhance psychological flexibility and non-specific models emphasizing the concept of the 'inner-healer.' Importantly, critical gaps in the literature were identified, including methodological limitations of current evidence and the need for standardized reporting guidelines.ConclusionAlthough each PAP model differs, both may have clinical relevance in depression treatment. Future work should explore the standardized reporting of psychological interventions in PAP and comparative study designs to better evaluate non-specific and specific models and inform treatment guidelines.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.47626/2237-6089-2025-1197", "pubmed_id": "41405984", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.47626/2237-6089-2025-1197", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41405984\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Psychological Flexibility,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 294, "title": "Psilocybin in the real world: Regulatory, ethical, and operational challenges in Australia's clinical landscape.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in the real world regulatory ethical and operational challenges in australia s clinical landscape", "authors": "Dutton M, Schwenn P, Mitchell J, Hoffmann P, Bailey NW, Fitzgerald PB, Lagopoulos J, Can AT.", "abstract": "Australia's reclassification of psilocybin as a Schedule 8 substance for treatment-resistant depression represents a significant shift in psychiatric policy. While this regulatory change positions Australia as a global leader in psychedelic medicine, its implementation has revealed substantial challenges. This article critically examines the regulatory, ethical and operational complexities surrounding the provision of psilocybin-assisted therapy in clinical practice. Key issues include limited prescriber access, absence of Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods-listed products, lack of standardised training pathways and significant cost barriers. Ethical considerations such as informed consent, cultural safety and therapeutic fidelity are also discussed, particularly in the context of trauma-informed care. This article proposes a series of structural recommendations to support safe and equitable deployment, including national training accreditation and fidelity monitoring tools. In addition, to maximise the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy, we recommend that research explores the potential of neurobiologically informed stratification models to assist with treatment recommendations. These recommendations aim to enhance clinical integrity through evidence-based patient selection, improved safety, and to ensure that emerging psychedelic treatments are integrated responsibly within Australia's mental health system. By addressing these foundational gaps, Australia can move beyond regulatory novelty ensuring the therapeutic potential of these products is realised in a manner which is scientifically sound and upholds the integrity of psychiatric practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/00048674251398677", "pubmed_id": "41405025", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674251398677", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Australia, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41405025\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 229, "title": "Breaking the chains of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin therapy.", "normalized_title": "breaking the chains of depression a systematic review and meta analysis of psilocybin therapy", "authors": "Khan FA, Pandupuspitasari NS, Tencomnao T, Chuchawankul S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring hallucinogenic substance present in certain mushrooms, has drawn growing attention as a therapeutic breakthrough for several mental and psychiatric conditions. Psilocybin originated in spiritual and cultural traditions and has become the focus of extensive scientific research. This meta-analysis and systematic review aggregate results from the literature to evaluate the therapeutic function of psilocybin following PRISMA 2020. Although it is now used to treat addiction, end-of-life anxiety, and treatment-resistant depression, new research indicates that it could additionally be used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Psilocybin's regulation of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, which improves neuroplasticity, disrupts maladaptive cognitive processes and encourages emotional integration, is the backend of its therapeutic benefits. The meta-analysis results indicate that psilocybin has an outstanding capacity to reduce the symptoms of anxiety/MDD (SMD = -1.438, 95 % CI: -1.729 to -1.146, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.120882", "pubmed_id": "41419063", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120882", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41419063\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3437, "title": "Feasibility Phase 2 Study of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Opioid-Refractory Pain in Patients With Advanced Cancer", "normalized_title": "feasibility phase 2 study of psilocybin assisted therapy for opioid refractory pain in patients with advanced cancer", "authors": "Yvan Beaussant, MD, MSci", "abstract": "The overall objective of this study is to assess the feasibility, safety and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy to alleviate opioid-refractory pain in patients with advanced-cancer. The name of the study intervention used in this research study is: Psilocybin (a tryptamine derivative) This study is a phase 2 open label, single center, concurrent mixed-methods trial to assess the feasibility of a novel palliative-care informed psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy regimen to alleviate opioid-refractory pain in patients with advanced-cancer. Psilocybin works on the serotonin system in the brain which is linked to the regulation of mood, motivation and impulse control. Psilocybin is an \"Investigational\" drug, meaning that the study drug has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a treatment for any disease. However, investigators have permission from the FDA to use this drug in this research study. The research study procedures include screening for eligibility, an electrocardiogram, blood tests, and the study intervention includes preparation, evaluations, one psilocybin session and follow up visits. Participants will be followed for up to 12 weeks (approximately 3 months) after receiving the study treatment. It is expected that about 15 people will take part in this research study. Filament Health is supporting this research study by providing the study investigational medication, psilocybin. Cy Biopharma and Pancreatic Cancer North America are supporting this research study by providing funding.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06001749", "keywords": "Opioid-Related Disorders, Pain Management, Pain Management and Care, Advanced Cancer, Advanced Cancers, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06001749\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 328, "title": "Advances in Psychedelic Therapeutics: Multimodal Iboga Analogs, EEG-Guided Psilocybin Dosing, and Optimized Harmine-DMT Formulations.", "normalized_title": "advances in psychedelic therapeutics multimodal iboga analogs eeg guided psilocybin dosing and optimized harmine dmt formulations", "authors": "Renner AC, Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Emerging psychedelic therapeutics increasingly rely on mechanistic precision, receptor selectivity, and pharmacokinetic control. Recent inventions introduce simplified iboga analogs with tunable polypharmacology, real-time EEG biomarkers that individualize psilocybin dosing, and standardized harmine-DMT ratios with high bioavailability. Together, these innovations form a coherent framework for safer, more reliable, and clinically actionable psychedelic medicines.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00714", "pubmed_id": "41531985", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00714", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41531985\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 293, "title": "Psychedelic experiences elicited by serotonergic psychedelics: Molecular mechanisms and functional connectivity changes in the brain.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic experiences elicited by serotonergic psychedelics molecular mechanisms and functional connectivity changes in the brain", "authors": "Vollebregt R, Storm AEM, Lucassen PJ, Somers M.", "abstract": "Classical psychedelics, like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and psilocybin, can alter perception, emotion, and cognition, and have shown promise as 're-purposed' treatments for some psychiatric disorders. Recent trials have, e.g., demonstrated rapid and sustained symptom relief in treatment-resistant depression. While promising as a treatment, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying both the subjective and clinical effects remain incompletely understood. Also, their broader influence on (intra) cellular processes, neural circuits, and brain-wide connectivity is less well documented. Here, we review the molecular and network-level alterations induced by classical serotonergic psychedelics through a systematic review of experimental and (pre)clinical studies from 1990 onward. We focus on the short-term impact on receptor activity, intracellular signaling, and functional brain connectivity underlying the psychedelic experience. Most psychedelics primarily act as serotonin 5-HT₂A receptor agonists, initiating intracellular signaling pathways that modulate neuroplasticity, glutamate release, and cortical excitability. Psychedelics disrupt functional network connectivity, particularly within the default mode network, while enhancing global integration across brain regions. These effects are associated with subjective experiences of 'ego dissolution' and altered perception, which may contribute to their therapeutic effects. This review synthesizes findings at the molecular and systems level and their interaction during the psychedelic state. While no single model explains all effects, several overlapping theories begin to bridge receptor-level activity with large-scale brain connectivity changes. Improving our understanding of their neurobiological basis may help clarify how psychedelics act and allows for more tailored opportunities to enhance their therapeutic effects and clinical application in a stratified manner.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106529", "pubmed_id": "41412413", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106529", "keywords": "Brain, Nerve Net, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41412413\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 394, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: protocol for an open-label pilot study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for treatment resistant obsessive compulsive disorder protocol for an open label pilot study", "authors": "Ledwos N, Baer J, Husain MI, Blumberger DM, Patterson R, Hollingdrake E, Cheung E, Hawco C, Zrenner C, Zrenner B, Feusner JD, Rossell SL, Castle DJ, Zai G.", "abstract": "BackgroundObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating mental disorder commonly treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, atypical antipsychotic augmentation and cognitive-behavioural therapy. However, up to 60% of people with OCD do not respond to these treatments. Therefore, a novel intervention, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP), is an option of interest. Moreover, there is a need to better understand the mechanisms underpinning PAP's effect on OCD symptoms.AimsWe aimed to (a) establish the feasibility, tolerability and safety of administering PAP to adults with treatment-resistant OCD; (b) provide preliminary data on the clinical effects of PAP for treatment-resistant OCD, to inform the design of larger clinical trials; and (c) compare neuroimaging and neurophysiological markers pre- and post-PAP in treatment-resistant OCD.MethodIn this 12-week open-label trial, ten adults with treatment-resistant OCD will receive one 25 mg dose of psilocybin combined with psychological support. Feasibility, tolerability and safety will be assessed throughout. Clinical outcomes will be measured with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Exploratory measures will include brain imaging examining changes in dynamic connectivity from pre to post treatment, electroencephalogram to investigate changes in brain dynamics associated with psilocybin under acute conditions, and transcranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalogram measures between baseline, provocation of OCD symptoms and up to 1-week post-dose.ResultsThe study will provide important preliminary data on the feasibility and efficacy of PAP in adults with treatment-resistant OCD, as well as inform our understanding of neurobiological mechanisms.ConclusionsThe findings of the study will inform the design of larger randomised controlled trials and advance the field of psychedelic-assisted therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1192/bjo.2025.10895", "pubmed_id": "41392767", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10895", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41392767\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 397, "title": "Regional specificity of the cingulate cortex thickness association with the intensity of psilocybin experience: a replication study.", "normalized_title": "regional specificity of the cingulate cortex thickness association with the intensity of psilocybin experience a replication study", "authors": "Greguš D, Hlinka J, Tylš F, Viktorin V, Viktorinová M, Bravermanová A, Androvičová R, Andrashko V, Korčák J, Nikolič M, Adámek P, Beneš M, Páleníček T, Horáček J.", "abstract": "RATIONALE: Individual variability in psilocybin response is a major challenge for psychedelic-assisted therapy, with structural brain features potentially serving as predictive biomarkers. (Lewis et al. Biomedicines 8(2):34 2020) reported that rostral anterior cingulate cortex thickness predicted emotional experiences under psilocybin, suggesting cortical morphometry as a marker of psychedelic responsivity. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to replicate and extend these findings by examining associations between cingulate thickness and psilocybin-induced altered states of consciousness using comprehensive assessment and rigorous statistical control. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy participants underwent a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design with psilocybin (0.26 mg/kg) and placebo. High-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measured cortical thickness across cingulate subregions. Subjective effects were assessed with the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire. Analyses applied false discovery rate (FDR) correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: The primary Lewis et al. finding-that rostral anterior cingulate cortex thickness predicts emotional psilocybin responses-showed a comparable effect size (β = 0.523 vs. their range 0.324-0.572) that did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.297), likely reflecting limited statistical power given our smaller sample (N = 25 vs. N = 55). We identified an anterior-posterior gradient in cingulate thickness that significantly predicted psychedelic experience intensity (r = 0.676, FDR p = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that spatial organization within the cingulate cortex provides a neuroanatomical marker of variability in psychedelic response. Results highlight the importance of organizational patterns within the cingulate cortex, rather than focal regional measures, when predicting psychedelic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06983-9", "pubmed_id": "41389223", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06983-9", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41389223\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3254, "title": "The entropic brain today", "normalized_title": "the entropic brain today", "authors": "Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Introduced in 2014 and revised in 2018, the entropic brain hypothesis has accrued a wealth of supportive evidence. The hypothesis states that- along a dimension of breadth of conscious experience- ‘expansive states’ reliably exhibit increased brain entropy whereas the inverse applies for states of no or reduced consciousness. Examples of expansive states include those of expert meditation, flicker light stimulation, the near-death experience, atypical breathing, rapid-eye-movement sleep, the pre-ictal aura, unmedicated early psychosis and psychedelic drug states. Example states of no or reduced consciousness with low brain entropy, include disorders of consciousness, deep sleep, the anesthetized state, seizure, post-stroke, ageing, cognitive impairment, and neurodegenerative disorders. It is shown here that the entropic brain has convergent, correlative, predictive, discriminative and external validity. Regarding its predictive validity, increased brain entropy under psilocybin predicts subsequent improvements in mental health (improved well-being 1-month post-dose). Regarding its discriminative validity, changes in brain entropy selectively index the breadth of subjective experience versus alternative dimensions, such as arousal. Regarding portability/external validity, an entropy (temperature) function is used in generative artificial intelligence. In conclusion, the entropic brain is proving to be a useful model of conscious states.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/ubzq3_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ubzq3_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1133707\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Aging,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 55, "title": "The entropic brain today", "normalized_title": "the entropic brain today", "authors": "", "abstract": "Introduced in 2014 and revised in 2018, the entropic brain hypothesis has accrued a wealth of supportive evidence. The hypothesis states that- along a dimension of breadth of conscious experience- ‘expansive states’ reliably exhibit increased brain entropy whereas the inverse applies for states of no or reduced consciousness. Examples of expansive states include those of expert meditation, flicker light stimulation, the near-death experience, atypical breathing, rapid-eye-movement sleep, the pre-ictal aura, unmedicated early psychosis and psychedelic drug states. Example states of no or reduced consciousness with low brain entropy, include disorders of consciousness, deep sleep, the anesthetized state, seizure, post-stroke, ageing, cognitive impairment, and neurodegenerative disorders. It is shown here that the entropic brain has convergent, correlative, predictive, discriminative and external validity. Regarding its predictive validity, increased brain entropy under psilocybin predicts subsequent improvements in mental health (improved well-being 1-month post-dose). Regarding its discriminative validity, changes in brain entropy selectively index the breadth of subjective experience versus alternative dimensions, such as arousal. Regarding portability/external validity, an entropy (temperature) function is used in generative artificial intelligence. In conclusion, the entropic brain is proving to be a useful model of conscious states.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ubzq3_v1", "keywords": "Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Life Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"ubzq3_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Aging,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3744, "title": "Age and cannabis co-use are associated with differences in experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin: a retrospective study", "normalized_title": "age and cannabis co use are associated with differences in experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin a retrospective study", "authors": "Hooper J, Williams S, Mueller R, Hutchison K.", "abstract": "As psychedelic use increases, understanding how demographic and behavioral factors influence the effects of psychedelics is essential for both research and public health. This cross-sectional retrospective study examined 365 people who currently use psilocybin, analyzing differences in acute experiences, psychological outcomes, and substance co-use patterns. Participants were categorized into young (18-25), middle-aged (26-54), and older (55-77) adults. Results showed that younger participants reported significantly more adverse experiences while older adults had milder effects. Despite differences in adverse experiences, age did not significantly impact mystical experiences, psychological insight, or psychological outcomes. Polysubstance use patterns also varied by age, as younger adults were more likely to co-use nicotine with psilocybin. Cannabis co-use specifically was associated with greater perceived improvements in quality of life, anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse, suggesting potential synergies between psilocybin and THC. These findings emphasize that age and cannabis co-use may modulate aspects of psilocybin’s acute effects and therapeutic outcomes. Given the increasing legalization and accessibility of psychedelics, future research should further investigate mechanisms underlying individual differences and assess the impact of polysubstance use with psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/dczw2_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dczw2_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:18", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1132855\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Mystical Experience,Older Adults", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3059, "title": "Age and cannabis co-use are associated with differences in experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin: a retrospective study", "normalized_title": "age and cannabis co use are associated with differences in experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin a retrospective study", "authors": "", "abstract": "As psychedelic use increases, understanding how demographic and behavioral factors influence the effects of psychedelics is essential for both research and public health. This cross-sectional retrospective study examined 365 people who currently use psilocybin, analyzing differences in acute experiences, psychological outcomes, and substance co-use patterns. Participants were categorized into young (18-25), middle-aged (26-54), and older (55-77) adults. Results showed that younger participants reported significantly more adverse experiences while older adults had milder effects. Despite differences in adverse experiences, age did not significantly impact mystical experiences, psychological insight, or psychological outcomes. Polysubstance use patterns also varied by age, as younger adults were more likely to co-use nicotine with psilocybin. Cannabis co-use specifically was associated with greater perceived improvements in quality of life, anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse, suggesting potential synergies between psilocybin and THC. These findings emphasize that age and cannabis co-use may modulate aspects of psilocybin’s acute effects and therapeutic outcomes. Given the increasing legalization and accessibility of psychedelics, future research should further investigate mechanisms underlying individual differences and assess the impact of polysubstance use with psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/dczw2_v2", "keywords": "age, cannabis, harms, psilocybin, psychedelic, public health, well being, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Health Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"dczw2_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Mystical Experience,Older Adults", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3048, "title": "Real-World Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression: a Retrospective Observational Study", "normalized_title": "real world psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression a retrospective observational study", "authors": "Jungwirth J, Westenhöfer S, Aicher H, Provaznikova B, Kronenberg G, Seifritz E, Prinz S, Olbrich S.", "abstract": "Abstract Psilocybin has demonstrated promising antidepressant effects in depression and treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in controlled clinical trials. However, its effectiveness and safety in real-world therapeutic settings remain largely unknown. Although psilocybin is not yet approved as an antidepressant treatment, Switzerland’s unique legal framework allows its limited medical use for TRD. We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records from 19 TRD patients treated with psilocybin (20-35mg) across one to four dosing sessions at the Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich. Depression severity was assessed using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI). Changes from baseline to interim and post-treatment were analyzed, including response, remission, and the reliable change index. MADRS scores significantly decreased from baseline ( M = 30.78) to post-treatment ( M = 19.89), with a large effect size (Hedges’ g = 1.37, p", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-12-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-8079137/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8079137/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1132641\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 400, "title": "The Psychedelic Psilocin Suppresses Activity of Central Amygdala Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor 1 Neurons and Decreases Ethanol Drinking in Female Mice.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic psilocin suppresses activity of central amygdala corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 neurons and decreases ethanol drinking in female mice", "authors": "Magee SN, Sereno AC, Echeveste-Sanchez M, Shannon EG, Mohsin A, Mott SE, Faccidomo SP, Hodge CW, Herman MA.", "abstract": "Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a highly prevalent disorder with limited therapeutic options. The central amygdala (CeA) is a critical brain region as dysregulation within the CeA and the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system are associated with AUD pathology. CeA CRF1 receptors regulate alcohol drinking and have served as a therapeutic target in alcohol treatment. One emerging potential therapeutic for AUD is psilocybin. Psilocybin has been shown to decrease drinking in some clinical studies; however, the effects are variable and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Psilocybin engages many brain regions, including the CeA, and may produce therapeutic effects on drinking through interactions with CeA CRF1 neurons. The current study explores the effects of psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, on voluntary ethanol drinking and CeA CRF1 activity to understand potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of psilocin. Psilocin acutely decreased ethanol consumption in mice exposed to two different models of chronic ethanol exposure without producing changes in locomotor behavior. Psilocin increased CeA activation and decreased relative CRF1 activation in CeA subregions from ethanol-naive female CRF1:GFP mice. These results were also observed in chronic ethanol-exposed mice at 24 and 72 h withdrawal timepoints. Psilocin increased corticosterone at 24 h withdrawal but not at 72 h withdrawal. Collectively, these results demonstrate that psilocin engages CeA circuitry and decreases relative CRF1 activation, in parallel with acute reductions in drinking. These results contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the actions of psilocin and inform the interpretation of therapeutic effects in clinical studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.0652-25.2025", "pubmed_id": "41213805", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0652-25.2025", "keywords": "Neurons, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Ethanol, Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Hallucinogens, Alcohol Drinking, Female, Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, Psilocybin, CRF Receptor, Type 1", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41213805\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 399, "title": "Acute and post-dosing effects of single-dose psilocybin for obsessive-compulsive disorder in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: an interpretative phenomenological analysis.", "normalized_title": "acute and post dosing effects of single dose psilocybin for obsessive compulsive disorder in a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial an interpretative phenomenological analysis", "authors": "Ching THW, Stahnke B, Shnayder S, Agin-Liebes G, Adams TG, Amoroso L, Baiz O, Belser A, Bohner C, Burke M, D'Amico E, DePalmer G, Eilbott J, Fram G, Grazioplene R, Hokanson J, Jankovsky A, Kichuk SA, Martins B, Purohit P, Schaer H, Sierra YP, Witherow C, Pittenger C, Kelmendi B.", "abstract": "IntroductionThe subjective effects of psilocybin on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are under-explored. Therefore, we conducted a qualitative study of participant experiences from the first randomized placebo-controlled trial of single-dose psilocybin combined with unstructured and non-directive support for individuals with treatment-refractory OCD. Our research explored how participants experienced acute and post-dosing effects, the interrelationships between these effects, and participants' perspectives on therapeutic change.Materials and methodsWe conducted qualitative interviews with 12 participants approximately one month after psilocybin dosing; (six who received psilocybin in the initial randomized placebo-controlled phase, six who received open-label psilocybin following unblinding). We analyzed interview transcripts via interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and engaged in consensus decision-making to arrive at 100% intercoder agreement in the process of abstracting codes into higher-order themes.ResultsFour major themes (and several subthemes) emerged from our analysis: 1) Influences on Psilocybin Experience (i.e., Set, Setting); 2) Acute Effects (i.e., Acute perceptual effects, Acute [meta]cognitive effects, Acute emotional effects, Acute impact of OCD, Other acute effects); 3) Post-Dosing Changes in OCD (i.e., Post-dosing changes in symptoms, Post-dosing changes in perceptions of OCD); as well as 4) Post-Dosing Changes Beyond OCD Symptoms (i.e., Post-dosing [meta]cognitive changes, Other post-dosing changes). Meaningful interrelationships among codes, subthemes, and themes were the norm.DiscussionOur findings highlight the moderate to strong influences of set and setting in the nature and trajectory of participants' psilocybin experiences. We also uncovered acute, synergistic visual/perceptual, emotional/psychological, and physiological/somatic effects that map onto those commonly reported in prior psilocybin trials for other closely related indications. However, these acute effects tended to occur at lower intensities (i.e., 'partial' experiences) potentially due to acute interference by OCD symptoms. Certain acute and post-dosing (meta)cognitive and behavioral effects also map onto putative mechanisms of action in evidence-based psychotherapy for OCD (e.g., exposure and response prevention [ERP] and acceptance and commitment therapy [ACT]). These findings yielded hypotheses for future investigation, and point toward potential integration of psilocybin with structured psychotherapy approaches for OCD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1726818", "pubmed_id": "41450831", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1726818", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41450831\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 352, "title": "Stepping back into life: How Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy transforms the way of life of the terminally ill.", "normalized_title": "stepping back into life how psychedelic assisted psychotherapy transforms the way of life of the terminally ill", "authors": "Dwyer J, Johnston RB, O'Callaghan C, Ross M.", "abstract": "This qualitative study of how successful Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy (PAP) transforms the way of life of terminally ill subjects provides new knowledge for researchers and clinicians contemplating its use. Using an interpretive phenomenological approach (IPA) and interviews with subjects before and after PAP from a recent randomised control trial, we find that participants with extreme death anxiety have become displaced from their own life, afraid and alone in an all-encompassing present. PAP can enable them to fully inhabit their life in a more abundant and joyful present, even in the face of death. The psilocybin component is found to be necessary but not sufficient for this achieving this outcome. These novel findings expand our conceptualisation of death anxiety and of the personal transformation that constitutes successful PAP. Clinical trial details Australian New Zealand Clinician Trials Registry. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=378101&isReview=true registration: ACTRN12619001225101.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.002", "pubmed_id": "41418682", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.002", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Attitude to Death, Anxiety, Psychotherapy, Qualitative Research, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Terminally Ill, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41418682\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3040, "title": "Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder Maintains Abstinence Efficacy: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in alcohol use disorder maintains abstinence efficacy a scoping review", "authors": "Suspène J, Huet S, Berteina-Raboin S, Benyamina A, Baril P, Morisset-Lopez S, Serreau R.", "abstract": "Alcohol use disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by excessive alcohol consumption. The drugs that are used to treat it often fail to prevent relapse. At the same time, psilocybin is increasingly being investigated for the treatment of various substance use disorders. This review aims to evaluate the results of the most recent clinical trials assessing psilocybin as a treatment for alcohol use disorder. According to these trials, psilocybin seems to reduce craving but its effect on overall alcohol consumption is less clear. There is no doubt that future trials would benefit from larger sample sizes and standardized tests.", "journal": "Qeios", "publication_date": "2025-12-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.32388/xcfsag.2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.32388/xcfsag.2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1132205\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Qeios\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 354, "title": "Psilocybin in late-life mental health: Addressing depression, loneliness, and existential anxiety.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in late life mental health addressing depression loneliness and existential anxiety", "authors": "Konstantinou GN, Rosenblat J, Hales S, Husain MI, Blumberger DM.", "abstract": "The global demographic shift toward aging populations has intensified the need for innovative therapeutic interventions targeting late-life mental health conditions, notably depression, loneliness, and existential distress. Traditional pharmacological treatments often exhibit limited efficacy and poor tolerability in older patients, primarily due to age-related physiological changes and the challenges associated with polypharmacy. Recently, psychedelic-assisted therapy, particularly psilocybin, has gained attention for its potential antidepressant and psychological benefits. This comprehensive review critically evaluates the current evidence supporting psilocybin's effectiveness in older populations and elucidates its neurobiological mechanisms, including serotonergic modulation, enhanced neuroplasticity, and the disruption of maladaptive default mode network activity. Clinical trials in general adult samples demonstrate sustained improvements in depressive symptoms, existential anxiety, and social connectedness following psilocybin administration, suggesting its distinct therapeutic potential beyond conventional treatments. However, geriatric populations are underrepresented in psychedelic research, creating significant knowledge gaps regarding dosing, safety profiles, and long-term outcomes. Pharmacokinetic complexities, cardiovascular risks, and drug interactions necessitate age-specific therapeutic protocols. Ethical considerations, including the complexities of informed consent in cases of cognitive impairment, further underscore the importance of tailored approaches. Future directions must prioritize dedicated geriatric studies that incorporate rigorous safety assessments and integrate findings into existing geriatric care frameworks to fully assess the potential of psilocybin for enhancing late-life mental health and quality of life.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.005", "pubmed_id": "41401486", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.005", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Loneliness, Existentialism, Aging, Aged, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41401486\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 332, "title": "Psilocybin induces sex- and context-specific recruitment of the stress axis.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces sex and context specific recruitment of the stress axis", "authors": "Cook SG, Lee S, Ference E, Shi Y, Baimoukhametova D, Rojas-Carvajal M, Hen R, Bains JS, Turi GF, Füzesi T.", "abstract": "Following decades of prohibition, psychedelic drugs have reemerged as promising therapeutics for stress-related conditions, including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Still, their impact on stress-related brain regions and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis remains unclear. This work explores the acute effects of psilocybin on the primary regulators of the HPA axis: corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (CRHPVN). Here, using blood plasma measurements and in vivo single-fiber photometry, we demonstrate that psilocybin induces robust activation of the HPA axis via CRHPVN neurons, with more pronounced responses observed in female mice and a reliance on serotonergic 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. Ex vivo electrophysiology indicates that the 5-HT2A-receptor-mediated effects involve dual mechanisms: direct post-synaptic depolarization of CRHPVN neurons and increased presynaptic glutamate release. Our findings also reveal that psilocybin alters how CRHPVN neurons react to environmental changes, resulting in a surprising decrease in activity that contrasts with typical elevated stress responses. This context-specific modulation may be a key mechanism underlying the therapeutic potential of psychedelics to recalibrate maladaptive stress reactivity. Our findings emphasize the interplay between the serotonergic and stress systems and support the considerable influence of contextual factors, i.e., \"setting,\" on the psychedelic experience. This study provides the first real-time in vivo evidence of neuronal activation of the stress system following psilocybin administration and has significant implications for optimizing the therapeutic efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.031", "pubmed_id": "41371219", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.031", "keywords": "Pituitary-Adrenal System, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, Neurons, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Hallucinogens, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41371219\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 256, "title": "The Relationship Between Participant Pretreatment Clinical Presentation and the Quality of Psilocybin Experience: A Retrospective Analysis.", "normalized_title": "the relationship between participant pretreatment clinical presentation and the quality of psilocybin experience a retrospective analysis", "authors": "Kirlić N, Atli M, Mistry S, Gold M, Goodwin GM.", "abstract": "Purpose/backgroundThe therapeutic effects of psilocybin treatment are thought to be influenced by the subjective dose-dependent psychedelic experience, as well as the individual participant's mindset and the treatment environment. However, the relative contribution of an individual's pretreatment clinical characteristics and their subjective psychedelic experience remains unclear. We examined the relationship between pretreatment participant factors and the acute effects of COMP360 psilocybin.Methods/proceduresParticipants (N=233) with treatment-resistant depression received a single dose of 25, 10, or 1 mg of COMP360 psilocybin (a synthesized, pharmaceutical-grade, proprietary formulation of psilocybin, developed by the sponsor, Compass Pathfinder Ltd., a subsidiary of Compass Pathways plc: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03775200). The psychedelic experience was assessed by the Five-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire (5D-ASC) and Emotional Breakthrough Inventory (EBI). We used hierarchical regression to measure the relative contribution of pretreatment clinical characteristics (along the cognitive-affective, somatic, and functional impairment domains) in addition to the drug dose to the subjective psychedelic experience.Findings/resultsDose was the strongest and most consistent predictor of the psychedelic experience. Some pretreatment characteristics contributed weakly to subjective experiences. Positive affect, lower generalized anxiety symptoms, higher executive functioning, and greater personality disorder symptoms had significant effects on different aspects of the subjective psychedelic experience.Implications/conclusionsThese findings challenge the assumption that pretreatment characteristics are major determinants of the acute psychedelic experience. While some traits may modestly modulate aspects of the experience, dose remains the largest driver.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/jcp.0000000000002119", "pubmed_id": "41362124", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000002119", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41362124\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 79, "title": "Suggested Guidelines for Applying a Systemic Lens to Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "suggested guidelines for applying a systemic lens to psychedelic assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Lappan SN, Davis SD.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated efficacy in treating individual mental health conditions such as addiction, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. However, current research predominantly focuses on individual experiences, overlooking the relational and systemic factors that influence healing and long-term therapeutic outcomes. This conceptual article proposes a systemic approach to psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and research, integrating relational principles to explore the impact of psychedelic experiences on interpersonal dynamics, attachment patterns, and family systems. The proposed research design outlines a 10-session systemic research protocol involving preparation, psilocybin administration, and integration, with sessions that include significant relational figures, such as partners or family members. Outcome measures are outlined to assess relational quality, attachment security, communication patterns, emotional intimacy, and intergenerational trauma using validated psychometric tools. Systemic theories inform the therapeutic framework, including Bowenian family systems theory, structural family therapy, emotionally focused therapy, and contextual family therapy. By incorporating relational dynamics into psychedelic-assisted therapy, this article seeks to help bridge a critical gap in the existing literature and inform the development of integrative treatment models that promote long-term, systemic change beyond individual symptom reduction.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251404021", "pubmed_id": "42131862", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251404021", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42131862\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 296, "title": "Disengaged: A systematic review of community engagement in psychedelic-assisted therapy research.", "normalized_title": "disengaged a systematic review of community engagement in psychedelic assisted therapy research", "authors": "Reid MR, Song J, Boehnke KF, Buchanan NT, Aday JS.", "abstract": "People of color have been significantly underincluded in psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) research, despite facing challenges commonly addressed in PAT and often more severe symptoms. It may be the case that people of color are underincluded because PAT researchers have not used approaches designed to promote sample diversity. Community-engaged research (CEnR) is a research paradigm that has demonstrated success in promoting participant diversity. We hypothesize that the absence of CEnR in psychedelic science may be a contributing factor to the lack of diversity in psychedelic studies. To examine the prevalence of CEnR practices in PAT research, we conducted a systematic review of the past 10 years of psilocybin, MDMA, and LSD clinical trials in the United States. We reviewed each study (N = 27) to assess whether researchers incorporated CEnR using the Continuum of Community Engagement and reached out to each individual study team to ensure comprehensiveness. Our analysis revealed that only 3/27 (11.11 %) studies incorporated CEnR. In the rare instances CEnR was integrated, PAT researchers used community consultation, which involves relatively little engagement with community members. To improve representation in PAT trials, we recommending incorporating the CEnR principles of 1) mapping and engaging local stakeholders, 2) leveraging existing university-hospital infrastructures, 3) co-designing research and outreach initiatives, 4) securing dedicated CEnR resources, and 5) establishing mechanisms for ongoing evaluation. This systematic review supports that there has been a paucity of community-engaged practices in PAT research, which can be addressed by incorporating our recommendations for implementing CEnR in PAT studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106516", "pubmed_id": "41365426", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106516", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Community-Based Participatory Research, Community Participation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41365426\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 201, "title": "The effect of dextromethorphan on reward-related behaviors: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence.", "normalized_title": "the effect of dextromethorphan on reward related behaviors a systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence", "authors": "Teopiz KM, Le GH, Wong S, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "IntroductionExtant literature suggests that anhedonia, defined as a loss of the ability to feel pleasure or interest, is subserved by dysregulation of reward processing in the central nervous system. Dextromethorphan (DXM), an uncompetitive N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist and sigma-1 (σ1) receptor agonist, is a glutamatergic modulator with antidepressant properties. The effect of DXM on reward-related outcomes remains inadequately characterized. Herein, we conducted a systematic review of extant literature reporting on the effects of DXM on reward-related behaviors in both preclinical and clinical studies.MethodsA systematic search of the literature was conducted on online databases (PubMed, OVID, Scopus, Web of Science) of published articles from inception to January 2025. Preclinical and clinical studies that reported on the effect of DXM on reward outcomes were assessed.ResultsPreclinical studies (n = 13) indicate that administration of DXM attenuates reward-seeking behavior in rats as measured primarily by performance in the conditioned place preference test and behavioral sensitization. In a single human study (n = 1) evaluating DXM in healthy participants (n = 20), self-reported drug-liking for DXM (400 mg/70 kg) was significantly lower in comparison to psilocybin (20 mg and 30 mg) at 7 h after the dosing session.DiscussionExtant literature suggests that DXM administration attenuates reward-related behaviors in rats. There is a paucity of human studies investigating the effect of DXM on reward outcomes. Future research should prioritize the investigation of the effect of DXM on reward function using validated reward paradigms in persons with anhedonia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.120836", "pubmed_id": "41360373", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120836", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Rats, Dextromethorphan, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Reward, Anhedonia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41360373\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3625, "title": "Investigating the Effects of a Psychedelic-augmented Mental Imagery-based Intervention for Young People With Self-harm Behaviour: an Experimental Medicine Study", "normalized_title": "investigating the effects of a psychedelic augmented mental imagery based intervention for young people with self harm behaviour an experimental medicine study", "authors": "Imperial College London", "abstract": "Approximately 20% of young people experience self-harm behaviour in their lives. Self-harm can occur across different mental health disorders, and lead to negative outcomes and risk of suicide. Current treatments are long, costly and do not suit all young people, making it essential to research alternative treatments. Therapy combined with psychedelic drugs has recently been shown to be helpful in a variety of mental health disorders, including depression. This research project will explore the mechanisms by which combining a low dose of psychedelic psilocybin with a cognitive technique may target self-harm behaviour in young people (aged 16-25). Previous research has shown that mental images of self-harm are common among individuals who self-harm and can increase the urge to self-harm. Imagery Re-Scripting (ImRS) is a cognitive technique that guides an individual to replace mental imagery driving self-harm with an alternative image that will instead discourage self-harm and promote alternative coping strategies. However, during ImRS individuals may fear bringing negative mental images and emotions to mind, hindering the process. Psychedelic substances can increase the ability to tolerate difficult emotions, make thinking styles more flexible and individuals more open to change. Based on this, the aim is to test if enhancing a cognitive technique with a low dose psychedelic can modify the cognitive mechanisms maintaining self- harm behaviour. The aim is to examine the effect of a sub-hallucinogenic dose of psilocybin in combination with ImRS on cognitive processes, such as experiencing vivid mental images, and whether it can reduce these mental images and associated negative emotions in young people with recent self-harm behaviour above the effects of ImRS alone. The hypothesis is that psilocybin could facilitate confronting the emotions that arise during ImRS and make it easier to generate new helpful mental imagery. These experimental data could lay the foundation for future treatment development targeting self-harm in young people.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06798636", "keywords": "Self Harm, Psilocybin 5 mg with cognitive behavioural therapy intervention, Psilocybin, Placebo with cognitive behavioural therapy intervention, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06798636\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 401, "title": "Investigational psilocybin treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder: a qualitative study of participant experience, trauma engagement, and differences from standard treatment.", "normalized_title": "investigational psilocybin treatment for post traumatic stress disorder a qualitative study of participant experience trauma engagement and differences from standard treatment", "authors": "Modlin NL, Williamson V, Goodwin GM, Malievskaia E, Atli M, Elek Z, Gaillard A, Koelpin D, Cleare A, Agrawal M, Yehuda R, Kirlic N, Rucker J.", "abstract": "BackgroundPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition leading to significant personal and societal burden. Standard treatments frequently demonstrate limited efficacy, leading to persistent symptoms and high dropout rates. Psilocybin has shown promise in treating depression, a condition that is often comorbid with PTSD. We aimed to explore participant experiences of psilocybin treatment for PTSD, emphasising the role of monitoring and support for safety, direct and indirect engagement with trauma-related material during psilocybin treatment, and differences between psilocybin and standard treatments.MethodsThis qualitative study was nested within a quantitative, open-label phase 2 trial assessing the safety and tolerability of COMP360 psilocybin in adults with PTSD. Eligible participants were adults (18 years or older) who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria for PTSD secondary to a traumatic event experienced in adulthood. Recruitment was conducted at three sites across two countries: two in the United States and one in the United Kingdom. Enrolled participants underwent standardised preparation, a single psilocybin administration session, and follow-up integration sessions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted before, the day after, and 12 weeks post-treatment. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, which is a distinct and theoretically grounded approach to co-construction of recurring themes pertaining to participants' preparedness for treatment, how participants' index trauma presented during treatment, and how psilocybin compared to standard treatments. The quantitative phase 2 trial, which the present qualitative study is nested within, is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05312151.FindingsBetween June 10, 2022, and Feb 12, 2024, 21 participants were enrolled and participated in this qualitative sub-study and completed the in-person qualitative interviews. The analysis revealed four core themes: (1) non-pharmacological factors for psychological safety and trust, (2) the experiential nature of psilocybin treatment, (3) engagement with trauma-related material during psilocybin treatment, and (4) comparative reflections on prior therapies and psilocybin treatment. Emphasising safety, treatment education, and informed consent, the treatment facilitated an experience of both direct and indirect engagement with trauma-related material during psilocybin treatment. Unlike standard treatments requiring direct confrontation with trauma memories, psilocybin appears to enable a broader, indirect engagement with traumatic material via a range of affective, somatic and self-transcendent experiences (e.g., moments of perceived unity, dissolution of self, or felt connection with a larger whole).InterpretationOur qualitative findings suggests that psilocybin treatment, when administered with standardised preparation and treatment support, may offer a meaningful therapeutic opportunity for Patients with PTSD. Future work should include larger controlled studies and use mixed methods to explore how symptom change, functional outcomes, and patient narratives interact.FundingCompass Pathways, plc.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103692", "pubmed_id": "41497513", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103692", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41497513\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 318, "title": "Psilocybin triggers an activity-dependent rewiring of large-scale cortical networks.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin triggers an activity dependent rewiring of large scale cortical networks", "authors": "Jiang Q, Shao LX, Yao S, Savalia NK, Gilbert AD, Davoudian PA, Nothnagel JD, Tian G, Hung TS, Lai HM, Beier KT, Zeng H, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "Psilocybin holds promise as a treatment for mental illnesses. One dose of psilocybin induces structural remodeling of dendritic spines in the medial frontal cortex in mice. The dendritic spines would be innervated by presynaptic neurons, but the sources of these inputs have not been identified. Here, using monosynaptic rabies tracing, we map the brain-wide distribution of inputs to frontal cortical pyramidal neurons. We discover that psilocybin's effect on connectivity is network specific, strengthening the routing of inputs from perceptual and medial regions (homolog of the default mode network) to subcortical targets while weakening inputs that are part of cortico-cortical recurrent loops. The pattern of synaptic reorganization depends on the drug-evoked spiking activity because silencing a presynaptic region during psilocybin administration disrupts the rewiring. Collectively, the results reveal the impact of psilocybin on the connectivity of large-scale cortical networks and demonstrate neural activity modulation as an approach to sculpt the psychedelic-evoked neural plasticity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.cell.2025.11.009", "pubmed_id": "41352354", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2025.11.009", "keywords": "Pyramidal Cells, Cerebral Cortex, Frontal Lobe, Nerve Net, Dendritic Spines, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Hallucinogens, Neuronal Plasticity, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41352354\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Default Mode Network,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3754, "title": "Defining ‘psychedelic’", "normalized_title": "defining psychedelic", "authors": "Ostrand A, Nour M, Timmermann C, Rosati A, Luan LX, Gómez-Emilsson A, Bornemann J, Greenway K, Roseman L, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Humphry Osmond coined the term ‘psychedelic’ in 1956, conjoining ‘psyche’ for ‘soul’ and ‘delic’ from ‘dêlos’ for ‘to manifest’ or ‘illuminate.’ Soul-illumination is an adjective that describes a psychological state or process. However, Osmond’s intention was to use the adjective to name- not just a state- but a category of drug that can induce the subjective effect as its principal action; thus, when used in this way, psychedelic becomes a ‘nominalized adjective;’ describing a ‘thing’ (i.e., a drug) that can induce the described state. Consistent with the etymology of psychedelic, the present work is guided by phenomenology, recognizing its fundamental ontology. Accordingly, we examine the main subjective effect of three different psychoactive drugs, psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA (variable label, Drug). Over two-hundred participants rated Delphi-derived subjective rating scale items based on their personal experiences with all three drugs. Factor analyses revealed 3 or 4 sufficiently independent dimensions of subjective experience (variable label, Effects). A machine learning classifier successfully predicted Drug from Effects, validating the hypothesis that psilocybin, ketamine and MDMA are categorically distinct as determined by their differential ability to induce the following Effects: 1) visions and psychological insight (psilocybin), 2) dissociation (ketamine) and 3) pro-social feelings, epitomized by feelings of love (MDMA). We conclude that psilocybin is an exemplar psychedelic drug- a category of drug definable by the induction of a psychedelic state- the quintessential psychedelic phenomenon. This state is characterized by visions and psychological insight.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/5ybhk_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5ybhk_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1130688\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3692, "title": "Standardized Natural Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy for Tapering of Opioid Medication in Patients With Chronic Pain: an Open-label Feasibility Study", "normalized_title": "standardized natural psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for tapering of opioid medication in patients with chronic pain an open label feasibility study", "authors": "University of British Columbia", "abstract": "This is an open-label pilot trial to assess the safety and feasibility of a novel 8-week psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy intervention to facilitate successful tapering/discontinuation of opioid pain medication in adult patients receiving long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain. Participation will last approximately 8 months and includes one or two psilocybin-assisted therapy sessions. The study will evaluate the incidence and severity of adverse events during and after treatment, the number of participants who drop out of the study for intervention-related reasons, and the self-reported benefits and harms of the intervention. The purpose of this pilot study is to establish the safety and tolerability of a therapeutic intervention using psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a novel treatment for opioid tapering in a sample of patients with chronic pain. Participants will be patients who have failed previous attempts to reduce their use of opioid medication and who have no medical or psychological contraindications for psilocybin administration. This pilot study involves an 8-week open-label, non-randomized therapeutic intervention and a 6-month follow-up period. To provide a supportive context for the drug experience, participants will receive preparatory and integrative sessions following an acceptance and commitment therapy model for psychedelic therapy. The physician-supervised opioid taper will begin following the first psilocybin dosing session (25mg) after an integration session with therapists, and a second optional psilocybin dosing session (37.5mg) will be facilitated one month later. Assessments will be completed at baseline, and at follow-up points at 1-month, 3-months and 6-months post-intervention to evaluate both acute and long-term effects of the intervention. Primary outcomes of interest are rates of adverse events, retention rates, and patient perceptions of intervention tolerability. Preliminary efficacy of the treatment will be evaluated by tracking opioid reduction rates and long-term maintenance of these reductions. Other measures of interest include qualities of the psychedelic experience, opioid cravings and withdrawal, chronic pain symptoms, and psychological mechanisms.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05585229", "keywords": "Opioid Dependence, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy, PEX010, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05585229\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Safety,Adverse Events,Contraindications", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3513, "title": "A Phase 2b, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-center Study of the Effects of Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy on Psychiatric and Existential Distress in Advanced Cancer", "normalized_title": "a phase 2b randomized double blind placebo controlled multi center study of the effects of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy on psychiatric and existential distress in advanced cancer", "authors": "NYU Langone Health", "abstract": "The purpose of this research is to study the safety and effects of single-dose psilocybin 25mg versus an active placebo (single dose niacin 100mg) in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and existential distress (i.e., loss of meaning and hope; fear of death) in advanced cancer (i.e., stage 3 or 4). Study medications will be administered in conjunction with brief psychotherapy that is designed to treat anxiety, depression and existential distress in advanced cancer. This trial is designed to evaluate efficacy and psychological mechanisms of single-dose psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) to treat psychiatric (anxiety, depression) and existential distress (demoralization, death anxiety), and quality-of-life (QOL), in 200 outpatients with late-stage or advanced cancer. The study will assess the strength and durability of therapeutic effects in a double-blind, parallel-design, placebo-controlled, two-center RCT comparing a single 25mg oral 'high' dose of psilocybin to a single 100mg dose of niacin (active placebo), both delivered in conjunction with a psychotherapy platform.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-12-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05398484", "keywords": "Advanced Cancer, Psilocybin 25 mgs, Niacin 100mg, Psychotherapy, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05398484\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\",\"PHASE3\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3147, "title": "Defining ‘psychedelic’", "normalized_title": "defining psychedelic", "authors": "", "abstract": "Humphry Osmond coined the term ‘psychedelic’ in 1956, conjoining ‘psyche’ for ‘soul’ and ‘delic’ from ‘dêlos’ for ‘to manifest’ or ‘illuminate.’ Soul-illumination is an adjective that describes a psychological state or process. However, Osmond’s intention was to use the adjective to name- not just a state- but a category of drug that can induce the subjective effect as its principal action; thus, when used in this way, psychedelic becomes a ‘nominalized adjective;’ describing a ‘thing’ (i.e., a drug) that can induce the described state. Consistent with the etymology of psychedelic, the present work is guided by phenomenology, recognizing its fundamental ontology. Accordingly, we examine the main subjective effect of three different psychoactive drugs, psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA (variable label, Drug). Over two-hundred participants rated Delphi-derived subjective rating scale items based on their personal experiences with all three drugs. Factor analyses revealed 3 or 4 sufficiently independent dimensions of subjective experience (variable label, Effects). A machine learning classifier successfully predicted Drug from Effects, validating the hypothesis that psilocybin, ketamine and MDMA are categorically distinct as determined by their differential ability to induce the following Effects: 1) visions and psychological insight (psilocybin), 2) dissociation (ketamine) and 3) pro-social feelings, epitomized by feelings of love (MDMA). We conclude that psilocybin is an exemplar psychedelic drug- a category of drug definable by the induction of a psychedelic state- the quintessential psychedelic phenomenon. This state is characterized by visions and psychological insight.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-12-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/5ybhk_v1", "keywords": "classic psychedelics, consciousness, hallucinogen, ketamine, mdma, psilocybin, psychedelic, psychedelics, psychedelic therapy, psychedelic trip, serotonin, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"5ybhk_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 403, "title": "Questioning the recovery of dissociated traumatic memories under psilocybin: comment on \"Therapeutic emergence of dissociated traumatic memories during psilocybin treatment for anorexia nervosa\".", "normalized_title": "questioning the recovery of dissociated traumatic memories under psilocybin comment on therapeutic emergence of dissociated traumatic memories during psilocybin treatment for anorexia nervosa", "authors": "Kangaslampi S, Wolff M, Doss MK, Kloft-Heller L, Otgaar H.", "abstract": "In their recent case report article, Peck and colleagues suggested that two patients recovered dissociated traumatic memories during psilocybin treatment for anorexia nervosa. These case reports are of clinical and scientific interest and confirm that psychedelics may induce vivid memory-like experiences. However, the reports warrant scrutiny. Here, based on what is known about recovered memories and the effects of psychedelics, we argue that the authors may not have adequately considered alternative explanations. The cases do not necessarily demonstrate that psilocybin induces recovery of dissociated traumatic memories or could treat dissociative amnesia. We further caution against the authors' suggestion of explicitly preparing patients for the emergence of forgotten material.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-025-01484-8", "pubmed_id": "41345723", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-025-01484-8", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41345723\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 402, "title": "Novel psychedelic interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder and their promise for precision medicine.", "normalized_title": "novel psychedelic interventions for post traumatic stress disorder and their promise for precision medicine", "authors": "Dodds C, Dawson R, Lim A, Tye S, Nasrallah F.", "abstract": "Novel interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) leverage the psychoactive properties of psychedelic compounds, such as ketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and psilocybin, which may overcome limitations of conventional treatments. Through the modulation of pathways involved in synaptic plasticity, psychedelic interventions are believed to enhance the mechanisms underlying memory processing and extinction. Multi-modal approaches to patient care can use existing treatments in combination with psychedelics to improve the efficacy of current psychotherapies, producing rapid and lasting improvement to chronic physiological and psychological symptoms. Modern methods for predicting treatment response will allow clinicians to personalise psychedelic interventions to the individual, capitalising on quantitative evidence to provide precision medical care. This review serves to identify limitations of the current treatment paradigm for PTSD, highlight how emerging psychedelic interventions may offer a solution to these considerations and explore the promise of precision medicine approaches for the future of PTSD treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251396255", "pubmed_id": "41362593", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253251396255", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41362593\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 404, "title": "Comment on: Effect of psilocybin therapy on suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths in people with psychiatric diagnoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "comment on effect of psilocybin therapy on suicidal ideation attempts and deaths in people with psychiatric diagnoses a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Machado T, Rodrigues ASL, Costa J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-12-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251397590", "pubmed_id": "41356122", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253251397590", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41356122\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3252, "title": "Safety, feasibility, and tolerability of psilocybin in older adults with amnestic MCI: Preliminary data from a SV2a PET imaging study", "normalized_title": "safety feasibility and tolerability of psilocybin in older adults with amnestic mci preliminary data from a sv2a pet imaging study", "authors": "Bukovsky D, Amaev A, Song J, Torres-Carmona E, Kyte S, Ueno F, Deluca V, Bowie C, Flint A, Husain I, Graff-Guerrero A, Gerretsen P.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12740486", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12740486\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Older Adults,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3231, "title": "Psilocybin Maintains Better Brain Function in an Alzheimer’s Disease Model with Reduced Neuroinflammation and Improved Hippocampal Neurogenesis", "normalized_title": "psilocybin maintains better brain function in an alzheimer s disease model with reduced neuroinflammation and improved hippocampal neurogenesis", "authors": "Madhu L, Somayaji Y, Kotian S, Attaluri S, Patel J, Panda P, Rao V, Kodali M, Shankar G, Rao S, Weintraub S, Shuai B, Rao X, Shetty A.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12739712", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12739712\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neurogenesis,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3166, "title": "Limited prognostic value of early maladaptive schemas for acute psychedelic experience and symptom improvement", "normalized_title": "limited prognostic value of early maladaptive schemas for acute psychedelic experience and symptom improvement", "authors": "Buchard A, Seragnoli F, Sabe M, Eskinazi M, Aboulafia T, Furtado L, Briefer J, Roediger E, Penzenstadler L, Zullino D, Thorens G.", "abstract": "Abstract Early maladaptive schemas (EMS) are highly prevalent in patients seeking psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and correlate strongly with baseline depression and anxiety. This study characterized EMS in 192 adults and longitudinally followed 74 patients receiving psilocybin- or LSD-assisted therapy. We found that baseline schema burden, particularly related to failure and defectiveness, was linked to cognitive-depressive symptoms but did not predict the quality of the acute psychedelic experience or moderate overall symptom improvement. While patients experienced significant reductions in both depression and anxiety symptoms with each session, these changes were dependent on initial symptom severity, not their schema profile. Treatment effects were comparable between psilocybin and LSD. These findings suggest the clinical utility of EMS lies not in patient selection or outcome prediction, but in identifying key cognitive-emotional themes, such as core beliefs about failure, to be targeted during psychotherapeutic integration.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-8214817/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8214817/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1128933\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3154, "title": "Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: Outcomes from a Large-Scale Compassionate Use Cohort in Switzerland", "normalized_title": "real world effectiveness and safety of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy outcomes from a large scale compassionate use cohort in switzerland", "authors": "Aboulafia-Brakha T, Buchard A, Mabilais C, Alaux S, Amberger C, Furtado L, Seragnoli F, Briefer J, Thorens G, Sabé M, Szczesniak L, Iuga R, Zullino D, Penzenstadler L.", "abstract": "Background Classic serotonergic psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin show promising antidepressant effects in controlled trials, but real-world data from routine clinical care remain limited. Methods This study retrospectively analysed routine data from adults with treatment-resistant depressive and/or anxiety disorders who received a first standardized Psychedelic-assisted Psychotherapy (PAP) cycle with 100 µg LSD or 25 mg psilocybin at a Swiss university hospital (May 2024-October 2025). Self-reported depression (BDI) and trait anxiety (STAI-T) were assessed at screening, one month before treatment, and 1-3 months post-treatment. In a subset of participants, cognitive emotion regulation (CERQ) was assessed pre- and post-treatment. Subjective drug effects and adverse events were recorded on the treatment day. Results The sample consisted of 115 patients (56.5% female; Mean age = 47.5 years). Depressive and anxiety symptoms significantly decreased over time (BDI: F(2,178) = 63.50, p < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.42; STAI-T: F(1.74,145.9) = 16.97, p < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.17), with no main effect of substance. CERQ analyses indicated reduced self-blame, rumination and catastrophizing, and increased positive refocusing and reappraisal. Perceived intensity followed distinct temporal profiles for LSD and psilocybin, but comparable subjective drug effects and clinical outcomes. Adverse events were mostly mild and transient, with no serious complications or treatment discontinuations. Conclusions In this compassionate-use real-world cohort, a first fully-active dose PAP session with LSD or psilocybin was well tolerated and associated with significant improvements in depressive and anxiety symptoms. These findings support the feasibility and effectiveness of PAP in specialised routine care.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.12.01.25341335", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.12.01.25341335", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1128175\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2003, "title": "Towards \"unmakable\" psychedelics: SAR exploration of psilocin analogs obtained by a HATU-mediated amide coupling strategy", "normalized_title": "towards unmakable psychedelics sar exploration of psilocin analogs obtained by a hatu mediated amide coupling strategy", "authors": "Stirn Judith, Berger Raphael, Hübner Harald, Gmeiner Peter, Klein Christian D.", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports", "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.ejmcr.2025.100278", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmcr.2025.100278", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ejmcr.2025.100278\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/0163-7258(94)00005-n\",\"10.1021/cr078224o\",\"10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00043\",\"10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00375\",\"10.1038/s41429-020-0311-8\",\"10.9758/cpn.23.1134\",\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.05.001\",\"10.1021/acsptsci.0c00176\",\"10.1038/s41593-023-01316-5\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.1384-23.2023\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.018\",\"10.3390/metabo12080705\",\"10.1038/s41386-023-01744-8\",\"10.1021/acsptsci.2c00222\",\"10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00058\",\"10.1016/0028-3908(90)90001-8\",\"10.1002/jhet.5570140113\",\"10.1021/acsomega.0c02387\",\"10.1002/jhet.5570180131\",\"10.1039/d0md00370k\",\"10.1021/jm020153s\",\"10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.033\",\"10.1021/jo01096a606\",\"10.1021/jo00352a001\",\"10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.007\",\"10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01746\",\"10.1021/ja4051235\",\"10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.09.085\",\"10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.015\",\"10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00759\",\"10.1039/d0sc03999c\",\"10.1021/ja00063a082\",\"10.1021/cr100048w\",\"10.1039/jr9600001633\",\"10.1039/b910239f\",\"10.1055/s-0039-1691565\",\"10.1016/s0040-4039(00)91707-6\",\"10.1021/jo00293a013\",\"10.1021/jo901108u\",\"10.1055/s-0037-1610848\",\"10.1016/s0040-4039(00)96130-6\",\"10.1039/p19770000924\",\"10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9\",\"10.1097/00001756-199812010-00024\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4610-0\",\"10.1177/0269881120986422\",\"10.3389/fphar.2017.00974\",\"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106086\",\"10.1038/s41467-023-44016-1\",\"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107933\",\"10.1007/s002130050740\",\"10.1007/s11055-016-0311-0\",\"10.3390/ijms232214148\",\"10.1038/s41467-025-57956-7\",\"10.1016/s0022-3565(24)39293-6\",\"10.1038/s41557-022-00979-0\",\"10.1039/d1qo01351c\"],\"reference_count\":62}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 413, "title": "Correction: Short- and long-term modulation of rat prefrontal cortical activity following single doses of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "correction short and long term modulation of rat prefrontal cortical activity following single doses of psilocybin", "authors": "Purple RJ, Gupta R, Thomas CW, Golden CT, Palomero-Gallagher N, Carhart-Harris R, Froudist-Walsh S, Jones MW.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03231-6", "pubmed_id": "40913115", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03231-6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40913115\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 407, "title": "Psilocybin reduces comorbid chronic pain and depression in mice.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces comorbid chronic pain and depression in mice", "authors": "Ferreira J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41684-025-01663-9", "pubmed_id": "41298885", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41684-025-01663-9", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41298885\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 406, "title": "Sudden Loss of Consciousness Following Psilocybin Ingestion.", "normalized_title": "sudden loss of consciousness following psilocybin ingestion", "authors": "Downey AE, Tai ML, Bradley ER, Woolley JD.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20250037", "pubmed_id": "41320824", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20250037", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41320824\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 405, "title": "Acute Blockade of the Serotonin Transporter With Low Doses of Escitalopram Does Not Alter the Behavioural Responses to Acute Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "acute blockade of the serotonin transporter with low doses of escitalopram does not alter the behavioural responses to acute psilocybin", "authors": "Kleditzsch N, Gattuso JJ, Hannan AJ, Renoir T.", "abstract": "The psychedelic psilocybin has gained popularity in recent years as a therapy for treatment-resistant depression and has been reported to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. Psilocybin's active metabolite, psilocin, possesses a binding affinity for serotonin receptors as well as for the serotonin transporter (5-HTT). We recently reported that in contrast to wild-type mice, psilocybin did not induce hyperlocomotion and head-twitch responses in mice genetically lacking 5-HTT, suggesting an involvement of 5-HTT in mediating these effects. To further assess the specific role of 5-HTT in psilocybin's acute behavioural effects, we treated C57BL/6 mice with the highly selective 5-HTT inhibitor escitalopram (2.5-5 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to psilocybin administration (1 mg/kg, i.p.), and measured acute behavioural effects including head-twitch response and locomotor activity. We found that acute psilocybin administration increased locomotor activity and induced head twitches, and that escitalopram did not alter these effects. Our study using low doses of escitalopram reveals no direct involvement of 5-HTT in mediating the acute effects of psilocybin in mice, and instead suggests that developmental changes and varying serotonin levels may rather explain the absence of psilocybin's acute behavioural effects previously reported in the 5-HTT homozygous knockout mice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/ejn.70351", "pubmed_id": "41365493", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70351", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Citalopram, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Locomotion, Male, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Psilocybin, Escitalopram, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41365493\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3444, "title": "Psilocybin vs Ketamine for Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin vs ketamine for alcohol use disorder", "authors": "University of Iowa", "abstract": "This study will collect data that measures the effects of a psychedelic intervention on patients struggling with alcohol use disorder (AUD). The study design will be a double blind, randomized, active-comparator trial with two study arms. Subjects randomized to Arm 1 (n=40) will receive individual psychotherapy sessions plus a 30 mg dose of psilocybin. Arm 2 subjects (n=40) will receive individual psychotherapy sessions and a 0.75 mg/kg dose of ketamine.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-11-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06405607", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Alcohol Dependence, Alcohol Abuse, Psilocybin, Ketamine, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06405607\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 298, "title": "Approved and Pipeline Pharmacological Interventions for Eating Disorders (2010-2025): 15 Years of Progress (or Lack Thereof).", "normalized_title": "approved and pipeline pharmacological interventions for eating disorders 2010 2025 15 years of progress or lack thereof", "authors": "Hirsch D, Reed J, Naqvi A, Ngor A, Dugan L, Costa K, Ganasi RS, Truman K, Danovitch I, IsHak WW, Hedrick R.", "abstract": "Eating disorders (EDs) are complex psychiatric conditions characterized by disruptions in eating behaviors, body image concerns, and profound medical and psychosocial consequences. Despite their significant global prevalence, coupled with high morbidity and mortality rates, pharmacological treatment options remain limited. This review synthesizes evidence from clinical drug trials conducted between 1 January 2010 and 1 January 2025, supplemented with relevant literature, to evaluate the current and emerging pharmacological landscape for EDs. A systematic search of the U.S. Clinical Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov) identified 43 eligible phase I-IV clinical trials for the treatment of anorexia nervosa (n = 12), binge eating disorder (n = 27), bulimia nervosa (n = 2), and rumination disorder (n = 2). Among 24 distinct compounds studied, only 1 agent, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for an ED during this period. Notably, few agents have demonstrated positive results in late-stage trials and remain in development for EDs as of 2025. While some emerging agents show promise, such as solriamfetol and psilocybin, there remains a significant lack of evidence-based pharmacological interventions for anorexia nervosa and a dearth of progress in pharmacotherapy for bulimia nervosa. Overall, the past 15 years have witnessed limited advancements in pharmacotherapy for EDs. There remains an urgent need for rigorous clinical trials in this area in addition to increased prioritization of ED research at the public health level to overcome longstanding barriers in the treatment of EDs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-025-01248-7", "pubmed_id": "41313392", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-025-01248-7", "keywords": "Humans, Drug Approval, United States Food and Drug Administration, United States, Clinical Trials as Topic, Feeding and Eating Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41313392\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3698, "title": "Digital Intervention for Psychedelic Preparation (DIPP): A Randomised Controlled Feasibility Trial Comparing Meditation and Music-Based Programs in Healthy Volunteers.", "normalized_title": "digital intervention for psychedelic preparation dipp a randomised controlled feasibility trial comparing meditation and music based programs in healthy volunteers", "authors": "University College, London", "abstract": "This randomised controlled feasibility trial evaluates the Digital Intervention for Psychedelic Preparation (DIPP), a novel 21-day self-guided program designed to prepare individuals for psychedelic experiences. Forty healthy volunteers will be randomly assigned to either a meditation-based intervention or a music-based control condition. Both groups will follow identical program structures, with the key distinction being their daily practice focus: meditation or music listening. Following the 21-day preparation period, participants will undergo a supervised 25 mg psilocybin session at University College London. Assessment visits include an in-person follow-up at 2 weeks post-session, followed by online assessments at 3, 6, and 9 months. The primary outcomes include operational feasibility (recruitment rates and participant retention) and intervention adherence (completion rates of DIPP program activities). Secondary outcomes include participant ratings of the platform's feasibility, acceptability, and usability, as well as changes in psychedelic preparedness, the quality of the psychedelic experience, and mental wellbeing over time. Growing evidence demonstrates the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances, particularly psilocybin, in addressing mental health challenges and enhancing psychological well-being. While psychedelic experiences can catalyse profound positive changes, they can also be psychologically challenging and potentially destabilising, underscoring the need for thorough preparation. Studies consistently show that an individual's psychological state prior to psychedelic administration significantly influences both the acute experience and its lasting benefits. However, structured preparation protocols designed to optimise this pre-psychedelic state remain understudied despite their crucial role in therapeutic outcomes. Digital health interventions offer a promising solution for delivering standardised preparation protocols at scale. Meditation-based approaches warrant particular investigation, as they systematically cultivate both immediate psychological states and enduring traits (e.g. non-judgemental acceptance) beneficial for psychedelic experiences. Through regular practice, meditation promotes trait-like metacognitive awareness, emotional regulation, and tolerance of uncertainty - qualities particularly valuable for navigating altered states of consciousness. These benefits are supported by neuroscientific evidence showing that meditation and psychedelics influence similar brain networks and mechanisms. While traditional meditation training often requires substantial time investment and in-person instruction, digital platforms can provide efficient structured guidance without the need for face-to-face support from a trained instructor, while maintaining essential elements of practice. This combination of accessibility and evidence-based benefits makes digital meditation platforms particularly well-suited for preparing individuals for psychedelic experiences. This randomised controlled feasibility trial evaluates the Digital Intervention for Psychedelic Preparation (DIPP), a 21-day self-guided program. Forty healthy volunteers will be randomised 1:1 to either a meditation-based intervention or music-based control condition. Both groups will engage with identical program structures, differing only in their daily practice (meditation versus music listening). Following preparation, all participants will undergo a supervised 25 mg psilocybin session at University College London, with follow-up assessments conducted in person at 2 weeks and online at 3, 6, and 9 months post-intervention. The primary outcomes address two key aspects of feasibility: operational feasibility and intervention adherence. Operational feasibility evaluates study-wide metrics, including recruitment efficiency (target ≥1 participant per week) and participant retention (target ≥70% completion through the 2-week post-dose follow-up). Intervention adherence focuses on participant engagement with the DIPP activities (meditation or music listening), assessed through completion rates for daily sessions, mood check-ins, journal entries, and weekly tasks, with a target of ≥70% of participants achieving an average completion rate of 70% or higher. Secondary outcomes, reported descriptively for both conditions, include implementation measures such as subjective feasibility (SFIS), acceptability (TFA), and usability (SUS/MARS) ratings. Efficacy measures assess changes in psychedelic preparedness (PPS) from baseline to post-DIPP intervention, the qualities of the acute psychedelic experience (11-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Scale \\[11D-ASC\\] and Challenging Experience Questionnaire \\[CEQ\\]) following dosing, and changes in mental wellbeing (Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale \\[WEMWBS\\]) from baseline through the 2-week post-dose follow-up. As such, this study will investigate the feasibility of implementing a digital preparation protocol within a research setting, while gathering preliminary data on engagement, acceptability, and potential efficacy. The findings will inform refinements to the DIPP platform and protocol, supporting the development of accessible, standardised preparation methods for psychedelic research and therapy as the field continues to expand into diverse clinical and community-based settings.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-11-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06815653", "keywords": "Healthy, Psilocybin 25mg, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06815653\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3681, "title": "Assessing the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Psilocybin Therapy Followed by Accelerated Intermittent Theta Burst (aiTBS) Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "assessing the safety tolerability and efficacy of psilocybin therapy followed by accelerated intermittent theta burst aitbs repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation rtms for treatment resistant major depressive disorder", "authors": "University of Texas at Austin", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to determine the safety and feasibility of sequencing psilocybin therapy with a short-duration, aiTBS protocol (Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy, or SAINT) in individuals with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. This will be a phase II 2x2 design (device and dose) clinical trial. 100 participants, ages 22-76, with treatment-resistant MDD will be randomized to treatment with either: a) 25mg of COMP360 (N=50); or b) 1mg of COMP360 (low-dose comparator; N=50) with appropriate psychological preparation, support, and integration sessions with trained therapists. This will then be directly followed by one of two subsequent treatment conditions: i) the active accelerated intermittent theta burst (aiTBS) rTMS treatment known as Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy (SNT) and/or Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy (SAINT) targeted to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) functional connectivity-guided personalized left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex target using neuronavigation and delivered over 10 sessions daily for 5 consecutive days at 90% of coil-to-target depth-corrected resting motor threshold50,51; or ii) sham iTBS delivered in the same fashion. Individuals will undergo screening, a baseline clinical assessment and neurobiological assessment of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. Individuals will then return on a subsequent day to begin the course of psilocybin therapy. Preparation sessions will occur on the first two out of five days (\\~1.5-2 hrs each day), psilocybin dosing will occur on the third day (\\~6-8 hours), integration session (\\~1 hour) and post-dosing assessments will occur on the fourth day, and a final integration session (\\~1 hour) and post-psilocybin clinical and neurobiological assessments will occur on the last of the five days. The following week, the individual will return to the lab to begin the course of active or sham SNT, for 10 hrs. a day (10 min once per 60 min, 50-minute inter-session interval, repeated 10 times daily) for 5 days. This is the protocol now FDA-cleared for treatment of treatment-resistant MDD, known as Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy and commercialized by Magnus Medical (see support letter from Magus Medical). In the third week, the individual will return to complete post-SNT clinical assessments and to complete a post-SNT neurobiological (fMRI and EEG) assessment. Individuals will complete long-term follow-up clinical assessments at 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months post-initiation of first treatment (psilocybin administration) to assess durability of clinical response and identify potential points of depression relapse over a sustained period of time. Aims: To determine the safety and feasibility of sequencing psilocybin therapy with a short-duration, aiTBS protocol (Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy, or SAINT) in individuals with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. To determine if the combination of psilocybin therapy followed by SAINT demonstrates superior efficacy relative to either treatment alone acutely (primary acute endpoint will be \\~14 days after the initiation of the treatment sequence) and over time (additional endpoints at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months following cessation of the treatment protocol). To determine the neurobiological changes following the combination treatment (assessment points at baseline, 2 days post-psilocybin, and \\~14 days post-psilocybin/2-4 days post cessation of accelerated theta burst), and if the magnitude or nature of such changes are different from those demonstrated in either treatment alone. Investigate how psychedelic treatment may impact blood biomarkers of inflammation (e.g., inflammatory cytokines) and how select functional genetic polymorphisms may moderate the effect of the psychedelic treatment on subsequent functional brain changes.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-11-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06132178", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, MDD, Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent Depression, Depression, Psilocybin, COMP360, Accelerated intermittent theta burst (aiTBS) rTMS treatment, Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy (SAINT), Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy (SNT), Low-dose psilocybin, low-dose COMP360, Sham Accelerated intermittent theta burst (aiTBS) rTMS treatment, Sham Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy (SAINT), Sham Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy (SNT), RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06132178\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 421, "title": "A comparative assessment of the antidepressant efficacy of ketamine, psilocybin, and fluoxetine in a chronic stress model.", "normalized_title": "a comparative assessment of the antidepressant efficacy of ketamine psilocybin and fluoxetine in a chronic stress model", "authors": "Domżalska M, Kwiatkowska J, Cichoń I, Sokołowska E.", "abstract": "Depression is a debilitating mental disorder affecting millions worldwide, yet current pharmacological treatments, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), often exhibit delayed onset and limited efficacy. The chronic social defeat (CSD) stress model in mice is a well-established preclinical paradigm for inducing depression-like behaviors and evaluating antidepressants effectiveness. This study compared the efficacy of both acute and chronic fluoxetine with acute ketamine and psilocybin treatment in male C57BL/6J mice subjected to CSD. Fluoxetine showed no significant effects 24 h after a single dose or following 7 days of repeated administration; antidepressant-like effects only appeared after 14 days of continuous treatment. In contrast, a single dose of either ketamine or psilocybin significantly reversed social avoidance behavior at 24 h, with sustained effects observed at 7- and 14-days post-treatment. These findings suggest that ketamine and psilocybin elicit rapid and durable, antidepressant-like responses in this preclinical model, in contrast to traditional SSRIs, like fluoxetine, which requires extended treatment duration, mirroring clinical efficacy patterns. The results support the utility of the CSD model in evaluating antidepressant efficacy and highlight the therapeutic potential of fast-acting agents such as ketamine and psilocybin as alternatives to conventional treatments for major depressive disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29642-7", "pubmed_id": "41290975", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29642-7", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Disease Models, Animal, Fluoxetine, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Stress, Psychological, Male, Psilocybin, Social Defeat", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41290975\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 355, "title": "Effects of psychedelic microdosing on cognitive functions: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "effects of psychedelic microdosing on cognitive functions a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Pinhas N, Eidlman N, Barnea A, Peled-Avron L.", "abstract": "Microdosing - the practice of consuming extremely low doses of classical psychedelic substances that do not elicit overt psychedelic effects - has gained significant attention as a potential method for enhancing cognitive performance. However, findings from controlled studies remain mixed and inconclusive. This preregistered meta-analysis examined the cognitive effects of classical psychedelic microdosing in 14 different studies (N = 1614), analyzing 59 effect sizes across multiple cognitive domains, spanning both acute (on-drug) and post-acute (off-drug) assessments. Results show a significant decrease in cognitive control, with no detectable effects on other cognitive domains or in general. Neither substance type (psilocybin or LSD), dosage (0.1-0.5 g psilocybin; 6.5-20 µg LSD), nor microdosing duration (1-42 days) emerged as significant moderators. Assessment timing (on- vs. off-drug) likewise did not moderate the effects. These findings suggest that microdosing may disrupt top-down cognitive control processes, aligning with cognitive and neural models of how classical psychedelics alter information processing in the brain to reduce rigidity and enable more fluid states of consciousness. However, better distinguishing between on-drug and off-drug effects is essential for clarifying whether microdosing exerts only transient pharmacological influences or promotes lasting cognitive change. Given the methodological heterogeneity across studies, future research using standardized protocols and mechanistic approaches is needed to fully characterize the cognitive and neural effects of microdosing classical psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106493", "pubmed_id": "41314362", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106493", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cognition, Executive Function, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41314362\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Microdosing,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 297, "title": "New treatments for OCD? Evidence for cannabinoids and psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "new treatments for ocd evidence for cannabinoids and psychedelics", "authors": "Van Ameringen M, Patel V, Patterson B, Hopkinson P, Rahat M.", "abstract": "The etiology of OCD is complex and appears to involve multiple biological pathways. Imbalances in central serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate activities are widely thought to play a causative role. Despite strong evidence supporting first-line OCD pharmacotherapies, approximately 40-60 % of OCD patients remain unresponsive and are considered treatment resistant (TR). Although a range of agents have been examined in TR-OCD, there is no gold-standard, indicating a need to broaden our clinical armamentarium. Cannabis has been used for centuries in many cultures for both medicinal and recreational purposes. Clinical interest in these agents has recently re-emerged. The current evidence for the use of cannabinoids in OCD is very small and includes survey-based, self-report studies with very few controlled trials. Additionally, after a long hiatus from psychiatric research, psychedelics have re-emerged as agents of interest within the past decade. A comprehensive scoping review of the OCD literature including published and grey literature was conducted and detailed in this paper. The current evidence associated with Cannabinoids, Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (N,N-DMT), and Methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDMA) in the treatment of OCD is detailed. Much of the current evidence examining cannabinoids and psychedelics in OCD is from cross-sectional surveys and case reports, as well as some small clinical trials. There is a shortage of well-controlled, methodologically rigorous RCTs to properly test the efficacy of cannabinoids or psychedelics in OCD and related disorders. However, the current evidence appears to indicate a lack of evidence supporting the use of either synthetic or natural cannabinoids to treat OCD, but a stronger signal for the use of psilocybin in TR-OCD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.11.021", "pubmed_id": "41317726", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.11.021", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabinoids, Hallucinogens, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41317726\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3700, "title": "Pragmatic Trial of Psilocybin Therapy in Palliative Care (PT2PC): A Multicenter Triple-blind Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial of Psilocybin Therapy for Demoralized Adults Near the End of Life", "normalized_title": "pragmatic trial of psilocybin therapy in palliative care pt2pc a multicenter triple blind phase 2 randomized controlled trial of psilocybin therapy for demoralized adults near the end of life", "authors": "Charles S. Grob, M.D.", "abstract": "This multicenter, triple-blind, phase 2, randomized controlled trial will evaluate the efficacy and safety of psilocybin therapy compared to an active control in treating demoralization in adults near the end of life (≤2 years life expectancy). After providing written informed consent, participants deemed eligible for this trial will be randomized to a brief course of talk therapy plus 1 dose of oral psilocybin vs the same brief course of talk therapy plus 1 dose of oral ketamine (the active control). Participants' degree of demoralization and other clinical outcomes (e.g., depression, anxiety) will be assessed at 1, 2, and 5 weeks after the study drug administration. After completing the study, participants will have the option of being told which study drug they took (aka, \"unblinded\"); those who were randomized to the active control will be offered another brief course of talk therapy plus 1 dose of oral psilocybin, and the same sequence of outcome assessments.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-11-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05403086", "keywords": "Demoralization, Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Ketamine, Ketalar, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05403086\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 423, "title": "Best practices for first psychedelic experiences: harm reduction advice from the psychedelic community.", "normalized_title": "best practices for first psychedelic experiences harm reduction advice from the psychedelic community", "authors": "Kruger DJ, Mersereau G, Sullivan A, Barron J, Herberholz M, Pouyan N, Aday JS, Boehnke KF.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe use of psychedelics is currently increasing in the United States. Awareness of clinical trials investigating the therapeutic applications of psychedelics may result in a record number of people who use psychedelics for the first-time. This study aimed to develop a harm-reduction resource to facilitate safe and successful psychedelic experiences outside of regulated clinical and research settings. We employed a community-based approach to crowdsource practical recommendations for first-time psychedelic experiences from the psychedelic community.MethodsWe conducted an online survey with 581 individuals who reported psychedelic use (N = 581) on recommendations for people using psychedelics for the first-time, following the principles of community-based collaborative research. The survey assessed recommendations for and against specific psychedelics for first-time experiences, recommendations for and against combinations of psychedelics, and other advice for first-time experiences. Open-ended follow-up questions were included to understand participants' reasons for their recommendations. An experienced qualitative researcher and two qualitative coders analyzed responses to open-ended items.ResultsMost participants recommended psilocybin for first-time psychedelic experiences, approximately half recommended cannabis, and a third recommended MDMA/MDA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine/3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, ecstasy, molly). These substances were favored for their moderate intensity, dose-dependent effects, precise dosing, and relatively short duration of effects. Conversely, substances such as ayahuasca, DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine), 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), and Salvia divinorum or salvinorin A were not recommended due to their intensity, mental and physical health risks, and safety concerns. Participants advised against mixing psychedelics with alcohol, stimulants, antidepressants, and narcotics/opiates. Additional recommendations included embracing the experience, learning about the substance and its effects, and setting intentions for the experience.ConclusionsGiven the growing interest in psychedelics despite limited legal access and systematic education available, it is crucial to inform the public about practices that minimize risks. This project compiled recommendations from individuals who self-identified being experienced with psychedelics. The active involvement of the psychedelic community may enhance research quality and public trust in the findings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s12954-025-01337-2", "pubmed_id": "41291774", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-025-01337-2", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Harm Reduction, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, United States, Female, Male, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Community Participation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41291774\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 348, "title": "Advancing treatment paradigms: the role of psilocybin in managing major depressive disorder.", "normalized_title": "advancing treatment paradigms the role of psilocybin in managing major depressive disorder", "authors": "Rasheed S, Arif R, Raza AA, Samadi A.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound, has received attention as a novel therapeutic option for major depressive disorder (MDD), particularly in cases where traditional treatments prove ineffective. The study aims to evaluate psilocybin's therapeutic potential by examining its efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action as well as addressing the societal and regulatory challenges that hinder its broader application. Key objectives include understanding how psilocybin alleviates depressive symptoms, investigating its neurobiological effects, and identifying gaps in current research. The methodology involved analyzing clinical studies conducted between 2014 and 2024, focusing on psilocybin as an intervention, either independently or in conjunction with psychotherapy. Evidence from these studies demonstrates that psilocybin acts on serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, enhancing neuroplasticity and brain connectivity to yield rapid and sustained symptom relief. Despite these promising findings, the use and study of psilocybin remains restricted due to its classification as a Schedule I substance in many countries. Legal prohibitions and societal stigma have significantly delayed progress in exploring psilocybin's therapeutic applications. The findings highlight psilocybin's potential to transform MDD treatment paradigms but emphasize the need to overcome regulatory barriers, conduct larger and more diverse studies, and establish long-term safety and efficacy data. Addressing these challenges is critical for integrating psilocybin into mainstream mental health care and unlocking its full therapeutic potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/ms9.0000000000004349", "pubmed_id": "41497122", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000004349", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41497122\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 390, "title": "Cognitive outcomes following psilocybin-assisted therapy in treatment-resistant depression: A post-hoc analysis of a randomized, waitlist-controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "cognitive outcomes following psilocybin assisted therapy in treatment resistant depression a post hoc analysis of a randomized waitlist controlled trial", "authors": "Johnson DE, Meshkat S, Kaczmarek ES, Rabin JS, Brudner RM, Chisamore N, Doyle Z, Bawks J, Riva-Cambrin J, Mansur RB, Lipsitz O, McIntyre RS, Lanctôt KL, Rosenblat JD.", "abstract": "BackgroundCognitive difficulties within treatment-resistant unipolar and bipolar depression (TRD; TRBD) often do not improve with conventional pharmacotherapies. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) has shown promise as a novel intervention for TRD; however, few studies have assessed its effects on cognition in this population.MethodsThis retrospective post hoc analysis included 26 adults with TRD or TRBD from an open-label trial of PAP. Cognition was assessed with the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and Trail Making Test Part A and B (TMT-A/B) at baseline, one-day, and two-weeks post-treatment. Linear mixed models (LMMs) evaluated change over time, and reliable change indices (RCIs) with binomial tests assessed whether the proportion of participants showing meaningful improvement exceeded chance.ResultsSignificant improvements were observed on all cognitive measures over time (all p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111565", "pubmed_id": "41285295", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111565", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Retrospective Studies, Cognition, Neuropsychological Tests, Adult, Middle Aged, Waiting Lists, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41285295\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3042, "title": "Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder Maintains Abstinence Efficacy: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in alcohol use disorder maintains abstinence efficacy a scoping review", "authors": "Suspène J, Huet S, Berteina-Raboin S, Benyamina A, Baril P, Morisset-Lopez S, Serreau R.", "abstract": "Alcohol use disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by excessive alcohol consumption. The drugs that are used to treat it often fail to prevent relapse. At the same time, psilocybin is increasingly being investigated for the treatment of various substance use disorder. This review aims to evaluate the results of the most recent clinical trials assessing psilocybin as a treatment for alcohol use disorder. According to these trials, psilocybin seems to reduce craving but its effect on overall alcohol consumption is less clear. There is no doubt that future trials would benefit from larger sample sizes and standardized tests.", "journal": "Qeios", "publication_date": "2025-11-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.32388/xcfsag", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.32388/xcfsag", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1124098\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Qeios\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 424, "title": "Psilocybin alters visual contextual computations.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin alters visual contextual computations", "authors": "Aqil M, de Hollander G, Vreugdenhil N, Knapen T, Dumoulin SO.", "abstract": "Psilocybin alters perception and brain dynamics. Here, we investigate the effects of psilocybin using psychophysics, ultra-high field functional MRI, and computational modeling. We find that psilocybin alters contextual perception in the Ebbinghaus illusion, as well as contextual modulation in cortical responses to visual stimuli. We propose a computational model capable of capturing and linking these changes. Leveraging vision as a beachhead, our findings highlight the alteration of contextual computations as a potential general mechanism underlying psychedelic action.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-65150-y", "pubmed_id": "41271688", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65150-y", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Illusions, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Photic Stimulation, Visual Perception, Psychophysics, Computer Simulation, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41271688\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 426, "title": "Sex-specific role of the 5-HT2A receptor in psilocybin-induced extinction of opioid reward.", "normalized_title": "sex specific role of the 5 ht2a receptor in psilocybin induced extinction of opioid reward", "authors": "Jaster AM, Hadlock TM, Buzzi B, Maltman JL, Silva GM, Saha S, Koseli E, Pondelick AM, Thakur N, Zhang X, Li G, Ledesma-Corvi S, Moore KN, Peterson HR, Fujita B, Zylko AL, Lewis MR, Poklis JL, Halquist MS, Wolstenholme JT, Selley DE, Hamilton PJ, Lu C, Damaj MI, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "Emerging evidence suggests that classical psychedelics may offer therapeutic potential for opioid use disorder (OUD) by alleviating key hallmarks such as altered reward processing and dependence. However, the mechanisms behind these effects remain unclear. Our data demonstrate that a single administration of the psychedelic psilocybin (PSI) reduces conditioned behavior and withdrawal induced by the opioid oxycodone (OXY) in male mice but not in females, and this effect is mediated via the 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR). We show that the sex-specific attenuation of OXY preference is driven by 5-HT2AR activation in frontal cortex pyramidal neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Additionally, PSI modulates epigenomic regulation following repeated OXY exposure and induces sex-specific NAc dendritic structural plasticity independently of 5-HT2AR. Notably, female frontal cortex and NAc show fewer changes at gene enhancer regions in response to PSI, repeated OXY, or combined PSI-OXY treatment compared to males, with the frontal cortex exhibiting more pronounced sex differences than the NAc at the epigenomic level. Together, these results provide new insights into the neural and epigenetic mechanisms of psychedelic-induced plasticity in OUD, while also highlighting sex differences in PSI's modulation of reward pathways and its therapeutic potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-64887-w", "pubmed_id": "41266307", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64887-w", "keywords": "Pyramidal Cells, Nucleus Accumbens, Frontal Lobe, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Analgesics, Opioid, Hallucinogens, Reward, Epigenesis, Genetic, Sex Characteristics, Female, Male, Extinction, Psychological, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41266307\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Epigenetics,Animal Study,Genomics", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 425, "title": "Psilocybin and Chronic Pain: A New Perspective for Future Pain Therapists?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and chronic pain a new perspective for future pain therapists", "authors": "Natoli S, Cuomo A, Marchesini M, Luongo L, Lo Bianco G, Guardamagna VA, Yamaguchi S.", "abstract": "BackgroundChronic pain affects nearly one in five adults worldwide and remains a major healthcare burden due to its persistence, multidimensional impact, and resistance to conventional therapies. The opioid crisis has further highlighted the urgent need for safer and more effective alternatives. Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic compound, has re-emerged as a potential therapeutic option for chronic pain given its effects on neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and emotional regulation.MethodsThis narrative review synthesized evidence from published preclinical and clinical studies. The focus was on the mechanisms of action of psilocybin, animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain, and early human trials exploring its effects on pain, mood, and quality of life.ResultsPreclinical studies demonstrated that psilocybin promotes synaptogenesis via BDNF-TrkB signalling, modulates 5-HT2A receptor activity, and reduces neuroinflammatory processes, leading to persistent analgesic and anxiolytic effects. Animal models of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy and inflammatory pain showed long-lasting antinociceptive responses. Clinical studies, though limited, reported improvements in depression, anxiety, resilience, and quality of life in patients with advanced cancer and chronic conditions, with preliminary evidence of analgesic benefit.ConclusionsPsilocybin shows promise as a multidimensional therapy for chronic pain, addressing both sensory and affective components. However, ethical issues, safety concerns, and regulatory barriers necessitate careful management, and robust randomized controlled trials are essential to confirm efficacy and guide clinical translation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/medsci13040277", "pubmed_id": "41283278", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci13040277", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Analgesics, Hallucinogens, Quality of Life, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41283278\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 299, "title": "A Virtual Clinical Trial of Psychedelics to Treat Patients With Disorders of Consciousness.", "normalized_title": "a virtual clinical trial of psychedelics to treat patients with disorders of consciousness", "authors": "Alnagger NLN, Cardone P, Martial C, Perl YS, Mindlin I, Sitt JD, Roseman L, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt D, Mallaroni P, Mason N, Ramaekers JG, Bonhomme V, Laureys S, Deco G, Gosseries O, Núñez P, Annen J.", "abstract": "Disorders of consciousness (DoC), including unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) and minimally conscious state (MCS), have limited treatment options and are characterized by low complexity of brain activity. Recent research suggests that psychedelic drugs, which enhance the complexity of brain activity, could offer promising therapies. Here, individualized whole-brain computational models are developed for patients with DoC, optimized with empirical functional magnetic resonance imaging data and diffusion-weighted imaging data, upon which the administration of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin is simulated. An in silico perturbation protocol is applied to assess brain dynamics, first distinguishing between different states of consciousness, including DoC, anesthesia, and the psychedelic state. Then, brain dynamics are assessed before and after a simulation of psychedelic drugs on patients with DoC. Findings indicated that the simulation of LSD and psilocybin shifted the brain activity of patients with DoC closer to criticality (the point at a phase transition between order and chaos), with a greater effect in patients in the MCS. In patients with UWS, the treatment response correlated with structural connectivity, while in patients in the MCS, it aligned with baseline functional connectivity. These results offer a computational foundation for using psychedelics in DoC treatment and highlight the potential future role of computational modeling in drug discovery and personalized medicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/advs.202511780", "pubmed_id": "41261994", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202511780", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computer Simulation, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41261994\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3665, "title": "Does Serotonin System Stimulation Increase Pro-social Behavior? - A Comparative Pharmacological Neuroscientific Study in Healthy Humans", "normalized_title": "does serotonin system stimulation increase pro social behavior a comparative pharmacological neuroscientific study in healthy humans", "authors": "University of Zurich", "abstract": "The study looks into whether administering psychedelic substances that stimulate the serotonin system influences pro-social behavior when compared to administering substances that stimulate the dopamine system in healthy individuals. Psychedelic substances have been shown to be powerful modulators of social perception and behavior during the acute experience. This is of particular interest given that social relationships play a key role in the development and resolution of psychiatric symptoms. However, the neuropharmacological mechanism underlying pro-social effects and time-dependent changes currently remain unclear. This study therefore aims at answering two key questions: 1) Does stimulation of the serotonin system induce lasting effects on pro-social behavior? and 2) Are these effects specific to serotonergic stimulation? The following proposed study will assess these questions by investigating objective, ecologically valid measures of pro-social cognition four weeks after different pharmacological challenges (MDMA, an entactogen and releaser of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine; psilocybin: a classical psychedelic and serotonin 2A receptor agonist, methylphenidate: an amphetamine and norepinephrine-dopamine re-uptake inhibitor) in healthy volunteers.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-11-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06081179", "keywords": "Healthy, Psilocybin, magic mushrooms, 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA, Ecstasy, Methylphenidate, Ritalin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06081179\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3548, "title": "A Double-blind, Phase II Feasibility Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin Microdosing Combined With Psychotherapy in Treatment-resistant Depression", "normalized_title": "a double blind phase ii feasibility study to assess the safety and efficacy of psilocybin microdosing combined with psychotherapy in treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Beersheva Mental Health Center", "abstract": "Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of a six-week microdosing regimen of psilocybin combined with short-term, experience-based psychotherapy in patients with treatment-resistant depression who have not responded to previous pharmacological or long-term psychological interventions. Hypothesis: Compared to baseline, the group that begins with psilocybin will exhibit a more rapid reduction in depressive symptoms after six weeks, compared to the group that begins with placebo and receives only psychotherapy. Following the crossover between conditions, the placebo-first group will also show an accelerated reduction in these measures after the subsequent six weeks. Alternative hypothesis: No difference will be observed between groups in the rate of symptom reduction. Objective: To examine biological markers that may mediate potential improvements in depressive symptoms among participants receiving psilocybin microdosing compared to placebo. Hypothesis: Compared to baseline, six weeks of active psilocybin dosing will result in decreased levels of cortisol and inflammatory markers, and increased levels of oxytocin and BDNF in saliva. Objective: To assess psychological factors that may mediate potential improvements in depressive symptoms among participants receiving psilocybin microdosing compared to placebo. Hypothesis: Compared to baseline, six weeks of active psilocybin dosing will lead to increased cognitive flexibility, greater self-compassion, and enhanced present-moment awareness. Objective: To explore a subpopulation of women experiencing premenstrual symptom exacerbation (PMS) and the potential for improvement in depressive symptoms in the days preceding menstruation, if any. Hypothesis: Among women with worsened premenstrual symptoms, psilocybin will reduce premenstrual symptoms, specifically depressive symptoms, compared to baseline.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-11-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07183748", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Psilocybin (drug), Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07183748\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Biomarkers,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3454, "title": "Open Label, Phase 2 Study for Evaluating the Feasibility, Safety and Efficacy of Psychotherapy Assisted Psilocybin for Treatment of Severe Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Drug and/or Psychotherapy Resistant Patients.", "normalized_title": "open label phase 2 study for evaluating the feasibility safety and efficacy of psychotherapy assisted psilocybin for treatment of severe obsessive compulsive disorder ocd in drug and or psychotherapy resistant patients", "authors": "Beersheva Mental Health Center", "abstract": "Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent distressing thoughts and substantial anxiety, accompanied by repetitive behaviors or mental rituals. Individuals with OCD often have diminished quality of life, and functional impairment. The disorder cause high personal, societal and economic costs. Current available treatments for OCD show moderate response rate and high rate of symptom relapse. The purpose of the current study is to explore new alternative options for the treatment of OCD that can widely and continuously benefit patients. Specifically, The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of psychotherapy assisted psilocybin for treatment of severe OCD. Previous research has shown safety of treatment and high efficacy in reduction of anxiety and depression symptoms. However, only one study has evaluated the use of psilocybin for OCD patients. The protocol includes 15 therapeutic sessions, of which 12 are one-hour sessions for psychological preparation and integration, and three are eight hours' experiential sessions under the influence of psilocybin. The research will include 15 participants diagnosed with severe OCD, with at least one treatment failure. Assessments will be based on comparing ratings of the main outcome measure (Y-BOCS), at baseline, at the middle and at end of treatment. Other assessments will include data on side effects- to evaluate safety, and possible spiritual variables underlying change in symptoms via standardized questionnaires. Background and research rationale: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent distressing thoughts and substantial anxiety, accompanied by repetitive behaviours or mental rituals performed to control or alleviate this anxiety. Individuals with OCD often have diminished quality of life, functional impairment, and cause substantial caregiver burden and personal and societal economic costs. Lifetime prevalence of OCD ranges between 1.9%-2.5%, with patients often not responding to the offered pharmacological or psychological treatment, and in extreme cases may even undergo neurosurgical interventions. There are several possible physiological mechanisms leading to the development of OCD, which may indicate several possible effective treatment options. Nowadays there is a consensus that the dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways are central to the development of the disorder with the basal ganglia as the main area of its origin. Other brain areas involved in OCD are the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex which are connected to the basal ganglia and are involved in regulating attention and awareness. Abnormal activity between these areas and other subcortical areas might explain why normally unconscious information processing, becomes consciousness, and requires additional resources for its regulation. It has also been suggested that the aversive emotional activity (anxiety, fear, disgust) experienced in OCD, relates to hyperactivity in the amygdala. The momentary relief brought on by the compulsive behaviour forms a positive feedback which perpetuate the disorder. The gold standard of care for OCD today is a combination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Most patients will experience at least some symptomatic relief with these interventions; however, relapse of symptoms occur in 40%-60% of patients and around 25% of patients are unresponsive to treatment. Other existing treatments (either pharmacological or neurosurgical) possess a higher risk for serious side effects. It is important to note that even for those patients who are responsive to treatment there are still significant residual, impairing symptoms. It thus seems that there is a real and immediate need to explore new alternative options for the treatment of OCD that can widely and continuously benefit patients, with lower risk and fewer side effects. A new and promising prospect of treatment in mental health is the use of psychedelic substances, which interact with the serotonergic pathways and induce a powerful subjective experience with the potential for psychological transformation. Specifically, psilocybin has received attention in research as a promising alternative in the treatment of severe mental illness. Psilocybin is a prodrug which is quickly converted by the body to psilocin (4-OH-dimethyltryptamine), a 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist. Both psilocybin and psilocin, which have psychoactive properties, are naturally occurring in Psilocybe mushrooms and are structurally similar to the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin. As a direct 5-HT2A agonist, psilocybin has a unique therapeutic potential compared with other pharmacological treatment for OCD such as SSRIs. Animal studies have shown increased cognitive flexibility, associative learning, cortical plasticity, and anti-depressive effects in response to 5-HT2A activation. The first current clinical research with psilocybin examined the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of psychological distress in patients with terminal advanced-stage cancer. The double-blind, placebo-controlled research was conducted in the Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (Torrance, California). Researchers concluded that psilocybin is safe and well tolerated at 0.2 mg/kg dose. Following this research two different research groups, in Johns Hopkins University, and in New York University, have received FDA approval to administrate a higher dose of psilocybin in a similar clinical population. These trails have shown promising results for safety, psychological distress reduction, and significant improvement in anxiety and depression. In their research, Griffiths and colleagues, examined the efficacy of psilocybin in reducing anxiety and depression in 51 patients suffering from a terminal end-stage cancer and experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression. This randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial investigated the effects of a very low (placebo-like) dose (1 or 3 mg/70 kg) vs. a high dose (22 or 30 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin. No serious adverse events attributed to psilocybin administration occurred. There were transient moderate increases in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure after psilocybin (in 34% of participants in the high-dose session and 17% of participants in the low-dose session), none of these episodes met criteria for medical intervention. Nausea or vomiting occurred in 15% of participants in the high-dose session. An episode of physical discomfort (any type) occurred in 21% of participants in the high-dose session and 8% in the low-dose session. Psychological discomfort (any type) occurred in 32% of participants in the high-dose session and 12% in the low-dose session. An episode of anxiety occurred in 26% of participants in the high-dose session and 15% in the low-dose session. One participant had a transient episode of paranoid ideation (2% of high-dose sessions). There were no cases of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) or prolonged psychosis. Across the two dose sequence groups, the overall rate of clinical response at 6 months was 78% and 83% for depression and anxiety, respectively, and the overall rate of symptom remission at 6 months for all participants was 65% and 57%, respectively. Ross and colleagues conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, with 29 patients with cancer-related anxiety and depression that were randomly assigned and received treatment with single-dose psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg) or niacin (active placebo), both in conjunction with psychotherapy (before and after drug administration). The most common adverse effects were non-clinically significant elevations in blood pressure and heart rate (76%), headaches/migraines (28%), nausea (14%), transient anxiety (17%), and transient psychotic-like symptoms (7%). The medical and psychiatric adverse effects attributable to psilocybin are all known, were transient, and tolerable. There were no cases of prolonged psychosis or HPPD, and no participants required psychiatric hospitalization. Psilocybin produced immediate, substantial, and sustained improvements in anxiety and depression, this effect was sustained at 6.5 months follow-up. These trails and others have shown safety of treatment and high efficacy in reduction of anxiety and depression symptoms with sustained effect at 6 months follow up. These findings taken together with the theoretical understanding of psilocybin mechanism of action and with the understanding of the neuro-psychological pathology of OCD, encourage investigating the potential of psilocybin as a novel significant treatment for this disorder. Research of beneficial effects of psilocybin for patients with OCD is in its infancy, but preliminary findings show potential efficacy in treatment of the disorder. Matsushima and colleagues, used a mice model for OCD and found that psilocybin (both syntactic and in mushroom form), significantly inhibited compulsive behaviour (marble burying) without affecting locomotor activity. In addition, several case reports showed beneficial effects of psilocybin for people with OCD. For example, Leonard and Rapoport (1987) and Moreno and Delgado (1997) reported that among drug-users with OCD, there was a worsening of symptoms under the influence of cocaine, but a remission of symptoms for hours/ days following psilocybin use. Wilcox (2014) described a case in which a patient with OCD self-medicated with psilocybin, once every three weeks, experienced a preserved effect of reduced anxiety, obsessive thoughts, and compulsive behaviour. In another case report, a patient suffering from a body dysmorphic disorder (spending about 4 hours a day examining himself in the mirror), has experienced a significant reduction in distress and a notable change in body perception following multiple dosing of psilocybin. Moreno et al. 2006 conducted a semi open-label trial examining the effect of psilocybin on nine participants with mild to severe OCD, which had at least one \"treatment failure\" defined as a lack of significant improvement after an adequate treatment. Doses were 25 (very low dose \\[VLD\\]), 100 (low dose \\[LD\\]), 200 (medium dose \\[MD\\]), and 300 (high dose \\[HD\\]) µg/kg. LD, MD, and HD were assigned in that order, and VLD was inserted randomly and in a double-blind fashion at any time after the first dose (LD). In measurements during the 24 hours after each dose all participants have experienced a significant relief in symptoms (23%-100% as measured by the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale \\[YBOCS\\]) in at least one of the sessions. Two of the subjects reported that their symptomatic improvement lasted most of the following week after testing. One subject achieved long-term remission at the end of the 4 test sessions, as measured at 6-month follow-up. There was, however, no clear dose-response relationship to the change in YBOCS score and no correlation between YBOCS score reduction and the perceived intensity of the psychedelic experience. These preliminary findings stress the need for further research to examine the efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of OCD. In addition, the only clinical trial to date did not include psychotherapy for patients while under the influence of psilocybin. Earlier studies have shown that a preliminary therapeutic relationship before psilocybin administration increases the probability for a \"peak experience\" during sessions. Furthermore, two more recent studies have emphasized the importance of psychotherapy during and before psilocybin sessions, touching on 'intent' and formulating an early and strong therapeutic relationship. There is also a reference to the, \"psychedelic afterglow\", an effect lasting for days and even weeks after a psychedelic session during which there is a unique window for a meaningful transformative psychotherapeutic intervention, most likely owing to the increased psychological plasticity following a psychedelic experience. The current study has two main goals: 1. Determine the safety and efficacy of psilocybin for patients suffering from OCD. 2. Elucidate the psychological mechanisms contributing to the beneficial effect of psilocybin on OCD symptoms. Research Plan: The current research aims to examine the feasibility, safety and efficacy of psychotherapy assisted psilocybin for treatment of severe OCD. The protocol includes 15 therapeutic sessions, of which 12 are one-hour sessions, and three are eight hours' experiential sessions (session 4,8,12) under the influence of psilocybin. In the first experiential session participants will receive a safety dose of 10mg/70kg. In the second and third sessions, participants will receive a therapeutic dose of 30mg/70kg. Three preparatory sessions will take place before the first experiential session, and three integration sessions will take place after each experiential session. The research will include 15 participants, and will include the following phases: Selection phase: Research team will screen participants via phone interviews. Participants answering the inclusion criteria will be invited to receive and sign consent forms. Research member will collect demographics and health status data and register the participants according to study protocol. Preparatory and final registration phase: It is known that SSRIs have a counter effect on psilocybin; therefore, to allow a full effect of psilocybin it is necessary to avoid drug interaction and discontinue previous treatment. In a period of 4 weeks participants will undergo medication withdrawal under psychiatric supervision. During the 4 weeks period each participant will have 2-4 sessions (as needed) with the research psychiatrist, to supervise their clinical state. At the end of 4 weeks, a psychiatric evaluation will take place to determine readiness to begin psilocybin treatment. Baseline assessment, and preparatory therapeutic sessions phase: During the 5-6 weeks from registration, participants will have three preparatory psychotherapy sessions with a couple of therapists assigned to their treatment. Prior to their first psychotherapy session, participants will complete the first-baseline assessment of research questionnaires. Treatment phase: The treatment phase includes three experiential sessions with psilocybin (sessions 4, 8, 12), and three integration sessions after each experiential session. During this phase participants will complete three assessments using research questionnaires (sessions 2, 10, 15). End of treatment and follow-up phase: Primary outcome assessment will take place at the end of the last therapeutic session (no.15). Additional assessments will take place at three months, and six months/one-year follow-up. Research procedure Participants will sign consent forms, before participating in the research treatment. The treatment is based on 15 therapy sessions: * Three preliminary sessions for establishing therapeutic alliance with the therapists and preparing the participant for the first experiential session. * An 8-hour experiential session with a safety dose of psilocybin (10mg/70 kg). (V4) * Participant will spend the night at the medical facility, under the supervision of a research member. * A1-hour session with the therapists, on the following morning (V5) * Two integration sessions, and preparation for the next experiential session. (V6, V7) * An 8-hour experiential session with a therapeutic dose of psilocybin (30mg/70 kg). (V8) * Participant will spend the night at the medical facility, under the supervision of a research member. * A1-hour session with the therapists, on the following morning (V9) * Two integration sessions, and preparation for the next experiential session. (V10, V11) * An 8-hour experiential session with a therapeutic dose of psilocybin (30mg/70 kg). (V12) * Participant will spend the night at the medical facility, under the supervision of a research member. * A1-hour session with the therapists, on the following morning (V13) * Two integration and summary sessions. (V14, V15) Possible discomfort: It is possible that psilocybin and the experience it induces will cause some emotional or physical discomfort. Investigators will address all possible discomforts and appropriate measures to contain them, in the research safety instructions. Research purpose: The main objective of this research is to use standardized measuring tools to explore the safety and efficacy of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in treating severe OCD symptoms. A secondary aim is to explore possible variables underlying change in symptoms. Research objectives: The main objective is to assess efficacy of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in treating severe OCD symptoms. This assessment will be based on comparing ratings of the main outcome measure (Y-BOCS), at baseline (session 2) at the middle and at end of treatment (session 10, 15 respectively). A score under 14 or a reduction of 35% in the overall score will be considered as remission (Lewin, Nadai, Park, Goodman, Murphy \\& Stroch, 2011). Secondary objectives: assessing safety by collecting data on side effects, and assessing possible spiritual variables underlying change in symptoms via standardized questionnaires and semi constructed interviews. Safety: The general safety goal is to assess occurrence and frequency of adverse events during treatment. This includes suicide ideation and/or behaviour, and adverse physiological or psychological responses. The safety of psilocybin use was previously proven in several clinical research. Potential adverse effects: In general, psychedelic drugs have low levels of physiological toxicity, and previous research indicate no evidence of toxicity, organ damage or neurophysiological disfunctions. Possible physiological effects experienced under the influence of psychedelic substances may include: dizziness, weakness, tremor, paresthesia, nausea, thirst, blurred vision, dilated pupils, and hyperreflexia. These somatic effects are dynamic and relatively minor, even when the psychological effect (sensory, perceptual, and cognitive) is strong/intense. The significant risk associated with psilocybin intake, is a subjective experience of fear and anxiety, panic, dysphoria and/or paranoia. Recent clinical studies report a high safety level with no adverse effects. The high safety levels can be attributed to several control parameters described below, and to complying with safety guidelines in clinical psychotherapy with psychedelics. The use of psilocybin requires a significant psychotherapeutic holding of the subjective experience, that will provide a safe and supportive environment during the psychedelic experience. The safety guidelines in clinical psychotherapy with psychedelics describe the therapeutic presence and processes, as well as the set and settings needed to provide a supportive emotional and external environment. Safety measures: 1. Controlling the quality of psilocybin and ensuring it is manufactured under GMP conditions. 2. Controlling for appropriate and adjusted dosage. 3. Controlling a strict protocol for screening eligible participants to the study (for details see inclusion-exclusion criteria section) 4. Recruiting professional and experienced psychotherapists with the appropriate training for clinical psychotherapy with psychedelics. Professionals will undergo a unique training to work with the psychotherapy protocol written for the current research. 5. Psychotherapists will work in pairs (a man and a woman), to provide an optimal holding space for each participant. 6. A proximity of a medical team for case of emergency. 7. Providing preparatory and integration sessions before and after the psilocybin sessions. 8. Preparing and using a comfortable and friendly room for the therapeutic session. The physical environment in which the treatment takes place should be suitable to the physical as well as the emotional safety of the participant. This means creating a lenient environment, which provides a pleasant and welcoming atmosphere, and may elicit a sense of intimacy and connection. As opposed to the environment of a hospital, a space like this supports and strengthens the participant's sense of safety and connectedness, thus helping him/her contain the intense psychedelic experience. 9. Guidelines for psychotherapy process: these guidelines are based on the humanistic perspective, and concern the characteristic of the therapeutic process: * A supportive, accepting, and non-judgmental presence of the therapist. * The importance of the therapeutic alliance and trust between participant and therapists. * A non-directive approach, supportive and gentle presence that stays with the participant's unfolding experience. * Viewing the mind as multi-dimensional, making space for the diverse dimensions of the internal experience: physical, emotional, and spiritual. 10. Maintaining a well-documented monitoring of the study and the participants status during the study period. 11. Monitoring physiological measure (blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature) during the psychedelic sessions with psilocybin: before taking the drug, an hour and a half after taking the drug, and 8 hours after. In case of anomalies physiological measures will be monitor more frequently. 12. Consulting and collaborating with other research teams with similar research interests, in NYU and Imperial College in London, UK.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-11-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04882839", "keywords": "Obsessive-compulsive Disorder, psychotherapy assisted psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04882839\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Case Report,Animal Study,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 427, "title": "Pharmacotherapy to Prevent Alcohol Relapse in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease.", "normalized_title": "pharmacotherapy to prevent alcohol relapse in alcohol associated liver disease", "authors": "Zhang W, Hwang SY, Luther J.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewAlcohol use disorder (AUD) drives alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), and relapsing after abstinence remains a significant challenge before and after transplantation. This review summarizes evidence for pharmacotherapies in relapse prevention and their integration into ALD care.Recent findingsNaltrexone and acamprosate reduce the relapse in the general AUD population, though data in ALD are limited. Baclofen is the only drug tested in randomized trials in cirrhosis, with early benefit but mixed results in later studies. Gabapentin and topiramate are promising off-label options. Emerging agents include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, psilocybin, and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) analogs, all showing early signals in reducing alcohol use. Despite guideline support, pharmacotherapy is underutilized in ALD due to lack of insight, stigma, provider inexperience, and fragmented care. Integrated programs across the disease spectrum demonstrate feasibility and may improve pharmacotherapy uptake. Pharmacotherapy is effective yet underused for relapse prevention in ALD. Integration with behavioral interventions and multidisciplinary care is essential to expand access, evaluate novel therapies, and improve patient outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s11894-025-01026-x", "pubmed_id": "41258558", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-025-01026-x", "keywords": "Humans, Liver Diseases, Alcoholic, Alcoholism, Recurrence, Naltrexone, Alcohol Deterrents, Secondary Prevention, Acamprosate", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41258558\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3443, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted vs Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted vs ketamine assisted psychotherapy for alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Peggy C Nopoulos", "abstract": "This pilot study will collect preliminary data that measures the effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy vs ketamine-assisted psychotherapy on patients struggling with alcohol use. This pilot study will be a double blind, randomized, active-comparator controlled trial with two study arms. Subjects randomized to Arm 1 (n=10) will receive individual psychotherapy sessions plus a 25mg dose of psilocybin, while Arm 2 subjects (n=10) will receive individual psychotherapy sessions and a 200mg dose of ketamine. Psychotherapy sessions will involve integrative psychotherapy modalities. At baseline, subjects will be consented, randomized into one of the two arms, complete psychiatric and medical evaluations, and will undergo an MRI scan. The first two therapy sessions (week 1 and week 2) will be used to learn about the participant's life story, engage the patient, and evoke their reasons for wanting to change their pattern of alcohol use. At week 3, participants will undergo a psilocybin-assisted therapy session or a ketamine-assisted therapy session. The last 2 psychotherapy sessions will be focused on integration of their experiences in the drug administration session and will include a second MRI scan and more assessments. Therefore, each arm receives 4 psychotherapy sessions, and the primary difference between the groups is which drug participants receive. After the psychotherapy sessions are completed at the end of week 4, subjects will be followed weekly for 4 weeks. At the last follow-up (week 8), they will undergo a third MRI scan and a final assessment. At the conclusion of the study, those randomized to the ketamine group will be offered a psilocybin-assisted therapy session, and two follow-up/integration sessions in an open-label extension. The open-label extension will also include an additional 4 weeks of follow-up.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-11-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05421065", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Psilocybin, Ketamine, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05421065\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3061, "title": "Psilocybin Experiential Therapist Training: Insights from a World-First Study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin experiential therapist training insights from a world first study", "authors": "Ioakimidis-MacDougall G, Gardner J, Liknaitzky P.", "abstract": "First-hand experience with psychedelics may help clinicians develop skills and knowledge needed to work with the profound changes to conscious awareness occasioned by psychedelics. However, the topic remains contentious and underexplored. In this world-first study, we investigated the utility of psilocybin experiential therapist training in a sample of 14 mental healthcare professionals training to provide psilocybin-assisted therapy. Participants received one 25 mg dose of psilocybin in a clinical research context alongside psychological support before, during, and after dosing. Quantitative measures and semi-structured interviews were then undertaken by participants to explore their experiences and reflections. Through the intervention, participants reported developing a greater and embodied understanding of key therapeutic principles and processes. Moreover, they reported increases in therapeutic qualities (e.g., empathy, attunement, emotion regulation) that underpin therapeutic alliance and promote trust and safety. While participants did not report experiencing harms from participation, they speculated about two potential risks of psychedelic experiential therapist training: first, that it could elicit challenging material that feels destabilising for a period; and second, that therapists could project their experience onto clients in a manner that narrows interpretative range and reduces attunement. Recommendations were made for psychedelic experiential therapist training design and implementation, including strategies to mitigate such risks. Participants indicated that psychedelic experiential therapist training is necessary but not sufficient for providing the highest quality of care in psychedelic-assisted therapy. Findings support the inclusion of an optional psychedelic experiential component within psychedelic therapist training programs for clinicians with prior psychotherapeutic training and well-developed reflective capacity.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-11-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.11.15.25340324", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.11.15.25340324", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1121194\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3049, "title": "Standardization of Psilocybin Dosing in a Natural Product-Based Retreat Setting: A Practical Method for Dose Quantification and Adjustment Across Sessions", "normalized_title": "standardization of psilocybin dosing in a natural product based retreat setting a practical method for dose quantification and adjustment across sessions", "authors": "Rosal SRP, Faber SC.", "abstract": "Abstract Natural variation in psilocybin content across mushroom samples presents a significant challenge to consistent dosing in both research and retreat settings. In this observational report, we describe a pragmatic approach for quantifying psilocybin content in naturally sourced material to ensure more standardized dosing across participants. Eleven individuals participated in a 7-day psilocybin retreat, receiving two doses of psilocybin-containing mushrooms. The psilocybin content was chemically analyzed rather than inferred from weight, revealing large variability across samples. Standardization based on measured psilocybin concentration allowed for dose adjustments, including a planned increase of the second dose to approximately twice the first to compensate for known acute tolerance effects. This method provides a model for responsible natural product use in community or retreat settings and can inform future translational research.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-11-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-8000629/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8000629/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1120883\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3018, "title": "Unmixing the Psychedelic Connectome: Brain Network Traits of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "unmixing the psychedelic connectome brain network traits of psilocybin", "authors": "Bhavaraju KP, Mason NL, Mallaroni P, Heinke D, Toennes SW, Ramaekers JG, Amico E.", "abstract": "Psilocybin induces profound alterations in consciousness, yet prevailing neural models often describe a monolithic change in brain connectivity that may not fully capture the multifaceted nature of the psychedelic state. To test the hypothesis of a composite neural state, this study applied a robust, data-driven framework, Connectome Independent Component Analysis (connICA) with multi-level resampling, to resting-state fMRI data from healthy volunteers. The analysis decomposed connectomes into statistically independent functional connectivity traits (\"FC-Traits\"), revealing a primary trait whose expression was significantly modulated by plasma psilocin concentration, providing a whole-cortical signature of the drug’s physiological action. Crucially, a second, distinct trait was also isolated, which independently associated with impaired performance on a visual divergent thinking task. These findings demonstrate that the acute psilocybin state is a composite of co-occurring neural processes. This validates the application of a decompositional connectomic framework to move beyond global descriptions and successfully disentangle the specific neural patterns underlying distinct pharmacological and cognitive correlates.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-11-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.11.17.688834", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.11.17.688834", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1121312\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3743, "title": "Microdosing Psilocybin for Major Depressive Disorder: Study Protocol for a Phase II Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Partial Crossover Trial", "normalized_title": "microdosing psilocybin for major depressive disorder study protocol for a phase ii double blind placebo controlled randomized partial crossover trial", "authors": "Beidas Z, Ragnhildstveit A, Blackman A, Anderson T, Fewster E, Syed O, Sobolenko V, Kanca IK, Jaglinska M, Son T, Farb NAS, Petranker R.", "abstract": "Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting roughly 322 million people. Recently, doses of psilocybin have shown promise in treating mood disorders, sparking interest in other dosing practices. According to anecdotal reports and observational studies, microdosing psilocybin yields benefits to mental health; however, rigorously controlled trials have failed to produce compelling evidence for this. Aims: To conduct a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized partial crossover trial to compare microdosing psilocybin to placebo for MDD, evaluating its safety, tolerability, and preliminary antidepressant effects. Method: 40 adults with MDD will be randomized to four doses of psilocybin (2 mg) or placebo (maltodextrin) once weekly over four weeks, then four doses of psilocybin (2 mg) once weekly for an additional four weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint will be change in depression symptoms, as measured at baseline (0 weeks), after the experimental phase (4 weeks), and after the open-label phase (8 weeks). A battery of mood, well-being, attention, creativity, mindfulness, and pro-sociality measures will be administered at each time point. Follow ups will occur every six months for up to two years after the trial start date, as part of a long-term extension study. Conclusions: Findings will inform future research on microdosing psilocybin for MDD, regarding dose regimens, effect sizes, and expectancy bias. Findings will also facilitate discussions on the comparable benefits of sub- versus threshold doses of psilocybin, and the therapeutic value of radically altered perception.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-11-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/hmnsw_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hmnsw_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:18", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1120352\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Creativity,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3058, "title": "Microdosing Psilocybin for Major Depressive Disorder: Study Protocol for a Phase II Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Partial Crossover Trial", "normalized_title": "microdosing psilocybin for major depressive disorder study protocol for a phase ii double blind placebo controlled randomized partial crossover trial", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting roughly 322 million people. Recently, doses of psilocybin have shown promise in treating mood disorders, sparking interest in other dosing practices. According to anecdotal reports and observational studies, microdosing psilocybin yields benefits to mental health; however, rigorously controlled trials have failed to produce compelling evidence for this. Aims: To conduct a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized partial crossover trial to compare microdosing psilocybin to placebo for MDD, evaluating its safety, tolerability, and preliminary antidepressant effects. Method: 40 adults with MDD will be randomized to four doses of psilocybin (2 mg) or placebo (maltodextrin) once weekly over four weeks, then four doses of psilocybin (2 mg) once weekly for an additional four weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint will be change in depression symptoms, as measured at baseline (0 weeks), after the experimental phase (4 weeks), and after the open-label phase (8 weeks). A battery of mood, well-being, attention, creativity, mindfulness, and pro-sociality measures will be administered at each time point. Follow ups will occur every six months for up to two years after the trial start date, as part of a long-term extension study. Conclusions: Findings will inform future research on microdosing psilocybin for MDD, regarding dose regimens, effect sizes, and expectancy bias. Findings will also facilitate discussions on the comparable benefits of sub- versus threshold doses of psilocybin, and the therapeutic value of radically altered perception.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-11-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/hmnsw_v1", "keywords": "Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"hmnsw_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Creativity,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 436, "title": "Negative affective bias in depression following treatment with psilocybin or escitalopram - a secondary analysis from a randomized trial.", "normalized_title": "negative affective bias in depression following treatment with psilocybin or escitalopram a secondary analysis from a randomized trial", "authors": "Martens MAG, Cunha BG, Erritzoe D, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Harmer CJ.", "abstract": "Recent clinical trial data suggests that ratings on depression scales are lowered after psilocybin therapy compared to placebo, though it is unclear what neuropsychological mechanisms underpin these effects. This study compared psilocybin, with an established antidepressant, escitalopram, to investigate whether there are shared or distinct effects on emotional information processing. Patients with long-standing moderate-to-severe depression were randomly and double-blindly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either 1) two doses of 25 mg of psilocybin, 3-weeks apart, plus 6-weeks of daily placebo (psilocybin group N = 30); or 2) two doses of 1 mg of psilocybin 3-weeks apart plus 6-weeks of daily oral escitalopram (escitalopram group N = 29); all patients received the same psychological support. Behavioural measures of affective bias as well as subjective measures of depression were collected at baseline and at the primary 6-week endpoint, using an established computerised task (Facial Emotion Recognition Task) and Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, respectively. Change in affective bias was further correlated with change in depression scores measured concurrently as well as at 1-month post-trial follow-up (week-10), corrected for baseline depression severity. Negative bias in facial expression recognition decreased after both treatments to a comparable level. Concurrently, change in negative affective bias was not associated with change in depression. Longitudinally, a decrease in the misclassification of positive faces as negative was associated with a decrease in depression scores at week-10 for the escitalopram group only. Therefore, a more positive behavioural bias in emotional processing was seen following psilocybin and citalopram compared to baseline. This highlights the potential for at least some overlap in cognitive mechanisms across two distinct treatments, which is noteworthy given the short dosing regimen with psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-025-03693-w", "pubmed_id": "41257994", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03693-w", "keywords": "Humans, Citalopram, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Affect, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Facial Recognition, Psilocybin, Escitalopram, Secondary Data Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41257994\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 304, "title": "Psychedelics produce enduring behavioral effects and functional plasticity through mechanisms independent of structural plasticity.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics produce enduring behavioral effects and functional plasticity through mechanisms independent of structural plasticity", "authors": "Kramer HM, Hibicke M, Middleton J, Jaster AM, Kristensen JL, Nichols CD.", "abstract": "Activation of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors is thought to underly the long-lasting antidepressant effects of psychedelics such as psilocybin, but beyond that, the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved are not well understood. Recent preclinical studies using mice have primarily examined relatively short time points after psychedelic administration, which does not address the long-lasting effects of psilocybin in humans (i.e., several months or more). We utilized a rat experimental system to demonstrate that both psilocybin and the selective 5-HT2A receptor agonist 25CN-NBOH reduce immobility in the forced swim test without a decrease in effect size for at least three months after a single administration of the psychedelic. There were no overt behavioral differences between psilocybin and 25CN-NBOH treated animals, suggesting 5-HT2A receptor activation is sufficient to produce long-lasting behavioral changes. Functional cellular plasticity in neurons from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of these animals was assessed using brain slice electrophysiology. Functional plasticity was evident for both psychedelics several months after treatment, and Layer 5 excitatory pyramidal neurons demonstrated significant changes in resting membrane potential, firing rates, and synaptic excitation. Recorded neurons were examined by microscopy for synaptic density and spine classification, which found no differences between control and psychedelic-treated. Gene expression studies for several presynaptic and postsynaptic markers in the mPFC indicated no differences in expression between groups. Together, our results indicate a single treatment with a psychedelic is sufficient to elicit very long-lasting behavioral and cellular changes through enduring function plasticity rather than structural plasticity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-025-02272-3", "pubmed_id": "41224969", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-025-02272-3", "keywords": "Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Neuronal Plasticity, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41224969\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 440, "title": "Acute Kidney Failure and Myocarditis Triggered by Magic Mushroom Toxicity in a Patient With Prior Cocaine Exposure.", "normalized_title": "acute kidney failure and myocarditis triggered by magic mushroom toxicity in a patient with prior cocaine exposure", "authors": "Oo AP, Tseu S, Ponnusamy A.", "abstract": "Magic mushroom poisoning can be associated with acute kidney injury (AKI), primarily due to ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Additionally, the use of cocaine can lead to both venous and arterial thrombosis through its vasoconstrictive and prothrombotic effects. In this article, a middle-aged gentleman with a previous history of cocaine use was admitted with severe anuric AKI requiring dialysis after magic mushroom poisoning. He developed supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with significantly raised troponin T and severe left ventricular dysfunction, which was thought to be due to myocarditis induced by magic mushrooms. In addition, imaging revealed extensive thrombosis in multiple blood vessels, including the abdominal aorta, superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and bilateral iliac arteries, resulting in right kidney infarction and a pulmonary embolism in the right lower lobe. There is also a possibility that psilocybin-containing magic mushrooms may induce vasoconstriction, which could theoretically contribute to thrombotic events. However, direct evidence linking psilocybin to thrombosis remains limited.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.96718", "pubmed_id": "41393631", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.96718", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41393631\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 441, "title": "Psychedelic Augmentation of 12-Step Engagement: A Novel, Accessible Approach to Enhance Community-Based Recovery from Substance Use Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic augmentation of 12 step engagement a novel accessible approach to enhance community based recovery from substance use disorders", "authors": "Mehtani NJ, Mian MN, Agin-Liebes G, Coker AR, Huebner C, Anderson BT, Mitchell JM.", "abstract": "Amid an evolving psychedelic drug policy landscape and limitations of existing substance use disorder (SUD) treatments, a novel addiction recovery paradigm has emerged involving augmentation of 12-Step program engagement with therapeutic psychedelic use. A preliminary qualitative analysis was initiated to describe this movement by examining real-world experiences of participants in remission from alcohol, opioid, and stimulant use disorders. Between November 2022 and February 2023, data collection was piloted with nine individuals reporting ayahuasca, ibogaine, psilocybin, and/or peyote use in combination with 12-Step engagement. Participants were intentionally recruited through a community partner to explore this emerging phenomenon; findings are not intended to generalize to broader 12-Step communities. Motivations included challenges with sobriety, psychological distress during abstinence, dissatisfaction with existing SUD treatments, and the relative accessibility of this community-based approach compared to clinical care. Participants highlighted reduced SUD-related cravings, psychospiritual mechanisms of behavior change, and synergistic effects of psychedelics with Steps 2, 4, and 11. Tensions with abstinence-oriented philosophies were acknowledged, and risks related to unsupervised psychedelic use were central to participants' narratives; however, participants ultimately found that psychedelics enhanced their recovery by deepening actionable Step-work and improving psychosocial well-being. Pilot findings underscore a need for further research into this low-cost, accessible approach.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2583960", "pubmed_id": "41214462", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2583960", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41214462\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 422, "title": "Novel qNMR Method to Quantify Psilocybin and Psilocin in Psychedelic Mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "novel qnmr method to quantify psilocybin and psilocin in psychedelic mushrooms", "authors": "Rodríguez L, Morera G, Lupo S, Davyt D, Carrera I, Hernández Dossi G.", "abstract": "Psychedelic mushrooms of the Psilocybe genus contain the psychoactive tryptamines psilocybin and psilocin, compounds currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of depression and other psychiatric conditions. However, the accurate quantification of these alkaloids in fungal matrices remains analytically challenging. Here, we report an optimized extraction protocol and a robust, nondestructive quantification method based on quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) spectroscopy. Using a combination of 1H- and 31P NMR, we achieved simultaneous detection and quantification of psilocin and psilocybin in dried Psilocybe cubensis samples with high accuracy and reproducibility. Our method revealed significant variability in tryptamine content and psilocybin-to-psilocin ratios among user-provided and laboratory-grown samples, underscoring the potential influence of storage conditions on alkaloid stability. Compared with conventional chromatographic approaches, qNMR offers a rapid and calibration-free alternative for the routine analysis of psychedelic fungi. This approach may facilitate quality control in emerging clinical and regulatory contexts of psychedelic mushrooms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsomega.5c07092", "pubmed_id": "41322617", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c07092", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41322617\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 398, "title": "Engineering the Next Generation of Psychedelic Therapeutics through Serotonergic Precision and Pharmacokinetic Control.", "normalized_title": "engineering the next generation of psychedelic therapeutics through serotonergic precision and pharmacokinetic control", "authors": "Renner AC, Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Recent patents unveil a new wave of psychedelic analogs optimized for 5-HT2A receptor modulation, reduced adverse effects, and tunable duration of action. By refining DMT and psilocin scaffolds through prodrug design, fluorination, and structure-activity exploration, these innovations promise safer, shorter-acting psychedelic medicines that align with clinical workflow and improve therapeutic predictability for psychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00661", "pubmed_id": "41404010", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00661", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41404010\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 305, "title": "Pharmacodynamic biomarker - or psychotherapeutic process? Comment on \"The role of the psychedelic experience in psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression\".", "normalized_title": "pharmacodynamic biomarker or psychotherapeutic process comment on the role of the psychedelic experience in psilocybin treatment for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Wolff M, Kangaslampi S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.120637", "pubmed_id": "41224017", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120637", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41224017\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 443, "title": "The Relationship Between Psychedelic Use and Alcohol Use Disorder in a Nationally Representative Sample.", "normalized_title": "the relationship between psychedelic use and alcohol use disorder in a nationally representative sample", "authors": "Zech JM, Richard J, Jones GM", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted interventions are emerging as potential treatments for substance use disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). While recent randomized controlled trials suggest efficacy for certain psychedelics and related compounds in treating AUD, the impact of naturalistic psychedelic use on problematic alcohol consumption remains underexplored. This study examines associations between psychedelic use and AUD in a nationally representative sample ( = 139,524). Logistic regression was used to examine the association between AUD and past-year use of LSD, MDMA, and ketamine, controlling for demographics and comorbid substance use. Past-year LSD use was significantly associated with lower odds of AUD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.70, =.006). However, use of MDMA (aOR = 1.17, =.229) and ketamine (aOR = 1.28, =.235) was not associated with AUD. In a quasi-Poisson regression analysis, past-year LSD use was found to be associated with 15.7% fewer AUD symptoms (IRR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72 - 0.98, =.033), but neither past-year MDMA nor past-year ketamine use were significantly associated with AUD symptoms (MDMA: IRR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.83 - 1.13, =.731; ketamine: IRR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.93 - 1.57, =.139). Taken together, these findings indicate differential associations between specific psychedelics and AUD, with LSD use linked to a reduced risk of AUD. The results underscore the need for further research into the mechanisms by which LSD may influence alcohol use and AUD risk.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2025-11-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2583967", "pubmed_id": "41208129", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41208129/", "keywords": "AUD, Alcohol, LSD, MDMA, ketamine, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41208129\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3033, "title": "Ketamine and Psilocybin Differentially Impact Sensory Learning During the Mismatch Negativity", "normalized_title": "ketamine and psilocybin differentially impact sensory learning during the mismatch negativity", "authors": "Allohverdi SG, Soltanzadeh M, Schmidt A, Charlton CE, Hauke DJ, Karvelis P, Vollenweider FX, Diaconescu AO.", "abstract": "Ketamine and psilocybin show potential as therapies for various mental illnesses, including major depressive disorder. However, further investigation into their neural mechanisms is required to understand their effects on the brain. By combining computational modelling with electroencephalography (EEG), we examine the effects of ketamine and psilocybin on hierarchical sensory pwPE learning in the context of the auditory mismatch negativity, an event-related potential consistently shown to be reduced under psychotomimetic interventions. We employed a Bayesian framework and re-analyzed a previously acquired EEG dataset (Schmidt et al., 2012) by modelling single-trial EEG data using the Hierarchical Gaussian Filter. Using a placebo-controlled within-subject crossover design, healthy subjects were administered either S-ketamine or psilocybin during an auditory roving paradigm of pure sinusoidal tones. Our findings elucidate distinct neural impacts of ketamine and psilocybin on sensory learning: ketamine led to a larger reduction in the effect of sensory precision compared to placebo from 207 to 316 ms peaking at 277 ms in the frontal central channels, while psilocybin showed no significant effect. Both drugs reduced the expression of belief precision between 160 to 184 ms, peaking at 172 ms. For higher-level volatility pwPEs, ketamine reduced the expression at 312 ms while psilocybin had a null effect. For perception of elementary imagery, ketamine had a greater effect than psilocybin on sensory and volatility precision, while psilocybin had a greater effect on volatility pwPEs. Our findings suggest hallucinogens have distinct effects on sensory learning that could inform tailored therapies for major depression.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-11-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.11.06.687023", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.11.06.687023", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1116082\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 408, "title": "Efficacy, all-cause discontinuation, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA to treat mental disorders: A living systematic review with meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "efficacy all cause discontinuation and safety of serotonergic psychedelics and mdma to treat mental disorders a living systematic review with meta analysis", "authors": "Højlund M, Kafali HY, Kırmızı B, Fusar-Poli P, Correll CU, Cortese S, Sabé M, Fiedorowicz J, Saraf G, Zein J, Berk M, Husain MI, Rosenblat JD, Rubaiyat R, Corace K, Wong S, Hatcher S, Kaluzienski M, Yatham LN, Cipriani A, Gosling CJ, Carhart-Harris R, Tanuseputro P, Myran DT, Fabiano N, Moher D, Mayo LM, Nicholls SG, White T, Prisco M, Radua J, Vieta E, Ladha KS, Katz J, Veroniki AA, Solmi M.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics and 3,4-methylendioxtmethamphetamine (MDMA) are promising treatments for mental disorders with a continuously evolving evidence base. We searched Pubmed/Scopus/clinical trial registries up to 08july2025 for double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing MDMA or serotonergic psychedelics in patients with mental disorders. Primary outcomes were change in disease-specific symptoms and all-cause discontinuation. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and relative risk (RR) were estimated using random-effects meta-analysis. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed with Cochrane's RoB-tool version 2 and certainty of evidence with GRADE. The review is maintained as living systematic review (https://ebipsyche-database.org/). We included 30 RCTs (1480 participants; female=45.8 %; with psychological support=83.3 %; high RoB=83.3 %). In post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), MDMA reduced PTSD symptoms compared to any control (k = 11; SMD=-0.85 [-1.09; -0.60]; I2=0 %; GRADE=low). In major depressive disorder (MDD), psilocybin/ayahuasca/LSD reduced depressive symptoms (k = 8; SMD=-0.62 [-0.97; -0.28]; I2=55 %; GRADE=very low). In anxiety disorders, both MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics reduced anxiety symptoms (SMDMDMA=-1.18 [-2.04; -0.32]; I2=0 %; k = 2; GRADE=low and SMDserotonergic=-0.88 [-1.70; -0.06]; I2=54 %;k = 5; GRADE=very low). In alcohol use disorder, neither psilocybin nor LSD reduced abstinence rates (k = 6; RR=1.42 [0.89; 2.26]; I2=7 %; GRADE=very low). In attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), LSD did not reduce ADHD symptoms (k = 1; SMD=0.22 [-0.32; 0.76]; GRADE=very low). Moderate certainty in evidence was only found for MDMA on PTSD symptoms when compared to placebo. MDMA/serotonergic psychedelics were not associated with higher risk of all-cause discontinuation (RRMDMA=0.74 [0.32; 1.72]; RRserotonergic=0.81 [0.56; 1.15]). Overall, MDMA/serotonergic psychedelics are promising for the treatment of PTSD, MDD, and anxiety disorders with moderate to large effect sizes. Pragmatic trials, long-term, head-to-head trials exploring the role of psychological support, aiming to identify predictors of response, and accounting for expectancy and functional unblinding are needed. Studies addressing these limitations will likely be required for regulatory approval of psychedelic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.09.011", "pubmed_id": "41205366", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.09.011", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41205366\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 444, "title": "Correction: Acute and long-term effects of psilocybin on energy balance and feeding behavior in mice.", "normalized_title": "correction acute and long term effects of psilocybin on energy balance and feeding behavior in mice", "authors": "Fadahunsi N, Lund J, Breum AW, Mathiesen CV, Larsen IB, Knudsen GM, Klein AB, Clemmensen C.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-025-03729-1", "pubmed_id": "41198613", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03729-1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41198613\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3510, "title": "Psilocybin - Induced Neuroplasticity in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced neuroplasticity in the treatment of major depressive disorder", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "The primary goal of this pilot study is to investigate whether psilocybin alters neuroplasticity in people with major depressive disorder. The primary hypothesis is that psilocybin will result in neuroplastic changes that parallel improvement in symptoms of depression. In this placebo-controlled, blinded study, individuals with depression will participate in 2 experimental sessions approximately 4 weeks apart during which they will receive two of the following three interventions: 1) placebo, 2) low dose psilocybin (0.1 mg/kg), and 3) medium dose psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-11-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03554174", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Low Dose Psilocybin, Placebo, Medium Dose Psilocybin, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03554174\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3489, "title": "A Phase 1/2 Study of a Group Model of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Cancer-Related Anxiety in Patients With Metastatic Cancer", "normalized_title": "a phase 1 2 study of a group model of psilocybin assisted therapy for cancer related anxiety in patients with metastatic cancer", "authors": "University of Washington", "abstract": "This phase I/II trial tests the safety and side effects of psilocybin in combination with therapy for the treatment of patients with metastatic cancer and symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. Psilocybin is a substance being studied in conjunction with therapy for the treatment of anxiety and depression in patients with cancer. In this study, the psilocybin being used is derived from the mushroom psilocybe cubensis using a patented process that results in a pharmaceutical grade version of psilocybin. Psilocybin acts by activating serotonin receptors on brain cells which can change perceptions and patterns of thinking in ways that may decrease anxiety. OUTLINE: Patients receive psilocybin orally (PO) and participate in group and individual therapy sessions on trial.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-11-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05847686", "keywords": "Hematopoietic and Lymphatic System Neoplasm, Metastatic Malignant Solid Neoplasm, Counseling, Counseling Intervention, Psilocybin, CY-39, Indocybin, psilocybine, Questionnaire Administration, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05847686\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3067, "title": "Psilocybin reduces depressive-like behavior and improves cognition in healthy aging mice via epigenetic regulation of plasticity- and immune-related genes", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces depressive like behavior and improves cognition in healthy aging mice via epigenetic regulation of plasticity and immune related genes", "authors": "Mennenga S, Hanson T, Semple M, Lifshitz D, Flores B, Balducci J, Harker S, Ford A, Lewis C.", "abstract": "Abstract For many, cognitive and affective health declines through typical aging. Although cognitive and affective symptoms are often studied in isolation, they share substantial overlap, and arise, in part, from common biological processes. Aging is accompanied by diminished neural plasticity, heightened neuroinflammation, and widespread alterations in the epigenome. These molecular changes mirror behavioral decline, linking the erosion of cellular adaptability to the decline of cognitive function and emotional well-being in aging. Here, we show that psilocybin reverses age-related behavioral and epigenetic alterations in aged mice. Male and female C57BL/6 mice (11 months old) received two intraperitoneal doses of psilocybin (1mg/kg) or saline one week apart and were evaluated for memory and affective behaviors. Psilocybin improved learning and memory in females and reduced depressive-like behavior across sexes. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in the prefrontal cortex and bilateral hippocampus revealed widespread, sex- and region-specific effects, with the right hippocampus of females showing the most extensive gene-level changes. Differentially methylated loci were enriched for pathways related to synaptic organization, axon guidance, and neuroimmune signaling. Notably, psilocybin reversed age-associated methylation at CpG sites linked to typical aging, including within the Tbr1 promoter, a transcription factor essential for excitatory neuron development and synapse formation. Moreover, methylation at Tbr1 mediated psilocybin’s pro-cognitive effects on Y-Maze performance in females. Together, these findings demonstrate that psilocybin induces coordinated behavioral and epigenetic remodeling in the aging brain, with lateralized and sex-dependent signatures implicating neuroimmune and neuroplasticity transcriptional networks. Psilocybin thus emerges as a candidate compound for promoting aging resilience.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-11-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-7890051/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7890051/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1114471\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Epigenetics,Wellbeing,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Animal Study,Genomics,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 446, "title": "Psilocybin and chronic neuropathic pain: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and chronic neuropathic pain a systematic review", "authors": "Jevotovsky DS, Chopra H, Pak DJ, Durbhakula S, Shustorovich A, Juneja T, Broachwala MY, AlFarra T, Silver C, Kreitzer G, Oreoluwa P, Weissman BB, AlFarra A, Mayrsohn BG, Orhurhu V, Emerick T, Furnish T, Castellanos JP.", "abstract": "Background/importanceChronic pain affects many people globally, requiring alternative management strategies. Psilocybin is gaining attention for its potential in chronic pain management despite being classified as Schedule I.ObjectiveThis systematic review critically evaluates the evidence for psilocybin, a Schedule I substance, in the treatment of chronic pain. The exact purpose of the review is to assess the impact of psilocybin on chronic pain relief, focusing on dosing protocols, treated conditions, and patient outcomes.Evidence reviewA comprehensive review of PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE was conducted up to January 2024. Eligibility criteria included studies evaluating psilocybin for chronic pain management. The risk of bias was assessed using the MASTER (MethodologicAl STandards for Epidemiological Research) scale, and the strength of evidence was graded using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation).FindingsThe review identified 28 relevant studies focusing on dosing, treated conditions, and outcomes. The majority of the included studies (76.2%) were of low or very low quality. Several studies with moderate-to-low-quality evidence utilized a 0.14 mg/kg dosing protocol. The findings suggest promise for the use of psilocybin in chronic pain relief, though the quality of evidence is generally low.ConclusionsThe current research shows potential for psilocybin as a treatment option for chronic pain relief. However, methodological issues and a lack of high-quality evidence underscore the need for further investigations with standardized protocols. Despite these limitations, the potential for psilocybin in chronic pain management is encouraging.Prospero registration numberCRD42023493823.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1136/rapm-2024-105532", "pubmed_id": "39106989", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2024-105532", "keywords": "Humans, Neuralgia, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Pain Management, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39106989\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 445, "title": "Divergent effects of ketamine and psilocybin on EEG power spectral density in a mismatch negativity paradigm.", "normalized_title": "divergent effects of ketamine and psilocybin on eeg power spectral density in a mismatch negativity paradigm", "authors": "Soltanzadeh M, Wang Z, Allohverdi SG, Charlton CE, Schmidt A, Vollenweider FX, Diaconescu AO.", "abstract": "RationaleKetamine and psilocybin have demonstrated therapeutic potential for mental disorders, including major depressive disorder, yet they engage distinct mechanisms of action. Ketamine, a dissociative hallucinogen, acts by blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR), whereas psilocybin primarily targets serotonin receptors. These divergent mechanisms are reflected in their electrophysiological biomarkers.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the divergent effects of ketamine and psilocybin on different elements of the EEG frequency spectrum, focusing on aperiodic components as an indicator of excitation-inhibition balance in the neural circuitry.MethodsWe re-analyzed a previously acquired EEG dataset from healthy volunteers using a placebo-controlled within-subject crossover design (Schmidt et al., Neuropsychopharmacology 37(4):865-875 2012). Participants received either placebo or S-ketamine (N=19) and placebo or psilocybin (N=16) during an auditory roving paradigm. Spectral parameters including periodic and aperiodic were extracted and partial least squares analysis was employed.ResultsKetamine significantly altered the offset and slope of the EEG spectrum, suggesting a disruption in excitatory-inhibitory balance. While both drugs commonly reduced alpha power in similar regions, beta band activity was decreased exclusively under ketamine.ConclusionsThese findings highlight ketamine's unique effects on aperiodic EEG components, reinforcing its role as a neurochemical model of prodromal psychosis. Psilocybin's effects appear distinct, emphasizing its targeted influence on oscillatory activity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06952-2", "pubmed_id": "41191045", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06952-2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41191045\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 257, "title": "Engineering artificial biosynthetic pathways for efficient microbial production of psilocybin and psilocin.", "normalized_title": "engineering artificial biosynthetic pathways for efficient microbial production of psilocybin and psilocin", "authors": "Guo C, Luu NNT, Adwer MM, Hosseinzadeh H, Balan V, Yan Y, Lin Y.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy is emerging as a highly promising approach for treating depression, with psilocybin, a psychoactive compound in magic mushrooms, gaining the most recognition for its efficacy in treating post-traumatic stress disorder and treatment-resistant depression. However, its low natural abundance makes extraction costly, necessitating alternative production methods. While engineered microbial production has been explored, dependence on the CYP450 hydroxylase (PsiH) in the natural biosynthetic pathway remains a major bottleneck, limiting production efficiency. Here, we report the design, validation, and optimization of artificial biosynthetic pathways in Escherichia coli that bypass PsiH, enabling efficient psilocybin and psilocin production. De novo biosynthesis of psilocybin achieved record titers of 557.91 mg/L in shake flasks and 2.00 g/L in a bioreactor, outperforming previous microbial engineering efforts. This work demonstrates the great commercial potential of microbial psilocybin production via combinatorial metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.002", "pubmed_id": "41202968", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.002", "keywords": "Escherichia coli, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Biosynthetic Pathways, Metabolic Engineering, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41202968\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 202, "title": "Psilocybin mitigates chronic behavioral and neurobiological alterations in a rat model of recurrent intimate partner violence-related brain injury.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin mitigates chronic behavioral and neurobiological alterations in a rat model of recurrent intimate partner violence related brain injury", "authors": "Allen J, Sun M, Baker TL, Dames S, Kryskow P, Christie BR, McDonald SJ, Shultz SR.", "abstract": "Intimate partner violence (IPV) poses a significant medical concern, predominantly affecting females. IPV-related brain injuries (IPV-BI), such as mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and non-fatal strangulation (NFS), sustained during physical attacks are common and often repetitive. Chronic neurobehavioral sequalae from IPV-BI are associated with neuroinflammation and impaired neuroplasticity, and effective treatment options are scarce, particularly in the context of IPV. However, psilocybin, a 5-HT2A receptor agonist with therapeutic potential in psychiatric disorders that share overlapping pathophysiology as BI, is a promising candidate. This study evaluated psilocybin's effects on behavior, cognition, and neurobiology in a novel rat model of recurrent IPV-BI. Female rats underwent daily mTBI (lateral impact) followed by NFS (90 s) for five days, followed by 16 weeks of recovery. Rats then received a single intraperitoneal injection of psilocybin (1 mg/kg) or saline, with behavioral testing 24 h later. To investigate whether psilocybin's effects were 5-HT2A receptor dependent, additional rats received pre-treatment with selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 (1.5 mg/kg) one hour before psilocybin administration. Psilocybin recovered mTBI+NFS-induced abnormalities in the elevated plus-maze, increased sucrose preference when administered without M100907, and improved reversal learning in the water maze and spatial memory in the Y-maze. In the dorsal hippocampus, mTBI+NFS rats treated with saline, but not those treated with psilocybin, exhibited an increased number of microglial cells in the molecular layer and fewer reelin-positive cells in the subgranular zone. These findings suggest psilocybin's antidepressant, pro-cognitive, anti-inflammatory, and neuroplasticity-enhancing effects hold promise for improving chronic IPV-BI outcomes and highlight the critical role of 5-HT2A receptors in mediating psilocybin's therapeutic benefits.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03329-x", "pubmed_id": "41193674", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03329-x", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Brain Concussion, Disease Models, Animal, Behavior, Animal, Cognition, Female, Intimate Partner Violence, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41193674\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 448, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted physiotherapy for refractory motor functional neurological disorder: protocol for a randomised dose-comparison pilot study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted physiotherapy for refractory motor functional neurological disorder protocol for a randomised dose comparison pilot study", "authors": "Bhagavan C, Bryson A, Carter O, Nielsen G, Berlowitz D, Issak S, Braat S, Zaloumis S, Attard Z, Eleftheriadis D, Oliver G, Mayne D, Roebuck G, Rucker J, Butler M, Kanaan R.", "abstract": "BackgroundMotor functional neurological disorder (FND) is a common illness associated with significant functional impairment. There are no effective pharmacotherapies, and despite the early promise of physiotherapy studies, many suffer disabling symptoms in the long term. There is a theoretical rationale for combining psychedelics with physiotherapy; however, the potential benefit of this approach and optimal treatment model remains unexplored. Here, we present the protocol for the first study investigating the tolerability, feasibility, and potential efficacy of two distinct treatment regimens of psilocybin-assisted physiotherapy for refractory motor FND: a moderate dose that incorporates movement tasks during the acute drug effects versus a standard dose alone.MethodsTwenty-four participants with refractory motor FND will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to either (1) psilocybin 15 mg, with movement tasks conducted during the acute drug effects, or (2) psilocybin 25 mg alone. All participants will receive two sessions of FND-specific physiotherapy pre-dosing, six sessions of physiotherapy post-dosing, and undergo follow-up visits one week and four weeks following their final physiotherapy session. A battery of outcome measures will be completed as scheduled, assessing tolerability, feasibility, motor FND symptom severity, psychiatric and physical symptoms, quality of life, treatment expectations, intensity of the acute drug effects, personality, motor function, force-matching performance, resting-state and task-based brain imaging, and subjective experiences of the study treatment.DiscussionThese findings will assist the design of an adequately powered randomised controlled trial in this cohort. The findings may also inform the feasibility of psychedelic treatment in related functional and neuropsychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/neu.2025.10042", "pubmed_id": "41186141", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2025.10042", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Pilot Projects, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Physical Therapy Modalities, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41186141\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Personality Change,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 447, "title": "A Tragedy of Errors: The State of Psychedelic Research in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder.", "normalized_title": "a tragedy of errors the state of psychedelic research in the treatment of alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Srivastava AB, Gold MS", "abstract": "The past two decades have seen the reemergence of research investigating the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs across neuropsychiatric illnesses. One condition, alcohol use disorder (AUD), is of relevance given the broad public health implications and both limited effectiveness and attrition associated with currently available treatments. While emerging research has suggested that the benefits of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of AUD may be considerable, several fundamental aspects of this work limit the conclusions that can be drawn. These limitations include those that apply to research involving psychedelics generally-including functional unblinding and the role and definition of \"psychedelic assisted psychotherapy\" and some unique to AUD, including the nature of the mystical experience and how it relates to the \"spiritual experience\" as described in the literature of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), of which the history of psychedelic research in AUD is closely intertwined. Additionally, current mechanistic neuroimaging studies examining the therapeutic effects of psychedelics in AUD are limited by design and do not directly interrogate the cognitive and circuit-level processes likely underlying treatment response. This review describes these limitations in detail by bridging historical, conceptual, and mechanistic aspects of psychedelic research in AUD and offers suggestions for future studies, the results of which may more clearly specify the role and utility of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of AUD.", "journal": "Brain sciences", "publication_date": "2025-11-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci15111190", "pubmed_id": "41300197", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41300197/", "keywords": "alcohol use disorder, alcoholics anonymous, cognitive control, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, psilocybin, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41300197\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Aging,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 449, "title": "Reporting of side-effects in clinical trials of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric conditions: systematic review.", "normalized_title": "reporting of side effects in clinical trials of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric conditions systematic review", "authors": "Marinis J, Clarke ST, Guerin AA, Guastella AJ, Bedi G.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) has gained attention as a promising intervention for conditions including depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder, but understanding of its side-effects is limited. This review evaluates the quality of side-effects reporting in PAP trials, to guide treatment, policy and research.AimsTo assess side-effects reporting quality in PAP trials for psychiatric conditions, comparing published articles and ClinicalTrials.gov records.MethodA PROSPERO-registered review (no. CRD42023458960) included English-language PAP trials (2005-2024) identified via Embase, CENTRAL, PubMed and reference searches. Reporting quality was assessed using the CONSORT Harms extension, categorised as either high (17-21), moderate (12-16), low (7-11) or very low (0-6). Randomised controlled trials underwent risk of bias analysis, and descriptive statistics compared side-effects across sources.ResultsTwenty-four trials were included. Reporting quality was high in six studies, moderate in four, low in nine and very low in five. All randomised controlled trials (n = 9) showed high risk of bias for side-effects outcomes. Variability in reporting hindered comparisons between articles and ClinicalTrials.gov, underscoring the need for standardisation. Overall, there was no evidence of systematic underreporting of side-effects in published articles compared with trial registers.ConclusionsSide-effects reporting in PAP trials is inconsistent but is improving over time. Existing evidence has a high risk of bias. Future trials should align with best-practice guidelines for side-effects reporting. Discussions with patients should prioritise findings from high-quality studies and emphasise the current uncertainty regarding PAP side-effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1192/bjo.2025.10847", "pubmed_id": "41178084", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10847", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41178084\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3259, "title": "Lifetime Psychedelic Use and Opioid Use Disorder Severity: Substance-Use Pattern Specific and Mental Health-Dependent Associations in a National Survey", "normalized_title": "lifetime psychedelic use and opioid use disorder severity substance use pattern specific and mental health dependent associations in a national survey", "authors": "Ehmann S, Hager NM, Regier PS, Jones G, Allen JJ.", "abstract": "Background and AimsThe ongoing opioid epidemic remains a major public health crisis in the United States, with over 100,000 opioid-related deaths annually. Mental health disorders are strongly associated with opioid use disorder (OUD), compounding risks of misuse and overdose. Emerging evidence indicates that psychedelics may be associated with reduced risk of OUD. This study aimed to estimate the associations between lifetime psychedelic use and OUD severity, accounting for mental health impairment, and to test whether these associations vary by mental health status.DesignCross-sectional analysis of the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health using structural equation modeling with multiple-group moderation. Reporting follows STROBE guidelines for observational studies.SettingUnited States, nationally representative community survey.Participants45,133 adults aged ≥18 years (55% female; mean age = 35.6 years, SD = 13.7).MeasurementsThe primary dependent variable was OUD severity (no disorder, mild, moderate, severe). Independent variables were two psychedelic factors: mescaline/peyote (Psychedelic_F1) and LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, DMT (Psychedelic_F2). Mental health impairment was modeled as a latent construct (psychological distress, functional impairment, major depression) and also used to define high vs. low impairment groups. Covariates were age, sex, and household income.Findings Psychedelic_F1 was associated with lower OUD severity (β = -0.34, p =.001, 95%CI [-0.550, -0.153]), while the Psychedelic_F2 was associated with higher severity (β = 0.60, p", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-11-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/jd2rk_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jd2rk_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1112465\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 271, "title": "Microdosing psilocybin and its effect on creativity: Lessons learned from three double-blind placebo controlled longitudinal trials.", "normalized_title": "microdosing psilocybin and its effect on creativity lessons learned from three double blind placebo controlled longitudinal trials", "authors": "Prochazkova L, Marschall J, van Elk M, Rifkin BD, Schon NR, Fiacchino D, Fejer G, Kuchar M, Hommel B.", "abstract": "BackgroundTaking very small doses of psychedelics (LSD, truffles) over an extended period became prevalent in Western societies for its alleged cognitive benefit, including enhanced creativity. However, in the absence of robust, double-blind-controlled quantitative studies, such claims remain anecdotal.MethodsHere we present results from 3 double-blind placebo-controlled longitudinal trials (one of which pre-registered) assessing the effects of microdosing psilocybin on convergent and divergent creativity in a well-controlled semi-naturalistic setting. To enhance statistical power and generalizability, data from all trials (N = 171) were pooled in a mega-analysis, resulting in one of the most robust laboratory-based studies on microdosing to date.ResultsWe found that active microdosing increased the ratio of original responses (originality/fluency), indicating higher quality of divergent thinking in the active microdosing condition. The unadjusted originality score was significantly more pronounced in the active microdosing condition, but only when relative dosage (dose/weight of participants) was considered. Importantly, these effects survived controlling for dose guess and demographic biases. No effects of active microdosing were found for other divergent-thinking scores or convergent thinking.ConclusionThe results suggest that the effects of truffle mirodosing are limited to the quality of divergent thinking. Moreover, our findings highlight the importance of controlling for placebo effects and prior psychedelic experience in assessing the impact of microdosing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-11-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110732", "pubmed_id": "41187880", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110732", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Longitudinal Studies, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Thinking, Placebo Effect, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Creativity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41187880\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 84, "title": "Lifetime Psychedelic Use and Opioid Use Disorder Severity: Substance-Use Pattern Specific and Mental Health-Dependent Associations in a National Survey", "normalized_title": "lifetime psychedelic use and opioid use disorder severity substance use pattern specific and mental health dependent associations in a national survey", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background and Aims The ongoing opioid epidemic remains a major public health crisis in the United States, with over 100,000 opioid-related deaths annually. Mental health disorders are strongly associated with opioid use disorder (OUD), compounding risks of misuse and overdose. Emerging evidence indicates that psychedelics may be associated with reduced risk of OUD. This study aimed to estimate the associations between lifetime psychedelic use and OUD severity, accounting for mental health impairment, and to test whether these associations vary by mental health status. Design Cross-sectional analysis of the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health using structural equation modeling with multiple-group moderation. Reporting follows STROBE guidelines for observational studies. Setting United States, nationally representative community survey. Participants 45,133 adults aged ≥18 years (55% female; mean age = 35.6 years, SD = 13.7). Measurements The primary dependent variable was OUD severity (no disorder, mild, moderate, severe). Independent variables were two psychedelic factors: mescaline/peyote (Psychedelic_F1) and LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, DMT (Psychedelic_F2). Mental health impairment was modeled as a latent construct (psychological distress, functional impairment, major depression) and also used to define high vs. low impairment groups. Covariates were age, sex, and household income. Findings Psychedelic_F1 was associated with lower OUD severity (β = -0.34, p =.001, 95%CI [-0.550, -0.153]), while the Psychedelic_F2 was associated with higher severity (β = 0.60, p", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-11-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108652", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/jd2rk_v1", "keywords": "Mental Health Impairment, Mescaline, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Peyote, Psychedelics, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Quantitative Methods, Quantitative Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"jd2rk_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 460, "title": "The emotional architecture of the psychedelic brain.", "normalized_title": "the emotional architecture of the psychedelic brain", "authors": "Moujaes F, Rieser NM, Belinger L, Herdener M, Zahid Z, Preller KH", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics are being explored as treatments for a range of psychiatric conditions. Promising results in mood disorders indicate that their effects on emotional processing may play a central role in their therapeutic potential. However, mechanistic and clinical studies paint a complex picture of the impact of psychedelics on emotions and mood. Here, we review recent findings on the effects of psychedelics on emotion, emotional empathy, and mood. We discuss how psychedelics may impact long-term emotion management strategies, the significance of challenging experiences, and neuroplastic changes. More precise characterization of emotional states and greater attention to the temporal dynamics of psychedelic-induced effects will be critical for clarifying their mechanisms of action and optimizing their therapeutic impact.", "journal": "Trends in cognitive sciences", "publication_date": "2025-10-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.tics.2025.07.006", "pubmed_id": "40830011", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40830011/", "keywords": "amygdala, depression, mood, neuroplasticity, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40830011\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 458, "title": "The therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs: Legal, policy, and neuroscientific perspectives.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs legal policy and neuroscientific perspectives", "authors": "Rahmani S, Crupi R, Riley AL, Davidson T", "abstract": "After many years of stigma and neglect, there is a resurgence of interest in the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs. Anecdotal and evidence-based reports indicate psychedelics as a possible treatment for depression, anxiety, PTSD, substance abuse, and other disorders resistant to conventional medical interventions. The available data, however, are limited and the use of psychedelic substances in therapy remains controversial. This paper presents a collection of reports based on the talks of eighteen renowned experts in science, policy, and law who spoke at a recent symposium organized by American University's Center for Neuroscience and Behavior titled \"The Therapeutic Uses of Psychedelic Drugs: Legal, Policy, and Neuroscientific Perspectives.\" These speakers presented their ideas and perspectives concerning (a) the safety and effectiveness of psychedelic-assisted therapies; (b) the brain systems on which psychedelic drugs act; (c) ethical issues for both research and clinical settings; (d) pathways to increasing access to psychedelics for medical and nonmedical purposes; (e) federal and state regulation of psychedelic drugs for research, therapy, and nonmedical uses; and (f) procedures and requirements for psychedelic drug patents and commercialization. In considering these topics, each speaker strove to make their views accessible to diverse audiences of professionals outside of their own disciplines. This paper aims to faithfully convey the substance of each talk, while also providing additional context and updates relevant to the presentations. The symposium revealed the potential of psychedelics for treating psychiatric and behavioral disorders and the scientific, legal, and policy challenges that must be met to realize this potential.", "journal": "Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior", "publication_date": "2025-10-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174087", "pubmed_id": "40849009", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40849009/", "keywords": "Drug law, Drug policy, Medical ethics, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40849009\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 432, "title": "Paper spray and direct mushroom spray mass spectrometry methods for the analysis of psycho-neurological disorder toxins", "normalized_title": "paper spray and direct mushroom spray mass spectrometry methods for the analysis of psycho neurological disorder toxins", "authors": "Luo W, Dai Q, van Beek TA, Zuilhof H, Chen B, Chen Z, Salentijn GI.", "abstract": "Fast screening approaches based on paper spray ionization were developed to identify psycho-neurological disorders mushrooms. Directly spraying from mushroom tissue already allowed direct identification of muscarine, psilocin, and ibotenic acid within 2-3 min. For quantitative analysis of the more challenging ibotenic acid, a new anion-exchange modified paper spray tandem mass spectrometry (AEPS-MS/MS) method was established to increase selectivity and sensitivity. The developed method was benchmarked against HPLC-MS/MS (with detection limits of 0.009 μg mL⁻¹) and could reach detection limits of 1.3 μg mL⁻¹ for ibotenic acid spiked in mushroom extract, with acceptable accuracy (−14.0 % to +5.1 %) and precision (10.8 % to 18.0 %). In addition, the developed method was compared with solid-phase extraction coupled with PS-MS/MS (with detection limits of 2.8 μg mL⁻¹). Finally, the AEPS-MS/MS was applied for the quantitative analysis of ibotenic acid in Amanita griseopantherina, matching results from HPLC-MS/MS.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND609225828", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"IND609225828\",\"source\":\"AGR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3503, "title": "Precision Functional Brain Mapping to Understand the Mechanisms of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "precision functional brain mapping to understand the mechanisms of psilocybin", "authors": "Washington University School of Medicine", "abstract": "This project will employ functional brain imaging to study the mechanism and immediate and long-term effects of psilocybin, a serotonin receptor 2A agonist, on cortical and cortico-subcortical brain networks in healthy adults. Psilocybin shows promise as a safe, transformational therapeutic across several psychiatric conditions. However, little is know about its mechanism of action. This study aims to establish a neuroimaging paradigm for use in future clinical research testing the effectiveness of psilocybin in various clinical applications. In this study, we will assess both acute (during psilocybin exposure) and sustained (one week post-exposure) effects of 5-HT2A receptor agonism on brain circuits using resting state functional connectivity and precision functional mapping (PFM). Using a randomized, controlled crossover study design, a small number of healthy volunteers will receive either psilocybin or methylphenidate (MTP) and will undergo MRI (structural, task, blood flow, extended resting state). After two weeks, participants will return for a second exposure with the alternate of what they received in the first session. This study involves up to five separate imaging sessions. Functional connectivity will be measured using the following PFM approach: 1. Extended functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) image acquisition 2. Aggressive data cleaning 3. Analysis designed to examine functional brain connectivity at the individual level This will allow us to map the effects of 5-HT2A receptor agonism on cortical and cortico-subcortical brain networks at the individual level with precision that is unparalleled in the current literature. This is the first step in developing a precision neuroimaging approach for mechanistic understanding of psilocybin's therapeutic effects. If successful, this pharmacoimaging paradigm will have potential utility across psychiatric conditions, allowing us to better understand whether and how psilocybin might \"bend the curve\" in treatment course, preventing persistent suffering, disability, and suicide.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04501653", "keywords": "Psilocybin, psilocin, Methylphenidate, Metadate, Methylin, Ritalin, Concerta, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04501653\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 466, "title": "Psychedelics and ketamine/esketamine in depressive disorders: biological mechanisms and associated neuroimaging and clinical changes.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and ketamine esketamine in depressive disorders biological mechanisms and associated neuroimaging and clinical changes", "authors": "d'Andrea G, Chiappini S, Ciavoni L, Tucci R, Martino F, Semeraro FM, Di Battista D, Mosca A, Miuli A, Di Carlo F, Russo M, Di Petta G, Fornaro M, Pettorruso M, Sensi SL, Martinotti G.", "abstract": "BackgroundOver the past ten years, several psychedelic compounds, including tryptamines like lysergic acid diethylamide/LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, and dimethyltryptamine/DMT, have been tested in clinical trials for a range of psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety and depression. While these compounds are relatively available for treatment, ketamine and its S(+) enantiomer, esketamine, are increasingly used to manage treatment-resistant depression. The biological mechanisms set in motion by these compounds are still largely unexplored. Preliminary data indicate modulatory activity of distinct brain networks and selected neurotransmitter pathways (i.e., glutamate, serotonin).ObjectiveThis systematic review investigates functional changes in neural activity generated by these compounds (i.e., LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, and DMT or ketamine/esketamine) in depressive disorders. Studies involving different techniques (i.e. Positron Emission Tomography/PET, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/SPECT, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging/fMRI and MRI) were included.MethodA literature search was conducted following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines of 2015. The search was performed using PubMed Web of Science and Scopus databases, taking into consideration publications up to March 2022, without any time restrictions.ResultsThe search produced a final set of 49 articles. Most were related to ketamine/esketamine (n = 44). A smaller number (n = 5) pertained to psychedelic tryptamines (one on ayahuasca and four on psilocybin). From the total of 49 studies, 9 were randomized-controlled trials, 25 were open-label studies, 4 were double-blind trials, 8 were observational studies, and 3 cross-over studies.ConclusionsPsylocibin seems to reset Default Mode Network (DMN) activity, thereby reducing depressive symptoms with long-term and sustainable antidepressant efficacy. Compared to psychedelics, ketamine exhibits a more specific action on networks involving prefrontal areas that act indirectly on the DMN. This effect may help explain ketamine's anti-anhedonic activity and its critical role in increasing cognitive control over emotional stimuli, thus reducing negative mood stages.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-025-03654-3", "pubmed_id": "41173871", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03654-3", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Depressive Disorder, Neuroimaging, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41173871\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 306, "title": "Psilocybin use in bipolar disorder: A comprehensive review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin use in bipolar disorder a comprehensive review", "authors": "Do A, Cloutier L, Hébert-Tremblay L, Thauvin C.", "abstract": "IntroductionBipolar disorder (BD) is a severe and persistent mental disorder characterized by recurrent mood episodes, with BD depression accounting for most of the illness burden. Although the mainstay treatment of BD consists of pharmacotherapy with mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics, a large proportion of patients with BD depression do not respond to adequate trials of medications. In addition, these medications can be associated with multiple, often significant adverse effects, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic agents that are acceptable, effective and safe for patients.MethodsWe performed a comprehensive narrative review on the use of psilocybin in BD, with a focus on clinical outcomes.ResultsTwo small clinical trials show that psilocybin combined with psychotherapy was safe and effective for the treatment of BDII depression with large treatment effects. No serious adverse events, including treatment-emergent mania/hypomania or increased suicidality, were reported in both trials. However, other studies have raised concerns about the safety of psilocybin in BD patients, including the development or worsening of manic symptoms, sleep disruptions and anxiety. Overall, the majority of BD patients believe that psilocybin could benefit their mental health problems, but their experiences varied depending on several contextual factors, such as polysubstance use, psilocybin dose, solo versus social experiences and pre-psilocybin sleep deprivation.ConclusionDespite its promising potential, the efficacy and safety of psilocybin in the treatment of BD depression remain unclear, and future research is essential to clarify its therapeutic value in BD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.120485", "pubmed_id": "41177271", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120485", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Bipolar Disorder, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41177271\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3566, "title": "A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Mechanistic Study to Assess a Single Oral Dose of CYB003 in Participants With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Moderate to Severe Anxiety", "normalized_title": "a randomized double blind placebo controlled mechanistic study to assess a single oral dose of cyb003 in participants with major depressive disorder mdd and moderate to severe anxiety", "authors": "Ohio State University", "abstract": "The goal of this study is to learn how psychedelics may help symptoms of depression and anxiety. Participants with major depressive disorder experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety will receive one dose of either a drug related to psilocybin or a placebo. Assessments include interviews, self-report questionnaires, EEG and fMRI to measure symptoms and brain function. Many patients with MDD do not respond or have an incomplete response to treatment with currently available antidepressants. The use of psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin) is being investigated as a new approach to improve depressive symptomatology, however their mechanism of action is still not well understood. Psilocin is the active metabolite of psilocybin responsible for the psychedelic effects of the parent compound. CYB003 is a synthetic, deuterated isotopomer of psilocin, being developed by Cybin for the treatment of MDD. The study will investigate the changes in brain activity, connectivity, and microstructural neuroplasticity assessed using electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography (EMG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)/ diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) after administration of one oral dose of CYB003. Up to 40 participants will be enrolled and randomized into two groups: one receiving 16 mg of CYB003, and one group receiving placebo. Psychological support will be provided before, during and after the administration session. Assessments performed at Baseline and on Day 2 and Day 21 after administration will include EEG/EMG, MRI, clinician (MADRS, HAM-A, C-SSRS) scales and self-report questionnaires to assess depression and anxiety symptoms, cognitive testing, self-report questionnaires to evaluate the psychedelic effects of CYB003 administration, and blood draw of the Gsα-AC biomarker assay.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06820723", "keywords": "Depression, Anxiety, Major Depressive Disorder, CYB003, Placebo, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06820723\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 409, "title": "Psilocybin as a fast-acting and long-lasting antidepressant for adolescence: Proposing NeuroD1 as a biomarker of its long-term plasticity.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a fast acting and long lasting antidepressant for adolescence proposing neurod1 as a biomarker of its long term plasticity", "authors": "García-Cabrerizo R, Beruete-Fresnillo I, Bergas-Cladera P, García-Fuster MJ.", "abstract": "Adolescent depression is a significant public health concern, yet treatment options remain limited, particularly due to age- and sex-related differences in antidepressant efficacy. This study explored for the first time the potential antidepressant-like response of psilocybin in adolescence by examining acute, repeated and persistent effects in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes, as measured under the stress of the forced-swim test. As compared to other studies, we relied on a more translational approach by administering psilocybin orally (oral gavage, o.g.), while elucidating its hallucinogenic-like potential through head-twitch responses. Finally, hippocampal neurogenesis markers were evaluated as potential biomarkers of psilocybin's antidepressant-like responses in adolescence (1- and 16-days post-treatment). The main results showed that: (1) acute psilocybin (1 mg/kg, 30 min) induced subjective hallucinogenic effects, as measured by head-twitch responses, independently of the route of administration (i.p. vs. o.g.), and without changing locomotor activity; (2) acute psilocybin (0.3 and 1 mg/kg, o.g., 30 min) exerted a rapid antidepressant-like response that coincided with the course of hallucinogenic-like responses; (3) repeated psilocybin (0.3 and 1 mg/kg, 7 days, 1 dose/day, o.g.) induced an antidepressant-like response while increased several hippocampal neurogenesis markers (Ki-67: cell proliferation, NeuroD1: neural progenitors and BrdU: cell survival) as measured 1-day post-treatment; and (4) the long-lasting antidepressant-like effects of psilocybin (observed up to 15-days post-treatment) paralleled hippocampal NeuroD1 regulation. Interestingly these effects were observed for rats independently of sex (mixed-sex cohort). To the best of our knowledge, these results are the first ones to underscore oral psilocybin's potential as a fast-acting and long-lasting antidepressant during adolescence, a developmental stage marked by high vulnerability to depression and reduced response to conventional treatments, while also proposing NeuroD1 as a putative biomarker of its long-term plasticity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118720", "pubmed_id": "41172953", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118720", "keywords": "Hippocampus, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Neuronal Plasticity, Female, Male, Neurogenesis, Biomarkers, Psilocybin, Doublecortin Protein, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41172953\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Biomarkers,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3597, "title": "A Wellcome Leap for the Opioid Crisis: Can the 5HT2A Agonist Psilocybin Improve Brain, Behavioral, and Clinical Outcomes in Opioid Use Disorder (OUD)?", "normalized_title": "a wellcome leap for the opioid crisis can the 5ht2a agonist psilocybin improve brain behavioral and clinical outcomes in opioid use disorder oud", "authors": "Anna Rose Childress, Ph.D.", "abstract": "Investigators will recruit 36 individuals on MAT for OUD for a double-blind, placebo-controlled design to determine whether PEX010 (25-mg/d) shows preliminary efficacy on neural correlates of neurocognition and on clinical outcomes. Participants will be randomized to either (single dose) 25-mg (PEX010-25 group) or 1-mg (PPEX010-1 group) PEX010 in a 2:1 ratio. Brain and behavioral testing sessions will precede Psilocybin (PSI) dosing day by 24-48 hours and will follow PSI dosing by 1 week. After an initial 6 phases, participants will come into the lab to submit a urine screen 2x/week and to complete a short survey in order to collect data on drug use, MAT adherence, and mental health symptoms. The investigators hypothesize the PEX010-25 (vs. PEX010-1) group will have better clinical outcomes (e.g., lower average percent positive urine drug screens, more late relapses, higher MAT adherence). There are research follow ups every three months out to one year post dose. The Opioid Crisis: Currently in its third wave, the opioid epidemic involves the prevalence of lethal levels of fentanyl in drugs, leading to a surge in opioid-related deaths. Reports indicate a record-breaking number of over 107,000 drug-related overdose deaths in 2021-2022, with opioids contributing to more than 75% of these fatalities. Beyond fatal overdoses, nearly 1 million non-fatal overdoses occurred in 2017, carrying significant, long-lasting consequences. Those who experience non-fatal overdoses are more prone to subsequent overdoses and have a higher likelihood of death within a year, primarily due to drug-related issues. The escalating cases of opioid use disorder (OUD) emphasize the critical need for innovative treatments to address the associated challenges, including neurocognitive difficulties and poor clinical outcomes. While medication-assisted treatment (MAT) like methadone or buprenorphine effectively alleviates withdrawal symptoms and reduces overdose risk, illicit drug use persists, and non-adherence to MAT remains a challenge. The opioid overdose crisis demands urgent attention and necessitates the development of treatments capable of making a significant impact. Psilocybin: In response to the need for improved treatments, there's a growing interest in psychedelic-assisted treatment (PAT), particularly involving psilocybin (PSI). Clinical trials support the use of PAT in controlled medical contexts, with 105 trials registered in the past 20 years covering various mental health and other conditions. PSI (at single doses in the proposed range) has shown preliminary promise for depression, alcohol use disorder, and tobacco-use disorder. However, its potential benefits for OUD remain unknown. This proposal aims to determine whether PSI enhances critical OUD clinical outcomes, such as relapse, overdose, and MAT adherence. Importantly, the investigators will test how PSI produces its benefits through its impact on brain and bio-behavioral targets, thus linking potential biomarkers to clinical outcomes. Cognitive Flexibility: The ability to change thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in response to changes in circumstance (to \"flex\") has strong survival value. When the brain cannot \"flex\", one can experience a range of mishaps, from small (turning left rather than right 'out of habit') to much larger ones. Being 'stuck' is a problem that appears in many disorders. For example, individuals with depression may get 'stuck' in dark ruminating thoughts; individuals with OCD may get 'stuck' in repetitive thoughts and behaviors; people with substance use disorders get 'stuck' over-responding to drug reward signals and pursue the drug despite negative consequences. Recent research shows that PSI facilitates intermediate and long-term improvements in cognitive flexibility, raising the hope that it can 're-set' the brain and enable new thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Cognitive flexibility is often measured by tasks that quantify how successfully one can shift between changing mental rules to complete a task. Using such tasks, there is evidence of cognitive flexibility deficits in people with OUD, but research has not specifically examined the impact of improved cognitive flexibility on OUD clinical outcomes. To date, one study showed that neurocognitive training in executive function (EF), including cognitive flexibility, is associated with reduced opioid use, while a non-OUD study found that higher baseline cognitive flexibility was related to better substance use treatment retention. This proposal will be the first to test whether putative PSI-related improvements in cognitive flexibility will lead to more favorable OUD clinical outcomes. Other Executive Functions: Importantly, cognitive flexibility is a complex capability that depends on the integrated action of several other basic executive functions (EFs): attention, working memory, and inhibition of thoughts, feelings, or actions. Further, each of these basic EFs, together with cognitive flexibility, are needed for effective and efficient planning and decision-making. Individuals who use drugs demonstrate impairment in a variety of these fundamental EFs. In OUD populations, deficits are evident across most EF domains, including working memory, attention, inhibition, and decision-making, which may relate to or underly their cognitive inflexibility. Studies have found that performance on EF tasks (and the neural underpinnings of EF in the prefrontal cortex \\[PFC\\]) indeed correlate with clinical outcomes such as treatment non-adherence (e.g., working memory) and drug use/relapse (e.g., poor inhibition) in substance-use disorders generally, and with reduced abstinence in OUD. Whether these multiple EF deficits predate, or even predispose, drug use - they are likely compounded by drug exposure, including non-fatal opioid overdoses that produce hypoxic-related brain injuries, leading to further neurocognitive deficits. In sum, there is good preliminary evidence for deficits in the several component EFs underlying cognitive flexibility in OUD. By measuring these separately, the current proposal will be able to determine which of these targets are most impacted by PSI, and their relative importance for outcome prediction. What's \"special\" about psilocybin? PSI has likely been in use by humans for millennia, originally as a religious or spiritual agent due to its dramatic subjective effects, including hallucinations and mystical experiences. However, scientists have more recently understood that some of the effects - such as increased sense of connectedness, openness, and change in perspective - can produce long-lasting change and improved mental health. Indeed, psychometric instruments capturing non-ordinary states of consciousness and psychological constructs have reliably predicted clinical treatment outcomes, including substance use disorder outcomes. Some theorists have proposed that these dramatic drug effects may reflect a profound initial 'loosening' of top-down control over limbic and sensory regions, resulting in improved flexibility and adaptive behavior. Though the current proposal will not be able to test all features of this hypothesis, the investigators will capture the special acute phenomenology of the drug state and test for the fundamental feature of flexibility. Further, the investigators will determine the relative role of the basic EF components of flexibility and test the importance of all these factors (alone and in combination) for obtaining clinical benefit from the drug. This study will provide a critical foundation for understanding the potential of 5HT2A agonists in OUD, with treatment implications for several other disorders where cognitive inflexibility, 'getting stuck', is a core feature.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06786325", "keywords": "Opioid Use Disorder, Psilocybin, PEX010, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06786325\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 467, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted Existential, Attachment and RelationaL (PEARL) therapy for patients with advanced cancer: protocol for a multi-method feasibility trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted existential attachment and relational pearl therapy for patients with advanced cancer protocol for a multi method feasibility trial", "authors": "Richardson C, Chan C, Macgregor E, Hare C, Hannon B, Black S, Schneider E, Buchman D, Wang S, Rac V, Abrahamyan L, Huszti E, Nissim R, Li M, Zimmermann C, Hapke E, Rosenbaum D, Hales S.", "abstract": "BackgroundIndividuals with advanced cancer often experience high levels of distress for which there are few standardized treatment approaches. Our multidisciplinary team has combined existing evidence-based approaches into Psilocybin-assisted Existential, Attachment, and RelationaL (PEARL) therapy. PEARL therapy combines elements from psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, including preparatory therapy sessions, a high-dose psilocybin session, and integration sessions, with important elements from evidence-based psychotherapies designed for patients with advanced cancer.MethodThis open-label, single-arm clinical trial will assess the acceptability, feasibility, and safety of PEARL therapy among 15 patients with advanced cancer, using qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Participants will complete self-report questionnaires at four time points pre- and post-intervention, as well as a qualitative interview one month after PEARL completion. Feasibility will be evaluated in terms of recruitment, retention, and adherence rates, while safety will be assessed based on the number of participants experiencing no serious adverse events.DiscussionThis study will yield important information about the acceptability and feasibility of PEARL therapy and contribute to growing research around the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapies. PEARL therapy has the potential to improve quality of life among those with advanced disease, and careful research is needed to guide public policy, legislation, therapist training, and clinical guidelines.Trial registrationNCT06416085; 2024-07-16.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s40814-025-01706-5", "pubmed_id": "41152967", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-025-01706-5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41152967\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 468, "title": "Provider perspectives on challenges in treatment during psychedelic therapy.", "normalized_title": "provider perspectives on challenges in treatment during psychedelic therapy", "authors": "Bender DA, Nayak SM, Siegel JS, Hellerstein DJ, Ercal BC, Lenze EJ.", "abstract": "RationalePsychedelic treatments are considered to involve unique treatment challenges relative to other psychiatric interventions, though these are typically not explored in detail within clinical trial reports.ObjectivesTo determine the types of challenges that providers encounter while administering psychedelic drugs in research settings and to assess provider opinions on safeguards that may be pursued to improve outcomes.MethodsAn anonymous survey was distributed via email to contacts listed on clinicaltrials.gov. for clinical trials of psilocybin and LSD, personal contacts of authors, and through snowball sampling. Free response items were reviewed using qualitative thematic analysis.Results40 qualified respondents completed the survey. Respondents came from varying educational backgrounds (42.5% M.D./D.O., 57.5% other degrees) and practiced in at least 4 countries, 11 U.S. states, and 16 institutions. Respondents had overseen a total of 1656 psychedelic sessions (average = 41.4). Thematic analysis of free response descriptions pertaining to challenges in psychedelic therapy produced 11 distinct themes, with the most commonly reported challenges being intense dysphoria during treatment sessions (42% of respondents), disappointment with the intervention (25% of respondents), and re-engaging with traumatic experience (17% of respondents). 70% of respondents felt that individuals with PTSD or prior trauma warrant additional psychological support. Respondents recommended 9.8 h of total psychological support for individuals with serious mental illness receiving psychedelic treatment for the first time.ConclusionsPsychedelic providers encounter a variety of challenges over the course of psychedelic treatments. These potentialities should be considered during the development of psychological support protocols for clinical trials and any future clinical guidelines.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06907-7", "pubmed_id": "41139739", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06907-7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41139739\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 308, "title": "Love (Drugs), Happiness, and Morality.", "normalized_title": "love drugs happiness and morality", "authors": "Rakić V.", "abstract": "Various authors, including myself, have argued that happiness and morality operate in a circularly supportive relationship. In this paper, love will be added to this relationship. The new triple correlation will be explored through the following lens: not only do love and happiness reinforce moral action, but they appear to be in a triple circularly supportive relationship. Moral behavior is frequently grounded in love; love encourages prosocial behavior; prosocial behavior increases happiness; happiness, in turn, enhances the inclination of most people to act morally most of the time. Argued from the opposite direction: happiness tends to encourage prosocial behavior in most people most of the time; prosocial behavior is conducive to the development of loving relationships; love induces us to behave morally toward the people we love. The argument presented here will also propose that this triple circular reinforcement can be significantly deepened and sustained through a careful use of love-enhancing substances, aided by guided meditation-particularly in the case of the psychedelic psilocybin. It will be concluded that humans will be motivated to use love drugs because they tend to increase their happiness. Consequently, a voluntary use of love drugs is a more effective means of moral (bio-)enhancement than is the prevention of \"ultimate harm\" that is based on compulsory moral enhancement.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/bioe.70043", "pubmed_id": "41144801", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.70043", "keywords": "Humans, Meditation, Social Behavior, Happiness, Love, Morals", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41144801\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 471, "title": "Home-based psilocybin-assisted therapy for a patient with advanced cancer: A case report.", "normalized_title": "home based psilocybin assisted therapy for a patient with advanced cancer a case report", "authors": "Farzin H, Koren B, Ferrier H, Sanders JJ, Garel N.", "abstract": "ObjectivesPsychospiritual distress affects many patients with cancer, contributing to diminished quality of life, decreased survival and a desire for hastened death. The current standard of care, which primarily consists of antidepressants and psychotherapy, has demonstrated only modest benefits. Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has shown evidence of rapid, durable, and significant effects on measures of both depression and anxiety in this patient population.MethodsA 51-year-old man diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer, referred to palliative care (PC) with a prognosis of less than 6 months, experienced depression and anxiety in the context of demoralization and existential distress. His suffering persisted despite psychotherapy and treatment with 100 mg of sertraline. He was granted access to PAT through Health Canada's Special Access Program (SAP) and was treated with 25 mg of oral psilocybin in a homecare setting, with preparative and integrative therapy prior to and following the PAT session.ResultsPAT was well tolerated, with significant decreases in both anxiety and depression. The patient subjectively reported a sustained reduction in suffering and improved well-being at 2 months post-intervention.Significance of resultsPAT, when utilized within an appropriate therapeutic framework, may be safely delivered at home and may serve as an effective and long-lasting treatment for symptoms of anxiety and depression associated with psychospiritual symptoms of existential distress in PC. Future studies should examine differences in outcomes between clinical and homecare settings for PAT, and could include creating practice guidelines and protocols for home-based PAT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/s1478951525100941", "pubmed_id": "41127918", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1478951525100941", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Lung Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Depression, Anxiety, Middle Aged, Home Care Services, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41127918\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 470, "title": "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Investigating the Efficacy of Various Psychedelic Drugs for the Treatment of Substance Use Disorder.", "normalized_title": "a systematic review and meta analysis investigating the efficacy of various psychedelic drugs for the treatment of substance use disorder", "authors": "Keighley EE, Abo Hamza E, Bedewy DA, Nalla S, Moustafa AA.", "abstract": "Objectives: This study investigates psychedelic drugs to treat substance use disorder (SUD). Researchers have recently begun conducting clinical trials of psychedelic treatment for SUD. The current meta-analysis investigates the extent of efficacy in alleviating SM behaviours (P) using psychedelic therapy (I), concurrent with determining which psychedelic enables the greatest effect (C) as a treatment tool for reducing SUD (O). Methods: The inclusion criteria in this study include evaluating the efficacy of LSD, psilocybin, ketamine, or ibogaine in human beings with an SUD. The exclusion criteria include studies on rodents, patients with schizophrenia, case studies, incomplete or ongoing trials, and studies with insufficient quantitative data. The search criteria obtained 1278 articles, acquired through PubMed and PsycINFO. After excluding literature, 30 papers were kept in the final meta-analysis. A random-effects model analysis was applied to investigate individual psychedelic interventions, with a corresponding combined psychedelic intervention analysis. Results: The results favoured psychedelics as an SM treatment, with ibogaine evidencing the most prominent. We also found a non-significant difference between the effectiveness of psychedelic treatment paired with psychotherapy and psychedelic treatment alone. This study aims to contribute knowledge to future clinical research on the psychedelic treatment of SUD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/healthcare13212668", "pubmed_id": "41228035", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13212668", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41228035\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 391, "title": "Adverse event reporting and management in psilocybin therapy clinical trials: A systematic review to guide clinical and research protocol development.", "normalized_title": "adverse event reporting and management in psilocybin therapy clinical trials a systematic review to guide clinical and research protocol development", "authors": "Bukovsky D, Amaev A, Song J, Kyte S, Carmona-Torres E, Ueno F, Deluca V, Strafella AP, Husain MI, Graff-Guerrero A, Gerretsen P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychedelic prodrug, has gained renewed interest for its potential to treat various psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. While promising, concerns remain regarding its safety profile and the management of potential adverse events (AEs). This systematic review aimed to evaluate the incidence, nature, and severity of adverse events and serious adverse events (SAEs) associated with psilocybin use across diverse clinical populations. A comprehensive search was conducted across MEDLINE, Embase, and APA PsycInfo via the OVID platform, from database inception to June 5, 2024. A total of 42 clinical studies (N = 1068 participants) met inclusion criteria, all of which reported on AEs and/or SAEs following psilocybin administration. All studies were deemed to have a high risk of bias due to concerns regarding blinding. We synthesized information on common, uncommon, and SAEs, instances of suicidal ideation, methods of measuring AEs, and AEs requiring medical intervention. Reported AEs included headache, transient increases in blood pressure, and nausea, which typically resolved on their own. In rare instances, medical intervention was required. SAEs were reported infrequently in 2 of 42 studies and were limited to participants with underlying depressive disorders (e.g., suicidal behaviour, hospitalization). Overall, psilocybin appears to have a favourable safety profile when administered in controlled settings. Based on our findings, we provide an outline of commonly reported AEs, uncommon AEs, SAEs, and considerations for future clinical and research protocols.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111541", "pubmed_id": "41138900", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111541", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Research Design, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41138900\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 437, "title": "Novel Psilocin Derivatives as Serotonergic Psychedelic Agents for Treating CNS Disorders.", "normalized_title": "novel psilocin derivatives as serotonergic psychedelic agents for treating cns disorders", "authors": "Sabnis RW.", "abstract": "Provided herein are novel psilocin derivatives as serotonergic psychedelic agents, pharmaceutical compositions, use of such compounds in treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and processes for preparing such compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00608", "pubmed_id": "41256997", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00608", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41256997\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3688, "title": "Investigating the Persisting Effects of a Single Dose of Psilocybin on Structural Plasticity in Healthy Older Adults", "normalized_title": "investigating the persisting effects of a single dose of psilocybin on structural plasticity in healthy older adults", "authors": "University of California, Berkeley", "abstract": "Participants in this study will undergo a series of non-invasive tests and activities designed to understand how a single dose of psilocybin might influence cognition and emotional well-being in healthy older adults. After providing written informed consent, eligible participants, aged between 60 and 85, will be randomly assigned to receive a dose of psilocybin ranging from a microdose to a moderate-to-high dose. Anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) will be used to assess changes in brain structure, while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will be used to quantify changes in functional brain activity. The investigators will use cognitive exams, perceptual tasks, brain imaging, peripheral psychophysiology, and surveys to investigate the persisting effects of psilocybin on cognition, predictive coding, and affect in healthy older adults (60-85 years old). The investigators will measure changes in these measures by comparing baseline to one-week and one-month post-treatment. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive a dose of psilocybin in a range from microdose to moderate-to-high dose (1-30 milligrams). Anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) will be used to assess changes in brain structure, while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will be used to quantify changes in functional brain activity. The investigators will assess whether changes in these brain measures underlie observed changes in cognition, predictive coding and affect.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06367738", "keywords": "Aging, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06367738\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Aging,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Older Adults", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3432, "title": "Investigating the Mechanisms of the Effects of Psilocybin on Visual Perception and Visual Representations in the Brain", "normalized_title": "investigating the mechanisms of the effects of psilocybin on visual perception and visual representations in the brain", "authors": "University of California, Berkeley", "abstract": "The long-term objective of this project is to characterize how psilocybin affects visual perception and the brain's representation of the visual environment. It is known that psilocybin alters aspects of visual perception, but the underlying brain mechanisms contributing to these effects are poorly understood. The proposed work will address these questions in a large, diverse sample of healthy human subjects by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the brain's responses to visual stimuli. The proposed research will document which brain areas mediate the effects of psilocybin. The technique of fMRI will be employed to measure brain activity in different brain areas while subjects are performing a visual perceptual task.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05265546", "keywords": "Perception Disorders, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05265546\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 148, "title": "Landscape analysis of pre-registered clinical trials involving classical psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "landscape analysis of pre registered clinical trials involving classical psychedelics", "authors": "Uyar A, Forbrich L, Lueken U, Evens R.", "abstract": "Psychedelic clinical research is expanding rapidly. This review analyses the state and trends in psychedelic clinical trial registrations. A systematic search of ClinicalTrials.Gov was conducted on 11 November 2024, to identify registered interventional trials investigating (therapeutic) effects of serotonergic psychedelics (e.g. lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], psilocybin, [5-MeO-]DMT). Analyses included a negative binomial regression to assess time trends and descriptive summaries of study characteristics. Outcomes included registration trends, substance distribution, study phase progression, sample and trial characteristics, geographical distribution and psychotherapy reporting. A total of 241 trials were identified, with registrations rising exponentially after 2006 and an acceleration post-2019. Two-thirds of trials are ongoing or planned. Psilocybin remains the most frequently studied substance and is most advanced towards approval, but short-acting psychedelics ([5-MeO-]DMT) have recently been introduced with a more focused clinical scope. Industry involvement is increasing, though university-led research still dominates. Reports of psychotherapy components increased following 2023 FDA recommendations, though no major improvements in intervention descriptions were observed. The rapid expansion of registered psychedelic clinical trials with diverse indications and substances reflects growing clinical interest. While university-led studies initiated early investigations and established a broad knowledge base, later industry involvement increasingly prioritizes scalability and economic considerations by adopting a focused approach towards clinical approval. Inconsistent reporting of psychotherapeutic components limits cross-study comparability and complicates systematic investigations into which combinations of therapeutic elements (type, timing, intensity) may optimize clinical outcomes. Future efforts should focus on complete and standardized trial reporting at study registration to minimize bias, reduce interpretative ambiguity and facilitate cross-trial comparisons.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251371690", "pubmed_id": "41121524", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251371690", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41121524\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3281, "title": "Simulated 5-HT2A receptor activation accounts for the high complexity of brain activity during psychedelic states", "normalized_title": "simulated 5 ht2a receptor activation accounts for the high complexity of brain activity during psychedelic states", "authors": "Martin HM, Cofre R, Destexhe A.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, and DMT, have strong effects on human brain activity, yet their mechanisms of action at the whole-brain level are only partially understood. Here, we present a biophysically-based mean-field model that integrates cellular and network-level details to simulate the effects of these compounds at different spatial scales. By incorporating the brain-wide distribution of 5-HT2A receptors, our model mechanistically links receptor activation to a reduction in leak membrane potassium conductance, consistent with electrophysiological data. Our simulations reveal that this microscopic perturbation leads to the emergence of a brain state characterized by asynchronous and irregular dynamics with increased firing rates, as well as significant alterations in spectral power. Specifically, we find a robust decrease in power within the delta, theta, and alpha frequency bands, a result consistent with empirical findings. This change in dynamics is accompanied by an increase in spontaneous complexity, as quantified by the Lempel-Ziv complexity index, as observed experimentally. Furthermore, our model accurately replicates experimental findings regarding the Perturbational Complexity Index (PCI), demonstrating that PCI does not increase significantly by psychedelic drug administration. This crucial dissociation, where spontaneous complexity and spectral power are increased while perturbational complexity is preserved, highlights the distinct neurophysiological substrates underlying different metrics in psychedelic states. Our multiscale model provides a robust, mechanistic framework for understanding how serotoninergic psychedelics modulate global brain activity, offering new insights consistent with empirical neuroimaging and electrophysiological data.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-10-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.10.20.683366", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.20.683366", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1104450\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 481, "title": "Psychedelic-induced behavioral and developmental effects on zebrafish: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic induced behavioral and developmental effects on zebrafish a systematic review", "authors": "de Oliveira AL, de Oliveira DP, Dos Santos RG, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are mind-altering substances that have shown promising effects in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders owing to their antidepressant, anxiolytic and antiaddictive effects. However, data on their developmental toxicity is scarce, which might hinder its therapeutic suitability, and preclinical data on their behavioral effects is mainly restricted to rodents. In this context, zebrafish emerge as vertebrate model, since it shows well conserved genetic, neurodevelopment, molecular and physiological pathways that are comparable to humans. Additionally, high fecundity, clear embryo visualization, fast development and good nervous system homology make it an interesting model in assessing developmental toxicity and behavior. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of the articles which evaluated these parameters after psychedelic exposure. Thirteen articles were included of which nine focused on adult behavioral alterations and four on developmental toxicity. Substances used included ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ibogaine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), mescaline, noribogaine, psilocybin and psilocin. Overall, psychedelics did not elicit morphological abnormalities in embryo-larvae, although ayahuasca induced edemas and increased mortality at high concentrations. Ibogaine, MDMA and LSD were associated with locomotor impairments after exposure during development. DMT, psilocybin and psilocin elicited an anxiolytic effect on larvae, while LSD, MDMA, mescaline and noribogaine reduced anxiety in adult fish. Altogether, psychedelics present a safe toxicological profile at low concentrations in zebrafish, but it is yet unclear whether they induce offspring's neurodevelopment deficits. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the extent of these adverse effects and if they persist during development.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111534", "pubmed_id": "41125218", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111534", "keywords": "Animals, Zebrafish, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41125218\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3050, "title": "Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder Maintains Abstinence Efficacity: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in alcohol use disorder maintains abstinence efficacity a scoping review", "authors": "Suspene J, Huet S, Berteina-Raboin S, Benyamina A, Baril P, Morisset-Lopez S, Serreau R.", "abstract": "Alcohol use disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by excessive alcohol consumption. The drugs that are used to treat it often fail to prevent relapse. At the same time, psilocybin is increasingly being investigated for the treatment of various substance use disorder. This review aims to evaluate the results of the most recent clinical trials assessing psilocybin as a treatment for alcohol use disorder. According to these trials, psilocybin seems to reduce craving but its effect on overall alcohol consumption is less clear. There is no doubt that future trials would benefit from larger sample sizes and standardized tests.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2025-10-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202510.1355.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202510.1355.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1104657\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 310, "title": "Contemplating versus having used psychedelics in bipolar disorder - What makes the difference?", "normalized_title": "contemplating versus having used psychedelics in bipolar disorder what makes the difference", "authors": "Vale LN, Ibrahim M, Fávaro-Pereira L, Soares JC, Meyer TD.", "abstract": "In recent years psychedelics have gained popularity and potential promise in the field of mental health, but for patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD), fears of emerging manic or psychotic symptoms have caused investigators to exclude them from psychedelic research. In this observational study, we explore the motivations, expectations, and personality characteristics of individuals with BD who have either used (i.e., experimenters) a classic psychedelic (i.e., psilocybin, LSD) or were considering using (i.e., contemplators) in the near future. We compared so-called experimenters to contemplators across various sociodemographic, psychological, and mental health variables. The groups did not differ in socio-demographic variables or mental health, however, experimenters demonstrated more positive attitudes towards psychedelics and more 'openness to experience.' Furthermore, certain motives for use were more strongly endorsed while contemplators expressed concerns about potential negative effects and outcomes. These findings highlight that previous psychedelic experience is associated with more positive perceptions and motivations for use, which might have also been shaped by the actual experience. While we do not advocate for unsupervised use of psychedelics outside of a clinical setting, the study provides some information what areas need to be discussed with individuals with BD who contemplate using psychedelics, even in the context of a clinical trial.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.120437", "pubmed_id": "41109422", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120437", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Motivation, Bipolar Disorder, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41109422\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 309, "title": "Cognitive and subjective effects of psilocybin microdosing: Results from two double-blind placebo-controlled longitudinal trials.", "normalized_title": "cognitive and subjective effects of psilocybin microdosing results from two double blind placebo controlled longitudinal trials", "authors": "Prochazkova L, Marschall J, Lippelt DP, Schon NR, Kuchař M, Hommel B.", "abstract": "ObjectiveMicrodosing psychedelics has been widely reported to enhance focus and problem-solving, sparking interest in its potential to treat attentional disorders such as ADHD. However, existing studies largely rely on anecdotal evidence and lack adequate placebo control.MethodsThis study contributes to the literature by examining the longitudinal effects of microdosing psilocybin truffles in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials conducted in semi-naturalistic settings. We assessed multiple domains, including cognitive control, memory, social cognition, subjective well-being and subjective experiences using a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods.ResultsContrary to expectations, microdosing did not significantly affect behavioral or subjective measures compared to placebo. While some initial effects were observed in social cognition, mood, and self-reported cognitive flexibility, these did not remain significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. Regardless of condition, participants predominantly reported their subjective experiences as positive yet negative bodily feelings were enhanced in the active condition. Notably, participants remained effectively blinded throughout the trials.DiscussionIn conclusion, our findings do not support the idea that microdosing psilocybin reliably enhances cognitive or emotional functioning beyond placebo. Future research should explore individual differences in response to microdosing and examine whether specific populations might benefit from targeted microdosing interventions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110722", "pubmed_id": "41110634", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110722", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Longitudinal Studies, Double-Blind Method, Affect, Cognition, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41110634\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 473, "title": "Biological markers of treatment response to serotonergic psychedelic therapies: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "biological markers of treatment response to serotonergic psychedelic therapies a systematic review", "authors": "Wong S, Jones BDM, Thiyagarajah MT, Sabbah SG, Thompson C, Solmi M, Umer M, Zrenner C, Voineskos D, Rosenblat JD, Mulsant BH, Blumberger DM, Husain MI.", "abstract": "BackgroundResults from contemporary clinical trials of serotonergic psychedelic therapies have led to an increasing focus on their potential clinical use across mental disorders. However, studies examining mechanisms of clinical response to psychedelic therapy in psychiatric populations are limited. This review aimed to synthesize evidence from studies examining biomarkers of clinical response to psychedelic therapies.Data sources and methodsA systematic search of four databases (MedLine, PsycInfo, EMBASE, and Web of Science) for studies investigating treatment response to psychedelic therapies in psychiatric populations that included both clinical outcomes and a related biomarker was conducted on January 10, 2024. Studies were included if they reported on prospective clinical trials involving the use of a psychedelic in participants diagnosed with any Diagnostic and Statistical Manual or International Classification of Diseases mental disorder, where a biological marker was measured and evaluated in association with treatment response.ResultsNine studies investigating the effects of Ayahuasca and psilocybin in major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression were included in this review. Several potential biomarkers of response were explored through neuroimaging and blood samples, with significant associations found for serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, serum C-reactive protein, cerebral activation of the amygdala, and functional connectivity between regions such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and posterior cingulate cortex.ConclusionResults of small studies suggest associations between several putative biomarkers and treatment response to psychedelic therapies. Future trials of psychedelic therapies should integrate biomarker assessment in longitudinal designs to advance the understanding of their mechanism of action in mental disorders.Trial registrationThis study protocol was registered to PROSPERO under the number CRD42021291171.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251384513", "pubmed_id": "41122434", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253251384513", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41122434\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 359, "title": "Mind the gap! Addressing unresolved aspects of abuse potential evaluation and scheduling of classic and novel psychedelic drugs.", "normalized_title": "mind the gap addressing unresolved aspects of abuse potential evaluation and scheduling of classic and novel psychedelic drugs", "authors": "Heal DJ, Gosden J, Smith SL.", "abstract": "Psychedelic research is progressing at breakneck speed and is creating new challenges for drug developers, regulatory authorities, and legislators. Most \"classic\" psychedelics undergoing clinical investigation are C-I controlled drugs with perceived high potential for abuse and no medical use. These and next-generation psychedelic drug-candidates require scientific and clinical assessment of their abuse and dependence potential before transitioning into a controlled drug schedule assigned to clinically approved drugs (C-II to C-V). Food and Drug Administration is likely to undertake the first regulatory assessment of a \"classic\" psychedelic, and it has led in disseminating advice on how to address the clinical and regulatory challenges. We have built on this foundation by discussing areas of abuse and dependence evaluation procedures that remain unclear or have not previously been covered. Psychedelic drug-candidates can be classified into three categories, that is, \"classic\" (well-known compounds including psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine and lysergic acid diethylamide) and \"novel\" psychedelics (e.g., analogues of known psychedelics), and located between them is what we describe as \"grey area\" psychedelics (e.g., non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonists). In this review, we set out clear proposals for categorizing psychedelic drug-candidates, describe the development pathway and abuse/dependence testing procedures appropriate to each, and, finally, offer our perspective on how these drugs will be evaluated and scheduled under the auspices of the U.S. Controlled Substances Act. Although we used the United States as a test case, the principles and analyses we used and the screening framework for assessing the abuse potential of psychedelic drug-candidates are universally applicable and can be easily adapted to the regulatory requirements and procedures in other countries.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251382147", "pubmed_id": "41099474", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251382147", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, United States Food and Drug Administration, United States", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41099474\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 358, "title": "A novel psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonist GM-2505: The pharmacokinetic, safety, and pharmacodynamic profile from a randomized trial healthy volunteer.", "normalized_title": "a novel psychedelic 5 ht2a receptor agonist gm 2505 the pharmacokinetic safety and pharmacodynamic profile from a randomized trial healthy volunteer", "authors": "Marek GJ, Makai-Bölöni S, Umbricht D, Christian EP, Winters J, Dvorak D, Raines S, Hughes ZA, Austin EW, Klein AK, Leong W, Krol FJ, Graaf AJV, Juachon MJ, Otto ME, Borghans LGJM, Jacobs G, Kruegel AC, Sporn J.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) with available antidepressant drugs is characterized by considerable ineffectiveness. Classical psychedelics such as psilocybin and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which act primarily as 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) receptor agonists, have shown preliminary efficacy for inducing long-term remission in MDD after one or two doses. GM-2505 is a novel, 5-HT2A receptor agonist, developed for treating MDD.MethodsIn this single-ascending dose, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, we characterized GM-2505's safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamic (PD) profile in 48 healthy participants.ResultsSingle intravenous (IV) doses up to 20 mg demonstrated an acceptable safety profile of mild transient adverse events, short-term, non-clinically significant increases in blood pressure and pulse, and no significant changes in electrocardiographs, consistent with other 5-HT2A receptor agonists. In general, GM-2505 Cmax and AUClast increased dose proportionally, with t1/2 of 40-50 minutes. Generally, dose-dependent effects were observed for neuroendocrine hormones, several neuropsychological and neurophysiological measures, and subjective drug effects. Dose-related effects were also observed in resting-state electroencephalography (rsEEG), with decreased power in the low frequency rsEEG bands (theta and alpha), and increased in the high frequency bands (slow and fast gamma).ConclusionsThese PD findings were similar in nature and magnitude to other 5-HT2A receptor agonists that have been studied clinically. In line with the GM-2505 PK profile, the duration of cardiovascular and subjective effects was shorter than psilocybin but longer than DMT, demonstrating a potentially more practical temporal profile for use in a supervised clinical setting compared to longer-acting 5-HT2A receptor agonists, with an optimal dose range of 10-15 mg IV. Clinical trial (ISRCTN64428072) registration: https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN64428072.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251378512", "pubmed_id": "41099491", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251378512", "keywords": "Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Blood Pressure, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Healthy Volunteers, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41099491\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Adolescents,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3652, "title": "Phase I Study of the Safety and Adjunctive Effects of Psilocybin in Adults With Opioid Use Disorder Maintained on a Buprenorphine/Naloxone Formulation", "normalized_title": "phase i study of the safety and adjunctive effects of psilocybin in adults with opioid use disorder maintained on a buprenorphine naloxone formulation", "authors": "University of Wisconsin, Madison", "abstract": "Primary Aim: In participants with OUD, to characterize adverse events associated with adding two psilocybin doses to a stable buprenorphine-naloxone formulation. Secondary Aim: To evaluate the effect of psilocybin treatment on the effectiveness of a buprenorphine-naloxone maintenance therapy. Secondary Aim: To evaluate the effect of concurrent buprenorphine-naloxone use on the effects of psilocybin therapy. Descriptive Aim: To describe any changes in self-efficacy, quality of life, pain. The primary objective of this clinical trial is to determine the safety of psilocybin in adult patients with opioid use disorder concurrently taking buprenorphine-naloxone. Eligible participants will be adults with active opioid use disorder (OUD) who are willing to begin and maintain a daily dose of buprenorphine-naloxone throughout study participation. Initiation, stabilization, and maintenance of buprenorphine-naloxone will be overseen by a qualified study medical provider. After psychological screening and at least 6 hours of preparatory counseling and preparation for the psilocybin dosing, set, and setting, each participant will ingest 1 oral dose of psilocybin. All dosing sessions will be attended by 2 specially trained facilitators, in a dedicated Clinical Research Facility. After eight hours of observation in the dosing room, the participant will be kept overnight in the hospital Clinical Research Unit, and complete an integration session with a psychologist before discharge to home. Approximately 4 weeks after the first dose, the participant will receive a second oral dose of psilocybin, with the same length of observation. Participants who have been administered the first dose but decline to receive the second dose will remain evaluable. At study termination, their active study participation will end, but completion of the 28 day post-dose follow up will be requested. The primary endpoint is the assessment of the safety of concurrent administration of a buprenorphine-naloxone formulation and psilocybin as determined by physiological measures (ECG, respiratory rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and blood oxygen saturation) and validated clinical and self-report measures (Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS), Opioid Craving Scale (OCS), Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB)). If you are interested in participating in this study, please fill out a brief 1-minute survey at the link in the \"More Information\" section at the bottom of this record.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04161066", "keywords": "Opioid Use Disorder, Psilocybin with facilitated counseling, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04161066\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3057, "title": "Psilocybin exerts differential effects on social behaviour and inflammation in mice in contexts of activity-based anorexia (ABA)", "normalized_title": "psilocybin exerts differential effects on social behaviour and inflammation in mice in contexts of activity based anorexia aba", "authors": "Shadani S, Greaves E, Andrews ZB, Foldi CJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, have shown therapeutic potential across several psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anorexia nervosa (AN). These disorders often share social deficits that may be effectively alleviated by psychedelics considering their use has been linked with emotional empathy and enhanced social cognition. However, the mechanisms through which psychedelics alter social behaviour are unclear, and mechanistic studies in animal models have largely focused on male subjects. This is problematic for understanding the therapeutic effects relevant for disorders that predominantly affect females, such as AN. Here, we used the activity-based anorexia (ABA) mouse model to examine the effects of a single psilocybin dose on social behaviour in female mice and compared outcomes to mice exposed to food restriction (FR), exercise (RW) or standard housing (Controls). Together with these metabolic stressors, we also investigated the effects of psilocybin on the circulating proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is implicated in AN and is suppressed by psychedelics. Psilocybin did not alter sociability in ABA, RW, or FR mice but increased preference for familiarity in Controls. Novelty-seeking behaviour was elevated in both ABA and RW groups, although with distinct social patterns. Psilocybin elevated IL-6 levels in RW mice, which was positively correlated with preference for novelty. No such relationships were found in ABA or FR groups. These findings reveal subtle, context-dependent effects of psilocybin on social behaviour and inflammation in female mice, highlighting the need to clarify its temporal, neuroplastic, and immune-related mechanisms across sexes and disease models.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-10-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.10.14.682467", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.14.682467", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1102183\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Animal Study,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3640, "title": "A Phase 1 Study of a Second Psilocybin Group Retreat for Partial Responders With Anxiety Associated With Metastatic Cancer", "normalized_title": "a phase 1 study of a second psilocybin group retreat for partial responders with anxiety associated with metastatic cancer", "authors": "University of Washington", "abstract": "This phase I trial tests the safety and side effects of a second episode of psilocybin-assisted group therapy and how well it works in treating anxiety and distress in patients with cancer that has spread from where it first started (primary site) to other places in the body (metastatic) and had a partial response to their first retreat. Up to 50% of patients with metastatic cancer have clinically significant anxiety and unaddressed anxiety and distress may add to the suffering caused by cancer itself. Psilocybin, a psychedelic drug, is made using an extract from the psilocybe mushroom, also known as \"magic mushrooms\". Psilocybin binds to serotonin receptors (natural body chemicals that control moods) on brain cells producing intense changes in mood, including anxiety. This may change perceptions and patterns of thinking in ways that may decrease anxiety. Group therapy may reduce stress and improve the well-being and quality of life of patients with metastatic cancer. A second episode of psilocybin-assisted group therapy may be safe, tolerable and or effective in treating anxiety and distress in partial responders with metastatic cancer. OUTLINE: Patients receive psilocybin orally (PO) with optional booster dose on day 0. Patients attend an individual prep visit on day -1 and an individual integration visit on day 1. Patients also attend group preparation visits on days -14, -7 and -1 and group integration visits on days 1, 8, 22 and 36. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up at 2, 3, and 6 months.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06644170", "keywords": "Hematopoietic and Lymphatic System Neoplasm, Metastatic Malignant Solid Neoplasm, Behavioral Intervention, Psychedelic therapy, Group Therapy, Psilocybin, Questionnaire Administration, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06644170\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3590, "title": "Psilocybin and Affective Function in Chronic Lower Back Pain Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and affective function in chronic lower back pain depression", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This study seeks to provide insight on psilocybin's effects on mechanisms of chronic pain among patients with co-morbid chronic low back pain and depression (CLBP+D). Participants will receive either a single high-dose of psilocybin (25mg absolute dose) or methylphenidate (40mg absolute dose). Participants will be asked to complete assessments of pain, depressive symptoms, and more general questionnaires regarding the participants experiences during the experimental sessions and the associated enduring effects. This study will investigate the effects of a single experimental psilocybin (25 mg fixed dose) administration compared to a dose of methylphenidate (40 mg fixed dose). Assessments will be conducted during screening visits, before and after the drug session, at follow up visits up to 1-month after the drug session, as well as periodically throughout study participation via a multi-time-per-day survey application. Forty participants will complete all study visits including follow-up visits. Primary objectives: 1. Investigate the feasibility, safety, and acceptability of psilocybin for CLBP+D2. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on self-report of positive affect, negative affect, and pain catastrophizing 3. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on a behavioral task called positive affective pain inhibition Secondary objectives: 1. Investigate the durability (1-month follow-up) effects of psilocybin on self-report of positive affect, negative affect, and pain catastrophizing 2. Investigate the effect of psilocybin on dynamic associations between affective measures, pain, and function on a moment-to-moment basis.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06355414", "keywords": "Chronic Low-back Pain, Depression, Psilocybin, Methylphenidate, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06355414\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 474, "title": "Intravenous Administration of Serotonergic Psychedelics Produce Short-lasting Changes in Sleep-Wake Behavior and High Gamma Functional Connectivity in Rats", "normalized_title": "intravenous administration of serotonergic psychedelics produce short lasting changes in sleep wake behavior and high gamma functional connectivity in rats", "authors": "Kolbman N, Huels ER, Nelson A, Summerfield R, Byraju K, Groenhout T, Liu T, Hudetz AG, Vanini G, Pal D.", "abstract": "Background and Purpose Given the increase in recreational psychedelic use and ongoing efforts to explore psychedelics as therapeutic agents for mental health disorders, there is an urgent need to understand the effect of psychedelics such as psilocybin and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) on sleep-wake states, which share a bidirectional relationship with mental health. Here, we investigated the effects of intravenous psilocybin and DMT on sleep-wake states and EEG spectral power and functional connectivity in rats. Experimental Approach Sprague Dawley rats (n=25, 13 male) were surgically instrumented to record high-density EEG (27 electrodes) and EMG during 12-h light and 12-h dark cycle after intravenous psilocybin (2.5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg), DMT (3.75 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg) or 0.9% saline. The EEG/EMG data were scored in 4-second epochs into wake, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. EEG spectral power and corticocortical coherence, a surrogate for functional connectivity, were computed in 12-second epochs. Key Results Psilocybin and DMT delayed the onset of SWS and REM sleep, and caused a short-lasting increase in wakefulness and decrease in SWS. Psilocybin also produced a 1) decrease in REM sleep, 2) decrease in theta power and coherence and increase in high gamma power and coherence during wake and SWS, and 3) increase in high gamma coherence during REM sleep. DMT increased gamma coherence only during wakefulness. Conclusions and Implications Serotonergic psychedelics have minimal effects on sleep-wake states. The enhanced high gamma functional connectivity suggests that the psychedelic-induced changes in EEG/neural dynamics can occur independent of the arousal states.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-10-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.10.12.681880", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.12.681880", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1100688\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 472, "title": "Structure-Guided Design of Novel 5-HT2A Partial Agonists as Psychedelic Analogues with Antidepressant Effects.", "normalized_title": "structure guided design of novel 5 ht2a partial agonists as psychedelic analogues with antidepressant effects", "authors": "Li R, Yan H, Chen Y, Liu Y, Tang L, Yu J, Liu J, Wang H, Wang S, Cheng J.", "abstract": "Depression is primarily treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are limited by delayed onset of effects and low rates of remission. Recent studies showed that serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin can reduce depressive symptoms both rapidly and enduringly. Such effects have been associated with the activation of the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor in the central nervous system, which has prompted medicinal chemistry studies of novel 5-HT2A agonists. In this study, we designed and synthesized novel 5-HT2A partial agonists based on the structures of the antipsychotic drug aripiprazole and our previously reported lead compound IHCH-7086. Two series of new compounds were synthesized, a number of which exhibited potent 5-HT2A partial agonist activity in G protein coupling and β-arrestin2 recruitment assays. Compound 28c exhibited antidepressant effects in the mouse tail-suspension test without inducing head-twitch responses, supplementing the growing reservoir of nonhallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonists.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c02045", "pubmed_id": "41087124", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c02045", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Mice, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Structure-Activity Relationship, Drug Design, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41087124\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 451, "title": "Psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonism alters neurovascular coupling and differentially affects neuronal and hemodynamic measures of brain function.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic 5 ht2a receptor agonism alters neurovascular coupling and differentially affects neuronal and hemodynamic measures of brain function", "authors": "Padawer-Curry JA, Krentzman OJ, Kuo CC, Wang X, Bice AR, Nicol GE, Snyder AZ, Siegel JS, McCall JG, Bauer AQ.", "abstract": "Human neuroimaging studies report that psychedelics induce serotonin-2A receptor-dependent changes in functional brain reorganization, presumably reflecting neuromodulation. However, these studies often overlook the potent vasoactive effects of serotonin. Here we identified psilocybin-induced alterations in hemodynamic response functions during human functional magnetic resonance imaging, suggesting potential disruptions in neurovascular coupling. We then used wide-field optical imaging in awake Thy1-jRGECO1a mice to determine whether psychedelic-induced changes in hemodynamics arise from neuronal, vascular or neurovascular effects. Exposure to the psychedelic 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) differentially altered coupling between cortical excitatory neuronal versus hemodynamic activity, both during whisker stimulation and in the resting state. Furthermore, DOI resulted in discordant changes between neuronal-based versus hemodynamic-based assessments of functional connectivity. A selective serotonin-2A receptor antagonist (MDL100907) reversed many of the effects of DOI. Our results demonstrate a dissociation between DOI-induced neuronal and hemodynamic signals, indicating a need to consider neurovascular effects of psychedelics when interpreting blood-based measures of brain function.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41593-025-02069-z", "pubmed_id": "41083844", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-025-02069-z", "keywords": "Brain, Neurons, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Humans, Mice, Amphetamines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Adult, Female, Male, Hemodynamics, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Neurovascular Coupling, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41083844\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 428, "title": "Zalsupindole is a Nondissociative, Nonhallucinogenic Neuroplastogen with Therapeutic Effects Comparable to Ketamine and Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "zalsupindole is a nondissociative nonhallucinogenic neuroplastogen with therapeutic effects comparable to ketamine and psychedelics", "authors": "Agrawal R, Gillie D, Mungenast A, Chytil M, Engel S, Wu MC, Rasmussen K, Salinas E, Olson DE.", "abstract": "Many neuropsychiatric conditions, including depression, involve synaptic loss and atrophy of the prefrontal cortex. The rapid regrowth of cortical neurons has been hypothesized to explain the rapid and enduring therapeutic effects of psychedelics and the dissociative anesthetic ketamine. However, safety concerns related to hallucinogenic/dissociative properties have limited the addressable patient population that could potentially be treated with these compounds. Thus, substantial efforts have focused on the development of neuroplastogens─compounds that can produce similar effects on structural and functional neuroplasticity as well as rapid and sustained therapeutic behavioral effects without inducing hallucinations or dissociation. Here, we describe the preclinical pharmacology and efficacy of zalsupindole─the first neuroplastogen to be administered to patients with major depressive disorder. Despite lacking any of the acute cellular and behavioral characteristics of hallucinogenic/dissociative compounds, zalsupindole produced robust effects on structural and functional neuroplasticity in the prefrontal cortex of rats as well as sustained antidepressant-like responses. These effects were comparable to or greater than those of ketamine, psilocybin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, suggesting that zalsupindole might represent a safer and more scalable neuroplasticity-promoting compound for treating conditions like depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00667", "pubmed_id": "41078264", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00667", "keywords": "Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Humans, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Ketamine, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Neuronal Plasticity, Male, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41078264\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 475, "title": "Daily self-assessment within a regimen of microdosing indicates enhanced psychological functioning on microdosing days relative to non-microdosing days.", "normalized_title": "daily self assessment within a regimen of microdosing indicates enhanced psychological functioning on microdosing days relative to non microdosing days", "authors": "St Pierre M, Argento E, Cates J, Kryskow P, Harvey K, Stamets P, Santos-Brault E, Paschall SA, Kuypers KPC, Rootman J, Walsh Z", "abstract": "Repeated self-administration of small doses of psychedelics, known as microdosing, has been associated with perceived improvements in psychological functioning. However, few studies have examined effects at the daily level. Drawing on data from a naturalistic, prospective, international survey of adults who microdose (N = 1435), we assessed self-reported within-person changes between microdosing days and non-microdosing days across six domains of psychological functioning. Using multi-level modeling, we identified higher (p Given the observational and exploratory nature of this study, these findings should be interpreted with caution; nonetheless, the prospective data provides valuable real-time insights while reducing recall bias.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-10-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06913-9", "pubmed_id": "41073618", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41073618/", "keywords": "Citizen science, Mental health, Microdosing, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41073618\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 450, "title": "Set and setting in psilocybin-assisted therapy: A qualitative study of patients with cancer and depression.", "normalized_title": "set and setting in psilocybin assisted therapy a qualitative study of patients with cancer and depression", "authors": "Beaussant Y, Tarbi E, Nigam K, Miner S, Sager Z, Sanders J, Ljuslin M, Guérin B, Sholevar R, Roddy K, Tulsky JA, Agrawal M.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) shows promise for cancer-related depression, yet little research has examined how therapeutic context shapes patient experiences. While set (mindset) and setting (environment) are considered central to psychedelic treatment, empirical evidence on their role in PAT acceptability remains limited. This study explores factors influencing the acceptability of PAT from the perspective of patients with cancer and depression.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews with participants in a clinical trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy. Using template analysis, we examined themes related to the acceptability of the experience and the surrounding therapeutic environment.ResultsParticipants (n = 28) described the psilocybin experience as intense and demanding, with therapeutic benefits closely tied to their ability to \"surrender\"-a term used to describe accepting and remaining open to the experience's intensity and unpredictability. A safe, supportive, and ethical environment was critical in fostering trust and engagement. Preparation and integration were key to maximizing benefit. Music played a significant but variable role, sometimes enhancing and other times distracting. While the clinical setting provided safety, ceremonial elements added meaning for many.ConclusionsFindings highlight how therapeutic structure, preparation, and setting shape PAT acceptability, supporting the need for patient-centered approaches to optimize care and outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.10.010", "pubmed_id": "41109203", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.10.010", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Depression, Qualitative Research, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41109203\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3455, "title": "Psilocybin for Chronic Pelvic Pain (CPP) in Women: A Pilot Feasibility Study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for chronic pelvic pain cpp in women a pilot feasibility study", "authors": "Oregon Health and Science University", "abstract": "The primary aim is to determine the feasibility of enrolling and 15 women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) that have failed one conventional for CPP to obtain preliminary safety data on a single administration of a moderate dose of pharmaceutical grade psilocybin (25 mg) in combination with psychotherapy sessions (two pre-dose preparatory and three post-dose integration sessions). Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) presents a significant challenge in healthcare, affecting approximately 15% of women in the United States and incurring annual healthcare costs upwards of $5.8 billion. This condition extends beyond persistent physical discomfort, profoundly impacting mental health and overall quality of life. Central to many chronic pain syndromes, CPP can lead to a heightened state of pain sensitivity known as central sensitization. This condition arises from neuroplastic changes within the central nervous system, leading to structural, functional, and chemical alterations in the brain that enhance neural reactivity, even in the absence of actual physical injuries. Central sensitization is characterized by widespread, multisite hyperalgesia and allodynia. These changes often co-occur with fatigue, mood and cognitive disturbances, sleep disruptions, and multisensory hypersensitivity, complicating the clinical picture and exacerbating the condition's impact on daily functioning. The use of psilocybin in chronic pain is a paradigm shift from conventional pain therapy where the goal is pain alleviation, to changing a person's relationship with pain, offering a re-alignment or 'reset' of one's view of their pain, this is an innovative approach. To date, there are no psilocybin studies evaluating CPP. This is a pilot feasibility and safety study to evaluate a single administration of psilocybin (25 mg) in women with CPP who have failed at least one conventional CPP therapy. The study will enroll 15 women, the primary aim is to assess feasibility that will be met when at least 80% of participants complete the study and attend 80% of 11 study visits (9/11 visits). Safety will be assessed by adverse event reports, safety labs, and vitals assessments.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06988319", "keywords": "Chronic Pelvic Pain, Psilocybin (Usona Institute), NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06988319\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3160, "title": "Psilocybin’s effect on human brain synaptic plasticity", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s effect on human brain synaptic plasticity", "authors": "Johansen A, Plavén-Sigray P, Madsen MK, Søndergaard A, Messel C, Geisler M, Nasser A, McCulloch DE, Beliveau V, Vassilieva A, Lund A, Lehel S, Ozenne B, Stenbæk DS, Fisher PM, Svarer C, Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "Abstract Psychedelics such as psilocybin have been linked to enhanced neuroplasticity and symptom relief in affective disorders, but the neurobiological mechanisms and impact of environmen-tal context remain unclear. Here, we tested whether a single dose of psilocybin alters synap-tic density in healthy individuals and whether setting-dependent subjective experience shapes this effect. Fifteen healthy participants had a psilocybin-induced psychedelic experi-ence either inside an MRI scanner or in a therapeutic-like room. We assessed synaptic densi-ty changes by measuring the Synaptic Vesicle glycoprotein 2A in the frontal cortex and hip-pocampus with [¹¹C]UCB-J PET at baseline and one-week post-dose, and assessed subjective experiences immediately afterwards and at three months. Participants treated in the thera-peutic-like setting exhibited more intense mystical-type experiences, longer-lasting psycho-logical benefits, and greater increases in synaptic density than those dosed in the MRI scan-ner. These findings indicate that psilocybin’s neuroplastic effects are modulated by envi-ronmental context, with important implications for psychedelic-assisted therapies.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-10-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-7469144/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7469144/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1099975\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 482, "title": "Differential effects of psilocybin and lisuride on serotonin and dopamine neuronal activity and behavior.", "normalized_title": "differential effects of psilocybin and lisuride on serotonin and dopamine neuronal activity and behavior", "authors": "Richardson B, Inserra A, Pileggi M, Prud'Homme T, Bruno V, Wan-Yan-Chan D, Shareghi-Ghahreman I, Nasini S, Strand T, Leyton M, Sonenberg N, De Gregorio D, Sprouse J, Bambico FR, Gobbi G.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and lisuride are 5-HT2A receptor agonists, but only psilocybin elicits the head twitch response (HTR) in rodents, a behavior commonly used as a proxy for hallucinogenic activity. This study aimed to compare their effects on serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) neuronal activity, as well as related behavioral outcomes, to elucidate the mechanisms underlying their divergent effects. Adult male C57BL/6N mice were administered intraperitoneal injections of psilocybin (0.3-3 mg/kg), lisuride (0.1-0.5 mg/kg), or vehicle. In vivo electrophysiological recordings were performed in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and substantia nigra (SN) to monitor 5-HT and DA neuronal firing. MDL100907 (0.2 mg/kg) pretreatment was used to determine 5-HT2A receptor specificity. Behavioral assessments included HTR testing 10 min post-injection, followed by either the forced swim test (FST), open field test (OFT), or elevated plus maze (EPM) at 20 min post-injection. Psilocybin-induced inhibition, but not lisuride-induced inhibition, of 5-HT neuron firing was blocked by MDL100907. Both drugs reduced DA neuron firing, however, lisuride's effect was more sensitive to 5-HT2A receptor antagonism. Psilocybin elicited HTR, while lisuride did not. In the FST, only high-dose lisuride reduced immobility time. Both drugs reduced locomotor activity in the OFT and EPM. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) sufficiently separated the effects of each drug from each other, indicating distinct effect profiles. Although both drugs target 5-HT2A receptors, they engage distinct neurobiological pathways. Psilocybin produces psychedelic-like, 5-HT-dominant effects, whereas lisuride displays DA-linked improvements in coping behavior, informing future development of serotonergic therapeutics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111522", "pubmed_id": "41077262", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111522", "keywords": "Substantia Nigra, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Dopamine, Serotonin, Lisuride, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Motor Activity, Action Potentials, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Dopaminergic Neurons, Dorsal Raphe Nucleus, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41077262\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 477, "title": "The Research Deficit and Expert Disagreement Regarding Music Selection for Psychedelic Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "the research deficit and expert disagreement regarding music selection for psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Moskovitz M", "abstract": "Prior research has determined that music plays a central role in psychedelic assisted therapy (PAT). While there is a general consensus of the importance of music during PAT, there are only three empirical studies published to date that directly investigate which type of music might best support PAT. Importantly, no review to date has critically analyzed these studies and identified the gaps. Careful examination reveals these studies have important limitations and the findings lack alignment with other publications and existing recommendations. Additionally, our understanding of guidelines seems to be not much different from when this research started in 1970. This paper summarizes the common impacts of music during PAT, reviews what we know about music selection and guidelines for PAT, and makes suggestions of priorities for future research.", "journal": "ACS pharmacology & translational science", "publication_date": "2025-10-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00583", "pubmed_id": "41098559", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41098559/", "keywords": "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), Music, Psilocybin, Psychedelic assisted therapy (PAT)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41098559\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 438, "title": "Stabilizing Psilocybin Pharmacology and Tuning Safety with Atypical Antipsychotic Cotherapy.", "normalized_title": "stabilizing psilocybin pharmacology and tuning safety with atypical antipsychotic cotherapy", "authors": "Renner AC, Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "A crystalline cocrystal of psilocin and psilocybin enhances exposure, neuroplasticity biomarkers, and functional activity, while adjunctive atypical antipsychotics modulate serotonergic signaling to mitigate 5-HT2B-linked safety concerns. Together, these inventions advance formulation, mechanistic selectivity, and translational biomarkersoffering a chemistry-enabled path to scalable psychedelic therapy with improved cardiac safety and durable neuroplastic responses across organoid and animal models.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00595", "pubmed_id": "41256989", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00595", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41256989\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 325, "title": "Corrigendum to \"The role of the psychedelic experience in psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression\" [Journal of Affective Disorders, Volume 372 (2025), Pages 523-532].", "normalized_title": "corrigendum to the role of the psychedelic experience in psilocybin treatment for treatment resistant depression journal of affective disorders volume 372 2025 pages 523 532", "authors": "Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, Carhart-Harris R, Chai-Rees J, Croal M, DeBattista C, Dunlop BW, Feifel D, Hellerstein DJ, Husain MI, Kelly JR, Kirlic N, Licht RW, Marwood L, Meyer TD, Mistry S, Nowakowska A, Páleníček T, Repantis D, Schoevers RA, Simmons H, Somers M, Teoh E, Tsai J, Wahba M, Williams S, Young AH, Young MB, Zisook S, Malievskaia E.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.120352", "pubmed_id": "41075579", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120352", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41075579\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 439, "title": "Toward Precision Psychedelic Therapies: Chemical, Computational, and Neuromodulatory Innovations.", "normalized_title": "toward precision psychedelic therapies chemical computational and neuromodulatory innovations", "authors": "Renner AC, Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Recent patents disclose complementary strategies to optimize psychedelic-assisted therapy. Novel psilocin prodrugs improve pharmacokinetics and stability, while digital systems enable cognitive state monitoring during treatment. Parallel advances in combining neuroplastogen drugs with transcranial electrical stimulation highlight a model-driven approach to enhance and personalize neural plasticity. Together, these innovations converge on a precision framework for treating neuropsychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00597", "pubmed_id": "41256977", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00597", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41256977\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3258, "title": "Neurocomputational evidence of sustained Self-Other mergence after psychedelics", "normalized_title": "neurocomputational evidence of sustained self other mergence after psychedelics", "authors": "Mallaroni P, Mason NL, Preller KH, Razi A, Ereira S, Ramaekers JG.", "abstract": "Mental illness is often characterised by a maladaptive sense of self. The neurobiological basis of Self-Other distinction may provide targets for therapeutic interventions. Psychedelics alter the experience of selfhood, but the neurocomputational mechanism is unclear. We used a computationally-informed behavioural assay to investigate whether psychedelics disrupt Self-Other boundaries in belief formation. In a double-blind, crossover design, 22 participants received placebo, psilocybin or 2C-B (2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine). The next day, we fitted reinforcement learning models to probabilistic false-belief task behaviour, yielding objective Self-Other distinction measures. Compared to placebo, psychedelics induced a state of Self-Other mergence, associated with a multivariate signal of sustained psychosocial wellbeing. Effective-connectivity estimates from resting-state fMRI showed that Self-Other boundary disruption was associated with reduced inhibitory tone from right temporoparietal junction to dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. We show that psychedelics quantifiably act on the neural basis of Self-Other distinction, offering potential routes to precision therapeutics in psychedelic psychiatry.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-10-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.10.07.25337510", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.07.25337510", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1097555\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 429, "title": "Synaptic priming: A framework for pharmacotherapy in depression.", "normalized_title": "synaptic priming a framework for pharmacotherapy in depression", "authors": "Brown KA, Ajibola MI, Medeiros GC, Gould TD.", "abstract": "Recent antidepressant drug development focuses on a next generation of drugs to rapidly relieve symptoms. Yet, how ketamine, the prototype rapid-acting antidepressant, maintains symptom relief days after drug elimination, and how repeated doses sustain longer-lasting therapeutic effects, remains unclear. Derived from elements of metaplasticity (synaptic priming), this review discusses a framework in which rapid-acting antidepressants prime synapses such that subsequent doses evoke stronger plasticity. Within this framework, we describe how the indirect relationship between ketamine's pharmacokinetics and sustained antidepressant pharmacodynamics reveals a dosing model (primer pharmacology) that can be harnessed to fine-tune therapeutic outcomes. This review also explores how plasticity machinery engaged by antidepressant pharmacotherapies overlaps with priming induced by contextual conditions relevant to depression (e.g., stress and psychotherapy), suggesting innovative opportunities for treatment strategies with emerging primers (e.g., psychedelics such as psilocybin). The integration of synaptic priming with primer pharmacology reveals a model to guide clinical and translational work in psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2025.09.010", "pubmed_id": "41067229", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2025.09.010", "keywords": "Synapses, Animals, Humans, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41067229\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3668, "title": "A Pilot Study in North Louisiana to Assess the Tolerability of Psilocybin as Well as Its Capacity to Promote Abstinence From Methamphetamine", "normalized_title": "a pilot study in north louisiana to assess the tolerability of psilocybin as well as its capacity to promote abstinence from methamphetamine", "authors": "Kevin Murnane", "abstract": "The primary purpose of this study is to preliminarily determine if the use of psilocybin to promote abstinence from methamphetamine is feasible and well tolerated in populations such as those found in Northern Louisiana. Investigators will assess the impact of psilocybin-facilitated treatment on methamphetamine abstinence, craving, negative affect, cognitive function and quality of life. Components of the psilocybin experience will also be measured (persisting effects, quality of life, challenging experiences, etc). Investigators will assess feasibility and tolerability as rates of retention and challenging experiences, among other factors. This is an open-label pilot study evaluating the feasibility and tolerability of a single 25 mg psilocybin dose in promoting abstinence from methamphetamine. Participants will attend 10 to 12 study visits over a period of up to six months. Participants will be recruited from a population receiving treatment for methamphetamine dependence at a local residential treatment facility. Recruitment will involve informative presentations to current clients and counselor-facilitated referrals based on provided inclusion criteria. Prescreening will utilize information collected by the treatment center during the client's admission process. Individuals who meet prescreening criteria will be invited to an in-person screening visit, conducted after obtaining informed consent. The screening visit will include a clinical review, a detailed psychiatric interview, self-report questionnaires, a comprehensive medical history, and safety laboratory testing, including blood draws. Once eligibility is confirmed, participants will proceed with study enrollment and complete baseline assessments, which will measure substance use, quality of life, and executive function. Three preparatory sessions will follow over a two-week period to establish trust and rapport between participants and session monitors, educate participants on the study protocol, and prepare them for the psilocybin session. Two preparatory sessions may be conducted via telehealth to enhance feasibility, while the third will be conducted in person with both the primary and secondary monitors present. A medical examination will be performed within the week preceding psilocybin administration. Within a week of the third preparatory session, participants will attend a psilocybin administration session. Participants will arrive at the study location by 9:30 AM and undergo safety screenings, including breathalyzer testing, before psilocybin administration at approximately 10:00 AM. Participants will have been instructed to consume a low-fat breakfast prior to arrival. During the session, cardiovascular measures (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure) will be monitored upon arrival, hourly throughout the session, and as clinically indicated. The psilocybin session, lasting approximately 6-8 hours, will be monitored by both the primary and secondary session monitors, ensuring that at least one individual is present with the participant at all times. At the conclusion of the session, participants will complete questionnaires assessing their subjective experiences. Participants will then be released into the care of treatment center staff, who will provide emotional support. Participants will also receive contact information for the primary monitor to access support if needed. Post-session integration will include two telehealth sessions: the first within one day of the psilocybin session and the second approximately 7 days later (±3 days). These sessions will provide opportunities to discuss insights or challenges arising from the psilocybin experience, with an emphasis on promoting adaptive cognitive and behavioral changes. Follow-up assessments will occur via telehealth at 30 and 60 days post-psilocybin, with an in-person assessment conducted at 120 days. The final visit will include a urine drug screen.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06899594", "keywords": "Methamphetamine Use Disorder, Psilocybin 25 mg, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06899594\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3575, "title": "Efficacy of Psilocybin and Trazodone Combination in Treatment-resistant Depression: a Randomized Controlled Proof-of-concept Study (PSILOTRAZ)", "normalized_title": "efficacy of psilocybin and trazodone combination in treatment resistant depression a randomized controlled proof of concept study psilotraz", "authors": "Centre Hospitalier St Anne", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonin receptor agonist in the brain, significantly and quickly improves depressive symptoms while inducing profound acute subjective effects. The benefit-risk ratio of psilocybin in treatment-resistant depression seems favorable, but needs to be confirmed. Moreover, the role of 5-HT2A receptors, involved in the psychedelic experience, on the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin is still poorly understood. For example, pre-administration of trazodone, a 5-HT2A antagonist antidepressant, could annihilate the acute subjective effects of psilocybin without altering its beneficial effects (Rosenblat et al., 2023). We intend to test this hypothesis by comparing, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the effect of two possible doses of trazodone (total or partial occupancy of 5-HT2A receptors) on the benefit/risk ratio of psilocybin. We hypothesize that the therapeutic effects of psilocybin are partially independent of 5-HT2A receptor activation and thus persist even after total or partial neutralization of its acute subjective effects. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a frequent and potentially severe psychiatric disorder characterized by specific neurocognitive impairments. It has previously been demonstrated that psilocybin, a serotonin receptor agonist in the brain, significantly and quickly improved depressive symptoms while inducing profound acute subjective effects. The benefit-risk ratio of psilocybin in TRD seems favorable, but needs to be confirmed. Moreover, the role of 5-HT2A receptors, involved in the psychedelic experience, on the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin is still poorly understood. For example, pre-administration of trazodone, a 5-HT2A antagonist antidepressant, could annihilate the acute subjective effects of psilocybin without altering its beneficial effects (Rosenblat et al., 2023). We intend to test this hypothesis in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II, monocentric, 4 parallel-group proof-of-concept study involving 112 adult subjects with a depressive episode who had failed to respond to at least two lines of antidepressant treatment. Patients will be randomized in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to one of the following treatment groups: * Group 1: Psilocybin PEX010 (25 mg) + trazodone placebo (pharmaceutical master preparation prepared according to GPP) * Group 2: Psilocybin PEX010 (25 mg) + trazodone 5 mg * Group 3: Psilocybin PEX010 (25 mg) + trazodone 30 mg * Group 4: PCB2 (Placebo of PEX010 (25)) + trazodone 30 mg Stratification factors: gender (M/F).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07210112", "keywords": "Depression - Major Depressive Disorder, Treatment-resistant Depression (TRD), Psilocybin 25 mg per os, Trazodone 5mg, Trazodone 30 mg, Placebo of psilocybin, Placebo of trazodone, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07210112\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3065, "title": "Towards Novel Antidepressant Strategies: A Comparative Study of Ketamine, Psilocybin, and Fluoxetine in a Chronic Stress Model", "normalized_title": "towards novel antidepressant strategies a comparative study of ketamine psilocybin and fluoxetine in a chronic stress model", "authors": "Domzalska M, Kwiatkowska J, Cichon I, Sokolowska E.", "abstract": "Abstract Depression is a debilitating mental disorder affecting millions worldwide, yet current pharmacological treatments, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), often exhibit delayed onset and limited efficacy. The chronic social defeat (CSD) stress model in mice is a well-established preclinical paradigm for inducing depression-like behaviors and evaluating antidepressants effectiveness. This study compared the efficacy of both acute and chronic fluoxetine with acute ketamine and psilocybin treatment in male C57BL/6J mice subjected to CSD. Fluoxetine showed no significant effects 24 hours after a single dose or following 7 days of repeated administration; antidepressant-like effects only appeared after 14 days of continuous treatment. In contrast, a single dose of either ketamine or psilocybin significantly reversed social avoidance behavior at 24 hours, with sustained effects observed at 7- and 14-days post-treatment. These findings suggest that ketamine and psilocybin elicit rapid and durable, antidepressant-like responses in this preclinical model, in contrast to traditional SSRIs, like fluoxetine, which requires extended treatment duration, mirroring clinical efficacy patterns. The results support the utility of the CSD model in evaluating antidepressant efficacy and highlight the therapeutic potential of fast-acting agents such as ketamine and psilocybin as alternatives to conventional treatments for major depressive disorder.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-10-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-7269356/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7269356/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1096443\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 452, "title": "Panaeolus oligotrophus: A new species from central Florida, with notes on Panaeolus pumilus and Crucispora rhombisperma.", "normalized_title": "panaeolus oligotrophus a new species from central florida with notes on panaeolus pumilus and crucispora rhombisperma", "authors": "Ostuni S, Voto P, Birkebak J, Meyer MGE, Geurin Z, Slot JC.", "abstract": "Panaeolus oligotrophus sp. nov., a species macromorphologically resembling Panaeolus cinctulus, was collected in central Florida. Its macro- and micromorphological features are described and compared with all other known Panaeolus species. Color photos of the fruiting bodies and micrographs of key microscopic features are provided, along with an updated phylogenetic analysis. A microscopic reexamination of the holotype of Panaeolus pumilus supports its synonymy with P. cinctulus. The potential for psilocybin production by P. oligotrophus was determined by the characterization of the psilocybin gene cluster through whole genome sequencing. Phylogenetic and morphological evidence also supports the placement of Crucispora rhombisperma within Panaeolus, for which the new combination Panaeolus rhombispermus is proposed. This paper makes two interesting additions to the genus Panaeolus: P. rhombispermus introduces the novelty of an extremely differentiated spore morphology, and Panaeolus oligotrophus provides a rare example of Panaeolus in the underexplored niche of oligonutritive sandy soil.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/00275514.2025.2552612", "pubmed_id": "41056483", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2025.2552612", "keywords": "Agaricales, Fruiting Bodies, Fungal, Spores, Fungal, DNA, Fungal, Microscopy, Phylogeny, Florida", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41056483\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 478, "title": "Psychedelic compounds directly excite 5-HT2A layer V medial prefrontal cortex neurons through 5-HT2A Gq activation.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic compounds directly excite 5 ht2a layer v medial prefrontal cortex neurons through 5 ht2a gq activation", "authors": "Schmitz GP, Chiu YT, Foglesong ML, Magee SN, MacKinnon M, König GM, Kostenis E, Hsu LM, Shih YI, Roth BL, Herman MA.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, and its active metabolite psilocin, have seen renewed interest due to studies suggesting potential therapeutic utility. 5-Hydroxytryptamine2A receptors (5-HT2ARs) are primary mediators of the psychoactive effects of psychedelics in animals and humans, but the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Functional magnetic resonance imaging identified significant psilocin-induced increases in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity, a site of enriched 5-HT2AR expression. We identified a population of 5-HT2AR neurons in the prelimbic/anterior cingulate mPFC. Psilocin and the 5-HT2AR-selective compound 25-CN-NBOH increased excitability, and stimulated firing across a range of current injections in these neurons that was both 5-HT2AR and Gαq dependent. Similar effects were observed with a novel, non-hallucinogenic psychedelic compound. These findings provide valuable insight into the specific role of 5-HT2AR-containing neurons in psychedelic-associated plasticity in mPFC regions that are likely implicated in the clinical effects of psychedelics and further identify membrane-bound 5-HT2ARs and subsequent intracellular Gαq signaling as therapeutic targets.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-025-03611-0", "pubmed_id": "41052972", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03611-0", "keywords": "Gyrus Cinguli, Prefrontal Cortex, Neurons, Animals, Rats, GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41052972\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 480, "title": "Harm reduction practises for users of psychedelic drugs: a scoping review.", "normalized_title": "harm reduction practises for users of psychedelic drugs a scoping review", "authors": "Dutton C, North E, Chun Tie Y, Oliva J, Skeffington P", "abstract": "Psychedelic use in naturalistic settings in Australia is increasing. Although the risks and harms of psychedelics from a physical perspective are low, psychedelic drugs carry a unique psychological risk profile which is increased in uncontrolled settings. Harm reduction support services align with the Australian Government's Federal Drug strategy, which includes harm reduction as the third pillar in the overall harm minimisation approach to drug use for the period of 2017-2026. This study examined the harm reduction behaviours which users of psychedelics in naturalistic settings currently use, and any harm reduction interventions which have been developed for this population. A scoping review was undertaken using online databases, Psychinfo, Medline, CINAHL and Scopus. Articles were included if they explored or informed harm reduction practices for users of psychedelic drugs in naturalistic settings, which included articles that investigated motivations for psychedelic use. Twenty-seven papers were included, which contained only four intervention-based studies. Harm reduction or benefit enhancing strategies were categorised into three themes: before psychedelic use, during psychedelic experience and after the experience (integration). The review found that users of psychedelic drugs in naturalistic settings employ several different harm minimisation strategies, predominantly before and during use. Motivation for use, social setting and dosage amount were all found to influence the strategies used. There were a limited number of evaluated interventions for users of psychedelics in naturalistic settings, identifying the need for further research in this area. Challenges for harm reduction campaigns such as low uptake of drug checking services and low trust in government institutions were identified. Further research needs to consider the differing motivations of psychedelic users and recognise strategies that promote benefit enhancement and reduce risk.", "journal": "Harm reduction journal", "publication_date": "2025-10-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s12954-025-01264-2", "pubmed_id": "41044617", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41044617/", "keywords": "Benefit enhancement, Hallucinogens, Harm reduction strategies, Naturalistic use, Psilocybin, Risks", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41044617\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3677, "title": "Retrospective Observational Study of Intensity Effects in Psychedelic-assisted Treatment", "normalized_title": "retrospective observational study of intensity effects in psychedelic assisted treatment", "authors": "University Hospital, Geneva", "abstract": "This retrospective observational study examines the effects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or psilocybin in patients with treatment-resistant depressive, anxiety, or addictive disorders. Data will be analyzed from patients treated at the University Hospitals of Geneva between June 2020 and April 2025 who obtained individual authorizations from the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health for use of LSD or psilocybin under compassionate use criteria. The main objective is to assess the effects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy with LSD or psilocybin on changes in depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms. Secondary objectives include evaluating the association between psychedelic session intensity and the administered dose of LSD or psilocybin, changes in depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and problematic substance use, as well as their association with intensity effects. Additionally physiological effects during session will be assessed. All data are retrospectively collected from clinical records with prior patient consent. This study aims to generate evidence on the feasibility, safety, and therapeutic potential of PAP in real-world clinical practice. The overall project is a retrospective observational study evaluating the effects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) with LSD or psilocybin in treatment-resistant depressive, anxiety, and addictive disorders. Data from 200 patients treated at Geneva University Hospitals will be included, with the primary aim of assessing relationships between psychedelic dose, subjective intensity of experience, and clinical outcomes. Subset Analysis: Cardiovascular Outcomes In addition to the main objectives, a subset analysis will be conducted to evaluate cardiovascular effects of LSD and psilocybin. Routinely collected data from 30 patients with treatment-resistant depression or anxiety disorders will be included. Population: 30 patients who underwent their first psychedelic session (LSD100-200 µg or psilocybin 15-25 mg). Measurements: Heart rate and self-rated anxiety (visual analogue scale) recorded at seven time points between 30 and 300 minutes post-administration on the treatment day. A further subset analysis investigated the role of early maladaptive schemas (EMS) in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Populations: 192 patients who routinely completed the Young Schema Questionnaire - Rasch version (YSQ-R) before treatment were included; of these, 97 initiated PAP with LSD or psilocybin and 74 contributed longitudinal outcomes. Measurements: Baseline EMS profiles (YSQ-R) measured at Baseline (screening or preparation visit, before first psychedelic session), immediately after each psychedelic session (sessions 1-3, up to 9 months) and 1 month after each psychedelic session (sessions 1-3, up to 12 months after baseline).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-10-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07164287", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Anxiety Disorders, Substance Use Disorder (SUD), PTSD - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) or psilocybin, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07164287\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 483, "title": "Psilocybin with psychotherapeutic support for treatment-resistant depression: a pilot clinical trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin with psychotherapeutic support for treatment resistant depression a pilot clinical trial", "authors": "Meikle S, Carter O, Liknaitzky P, Johansen L, Iyer R, Strauss N, Williams M, Castle D, Rossell SL.", "abstract": "BackgroundDepressive disorders are a major global health challenge, with many individuals unresponsive to existing treatments. Novel psychedelic therapies show promise but require further research.ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, safety and effectiveness of psilocybin with psychotherapeutic support for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), investigate predictors of treatment outcomes and deepen understanding of individual variability in response.DesignOpen-label, single-arm pilot trial with mixed-methods assessment.MethodsTreatment consisted of two 25 mg psilocybin sessions, alongside three preparatory and six integration sessions. Depression severity was assessed using the self-rated Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology at 3 weeks (primary endpoint) and at 20 weeks post-dose 2 (long-term follow-up). Potential predictors of clinical outcomes were evaluated using questionnaires, and qualitative interviews were used to capture individual experiences.ResultsAt the aggregate level, a clinically meaningful reduction in depressive symptoms was observed at the primary endpoint (mean change = -7.14; p = 0.02; Hedges' g = -1.27; 95% CI [-2.40, -0.37]) and maintained long-term. Individual participant data revealed diverse response patterns. Two participants displayed a sustained treatment response, three relapsed, and two exhibited no substantial improvement. Exploratory analyses identified mindset prior to dosing, spiritual experiences and perceptual shifts during dosing as predictors of treatment trajectory, while treatment expectations were not a reliable predictor. Adverse events were largely consistent with previous studies, with no serious adverse events.ConclusionFindings add to the growing evidence base for psilocybin therapy and provide direction for further research on individual variability in response to better tailor treatments and enhance efficacy.Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621001097831).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251377187", "pubmed_id": "41050149", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253251377187", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41050149\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 454, "title": "Single-dose psilocybin rapidly and sustainably relieves allodynia and anxiodepressive-like behaviors in mouse models of chronic pain.", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin rapidly and sustainably relieves allodynia and anxiodepressive like behaviors in mouse models of chronic pain", "authors": "Hammo A, Wisser S, Cichon J.", "abstract": "Chronic pain and mood disorders co-occur, exacerbate one another and share neurobiological mechanisms, but whether a single intervention could promptly alleviate both conditions remains unclear. Here, in two chronic pain models, we show that a single dose of psilocybin induces a rapid and sustained reversal of both mechanical allodynia and anxiodepression-like states in adult male and female mice. Using local psilocin injections, the key active metabolite of psilocybin, we show that the engagement of prefrontal cortical circuits is critical for the concurrent alleviation of both conditions. Two-photon calcium imaging reveals that psilocin rapidly normalizes chronic pain-associated hyperactivity in anterior cingulate cortex layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons. Pharmacologic manipulations with full agonists of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors replicated some, but not all, of psilocin's cellular and behavioral effects, suggesting that psilocin's actions arise from partial agonism at these receptors within shared circuits governing pain and mood processing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-10-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41593-025-02068-0", "pubmed_id": "41039182", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-025-02068-0", "keywords": "Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Hyperalgesia, Disease Models, Animal, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Anxiety, Female, Male, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41039182\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3713, "title": "Psychedelics and autobiographical memory - six open questions.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and autobiographical memory six open questions", "authors": "Kangaslampi S, Lietz M", "abstract": "Since the earliest LSD research, psychedelics have been claimed to enhance autobiographical memory. Revisiting and processing autobiographical memories has further been suggested to be a major component of the therapeutic action of psychedelics. However, modern psychedelic research has largely neglected autobiographical elements of psychedelic experiences, and many vital questions remain unanswered. We present and discuss six open questions related to psychedelics and autobiographical memory: (1) Do psychedelics enhance autobiographical recall? (2) Is recall and processing of significant autobiographical (e.g., traumatic) memories a common part of psychedelic experiences? (3) Do psychedelics promote the development of false or inaccurate memories? (4) How do autobiographical memories change if they are recalled and reconsolidated under the effects of psychedelics? (5) What are memories of psychedelic experiences like? (6) Are autobiographical experiences under psychedelics of particular importance for their therapeutic effects? We present the background and current limited state of evidence for each question and provide suggestions on how future studies could best address them. Besides advancing basic research, answering these pressing questions is highly relevant for the possible therapeutic use of psychedelics, both in terms of developing and optimizing new interventions and for avoiding iatrogenic harms. Ideally, future psychedelic-assisted interventions could harness the possible synergies between the effects of psychedelics and existing memory-based therapies.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06771-5", "pubmed_id": "40095090", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40095090/", "keywords": "Autobiographical memory, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40095090\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3552, "title": "Psilocybin and MDMA for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and mdma for post traumatic stress disorder ptsd", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to assess the safety and effectiveness of co-administered MDMA and psilocybin in military Veterans with a diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). To apply or learn more, please view our website: https://hopkinspsychedelic.org/pamvet The proposed randomized, double-blind, active control study will compare a single experimental dose of co-administered MDMA + psilocybin (exact dosages not disclosed) with a single comparator dose of co-administered MDMA + psilocybin (exact dosages not disclosed). For the co-administered dosing session, MDMA will be given initially, followed by psilocybin 30 minutes later. Approximately 1.5 months after the first dosing session, a second single-blind (participant masked) dosing session will occur. The study will recruit adult Veterans with PTSD for ≥ 6 months.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06989957", "keywords": "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Psilocybin, MDMA, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06989957\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Veterans,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3250, "title": "Gestational LSD exposure in mouse rapidly reaches embryonic CSF and is associated with altered choroid plexus signaling, cerebral cortical development, and offspring behavior", "normalized_title": "gestational lsd exposure in mouse rapidly reaches embryonic csf and is associated with altered choroid plexus signaling cerebral cortical development and offspring behavior", "authors": "Courtney Y, Anderson JM, Lagares-Linares C, Wenthur CJ, Lehtinen MK.", "abstract": "Abstract Classic serotonergic psychedelics engage 5-HT receptors throughout the nervous system, but how maternal exposure intersects with embryonic brain interfaces is poorly defined. Here we tested in mice whether maternally administered lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) accesses embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and whether embryonic choroid plexus (ChP) - a CSF-secreting epithelium enriched for Htr2c - mounts an acute response. Following a single maternal injection (0.3 mg kg⁻¹, subcutaneous), LSD was detectable in embryonic CSF within 5-15 minutes at E12.5 and E16.5. Thirty minutes after maternal dosing, LSD induced Fos in embryonic ChP across ventricles and was accompanied by rapid apical remodeling and increased embryonic CSF protein. In parallel cohorts, psilocybin, 5-MeO-DMT, and the 5-HT₂C agonist WAY-161503 elicited a similar Fos response in ChP. Prenatal LSD exposure during mid-gestation was associated with altered S1 cortical cellularity and projection-neuron subtype marker composition at P8; regimen-dependent effects included male-biased changes in SATB2⁺ and CTIP2⁺ populations after repeated exposure. In adulthood, offspring exhibited modest, male-predominant reductions in prepulse inhibition and increased rotational stereotypy. Together, these data identify embryonic CSF as a rapidly accessible compartment for maternal LSD and support a model in which serotonergic agonists can acutely engage ChP epithelium during cerebral cortical development. Significance Psychedelic use during pregnancy is increasing, but the speed and extent to which these drugs access the embryonic CNS remain unknown. We show that a single maternal dose of LSD appears in mouse embryonic cerebrospinal fluid within five minutes and provokes an immediate response in the choroid plexus, a serotonin receptor-rich epithelium that regulates CSF composition. Psilocybin, 5-MeO-DMT, and a selective 5-HT₂C agonist trigger a similar response. Mid-gestational exposure alters cortical neuron composition in neonates and produces persistent behavioral abnormalities in adult offspring, including stereotypies evident from weaning. These data reveal that maternal serotonergic agonists rapidly access embryonic CSF, acutely activate choroid plexus epithelium, and are associated with lasting changes in cortical composition and offspring behavior.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.09.30.677638", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.30.677638", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1094348\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Observational Study,Animal Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 498, "title": "Correction to: Incremental efficacy systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin-for-depression RCTs.", "normalized_title": "correction to incremental efficacy systematic review and meta analysis of psilocybin for depression rcts", "authors": "Borgogna NC, Owen T, Petrovitch D, Vaughn J, Johnson DAL, Pagano LA, Aita SL, Hill BD.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06818-7", "pubmed_id": "40381005", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06818-7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40381005\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 491, "title": "Clinical psychedelic research in adolescents: a scoping review and overview of ethical considerations.", "normalized_title": "clinical psychedelic research in adolescents a scoping review and overview of ethical considerations", "authors": "Rajwani K, Jacobs E, Bruce L, Hokanson J, Almonte MT, Feroz F, Waldman E, Cheung K, Levy N, Savulescu J, Singh I, Yaden DB, Earp BD.", "abstract": "The potential use of psychedelic-assisted therapy for adolescents with mental illness has sparked both interest and concern. Modern psychedelic research has focused on adults, and adolescents younger than 18 years are typically excluded due to ethical and legal challenges. To explore whether adolescents have been included in 21st century psychedelic research, we conducted a scoping review of the medical literature from January, 2000, to April, 2025. Three trial registrations and one trial plan showed involvement of participants younger than 18 years, but none of these trials were completed and no trial findings have been published. The proposed studies would investigate 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted or psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as an intervention for adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder, autism with social anxiety, or self-harm. Ethical approval and recruitment details were inconsistently reported. This scarcity of data highlights a major evidence gap that could hinder informed care. Given that many medications are used off-label in adolescents, we argue for cautious, ethically grounded research-starting with older adolescents with the highest foreseeable benefit-risk ratio due to special circumstances-to better understand the potential risks and benefits of psychedelic therapies for this vulnerable population.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/s2352-4642(25)00208-1", "pubmed_id": "40908054", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(25)00208-1", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Biomedical Research, Adolescent, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40908054\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Review Article,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 486, "title": "Publisher Correction: Psilocybin's lasting action requires pyramidal cell types and 5-HT2A receptors.", "normalized_title": "publisher correction psilocybin s lasting action requires pyramidal cell types and 5 ht2a receptors", "authors": "Shao LX, Liao C, Davoudian PA, Savalia NK, Jiang Q, Wojtasiewicz C, Tan D, Nothnagel JD, Liu RJ, Woodburn SC, Bilash OM, Kim H, Che A, Kwan AC", "abstract": "", "journal": "Nature", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41586-025-09671-y", "pubmed_id": "41023408", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41023408/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41023408\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 485, "title": "[Role of psychedelics in psychiatry: a true therapeutic revolution or a trend?]", "normalized_title": "role of psychedelics in psychiatry a true therapeutic revolution or a trend", "authors": "Sabé M, Seragnoli F, Penzenstadler L, Thorens G.", "abstract": "Role of psychedelics in psychiatryA TRUE THERAPEUTIC REVOLUTION OR A TREND? Psychedelics, long marginalized, are now gaining renewed interest in psychiatry for their therapeutic potential. Substances like psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA are being studied for treating conditions such as treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety in palliative care. The FDA granted psilocybin \"breakthrough therapy\" status for certain indications in psychiatry, and progress has been made in Phase 3 clinical trials. However, the use of psychedelics carries risks, especially with non-medical use, including side effects. Stigmatization, their illegal status in many countries, and high costs limit accessibility. Despite promising results, the integration of these substances in psychiatry remains uncertain and raises ethical and societal concerns.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "41575100", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/41575100", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41575100\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 505, "title": "Psilocybin during the postpartum period induces long-lasting adverse effects in both mothers and offspring.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin during the postpartum period induces long lasting adverse effects in both mothers and offspring", "authors": "Hatzipantelis CJ, Liu M, Love A, Leventhal SJ, Maera H, Viswanathan S, Avetisyan E, Belinsky L, Rangel MM, Jain NJ, Kelly M, Copeland C, Khatib YA, Fiehn O, Olson DE, Stolzenberg DS.", "abstract": "Psilocybin increases social connectedness and has strong clinical transdiagnostic efficacy for mental illness, making it a candidate treatment to reduce maternal disconnect, anxiety, and blunted affect seen in peripartum mood disorders. However, the efficacy and safety of psilocybin in peripartum mood disorders has not been investigated. We used a social stress model to examine the effects of psilocybin in parous mice and their offspring. Social stress induced maternal withdrawal and increased stress-related behaviors - none of which were ameliorated by psilocybin. Weeks later, psilocybin-treated dams were more anxious, regardless of stress exposure. In contrast, psilocybin-treated virgin females were unaffected. Though reproductive status did not affect psilocybin pharmacokinetics, serotonin receptor transcription and 5-HT2A receptor-dependent responses were reduced in dams. Offspring exposed to maternal psilocybin during breastfeeding exhibited anhedonia in adulthood. Here, we show that both parous parents and their children may be uniquely vulnerable to psychedelic treatment during the postpartum period.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-64371-5", "pubmed_id": "41027992", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64371-5", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Stress, Psychological, Anxiety, Maternal Behavior, Mothers, Postpartum Period, Pregnancy, Female, Male, Anhedonia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41027992\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 410, "title": "The transformational power of psychedelics: catalysts for creativity, consciousness, and mental health.", "normalized_title": "the transformational power of psychedelics catalysts for creativity consciousness and mental health", "authors": "Du X, Liu J, Wang X, Wang X.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ketamine, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), have captured the attention of scientists, artists, and seekers alike for their profound ability to alter consciousness and inspire creativity. The concept of \"creation\" encompasses multiple interpretations-ranging from generating novel ideas to fostering personal transformation. This perspective explores how psychedelics interact with the concept of creation, examining their role in enhancing artistic inspiration, facilitating spiritual experiences, and driving therapeutic breakthroughs in mental health treatment. By integrating findings from neurobiological research, clinical applications, and cultural analysis, we offer a holistic view of how psychedelics may catalyze innovative modes of thinking and awaken the mind's creative and transformative potential. As these substances gain prominence as tools for reshaping our understanding of consciousness and psychological healing, their broader integration into society requires careful consideration of legal complexities, ethical responsibilities, and cultural contexts to ensure their use is evidence-based, respectful, and responsibly guided.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03291-8", "pubmed_id": "41028569", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03291-8", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Consciousness, Creativity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41028569\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Creativity,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 508, "title": "Ethical issues with psychedelic-assisted treatments in psychiatry: A systematic scoping review.", "normalized_title": "ethical issues with psychedelic assisted treatments in psychiatry a systematic scoping review", "authors": "Caporuscio C, Poppe C, Gieselmann A, Repantis D.", "abstract": "Based on promising preliminary results from clinical trials, it seems likely that psychedelic substances (classic serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, and entactogens, such as MDMA) will be introduced into psychiatry as psychedelic-assisted therapy. This also raises a range of ethical questions that urgently need to be addressed before widespread roll-out in society. This scoping review fills a gap in the literature by providing an overview of these ethical issues using a systematic search, presentation, and descriptive analysis of ethical issues in psychedelic-assisted treatments. It includes peer-reviewed studies pertaining to human study participants and psychiatric patients (population), which discuss ethical issues (concept) of psychedelic treatments (context) in clinical trials and other clinical applications. The systematic search included several databases: MEDLINE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, HeinOnline, and PsycArticles. The search strategy, including all identified keywords and index terms, was adapted for each included database. The search was completed in June 2025 and studies published until then in any language were included. After an iterative process of inductive and deductive coding of ethical issues, the scoping review comprises seven themes related to the ethics of psychedelic-assisted treatments: (1) safety and patient well-being, (2) therapeutic relationships, (3) informed consent, (4) equity and access, (5) research ethics, (6) special contexts, and (7) societal and cultural implications. The results can be used to inform and stimulate further discussion and in-depth research on the ethics of psychedelic-assisted treatments, possibly leading to more nuanced debate surrounding a safer and more ethical implementation of psychedelic-assisted treatments in the future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/s0033291725101761", "pubmed_id": "41017267", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291725101761", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41017267\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 507, "title": "Real-world use of classic and non-classic psychedelics in Hispanic/Latino adults with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: International findings from the LATINO Study.", "normalized_title": "real world use of classic and non classic psychedelics in hispanic latino adults with obsessive compulsive disorder international findings from the latino study", "authors": "Mathai DS, Robinson JO, Wagner K, Neitzke-Spruill L, Berrones D, Anderberg JL, Frederick RM, Cruz VZ, Muñoz JS, Latin American Trans-Ancestry INitiative for OCD genomics, Brazilian Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorder Working Group, Rodriguez CI, Averill LA, Crowley JJ, Storch EA, McGuire AL.", "abstract": "ObjectiveDespite growing research on the potential mental health benefits of psychedelics, there has been limited study of these drugs in populations with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and with Hispanic and Latin American (H/L) ancestry.MethodsDemographic and clinical assessments were conducted as part of the Latin American Trans-ancestry Initiative for OCD genomics (LATINO) Study in H/L participants with OCD living throughout the Americas. Self-reported data on the prevalence of naturalistic psychedelic use and associated outcomes on OCD symptoms were collected in a subsample of 2,639 adults. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used to assess psychedelic use, predictors of use, and predictors of OCD symptom change attributed to psychedelics.ResultsAcross 11 countries, 9% of respondents reported using psychedelics or related substances for treatment. Most respondents (72%) had received traditionally available treatments for OCD (e.g., psychiatric medication and/or psychotherapy). Psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA were the most used psychedelics. Psychedelic users compared to non-users were more likely to be male, have received non-ERP therapy for OCD, and have a comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. Outcomes of psychedelic use for OCD-related symptoms varied widely by drug and were difficult to predict but were reported as most favorable for \"classic\" serotonergic psychedelics.ConclusionsReal-world evidence suggests that H/L adults are exploring psychedelics as a treatment for OCD, though further work is needed to establish the conditions for safe and effective use in this population. Increased research and practical harm reduction in this area is critical as public interest in psychedelic drugs continues to surge.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.47626/1516-4446-2025-4316", "pubmed_id": "41024388", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.47626/1516-4446-2025-4316", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41024388\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 506, "title": "Meditation, psychedelics, and brain connectivity: A randomized controlled resting-state fMRI study of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmine in a meditation retreat.", "normalized_title": "meditation psychedelics and brain connectivity a randomized controlled resting state fmri study of n n dimethyltryptamine and harmine in a meditation retreat", "authors": "Egger K, Meling D, Polat F, Seifritz E, Avram M, Scheidegger M.", "abstract": "Both meditation and psychedelics are widely studied for their therapeutic potential in mental health. Recent research suggests potential synergies between mindfulness practice and psychedelics, though empirical studies have primarily focused on psilocybin. This study investigates the distinct and combined effects of mindfulness practice and an ayahuasca-inspired formulation containing N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmine on brain functional connectivity (FC), with implications for advancing clinical interventions. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmaco-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, 40 meditation practitioners participated in a 3-day meditation retreat. They were randomized to receive either placebo or buccal DMT-harmine (120 mg each) and underwent fMRI scans 2 days before and after administration. Neural changes were assessed using multiple connectivity metrics, including within- and between-network connectivity, network and global connectivity, and cortical gradient analyses. Within-group changes showed that meditators in the placebo group exhibited increased network segregation across several resting-state networks, while the DMT-harmine group showed increased FC within the visual network (VIS) and between VIS and attention networks. Between-group differences similarly showed increased FC between VIS and the salience network (SAL) in the DMT-harmine group compared with placebo post-retreat. No evidence of prolonged cortical gradient disruption, which is characteristic of acute psychedelic action, was observed. This suggests a return to typical brain organization shortly after the experience. These findings reveal distinct neural mechanisms underlying meditation and psychedelic-augmented meditation. While meditation alone reduced FC between networks, DMT-harmine increased within- and between-network connectivity. Given the potential of meditation and psychedelics for improving mental health, further exploration of their synergistic potential in clinical contexts is warranted. This study advances the understanding of how psychedelics and mindfulness practice shape brain function, offering insights into their complementary roles in emotional and psychological well-being.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1162/imag.a.907", "pubmed_id": "41035622", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1162/imag.a.907", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41035622\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3777, "title": "“So many relationships in the room”: Participant perspectives on the affordances and challenges of co-therapy in psychedelic assisted therapy", "normalized_title": "so many relationships in the room participant perspectives on the affordances and challenges of co therapy in psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Ham R, Gardner J, Carter A, Liknaitzky P.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) frequently utilises a “cotherapy” model, in which two therapists jointly support participants or patients through preparation, dosing, and integration sessions. While common in clinical trials, the experience of cotherapy from the participant perspective remains underexplored. This qualitative study examined experiences of cotherapy within a trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy for generalised anxiety disorder. Semi-structured interviews with 18 participants (29 interviews in total) were analysed thematically, guided by Affordance Theory to consider how cotherapy dynamics shaped therapeutic possibilities. Three major themes were developed: (1) Dose day cotherapy: safety, trust and the realities of access; (2) Cotherapy influences therapeutic processes; (3) Cotherapy shapes the impact and credibility of therapeutic insights.Together, these findings position cotherapy in PAT as both a safety and supportive measure, and a potentiator of therapeutic processes. In the context of a single site with high levels of clinician qualification and training, participants generally valued cotherapy. Insights from this study can guide clinical practice and future research, so that feasibility and accessibility are enhanced while preserving the safety and therapeutic benefits afforded by cotherapy.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-09-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/4cn5r_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4cn5r_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:20", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1091804\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3507, "title": "An Exploratory Study of Feasibility, Efficacy, and Mechanisms of Mindfulness-Assisted Psychedelic Therapy", "normalized_title": "an exploratory study of feasibility efficacy and mechanisms of mindfulness assisted psychedelic therapy", "authors": "University of Southern California", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to test psilocybin in combination with mindfulness training in healthy adults. The main question it aims to answer is \"Does mindfulness training enhance the effects of psychedelic therapy (psilocybin) on mental health?\" Interested individuals will complete an initial eligibility session and eligible participants will then be randomized into one of two groups: one dose of psilocybin (administered under the supervision of study therapists) combined with 8 weeks of weekly mindfulness training classes (Arm 1) or psilocybin alone (Arm 2). Both groups will complete baseline and post-treatment assessment sessions where they will complete questionnaires, computerized cognitive tests, and have an EEG (a measure of electrical activity in the brain). Both groups will also complete 2 follow-up surveys (at 8 weeks and 1 year after the post-treatment assessment) either online through REDCap or by phone or video call with a research assistant. Psilocybin is a psychoactive compound found in a variety of mushrooms that has been used for centuries to facilitate spiritual experiences. Recent evidence suggests that the combination of psilocybin with mindfulness training may enhance the therapeutic effects of these interventions for mental health; however, to date, only few studies have investigated a combination approach, and no studies have yet investigated the effects of psilocybin in combination with a formal mindfulness training program in participants with little or no prior meditation experience. We propose here to conduct a pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of psilocybin administration in combination with 8 weeks of mindfulness training. Participants (N = 40) will complete an initial eligibility session and eligible participants will then be randomized into one of two groups: psilocybin integrated with mindfulness training (MT) (Arm 1) and psilocybin alone (Arm 2). Both groups will complete baseline and post-treatment assessment sessions where they will complete questionnaires and cognitive assessments. Both groups will also complete 2 brief follow-up surveys (at 8 weeks and 1 year after the post-treatment assessment) either online through REDCap or by phone or video call with a research assistant. The primary feasibility outcome will be retention rate at the 8-week follow-up time point (percent of eligible enrolled participants who complete the 8-week follow-up). Secondary efficacy outcomes include change in psychological and mood measures, blood inflammatory \\& neurotrophic markers and neurocognitive measures (EEG outcomes) from baseline to post-treatment. Safety outcomes will include the number of participants reporting adverse events and the mean severity of events. Logistic regression models will be used to examine the relationships between intervention group and the primary and secondary outcome variables. The results of this pilot study will be used to support a larger NIH and other external grant application as well as the extension of this intervention to clinical populations.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-09-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06233344", "keywords": "Mental Health, Psilocybin plus mindfulness training, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06233344\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3262, "title": "“So many relationships in the room”: Participant perspectives on the affordances and challenges of co-therapy in psychedelic assisted therapy", "normalized_title": "so many relationships in the room participant perspectives on the affordances and challenges of co therapy in psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) frequently utilises a “cotherapy” model, in which two therapists jointly support participants or patients through preparation, dosing, and integration sessions. While common in clinical trials, the experience of cotherapy from the participant perspective remains underexplored. This qualitative study examined experiences of cotherapy within a trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy for generalised anxiety disorder. Semi-structured interviews with 18 participants (29 interviews in total) were analysed thematically, guided by Affordance Theory to consider how cotherapy dynamics shaped therapeutic possibilities. Three major themes were developed: (1) Dose day cotherapy: safety, trust and the realities of access; (2) Cotherapy influences therapeutic processes; (3) Cotherapy shapes the impact and credibility of therapeutic insights. Together, these findings position cotherapy in PAT as both a safety and supportive measure, and a potentiator of therapeutic processes. In the context of a single site with high levels of clinician qualification and training, participants generally valued cotherapy. Insights from this study can guide clinical practice and future research, so that feasibility and accessibility are enhanced while preserving the safety and therapeutic benefits afforded by cotherapy.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-09-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/4cn5r_v1", "keywords": "clinical practice, cotherapy, Generalised Anxiety Disorder, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted therapy, therapist dyad, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"4cn5r_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3064, "title": "Regional Specificity of the Cingulate Cortex Thickness Association with the Intensity of Psilocybin Experience: A Replication Study", "normalized_title": "regional specificity of the cingulate cortex thickness association with the intensity of psilocybin experience a replication study", "authors": "Greguš D, Hlinka J, Tylš F, Viktorin V, Viktorinová M, Bravermanová A, Androvičová R, Andrashko V, Korčák J, Nikolič M, Adámek P, Beneš M, Páleníček T, Horáček J.", "abstract": "Abstract Rationale: Individual variability in psilocybin response is a major challenge for psychedelic-assisted therapy, with structural brain features potentially serving as predictive biomarkers. Lewis et al. (2020) reported that rostral anterior cingulate cortex thickness predicted emotional experiences under psilocybin, suggesting cortical morphometry as a marker of psychedelic responsivity. Objectives: This study sought to replicate and extend these findings by examining associations between cingulate thickness and psilocybin-induced altered states of consciousness using comprehensive assessment and rigorous statistical control. Methods: Twenty-five healthy participants underwent a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design with psilocybin (0.26 mg/kg) and placebo. High-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measured cortical thickness across cingulate subregions. Subjective effects were assessed with the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire. Analyses applied false discovery rate (FDR) correction for multiple comparisons. Results: The primary Lewis et al. finding-that rostral anterior cingulate cortex thickness predicts emotional psilocybin responses-was not replicated. Instead, we identified a robust anterior-posterior gradient in cingulate thickness that significantly predicted global psychedelic intensity (r = 0.549, FDR p = 0.013). Moreover, general cingulate thickness was associated with the balance between anxiety-dominated and visionary states (r = 0.495, FDR p = 0.016). Conclusions: Findings indicate that structural organization of the cingulate cortex provides a neuroanatomical marker of variability in psychedelic response, with implications for personalized dosing and anticipatory management in psychedelic-assisted therapy. Results highlight the importance of broad cortical organizational patterns, rather than focal regional measures, when predicting psychedelic effects.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-09-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-7544401/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7544401/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1090728\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 455, "title": "Characteristics of Ongoing Clinical Trials of Psychogenic Substances for Psychiatric Disorders.", "normalized_title": "characteristics of ongoing clinical trials of psychogenic substances for psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Havlik JL, Isaac S, Raman P, Tran N, Hidalgo K, Suppes T.", "abstract": "BackgroundWith a rapid rise in clinical trials investigating psychogenic substances, the field faces considerable concerns regarding transparency and conflicts of interest. This study aims to systematically characterize ongoing NIH-registered clinical trials investigating psychogenic substances for psychiatric disorders as of late 2024, including research protocols, institutional settings, and funding sources.ProceduresThis cross-sectional analysis evaluated ongoing trials from ClinicalTrials.gov that studied psychogenic substances-defined as compounds significantly affecting perception, cognition, or emotion-for psychiatric conditions. Data collected included substance class, targeted diagnoses, trial phase, geographic location, study design (eg, blinding), recruitment status, and funding sources.FindingsA total of 181 trials met the inclusion criteria, with the majority in phase 2 (n=93; 51.4%) or phase 1 (n=33; 18.2%). The most frequently studied substances were psilocybin (n=64; 35.4%) and ketamine (n=61; 33.7%). Trials were notably concentrated within a small number of leading academic institutions. Most trials (n=148; 81.2%) listed their funding source as \"other,\" of which 127 (86.4%) were sponsored by universities or university-affiliated institutions. Blinding was not reported in 38.7% (n=70) of trials. The primary conditions studied were major depressive disorder (n=94; 51.9%), posttraumatic stress disorder (n=38; 21.0%), and alcohol use disorder (n=21; 11.6%).ImplicationsOngoing clinical trials of psychogenic substances for psychiatric disorders are largely concentrated at select institutions and primarily focus on psilocybin and ketamine. The majority lack clear disclosure of funding sources, highlighting a need for enhanced transparency to build trust and facilitate the ethical advancement of this rapidly evolving area of psychiatric research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/jcp.0000000000002095", "pubmed_id": "40994136", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000002095", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Cross-Sectional Studies, Mental Disorders, Research Design, Conflict of Interest, United States, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40994136\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 411, "title": "Psilocybin inhibits formalin-induced nociception through 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor in rats.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin inhibits formalin induced nociception through 5 hydroxytryptamine 2a receptor in rats", "authors": "Inan S, Morris P, Rawls SM, Daws S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is found in a family of mushrooms commonly known as Psilocybe. We aimed to study the antinociceptive efficacy of psilocybin using formalin-induced noxious stimuli, a model that comprises both acute and persistent pain in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Psilocybin (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg, IP) or vehicle was administered, and 6 h later, formalin (5%, 50 µL, subcutaneous) was injected into the hindpaw, and the number of flinches and time spent for licking were recorded for 0-10 and 20-60 min for acute and tonic phases, respectively. Another set of rats was used to examine if the antinociceptive effect of psilocybin is via 5-hydroxytryptamine 2a receptor (5-HT2A R). For this aim, rats were pretreated with volinanserin (0.1 mg/kg, highly selective 5-HT2A R antagonist) or vehicle 30 min before psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg). Six hours later, formalin was injected, and the number of flinches and time spent for licking were recorded. Psilocybin (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) significantly reduced flinching and licking behaviors in both acute and late pain phases and pretreatment with volinanserin blocked the antinociceptive effect of psilocybin. Our results suggest that psilocybin produces an analgesic effect for acute and tonic inflammatory pain, at least in part, by activating 5-HT2A R.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/fbp.0000000000000856", "pubmed_id": "41017560", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/fbp.0000000000000856", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Pain, Disease Models, Animal, Formaldehyde, Fluorobenzenes, Piperidines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Analgesics, Hallucinogens, Pain Measurement, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Nociception, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41017560\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3588, "title": "Observational Pilot Study to Explore the Social and Health Impacts of a New Model of Care in Oregon: Psilocybin Services on Alcoholism", "normalized_title": "observational pilot study to explore the social and health impacts of a new model of care in oregon psilocybin services on alcoholism", "authors": "Healing Advocacy Fund", "abstract": "The purpose for this study is to observe the real world experience of participants who are receiving psilocybin in the context of (alcoholism) Alcohol Use Disorder without intervening in the model of care. The study team will engage directly with the participants to examine the outcomes in participants who have been deemed eligible and appropriate to receive psilocybin services at Oregon's Innertrek Patient Service Center (PSC) and who are willing to participate in the People Science pilot study to share their experience concurrently. Since the participant will be making the informed decision to voluntarily take part in this concurrent observational study, there will be no \"doctor-patient\" relationship between the participant and the People Science Study Investigator. Study participants will receive the standard of care and medical management from Oregon's Innertrek Patient Service Center facilitators as deemed appropriate per their existing guidelines and practices. People Science will solely be operating as an observer, using an agnostic research data capture system to collect outcomes and follow participant experiences throughout the course of their treatment journey. The study will incorporate participant-reported outcome measures, questionnaires and surveys. The primary endpoint in collecting study data will be to observe the impact of the Psilocybin-Assisted care model on the frequency of heavy drinking days through quantitative and qualitative data analysis for people who struggle with alcohol use. Non-quantitative narratives will also be captured. Throughout the People Science study observations, participants will be in the direct care of the Oregon Patient Service Center facilitators. Findings from this study will contribute knowledge toward the understanding of the use of psilocybin in individuals with self-described alcoholism (AUD). Alcoholism or Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic and relapsing condition characterized by an inability to control alcohol consumption, leading to significant health, social, and economic consequences. Despite the availability of various treatment modalities, including pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions, relapse rates remain high, with many individuals failing to achieve long-term abstinence or control. This has spurred interest in exploring novel therapeutic approaches and care models, including the potential use of psychedelic compounds such as psilocybin used in a supportive care environment. Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in certain species of mushrooms, has garnered attention for its potential therapeutic effects in treating mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. More recently, research has suggested that psilocybin may be beneficial in addressing substance use disorders, including Alcohol Use Disorder. The mechanism by which psilocybin exerts its effects appears to involve the modulation of neural circuits related to mood regulation, behavior, and self-reflection, which can facilitate profound psychological experiences that may promote lasting changes in behavior and cognition. Early clinical trials have shown promising results, indicating that psilocybin, when administered in a therapeutic setting, can reduce alcohol consumption and cravings in individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder. In a study published in Journal of American Medical Association of Psychiatry, researchers from New York University Grossman School of Medicine found that heavy alcohol consumption among people with alcohol use disorders was 83 percent lower among participants who had received psilocybin over an 8-month period following the psilocybin administration and almost half of participants who received psilocybin stopped drinking alcohol altogether. These studies highlight the potential for psilocybin to act as a catalyst for psychological insights and behavioral change when combined with psychotherapy or a calming and supportive environment, offering a new avenue for treatment-resistant cases of Alcohol Use Disorder. In Oregon, excessive alcohol consumption causes 2,000 deaths each year, making it the third leading cause of preventable death in the state. There is a glaring need for support for Oregonians facing alcohol and substance use disorders. Alongside more traditional treatment and harm reduction models, Psilocybin shows promise for treating alcohol and substance disorders. Oregon's state-regulated psilocybin program offers an opportunity to advance real world research on Psilocybin for treating alcohol and substance use disorders. In 2020, Oregon voters approved a ballot measure (Measure 109) to create the world's first state-regulated psilocybin program to improve the physical, mental, and social well-being of all people. The measure required that the Oregon Health Authority (OHA) create a licensing and regulatory framework for a safe, accessible and equitable program. After a two-year rule making period, licensed service centers are now open and providing psilocybin services to clients in Oregon. Psilocybin services are only delivered in licensed service centers, under the supervision of a trained facilitator, and psilocybin can only be consumed in the service center during that supervised session. There are no retail sales, no off-site consumption, possession, or production of psilocybin (outside of licensed manufacturers). The sponsor of this pilot research project is the Healing Advocacy Fund (HAF). HAF is a 501c3 non-profit organization that advocates for safe, affordable state-regulated access to psychedelic services. The Healing Advocacy Fund promotes regulations that create a state psilocybin program that is of high quality, accessible, and maximizes safety; educates stakeholders, policymakers, regulators, and the general public on the Oregon psilocybin program; and serves as a convener for the Oregon psilocybin ecosystem to collaboratively address goals and challenges, organize around shared needs, and deliver services to high standards and best practices. InnerTrek will provide the psilocybin services to individuals who struggle with alcohol use for the pilot. InnerTrek is a psilocybin patient service center located in Portland, Oregon and licensed by the Oregon Health Authority to offer both individual and group psilocybin services, including preparation, administration, and integration sessions. The position of the People Science research team in this setting is to observe the practices and experiences already occurring in the context of the State of Oregon's Psilocybin Services program at the InnerTrek Patient Service Center. People Science will create the questionnaires to be offered to the participants, as well as analyze data on the observation of participants' perspectives.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-09-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07189988", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, psilocybin, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07189988\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 248, "title": "Innovative Pharmacological Approaches to Eating Disorder Treatment.", "normalized_title": "innovative pharmacological approaches to eating disorder treatment", "authors": "Keshen A, Touyz S, Lacroix E, Hay P, McElroy SL.", "abstract": "This article explores innovative pharmacologic treatments for eating disorders, focusing on psychedelics, stimulant medications, and other emerging therapies. Preliminary evidence for psychedelics (eg, psilocybin) highlight their potential to enhance cognitive flexibility and support psychological interventions in some eating disorders (eg, anorexia nervosa). Stimulants like lisdexamfetamine offer benefits for binge-eating disorder, while medications for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and bulimia nervosa remain understudied. The study underscores the need for robust clinical trials to evaluate these approaches and advocates for integrating novel treatments into existing therapeutic frameworks to address the complex biological and psychological dimensions of eating disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.psc.2025.08.014", "pubmed_id": "41708265", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2025.08.014", "keywords": "Humans, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Hallucinogens, Feeding and Eating Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41708265\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 484, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in adults with depression - A literature review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in adults with depression a literature review", "authors": "Dorczok MC, Mittmann G, Ettl T, Steiner-Hofbauer V.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy (PAP) has gained increasing attention in recent years as a potential treatment for depression, particularly in cases resistant to conventional therapies. This article aims to assess the efficacy of PAP in adults with various forms of depression by conducting a comprehensive review of the available literature.MethodA systematic search was conducted across several major databases (PubMed and Ebsco Host (incl. MEDLINE Ultimate, eBook Clinical Collection, DynaMed, APA PsycARTICLES, APA PsycINFO, Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection), focusing on studies that investigated the effects of psilocybin in a therapeutic setting.ResultsThe overall systematic literature search identified 139 items, of which seven were selected for detailed analysis. The studies employed different dosing regimens and varied in their methodologies of psychological support before, during, and after psilocybin administration. Most studies found significant improvements in depression symptoms after administration of Psilocybin and sustained antidepressant effects up to twelve months post-treatment. Response and remission rates were consistently high across studies.ConclusionsPAP combined with structured psychological support shows sustained reductions in depressive symptoms for treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder. Higher doses generally yield stronger benefits. While PAP holds significant potential as a holistic treatment, methodological limitations, such as heterogeneity in study designs, inconsistent levels of psychological support and difficulties in blinding due to the nature of the drug's effect, highlight the need for more standardized protocols in future studies to ensure reliable outcomes. More research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111508", "pubmed_id": "40998282", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111508", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40998282\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 453, "title": "Considerations and cautions for the integration of psilocybin into routine clinical care: a consensus statement from the US National Network of Depression Centers' Task Group on Psychedelics and Related Compounds.", "normalized_title": "considerations and cautions for the integration of psilocybin into routine clinical care a consensus statement from the us national network of depression centers task group on psychedelics and related compounds", "authors": "Hosein MM, Reid MJ, Walser S, Charney S, Fonzo GA, Lewis BR, Yaden DB, Suppes T, Cordner ZA, Barrett FS.", "abstract": "The potential for psilocybin, and other psychedelic drugs, to fulfil a much needed and potentially transformative class of psychiatric treatments has garnered significant attention. Consequently, there has been a great deal of interest and investment in accelerating its development and potential implementation in routine clinical practice. However, the expanding scope of scientific discovery, heightened media coverage, and commercial interests in the field risk outpacing the rate of developments in the necessary guidelines and infrastructure required for integration of psilocybin into clinical practice. The US National Network of Depression Centers (NNDC) Task Group on Psychedelics and Related Compounds-comprising psychiatrists, psychologists, neuroscientists, psychedelic researchers, and leaders in healthcare consulting affiliated with the NNDC-developed this consensus statement as a summary of clinical expertise and opinion on the matter, to recognise psilocybin's therapeutic potential while also emphasising the need for further research and careful consideration before the integration of psilocybin into routine clinical care. We outline the current state of the science on psilocybin, incorporating articles published through April 2025. We identify key areas for further research and frame them within the context of therapeutic and ethical implications surrounding psilocybin's use in future clinical practice. We highlight the need for further research to address gaps in understanding of therapeutic dosage, efficacy across diverse populations, and long-term safety. Finally, we propose an agenda which calls for diversification of funding, collaborative research efforts, standardised training for healthcare providers, and careful consideration of ethical dilemmas inherent in the theorised clinical use of psilocybin. Crucially, we advocate for a balanced approach that prioritises rigorous scientific standards while considering the urgency of the need for better treatment options, ensuring equitable access and safety as the field progresses. We acknowledge that the single-country focus of the NNDC may limit the generalisability of recommendations to international contexts with differing healthcare systems and regulatory landscapes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103517", "pubmed_id": "41048658", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103517", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41048658\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3200, "title": "Electrodynamics of the Psychedelic Experience", "normalized_title": "electrodynamics of the psychedelic experience", "authors": "Hunt T.", "abstract": "Electromagnetic field theories of consciousness propose that consciousness emerges from resonant electromagnetic field interactions rather than purely computational neural processes. This paper examines how psychedelic substances-LSD, psilocybin, ketamine, and 5-MeO-DMT-modulate consciousness through their effects on brain electromagnetic fields, as measured by EEG, ECoG, and local field potential recordings. We present evidence that psychedelics act as \"field resonance enhancers,\" expanding consciousness by increasing electromagnetic field coherence, cross-frequency coupling, and epistemic depth. Our analysis reveals substance-specific field signatures: LSD produces sustained coherence enhancement across frequency bands; psilocybin increases oscillatory flexibility and field entropy; ketamine causes dissociative field fragmentation through NMDA-mediated disruption; and 5-MeO-DMT induces rapid field boundary dissolution. We propose that psychedelics' molecular mechanisms-primarily through 5-HT2A and NMDA receptor modulation-serve as energetic inputs that tune electromagnetic field computation rather than directly encode information. This field-centric perspective offers novel insights into psychedelic phenomenology, including ego dissolution, enhanced creativity, and therapeutic efficacy. The framework predicts specific, testable relationships between receptor activation patterns, field dynamics, and conscious experience, suggesting new approaches for optimizing psychedelic therapy through targeted field modulation.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2025-09-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202509.1813.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202509.1813.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1088799\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Creativity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 149, "title": "High dose of psilocybin induces acute behavioral changes without inducing conditioned place preference in Sprague-Dawley rats.", "normalized_title": "high dose of psilocybin induces acute behavioral changes without inducing conditioned place preference in sprague dawley rats", "authors": "Bruno V, López-Canul M, Richardson B, Camarini R, Marcourakis T, Gobbi G.", "abstract": "BackgroundIn recent years, there has been a resurgence of scientific interest in psychedelics, including psilocybin, for their potential in treating neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the reward-related effects of psilocybin and its impact on behavior remain underexplored.AimsWe aimed to evaluate the potential rewarding effects of high doses of psilocybin and its effects on rat behavior.MethodsSprague-Dawley rats were exposed to the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Over an 8-day period, rats were administered either psilocybin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (0.9% saline, i.p.) on odd conditioning days, while receiving vehicle (0.9% saline, i.p.) on even conditioning days. The potential rewarding effect induced by psilocybin was assessed 48 hours after the last psilocybin injection. Behavioral assessments, including head twitch, body shaking, grooming, body licking, defecation pellets, and rearing, were conducted during the CPP exposure.ResultsPsilocybin did not induce CPP in rats, highlighting its lack of reinforcing effects under these conditions. However, this regimen of administration led to modifications in the behavioral profile during CPP test by increasing head twitching, wet-wet-dog shaking, and defecation pellets and decreasing grooming, body licking, and rearing compared to the vehicle group. Importantly, 48 hours after the final psilocybin injection, no behavioral differences were observed between psilocybin and vehicle groups.ConclusionPsilocybin at this regimen (10 mg/kg, every other day) does not induce CPP, but induces changes in behavior, which disappear 48 hours after the last injection. More research is needed to better evaluate the addiction liability of psychedelics using different paradigms, doses, and protocols.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251368361", "pubmed_id": "40984017", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251368361", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40984017\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 442, "title": "Dissimilar Reactions and Enzymes for Psilocybin Biosynthesis in Inocybe and Psilocybe Mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "dissimilar reactions and enzymes for psilocybin biosynthesis in inocybe and psilocybe mushrooms", "authors": "Schäfer T, Haun F, Rupp B, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 1) is the main indolethyl-amine natural product of psychotropic (so-called \"magic\") mushrooms. The majority of 1-producing species belongs to the eponymous genus Psilocybe, for which the biosynthetic events, beginning from l-tryptophan (2), and the involved enzymes have thoroughly been characterized. Some Inocybe (fiber cap) species, among them Inocybe corydalina, produce 1 as well. In product formation assays, we characterized four recombinantly produced biosynthesis enzymes of this species in vitro: IpsD, a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent l-tryptophan decarboxylase, the kinase IpsK, and two near-identical methyltransferases, IpsM1 and IpsM2. The fifth enzyme, the insoluble monooxygenase IpsH, was analyzed in silico. Surprisingly, none of the reactions intrinsic to the 1 pathway in Psilocybe species takes place in I. corydalina. Contrasting the situation in Psilocybe, the Inocybe pathway is branched and leads to baeocystin (4-phosphoryloxy-N-methyltryptamine, 3) as a second end product. Our results demonstrate that mushrooms recruited distantly or entirely unrelated enzymes to evolve the metabolic capacity for 1 biosynthesis twice independently.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/anie.202512017", "pubmed_id": "40977073", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202512017", "keywords": "Agaricales, Methyltransferases, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40977073\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 509, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder: A pilot open-label safety and feasibility study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder a pilot open label safety and feasibility study", "authors": "Knock E, Siefried KJ, Bedi G, Albert S, Day RO, Ezard N, Ross M, Liknaitzky P, Brett J.", "abstract": "Background & aimsThere are few effective treatments for methamphetamine use disorder, despite increasing global demand. Here, we assessed the safety and feasibility of outpatient psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder.DesignSingle arm, open label pilot study.SettingOutpatient public stimulant treatment program at St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.ParticipantsWe recruited 15 participants that were ≥25 years old, seeking treatment for methamphetamine use, using methamphetamine ≥4 days/month at screening, and without serious mental illness or contraindicated medical conditions or medications.InterventionParticipants received three preparatory psychotherapy sessions over two weeks before a single psilocybin dosing session (25 mg oral), followed by two integration psychotherapy sessions over one week. Psychotherapy included elements of motivational enhancement and acceptance and commitment therapy. Participants were followed for 90 days post psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy session.MeasurementsPrimary endpoints were safety (as measured by adverse events over the trial and vital signs during psilocybin dosing) and feasibility (as measured by enrolment and dropout rates), and secondary endpoints included measuring self-reported methamphetamine and other illicit drug use, drug craving, depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life measures.FindingsOf 56 participants pre-screened, 15 were eligible and enrolled, 14 completed the intervention and 13 completed 90-day post-dose follow-up.\". No serious adverse events (AEs) occurred, and the seven treatment related AEs were self-limiting and mild to moderate in severity. AEs included hypertension during the dosing session and headache (n = 4), nausea (n = 1) and noise sensitivity (n = 1) within the week following the dose. Methamphetamine use (over the prior 28 days) was observed to be lower at screening (median 12 days, IQR7-16, n = 15) relative to day 28 (median 0 days, IQR0-2, n = 13) and 90 (median 2 days, IQR1-4, n = 14) post psilocybin. Methamphetamine craving was also observed to be lower while quality of life, depression, anxiety, and stress were observed to be higher at days 28 and 90 follow-up relative to baseline.ConclusionsPsilocybin assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder was feasible to implement in an outpatient setting and did not appear to generate safety concerns. A larger randomised controlled trial is required to confirm efficacy and safety.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/add.70187", "pubmed_id": "40974259", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70187", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40974259\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3199, "title": "Psychedelics Relax Priors and Reshape Orbitofrontal Dynamics", "normalized_title": "psychedelics relax priors and reshape orbitofrontal dynamics", "authors": "Delgado-Sallent C, Ahmed SA, Khawaja-Lopez A, Lee BS, Senne R, Scott BB, Ramirez S.", "abstract": "Psychedelics such as psilocybin and ketamine are gaining attention as rapid-acting treatments for psychiatric disorders, yet the mechanisms by which they alter cognition remain unclear. A key hypothesis-the REBUS model-proposes that psychedelics relax high-level priors, allowing bottom-up sensory information to exert greater influence over perception and behavior. Here, we test this model in mice performing a free-response perceptual decision-making task that disambiguates prior-driven and sensory-driven decision strategies. Acute administration of psilocybin or ketamine significantly slowed decision times and improved accuracy. Behavioral modeling that combined drift diffusion and GLM-HMM frameworks revealed that these changes were mediated by increased decision thresholds and a marked shift into sensory-engaged cognitive states. Whole-brain c-Fos mapping identified a distributed decision-making network, with psychedelics selectively modulating cortical and subcortical nodes. Calcium imaging in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)-a key region for integrating priors and sensory inputs-revealed preserved decision-related selectivity under psychedelics, while exhibiting reduced neuronal correlations-population-level signatures of weakened top-down influence and relaxed priors. Together, these results provide circuit-level support for the REBUS model, showing that psychedelics reconfigure brain-wide and local dynamics to promote more deliberate, flexible, and sensory-driven decision policies.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-09-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.09.18.677110", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.18.677110", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1088289\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 513, "title": "Reappraisal of the hype and hope offered by psilocybin treatment of depression.", "normalized_title": "reappraisal of the hype and hope offered by psilocybin treatment of depression", "authors": "Beaglehole B, Manuel J.", "abstract": "AimTo provide a balanced account of psilocybin treatment of depression for expectations to be appropriately set.MethodReview and discussion of key psilocybin efficacy studies. Reporting of side effects and risk of harm with psychedelic treatments. Comparisons and contrasts with ketamine studies of treatment-resistant depression (TRD).ResultEarly psilocybin studies offer promise but expectation bias and functional unblinding are factors in the treatment response. Psilocybin is generally well tolerated but side effects are often not systematically reported, and some recipients may experience harm. The ketamine research has similar methodological considerations, but the weight of positive evidence is stronger for a treatment-resistant group.ConclusionThe evidence for psilocybin treatment of depression is insufficient to press for wider availability and use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.26635/6965.7138", "pubmed_id": "40966702", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.26635/6965.7138", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Hope, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40966702\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 512, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted group psychotherapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction for frontline healthcare provider COVID-19-related depression and burnout: A randomized controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted group psychotherapy and mindfulness based stress reduction for frontline healthcare provider covid 19 related depression and burnout a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Lewis BR, Hendrick J, Byrne K, Odette M, Wu C, Garland EL.", "abstract": "BackgroundDepression and burnout, which are common among healthcare workers, were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and psilocybin have been reported to reduce depressive symptoms, but the efficacy of the combination requires comparison to an active treatment control. We sought to evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin and MBSR versus MBSR alone for frontline healthcare providers with symptoms of depression and burnout related to the COVID-19 pandemic. We hypothesized that psilocybin would augment the antidepressant effects of MBSR in this population.Methods and findingsWe conducted a randomized controlled trial that enrolled physicians and nurses with frontline clinical work during the COVID-19 pandemic and symptoms of depression and burnout. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05557643) Participants were enrolled between January 2nd, 2023 and January 16th, 2024, and randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either an 8-week MBSR curriculum alone or an 8-week MBSR curriculum plus group psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) with 25 mg psilocybin. Evaluation of safety and feasibility of enrollment and retention was a primary objective of the study. The primary efficacy endpoint was change in depressive symptoms, as measured by the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS-SR-16) at 2 weeks post-intervention. Symptoms of depression and burnout were assessed at baseline, and 2 weeks and 6 months post-intervention utilizing the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS-SR-16) and Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey for Medical Professionals (MBI-HSS-MP), respectively. Secondary outcome measures included the Demoralization Scale (DS-II) and the Watt's Connectedness Scale (WCS). Adverse events (AEs) and suicidality were assessed through a 6-month follow-up. Twenty-five participants were enrolled and randomized. Safety was a study outcome and assessed by rate and severity of AEs and any incident suicidality or significant mental health symptoms. Baseline and outcome data were summarized using descriptive statistics, with continuous variables reported as means and standard deviations. We recorded 12 study-related, Grade 1-2 AEs and no serious AEs. In a linear mixed model analysis (LMM), the MBSR + PAP arm evidenced a significantly larger decrease in QIDS-SR-16 score than the MBSR-only arm from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention (between-groups effect = 4.6, 95% CI [1.51, 7.70]; p = 0.008). This effect waned at the 6-month follow-up. Secondary outcome measures for burnout (subscales of the MBI-HSS-MP), demoralization (DS II), and connectedness (WCS) favored the MBSR + PAP arm; however, these effects did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. A mixed RM-ANCOVA was conducted to control for baseline differences in outcome measures. Sensitivity analyses were conducted, adjusting for baseline differences in gender and clustering within group cohorts. Study limitations that affect the generalizability of results include a small sample size, homogenous study population, and significant differences in intervention intensity.ConclusionsThis trial met its primary endpoint: group psilocybin-assisted therapy plus MBSR was associated with clinically significant improvement in depressive symptoms without serious AEs and with greater reduction in symptoms than MBSR alone. Our findings suggest that integrating psilocybin with mindfulness training may represent a promising treatment for depression and burnout among physicians and nurses. Larger trials are needed to establish efficacy, generalizability, and durability of these effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pmed.1004519", "pubmed_id": "40972137", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004519", "keywords": "Humans, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Burnout, Professional, Psychotherapy, Group, Adult, Middle Aged, Health Personnel, Female, Male, Mindfulness, Psilocybin, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40972137\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 511, "title": "Evolution and Comparative Analysis of Clinical Trials on Psilocybin in the Treatment of Psychopathologies: Trends in the EU and the US.", "normalized_title": "evolution and comparative analysis of clinical trials on psilocybin in the treatment of psychopathologies trends in the eu and the us", "authors": "Calin A, Burlec AF, Mircea C, Macovei I, Hancianu M, Corciova A.", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: This study examines the development of clinical trials investigating psilocybin for the treatment of psychopathologies, with a comparative focus on the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). The objective is to identify regional differences in trial progression, research infrastructure, and regulatory frameworks. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining case studies, qualitative and quantitative research. Key variables included trial phase, geographical distribution, demographic factors, funding, governmental support, and public health policies. Results: The US demonstrated a substantially higher number of psilocybin trials across both early and advanced phases. This reflects a strong research infrastructure, growing financial investment, and increasing interest in psychedelic-assisted therapies. In contrast, the EU showed fewer trials and slower advancement, reflecting a more cautious stance that emphasizes patient safety and therapeutic efficacy. These divergences are shaped by differences in regulation, funding mechanisms, and sociocultural attitudes toward psychedelics in psychiatry. Conclusion: This comparative analysis highlights the uneven pace of psilocybin research across different regions. It also emphasizes the importance of international collaboration, harmonization of public health policies, and the development of standardized procedures prioritizing safety and effectiveness. Integrating psilocybin-assisted interventions into psychiatric practice has the potential to expand treatment options and strengthen mental health care, but coordinated global efforts are essential to ensure both scientific rigor and patient protection.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/jcm14186613", "pubmed_id": "41010814", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186613", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41010814\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 510, "title": "Advancing drug safety in psychiatry: insights from pharmacogenomics of hypersensitivity reactions.", "normalized_title": "advancing drug safety in psychiatry insights from pharmacogenomics of hypersensitivity reactions", "authors": "Alhaj HA, Samara J, Alnamous A, Karima R, Saber-Ayad M.", "abstract": "Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) to psychiatric medications represent a significant clinical challenge, often resulting in treatment discontinuation, poor adherence, and compromised patient outcomes. Pharmacogenomics has emerged as a promising field for understanding and mitigating these adverse effects by identifying genetic predispositions that affect drug metabolism, immune responses, and individual susceptibility. This narrative review explores the multifaceted mechanisms underlying DHRs, with a focus on immunological pathways, particularly T cell-mediated responses, drug metabolite formation, and genetic risk factors. Among these, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are critical contributors to hypersensitivity development. We provide a comprehensive analysis of pharmacogenomic associations with commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs, including anticonvulsants (e.g., carbamazepine, lamotrigine), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and novel agents such as vortioxetine, psilocybin, and esketamine. Additionally, we examine antipsychotics, including clozapine and newer agents like aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, and cariprazine, highlighting specific gene-drug interactions and known risk alleles such as HLA-B*15:02, HLA-A*31:01, and variants in CYP2D6 and CYP1A2. These findings underscore the value of pharmacogenomic testing in predicting and preventing serious DHRs, such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, agranulocytosis, and hepatotoxicity. The review also addresses clinical implementation, discussing the role of pre-emptive genetic screening, emerging guidelines from international consortia such as CPIC and DPWG, and real-world challenges, including variability in test accessibility, ethical concerns, and a lack of standardized protocols across regions. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing and multiomic approaches offer new opportunities to improve predictive accuracy and personalize psychiatric treatment further. Finally, we highlight the importance of population-specific research and global collaboration to close the evidence gap, particularly in underrepresented regions like the Middle East. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of pharmacogenomics in optimizing psychiatric drug therapy, enhancing safety, and ultimately improving patient-centered care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2025.1651898", "pubmed_id": "41050417", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1651898", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41050417\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity,Drug Interactions,Genomics,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3709, "title": "PRoMiSS: Psilocybin and the Role of Music in Set and Setting", "normalized_title": "promiss psilocybin and the role of music in set and setting", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to understand how personally meaningful, autobiographically salient music compares to standardized playlists when combined with psilocybin in healthy adults ages 21 to 75. The main questions it aims to answer are: Does autobiographically salient music lead to stronger emotional responses to music, greater acute subjective effects, and more lasting improvements in mood, affect, and well-being compared to standardized or ambient playlists? How are brain and body responses - including EEG activity, respiration, heart rate, and skin conductance - influenced by autobiographically salient music under psilocybin? Do brain and body responses to specific music features differ when the music is autobiographically salient compared to non-salient playlists? Researchers will compare five music conditions: three conditions where an 80-minute block of autobiographically salient music is placed at different points in the 6-hour psilocybin session (0-80 minutes, 80-160 minutes, or 240-320 minutes), a standardized Johns Hopkins psilocybin playlist, and an ambient playlist with no autobiographical content. Participants will: * Take a single oral dose of psilocybin (25 mg) during one study session * Listen to one of the five music conditions while reclining in a comfortable setting * Complete questionnaires about emotions, acute, subjective effects, insight, etc. * Undergo EEG and physiological monitoring (respiration, heart rate, skin conductance) during the session * Complete MRI brain scans before the session and 1 week after psilocybin * Return for follow-ups at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after psilocybin * At 1 month, complete a qualitative interview and a nondrug EEG music listening session, where the participant's hear either music from the participant's own psilocybin session or music from another participant's session Classic psychedelics such as psilocybin reliably alter consciousness, producing changes in perception, emotion, and meaning-making. Music has long been recognized as an important component of psychedelic therapy, serving to guide the experience and shape its trajectory. However, little is known about how different types of music influence outcomes, particularly music that is personally meaningful to participants. This study will investigate the effects of autobiographically salient (AS) music compared to standardized playlists during high-dose psilocybin sessions. The goal is to understand how personally relevant music modulates acute subjective experiences, emotional responses, and longer-term psychological outcomes. In addition, the study will examine brain and body responses to music under psilocybin, including how these responses differ when music is autobiographically salient. The central questions are whether AS music enhances emotional depth, psychological insight, and well-being more than non-autobiographical playlists, and whether the timing of AS music during the session influences these effects. Participants will be followed up after the psilocybin session to assess both short-term and longer-term outcomes, including well-being, mood, and meaning-making. This trial represents one of the first controlled investigations into how personalized music contributes to the therapeutic potential of psychedelics. Findings may help optimize music-based interventions in psychedelic therapy and improve understanding of the role of music in shaping altered states of consciousness.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-09-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07180108", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Music Intervention, Psilocybin (high dose), DMF#037635 (Type II), Purisys LLC, Psilocybin Drug Substance, Playlist 1, Playlist 2, Playlist 3, Playlist 4, Playlist 5, ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07180108\",\"overall_status\":\"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 311, "title": "Compassionate use of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression in Germany.", "normalized_title": "compassionate use of psilocybin for treatment resistant depression in germany", "authors": "Gründer G, Mertens LJ, Jungaberle A, Jungaberle H, Spangemacher M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00277-9", "pubmed_id": "40976246", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00277-9", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40976246\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3053, "title": "Psilocybin ameliorates neuropathic pain-like behaviour in mice and facilitates gabapentin-mediated analgesia", "normalized_title": "psilocybin ameliorates neuropathic pain like behaviour in mice and facilitates gabapentin mediated analgesia", "authors": "Askey T, Allen-Ross D, Luzyanin D, Lasrado R, Gilmour G, Hunt SP, Tamagnini F, Ahmed M, Stephens GJ, Maiarú M.", "abstract": "Chronic pain states are challenging to control with current drug therapies. Here, we demonstrate that a single dose of psilocybin can produce a sustained anti-nociceptive effect in a model of chronic neuropathic pain in male and female mice. Psilocybin anti-nociceptive effects were mediated by 5-HT2A receptors, although additional mechanisms might also be involved. Furthermore, a single dose of psilocybin caused a significant increase in the anti-nociceptive potential of gabapentin, a widely used treatment for neuropathic pain consistent with the establishment of longer lasting changes in network processing. Overall, these findings present the first preclinical evidence that psilocybin could be a valuable approach for treating chronic pain from nerve injury and serve as a new therapeutic addition for pain management.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-09-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.09.15.676273", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.15.676273", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1085617\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 514, "title": "Severe Rhabdomyolysis With Stage 3 Acute Kidney Injury After Ayahuasca Use Managed Without Renal Replacement Therapy: A Case Report.", "normalized_title": "severe rhabdomyolysis with stage 3 acute kidney injury after ayahuasca use managed without renal replacement therapy a case report", "authors": "Kermanshah A, Stapleton M, Mauriello CM, Cobas M, Cordoba Torres IT.", "abstract": "Ayahuasca, a brew containing N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) with monoamine oxidase-inhibiting β-carbolines, has expanded from traditional use to global retreats. Reported adverse effects include vomiting, agitation, serotonin toxicity-like syndromes, and cardiovascular events. Rhabdomyolysis has been described with other classic hallucinogens (e.g., lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin), but, to our knowledge, an ayahuasca-associated rhabdomyolysis case has not been previously reported. Our case is of a previously healthy man who ingested ayahuasca and undertook prolonged travel before presenting with diffuse myalgias and dark urine. Initial laboratory results showed creatine kinase (CK) at 110,659 IU/L, serum creatinine (Cr) at 6.8 mg/dL, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) at approximately 95 mg/dL. Comprehensive hospital toxicology screens were negative for non-prescribed substances. Despite early treatment, Cr rose to 13.6 mg/dL (hospital day 7), with BUN peaking at approximately 130 mg/dL, consistent with severe acute kidney injury (AKI). CK declined rapidly with care, reaching", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.92568", "pubmed_id": "41111708", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.92568", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41111708\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Case Report,Toxicity", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3435, "title": "The Impact of Psilocybin on Pain in Fibromyalgia Patients: a Multicentre Trial.", "normalized_title": "the impact of psilocybin on pain in fibromyalgia patients a multicentre trial", "authors": "Maastricht University", "abstract": "Rationale: Recent evidence shows that Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), even when administered in low, non-hallucinogenic doses, can produce analgesic effects and improve pain tolerance in a sample of healthy volunteers. Such results complement what was already observed with other serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin: survey studies and case series indicate that its use may lead to improvements in chronic pain conditions such as migraines, cluster headaches and phantom limb pain even at low, non-psychedelic doses. These effects have however not yet been investigated and confirmed in clinical populations under controlled experimental conditions. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterised by widespread pain, hyperalgesia, anxiety, disturbed sleep patterns, impaired cognitive functioning and comorbid mood disorders. Most suggested therapies are only associated with small improvements in pain ratings and quality of life. Currently, there is no data concerning the effectiveness of serotonergic psychedelics in improving pain ratings in fibromyalgia patients. Objective: The present study will explore the effects that the administration of a placebo and 2 low psilocybin doses (5 mg or 10 mg) will have on pain perception in a group of fibromyalgia patients. Study design: The present study uses a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. All participants will receive a placebo and 2 doses of psilocybin (5 mg or 10 mg) and will undergo the Cold Pressor Test (CPT) and the Pain Pressure Threshold Task (PPT) o test its analgesic effects. Rationale: Recent evidence shows that Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), even when administered in low, non-hallucinogenic doses, can produce analgesic effects and improve pain tolerance in a sample of healthy volunteers. Such results complement what was already observed with other serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin: survey studies and case series indicate that its use may lead to improvements in chronic pain conditions such as migraines, cluster headaches and phantom limb pain even at low, non-psychedelic doses. These effects have however not yet been investigated and confirmed in clinical populations under controlled experimental conditions. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterised by widespread pain, hyperalgesia, anxiety, disturbed sleep patterns, impaired cognitive functioning and comorbid mood disorders. It has high direct and indirect costs and it is considered challenging to treat. Most suggested therapies, in fact, are only associated with small improvements in pain ratings and quality of life. Currently, there is no data concerning the effectiveness of serotonergic psychedelics in improving pain ratings in fibromyalgia patients. Objective: The present study will explore the effects that the administration of a placebo and 2 low psilocybin doses (5 mg or 10 mg) will have on pain perception in a group of fibromyalgia patients. Study design: The present study uses a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. All participants will receive a placebo and 2 doses of psilocybin (5 mg or 10 mg) and will undergo the Cold Pressor Test (CPT) and the Pain Pressure Threshold Task (PPT) o test its analgesic effects. Study population: 35 fibromyalgia patients aged 18 to 65 years. Intervention: Placebo, 5 mg or 10 mg of psilocybin in randomized order. Main study parameters/endpoints: Primary outcomes will be subjective and objective measures of pain perception. Secondary measures will assess the effects that placebo and psilocybin will have on mood, cognition and psychedelic experience. Finally, participants will take part to an additional CPT after receiving hypnotic suggestions of analgesia to test whether such intervention may moderate pain ratings of individuals who took small doses of psilocybin. Nature and extent of the burden and risks associated with participation, benefit and group relatedness: Participants will visit the research lab 5 times during 5 weeks. Before the first study day, subjects will come for a screening visit during which they will also be familiarized with tests and study procedures. This includes a medical screening by a licensed physician (medical history review, laboratory screening, electrocardiogram recording). The study visits will consist of taking the study treatment (5 mg or 10 mg of psilocybin or placebo), taking part to the experimental tasks, taking blood samples, completing computer tasks and filling out questionnaires. Finally, participants will take part to a final online visit to administer post-study questionnaires.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06368492", "keywords": "Fibromyalgia, Psilocybin, Hypnosis script, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06368492\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 515, "title": "Preliminary validation and refinement of the psychedelic aesthetic experience questionnaire.", "normalized_title": "preliminary validation and refinement of the psychedelic aesthetic experience questionnaire", "authors": "Hooper JF, Ellingson JM, Hutchison KE.", "abstract": "IntroductionAesthetic experiences under psychedelics are often described as vivid, emotionally powerful, and meaningful, yet they remain under-measured in psychometric research. This study aimed to refine and validate the Psychedelic Aesthetic Experience Questionnaire (PAEQ), a novel instrument designed to assess the aesthetic dimensions of acute psychedelic experiences.MethodsA total of 365 past-year psilocybin users completed an anonymous online survey assessing their most typical psychedelic experience. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted on split samples to examine the latent structure of the PAEQ. Reliability, convergent validity, and regression models predicting self-reported psychological outcomes were evaluated.ResultsEFA and CFA supported a four-factor structure reflecting sensory, affective, semantic, and flow dimensions. Internal consistency was high for the total scale (α = 0.90) and acceptable across subscales. Convergent validity was supported by strong correlations with MEQ (r = 0.69), EBI (r = 0.54), and PIS (r = 0.56). PAEQ scores modestly predicted improvements in sleep, pain, substance use, anxiety, depression, and quality of life following psychedelic use.DiscussionDespite some weaknesses, the PAEQ provides a psychometrically sound measure of aesthetic engagement during psychedelic experiences, a domain not fully captured by existing instruments. Its multidimensional structure grounded in the aesthetic triad and flow theory offers new avenues for assessing altered states of consciousness and their therapeutic relevance.ConclusionThe refined PAEQ is a valid tool for quantifying aesthetic aspects of psychedelic experiences and contributes to advancing empirical approaches for characterizing altered states of consciousness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1648968", "pubmed_id": "41030347", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1648968", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41030347\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 504, "title": "Multianalytical Investigation of Psilocybe cubensis Mushrooms: Physicochemical Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Psilocybin and Psilocin Compounds.", "normalized_title": "multianalytical investigation of psilocybe cubensis mushrooms physicochemical characterization and biological evaluation of psilocybin and psilocin compounds", "authors": "Pereira Galdino T, Bisneto ABM, Pedro MDS, de Oliveira LC, Luz MA, de Lima AGB, Silva SML, Fook MVL.", "abstract": "Mental disorders of the global population have been evaluated statistically by decades. Psilocybin has medicinal properties with potential pharmaceutical applications for treatment of psychological disorders. This component is present naturally in mushrooms of the Psilocybe genus and is primarily responsible for their psychoactive properties. It exhibits a low risk of acute toxicity and has shown no evidence of neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or mutagenicity in current toxicological assessments. This study aimed to develop an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) derived from Psilocybe mushrooms for application in the management of mental health disorders. The primary objectives include extraction of bioactive compounds, quantitative analysis, and evaluation of their physicochemical and biological properties. Following the extraction procedures, the experiments achieved yields of approximately 20%, demonstrating effective isolation of the target compounds. The presence of alkaloids was confirmed through phytochemical screening and validated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The obtained API exhibited thermal and spectroscopic characteristics consistent with those of edible mushroom extracts, enabling a comprehensive understanding of its physicochemical behavior. Additionally, analytical assays demonstrated high solubility, low toxicity, and compliance with acceptable limits for heavy metal content and microbial load, including aerobic microorganisms, fungi, and yeasts. Quantitative HPLC analysis revealed psilocybin and psilocin contents of 3.26 and 0.34%, respectively, supporting the formulation of drug delivery systems with standardized concentrations of psilocybin. The results indicated that the extracted API is stable, highly pure, and compatible with polymeric matrices for controlled release applications. Furthermore, the assays confirmed high solubility in polar solvents and minimal risk of adverse effects. In conclusion, the study showed that the development of a psilocybin- and psilocin-based API is feasible and represents a significant advancement in the treatment of mental disorders, standing out as a promising solution in the pursuit of innovative therapeutic alternatives.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsomega.5c05606", "pubmed_id": "41048717", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c05606", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41048717\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 487, "title": "Dynamic myocardial injury and variable hallucination latency in Psilocybe keralensis poisoning: a molecularly confirmed case series from China.", "normalized_title": "dynamic myocardial injury and variable hallucination latency in psilocybe keralensis poisoning a molecularly confirmed case series from china", "authors": "He Z, Tang R, Feng M, Li X, Zhang C, Li J.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsychoactive Psilocybe spp. mushrooms pose significant public health risks. We report a cluster of Psilocybe keralensis poisonings in Chengdu, China, highlighting its unique clinical features and cardiovascular complications.Case seriesFour patients ingested 16-90 g of wild mushrooms (misidentified as an edible species, but later molecularly confirmed as Psilocybe keralensis). Prodromal symptoms (e.g., dizziness) emerged within 5-20 min, but the onset of hallucinations varied widely (10-180 min). All patients developed hypertension (systolic blood pressure >150 mmHg), with one patient exhibiting rapid blood pressure elevation to 182/110 mmHg at 4 h post-ingestion, which was accompanied by evidence of myocardial injury (peak cardiac troponin T concentration 188.70 pg/mL [reference range", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/15563650.2025.2552438", "pubmed_id": "40948398", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2025.2552438", "keywords": "Humans, Mushroom Poisoning, Hallucinogens, China, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40948398\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 456, "title": "Emerging mechanisms of psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity.", "normalized_title": "emerging mechanisms of psilocybin induced neuroplasticity", "authors": "Sonda S, Pendin D, Comai S, De Martin S, Manfredi P, Mattarei A.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, is gaining attention for its rapid and sustained therapeutic effects in depression and other hard-to-treat neuropsychiatric conditions, potentially through its capacity to enhance neuronal plasticity. While its neuroplastic and therapeutic effects are commonly attributed to serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor activation, emerging evidence reveals a more nuanced pharmacological profile involving multiple serotonin receptor subtypes and nonserotonergic targets such as TrkB. This review integrates current findings on the molecular interactome of psilocin (psilocybin active metabolite), emphasizing receptor selectivity, biased agonism, and intracellular receptor localization. Together, these insights offer a refined framework for understanding psilocybin's enduring effects and guiding the development of next-generation neuroplastogens with improved specificity and safety.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.tips.2025.08.012", "pubmed_id": "40957728", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2025.08.012", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Neuronal Plasticity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40957728\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 326, "title": "Temporal dynamics in neuroimaging as correlates of therapeutic response to psilocybin in major depressive disorder: A systematic review and critical appraisal.", "normalized_title": "temporal dynamics in neuroimaging as correlates of therapeutic response to psilocybin in major depressive disorder a systematic review and critical appraisal", "authors": "Sabbah SG, Li S, Wong S, Le GH, Badulescu S, Hawco C, Rosenblat JD, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics are emerging as promising treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers a powerful tool to study neural mechanisms underlying therapeutic response.MethodsThis systematic review (PROSPERO #CRD42024557973) examined neuroimaging studies of psilocybin in MDD and TRD, with a focus on the temporal evolution of neuroimaging changes post-treatment. A secondary aim was to correlate imaging findings with validated clinical outcomes to assess their relevance in predicting treatment response.ResultsEleven eligible studies were included, using diverse fMRI modalities such as resting-state functional connectivity, task-based BOLD imaging, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF), dynamic functional connectivity, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Early (0-4 weeks) post-treatment changes included reduced network modularity and increased global brain integration, alongside modulation of affective circuits involving the amygdala, default mode network, and prefrontal regions. These changes were significantly associated with reductions in BDI, QIDS, and SHAPS scores, reflecting improvements in mood and anhedonia. Longer-term changes (5+ weeks) involved sustained reorganization of large-scale networks, particularly increased connectivity between the prefrontal and parietal cortices and salience network.ConclusionsAlthough these findings suggest psilocybin is associated with dynamic and temporally distinct neuroplastic changes linked to clinical improvement, several limitations must be acknowledged. Many studies reused overlapping datasets with high exploratory flexibility and risk of bias. The generalizability of results is therefore constrained. Future research should emphasize independent datasets, pre-registered imaging endpoints, and longitudinal designs to clarify the mechanisms underlying psychedelic therapy for depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.120335", "pubmed_id": "40962065", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120335", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Treatment Outcome, Neuroimaging, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40962065\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 516, "title": "Microdosing Psychedelics to Restore Synaptic Density in Schizophrenia.", "normalized_title": "microdosing psychedelics to restore synaptic density in schizophrenia", "authors": "Sapienza J, Spangaro M, Comai S, Sabé M, La Torre J, Buonarroti M, Cavallaro R, Bosia M", "abstract": "Schizophrenia is a highly polygenic disease, and several genetic variants associated with the disease converge on altered synaptic homeostasis. In particular, the gene encoding complement component 4 (C4) showed the strongest association with schizophrenia, and this protein is involved in complement-dependent and microglia-mediated synaptic pruning. As a matter of fact, microglia are overactive in schizophrenia, and reduced synaptic arborization, especially in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), is an established hallmark of schizophrenia, likely associated with gray matter loss, cortical thinning, hypofrontality, and deficit syndrome. The recent development of a new radioligand targeting the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) demonstrated in vivo lower synaptic density at the PFC level in individuals with schizophrenia, corroborating the synaptic hypothesis of thedisease first proposed by Feinberg in 1982. Interestingly, robust preclinical evidence (in vitro and animal models) showed the ability of psychedelics to promote neuroplasticity and synaptogenesis, potentially counteracting the excessive synaptic loss, restoring volume loss, and possibly explaining improvements in negative and cognitive symptoms described by old clinical studies. Overall, microdoses should be explored first as a possible treatment in a selected sample of patients affected by deficit schizophrenia, followed by low and full doses if encouraging results were to emerge.", "journal": "International journal of molecular sciences", "publication_date": "2025-09-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ijms26188949", "pubmed_id": "41009515", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41009515/", "keywords": "LSD, SV2A, cognition, complement 4, microglia, negative symptoms, neuroplasticity, psilocybin, psychosis, synaptogenesis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41009515\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Aging,Microdosing,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 488, "title": "Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptor Signaling Analysis Reveals Psychedelic Biased Agonism.", "normalized_title": "serotonin 5 ht2c receptor signaling analysis reveals psychedelic biased agonism", "authors": "Bonniwell EM, Alabdali R, Hennessey JJ, McKee JL, Cavalco NG, Lammers JC, Moore EJ, Franchini L, Orlandi C, McCorvy JD.", "abstract": "The serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2C) is a G protein-coupled receptor implicated in multiple physiological and psychological processes and has been investigated as a therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric conditions such as obesity, drug abuse, and depression. With renewed interest in serotonergic psychedelics for treating depression, 5-HT2C may contribute to psychedelic-induced therapeutic effects. Despite earlier evidence of 5-HT2C G protein coupling promiscuity, the full signaling landscape remains incompletely characterized, which may help explain the limited efficacy and potential cancer risks associated with lorcaserin. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of 5-HT2C signaling, confirming and building upon previous findings that the receptor engages Gi/o/z and G12/13 proteins in addition to its primary Gq/11 pathway, and that it preferentially recruits β-arrestin2 over β-arrestin1. We also show that increased RNA editing of the receptor attenuates signaling across all G protein pathways, particularly for G12/13, while preserving β-arrestin recruitment. Profiling of both 5-HT2C-selective and psychedelic ligands reveals diverse signaling profiles, with serotonergic psychedelics such as LSD and psilocin exhibiting a striking Gq/11 bias due to minimal secondary G protein activation. Altogether, this work provides a foundation for incorporating a broader view of 5-HT2C signaling modalities into future investigations of 5-HT2C drug development efforts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00647", "pubmed_id": "40944639", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00647", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, HEK293 Cells, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, beta-Arrestin 2", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40944639\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3163, "title": "Effective connectivity of the human claustrum: Triple networks, subcortical circuits, and psychedelic modulation", "normalized_title": "effective connectivity of the human claustrum triple networks subcortical circuits and psychedelic modulation", "authors": "Masjedi NS, Razi A.", "abstract": "Decades of cross-species research highlight the claustrums extensive bidirectional connectivity with cortical and subcortical regions, implicating it in higher-order cognitive processes requiring synchronized brain states. Psychedelics may disrupt this synchrony by modulating claustro-cortical signaling, reflected by the dissolution of cortical network signatures. Using spectral dynamic causal modeling on resting-state fMRI data from the Human Connectome Project and PsiConnect datasets at 7T and 3T, we provide the first in vivo characterization of claustral effective connectivity with triple networks and subcortical regions in humans, both at rest and under the influence of psilocybin. Claustra displayed widespread bidirectional effective connectivity and a strong inhibitory influence on all target regions. Psilocybin enhanced claustral inhibition of cortical networks while disinhibiting subcortical areas, partially associated with psychedelic subjective effect scores. These findings are consistent with cellular and functional cross-species data, supporting the proposed mechanism of claustro-cortical inhibition in regulating network synchrony, while extending this influence to the subcortex, and revealing hierarchical and hemispheric asymmetries in claustral signaling modulation under psilocybin.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-09-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.09.07.674759", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.07.674759", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1083522\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3089, "title": "Mindset Over Molecule: Comparing Self-Transcendent and Mystical Experiences Across Recreational Psilocybin, MDMA, and Cannabis Use", "normalized_title": "mindset over molecule comparing self transcendent and mystical experiences across recreational psilocybin mdma and cannabis use", "authors": "Chwyl C, Spata A, Lucas W, Luoma JB.", "abstract": "Abstract Background Self-transcendent and mystical experiences may be key mechanisms underlying psychedelics’ therapeutic effects, yet how these experiences differ across substances remains unclear. This study compared mystical and self-transcendent experiences across psilocybin, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and cannabis in a diverse, community-based sample, while accounting for covariates. Additionally, we examined the relative contributions of pharmacological versus psychological factors in shaping self-transcendent and mystical experiences. Methods Adults aged 18 years and older ( N = 397) were recruited with general, non-psychedelic-targeted advertisements on a crowdsourcing platform, and randomized to report on their most intense use experience with either cannabis, psilocybin or MDMA in the past five years. Participants completed measures of self-transcendent and mystical experiences, emotions, and variables previously found to predict mystical experiences (e.g., personality traits, motivations for use, intentions/expectations for the experience). Hierarchical multiple linear regressions examined the effects of substance type (cannabis/psilocybin/MDMA) on outcomes, both alone and while adjusting for contextual (set/setting) variables. Results Most of the sample reported recreational reasons for use (83%) and concurrently used other substances (75%). Psilocybin and MDMA corresponded to greater self-transcendent and mystical experiences than cannabis, even after controlling for contextual factors. However, effect sizes were generally small (standardized regression coefficients β =.14-34, p s.33). Notably, mindset-particularly surrendering to the experience and having spiritual/prosocial motivations-emerged as the strongest predictors, with models including these variables accounting for up to 58% of variance (compared to ≤ 10% for substance alone). Conclusions Findings indicate a “mindset-over-molecule” pattern wherein psychological context (“set”) is more strongly associated with psychedelic outcomes than substance type alone.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-09-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266162/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266162/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1084679\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 517, "title": "Supporting Meaningful Choices: A Decision Aid for Individuals Facing Existential Distress and Considering Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "supporting meaningful choices a decision aid for individuals facing existential distress and considering psilocybin assisted therapy", "authors": "Bélanger A, Chang SL, Stephan JF, Moureaux F, Tapp D, Foxman R, Gagnon P, Hébert J, Farzin H, Dorval M.", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Given the limitations of traditional approaches to treating existential distress in seriously ill patients, psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has emerged as a promising treatment option. However, weighing up the potential risks and benefits of this approach can be challenging for both healthcare professionals and patients. Decision aids can play a key role in supporting shared decision making by clarifying options, improving knowledge, and enhancing decision quality. To date, there is no decision aid specific to PAT. This descriptive study aimed to develop a decision aid for individuals considering this therapy. Methods: A paper-based/electronic decision aid was developed with a multidisciplinary steering committee following the International Patient Decision Aids Standards Collaboration (IPDAS). Development included conducting a literature review and prototype design, evaluating acceptability and usability by potential users (i.e., patients and healthcare professionals), and producing a final version. Questionnaires, direct feedback, and semi-structured interviews with potential users allowed for evaluation and refinement of design and content. Results: The final version of the decision aid is presented as a booklet, covering areas such as PAT education, comparison of treatment options, and personal reflection. Feedback from patients (n = 5) and healthcare professionals (n = 5) guided improvements, helping clarify content, ensuring balanced information, optimizing its length for usability, and providing decision-making support. Conclusions: The decision aid developed in this study demonstrated satisfactory acceptability and usability, meeting IPDAS criteria. By providing balanced and accessible information, it may facilitate shared decision-making for individuals considering PAT, representing a significant step forward in this emerging area of palliative care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/healthcare13182290", "pubmed_id": "41008422", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13182290", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41008422\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 489, "title": "Concomitant use of antidepressants and classic psychedelics: A scoping review.", "normalized_title": "concomitant use of antidepressants and classic psychedelics a scoping review", "authors": "Tap SC, Thomas K, Páleníček T, Stenbæk DS, Oliveira-Maia AJ, van Dalfsen JH, Schoevers RA.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics are increasingly studied as potential treatments for different psychiatric disorders. Current research protocols often require patients to discontinue antidepressants (ADs) for at least 2 weeks before psychedelic administration to decrease the risk of serotonin syndrome and limit their effect on efficacy and the acute subjective effects of psychedelics. Moreover, the discontinuation of ADs represents a significant burden to patients that could also worsen their depression status and increase suicidal ideation. Together, this suggests that the general recommendation for AD discontinuation might be unnecessary and even detrimental to the therapeutic efficacy of psychedelics. In this scoping review, we summarise the existing literature on the concomitant use of conventional ADs with classic psychedelics in humans with the aims to assess safety, tolerability, efficacy, and subjective effects. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus databases to retrieve relevant literature from inception to March 3, 2025. Data were systematically charted from included studies. We included 18 studies and found that the concomitant use of ADs and classic psychedelics is generally safe and tolerable, with no increased risk of serotonin syndrome, particularly for psilocybin. Some studies reported significant improvements in depression and other mental health symptoms. While some evidence indicates a potential attenuation of acute subjective psychedelic effects, this was not observed in all studies. Accordingly, we conclude that the use of ADs can be maintained to enhance patient access to psychedelic treatments and avoid the risk of AD discontinuation syndrome. Finally, this review highlights limitations and several knowledge gaps in the current literature that need to be addressed in future randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251368360", "pubmed_id": "40937732", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251368360", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin Syndrome, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40937732\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 457, "title": "N,N-dimethyltryptamine effects on connectome harmonics, subjective experience and comparative psychedelic experiences.", "normalized_title": "n n dimethyltryptamine effects on connectome harmonics subjective experience and comparative psychedelic experiences", "authors": "Vohryzek J, Luppi AI, Atasoy S, Deco G, Carhart-Harris RL, Timmermann C, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Exploring the intricate relationship between brain's structure and function, and how this affects subjective experience is a fundamental pursuit in neuroscience. Psychedelic substances offer a unique insight into the influences of specific neurotransmitter systems on perception, cognition and consciousness. Specifically, their impact on brain function propagates across the structural connectome - a network of white matter pathways linking different regions. To comprehensively grasp the effects of psychedelic compounds on brain function, we used a theoretically rigorous framework known as connectome harmonic decomposition. This framework provides a robust method to characterize how brain function intricately depends on the organized network structure of the human connectome. We show that the connectome harmonic repertoire under N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is reshaped in line with other reported psychedelic compounds - psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and ketamine. Furthermore, we show that the repertoire entropy of connectome harmonics increases under DMT, as with those other psychedelics. Importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that measures of energy spectrum difference and repertoire entropy of connectome harmonics index the intensity of subjective experience of the participants in a time-resolved manner reflecting close coupling between connectome harmonics and subjective experience.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-025-02190-4", "pubmed_id": "40940591", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-025-02190-4", "keywords": "Brain, Nerve Net, Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Connectome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40940591\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 412, "title": "Corrigendum to \"Chronic psilocybin administration increases sociability and alters the gut microbiome in male wild-type mice but not in a preclinical model of obsessive-compulsive disorder\" [Neuropharmacology 279 (2025) 110648].", "normalized_title": "corrigendum to chronic psilocybin administration increases sociability and alters the gut microbiome in male wild type mice but not in a preclinical model of obsessive compulsive disorder neuropharmacology 279 2025 110648", "authors": "Gattuso JJ, Kong G, Bezcioglu B, Lu D, Ekwudo MN, Wilson C, Gubert C, Hannan AJ, Renoir T.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110679", "pubmed_id": "40940205", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110679", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40940205\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Pharmacology,Animal Study,Microbiome", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 518, "title": "Correction: Therapeutic and legal aspects of psilocybin in cancer-related depression.", "normalized_title": "correction therapeutic and legal aspects of psilocybin in cancer related depression", "authors": "Wierzbicka M, Kopczyk R, Gerlach A, Rymaszewska J.", "abstract": "[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1591864.].", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1698185", "pubmed_id": "41019591", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1698185", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41019591\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 476, "title": "Psilocybin Enhances Cued Fear Extinction and Extinction Recall in Stress-Naïve, Acutely Stressed, and Chronically Stressed Mice.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin enhances cued fear extinction and extinction recall in stress naïve acutely stressed and chronically stressed mice", "authors": "Razidlo J, Cataldo N, Wenthur CJ.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics have shown promise in clinical trials for treating an array of mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite these findings, our understanding of how these drugs mechanistically exert their therapeutic effects remains incomplete. While researchers have regularly employed rodent preclinical models to assess such mechanisms, many of these findings arise from stress-naïve animals. Given that prior environmental stress is a critical component for the mental health disorders being studied in clinical trials of psychedelics, understanding the performance of these drugs in animals previously exposed to acute or chronic stress is of strong translational relevance. In this study, we examined the effects of psilocybin in male mice that were stress-naïve, as well as in those that underwent either single-prolonged stress (SPS) or chronic restraint stress (CRS). The effects of these treatments on corticosterone release, extinction of freezing behavior, and recall of extinction in Pavlovian fear conditioning were examined for each group. We observed that psilocybin challenge transiently increased serum corticosterone in stress-naïve mice relative to saline; however, this effect was not observed in SPS and CRS animals. Interestingly, psilocybin treatment enhanced fear extinction and promoted extinction recall 24 h later not only in stress-naïve animals but also in stressed animals. These findings indicate psilocybin's ability to acutely enhance fear extinction and promote enhanced extinction recall across animals with diverse environmental stress experiences prior to exposure.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00462", "pubmed_id": "41244305", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.5c00462", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41244305\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3699, "title": "Measurement of Serum Cytokine Levels in Samples Collected as Part of a Clinical Trial of Psilocybin for Treatment-resistant Depression.", "normalized_title": "measurement of serum cytokine levels in samples collected as part of a clinical trial of psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "King's College London", "abstract": "About one in three people with major depression respond poorly to standard antidepressant treatments. This kind of depression is called treatment-resistant depression, and it can lead to long-term disability, financial challenges, and a higher risk of suicide. Psilocybin-a compound found in certain mushrooms-has shown early promise as a new treatment for this difficult-to-treat depression. Scientists believe it works by affecting a specific brain receptor (called 5-HT2A), which helps the brain become more flexible and adaptable. But there's another possible mechanism of psilocybin that hasn't been studied much: its ability to influence the immune system. Recent research suggests that inflammation in the body might play a role in depression, especially when treatments don't work. High levels of certain inflammatory markers (called cytokines) are linked to poor response to antidepressants, while lower levels are tied to feeling better. Psilocybin may help reduce this inflammation, which could be part of why it helps some people feel better. Still, we don't fully understand how a person's inflammation levels before treatment, and how those levels change afterward, relate to how well psilocybin works. Figuring this out could help doctors better match patients to psychedelic therapy and discover new ways to treat depression. In this study, blood samples from a recent study (called the PsiDeR trial) that tested psilocybin in people with treatment-resistant depression will be analyzed. Cytokine levels in these blood samples, as well as levels of another type of molecule linked to inflammation, called mRNA, will be measured. Chronic and elevated inflammation is associated with depression. Depressed patients tend to have raised inflammatory markers compared to healthy controls, and studies have reported that the greatest elevation is seen in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Previous studies highlight the bidirectional relationship between inflammation and depression. Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines are linked to poor antidepressant response, while reductions in these markers are associated with symptom improvement. While neuroinflammation may play a role in the pathophysiology of depression, inflammation is also a causal risk factor for physical illnesses that are often co-morbid with depression, such as cardiovascular disease. As such, targeting inflammation in patients with depression may have significant implications for both their mental and physical health. Psychedelics are emerging as a potential new class of therapeutic agents for psychiatric illness, including depression. It has been suggested that their therapeutic effect may partly be due to reducing inflammation. Psychedelics have been shown reduce markers of inflammation in models of human inflammatory disease, both in vitro and in vivo. While, as might be expected, psilocybin was not found to reduce markers of inflammation in healthy human volunteers, in a clinical sample of people with treatment-resistant depression, use of ayahuasca (containing the psychedelic N,N DMT) resulted in a significant reduction in CRP levels compared to participants given placebo, with the reduction in CRP levels significantly correlated with a reduction in depressive symptoms. Ayahuasca consists of an admixture of multiple different compounds. As such, the relative contribution of the psychedelic to the anti-inflammatory effect that was observed is unknown. The effect of isolated psychedelic compounds such as psilocybin on the systemic inflammatory state of patients, specifically patients with depression, therefore, remains to be investigated. Psilocybin's capacity to reduce inflammation, as evidenced in preclinical models, may be a crucial mechanism underlying its therapeutic effects. Moreover, while it is recognised that baseline inflammation levels can influence the effectiveness of conventional antidepressants, it is unclear whether this is also the case for psilocybin. This study aims to evaluate serum cytokine and inflammatory-related mRNA levels in samples collected from participants with TRD who took part in the (Psi)locybin in (De)pression (R)esistant to Standard Treatments (PsiDeR) Trial, and the relationships between these and psilocybin treatment response. PsiDeR was a randomised, placebo-controlled trial of psilocybin as a treatment for TRD that has now completed.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-09-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07164755", "keywords": "Depression - Major Depressive Disorder, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT07164755\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3562, "title": "Processing Intergenerational Trauma With Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy", "normalized_title": "processing intergenerational trauma with psilocybin assisted therapy", "authors": "Rachel Yehuda", "abstract": "This is an open-label psilocybin-assisted therapy study that will examine the safety and tolerability of psilocybin-assisted therapy in the offspring of genocide survivors with mood and anxiety disorders. The study will also investigate the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy in reducing symptoms such as depression, anxiety and stress, as well as changes to the psychological effects of parental exposure to genocide, and changes to psychological resilience. This study is investigating whether Psilocybin-assisted therapy improves depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in the offspring (biological children) of genocide survivors. Intergenerational trauma is the concept that the effects of experiencing extreme stress can be perpetuated to future generations. A genocide here is defined by the extinction or threat of extinction of a racial, religious or ethnic group, by an oppressive regime. A genocide survivor here is defined by an individual who survived or escaped a genocide in their country of origin. Currently, there are no evidence-based treatments developed specifically for the syndrome associated with Intergenerational trauma. This study aims to assess the safety and tolerability of psilocybin-assisted therapy, and assess the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy in reducing symptoms such as depression, anxiety and stress, as well as changes to the psychological effects of parental exposure to genocide, and changes to psychological resilience. Participants will be asked to attend one or more screening visits to assess eligibility. If eligible, participants will be treated with two separate doses of the study medication, Psilocybin, 3-4 weeks apart. This is an open-label research study, meaning all participants will receive Psilocybin (25mg). Two trained clinical practitioners will work with participants across preparation, dosing, and integration processes. Participants will complete assessments throughout the study until their participation has ended. Safety measures are in place to check the overall health and well-being of participants Participation will consist of: * Screening Period (up to 4 weeks): Phone screen, informed consent, eligibility assessment. * Tapering \\& Enrollment Period (variable): Enrollment, supervised medical tapering where necessary as discussed with the study doctor, biomarker collection and psychometric baseline assessments. * Preparatory \\& Treatment Period (up to 14 weeks): Three preparatory sessions with study clinicians, assessments; two dosing days at least three weeks apart, three weekly integration sessions with study clinicians following each dose, a 72-hour check-in call after each dosing day, assessments. * Follow-Up Period (up to 5 weeks): Follow-up one month after final integration session, assessments, clinical evaluation, biomarker collection", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-09-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06899165", "keywords": "Psychological Stress, Depression, Anxiety, Psilocybin, Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy, Integration sessions, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06899165\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Biomarkers,Wellbeing,Resilience,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 520, "title": "Characteristics of Ongoing Clinical Trials for Cocaine Use Disorder Registered on Global Clinical Trial Databases.", "normalized_title": "characteristics of ongoing clinical trials for cocaine use disorder registered on global clinical trial databases", "authors": "Gushken F, Fidalgo TM, Tardelli VS.", "abstract": "ObjectivesCocaine use disorder (CUD) affects 1.4 million people in the United States, yet no FDA-approved treatments exist. In 2023, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a draft guideline on treatments for stimulant use disorders, providing direction for trial design, outcomes, and population selection. In this study, we aimed to review ongoing clinical trials for CUD and assess their alignment with the FDA's recommendations.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search of the 6 major clinical trial databases (United States, Australia, Canada, Iran, Netherlands, and Switzerland) to identify ongoing interventional studies for CUD. We included trials evaluating pharmacological, behavioral, device-based, and mixed treatments. We extracted data on intervention type, target population, study design, duration, and primary outcomes. Trials were assessed for alignment with 5 key FDA recommendations, including trial duration, use of both self-reported and biological outcome measures, randomization, placebo control, and double blinding.ResultsIn total, 38 trials were identified, primarily from the United States (32). Most trials were randomized: 36 (94.7%), while 21 (55.3%) trials had combined endpoints or a 3-month minimum duration. Only 7 trials (18.4%) met all 5 key FDA recommendations. New treatment approaches were identified, including psilocybin and the dAd5GNE vaccine, as well as digital platforms for behavioral therapies.ConclusionsA variety of promising treatments for CUD are under investigation. However, many trials fall short of current FDA design recommendations. Improved adherence to regulatory guidance and stronger collaboration between researchers and regulators will be essential to advance effective, scalable treatments for CUD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/adm.0000000000001580", "pubmed_id": "40919756", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/adm.0000000000001580", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40919756\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 521, "title": "Effect of psilocybin therapy on suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths in people with psychiatric diagnoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin therapy on suicidal ideation attempts and deaths in people with psychiatric diagnoses a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Wong S, Meckling G, Fabiano N, Lee S, Jones BDM, Shorr R, Dargel A, Davis AK, Fiedorowicz JG, Solmi M, Rosenblat JD, Mulsant BH, Blumberger DM, Husain MI.", "abstract": "BackgroundSuicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths present a major and tragic public health concern. Recent trials of psilocybin therapy (PT) have shown promise in treating treatment-resistant depression and have found a reduction in suicidal ideation. Given the growth of PT research, there is a need to further understand its effect on suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths.ObjectiveTo assess and synthesize evidence on the effects of PT on suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths in psychiatric patients.DesignPRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourceMEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and PsychINFO.MethodDatabases were searched for randomized controlled trials of PT in adults with psychiatric diagnoses that reported suicide outcomes (ideation, attempts, and deaths). Abstract and full-text screening were conducted, and suicide outcomes were extracted. Meta-analysis was performed with a random effects model to assess changes in suicide outcomes compared to control through the standardized mean difference (SMD). Assessment of heterogeneity, risk of bias, and subgroup analysis was completed.ResultsNine studies were included (N = 593; 335 psilocybin & 258 control). Two studies were excluded from meta-analysis because suicide-related outcomes data were not available. Participants with PT experienced a small and significant decrease in suicidal ideation compared to control (k = 7, SMD = -0.24, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.06, p = 0.008, I2 = 0%). There was no publication bias found. Subgroup analysis found no significant differences between groups. No study reported suicide attempts or suicide deaths. Two studies had a high risk of bias.ConclusionPsilocybin therapy may reduce suicidal ideation in adults with psychiatric diagnoses. Current studies are limited by small sample size, lack of follow-up data, and assessment of blinding.Trial registrationCRD42023445706.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251372449", "pubmed_id": "40933784", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253251372449", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40933784\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3775, "title": "Blunted psychedelic drug effects in older adults", "normalized_title": "blunted psychedelic drug effects in older adults", "authors": "Aday JS, Carhart-Harris R, Boehnke KF.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelic drugs, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ayahuasca/N,N-dimethyltryptamine, are increasingly being studied as therapeutics for myriad health conditions; however, predicting individual responses is notoriously difficult. An arguably underappreciated variable potentially moderating responses to psychedelics is age. Older adults exhibit unique pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders and, accordingly, have unique treatment considerations. In the case of psychedelics, differences in life circumstances, peripheral physiology, polypharmacy, weight, and neurobiology may present unique theoretical risks and opportunities for older adults. Here, we overview increased interest in studying psychedelics in older adults and spotlight an overlooked but consistent trend that has emerged in the literature-blunted psychedelic drug effects across the lifespan.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-09-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/yz4cd_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yz4cd_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:20", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1079275\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Longevity,Older Adults,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3239, "title": "Blunted psychedelic drug effects in older adults", "normalized_title": "blunted psychedelic drug effects in older adults", "authors": "", "abstract": "Classic psychedelic drugs, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ayahuasca/N,N-dimethyltryptamine, are increasingly being studied as therapeutics for myriad health conditions; however, predicting individual responses is notoriously difficult. An arguably underappreciated variable potentially moderating responses to psychedelics is age. Older adults exhibit unique pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders and, accordingly, have unique treatment considerations. In the case of psychedelics, differences in life circumstances, peripheral physiology, polypharmacy, weight, and neurobiology may present unique theoretical risks and opportunities for older adults. Here, we overview increased interest in studying psychedelics in older adults and spotlight an overlooked but consistent trend that has emerged in the literature-blunted psychedelic drug effects across the lifespan.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-09-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/yz4cd_v2", "keywords": "Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"yz4cd_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Longevity,Older Adults,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 529, "title": "Psilocybin Use in the Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin use in the autism spectrum disorder a scoping review", "authors": "Moreno-Chaparro J, Castañeda-Millán G, Eslava Schmalbach J.", "abstract": "ObjectiveDue to the boom in the use of certain psychedelics in different neuropsychiatric conditions, the objective was to synthesize the available information on the use of psilocybin (a psychedelic) in the population with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; a developmental neuropsychiatric condition).MethodsScoping review. Question framework: Population: people with ASD-Concept: Psilocybin-Context: use, prescription, outcomes and pharmacological variables. The databases Medline (Pubmed), EMBASE, SCOPUS, LILACS, Web of Science and additional resources were searched until June 2024. Controlled and free terms combined with Boolean operators were used to find documents in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Screening was performed by title and abstract, full text and extraction independently by two reviewers. The analysis was descriptive and with emphasis on drug use. Protocol was registered in OSF (DOI code: 10.17605/OSF.IO/GPBVZ).ResultsFour studies were included. Indications for psilocybin prescription in ASD patients were related to cognitive rigidity, exacerbated fear, behavioral/social difficulties, and inability to generate mental imagery. Two studies mentioned specific psilocybin administration, identifying microdoses and dosing intervals. Results were grouped into increased empathy and emotionality/sociability, reduction of symptoms associated with their condition or comorbidity and changes compared with other populations. All the studies were of acceptable quality with low evidence level.ConclusionsDescriptive findings of a therapeutic signal were observed in some subjects with ASD at low doses, not associated with toxic or disruptive effects. As restrictions on psilocybin use are lifted, studies with a higher level of evidence should be conducted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/wnf.0000000000000653", "pubmed_id": "40939192", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0000000000000653", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40939192\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3240, "title": "Blunted psychedelic drug effects in older adults", "normalized_title": "blunted psychedelic drug effects in older adults", "authors": "Aday JS, Carhart-Harris R, Boehnke KF.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelic drugs, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ayahuasca/N,N-dimethyltryptamine, are increasingly being studied as therapeutics for myriad health conditions; however, predicting individual responses is notoriously difficult. An arguably underappreciated variable potentially moderating responses to psychedelics is age. Older adults exhibit unique pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders and, accordingly, have unique treatment considerations. In the case of psychedelics, differences in life circumstances, peripheral physiology, polypharmacy, weight, and neurobiology may present unique theoretical risks and opportunities for older adults. Here, we overview increased interest in studying psychedelics in older adults and spotlight an overlooked but consistent trend that has emerged in the literature-blunted psychedelic drug effects across the lifespan.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-09-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/yz4cd_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yz4cd_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1078724\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Longevity,Older Adults,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 524, "title": "Therapeutic Use of Psilocybin in Depression: a Systematic Review of Clinical Evidence.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic use of psilocybin in depression a systematic review of clinical evidence", "authors": "Andrade FRT, Buchborn T, Thalheimer G, Meinhardt MW, Joca S, de Almeida RMM.", "abstract": "BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant public health concern, and current treatments often have limitations in effectiveness and adherence. Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in certain mushrooms, is being explored as a potential treatment for depression. It primarily acts through the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor but interacts with 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors. Its precise mechanisms remain under investigation.Objectives(1) To consolidate evidence on psilocybin’s efficacy and safety for depression and the role of 5HT2a, (2) to identify limitations in the literature, and (3) to highlight areas needing further research.MethodsThis systematic review follows PRISMA guidelines and analyses 22 studies, including randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and open-label studies. The studies cover various populations, including individuals with treatment-resistant depression, different dosing regimens, and adjunctive therapies.ResultsPsilocybin therapy shows substantial and rapid antidepressant effects, often after one or two sessions with psychological support. Improvements are sustained for weeks or months in many cases. Psilocybin is generally well-tolerated, with mild adverse effects such as anxiety during administration and transient headaches, which are manageable in controlled settings.ConclusionsPsilocybin demonstrates promise as a novel treatment for depression, especially for individuals unresponsive to conventional antidepressants. Further research is needed to refine dosing, explore long-term effects, and understand its mechanisms of action.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/neu.2025.10039", "pubmed_id": "40899152", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2025.10039", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40899152\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 523, "title": "Integrating Holistic Communication into Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies in Hospice and Palliative Care: An Approach Based on Peplau's Theory.", "normalized_title": "integrating holistic communication into psychedelic assisted therapies in hospice and palliative care an approach based on peplau s theory", "authors": "Mesquita Garcia AC, Teixeira F, Maia LO.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) has shown promising results in alleviating psychological and existential suffering among individuals with serious illnesses. In parallel, nursing offers a robust theoretical framework to guide therapeutic communication in this context. This article explores the application of Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations (PTIR) as a foundation for holistic communication in PAT, particularly in hospice and palliative care. We examine how PTIR's core concepts (person, health, environment, and nursing) along with its articulation of therapeutic roles, phases of the nurse-patient relationship, and the concept of anxiety as a signal of unmet needs, can be integrated into PAT's preparation, dosing, and integration phases. Drawing on a fictional case study involving a patient with advanced cancer, we illustrate how nurses can use PTIR to support emotional processing, foster insight, and promote personal growth during psilocybin-assisted therapy. By aligning Peplau's theory with the emerging field of PAT, this article highlights nursing's vital contribution to the development of safe, ethical, and compassionate psychedelic care practices. The integration of PTIR into PAT provides a valuable model for holistic nursing, offering structured yet flexible guidance for therapeutic communication with patients facing the complex emotional, spiritual, and existential dimensions of life-limiting illness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/08980101251374371", "pubmed_id": "40900021", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/08980101251374371", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40900021\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Emotional Processing,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 414, "title": "Reply to Gattuso et al.: \"Comments on 'Striking long-term beneficial effects of single-dose psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract in the SAPAP3 rodent model of OCD-like excessive self-grooming' by Brownstien et al. (2024)\".", "normalized_title": "reply to gattuso et al comments on striking long term beneficial effects of single dose psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract in the sapap3 rodent model of ocd like excessive self grooming by brownstien et al 2024", "authors": "Brownstien M, Lazar M, Botvinnik A, Pogodin I, Lifschytz T, Lerer B.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03173-z", "pubmed_id": "40897865", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03173-z", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40897865\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3571, "title": "Effect of Psilocybin Only and Psilocybin Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Management of Major Depressive Disorder and Associated Metabolic, Immune, Inflammatory, Neuroplasticity and Electrical Activity Markers: a Randomized Controlled Trial", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin only and psilocybin assisted cognitive behavioral therapy in the management of major depressive disorder and associated metabolic immune inflammatory neuroplasticity and electrical activity markers a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Khyber Medical University Peshawar", "abstract": "This randomized controlled clinical trial evaluates the effectiveness of psilocybin and psilocybin-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the management of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The study aims to compare the effects of psilocybin-only therapy, CBT, and psilocybin-assisted CBT on depression symptoms, neurochemical markers, inflammatory markers, and neuroplasticity in individuals with MDD. Participants will continue their routine depression medications and will be assessed for changes in depression scores, biochemical markers, and brain activity patterns using validated tools and tests. This single-masked randomized controlled trial investigates novel therapeutic interventions for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). MDD is a leading cause of disability worldwide, with a significant proportion of patients being treatment-resistant or showing only partial response to conventional antidepressants. Emerging evidence suggests that psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, has potential as a rapid-acting antidepressant. The study will recruit 60 participants meeting DSM-V criteria for MDD, randomized into four groups: Control group (Conventional therapy only), Psilocybin therapy group, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) group, and Psilocybin-assisted CBT group. Participants will receive interventions over 10 weeks, with psilocybin administered in two heroic doses six weeks apart, and CBT delivered in 8-10 structured sessions. Biochemical and neurochemical markers such as CD4/CD8 ratio, TNF-α, IL-6, BDNF, and oxytocin will be measured, along with inflammatory markers (resistin and visfatin). Depression scores will be assessed using scales like HAM-D, MADRS, and BDI. EEG recordings will evaluate changes in brain activity pre- and post-intervention. The primary objective is to assess improvements in depression symptoms, while secondary objectives include evaluating changes in immune, inflammatory, and neurochemical markers and EEG activity. Data will be analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc tests to determine statistical significance.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-09-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06746441", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, Psilocin (the active form of psilocybin metabolized in the body), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06746441\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 526, "title": "Active Constituents of Psilocybin Mushroom Edibles.", "normalized_title": "active constituents of psilocybin mushroom edibles", "authors": "van Breemen RB, Simchuk D, Fritzsche B, Huson D, Kuzdzal SA, Ferguson J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-09-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.31345", "pubmed_id": "40932719", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.31345", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40932719\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 606, "title": "Biochemical Insights into Diverse Psilocybe Mushrooms and Their Metabolites as Sources of Neuroactive Agents: A Review", "normalized_title": "biochemical insights into diverse psilocybe mushrooms and their metabolites as sources of neuroactive agents a review", "authors": "Sudhakaran G, Chakraborty S, Aung San, Bharti SAK, Csaba V, Valan Arasu M, Namasivayam SKR, Arockiaraj J.", "abstract": "Psilocybe species, commonly known as “magic mushrooms”, are a group of hallucinogenic fungi known for their psychoactive compounds such as psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin, and norbaeocystin. These species have been the focus of scientific study due to their potential therapeutic applications, despite their classification as controlled substances in many jurisdictions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various Psilocybe mushrooms, highlighting their chemical compositions, genetic diversity, and therapeutic potential, particularly in the treatment of mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, addiction, and cluster headaches. By reviewing existing scientific literature, this review examines the pharmacological effects and therapeutic applications of Psilocybe mushrooms. The review includes novel contributions such as the identification of alternative pathways for psilocybin synthesis and taxonomic consolidations among Psilocybe species. It also explores the cultural context and traditional uses of these mushrooms. The findings indicate that Psilocybe mushrooms exhibit significant potential for therapeutic use in mental health treatment. The review also underscores the importance of ongoing research into the pharmacological properties of these mushrooms to better understand their effects and potential benefits. Despite their current legal status, Psilocybe mushrooms hold considerable promise for future therapeutic applications. There is a need for further investigation to fully explore their potential in medical and cultural contexts. This review sets a foundation for future research and drug development endeavors, advocating for a more nuanced understanding of these complex biological entities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND609227368", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"IND609227368\",\"source\":\"AGR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 545, "title": "Separate or inseparable? Serotonin and dopamine system interactions may underlie the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for anorexia nervosa", "normalized_title": "separate or inseparable serotonin and dopamine system interactions may underlie the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for anorexia nervosa", "authors": "McCoy K, Reed F, Conn K, Foldi CJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, has emerged as a promising treatment for a range of mental health conditions, including anorexia nervosa. Recent insights from animal models and human imaging studies suggest psilocybin enhances cognitive flexibility and modifies reward processing - two core processes disrupted in anorexia nervosa. Both cognitive flexibility and reward processing are highly dependent on interactions between serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) systems in key brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Psilocybin’s influence on neuroplasticity, particularly in promoting structural and functional changes in neural circuits, underpins its therapeutic potential. While its effects are predominantly attributed to activity of the 5-HT2A receptor subtype, recent evidence suggests a broader network of brain receptor interactions, particularly those with dopaminergic pathways, plays a crucial role. Investigations using rodent models reveal that psilocybin induces both rapid and enduring neuroplastic changes, improving cognitive flexibility through these complex neurochemical mechanisms. Advances in real-time in vivo neurochemical recording now allow simultaneous monitoring of 5-HT and DA signalling, which will provide essential insights into their distinct and coordinated actions during cognitive performance. This integrative framework highlights the need for further research into psilocybin’s dual modulation of 5-HT and DA systems to optimize its therapeutic applications for anorexia nervosa, a life-threatening condition that is characterized by impairments in cognitive flexibility and reward processing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND609297819", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"IND609297819\",\"source\":\"AGR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 542, "title": "“Wood-lover paralysis”: Describing a toxidrome with symptoms of weakness caused by some lignicolous “wood-loving” Psilocybe mushrooms", "normalized_title": "wood lover paralysis describing a toxidrome with symptoms of weakness caused by some lignicolous wood loving psilocybe mushrooms", "authors": "Beck SA, Barlow C, Engel L, Barratt MJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-containing mushrooms have long been used for their psychoactive effects, but emerging evidence suggests that certain lignicolous (“wood-loving”) species may also induce a distinct toxidrome known as “wood-lover paralysis” (WLP). WLP is characterised by transient weakness following mushroom ingestion, but its aetiology and prevalence remain poorly understood. In this paper, we present an investigation of WLP, based on a retrospective online survey conducted in 2020 (N = 392: 71.8 % male; 34.1 % aged 26-35 years; mainly from Australia and New Zealand). We found that 42.1 % of respondents reported experiencing WLP, with onset typically occurring within 4 h of ingestion. Weakness primarily impaired mobility (80.4 %), with some reporting difficulties swallowing (26.7 %) and breathing (16.6 %). Symptoms persisted into the following day for nearly half of those affected (48.1 %), and 21.5 % experienced a fall or accident. WLP was reported across different methods of mushroom preparation and environmental growth conditions, with no significant associations observed between WLP occurrence and age, gender, health status, or allergies. While the true prevalence of WLP remains unclear, our results suggest it is an under-recognised potential adverse outcome that can occur with ingestion of certain lignicolous Psilocybe species. Given the increasing medical and recreational use of psilocybin-containing mushrooms following policy shifts toward decriminalisation and legalisation, further research is needed to elucidate the currently unknown mechanism of WLP and inform harm reduction strategies and healthcare responses. Awareness among consumers, service providers and regulators will be crucial in improving recognition, reporting, and appropriate responses to this toxidrome.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND609301091", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"IND609301091\",\"source\":\"AGR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 525, "title": "Sample composition and HIV prevention indicator differences using physical vs virtual venue recruitment of men who have sex with men in San Francisco.", "normalized_title": "sample composition and hiv prevention indicator differences using physical vs virtual venue recruitment of men who have sex with men in san francisco", "authors": "Chiu I, Tate M, Trujillo D, Suprasert B, Marr A, Arayasirikul S, Wilson EC, Raymond HF, McFarland W.", "abstract": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, the sampling method for the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) in San Francisco changed from physical venue time-location sampling (TLS) to online or virtual venue TLS for men who have sex with men (MSM). We present differences in the samples of MSM recruited using physical venue TLS in 2017 and virtual venue TLS in 2021. We further assess changes in preventive and risk behaviors from 2017 to 2021 after controlling for differences in the sample compositions with multivariable Poisson models using generalized linear models with robust standard errors. Both sampling methods exceeded their targeted sample size of 500 (physical venue TLS n = 502, virtual venue TLS n = 505). Compared to physical venue TLS, the virtual venue TLS sample had fewer persons experiencing homelessness and incarceration, and more persons with health insurance and postgraduate degrees. After adjusting for these differences and age, race, and employment status, pre-exposure prophylaxis use increased from 2017 to 2021. The use of several noninjection drugs also increased, namely marijuana, poppers, ketamine, psilocybin, and LSD. We found virtual venue recruitment of MSM to be a viable approach for tracking trends in HIV-related behaviors, with notable appeal given possible future pandemic lockdowns of physical venues and changing socialization patterns.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1093/aje/kwae443", "pubmed_id": "39673252", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwae443", "keywords": "Humans, HIV Infections, Risk-Taking, Homosexuality, Male, Adult, Middle Aged, San Francisco, Male, Young Adult, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39673252\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 490, "title": "US Poison Center Encounters for Psilocybin-Related Exposures: 2013-2022.", "normalized_title": "us poison center encounters for psilocybin related exposures 2013 2022", "authors": "Montoy JCC, Wang RC, Coker AR, Smollin CG, Anderson BT.", "abstract": "ObjectivesGiven the increasing use of psilocybin-containing substances across a variety of use settings, understanding the potential risks is imperative for informing public health policy, health care providers, and consumers. Poison centers (PCs) receive calls following exposures to potential toxins to support the detection, prevention, and treatment of toxin-related health emergencies. This report assesses trends in PC encounters of psilocybin and a subset of other comparator substances.MethodsA retrospective study of PC encounters documenting exposure to psilocybin, other psychedelic substances (lysergic acid diethylamide, mescaline/peyote, and hallucinogenic plants), or toxic plants and mushrooms from 2013 to 2022 was performed. The primary outcome was the occurrence of psilocybin-related encounters, with and without other coingestants. Psilocybin-related encounters were presented overall and stratified by age groups, and the clinical outcomes were described.ResultsThere were 6933 PC encounters for psilocybin-containing substances between 2013 and 2022. PC encounters for psilocybin-containing substances (alone or with coingestants) increased over time-from 477 in 2013 to 1441 in 2022. Psilocybin-related encounters increased over the study period among all age groups (years) and were most common in the 18 to 24 and 25 to 44 year-old age groups. Across all years, the number of psilocybin-related encounters was similar to those for lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline/peyote, and far lower than those for other mushrooms and toxic plants.ConclusionFrom 2013 to 2022, there was a 3-fold increase in psilocybin-related PC encounters, nearly all of which occurred since 2019. A similar pattern was not observed with other substances. Although the number of encounters remains low, this trend could continue as psilocybin use increases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.acepjo.2025.100231", "pubmed_id": "40927687", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acepjo.2025.100231", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40927687\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 557, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for treatment-resistant depression in the US: a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for treatment resistant depression in the us a model based cost effectiveness analysis", "authors": "Avanceña ALV, Vuong L, Kahn JG, Marseille E.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has been shown in early trials to reduce the symptoms of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of PAT as a third-line treatment for major depressive disorder compared to standard of care (SOC). We used an individual-level, probabilistic simulation model that portrays representative US adults with TRD who receive SOC (pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and esketamine nasal spray) and PAT over 12 months. We assumed the total cost of PAT was $5000, which we varied in sensitivity analyses ($3000-20,000). We calculated total costs, health effects (in terms of quality-adjusted life years [QALYs] gained), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) from limited healthcare and societal perspectives. PAT leads to an additional 0.031 QALYs and $3639 costs compared to SOC over 12 months, giving an ICER of $117,517 per QALY gained from a limited healthcare perspective. Using a $150,000 cost-effectiveness threshold, PAT had a 75% probability of being the cost-effective choice, and it was associated with a lower expected loss than SOC ($301 vs. $1307). Results were sensitive to uncertainty in model parameters, particularly the cost of PAT. PAT had a 1% probability of being cost-effective when its overall costs were $10,000 and 95% when its costs were $3000. This cost-effectiveness analysis found that when its costs are $5000 or less, PAT may offer economic value compared to available TRD treatments. Future studies can explore ways to reduce the cost of PAT and to understand its long-term effectiveness in maintaining remission and reducing the risk of relapse.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-025-03556-4", "pubmed_id": "40883271", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03556-4", "keywords": "Humans, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Adult, Middle Aged, Cost-Benefit Analysis, United States, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40883271\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 361, "title": "Investigating the safety and tolerability of single-dose psilocybin for post-traumatic stress disorder: A nonrandomized open-label clinical trial.", "normalized_title": "investigating the safety and tolerability of single dose psilocybin for post traumatic stress disorder a nonrandomized open label clinical trial", "authors": "McGowan NM, Rucker JJ, Yehuda R, Agrawal M, Modlin NL, Simmons H, Tofil-Kaluza A, Das S, Goodwin GM.", "abstract": "BackgroundPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition for which there are few efficacious treatments. Psilocybin is being studied for use in treatment-resistant depression but has not yet been investigated in PTSD.AimsThe trial's primary outcome was to investigate the safety and tolerability of single-dose psilocybin in participants with PTSD.MethodsThis was a Phase 2, nonrandomized, open-label, multicenter trial. Secondary outcomes were changes in PTSD symptoms (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5); PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)), functional impairment (Sheehan Disability Scale; SDS) and quality of life (EQ-5D-5L index score).ResultsAmongst the 22 participants enrolled (63.6% female; mean (SD) age, 39.0 (7.91) years), there was a total of 117 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs); 70 (59.8%) were reported on administration day, of which 64/70 (91.4%) resolved by the end of the next day. TEAEs commonly included headache (n = 11; 50.0%), nausea (n = 8; 36.4%), crying (n = 6; 27.3%) and fatigue (n = 6; 27.3%). There were no serious TEAEs or TEAEs leading to study withdrawal. Pre-post comparisons indicated a clinically meaningful change from Baseline in mean CAPS-5 total score at Week 4 (-29.9 (14.06)) and Week 12 (-29.5 (15.43)), which was associated with the intensity of psychedelic experience on Day 1. PCL-5 scores showed symptom reduction was rapid and sustained until Week 12. SDS total score and EQ-5D-5L index score showed similar improvements.ConclusionsPsilocybin at a dose of 25 mg, administered with psychological support, may be safe, well-tolerated and associated with symptomatic improvement in adults with PTSD. Further investigation is warranted.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05312151(https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05312151).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251362390", "pubmed_id": "40883964", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251362390", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Quality of Life, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40883964\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3485, "title": "A Phase 2 Single-site, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial With an Open-label Extension Phase to Examine the Safety, Subjective Experiences, Acute Effects, and Suitability of Psilocybin Combined With Psychological Support (Psi-PS) for Military Veterans and First Responders With Co-occurring Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)", "normalized_title": "a phase 2 single site double blind placebo controlled randomized clinical trial with an open label extension phase to examine the safety subjective experiences acute effects and suitability of psilocybin combined with psychological support psi ps for military veterans and first responders with co occurring alcohol use disorder aud and posttraumatic stress disorder ptsd", "authors": "Nathan Brashares Sackett", "abstract": "This study is a phase 2 single-site, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial with an open-label extension phase to examine the safety of psilocybin (25 mg) combined with psychological support (Psi-PS) for treatment of approximately 40 military veterans and first responders (ages 21-65) with co-occurring alcohol use disorder (AUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Psychological support is defined as providing safety, reassurance, active listening, and empathetic presence during the drug administration session in a nondirective manner. We hypothesize that Psi-PS may provide a safe treatment for participants. The primary objective of study is to characterize the safety of psilocybin combined with psychological support (Psi-PS) for individuals with co-occurring alcohol use disorder (AUD) and PTSD. There is growing evidence suggesting that psychedelic drugs, when paired with therapy, may constitute a safe and effective form of treating a diverse range of psychopathological issues such as alcohol use disorder (AUD) and PTSD (Bogenschutz et al., 2015, 2022; Dakwar et al., 2020; Grabski et al., 2022; Mitchell et al., 2021, 2023). However, to date, no studies have explored any form of psychedelic-assisted therapy in the treatment of patients with co-occurring AUD and PTSD, despite high rates of comorbidity. This study will be the first of its kind to evaluate the safety of psilocybin paired with therapy to target symptoms of comorbid AUD and PTSD. Data derived from this clinical trial will help shed light on whether Psi-PS may be safe for those suffering from both PTSD and AUD. Taken together, we propose the following primary, secondary, and exploratory objectives: 1. Primary Objective: Characterize the safety of psilocybin combined with psychological support (Psi-PS) for participants during the drug administration session (DAS) while the drug's acute effects are ongoing, approximately 24 hours after the DAS when the drug's acute effects have subsided, and approximately one-week post-DAS. 2. Exploratory Objective: (1) Explore the subjective experiences of Psi-PS within approximately 24 hours following the DAS, i.e., when the drug's acute effects have subsided, approximately one-week following the DAS, and at follow-up at approximately three-months. (2) Assess acute effects of Psi-PS on a range of variables at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 post-DAS; (3) Further, assess suitability at baseline and approximately 4-weeks post-DAS. This study is a single-site, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial with an open-label extension phase assessing safety in two conditions: 1. Psi-PS (psilocybin combined with psychological support); and 2. placebo and nondirective psychological support. The study will last approximately 26-32 weeks and is composed of two preparation sessions; one Drug Administration Session (DAS), where 25 mg of oral psilocybin (PEX010) or inert placebo (PCB2) is administered in a clinical setting with two facilitators present; and three integration sessions. Placebo conditions will receive the same psychological support but will receive an inert placebo. 4-weeks after DAS, the study will be unblinded and those who received placebo will be offered Psi-PS for the open-label extension phase, following the same procedures. The intended sample size for the study is approximately 40 military veterans and first responders (ages 21-65) with co-occurring alcohol use disorder (AUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Study drug shipments will arrive on-site pre randomized by the manufacturer, and double-blinding will be maintained throughout the study by using a placebo that is designed to have similar physical characteristics as the study drug. All participants will then be followed for a total of 6 months (24 weeks) following the DAS to assess durability of potential effects.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-08-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06853912", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), PTSD, Psilocybin 25 mg, PEX010, PYEX, Maltodextrin (Placebo), RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06853912\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Veterans,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 877, "title": "Brain changes associated with depression treatment: a meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "brain changes associated with depression treatment a meta analysis", "authors": "Perez GM, Rosenberg BM, Xu W, Oathes DJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundUnderstanding changes in brain activity following treatment is critical to advancing the use of neuroimaging in psychiatric research. Previous work has focused on defining abnormalities (biomarkers) between patients and healthy controls but there has been less investigation of brain changes in depression patients following treatment. To boost sample size and explore the possibility of common treatment mechanisms, we considered results from standard and emerging forms of treatment. In order to investigate and synthesize findings of brain changes, we conducted a coordinate based meta-analysis of depression treatment studies reporting pre- and post-treatment task-based neuroimaging data to determine if there were common brain regions that changed with effective depression treatment across treatment types.MethodsActivation likelihood estimation was performed to synthesize the imaging results. The meta-analysis included data from 302 depressed subjects yielding 87 foci across 18 experiments. The studies examined various depression treatments including pharmacology, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, psilocybin, and ketamine with brain activity measures in response to emotion tasks in the scanner.ResultsAcross studies, the right amygdala (peak MNI coordinates [30, 2, -22]) was a region of convergence, reflecting a consistent change in activity following depression treatment. Follow-up analyses suggested that this finding was driven by right amygdala activity decreasing with treatment.ConclusionsOur result, focusing on within-patient changes associated with treatment, highlights the right amygdala as a brain area especially relevant to depression treatment measured with fMRI. This finding provides a lens to focus depression biomarker research based on imaging measures that track depression treatment effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.nicl.2025.103874", "pubmed_id": "40886591", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2025.103874", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Depression, Neuroimaging", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40886591\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Meta-Analysis", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 558, "title": "Overview and Specificity of Psilocybin Use in the Treatment of Mental Disorders: A Scientometric Analysis.", "normalized_title": "overview and specificity of psilocybin use in the treatment of mental disorders a scientometric analysis", "authors": "Fernandes-Nascimento MH, Viana-Ferreira K, Negrão AB.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a natural alkaloid with therapeutic potential in the treatment of different mental disorders. Bibliometric information on its use is still scattered in the literature.ObjectiveTo investigate the temporal and bibliometric patterns of publications and the specificity of psilocybin in the treatment of mental disorders.MethodPerformed a bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software. Documents from the period 1963 to 2023 were retrieved from the Scopus database. The search string comprised terms related to psilocybin and mental disorders. An exponential regression was performed to investigate the number of publications over time. The specificity was evaluated based on a manual analysis of the clinical trials' findings carried out with individuals diagnosed with mental disorders.ResultsWe identified 853 eligible publications. An exponential regression analysis revealed an increase in the number of publications over time, with significant growth between 2016 and 2023 (52%). Publications cover countries on five continents, but are predominantly from nations with a high Human Development Index, such as the United States and the United Kingdom. Depression was the most prominent term in keyword analysis. Meta-analyses have indicated the efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of different mental disorders (depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders).ConclusionThe global academic panorama shows the growing recognition of psilocybin as a promising alternative in psychiatric treatment, highlighting the need for randomized clinical trials to ensure its safe and effective use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2024.0031", "pubmed_id": "40933206", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2024.0031", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40933206\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3284, "title": "Unsupervised Extractive Summarization of Psychedelic User Experience Reports", "normalized_title": "unsupervised extractive summarization of psychedelic user experience reports", "authors": "Islam S, Salam S, Hasan MN.", "abstract": "A bstract Contemporary psychedelic research highlights the value of user experience reports, yet their verbose, subjective nature poses challenges for clinical utility. This is the first study to pioneer unsupervised automatic text summarization of psychedelic user experience reports, a domain where no human-annotated reference summaries exist. To address this gap, we developed a custom scoring function that integrates semantic coverage, narrative coherence, and a novel experiential preservation metric, enabling effective model training and hyperparameter tuning. We utilized three established extractive methods: LexRank, LSA with HDBSCAN clustering, and SBERT with Maximal Marginal Relevance, on 1,200 reports involving LSD, psilocybin, and DMT. Using GPT-4 as a calibrated rater under a structured rubric, supplemented by TOPSIS aggregation, results showed LexRank achieving the highest overall balance with SBERT excelling in content coverage and experiential depth but lagging in coherence. Our findings revealed trade-offs between content richness and narrative fluency, with performance varying across substance types due to differences in narrative structure and phenomenology. Limitations included reliance on extractive methods, lack of reference data, and sensitivity to scoring design. Future work should extend to abstractive methods, alternative weighting schemes, and expert adjudication to develop clinically usable summarization systems for psychedelic science.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-08-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.08.22.25334176", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.22.25334176", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1074093\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 362, "title": "Pharmacological characterisation of psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT discriminative cues in the rat and their translational value for identifying novel psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "pharmacological characterisation of psilocybin and 5 meo dmt discriminative cues in the rat and their translational value for identifying novel psychedelics", "authors": "Higgins GA, MacMillan C, de Lannoy I, Tyler C, Slassi M.", "abstract": "Background and aimsDrug discrimination procedures have made important contributions to the pre-clinical investigation of psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). One of the most important being to highlight the critical role of central 5-HT2A receptor agonism as a mediator of hallucinogenic activity, and secondly, drugs that fully generalise to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist cued drug discrimination in rodents, may elicit hallucinogenic activity in humans, showing a forward translational value. However, there is relatively little information about how clinical exposures associated with hallucinations back-translate to generalisation profiles in the rat.MethodsThe present series of experiments utilised two cohorts of male Sprague-Dawley rats, one trained to a psilocybin (0.5 mg/kg SC) cue, and the second trained to a 5-MeO-DMT (1 mg/kg SC) cue.ResultsTests of substitution and antagonism supported the primary role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors, respectively, in the mediation of each cue. Plasma exposures of psilocin required for generalisation to the psilocybin cue (5-52 ng/mL) overlapped with clinical exposures associated with perceptual effects in humans. With respect to DMT and LSD, higher exposures were required in the rat compared to humans. Time-course studies using an approximate ED90 dose of each psychedelic showed differing temporal profiles in terms of duration of drug-lever generalisation, with LSD > psilocybin > 5-MeO-DMT ⩾ DMT, showing good agreement with clinical experience. With the exception of LSD, there was a good temporal association between plasma exposure and drug lever generalisation. The disconnect noted for LSD is mirrored by similar findings in the clinic.ConclusionsIn summary, the present studies both support and extend the value of the drug discrimination assay as a translational approach to the pre-clinical study of psychedelic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251361453", "pubmed_id": "40862395", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251361453", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Methoxydimethyltryptamines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Cues, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin, Discrimination, Psychological, Translational Research, Biomedical", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40862395\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Observational Study,Animal Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3192, "title": "Psilocybin: Systematic review of its use in the treatment of depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin systematic review of its use in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Andres-Olivera P, de la Iglesia J, Dominguez-Alvarez E, Soto’Gonzalez P, Rodriguez C, Munaiz-Cossio C, Gonzalez-Bolaños R, Brito-Rey R, Marín-Lorenzo C, Arribas-Simon B.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12436869", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12436869\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 415, "title": "Short- and long-term modulation of rat prefrontal cortical activity following single doses of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "short and long term modulation of rat prefrontal cortical activity following single doses of psilocybin", "authors": "Purple RJ, Gupta R, Thomas CW, Golden CT, Palomero-Gallagher N, Carhart-Harris R, Froudist-Walsh S, Jones MW.", "abstract": "We quantify cellular- and circuit-resolution neural network dynamics following therapeutically relevant doses of the psychedelic psilocybin. Using chronically implanted Neuropixels probes, we recorded local field potentials (LFP) alongside action potentials from hundreds of neurons spanning infralimbic, prelimbic and cingulate subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex of freely-behaving adult rats. Psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg i.p.) unmasked 100 Hz high frequency oscillations that were most pronounced within the infralimbic cortex, persisted for approximately 1 h post-injection and were accompanied by decreased net neuronal firing rates and reduced spike-train complexity. These acute effects were more prominent during resting behaviour than during performance of a sustained attention task. LFP1-, 2- and 6-days post-psilocybin showed gradually-emerging increases in beta and low-gamma (20-60 Hz) power, specific to the infralimbic cortex. These findings reveal features of psychedelic action not readily detectable in human brain imaging, implicating infralimbic network oscillations as potential biomarkers of psychedelic-induced network plasticity over multi-day timescales.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03182-y", "pubmed_id": "40858779", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03182-y", "keywords": "Prefrontal Cortex, Neurons, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Hallucinogens, Action Potentials, Time Factors, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40858779\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 416, "title": "Above the threshold, beyond the trip: the role of the 5-HT2A receptor in psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity and antidepressant effects.", "normalized_title": "above the threshold beyond the trip the role of the 5 ht2a receptor in psychedelic induced neuroplasticity and antidepressant effects", "authors": "Drewko AJ, Habets RLP, Brunt TM.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics, including the recreationally used psilocybin and LSD, have become promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression. While it is generally agreed that they exhibit their antidepressant effects by inducing rapid and sustained neuroplasticity, the molecular mechanisms responsible are widely debated. In particular, the role of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, known to mediate the hallucinogenic effects of psychedelics, is under scrutiny. However, many studies remain in conflict on whether action at the receptor is also required for neuroplastic effects. In this narrative review, we examine the available evidence for the involvement of the 5-HT2A receptor in neuroplasticity induction and the possibly antidepressant effects of psychedelics. Firstly, we review the role of decreased neuroplasticity in depression, the evidence for dendrito-, spino- and synaptogenesis promotion by psychedelics, and for its possible regional selectivity. We then discuss the current knowledge on psychedelic action at the 5-HT2A receptor, including its role in promoting hallucinogenic effects. Finally, we critically assess the studies testing the necessity for 5-HT2A signalling for neuroplastic effects and present a model of molecular mechanisms responsible for psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03169-9", "pubmed_id": "40849544", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03169-9", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Neuronal Plasticity, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40849544\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3079, "title": "Context-dependent structurally informed effective connectivity under psilocybin", "normalized_title": "context dependent structurally informed effective connectivity under psilocybin", "authors": "Greaves MD, Barta T, Novelli L, Stoliker D, Razi A.", "abstract": "The extent to which anatomical connectivity constrains pharmacologically altered brain dynamics remains poorly understood. Here, we combined psilocybin administration with a structurally informed effective-connectivity model to examine how structural connectivity shapes directed inter-regional influences across experiential contexts. Using dynamic causal modeling embedded in a hierarchical empirical Bayes framework, we analyzed fMRI data acquired from a hippocampo-thalamo-cortical network during rest, guided meditation, music listening and movie viewing. Across contexts, psilocybin reorganized directed interactions while preserving structure-based scaling. Effects converged on efferents (outgoing influences) from the left hippocampus-a hub interfacing mnemonic and associative systems with the default-mode network and thalamus. Notably, the left-hippocampus-to-thalamus pathway showed a sign-reversed association with mystical-experience scores (downregulation during guided meditation and upregulation during music listening). In model-based leave-one-out cross-validation, left-hippocampal efferents predicted individual differences in mystical-experience intensity. A minimal model-free benchmark (hippocampal signal variability) also showed modest associations with mystical experience. Together, these findings link context-specific, structurally informed effective connectivity to individual differences in the acute psychedelic experience, providing a mechanistic bridge between anatomy, neurodynamics, and phenomenology.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-08-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.08.18.671000", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.18.671000", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1071263\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Mystical Experience,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 560, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy, Positive Emotional Experiences, and the Central Role of Self-Compassion", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy positive emotional experiences and the central role of self compassion", "authors": "Zeifman R, Danias G, Agin-Liebes G, Pagni B, Kettner H, Bhat V, Ross S, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Abstract Background: Psychedelics can acutely induce mystical experiences and elevated positive mood, which may contribute to the potential benefits of psychedelic therapy. However, there remains limited understanding of the occurrence and importance of specific positive emotional experiences within psychedelic therapy. Therefore, we examined the effects of psychedelics on positive emotional experiences and their association with improvements in mental health. Methods: Study 1 was an observational study of naturalistic psychedelic use. Study 2 used data from a clinical trial that compared psilocybin with escitalopram in individuals with major depressive disorder. In this trial, participants completed two dosing sessions, where they received either 25mg or 1mg of psilocybin. In both studies, following their psychedelic experience or psilocybin dosing sessions, participants rated their acute experiences of seven specific positive emotional experiences (self-compassion, compassion toward others, gratitude, love, awe, ecstasy, and peace). Results: Relative to low-dose psychedelic, medium and high-dose psychedelic use were associated with greater positive emotional experiences. Relative to 1mg psilocybin, 25mg psilocybin was associated with greater positive emotional experiences. Several positive emotional experiences predicted improvements in mental health and mediated treatment outcomes, with the strongest evidence for the effect of self-compassion (over and above mystical experience and positive mood). Discussion: Positive emotional experiences, especially self-compassion, appear to play an important role within psychedelic therapy. Based on these findings, we highlight key considerations surrounding psychotherapeutic approaches to, and optimization of, psychedelic therapy. Future research should move beyond retrospective, self-reports of emotional experiences to fully capture their role within psychedelic therapy.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-08-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-7420529/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7420529/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1071953\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 434, "title": "Assessing the Potential Cardiovascular Risk of Microdosing the Psychedelic LSD in Mice.", "normalized_title": "assessing the potential cardiovascular risk of microdosing the psychedelic lsd in mice", "authors": "Effinger DP, Schalk SS, King JL, Wallingford JR, O'Connell CK, Calderon JR, Kopecky BJ, McCorvy JD, Thompson SM.", "abstract": "Microdosing, the prolonged ingestion of psychedelics at subhallucinogenic doses, has gained popularity for its perceived cognitive and emotional benefits. Psychedelics have high affinity for 5-HT2B receptors, a receptor known to cause human heart disease with strong chronic activation. We investigated the effects of microdosed psychedelics on cardiovascular health in mice using echocardiography after chronically administering either serotonin or d-fenfluramine as positive controls or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at two subhallucinogenic doses. Serotonin produced significant ventricular thickening at 4- and 8-weeks, and d-fenfluramine caused aortic valve regurgitation at 4-weeks. No significant changes were observed in any vehicle or LSD group. We determined the affinity and potency of LSD, psilocybin, and norfenfluramine at mouse and human 5-HT2BRs and observed no significant differences. We calculated that levels of 5-HT2B activation by low-dose LSD were substantial, but short-lived, compared to the cardiotoxin d-fenfluramine. Together, these data provide no evidence of ventricular or valvular remodeling associated with prolonged administration of low-dose LSD in mice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00202", "pubmed_id": "41789300", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.5c00202", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41789300\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3622, "title": "Evaluation of the Effect of a Single Dose of Psilocybin on Neural Correlates of Cognitive Control in Patients With Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures", "normalized_title": "evaluation of the effect of a single dose of psilocybin on neural correlates of cognitive control in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures", "authors": "Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nīmes", "abstract": "Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are functional paroxysmal motor disorders that may be clinically suggestive of epilepsy but are not associated with the electroencephysiological and electroencephalographic changes of epilepsy. Thus, hyper-connectivity of the regions of the default mode network (DMN) linked to executive control could be involved in the impairment of cognitive control capacities in patients suffering from PNES. Also, the HYCORE study (NCT02329626), showed that dysregulation of frontal regions involved in attentional and emotional regulation is correlated with motor symptoms in patients with functional neurological disorders. The researchers of this study hypothesized that psilocybin would improve cognitive control in patients with PNES.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-08-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06647056", "keywords": "Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures, Psilocybin, MRI, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06647056\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Default Mode Network,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 561, "title": "Psychedelics and the Serotonin Hypothesis of Eating Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and the serotonin hypothesis of eating disorders", "authors": "Bilenker D, Avena NM.", "abstract": "Recent advances in psychedelic research have renewed interest in their therapeutic potential for psychiatric disorders characterized by cognitive and behavioral rigidity. This review examines the rationale for using serotonergic psychedelics-particularly 5-HT2A receptor agonists such as psilocybin-in the treatment of eating disorders (EDs), including anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). The paper contextualizes these interventions within the broader serotonin hypothesis of EDs, emphasizing serotonergic dysregulation and impaired cognitive flexibility as central features of these conditions. Drawing from animal models, human neuroimaging studies, and emerging clinical trials, the authors outline how psychedelics may promote neuroplasticity and psychological insight through modulation of 5-HT2A signaling. Preliminary evidence from open-label studies suggests psilocybin may improve ED symptoms and quality of life, though findings are early and methodologically limited. The paper also reviews data on ayahuasca, MDMA, and non-psychedelic serotonergic agents, highlighting both the promise and complexity of psychedelic-assisted therapy in EDs. The authors conclude that while further controlled trials are needed to clarify efficacy, safety, and optimal treatment parameters, psychedelics offer a novel, mechanistically distinct avenue for addressing entrenched ED psychopathology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci15080893", "pubmed_id": "40867224", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15080893", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40867224\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 528, "title": "Psychedelic use in Poland: prevalence, correlates and social attitudes.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic use in poland prevalence correlates and social attitudes", "authors": "Holas P, Kamińska J.", "abstract": "PurposeRecent years have witnessed a renewed interest in research exploring the therapeutic potential of classic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of mental disorders. However, our knowledge of the epidemiology of their use, factors associated with their recreational consumption, and attitudes toward these substances remains limited.MethodsA representative sample of Polish adults (N = 1051) completed an internet-based survey that included demographic questions, assessments of psychedelic substance use, including motivations and contexts, subjective evaluations of psychedelics experience, and attitudes towards psychedelics and psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT).ResultsBetween 4% and 8% of Polish adults, equivalent to approximately 2 million people, have experimented with psychedelic substances at least once in their lives. Men were more likely to use psychedelics than women, with the largest group of users being individuals aged 25-34, primarily residing in urban areas. Curiosity emerged as the most common motivation for use, and home was typically reported as the context. The psychedelic experience was often described as a mixture of pleasant and unpleasant sensations. A substantial proportion of participants expressed indifferent or negative attitudes towards both PAT and psychedelics. However, prior psychedelic use, younger age, and a history of lifetime meditation practice were associated with more positive attitudes.ConclusionsApproximately 6% of Polish adults, mostly young men living in urban areas, reported using classic psychedelics, particularly LSD and psilocybin mushrooms. Further research and educational efforts are needed to support the scientific exploration of PAT, and to help shift public perceptions of its therapeutic potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.5114/ppn.2025.153566", "pubmed_id": "40959683", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2025.153566", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40959683\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 430, "title": "Chronic psilocybin administration increases sociability and alters the gut microbiome in male wild-type mice but not in a preclinical model of obsessive-compulsive disorder.", "normalized_title": "chronic psilocybin administration increases sociability and alters the gut microbiome in male wild type mice but not in a preclinical model of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Gattuso JJ, Kong G, Bezcioglu B, Lu D, Ekwudo MN, Wilson C, Gubert C, Hannan AJ, Renoir T.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic compound that produces psychedelic effects primarily through activation of the 5-HT2A receptor, has shown promise in treating neuropsychiatric conditions, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the effects of chronic psilocybin administration on gut function, microbiota, and behavioural phenotypes remain understudied. The present study investigated the effects of chronic psilocybin (0.1 and 1 mg/kg, oral gavage) on gut and behavioural measures in wild-type (WT) and SAPAP3 knockout (KO) mice, a model of OCD-like phenotypes. We present novel evidence that SAPAP3 KO mice exhibit social deficits, and that chronic psilocybin increases sociability in male WT mice. Although no therapeutic effects were observed at either dose on anxiety-, compulsive-, or depressive-like behaviour, chronic psilocybin also did not induce psychosis-like behaviours. A dose-dependent effect of psilocybin was observed on gut motility. Although chronic administration did not significantly alter overall gut microbiome diversity, reductions in Lactobacillus murinus, Lactobacillus animalis, and Alistipes dispar were observed in male WT mice, but not in KO mice or female mice. Integrative analysis revealed that a microbial cluster, comprising Lactobacillus and Alistipes species, correlated with locomotion, head-twitch response and gut motility, effectively differentiating psilocybin-treated mice from vehicle controls. This suggests a potential host-microbiome feedback mechanism regulating host serotonin signalling, linked to central and peripheral 5-HT2A receptor activation. Additionally, separate microbial clusters were associated with startle response and sociability, indicating that psilocybin may engage distinct neural pathways to mediate these behaviours. These findings highlight the importance of considering the microbiome and sex in future psychedelic research and open new avenues for exploring the microbiota-gut-brain axis as a target for future therapeutic strategies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110648", "pubmed_id": "40849086", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110648", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Disease Models, Animal, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Hallucinogens, Social Behavior, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Female, Male, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40849086\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Microbiome", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3557, "title": "Effect of Psilocybin on the Positive Valence System in Treatment-resistant Depression: a Pilot Clinical Neuroimaging Study", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin on the positive valence system in treatment resistant depression a pilot clinical neuroimaging study", "authors": "Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nīmes", "abstract": "The study hypothesis is that the antidepressant effect of psilocybin is mediated by a normalization of the functioning of the positive valence system. Depressive states, especially moderate to severe depressions that associate a certain level of anhedonia, produce an overvaluation of the cost of efforts and an infra-evaluation of the possible rewards derived from an action. Psilocybin would reduce anhedonia and the cost of efforts, facilitating the anticipation of reward. Thus, the antidepressant effect of psilocybin would be mediated by a greater anticipation of rewards (reduction of anhedonia) and a more optimistic estimation of the results of efforts (increase in motivation). Psilocybin-induced changes in the positive valence system will be observable on brain MRI images, particularly in the effort evaluation circuits: basolateral amygdala, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, ventral pallidum, ventral striatum (VS), ventral tegmental area (VTA). The mesolimbic circuit (VS, VTA) is the anatomical substrate of anticipation of rewarding stimuli (food, sex, drugs). The amygdala also fulfills an associative function between environmental cues and rewarding stimuli. Structural and functional alterations in this circuit are associated with depressive symptoms such as anhedonia or distortions in the perception and memories of rewards. This hypothesis will be tested on a population of patients with moderate or severe depressive symptoms who meet the criteria for TRD. Depressive disorders are strongly associated with suicide risk and are the leading cause of disability in the world. Psilocybin is a natural alkaloid with psychedelic and hallucinogenic effects, produced by its active metabolite: psilocin. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of research aimed at using psilocybin in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, and in particular depression, combined or not with various psychotherapeutic programs. Psilocybin-assisted therapy is effective in treating cancer-associated depression and resistant depression. The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) has designated it as a \"Breakthrough Therapy\" in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Most researchers consider that the antidepressant effects of psilocybin are associated with the activation of the serotonin 5-HT2a receptor, with acute neuromodulation effects that modify the connectivity of cortico-striatal loops, but the mechanisms supporting this effect are unknown. The purpose of this study is to verify whether the antidepressant action of psilocybin is associated with an activation of the brain areas involved in the positive valence system, by comparing the activity of the neural circuits responsible for the evaluation of effort before and after taking psilocybin. The correlations between the activation of brain areas and the depression severity, behavioral activation and anhedonia scores will help establish a link with the response to treatment. Finally, the study authors wish to test the feasibility of a study with psilocybin in a French clinical population.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-08-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06650800", "keywords": "Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Hallucinogens, Reinforcement, Psychology, Psilocybin, MRI, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06650800\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3505, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin in Post-Treatment Lyme Disease", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin in post treatment lyme disease", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This study will examine the effects of psilocybin on Lyme disease symptom burden and quality of life in people with Post-Treatment Lyme Disease (PTLD). This pilot study will evaluate the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in people with well-documented current Post-Treatment Lyme Disease (PTLD). Study measures will assess the impact of psilocybin-assisted treatment on overall symptom burden and quality of life in 20 people with PTLD. This is an open-label proof-of-concept trial in which participants will complete an 8-week course of study treatment including two psilocybin sessions (15mg in week 4 and 15 or 25mg in week 6) with psychological support, and follow-up assessments 1, 3, and 6 months after the final psilocybin session.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-08-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05305105", "keywords": "Post-Treatment Lyme Disease, Chronic Lyme Disease, Lyme Disease, Chronic, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05305105\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 459, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, combined antipsychotic and antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression, duration of birth control pill use and risk of depression, handgrip strength and cognitive function, mood disorders in epilepsy, and mental health issues among physicians.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy combined antipsychotic and antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression duration of birth control pill use and risk of depression handgrip strength and cognitive function mood disorders in epilepsy and mental health issues among physicians", "authors": "Koenig HG.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/00912174251369880", "pubmed_id": "40833259", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00912174251369880", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40833259\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3466, "title": "A Phase II, Multicentre, Randomised, Double-blind, Controlled Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy of COMP360 in Participants With Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "a phase ii multicentre randomised double blind controlled study to investigate the safety tolerability pharmacokinetics and efficacy of comp360 in participants with recurrent major depressive disorder", "authors": "COMPASS Pathways", "abstract": "Safety, Tolerability, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a single administration of COMP360 in participants with recurrent Major Depressive Disorder. This is a phase II, multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, controlled study. The study population will include participants aged ≥18 years with recurrent Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with up to four prior treatment failures of an antidepressant in their current depressive episode. Overall, 102 participants will be randomised in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive COMP360 25 mg, COMP360 10mg or COMP360 1 mg. In this study the aim is to investigate the safety and tolerability of COMP360, administered with psychological support, in adult participants with MDD with one prior treatment failure. In addition, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of COMP360 will be investigated. The study will last up to 16 weeks including a three- to ten-week Screening Period and a six-week follow-up from investigational product (IP) administration.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-08-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05733546", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, COMP360, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05733546\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3307, "title": "Attitudes Toward Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies for Cancer-Related Psychosocial Symptoms: A Multi- Stakeholder Analysis", "normalized_title": "attitudes toward psychedelic assisted therapies for cancer related psychosocial symptoms a multi stakeholder analysis", "authors": "Schuman HD, Deleemans JM, Nguyen T, Savard C, Mina R, Carlson LE.", "abstract": "Abstract Background Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is gaining attention as a potential treatment for cancer-related psychosocial symptoms. While growing evidence highlights its promise, little is known about how different stakeholder groups perceive its use in oncology and palliative care. Objectives This study aimed to assess stakeholder-specific perspectives on PAT, including attitudes, perceived knowledge, agent-specific beliefs, safety and effectiveness, implementation barriers, and interest in training and access. Predictors of positive attitudes were also examined. Methods A national cross-sectional survey was conducted across Canada. Measures included the Attitudes to Psychedelics Questionnaire (APQ), self-rated knowledge, perceived effectiveness and safety of psychedelic agents, implementation barriers, and views on appropriate patient populations. Group comparisons were conducted using Kruskal-Wallis tests, ANOVA, and post hoc analyses; multivariate linear regression identified predictors of attitudes. Results A total of 742 participants were included: cancer patients (PLWC; n = 519), healthcare providers (HCP; n = 187), and policymakers (PM; n = 36). PLWC reported the most favourable attitudes toward PAT, significantly higher than both HCP and PM. Despite their positive views, PLWC self-reported the lowest knowledge. PM reported the highest perceived knowledge but also the greatest safety concerns. Across all groups, psilocybin was viewed as the most effective agent. PLWC and HCP supported PAT use across the cancer continuum, while most PM favoured restricting use to advanced-stage cases. Conclusion Stakeholder perspectives on PAT reveal high interest tempered by role-specific concerns about safety, legitimacy, and readiness. Effective and ethical integration of PAT into oncology will require stakeholder-informed education, regulatory guidance, and attention to contextual implementation needs.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-08-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-6941009/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6941009/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1070146\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 562, "title": "Serotonin and psilocybin activate 5-HT1B receptors to suppress cortical signaling through the claustrum.", "normalized_title": "serotonin and psilocybin activate 5 ht1b receptors to suppress cortical signaling through the claustrum", "authors": "Madden MB, Schaefgen C, Vedak B, Kwon J, Pedra KSD, Sheats SH, Puche AC, Wolff SBE, Mathur BN.", "abstract": "Through its widespread reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex, the claustrum is implicated in sleep and waking cortical network states. Yet, basic knowledge of neuromodulation in this structure is lacking. The claustrum is richly innervated by serotonergic fibers, expresses serotonin receptors, and is suggested to play a role in the ability of psilocybin, which is metabolized to the non-specific serotonin receptor agonist psilocin, to disrupt cortex-wide network states. We therefore addressed the possible role of serotonin, and the classic psychedelic psilocybin, in modulating cortical signaling through the claustrum. We show that serotonin activates 5-HT1B receptors on anterior cingulate cortex inputs - a primary driver of claustrum activity - to suppress signaling to parietal association cortex-projecting claustrum neurons. Additionally, we demonstrate that psilocybin injection also activates anterior cingulate cortex presynaptic 5-HT1B receptors to suppress cortical signaling through the claustrum. Thus, serotonin, via 5-HT1B, may provide gain-control of cortical input to the claustrum, a mechanism that may be directly targeted by psilocybin to modulate downstream cortical network states.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-62980-8", "pubmed_id": "40830107", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62980-8", "keywords": "Gyrus Cinguli, Cerebral Cortex, Neurons, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, Male, Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin, Claustrum", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40830107\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 418, "title": "Exploring the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in treating substance use disorders.", "normalized_title": "exploring the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in treating substance use disorders", "authors": "Li Y, Li H, Wang H, Wang X.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, have garnered significant attention as potential therapeutic tools for treating substance use disorders (SUDs), such as those related to alcohol, nicotine, heroin (an opioid), or cocaine. Traditional treatments often fall short, leading to high relapse rates and an urgent need for innovative approaches. This article explores the emerging role of psychedelics in SUDs therapy, highlighting their ability to disrupt maladaptive neural circuits, promote neuroplasticity, and facilitate profound psychological insights that address the root causes of SUDs. Clinical trials demonstrate promising results across various forms of SUDs, with psilocybin-assisted therapy showing significant reductions in substance use and improved mental health outcomes. Despite the potential, challenges such as legal barriers, safety concerns, and the need for more rigorous research remain. The future of psychedelics in SUDs treatment is cautiously optimistic, with the possibility of transforming the field of SUDs therapy and offering hope to millions of individuals struggling with SUDs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03168-w", "pubmed_id": "40830580", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03168-w", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40830580\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 876, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted therapies for existential and spiritual suffering in palliative care.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapies for existential and spiritual suffering in palliative care", "authors": "Garcia ACM, Maia LO.", "abstract": "Existential and spiritual suffering are frequently reported by individuals facing serious illnesses, particularly at the end of life, and are associated with diminished quality of life, increased psychological distress, and requests for hastened death. While Palliative Care (PC) aims to provide holistic support, existing therapeutic options often fail to adequately address the profound disruptions in meaning, connection, and dignity experienced by patients. Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies (PAT), notably those using psilocybin, have re-emerged as promising interventions capable of eliciting transformative experiences that may alleviate existential and spiritual distress. This chapter explores the potential role of PAT in PC, beginning with a historical and conceptual overview of PC and an analysis of existential and spiritual suffering in this context. It then reviews scientific evidence on the therapeutic applications of classical psychedelics, with a focus on existential and spiritual suffering. Practical, clinical, ethical, and legal considerations for the integration of PAT into PC are discussed, including the challenges of implementation and the need for spiritually and existentially informed treatment models. The chapter concludes by reinforcing the urgency of innovative and compassionate responses to existential suffering and highlighting PAT as an emerging pathway toward improving the quality of life-and death-of individuals with serious illnesses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.07.002", "pubmed_id": "40967680", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.07.002", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Stress, Psychological, Existentialism, Spirituality", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40967680\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 563, "title": "Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Ketamine and Psilocybin in Comparison to Current Treatment Regimens for Treatment-Resistant Depression, Mood Disorders, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in the Pediatric Population: A Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "exploring the therapeutic potential of ketamine and psilocybin in comparison to current treatment regimens for treatment resistant depression mood disorders and post traumatic stress disorder in the pediatric population a narrative review", "authors": "Hughes B, Mirza S, Ponamala M, Sagaser J, Paredes R, Hematillake N, Tailor C, Khan R, Pemminati S.", "abstract": "The stresses of the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the burden of psychiatric disorders within the pediatric population, revealing a pre-existing need for rapid-onset therapies that have since driven efforts to expand effective therapeutic interventions. In this narrative review, we utilized the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to direct our report and study selection. We explored the current-state efficacy and therapeutic potential of ketamine and psilocybin in comparison to current treatment regimens for pediatric non-psychotic disorders, including Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD), mood disorders like anxiety and bipolar disorder, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We chose these pediatric disorders to eliminate concerns regarding reality orientation and the use of dissociative and/or psychedelic medicines in patients who are experiencing symptoms of psychosis. Also, we briefly discuss ketamine's more widely accepted utilization by medical providers as a pediatric anesthetic, and how this gives credence to further evaluation of ketamine's multifaceted indications in pediatric psychiatry. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of glutamate pathways in the pathophysiology of TRD, mood disorders, and PTSD, and both ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, and psilocybin, a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (5-HT2A) agonist, have emerged as promising options due to their ability to augment glutamate release. Ketamine's use for pediatric TRD demonstrated rapid-onset relief for signs and symptoms of depression in children and adolescents, and psilocybin also decreased symptoms in patients with longstanding or refractory depression. Ketamine has been well tolerated and exhibited symptom improvements for youth with mood disorders such as anxiety and bipolar depression, while psilocybin showed promise in fostering emotional processing. In youth suffering from PTSD, ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP) brought about decreases in PTSD symptom severity, though outcomes varied across populations. Psilocybin enhanced neural plasticity, allowing patients to revisit and reframe memories under therapeutic guidance, especially for those with complex or treatment-resistant PTSD. Ethical considerations are involved in the use of dissociative and hallucinogenic therapies like ketamine and psilocybin in the pediatric population, and we explore some ethical issues regarding their use. Further research exploring specific brain locations and mechanisms of action underlying glutamate modulation by ketamine and psilocybin, and the subsequent rapid-acting relief of psychiatric symptoms offered by these substances, could pave the way for innovative treatments targeting pediatric mental health disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.90425", "pubmed_id": "40970030", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.90425", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40970030\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adolescents,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3070, "title": "Psilocybin treatment for symptoms of depression: a living systematic review, meta-analysis, and data resource", "normalized_title": "psilocybin treatment for symptoms of depression a living systematic review meta analysis and data resource", "authors": "Singleton SP, Sevchik BL, Lahey A, Cuijpers P, Harrer M, Jones MT, Nayak SM, Strain EC, Vandekar SN, Dworkin RH, Scott JC, Satterthwaite TD.", "abstract": "Importance Depression is a major cause of disability worldwide, motivating substantial interest in psilocybin as a potential treatment. Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin’s impact on depressive symptoms and provide a living open data resource. Data Sources PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO retrieved by a systematic search up to July 1, 2025. Study Selection We included randomized controlled trials of psilocybin or psilocybin-assisted therapy compared against a placebo or waitlist condition. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data extraction was completed independently by two extractors. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to synthesize data. Risk of bias was assessed with Cochrane’s RoB 2.0 tool. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was the standardized mean difference (Hedges’ g ) in depression scores at the primary study endpoint. Results Twelve studies comprising 711 participants were included in the database, with nine of those studies (n = 529) included in our primary model. Of the nine studies included in the primary model, two had a high risk of bias, four had some concerns, while three had a low risk of bias. Compared to control conditions, psilocybin showed a greater reduction in depression scores, with a pooled Hedges’ g = -0.91 (95% CI, [-1.35; -0.48]; k = 9; p = 0.0013, I2 = 58.1%, tau 2 = 0.13, n = 501). Sensitivity analyses revealed robust effects consistent with the primary model across a variety of design parameters and analysis choices, while also suggesting that waitlist control and crossover design studies contribute a large amount of heterogeneity to the primary model. Meta-regression revealed that psilocybin’s effects were rapid and consistent over several weeks (intercept = -0.92 [-1.26; -0.58], p < 0.0001; slope = 0.0009 [-0.0023; 0.0041], p = 0.57). Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that psilocybin-assisted therapy results in substantial decreases in depressive symptoms across studies to date. However, many studies have small sample sizes or risk of bias. This living systematic review, meta-analysis, database, and online dashboard will continue to be updated as evidence emerges, providing a valuable resource for researchers in a rapidly evolving field. Key Points Question What is the efficacy of psilocybin or psilocybin-assisted therapy for depressive symptoms? Findings In this living systematic review and meta-analysis, the initial evidence suggests that psilocybin is more effective in reducing depression symptoms compared to control conditions. Our publicly released database and interactive dashboard contains over 200 effect sizes from 12 randomized clinical trials testing psilocybin’s impacts on depression and will be updated regularly to keep pace with this rapidly moving field. Meaning The current evidence suggests promise for psilocybin therapy for depression, though more studies are needed.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-08-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.08.13.25333530", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.13.25333530", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1068501\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 492, "title": "Endocannabinoids, depression, and treatment resistance: Perspectives on effective therapeutic interventions.", "normalized_title": "endocannabinoids depression and treatment resistance perspectives on effective therapeutic interventions", "authors": "Rosa I, Padula LP, Semeraro F, Marrangone C, Inserra A, De Risio L, Boffa M, Zoratto F, Borgi M, Guidotti R, Lorenzo GD, D'Addario C, Pettorruso M, Martinotti G.", "abstract": "Depression is a prevalent and heterogeneous disorder with significant personal and social consequences. The rise of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) challenges traditional approaches and underscores the need for a broader neurobiological perspective. When monoaminergic modulation proves insufficient, clinical guidelines increasingly turn to non-monoaminergic interventions such as neuromodulation techniques and glutamatergic agents, which operate through distinct mechanisms. Despite their heterogeneity, these treatments may act on shared final pathways that differ from those of conventional antidepressants. Among these pathways, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has emerged as a critical mood regulator and a potential mediator of antidepressant effects. This narrative review draws from preclinical and clinical literature to explore the role of the ECS in depression and its involvement in various non-monoaminergic treatments effective in TRD. Evidence suggests that physical interventions like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), as well as glutamatergic and serotonergic agents such as ketamine, esketamine, and psychedelics, influence ECS components. rTMS and ECT elevate levels of the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), correlating with clinical improvement. Ketamine and esketamine modulate CB1 receptors and other ECS targets, contributing to their rapid effects. Psilocybin restores 2-AG and enhances CB1 expression in mood-related brain regions, while LSD affects the broader endocannabinoidome in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. These findings suggest that ECS modulation may constitute a unifying mechanism through which diverse, non-monoaminergic interventions exert antidepressant effects in TRD, positioning the ECS as a promising target of novel treatment strategies for individuals who do not respond to conventional treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116697", "pubmed_id": "40840197", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116697", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Endocannabinoids, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40840197\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 519, "title": "Therapeutic Divergence in 5-HT2A Agonism: Psilocybin and Phenalkylamines for Demoralization Syndrome.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic divergence in 5 ht2a agonism psilocybin and phenalkylamines for demoralization syndrome", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Novel phenalkylamines and tryptamines such as psilocybin demonstrate promising nontraditional pharmacological profiles for treating psychiatric syndromes. Structural modifications yield functional selectivity at 5-HT receptors, mitigating hallucinogenic risk while preserving therapeutic efficacy. This study integrates receptor and behavioral data to support phenalkylamines and psilocybin as rational therapeutics for demoralization syndrome and depression-related conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00475", "pubmed_id": "40959252", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00475", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40959252\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 530, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for depression and anxiety associated with life threatening illness: A phase 2b randomized controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for depression and anxiety associated with life threatening illness a phase 2b randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Ross ML, Iyer R, Williams ML, Boughey M, O'Callaghan C, Hiscock R, Dwyer J.", "abstract": "ImportancePsilocybin-assisted psychotherapy may offer a novel approach to treating depression, anxiety, and existential distress in individuals with life threatening illnesses, where current treatments show limited efficacy.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy versus active placebo and psychotherapy in adults with life-threatening illnesses.DesignDouble-blind, randomized controlled phase 2b trial (RCT) with an open-label extension and 6-month follow-up (January 2020 - October 2023).SettingSingle-site study at a tertiary hospital's palliative care department (St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne affiliated with the University of Melbourne).ParticipantsAdults aged 18-80 with a life-threatening illness and clinically significant depression and/or anxiety.InterventionsParticipants were randomized to receive 25 mg psilocybin or 100 mg niacin (active placebo), alongside three preparatory psychotherapy and six post-dose integration psychotherapy sessions. After 6-7 weeks post double blind dose, all participants received 25 mg psilocybin in an open-label extension, enabling a two dose versus one dose group comparator. Participants were followed up to 26 weeks post open label dose.Main outcomes and measuresPrimary outcome was change in depression and anxiety symptoms, assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), from baseline to 6-7 weeks post-dose. Key secondary outcomes included the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - State version (STAI-S), which provided complementary, dimensional measures of depression and anxiety over the same time period. Additional secondary outcomes included Death Attitudes Profile, WHOQOL-BREF, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Trait scale), Mystical Experiences Questionnaire, and Persisting Effects Questionnaire. Exploratory outcomes included spiritual well-being, hopelessness, demoralization, and HADS-Trait scores.ResultsThirty-five participants (mean age 56.0; 54.3 % female) were randomized (psilocybin: n = 17; placebo: n = 18). At 6-7 weeks, psilocybin produced significantly greater reductions in HADS depression (B = -2.49; P =.02; d = 1.12), BDI-II (B = -7.56; P =.004; d = 2.97), and STAI-State anxiety (B = -12.59; P =.005; d = 4.51) compared to placebo. Benefits were sustained at 26 weeks. Exploratory outcomes demonstrated enhanced spiritual well-being, quality of life, and significant reductions in demoralization, death anxiety and hopelessness. No serious treatment-emergent adverse events occurred. Psilocybin was associated with more mild-to-moderate adverse events. One participant withdrew due to anxiety during dosing.Conclusions and relevancePsilocybin-assisted psychotherapy appears safe and may offer durable relief from depression and anxiety in individuals with a life-threatening illness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.08.001", "pubmed_id": "40858059", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.08.001", "keywords": "Humans, Critical Illness, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Anxiety, Psychotherapy, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Outcome Assessment, Health Care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40858059\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Adolescents,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 567, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy: Potential Benefits and Challenges in Mental Health Treatment.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy potential benefits and challenges in mental health treatment", "authors": "Silczuk A, Madejek RJ, Koweszko T, Mularczyk-Tomczewska P, Adamska E, Gujski M, Szulc A.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, derived from the Greek words \"psyche\" (soul) and \"deloun\" (revealing), are substances historically and currently considered \"soul-revealing\". Also termed hallucinogens due to their impact on sensory perception, they are further categorized into hallucinogens, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and mescaline; entactogens or empathogens, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA); and dissociatives, such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine. The concept of using these substances to enhance psychotherapy emerged in the 1940s, leading to the first wave of psychedelic research, which yielded promising initial results. Following a period of restricted research, modern investigations began anew around 20 years ago. In this review, we analyze the last 10 years of research, exploring the potential of psychedelics in psychotherapy. Current evidence reveals that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy remains an experimental approach. While preliminary studies suggest potential therapeutic benefits in treating various conditions, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and substance use disorders, a definitive assessment of efficacy and safety is hampered by the scarcity of large-scale, rigorous clinical trials. Psychedilics should rather be viewed as integral components of broader therapeutic frameworks than as standalone treatment. The unique mechanisms of psychedelics, notably their effect on neuroplasticity, hint at the potential to address treatment gaps in patients unresponsive to conventional methods. However, this potential requires validation through larger, more rigorously designed studies. Future research must prioritize high-quality, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials encompassing diverse populations to produce reliable, generalizable findings and ensure responsible clinical implementation. The aim of this article is to review the current status of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.12659/msm.948302", "pubmed_id": "40781763", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.948302", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40781763\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 566, "title": "Psychedelics and Headache Disorders: an Update.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and headache disorders an update", "authors": "Im JJH, Sandoe CH", "abstract": "Psychedelics are often queried as a potential therapeutic option in a multitude of conditions, including pain and mental health disorders, with a growing body of patient reports and scientific publications describing potential benefit. This article reviews recent research on psychedelic compounds for treatment of headache disorders. Observational data, case reports, and a few recent small, controlled trials suggest symptom benefit at sub-hallucinogenic doses for both migraine and cluster headache. There have not been new completed studies of psychedelics in other headache disorders. Safety signals also tend to be favorable, although there are continuing concerns for systemic and psychiatric effects in varying doses, preparations and clinical contexts. While available studies on psychedelics suggest potential benefit in cluster headache and migraine, access remains complex due to legal considerations, and additional studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness and to ensure safety before they can be recommended for use.", "journal": "Current neurology and neuroscience reports", "publication_date": "2025-08-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s11910-025-01446-2", "pubmed_id": "40782223", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40782223/", "keywords": "Cluster headache, DMT, Headache, LSD, Migraine, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40782223\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 570, "title": "Substance Abuse and Cognitive Decline: The Critical Role of Tau Protein as a Potential Biomarker.", "normalized_title": "substance abuse and cognitive decline the critical role of tau protein as a potential biomarker", "authors": "Rebolledo-Pérez L, Hernández-Bello J, Martínez-Ramos A, Castañeda-Arellano R, Fernández-Quezada D, Sandoval-García F, Aguilar-García IG.", "abstract": "Tau protein is essential for the structural stability of neurons, particularly through its role in microtubule assembly and axonal transport. However, when abnormally hyperphosphorylated or cleaved, Tau can aggregate into insoluble forms that disrupt neuronal function, contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Emerging evidence suggests that similar Tau-related alterations may occur in individuals with chronic exposure to psychoactive substances. This review compiles experimental, clinical, and postmortem findings that collectively indicate a substance-specific influence on Tau dynamics. Alcohol and opioids, for instance, promote Tau hyperphosphorylation and fragmentation through the activation of kinases such as GSK-3β and CDK5, as well as proteases like caspase-3, leading to neuroinflammation and microglial activation. Stimulants and dissociatives disrupt insulin signaling, increase oxidative stress, and impair endosomal trafficking, all of which can exacerbate Tau pathology. In contrast, cannabinoids and psychedelics may exert protective effects by modulating kinase activity, reducing inflammation, or enhancing neuroplasticity. Psychedelic compounds such as psilocybin and harmine have been demonstrated to decrease Tau phosphorylation and facilitate cognitive restoration in animal models. Although the molecular mechanisms differ across substances, Tau consistently emerges as a convergent target altered in substance-related cognitive disorders. Understanding these pathways may provide not only mechanistic insights into drug-induced neurotoxicity but also identify Tau as a valuable biomarker and potential therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of cognitive decline associated with substance use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ijms26157638", "pubmed_id": "40806766", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157638", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Alzheimer Disease, Substance-Related Disorders, tau Proteins, Phosphorylation, Biomarkers, Cognitive Dysfunction", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40806766\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Oxidative Stress,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3060, "title": "Psilocybin triggers an activity-dependent rewiring of large-scale cortical networks", "normalized_title": "psilocybin triggers an activity dependent rewiring of large scale cortical networks", "authors": "Jiang Q, Shao L, Yao S, Savalia NK, Gilbert AD, Davoudian PA, Nothnagel JD, Tian G, Hung TS, Lai H, Beier KT, Zeng H, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "SUMMARY Psilocybin holds promise as a treatment for mental illnesses. One dose of psilocybin induces structural remodeling of dendritic spines in the medial frontal cortex in mice. The dendritic spines would be innervated by presynaptic neurons, but the sources of these inputs have not been identified. Here, using monosynaptic rabies tracing, we map the brain-wide distribution of inputs to frontal cortical pyramidal neurons. We discover that psilocybin’s effect on connectivity is network-specific: strengthening the routing of inputs from perceptual and medial regions (homolog of default mode network) to subcortical targets, while weakening inputs that are part of cortico-cortical recurrent loops. The pattern of synaptic reorganization depends on the drug-evoked spiking activity, because silencing a presynaptic region during psilocybin administration disrupts the rewiring. Collectively, the results reveal the impact of psilocybin on the connectivity of large-scale cortical networks and demonstrate neural activity modulation as an approach to sculpt the psychedelic-evoked neural plasticity.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-08-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.08.06.668927", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.06.668927", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1065205\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Default Mode Network,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 573, "title": "Psychedelics and the Gut Microbiome: Unraveling the Interplay and Therapeutic Implications.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and the gut microbiome unraveling the interplay and therapeutic implications", "authors": "Wang X, Jun F, Lin C, Wang X", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics and the gut microbiome interact bidirectionally through mechanisms involving 5-HT receptor signaling, neuroplasticity, and microbial metabolism. This viewpoint highlights how psychedelics may reshape microbiota and how microbes influence psychedelic efficacy, proposing microbiome-informed strategies─such as probiotics or dietary interventions─to personalize and enhance psychedelic-based mental health therapies.", "journal": "ACS chemical neuroscience", "publication_date": "2025-08-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00418", "pubmed_id": "40631920", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40631920/", "keywords": "Gut Microbiome, Gut−Brain Axis, Inflammation, Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40631920\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Microbiome,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 571, "title": "Improved mental health outcomes and normalised spontaneous EEG activity in veterans reporting a history of traumatic brain injuries following participation in a psilocybin retreat.", "normalized_title": "improved mental health outcomes and normalised spontaneous eeg activity in veterans reporting a history of traumatic brain injuries following participation in a psilocybin retreat", "authors": "Blest-Hopley G, Pasculli G, Ruffell SGD, Tsang W, Emmanuel O, Pate KM, Kettner H, Roseman L, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, has shown therapeutic potential in treating mental health disorders by, amongst the many effects, promoting neuroplasticity and reorganising functional connectivity across cortical and subcortical networks involved in emotion and cognition. Veterans with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) often experience chronic neurological and psychological symptoms such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. This study investigates the effects of psilocybin administered in retreat settings on veterans with a history of TBI, focusing on mental health outcomes and changes in brain connectivity as measured by EEG.MethodsA total of 21 participants were recruited through the Heroic Hearts Project, which facilitated access to two six-day psilocybin retreats in Jamaica. Before the retreat, participants underwent three individual and three group coaching sessions to prepare for the experience. During the retreat, two psilocybin ceremonies were held, spaced 48 hours apart. Participants received an initial dose of 1.5g to 3.5g of dried psilocybin mushrooms, with the option to increase the second dose up to 5g. Psilocybin was administered in a tea format, under the supervision of experienced facilitators. Psychological outcomes were assessed using validated questionnaires (PCL-5, PHQ-9, STAI) at baseline (four weeks pre-retreat) and four weeks post-retreat. Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to measure brainwave activity pre- and post-treatment. Paired t-tests were used to analyze changes in psychological scores, while EEG frequency band analysis assessed changes in brain function and connectivity.ResultsImprovements were observed across several mental health measures: PTSD (PCL-5 scores decreased by 50%, p=0.010), depression (PHQ-9 scores decreased by 65%, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1594307", "pubmed_id": "40842948", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1594307", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40842948\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Emotional Processing,Veterans", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 417, "title": "Between enhancement and risk: A critical review of psychedelic microdosing.", "normalized_title": "between enhancement and risk a critical review of psychedelic microdosing", "authors": "Totomanova I, Haijen ECHM, Hurks PPM, Ramaekers JG, Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "Microdosing psychedelics, the regular use of low doses of LSD or psilocybin, have attracted growing public and scientific interest. This review synthesizes findings from 57 human studies on psychological and physiological outcomes in clinical and non-clinical populations. Reported benefits include improved mood, enhanced cognition, social functioning, and mental health, although findings are inconsistent and largely self-reported. Adverse effects such as anxiety, physical discomfort, and cognitive disruption are also frequently reported. Outcomes appear to be highly individual and shaped by user expectations, context, and baseline state. Notably, many experimental studies focus on the acute effects of single low doses, whereas observational studies reflect repeated use and generally report more benefits, while experimental trials tend to yield more null findings. Differences between observational and experimental findings highlight the need for rigorous, placebo-controlled research. While microdosing shows potential in some studies, current evidence remains inconclusive and warrants caution.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102129", "pubmed_id": "40834796", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102129", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Affect, Cognition, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40834796\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Microdosing,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 574, "title": "Neurobiology of psilocybin: a comprehensive overview and comparative analysis of experimental models.", "normalized_title": "neurobiology of psilocybin a comprehensive overview and comparative analysis of experimental models", "authors": "Adeyinka D, Forsyth D, Currie S, Faraone N.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a compound found in Psilocybe mushrooms, is emerging as a promising treatment for neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder. Its potential therapeutic effects stem from promoting neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and neuroplasticity, key factors in brain health. Psilocybin could help combat mild neurodegeneration by increasing synaptic density and supporting neuronal growth. With low risk for addiction and adverse effects, it presents a safe option for long-term use, setting it apart from traditional treatments. Despite their relatively simpler neuronal networks, studies using animal models, such as Drosophila and fish, have provided essential insights on the efficacy and mechanism of action of psilocybin. These models provide foundational information that guides more focused investigations, facilitating high-throughput screening, enabling researchers to quickly explore the compound's effects on neural development, behavior, and underlying genetic pathways. While mammalian models are indispensable for comprehensive studies on psilocybin's pharmacokinetics and its nuanced interactions within the complex nervous systems, small non-mammalian models remain valuable for identifying promising targets and mechanisms at early research stages. Together, these animal systems offer a complementary approach to drive rapid hypothesis generation to refine our understanding of psilocybin as a candidate for not only halting but potentially reversing neurodegenerative processes. This integrative strategy highlights the transformative potential of psilocybin in addressing neurodegenerative disorders, leveraging both small and mammalian models to achieve translational research success.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fnsys.2025.1585367", "pubmed_id": "40894380", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2025.1585367", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40894380\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Animal Study,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 531, "title": "A dose of therapy with psilocybin - A meta-analysis of the relationship between the amount of therapy hours and treatment outcomes in psychedelic-assisted therapy.", "normalized_title": "a dose of therapy with psilocybin a meta analysis of the relationship between the amount of therapy hours and treatment outcomes in psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Hultgren J, Hafsteinsson MH, Brulin JG.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has shown promising effects in treating depressive symptoms, but the role of the therapeutic component remains unclear. While most research has focused on the pharmacological effects of psilocybin, the contribution of therapy has been largely overlooked.ObjectiveThis meta-analysis investigated whether the amount of therapy hours provided is associated with treatment outcomes in psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression.MethodsA systematic search of PubMed and PsycINFO yielded 1095 records. Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria, providing sufficient data for analysis. A meta-regression was conducted to assess the relationship between therapy hours and treatment outcomes.ResultsThe overall treatment effect was large both in the short-term (Cohen's d = 1.69) and long-term follow-up (Cohen's d = 2.10). However, no significant association was found between the number of therapy hours and outcome in either the short-term (b = -0.05, p =.327) or long-term (b = -0.07, p =.340) analyses. All of the included studies provided some degree of therapy (4.5-18 h).ConclusionsOur findings did not support that the amount of therapy hours influence depressive outcomes in PAT. However, this interpretation should be made with caution due to small sample sizes, heterogeneity, and poor reporting of the therapeutic component across studies. Future research should apply greater methodological rigor and standardized reporting of therapy to clarify its role in PAT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.07.020", "pubmed_id": "40782561", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.07.020", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin, Duration of Therapy, Outcome Assessment, Health Care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40782561\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 576, "title": "Latent Classes of Lifetime Use of Seven Hallucinogens in the United States.", "normalized_title": "latent classes of lifetime use of seven hallucinogens in the united states", "authors": "Meacham MC, Mian MN, Wang RC, Coker AR, Anderson BT, Montoy JCC.", "abstract": "Interest in and use of hallucinogens appears to be growing in the United States, yet less is known about the use of multiple hallucinogens. The aims of this study are to characterize subgroups of lifetime hallucinogen use and to identify sociodemographic correlates of these subgroups. Latent class models were fit using 2021-2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) data on a sub-sample of individuals who reported having ever used any hallucinogen (n = 17,977). A four-class model identified the following subgroup classes: Psilocybin (16%), LSD/Psilocybin (46%), Ecstasy (23%), and a fourth class (15%) labeled Multiple substances, with high probabilities of use of psilocybin, LCD, and ecstasy, in addition to moderate probabilities of use of other hallucinogens. In survey-weighted multinomial logistic regression analyses, compared to the Psilocybin class, the adjusted odds of being in the LSD/Psilocybin class increased with age-group level (AORs = 1.5-6.4, 95% CIs:1.3-8.7), and non-White participants had higher odds of being in the Ecstasy class (AORs = 1.7-3.2, 95% CIs:1.1-4.4). As policies regulating and clinical practice with hallucinogens continue to evolve, these patterns of lifetime hallucinogen use demonstrate the overlapping nature of hallucinogen experiences in the U.S. population, which has implications for expanding clinical trial inclusion criteria and establishing a baseline for future trends.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2537040", "pubmed_id": "40760833", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2537040", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40760833\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 575, "title": "Therapeutic and legal aspects of psilocybin in cancer-related depression.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic and legal aspects of psilocybin in cancer related depression", "authors": "Małgorzata W, Kopczyk R, Gerlach A, Rymaszewska J.", "abstract": "Depression prevalence is markedly elevated in oncological patients, particularly among head and neck cancer (HNC) cohorts, who face twice the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to other cancer populations. MDD in this context independently predicts poorer clinical outcomes and increased morbidity. HNC management often involves acute surgical interventions with disfiguring effects, creating a narrow therapeutic window for conventional antidepressants requiring weeks to achieve efficacy. Psychological interventions face similar time constraints, complicating perioperative mental health support. Psilocybin - metabolized to psilocin - modulates serotonin (5-HT2A) and dopamine receptors, demonstrating rapid antidepressant effects within hours rather than weeks. Clinical trials validate its superiority over escitalopram in MDD treatment and efficacy in PTSD and treatment-resistant depression. Despite these benefits, no studies explore perioperative applications in HNC patients. Psilocybin lacks international scheduling under UN conventions, permitting variable national policies: Australia - MDMA/psilocybin prescriptions (2023), USA - Insurance billing codes (2024), Portugal - Decriminalized, South Africa - Prescription medicine. In Polish Context psilocybin remains restricted to research settings, classified as a Group I-P substance under the 1971 Psychotropic Convention. This legal framework complicates clinical implementation despite emerging evidence of therapeutic potential. The critical challenge lies in reconciling psilocybin's rapid antidepressant properties with regulatory barriers, particularly for HNC patients requiring immediate psychiatric support post-surgery. Interdisciplinary collaboration between oncologists, psychiatrists, and policymakers is essential to design ethical clinical pathways under current legislative constraints.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1591864", "pubmed_id": "40831528", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1591864", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40831528\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 577, "title": "Interventions to support spirituality among adults with cancer: a scoping review.", "normalized_title": "interventions to support spirituality among adults with cancer a scoping review", "authors": "Miller M, Meyers M, Krainak K, Lewis SP.", "abstract": "PurposeSpirituality is a core component of holistic cancer care, yet additional support is needed to understand and implement spirituality-focused interventions in practice. The aim of this review was to identify available interventions to address spirituality among people with cancer, to explore common components, and to examine efficacy across interventions.MethodsA scoping review was conducted. Research questions and criteria were formulated at the outset, followed by identifying relevant publications, charting data, and collating results. Upon identification of available interventions, each was examined for its components and efficacy.ResultsN = 26 publications were included, representing N = 21 unique interventions. While each intervention varied, they often included key components of prayer, mindfulness/meditation practices, and facilitated sessions with trained spiritual and/or palliative care providers. The effects of interventions varied, with some studies reporting positive outcomes and others reporting mixed effects or no significant changes. Notably, individually focused spiritual support interventions were found to increase hope, spiritual well-being, meaning, self-transcendence, and faith; spiritual group therapy interventions were found to increase spiritual health and spiritual well-being (meaning, peace, and faith); mindfulness-based cancer recovery groups were found to increase spiritual well-being; and psilocybin-assisted therapy yielded improvements in spiritual well-being, faith, and connection.ConclusionsThis review offers a novel examination of interventions focused on enhancing spirituality in cancer care. Given spirituality's central role among many patients and the well-documented desire for spiritual support, future research should clarify which interventions are most effective and under what conditions, to support translation of high-quality spiritual care interventions into practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-08-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00520-025-09787-x", "pubmed_id": "40751754", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-025-09787-x", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Spiritual Therapies, Palliative Care, Spirituality, Adult, Mindfulness", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40751754\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3715, "title": "The Impact of Communicating the Benefits and Safety of Psilocybin on Policy Support: a Survey Based Experiment.", "normalized_title": "the impact of communicating the benefits and safety of psilocybin on policy support a survey based experiment", "authors": "Hitchins K, Reynolds JP.", "abstract": "BackgroundPreliminary evidence suggests psilocybin may have therapeutic value for various mental health conditions; despite this, it is currently illegal in the UK. Less is known about how people form their attitudes towards psilocybin policies.ObjectivesTo explore whether beliefs about the benefits and safety of psilocybin influence support for psilocybin policies.MethodsIn an online survey experiment, 804 participants were randomised to receive one of four interventions in a 2 (no information vs evidence for psilocybin benefits) x 2 (no information vs evidence for psilocybin safety) design. Public support for four psilocybin policies and beliefs about the benefits and safety of psilocybin were measured before and after participants were randomised to a group.ResultsIn a two-way ANCOVA, the Benefits Intervention significantly increased policy support overall (d = 0.11, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104909", "pubmed_id": "40743946", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104909", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Drug and Narcotic Control, Public Opinion, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, United Kingdom, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40743946\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Longevity,Observational Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3270, "title": "519. PSILOCYBIN ASSISTED PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER, BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER, AND ANOREXIA NERVOSA: STUDY PROTOCOL", "normalized_title": "519 psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for obsessive compulsive disorder body dysmorphic disorder and anorexia nervosa study protocol", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12359785", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12359785\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3265, "title": "631. PSILOCYBIN AND KETANSERIN VS RTMS IN TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION: ENHANCING TOLERABILITY BY MITIGATING PSYCHEDELIC EFFECTS", "normalized_title": "631 psilocybin and ketanserin vs rtms in treatment resistant depression enhancing tolerability by mitigating psychedelic effects", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12359594", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12359594\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3264, "title": "317. PSILOCYBIN DOES NOT INDUCE CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE, BUT MODIFIES BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS", "normalized_title": "317 psilocybin does not induce conditioned place preference but modifies behavioral patterns in sprague dawley rats", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12359800", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12359800\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3263, "title": "164. PSILOCYBIN DURING THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD INDUCES LONG-LASTING ADVERSE EFFECTS IN BOTH MOTHERS AND OFFSPRING", "normalized_title": "164 psilocybin during the postpartum period induces long lasting adverse effects in both mothers and offspring", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12359495", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12359495\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3257, "title": "620. IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD BIOMARKERS OF PSILOCYBIN-ASSISTED THERAPY TREATMENT RESPONSE FOR GENERALISED ANXIETY DISORDER", "normalized_title": "620 identification of blood biomarkers of psilocybin assisted therapy treatment response for generalised anxiety disorder", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12359512", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12359512\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3256, "title": "426. THE MGLUR2/3 ANTAGONIST ENHANCES THE BEHAVIORAL AND CELLULAR ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS OF PSILOCYBIN AND SCOPOLAMINE", "normalized_title": "426 the mglur2 3 antagonist enhances the behavioral and cellular antidepressant like effects of psilocybin and scopolamine", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12359596", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12359596\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3237, "title": "694. INVESTIGATING THE POTENTIAL OF PSILOCYBIN FOR COMPULSIVE EATING IN A RAT MODEL OF BINGE EATING", "normalized_title": "694 investigating the potential of psilocybin for compulsive eating in a rat model of binge eating", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12359587", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12359587\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3236, "title": "363. DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF PSILOCYBIN AND LISURIDE ON SEROTONIN AND DOPAMINE NEURONAL ACTIVITY AND BEHAVIOR", "normalized_title": "363 differential effects of psilocybin and lisuride on serotonin and dopamine neuronal activity and behavior", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12359530", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12359530\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3235, "title": "229. PSILOCYBIN WITH PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC SUPPORT FOR TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION: A PILOT CLINICAL TRIAL", "normalized_title": "229 psilocybin with psychotherapeutic support for treatment resistant depression a pilot clinical trial", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12359778", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12359778\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3225, "title": "205. SYNERGISTIC BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROPLASTIC EFFECTS OF PSILOCYBIN-NMDAR MODULATOR ADMINISTRATION", "normalized_title": "205 synergistic behavioral and neuroplastic effects of psilocybin nmdar modulator administration", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12359736", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12359736\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3224, "title": "564. TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE THERAPEUTICALLY RELEVANT MECHANISMS OF PSILOCYBIN FOR ANOREXIA NERVOSA", "normalized_title": "564 toward an understanding of the therapeutically relevant mechanisms of psilocybin for anorexia nervosa", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12359394", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12359394\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3215, "title": "476. ACUTE AND CHRONIC PSILOCYBIN IN MOUSE MODELS OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS", "normalized_title": "476 acute and chronic psilocybin in mouse models of psychiatric disorders", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12359791", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12359791\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3213, "title": "597. ARE SIDE EFFECTS NECESSARY FOR ANTIDEPRESSIVE TREATMENT: THE PSILOCYBIN EXPERIENCE", "normalized_title": "597 are side effects necessary for antidepressive treatment the psilocybin experience", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12359505", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC12359505\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 592, "title": "Motivation and retrospective appraisal of psychedelic study participation: a qualitative study in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "motivation and retrospective appraisal of psychedelic study participation a qualitative study in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Ley L, Liechti ME, Becker AM, Straumann I, Klaiber A, Holze F, Vogt SB, Arikci D, Schmid Y", "abstract": "Little is known about motives of healthy volunteers to participate in psychedelic trials and how they appraise their study experience retrospectively. This paper explored reasons why healthy people register for psychedelic trials, factors that they considered to contribute to either positive or negative study experiences, and under which circumstances they would seek a psychedelic experience again. This study used the data of 151 healthy volunteers who had ingested serotonergic psychedelics in one of six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trials at the same research site under similar conditions. The data were analyzed through qualitative content analysis. The predominant motivations to participate in a trial were interest in psychedelics and an appealing setting. Expectations involved personal development and the occurrence of typical psychedelic effects. Hopes included transformative processes. The setting factors that promoted a positive experience were music and access to nature, whereas the sterile hospital environment was considered bothersome. Most participants valued the trusting relationship with their investigator. The most commonly criticized investigator characteristics were a perceived lack of support and investigator-induced psychological discomfort. Most participants considered their expectations exceeded and would take the study substances again, preferably in a setting in nature with friends. This paper identified four pivotal factors to be considered for psychedelic study experiences: (1) a secure interpersonal relationship, (2) an aesthetically pleasing environment, (3) access to nature, and (4) the use of music. This analysis reveals subjective views of volunteers in psychedelic Phase-I trials and may improve research standards.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06772-4", "pubmed_id": "40140019", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40140019/", "keywords": "Appraisal, Dimethyltryptamine, Healthy volunteers, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Mescaline, Motivation, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40140019\"}", "topic_tags": "Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 582, "title": "Treatment approaches and efficacy in psychedelic-induced psychosis: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "treatment approaches and efficacy in psychedelic induced psychosis a systematic review", "authors": "Sulstarova A, Scheuerlein L, Monari S, Seragnoli F, Gabriel T, Preller K, Böge K, Sentissi O, Kaiser S, Solmi M, Kirschner M, Sabé M", "abstract": "Psychedelics are increasingly used in the general population, yet they are associated with increased risk of psychosis in a minority of users that can experience psychedelic-induced psychosis (", "journal": "Asian journal of psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104604", "pubmed_id": "40614615", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40614615/", "keywords": "Antipsychotics, Hallucinogens, Haloperidol, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychosis, Risperidone", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40614615\"}", "topic_tags": "Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 580, "title": "Psilocybin as Transformative Fast-Acting Antidepressant: Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as transformative fast acting antidepressant pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms", "authors": "Adebo M, Bonnet M, Laouej O, Defaix C, McGowan JC, Butlen-Ducuing F, David DJ, Poupon E, Tritschler L, Gardier AM.", "abstract": "In the 1950s-60s, serotonergic psychedelic drugs were studied as potential adjuvants to psychotherapy to treat addiction and alcoholism. However, starting in the 70s, preclinical and clinical studies on psychedelics stopped for decades because legislation controlled its recreational use, citing their hallucinogenic and psychotomimetic effects, as well as their abuse potential. Amazingly, we are witnessing an impressive return of these drugs due to recent clinical trials suggesting a therapeutic potential of psychedelics, among them psilocybin, for treating patients with depression resistant to conventional antidepressant drugs. Yet, their underlying mechanisms of action remain incompletely elucidated. This review provides an update on seminal clinical trials using psilocybin, as well as preclinical work uncovering the pharmacological properties and experimental pharmacology of psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin. These drugs are primarily serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists. Although there is a consensus that 5-HT2AR activation mediates its psychedelic effects in human and rodent models of anxiety/depression, its role in psilocin's antidepressant effects remains controversial. This review also provides an overview of neurotransmitter systems, neuroplasticity, and neural circuits activated by psilocin. Further research in developing effective antidepressants for depression is prescient now more than ever, as according to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression will be the main cause of disability in 2030. Understanding the mechanisms through which psilocybin/psilocin would be an effective antidepressant is crucial to ultimately validate its therapeutic potential when combined with SSRIs/SNRIs in mood disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/fcp.70038", "pubmed_id": "40670864", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/fcp.70038", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40670864\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 579, "title": "Correction to \"Acceptability of psilocybin-assisted group therapy in patients with cancer and major depressive disorder: Qualitative analysis\".", "normalized_title": "correction to acceptability of psilocybin assisted group therapy in patients with cancer and major depressive disorder qualitative analysis", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/cncr.70003", "pubmed_id": "40679122", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.70003", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40679122\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 597, "title": "Psychedelic Treatment with Psilocybin: Addressing Medical Malpractice Risk and Physicians' Concerns.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic treatment with psilocybin addressing medical malpractice risk and physicians concerns", "authors": "Cheung K, Brodie M, Chang SL, Deschamps P, Fallu JS, Farzin H, Hébert J, Stephan JF, Dorval M, Joly Y, P3A Study Group.", "abstract": "Psychedelic treatment with psilocybin is receiving increased attention following clinical trials showing it may help treat end-of-life anxiety, depression, and several other conditions. Despite this, physicians may be reluctant to prescribe psilocybin and carry out psilocybin treatment because of the stigma surrounding psychedelics and the potential for medical malpractice liability. This paper explores whether psilocybin treatment gives rise to a risk of medical malpractice liability for physicians. Following an overview of psilocybin treatment and its regulatory regime in Canada, exploratory vignettes are used to highlight the relevance and limits of malpractice claims. This paper argues that the lack of established medical standards, standardized training, and credentialing contribute to liability risks surrounding psilocybin treatment. More clinical trials, meta-studies of research analyses, and knowledge sharing will help to develop training programs and medical standards of practice to better realize psilocybin's potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/jme.2025.10109", "pubmed_id": "40739983", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/jme.2025.10109", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40739983\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 596, "title": "Implementing psychedelic-assisted therapy: History and characteristics of the Swiss limited medical use program.", "normalized_title": "implementing psychedelic assisted therapy history and characteristics of the swiss limited medical use program", "authors": "Liechti ME, Gasser P, Aicher HD, Mueller F, Hawrot T, Schmid Y.", "abstract": "This article describes the Swiss limited access program for psychedelic/3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy. The Swiss Federal Office of Public Health can issue authorizations for the limited medical use of otherwise prohibited substances. To be eligible, patients suffer from a mostly incurable disease, the prohibited substance can alleviate the suffering, and there are no alternative treatments, or such treatments have already extensively been used with insufficient outcome. The current program started in 2014 with two physicians. In 2024, there were approximately 100 physicians who held authorizations to treat 723 patients with MDMA (245 patients), lysergic acid diethylamide (130 patients), or psilocybin (348 patients). There were approximately 1660 psychedelic/MDMA-assisted treatments in 2024, with patients typically being treated 2-4 times with the respective substance within 12 months. Various aspects of the program, including its history, provider characteristics and setting, legal requirements, treatment cost, the role of professional societies, education and continuous formation, personal experience, patient characteristics, outcome, and adverse effects, are described and discussed relative to other recently established programs in Canada and Australia. Such information could be of interest to psychedelic-assisted therapy stakeholders, including professionals, patients, and regulatory bodies that are considering setting up similar restricted access programs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105525", "pubmed_id": "40800003", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105525", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40800003\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 216, "title": "Psilocybin Prolongs the Neurovascular Coupling Response in Mouse Visual Cortex", "normalized_title": "psilocybin prolongs the neurovascular coupling response in mouse visual cortex", "authors": "Zirkel RT, Isaacson M, Liao C, Yi M, Yamaguchi K, Rivera D, Kuceyeski A, Nishimura N, Kwan AC, Schaffer CB.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has profound therapeutic potential for various mental health disorders, but its mechanisms of action are unknown. Functional MRI studies have reported the effects of psilocybin on brain activity and connectivity; however, these measurements rely on neurovascular coupling to infer neural activity changes and assume that blood flow responses to neural activity are not altered by psilocybin. Using two-photon excited fluorescence imaging in the visual cortex of awake mice to simultaneously measure neural activity and capillary blood flow dynamics, we found that psilocybin administration prolonged the increase in visual stimulus-evoked capillary blood flow - an effect which was reduced by pretreatment with a 5-HT2A R antagonist - despite not causing changes in the stimulus-evoked neural response. Multi-modal widefield imaging also showed that psilocybin extends the stimulus-evoked vascular responses in surface vessels with no observed effect on the population neural response. Computational simulation with a whole-brain neural mass model showed that prolonged neurovascular coupling responses can lead to spurious increases in BOLD-based measures of functional connectivity. Together, these findings demonstrate that psilocybin broadens neurovascular responses in the brain and highlights the importance of accounting for these effects when interpreting human neuroimaging data of psychedelic drug action.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.07.25.666803", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.25.666803", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1057821\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3312, "title": "Meditation, Psychedelics, and Brain Connectivity: A Randomised Controlled Resting-State fMRI Study of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine and Harmine in a Meditation Retreat", "normalized_title": "meditation psychedelics and brain connectivity a randomised controlled resting state fmri study of n n dimethyltryptamine and harmine in a meditation retreat", "authors": "Egger K, Meling D, Polat F, Seifritz E, Avram M, Scheidegger M.", "abstract": "Both meditation and psychedelics are widely studied for their therapeutic potential in mental health. Recent research suggests potential synergies between mindfulness practice and psychedelics, though empirical studies have primarily focused on psilocybin. This study investigates the distinct and combined effects of mindfulness practice and an ayahuasca-inspired formulation containing N,N -dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmine on brain functional connectivity (FC), with implications for advancing clinical interventions. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmaco-fMRI study, 40 meditation practitioners participated in a three-day meditation retreat. They were randomized to receive either placebo or buccal DMT-harmine (120 mg each) and underwent fMRI scans two days before and after administration. Neural changes were assessed using multiple connectivity metrics, including within- and between-network connectivity, network and global connectivity, and cortical gradient analyses. Within-group changes showed that meditators in the placebo group exhibited increased network segregation across several resting-state networks, while the DMT-harmine group showed increased FC within the visual network (VIS) and between VIS and attention networks. Between-group differences similarly showed increased FC between VIS and the salience network (SAL) in the DMT-harmine group compared to placebo post-retreat. No evidence of prolonged cortical gradient disruption, which is characteristic of acute psychedelic action, was observed. This suggests a return to typical brain organization shortly after the experience. These findings reveal distinct neural mechanisms underlying meditation and psychedelic-augmented meditation. While meditation alone reduced FC between networks, DMT-harmine increased within- and between-network connectivity. Given the potential of meditation and psychedelics for improving mental health, further exploration of their synergistic potential in clinical contexts is warranted. This study advances the understanding of how psychedelics and mindfulness practice shape brain function, offering insights into their complementary roles in emotional and psychological well-being.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.07.30.25332422", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.30.25332422", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1058004\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 431, "title": "Age- and estrous-dependent effects of psilocybin in rats.", "normalized_title": "age and estrous dependent effects of psilocybin in rats", "authors": "Zylko AL, Rakoczy RJ, Roberts BF, Wilson M, Powell A, Page A, Heitkamp M, Feist D, Jones JA, McMurray MS.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound in \"magic\" mushrooms, has promise as a novel treatment for psychiatric disorders, many of which are more prevalent in females and have onsets during adolescence. However, there is a lack of research about how factors such as sex and age affect responses to psilocybin, as well as potential safety concerns with developmental exposure. The primary objectives of this preclinical study were to determine if psilocybin-induced head twitch responses differ between adolescent and adult rats, and if estrous phase contributes to variation in female head twitch responses. Secondarily, this study sought to determine if treatment with psilocybin during adolescence has long-term effects on anxiety-associated behaviors and behavioral flexibility. Results showed that 1 mg/kg intragastric psilocybin failed to elicit head twitch responses in adolescents (P35 and P45) but elicited robust responses in adult rats. Further, adolescent psilocybin exposure did not cause long-term differences in performance on the elevated zero maze or probabilistic reversal learning tasks. Lastly, adult females in diestrus showed increased head twitch responses after 1 mg/kg psilocybin compared to females in proestrus. Collectively, these results highlight the existence of age- and sex-dependent differences in the effects of psychedelics, while finding no long-term effects on selected behaviors after adolescent exposure. These findings have implications on psychedelic study design, emphasizing the need for inclusive research considering age, sex, and hormonal status.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110619", "pubmed_id": "40744407", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110619", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Hallucinogens, Maze Learning, Reversal Learning, Age Factors, Estrous Cycle, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40744407\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Animal Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 73, "title": "Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy Among Patients with Advanced Cancer and Depression: Rationale and Preliminary Evaluation of MCP-PSIL.", "normalized_title": "meaning centered psychotherapy for psilocybin assisted therapy among patients with advanced cancer and depression rationale and preliminary evaluation of mcp psil", "authors": "Rosa WE, Napolitano S, McAndrew N, Jenkins B, Lichtenthal WG, Applebaum AJ, Breitbart W, Agrawal M.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin shows encouraging outcomes for patients with cancer and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, there is insufficient evidence on the use of evidence-based psychotherapeutic interventions to consistently guide and standardize psilocybin preparation, dosing, and integration. Meaning-centered psychotherapy (MCP) is a manualized, brief psychotherapeutic intervention that enhances meaning and purpose among recipients. This article substantiates the rationale for using MCP as a psychotherapeutic intervention to accompany psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with psilocybin for patients with cancer and MDD.Materials and methodsWe sampled seven patients with cancer and MDD who previously received PAT with psilocybin followed by group MCP in a phase 2 open-label trial, as well as six therapists who delivered the interventions. First, electronic open-ended response surveys were distributed to explore participant experiences during the phase 2 trial and elicit recommendations to adapt MCP for psilocybin. Second, the research team developed a 5-session model of MCP and psilocybin therapy (MCP-PSIL) based on survey responses. Finally, four focus groups were conducted (two with patients and two with therapists) to expand on patient experiences during the phase 2 trial and gather feedback on MCP-PSIL.ResultsSeven patients (ages 53-80 years) and six therapists (mental health professional experience ranging 9-44 years) participated in both surveys and focus groups. Focus groups underscored the value of experiences related to psilocybin, the group, and MCP, as distinct elements and in conjunction. Participants shared key recommendations to enhance combined psilocybin and MCP experiences and the 5-session MCP-PSIL model. The importance of the group format was also emphasized while noting that individual MCP may be indicated in certain circumstances.ConclusionFindings suggest that MCP is a natural therapeutic partner to guide patients throughout the PAT continuum. As MCP-PSIL is tested in the future, we anticipate MCP will leverage the PAT experience by building therapist capacity to optimize care while reducing avoidable distress for patients and maximizing their meaning-making opportunities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/28314425251363983", "pubmed_id": "42311441", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251363983", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"42311441\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Aging,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3054, "title": "Electrophysiological effects of psilocybin co-administered with midazolam", "normalized_title": "electrophysiological effects of psilocybin co administered with midazolam", "authors": "Sutherland MH, Nicholas CR, Lennertz RC, Wenthur CJ, Krause BM, Sauder CJ, Riedner BA, Smith RF, Hutson PR, Raison CL, Banks MI.", "abstract": "The serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin induces neural plasticity and profoundly alters consciousness. The benzodiazepine midazolam blunts neural plasticity and induces conscious sedation and amnesia at low doses. In our recent open label pilot study, we administered oral psilocybin (25 mg) along with intravenous midazolam at doses allowing a full psychedelic experience while blunting memory for the experience. We previously reported preliminary results from high density scalp electroencephalography (EEG) recorded during the dosing session. Here, we examined changes in EEG band power, normalized Lempel Ziv complexity (LZCn), and spectral exponent. We used linear mixed effects models that incorporated time and the subjective effects of midazolam and psilocybin, measured with the Observer’s Assessment of Arousal and Sedation (OAA/S) and selected items from the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire, respectively. At 15-30 mins, when midazolam (but likely not psilocybin) was at its targeted effect site concentration, we observed increased beta power and decreased spectral exponent. As the subjective effects of psilocybin commenced and over the next six hours, we observed increased LZCn and spectral exponent and decreased broadband power. OAA/S improved model fits for alpha power while ASC improved model fits for LZCn and spectral exponent. These data are further evidence that the effects of psilocybin are maintained in the presence of midazolam, supporting its utility in mechanistic studies of psilocybin’s therapeutic activity.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.07.25.666887", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.25.666887", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1058017\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 599, "title": "Psilocybin in the treatment of eating disorders: a systematic review of the literature and registered clinical trials.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in the treatment of eating disorders a systematic review of the literature and registered clinical trials", "authors": "Bevione F, Lacidogna MC, Lavalle R, Abbate Daga G, Preti A.", "abstract": "BackgroundFluoxetine remains the only pharmacological treatment approved for Bulimia Nervosa, and no other drugs have been approved for eating disorders (EDs). The rationale for exploring psilocybin as a treatment for EDs is compelling, both from biological and psychological perspectives. Moreover, its safety profile in healthy individuals appears favorable. This systematic review aims to examine original research articles and registered clinical trials to assess the current psilocybin's therapeutic potential in EDs.MethodsSystematic review following the indications of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), and the Cochrane Library from inception until 29 July 2024, with key terms: \"psilocybin\" and \"eating disorders\". Quality was assessed through the Quality Assessment Tool for Before-After (Pre-Post) Studies With No Control Group released by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). We performed an additional search on the registry of clinical trials available at the website https://clinicaltrials.gov.ResultsTwo studies met the inclusion criteria for our analysis. The first was an open-label feasibility study involving 10 individuals with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), without a control group. The second was a single case report describing the use of psilocybin in a person with AN. In addition, six registered clinical trials of psilocybin in individuals with EDs were identified.ConclusionsThe initial evidence shows that psilocybin might be safe and well-tolerated in AN. The promising results and the need for tests in enlarged samples encourage further research on psilocybin in EDs.Level of evidence viiiEvidence from nonrandomized controlled clinical trials, nonrandomized clinical trials, cohort studies, case series, case reports, and individual qualitative studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s40519-025-01771-y", "pubmed_id": "40730892", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-025-01771-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Clinical Trials as Topic, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40730892\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3691, "title": "Outpatient Buprenorphine Induction With Psilocybin for Opioid Use Disorder: a Randomized Double-blind Trial", "normalized_title": "outpatient buprenorphine induction with psilocybin for opioid use disorder a randomized double blind trial", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This study will examine the effect of a single high dose of psilocybin therapy (30 mg) versus a very low dose (1 mg) as an adjunctive therapy to individuals undergoing standard-of-care outpatient buprenorphine treatment for Opioid use disorder (OUD). The participants will have previously undergone buprenorphine induction before. Effects of adjunctive psilocybin will be determined for longitudinal outcomes of opioid abstinence, compliance with outpatient buprenorphine maintenance, quality of life, and mood. The proposed study is a double-blind, controlled investigation of the effect of 1 high-dose psilocybin (30 mg) session compared to a very low dose session (1 mg) in the period immediately following standard-of-care outpatient buprenorphine induction on drug abstinence, quality of life, craving, tobacco use, and treatment retention in healthy participants with an active OUD diagnosis and a history of being prescribed buprenorphine previously. Use of buprenorphine is standard of care for OUD, and the investigators are investigating the additive power of adjunctive psilocybin to enhance opioid abstinence, treatment adherence, quality of life, and mood. Of note, this trial is designed with a parallel and complementary structure to IRB00344281 (BIPOD: Buprenorphine Induction with Psilocybin for Opioid use Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial\"). The current proposed trial (\"BIPOD-Out\") differs in that it is tailored specifically to identify participants who have previously been prescribed and tolerated buprenorphine but subsequently relapsed. The study will recruit participants who have very recently (past 3 weeks) undergone standard of care outpatient buprenorphine induction or are interested in undergoing buprenorphine induction by a study team physician and offer experimental psilocybin administration, as utilized in several other studies at this center. As noted above (and unlike in IRB00344281), participants naïve to buprenorphine will be excluded from this study. Outpatient buprenorphine induction will be followed by an 8-week outpatient phase involving standard of care buprenorphine maintenance with participants referred to further buprenorphine treatment in the community and followed in long-term follow-up for 4 to 6 months. The study team will recruit participants who have recently (past 3 weeks) been inducted onto sublingual (SL) buprenorphine (a buprenorphine/naloxone combination product) in the outpatient setting, and also participants interested in participating in a buprenorphine induction conducted by one of the study team physicians. Once buprenorphine induction is complete and participants are deemed eligible, participants will undergo 2-4 preparatory sessions (described below), followed by an experimental drug administration session under supportive conditions, during which the participants will receive either a very low dose (1 mg) or a single high (30mg) oral dose of psilocybin under double-blind conditions. Participants will then complete an 8-week outpatient phase, during which a study team clinician will provide standard of care outpatient buprenorphine maintenance. Participants will undergo outpatient visits at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post-dosing session at the Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit for monitoring of adverse events, clinical status, treatment adherence, and to receive a weekly supply of buprenorphine. All buprenorphine procedures will be open label and will follow standard-of-care practices.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-07-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06067737", "keywords": "Opioid Use Disorder, Psilocybin, buprenorphine, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06067737\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Healthcare Workers,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3424, "title": "Modulation of Serotonin Pathways Using Psilocybin in Adults With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)", "normalized_title": "modulation of serotonin pathways using psilocybin in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder asd", "authors": "King's College London", "abstract": "This study will test the hypothesis that brain systems are differentially regulated by serotonin in individuals with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. To do this, the brain response to two single acute doses of partial serotonin (5HT)1A/2A receptor agonist psilocybin (COMP360) relative to a single dose of placebo (baseline serotonin activity) will be compared in healthy autistic and non-autistic adults. Brain function will be assessed using a range of MRI (fMRI and MRS), EEG and sensory tasks. Unimodal and multimodal analyses will be conducted. Please note that this study uses psilocybin as a probe of the serotonin system in a Case-Control science study and, following Scope protocol review, the U.K. MHRA confirmed that it is not a 'Clinical Trial of an Investigational Medicinal Product' (IMP) as defined by the EU Directive 2001/20/EC.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-07-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05651126", "keywords": "Autism Spectrum Disorder, Psilocybin 5 mg, COMP360, Psilocybin 2 mg, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05651126\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3316, "title": "Global Increases in Brain Glucose Metabolism Following Acute N,N-Dimethyltryptamine and Harmine Administration in Healthy Volunteers: An [¹⁸F]FDG-PET Study", "normalized_title": "global increases in brain glucose metabolism following acute n n dimethyltryptamine and harmine administration in healthy volunteers an ¹⁸f fdg pet study", "authors": "Egger K, Bozsak R, Aicher H, Sari H, Poetzsch S, Rominger A, Martin-Soelch C, Dornbierer D, Quednow B, Scheidegger M, Cumming P.", "abstract": "Abstract Classical psychedelics such N,N -dimethyltryptamine (DMT), psilocybin, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) modulate consciousness via serotonergic receptor agonism, and are increasingly investigated for their psychotherapeutic potential. When combined with the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitor harmine-mimicking the pharmacological profile of ayahuasca-oral DMT induces a psychedelic experience lasting 4-5 hours. While neuroimaging studies have examined changes in brain activity, connectivity, and cerebral perfusion under psychedelics, their effects on cerebral glucose metabolism remain largely unexplored. Here, we used positron emission tomography with [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([¹⁸F]FDG-PET) to assess the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose consumption (CMRglc) following buccal DMT + harmine (90 mg DMT, 120 mg harmine) versus placebo in a single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design in (n = 14) healthy males. Scans were acquired during peak drug effects, i.e., 100-170 min post-administration. Global CMRglc increased by 12% under DMT + harmine compared to placebo ( t = 2.57, p", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-07-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-7099164/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7099164/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1056074\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 600, "title": "Molecular Pathways Potentially Involved in Hallucinatory Experiences During Sleep Paralysis: The Emerging Role of β-Arrestin-2.", "normalized_title": "molecular pathways potentially involved in hallucinatory experiences during sleep paralysis the emerging role of β arrestin 2", "authors": "Rudy LM, Godlewski MM.", "abstract": "Sleep paralysis (SP), an REM parasomnia, can be characterized as one of the symptoms of narcolepsy. The SP phenomenon involves regaining meta-consciousness by the dreamer during REM, when the physiological atonia of skeletal muscles is accompanied by visual and auditory hallucinations that are perceived as vivid and distressing nightmares. Sensory impressions include personification of an unknown presence, strong chest pressure sensation, and intense fear resulting from subjective interaction with the unfolding nightmare. While the mechanism underlying skeletal muscle atonia is known, the physiology of hallucinations remains unclear. Their complex etiology involves interactions among various membrane receptor systems and neurotransmitters, which leads to altered neuronal functionality and disruptions in sensory perception. According to current knowledge, serotonergic activation of 5-hydroxytryptamine-receptor-2A (5-HT2A)-associated pathways plays a critical role in promoting hallucinogenesis during SP. Furthermore, they share similarities with psychedelic-substance-induced ones (i.e., LSD, psilocybin, and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine). These compounds also target the 5-HT2A receptor; however, their molecular mechanism varies from serotonin-induced ones. The current review discusses the intracellular signaling pathways responsible for promoting hallucinations in SP, highlighting the critical role of β-arrestin-2. We propose that the β-arrestin-2 signaling pathway does not directly induce hallucinations but creates a state of network susceptibility that facilitates their abrupt emergence in sensory areas. Understanding the molecular basis of serotonergic hallucinations and gaining better insight into 5-HT2A-receptor-dependent pathways may prove crucial in the treatment of multifactorial neuropsychiatric disorders associated with the dysfunctional activity of serotonin receptors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ijms26157233", "pubmed_id": "40806366", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157233", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinations, Sleep Paralysis, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Signal Transduction, beta-Arrestin 2", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40806366\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 555, "title": "An overview of psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, and ketamine in revitalizing psychedelic-assisted therapy: Insights, limitations and future directions.", "normalized_title": "an overview of psilocybin lsd mdma and ketamine in revitalizing psychedelic assisted therapy insights limitations and future directions", "authors": "Askariyan K, Joghataei MT, Dehghan S, Nohesara S, Riahi Pour L, Mohammadi MH, Ahmadirad N.", "abstract": "The resurgence of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy marks a pivotal evolution in mental health treatment, challenging traditional paradigms by integrating compounds such as psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, and ketamine into clinical practice. Historically marginalized due to regulatory and societal concerns, these agents are now gaining recognition for their unique neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic potential in addressing complex conditions like depression, PTSD, and addiction. Unlike conventional treatments, psychedelics exert their effects primarily through modulation of serotonin receptors and brain network connectivity, with each substance demonstrating distinct pharmacological profiles and clinical applications. Notably, psilocybin and LSD share serotonergic pathways but differ in receptor specificity and subjective effects, while MDMA's empathogenic properties and ketamine's rapid antidepressant action offer alternative therapeutic avenues. Recent FDA breakthrough therapy designations for psilocybin and MDMA underscore a shift toward evidence-based acceptance, yet the field remains challenged by methodological limitations, regulatory barriers, and ethical considerations. This narrative review synthesizes historical developments, mechanistic insights, and clinical outcomes, emphasizing the need for rigorous research, diverse patient cohorts, and thoughtful integration of psychedelics with psychotherapeutic modalities to realize their full therapeutic promise.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111461", "pubmed_id": "40716639", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111461", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40716639\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3648, "title": "Mechanistic Studies of Psilocybin in Headache Disorders", "normalized_title": "mechanistic studies of psilocybin in headache disorders", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "In previous clinical trial work, the investigators observed lasting reductions in headache burden after limited dosing of psilocybin. This purpose of this study is to examine potential sources for this observed effect. This study will measure brain resting state functional connectivity (fMRI), central synaptic density (SV2A PET), peripheral markers of inflammation, circadian rhythm (actigraphy), and sleep (sleep EEG) in both migraine and healthy control participants before and one week after the administration of psilocybin or an active control agent.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-07-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06464367", "keywords": "Migraine, Psilocybin, Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06464367\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 602, "title": "Psilocybin in alcohol use disorder and comorbid depressive symptoms: Results from a feasibility randomized clinical trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in alcohol use disorder and comorbid depressive symptoms results from a feasibility randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Luquiens A, Belahda D, Graux C, Igounenc N, Serrand C, Rochefort P, Mura T, Sergent F.", "abstract": "Background and aimsPsilocybin has emerged as a potential treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD), but early efficacy data are inconsistent. Depression following alcohol detoxification significantly increases the risk of relapse. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for patients with comorbid AUD and depression.DesignA prospective, single-center, double-blind, parallel (2:1), randomized controlled pilot study.SettingThe study was conducted in a French inpatient addiction treatment program offering intensive relapse prevention interventions.ParticipantsOf 350 screened patients, 30 adults (mean age 49 ± 10 years; 43% female) with severe AUD (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition [DSM-5] criteria) and a Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) score ≥14 were included. Participants had completed detoxification between 14 and 60 days prior to inclusion.InterventionsParticipants received either two oral sessions of 25 mg (n = 20) or 1 mg (n = 10) psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy spaced three weeks apart, as an add-on to standard care. Patients, investigators and outcome assessors were all blinded to patient group.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was feasibility, according to participation in both dosing sessions and recruitment/inclusion rates. Secondary outcomes included alcohol use (Alcohol Timeline Followback), time to relapse, craving (Craving Experience Questionnaire), depression (BDI-II), safety and blinding integrity.FindingsOne participant in the 25 mg group could not receive the second dose due to myocardial infarction occurring three days earlier, unrelated to the treatment. Four participants in the control group refused the second session after guessing their group assignment (p-value = 0.019), with one participant self-administering 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). At 12 weeks, the 25 mg group showed significantly greater abstinent rate (11/20 (55%) vs 1/9 (11%) (one lost of follow up) (difference = -44%, [95% confidence interval [CI]: -82% to -5.9%]), p = 0.043), reductions in % drinking days -100 (-100 to -49) vs - 93 (-96 to 0), p = 0.038 and craving frequency -8 (-23 to -1) vs + 7 (-2 to 11), p = 0.045, respectively in the 25 vs 1 mg groups (median [25;75]). Relapse rates were 35% in the 25 mg group and 50% in the control group (HR = 0.52 [0.16 to1.65]). No efficacy differences were observed based on antidepressant use in terms of drinking and depression. Blinding was imperfect (correct guess by patients: 93.3%; investigators: 86.7%). Twenty-five adverse events were reported in 10 patients (50%) in the 25 mg group versus 6 patients (60%) in the control group.ConclusionsPsilocybin-assisted psychotherapy appears feasible, acceptable, and safe in recently detoxified patients with comorbid alcohol use disorder and depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/add.70152", "pubmed_id": "40702912", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70152", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40702912\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 601, "title": "Psychedelic use in individuals living with eating disorders or disordered eating: findings from the international MED-FED survey.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic use in individuals living with eating disorders or disordered eating findings from the international med fed survey", "authors": "Rodan SC, Meez N, Lloyd-Hurwitz S, Bedoya-Pérez MA, Suraev A, Sommer N, Greenstien K, Maguire S, McGregor IS.", "abstract": "BackgroundThere are few effective treatments for eating disorders (EDs), and new interventions are urgently needed. The MEDication and other drugs For Eating Disorders (\"MED-FED\") survey investigated the lived experience of adults with EDs regarding their prescription and non-prescription drugs use. Psychedelic drugs were highly rated in this survey for their impact on ED symptoms and general mental health. Here, we provide a more granular analysis of a subset of the data pertaining to psychedelic drug use from this survey.MethodsThe MED-FED survey recruited adults who self-reported either a clinically diagnosed ED or disordered eating that was currently undiagnosed but causing significant distress. The demographics of recent and lifetime psychedelic users relative to non-users were examined, as well as their use of other prescription and non-prescription drugs, and co-morbid conditions. Qualitative analysis was used to examine themes emerging from open-ended comments around use of psychedelic drugs.ResultsOf the 5247 participants who completed the survey, 1699/5247 (32.4%) reported lifetime psychedelic use, with 1019/5247 (19.4%) having used in the last 12 months. Typical use involved infrequent consumption, once or twice per year, of psilocybin, LSD, 2-CB, or DMT. Those who reported recent psychedelic use were younger and less likely to currently use prescription drugs or to have been recently hospitalised for their ED. They were more likely to use other non-prescription drugs (e.g. cannabis, ketamine, stimulants) and to report co-morbid ADHD, PTSD, ASD, and substance misuse. Participants with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa were less likely to report psychedelic use, while those with an undiagnosed ED were more likely. Qualitative analysis of responses (n = 200) revealed themes of profound transformation, increased connectedness, and new insights into illness following psychedelic experiences. A handful of respondents reported benefits from microdosing. A few respondents reported adverse outcomes in their open-ended comments, including \"bad trips\" (n = 15) and worsened ED symptoms (n = 8) after psychedelic use.ConclusionsThese findings provide a unique insight into psychedelic use among individuals with EDs. The results align with emerging evidence suggesting that psychedelics may be beneficial in this population, highlighting the need for further research, including clinical trials, to explore their efficacy and safety.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-025-01328-5", "pubmed_id": "40708053", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-025-01328-5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40708053\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Eating Disorders,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3633, "title": "The Safety, Feasibility, and Acceptability of Psilocybin Combined With Multidisciplinary Palliative Care in Demoralized Cancer Survivors With Chronic Pain (P-PC)", "normalized_title": "the safety feasibility and acceptability of psilocybin combined with multidisciplinary palliative care in demoralized cancer survivors with chronic pain p pc", "authors": "Emory University", "abstract": "This phase I trial evaluates the side effects of psilocybin and how well it works under supportive care conditions in cancer survivors living with demoralization and chronic pain. Cancer patients often experience demoralization, which is characterized by feelings of hopelessness, loss of meaning, and existential distress. Psilocybin psychotherapy, together with multidisciplinary palliative and supportive care, may help treat the anxiety, depression, and chronic pain felt by cancer survivors - defined here as cancer patients from time of diagnosis through the end-of-life. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: I. To determine the safety, feasibility, and acceptability of a single administration of 25 mg psilocybin (psilocybin) provided under supportive conditions with multidisciplinary palliative care support (P-PC) in adult cancer survivors living with concurrent demoralization and chronic pain. EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVE: I. To evaluate for changes in demoralization, anxiety, depression, quality of life, pain, other symptoms, mysticism, awe, post-traumatic growth, social isolation, and psychosocial functioning from baseline to end-of-treatment to 3.5-month follow up. OUTLINE: Patients receive psilocybin orally (PO) and undergo observation for up to 8 hours on day 14. After completion of study intervention, patients are followed up on days 15, 21, 42, 56, and 98.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-07-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05506982", "keywords": "Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Cell Neoplasm, Malignant Solid Neoplasm, Psilocybin, CY-39, Indocybin, Psychotherapy, talk therapy, Quality-of-Life Assessment, Quality of Life Assessment, Questionnaire Administration, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05506982\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 572, "title": "Psychedelics, Spirituality, and Fundamentalism: A Brain Network Approach to Cognitive Flexibility and Rigidity.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics spirituality and fundamentalism a brain network approach to cognitive flexibility and rigidity", "authors": "Yang A, Lv X, Wang H, Wang X.", "abstract": "This viewpoint reconceptualizes mysticism and fundamentalism as brain network disorders, with psychedelics like psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine offering potential to modulate these states. By disrupting rigid neural patterns, psychedelics may foster cognitive flexibility, challenge inflexible belief systems, and offer therapeutic value for extremism and mental health disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00509", "pubmed_id": "40702747", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00509", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Cognition, Spirituality, Mysticism, Psilocybin, Cognitive Flexibility", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40702747\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 419, "title": "Avoiding Stigma and Sensationalism in Therapeutic Psilocybin Communications: Considerations for Reaching Older Patients.", "normalized_title": "avoiding stigma and sensationalism in therapeutic psilocybin communications considerations for reaching older patients", "authors": "Gillespie CM, Bering JM.", "abstract": "Psilocybin's efficacy as a treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) has led to a wave of new legislation permitting its usage in medical settings. Older adults are affected disproportionately by TRD and may be especially good candidates for this promising treatment. However, due to the drug's past (and present) illicit status and exposure to historic antidrug messaging, older prospective patients may hold more stigmatized attitudes towards this treatment than those who are younger. Stigma and sensationalism pose special challenges for the dissemination of effective, accurate information about therapeutic psilocybin, with recent \"hype\" around the drug treatment possibly further alienating these individuals. Because current clinical communication strategies may be inadvertently reinforcing negative attitudes about psychedelics rather than reducing them, we offer some general communication guidelines for therapeutic psilocybin geared towards the older patient profile.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jagp.2025.07.003", "pubmed_id": "40829966", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2025.07.003", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Aged, Social Stigma, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40829966\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Aging,Older Adults,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 604, "title": "\"I've learned that I'm open-minded to this possibility\": A qualitative study to evaluate the acceptability of a psilocybin-aided smoking cessation treatment for people with HIV who smoke.", "normalized_title": "i ve learned that i m open minded to this possibility a qualitative study to evaluate the acceptability of a psilocybin aided smoking cessation treatment for people with hiv who smoke", "authors": "Cioe PA, Stang GS, Azam D, Dugal S.", "abstract": "BackgroundPeople with HIV (PWH) are disproportionately affected by cigarette use, with a 40 - 70% prevalence rate. Although many express a strong interest in quitting, many PWH who smoke experience lower cessation rates with traditional treatments, in part due to their comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms. Psilocybin, a classic psychedelic referred to as \"breakthrough therapy\" by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA), has been shown to have potential as a therapeutic treatment for psychiatric symptoms, (e.g., anxiety and depression) and substance use disorders, including tobacco dependence. Preliminary evidence has shown that administering psilocybin to people who smoke and have been previously unable to quit with traditional treatments resulted in impressive smoking abstinence rates (80%) at 6-months in a smoking cessation pilot study.ObjectiveExplore, using qualitative methods, the perceptions and acceptability of a psilocybin-assisted treatment for smoking cessation among PWH who smoke.MethodsSemi-structured, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with PWH who smoke. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using rapid thematic analysis.ResultsTwenty-five participants were enrolled: 15 cis male, 9 cis female, and 1 transgender female. Five main themes emerged: varying previous experiences with psilocybin; uncertainty about psilocybin's effects and concern over potential side effects; need for trusted sources of information and testimonials; ultimately willing to try psilocybin-aided therapy for tobacco treatment; and, set and setting of psilocybin use matters.ConclusionsPsilocybin-assisted smoking cessation treatment appears to be acceptable among PWH who smoke. Participants highlighted the importance of addressing key concerns related to an emerging therapy to increase acceptability and willingness to try it. Further research is needed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of psilocybin prior to incorporating this emerging therapy for smoking cessation into tobacco treatment clinical services for PWH.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s13722-025-00563-0", "pubmed_id": "40691651", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-025-00563-0", "keywords": "Humans, HIV Infections, Hallucinogens, Smoking Cessation, Qualitative Research, Adult, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40691651\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 578, "title": "Perturbing whole-brain models of brain hierarchy: An application for depression following pharmacological treatment.", "normalized_title": "perturbing whole brain models of brain hierarchy an application for depression following pharmacological treatment", "authors": "Socoró-Garrigosa M, Perl YS, Kringelbach ML, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris R, Vohryzek J, Deco G.", "abstract": "Determining the scale of neural representations is a central challenge in neuroscience. While localized representations have traditionally dominated, evidence suggests information is also encoded in distributed, hierarchical networks. Recent research indicates that the hierarchy of causal influences shaping functional patterns serves as a signature of distinct brain states, with implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we first explore how whole-brain models, guided by the thermodynamics of mind framework, estimate brain hierarchy and how perturbing such models enables the study of in-silico transitions represented by static functional connectivity. We then apply this to major depressive disorder, where different brain hierarchical reconfigurations emerge following psilocybin and escitalopram treatments. We build resting-state whole-brain models of depressed patients before and after interventions and conduct a dynamic sensitivity analysis to explore brain states' susceptibility-measuring their capacity to change-and their drivability to healthier states. We show that susceptibility is on average reduced by escitalopram and increased by psilocybin, and that both treatments promote healthier transitions. These results align with the post-treatment window of plasticity opened by serotonergic psychedelics and the similar clinical efficacy of both drugs in trials. Overall, this work demonstrates how whole-brain models of brain hierarchy can inform in-silico neurostimulation protocols for neuropsychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/nyas.15391", "pubmed_id": "40689865", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15391", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Citalopram, Hallucinogens, Depression, Models, Neurological, Psilocybin, Escitalopram, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40689865\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 534, "title": "Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Subcutaneous RE104: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Single Ascending Dose Placebo-Controlled Study.", "normalized_title": "safety tolerability pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous re104 a double blind randomized single ascending dose placebo controlled study", "authors": "Ludbrook G, Bryson N, Taylor B, Hocevar-Trnka J, Johnson MW, Hirman J, Morrish G, Alexander R, Pollack M.", "abstract": "BackgroundThis study is the first to formally evaluate in humans the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics of RE104, a prodrug of the synthetic psychedelic known as 4-hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine or 4-OH-DiPT.MethodsThis double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 1 study of single subcutaneous (SC) doses of RE104 (5 to 40 mg) included 6 cohorts and a total of 48 healthy adult participants with prior experiences with hallucinogenic or psychedelic compounds.ResultsSC doses of RE104 were generally safe up to 40 mg with no serious adverse events (AEs) or deaths. Most AEs occurred acutely under supervision and were mild to moderate. The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale score did not increase during the study, and the Assessment of Alertness and Sedation Scale was largely normal at all timepoints regardless of dose. RE104 exposure, based on Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-inf, increased with dose from 5 to 40 mg RE104. 4-OH-DiPT appeared rapidly in plasma (median T max ranged from 1.0 to 1.25 hours across dose groups). Mean plasma 4-OH-DiPT t ½ ranged from 2.72 hours to 4.12 hours. PKs appeared linear at the doses examined. Plasma levels of 4-OH-DiPT correlated with the Drug Effect Questionnaire and Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ). Dose-related increases were observed in frequency of the MEQ30 \"complete mystical experience\" responders.ConclusionsSingle SC doses of RE104 resulted in a psychoactive experience and a favorable safety profile similar to psilocybin but with a shorter duration of psychoactive effect (3 to 4 hours). Results suggest a potential for therapeutic effect, warranting further study.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/jcp.0000000000002047", "pubmed_id": "40685873", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000002047", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Prodrugs, Injections, Subcutaneous, Double-Blind Method, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40685873\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 533, "title": "Psilocybin as a psychophysical adaptogen in chronic pain rehabilitation.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a psychophysical adaptogen in chronic pain rehabilitation", "authors": "Cherup NP, Finan PH.", "abstract": "Those living with chronic pain and comorbid functional disabilities are often confronted by a physically and emotionally transformative experience, impacting their identity and ability to derive meaning in life. Despite the use of various pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments to moderate symptoms, the degree of analgesia and functional recovery are far from optimal. Psychological disorders including depression and anxiety, and maladaptive cognitive-affective states such as pain catastrophizing and fear of movement collectively impact participant engagement with rehabilitation services, leading to further deteriorations in functional status while perpetuating pain symptoms into a continuous and distressing cycle of avoidance and sedentary behavior. Psilocybin is known to produce altered states of consciousness through altered functional connectivity among key brain regions responsible for self-referential and sensorimotor processing. While preliminary evidence suggests drastic and favorable therapeutic effects among those with psychiatric disorders and unhelpful coping skills, there is limited research examining its analgesic potential and ability to foster participation in structured rehabilitation programs through changes in self-perception and meaning-making processes. The current focus article examines the application of psilocybin as a psychophysical adaptogen among those suffering from chronic pain. We propose psilocybin may be used to simultaneously improve illness identity and neuromotor outcomes through a reframing of perceived barriers to exercise engagement. PERSPECTIVE: This focus article examines the potential of psilocybin to enhance patient engagement in chronic pain rehabilitation by modulating self-perception and meaning-making processes-two underexplored yet critical barriers to successful pain management. We also propose a novel integrative framework embedding targeted movement therapy sessions into psilocybin study protocols.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105507", "pubmed_id": "40701207", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105507", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Adaptation, Psychological, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40701207\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Consciousness,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3581, "title": "Acceptability & Safety of Two Sequential Doses of Psilocybin in Bipolar Disorder II Depression and Suicidality", "normalized_title": "acceptability safety of two sequential doses of psilocybin in bipolar disorder ii depression and suicidality", "authors": "The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston", "abstract": "The purpose of the study is to assess the safety and acceptability of up to two sequential administrations of 25 mg psilocybin with additional therapeutic support in decreasing suicidality in patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD II) depression. This study aims to determine whether psilocybin paired with psychotherapy is a safe, feasible, and acceptable treatment for Bipolar II (BD II) depression, specifically, individuals experiencing suicidal ideation (without having an active plan or intention to act). The design is a non-randomized clinical trial, where patients will receive up to 2 doses of 25mg psilocybin in the context of psychological support informed by mindfulness-based CBT and typical elements of psychedelic treatments (e.g., preparation, intention setting, integration). The investigators will measure suicidality, depression, and acute experiences using validated questionnaires at multiple time points in the study. If this study shows psilocybin to be a feasible, acceptable, and safe treatment option, this would have huge implications for improving outcomes because highly effective treatment for suicidality in patients with Bipolar Disorder is still lacking.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-07-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06706232", "keywords": "Bipolar II Disorder, Depression, Bipolar, Suicidality, Psilocybin, Therapeutic Support, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06706232\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3071, "title": "Epigenome-wide Association Study of Psilocybin-Induced Methylome Changes in Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "epigenome wide association study of psilocybin induced methylome changes in alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Urban MM, Zillich L, Rieser NM, Herdener M, Vollenweider FX, Spanagel R, Preller KH, Meinhardt MW.", "abstract": "The serotonergic hallucinogen psilocybin has shown potential as a treatment for psychiatric conditions like alcohol use disorder (AUD) and depression in clinical studies. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, are hypothesized to contribute to its lasting therapeutic benefits. In this exploratory study, we present the first methylome-wide analysis of psilocybin-induced changes in a cohort of detoxified patients with AUD. The longitudinal study design included three assessment days in 40 patients with blood sampling and acquisition of psychometrics - at baseline, 24 hours after administration of psilocybin (25 mg) or placebo (mannitol), and one month after treatment. Our epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) identified one CpG site in TLE4 ( p = 1.1e-7) associated with psilocybin treatment. Screening for differentially methylated regions, we observed altered methylation in the gene RASGRP4 ( pFDR = 3.2e-4). Network analysis revealed co-methylation modules related to psilocybin treatment, as well as modules associated with the reduction of depressive symptoms and drinking behavior. Gene ontology analysis indicated involvement of these modules in neuroplasticity and immune functions, suggesting that they may reflect abstinence-related recovery processes. Investigating candidate genes at nominal significance ( p < 0.05) uncovered promoter-associated methylation changes in HTR2A and TNF. Furthermore, at p < 0.05, we found baseline differences between treatment responders (< 1 standard unit alcohol in 4-week follow-up) and non-responders in genes related to synaptic plasticity and different neurotransmitter systems. While these findings are limited by the modest sample size, they align well with previous literature and might provide starting points for further, large-scale investigations or hypothesis-driven experiments.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.07.18.664368", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.18.664368", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1052183\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Observational Study,Genomics,Immune Function", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 493, "title": "The polypharmacology of psychedelics reveals multiple targets for potential therapeutics.", "normalized_title": "the polypharmacology of psychedelics reveals multiple targets for potential therapeutics", "authors": "Jain MK, Gumpper RH, Slocum ST, Schmitz GP, Madsen JS, Tummino TA, Suomivuori CM, Huang XP, Shub L, DiBerto JF, Kim K, DeLeon C, Krumm BE, Fay JF, Keiser M, Hauser AS, Dror RO, Shoichet B, Gloriam DE, Nichols DE, Roth BL.", "abstract": "The classical psychedelics (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and mescaline exert their psychedelic effects via activation of the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor (5-HT2AR). Recent clinical studies have suggested that classical psychedelics may additionally have therapeutic potential for many neuropsychiatric conditions including depression, anxiety, migraine and cluster headaches, drug abuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder. In this study, we investigated the pharmacology of 41 classical psychedelics from the tryptamine, phenethylamine, and lysergamide chemical classes. We profiled these compounds against 318 human G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to elucidate their target profiles, and in the case of LSD, against more than 450 human kinases. We found that psychedelics have potent and efficacious actions at nearly every serotonin, dopamine, and adrenergic receptor. We quantified their activation for multiple transducers and found that psychedelics stimulate multiple 5-HT2AR transducers, each of which correlates with psychedelic drug-like actions in vivo. Our results suggest that multiple molecular targets likely contribute to the actions of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2025.06.012", "pubmed_id": "40683247", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2025.06.012", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Tryptamines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Polypharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40683247\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Headache / Migraine,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 395, "title": "Mapping psilocybin therapy: A systematic review of therapeutic frameworks, adaptations, and standardization across contemporary clinical trials.", "normalized_title": "mapping psilocybin therapy a systematic review of therapeutic frameworks adaptations and standardization across contemporary clinical trials", "authors": "Kittur ME, Burgos M LA, Jones BDM, Blumberger DM, Mulsant BH, Rosenblat JD, Husain MI.", "abstract": "Accumulating evidence suggests that psilocybin can produce rapid and sustained clinical benefits when administered in conjunction with psychological support. Though non-pharmacological procedures are considered integral, the field lacks therapeutic guidelines and little is known about current practices. This systematic review sought to provide a comprehensive and cross-diagnostic synthesis of current psilocybin therapy (PT) protocols across contemporary mental health related trials. Primary objectives were to define and compare PT models with respect to overall therapeutic framework, evidence-based psychotherapeutic adaptations, and therapeutic standardization measures. Database search identified 22 recent trials assessing psilocybin as treatment for major and treatment-resistant depression, medical condition-related distress, substance use, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and eating disorders. Cross-diagnostic review revealed broad consistency in therapeutic structure (i.e. before, during, and after psilocybin treatment), session themes, and external context during drug administration. However, trials varied in therapeutic intensity, diagnostic adaptations, and incorporation of evidence-based psychotherapies. Less than half of reviewed trials reported standardization measures such as manualized procedures, PT-specific training, or adherence and fidelity monitoring. With non-pharmacological treatment mechanisms still unclear, results highlight potential confounds and standardization gaps that undermine the replicability and generalizability of recent psilocybin interventions. Until adjunctive support protocols are adequately operationalized, mechanistic insight and uptake into clinical practice will remain a challenge.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.119952", "pubmed_id": "40684956", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.119952", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40684956\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 568, "title": "The Causal Role of Consciousness in Psychedelic Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Hypothesis and Proposal.", "normalized_title": "the causal role of consciousness in psychedelic therapy for treatment resistant depression hypothesis and proposal", "authors": "Fernández-Borkel T, Borkel LF, Rojas-Hernández J, Hernández-Álvarez E, Quintana-Hernández DJ, Ponti LG, Henríquez-Hernández LA.", "abstract": "The therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances, particularly psilocybin, for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) has garnered considerable attention. However, the necessity of subjective psychedelic experiences for therapeutic efficacy remains unclear, creating a critical gap in the field. To determine whether subjective psychedelic experiences induced by psilocybin are required for its antidepressant effects or whether these effects are mediated solely by neurobiological actions independent of consciousness. We propose a randomized controlled trial with three groups: (P) Psilocybin (25 mg oral dose with guided therapeutic integration), (P+A) Psilocybin under propofol-induced general anesthesia (eliminating subjective experiences), and (X+A) Propofol-induced anesthesia with placebo (with no psilocybin). Clinical assessments of depression and anxiety, combined with fMRI-based brain connectivity analysis (including fractal complexity, brain entropy, and network dynamics), will be conducted at baseline, postintervention, and during follow-ups. The proposed study protocol expects distinct therapeutic outcomes across groups. Superior improvements in depression and anxiety symptoms are anticipated in the conscious psilocybin group (P) compared to both anesthetized groups (P+A) and (X+A). Additionally, increased brain connectivity measures in fractal complexity and entropy are hypothesized to correlate positively with therapeutic improvements, particularly pronounced in the conscious condition. Isolating subjective experiences through anesthesia, aims to determine whether conscious psychedelic experiences play a causal role in therapeutic outcomes. Results have significant implications for clinical protocols, treatment guidelines, and the broader theoretical understanding of consciousness and its relationship to mental health.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00445", "pubmed_id": "40894333", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.5c00445", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40894333\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 494, "title": "Informed Consent Documents from Psychedelic Clinical Trials: A Descriptive Ethical Analysis.", "normalized_title": "informed consent documents from psychedelic clinical trials a descriptive ethical analysis", "authors": "Cheung K, Propes C, Graziosi M, Patch K, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "BackgroundClassic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, evoke certain kinds of altered states of consciousness. Specific features of the experience, such as its allegedly ineffable nature, have been discussed as posing challenges to the informed consent process. A growing call for tailored informed consent documents (ICDs) in the psychedelic bioethics literature raises the question of how closely ICDs used in contemporary psychedelic trials reflect the concrete suggestions and proposals offered by psychedelic bioethicists.MethodsIn this article, we review ICDs from psilocybin clinical trials in the United States. Using a content analysis approach, we provide a systematic qualitative description of the ICDs which comprise our final sample (N = 28; 28 clinical trials across 13 unique sites). Coders demonstrated good reliability (κ =.683).ResultsQualitative analyses revealed that most of the coding aligned with expectations based upon the psychedelics bioethics literature, such as the emphasis on mental health risks and physical risks in ICDs. Notably, psychedelic-specific codes (e.g., ineffability, therapeutic touch) did not appear as frequently in ICDs.ConclusionsScholars in psychedelic bioethics have called for the inclusion of a variety of potential risks and benefits in ICDs. It will be important to continue debating which elements are worth including in ICDs such that potential research participants are presented with the most salient factors relevant to their decision about joining a study. We provide a table of best practices applied by our sample of ICDs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/23294515.2025.2526339", "pubmed_id": "40668936", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/23294515.2025.2526339", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Informed Consent, Consent Forms, United States, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40668936\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3306, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "Heller NH, Barrett FS, Buchborn T, Collerton D, Dupuis D, Halberstadt AL, Jardri R, Noorani TN, Preller KH, Taylor J, Waters F, Winston B, Leptourgos P.", "abstract": "Background and HypothesisVisual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation.Study DesignThis narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology.Study ResultsBoth LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation.ConclusionsExamining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v3", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1051705\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3097, "title": "Biochemical Insights into Diverse Psilocybe Mushrooms and Their Metabolites as Sources of Neuroactive Agents: A Review.", "normalized_title": "biochemical insights into diverse psilocybe mushrooms and their metabolites as sources of neuroactive agents a review", "authors": "Sudhakaran G, Chakraborty S, Kumar A, Bharti SAK, Csaba V, Valan Arasu M, Namasivayam SKR, Arockiaraj J.", "abstract": "Psilocybe species, commonly known as \"magic mushrooms\", are a group of hallucinogenic fungi known for their psychoactive compounds such as psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin, and norbaeocystin. These species have been the focus of scientific study due to their potential therapeutic applications, despite their classification as controlled substances in many jurisdictions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various Psilocybe mushrooms, highlighting their chemical compositions, genetic diversity, and therapeutic potential, particularly in the treatment of mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, addiction, and cluster headaches. By reviewing existing scientific literature, this review examines the pharmacological effects and therapeutic applications of Psilocybe mushrooms. The review includes novel contributions such as the identification of alternative pathways for psilocybin synthesis and taxonomic consolidations among Psilocybe species. It also explores the cultural context and traditional uses of these mushrooms. The findings indicate that Psilocybe mushrooms exhibit significant potential for therapeutic use in mental health treatment. The review also underscores the importance of ongoing research into the pharmacological properties of these mushrooms to better understand their effects and potential benefits. Despite their current legal status, Psilocybe mushrooms hold considerable promise for future therapeutic applications. There is a need for further investigation to fully explore their potential in medical and cultural contexts. This review sets a foundation for future research and drug development endeavors, advocating for a more nuanced understanding of these complex biological entities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00284-025-04379-8", "pubmed_id": "40663181", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-025-04379-8", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40663181\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 535, "title": "Attitudes toward psychedelics and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy among Australian mental healthcare providers.", "normalized_title": "attitudes toward psychedelics and psychedelic assisted psychotherapy among australian mental healthcare providers", "authors": "Nadeem Z, Parker S, McGovern H, Sebben B, Oestreich LK.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent regulatory changes in Australia have approved 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine for treating post-traumatic stress disorder and psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. However, limited data exists on Australian mental healthcare providers' attitudes, knowledge and readiness to implement with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted between December 2023 and March 2024, targeting Australian general practitioners, psychiatrists and psychologists. Participants completed online questionnaires developed based on the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices framework to explore mental healthcare providers' knowledge, attitudes and practices toward psychedelics.ResultsThe survey was completed by 109 clinicians (21% psychiatrists, 56% psychologists, 23% general practitioners). Attitudes toward psychedelic-assisted therapy were positive. However, safety and efficacy concerns persisted, particularly among psychiatrists, who were significantly more likely than psychologists to perceive psychedelic use as unsafe under medical supervision and question the scientific rigor of current research. Self-rated knowledge positively predicted actual knowledge, though many clinicians relied on informal sources such as podcasts and Internet-based media, highlighting gaps in evidence-based education. Clinicians with personal experience of psychedelic use expressed higher levels of agreement with statements relating to psychedelics improving outcomes in conjunction with psychotherapy and showing promise in treating psychiatric disorders.ConclusionWhile Australian mental healthcare providers generally support psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, significant safety and efficacy concerns remain, particularly among psychiatrists. Targeted educational initiatives from professional bodies, emphasizing evidence-based training and accessible resources, are essential to support informed clinical decision-making and safe therapeutic practices in this emerging field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/00048674251346679", "pubmed_id": "40660894", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674251346679", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Attitude of Health Personnel, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychotherapy, Adult, Middle Aged, Health Personnel, Australia, Female, Male, General Practitioners", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40660894\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 479, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background and Hypothesis Visual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation. Study Design This narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology. Study Results Both LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation. Conclusions Examining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/7x8q4_v3", "keywords": "Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance, Hallucinogenesis, Phenomenology, Sensory Deprivation, Serotonin Receptors, Visual Hierarchy, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Systems Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"7x8q4_v3\",\"version\":3,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 556, "title": "Examining the potential of psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT as therapeutics for traumatic brain injury.", "normalized_title": "examining the potential of psilocybin and 5 meo dmt as therapeutics for traumatic brain injury", "authors": "Plummer Z, Allen J, Brand J, Mayo LM, Shultz SR, Christie BR.", "abstract": "Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant global health challenge, with limited effective treatments for its acute and chronic consequences. TBI is characterized by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, impaired neuroplasticity, imbalances in neurotransmission, and cell death - factors that contribute to the development of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that serotonergic psychedelics psilocybin and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) may hold promise as treatments for TBI. These compounds promote neuroplasticity, exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, and have shown efficacy in treating psychiatric conditions that share pathophysiological features with TBI. 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors are implicated in their effects, but psilocybin also targets neurotrophic TrkB receptors, whereas 5-MeO-DMT targets sigma-1 receptors, known to have neuroprotective properties. This review integrates current preclinical and clinical research, highlighting both the shared and distinct mechanistic pathways through which psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT may alleviate TBI-related impairments, such as cognitive and affective dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Additionally, the safety profiles, dosing paradigms, and clinical challenges of these psychedelics are critically examined. By bridging insights from psychedelic science and neurotrauma research, this review underscores the innovative potential of psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT as adjunctive treatments for TBI, paving the way for novel interventions in neurorehabilitation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111448", "pubmed_id": "40669813", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111448", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Hallucinogens, Neuroprotective Agents, Psilocybin, Brain Injuries, Traumatic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40669813\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Oxidative Stress,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 609, "title": "Equitable access to psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in New Zealand.", "normalized_title": "equitable access to psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in new zealand", "authors": "Lacey C.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.26635/6965.e1618", "pubmed_id": "40638925", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.26635/6965.e1618", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40638925\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 608, "title": "Females in Psychedelic Research: A Perspective for Advancing Research and Practice.", "normalized_title": "females in psychedelic research a perspective for advancing research and practice", "authors": "Cohen ZZ, Blest-Hopley G", "abstract": "The influence of ovarian hormone fluctuations on neurochemistry, cognition, and psychological responses remains insufficiently examined in current psychedelic research and clinical protocols. Traditional practices and case studies underscore the importance of accounting for these factors in investigations of psychedelic effects. This opinion paper explores the critical intersections between female hormones and psychedelic experiences, informing improved research and practice. Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), the primary ovarian hormones, modulate neurotransmitter systems central to psychedelic pharmacology, including serotonin (5-HT), dopamine, GABA, and glutamate. These hormonal interactions affect interhemispheric communication, synaptic plasticity, mood, cognition, and behavior. Fluctuations across the menstrual cycle influence 5-HT2A receptor expression and functional connectivity, potentially modulating both the subjective intensity and therapeutic efficacy of psychedelics. Additionally, oscillations in female hormones across the menstrual and life cycles affect mindset, a significant factor in safe and effective psychedelic use. These findings suggest that female hormonal variability may play a pivotal role in psychedelic experiences. Incorporating menstrual phase tracking and hormonal assays in both clinical trials and observational studies can reduce data variability, support individualized care, and improve informed consent practices. This would improve data integrity and ensure that women are fully informed about the potential influence of their hormonal state on their psychedelic experience, supporting truly informed consent. This paper emphasizes the need for an improved understanding of the complex interplay between female-specific biology and psychedelic pharmacodynamics to advance safe, ethical, and effective psychedelic research and therapies for women.", "journal": "ACS pharmacology & translational science", "publication_date": "2025-07-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00255", "pubmed_id": "40672681", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40672681/", "keywords": "estrogen, menstrual Cycle, progesterone, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40672681\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 537, "title": "Unequal representation? A cross-sectional analysis of age, sex, race, and ethnicity in clinical trials of classic psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "unequal representation a cross sectional analysis of age sex race and ethnicity in clinical trials of classic psychedelics", "authors": "Swieczkowski D, Kwaśny A, Ciurkowska P, Pruc M, Szarpak L, Cubała WJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundAlthough classic psychedelic trials show therapeutic potential, the limited diversity of participants raises concerns about generalizability and safety.AimsThis study assesses the representation of race, ethnicity, and sex in interventional clinical trials of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to evaluate disparities in participant diversity.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of interventional trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov up to 12 January 2025 that focused on classic psychedelics (psilocybin, psilocin, LSD, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and mescaline). Eligible trials were phases 2-4 and targeted psychiatric disorders or symptoms. Trials involving only healthy participants were excluded. Two reviewers extracted trial-level data independently; discrepancies were resolved by consensus.ResultsNine eligible trials included eight with psilocybin and one with LSD. In the psilocybin trials (n = 501), the age of participants ranged from 34.3 to 56.3 years; 47.7% were women. White participants accounted for 87.2%, while Black participants accounted for 3.0%, and Asian individuals accounted for 5.0%. Ethnicity was reported in 4 of 8 psilocybin trials (n = 134), with 13.4% identifying as Hispanic or Latino. In four U.S.-only trials(n = 139), participation-to-population ratios (PPRs) confirmed the underrepresentation of Black (PPR = 0.317) and Asian participants (PPR = 0.799). The LSD trial (n = 11) included older adults (average age: 51.7 years) who did not provide any information on race or origin.ConclusionsThe limited diversity in psychedelic trials demonstrates the need for broader recruitment. Without better representation, the safety and efficacy of these therapies remain uncertain. Standardized reporting and targeted strategies are essential to ensure equity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251353250", "pubmed_id": "40643096", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251353250", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Age Factors, Sex Factors, Patient Selection, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Ethnicity, Racial Groups", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40643096\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Older Adults,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 536, "title": "A systematic review and narrative summary of the therapeutic potential of classic serotonergic psychedelics for smoking cessation and reduction.", "normalized_title": "a systematic review and narrative summary of the therapeutic potential of classic serotonergic psychedelics for smoking cessation and reduction", "authors": "Glenn DL, Choi SH, Zimmerman RS.", "abstract": "BackgroundClassic serotonergic psychedelics are 5-HT2A partial agonists that induce non-ordinary states of consciousness. Many have demonstrated anti-addictive properties; however, their impact on smoking behaviors remains under-researched. This review provides a synthesis of the therapeutic potential of these compounds in promoting smoking cessation and reduction.MethodsA systematic review of peer-reviewed studies on psychedelics and smoking outcomes, published in English, was conducted. Database searches of PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and EMBASE resulted in 3547 records. ASReview, an open-source machine-learning tool, was used to improve the screening process. Abstract and initial review screening excluded 2336 articles, leaving 29 full-text articles for review. After further exclusion based on the inclusion of psychedelics and reported outcomes, eight studies were included in the analysis. All studies were assessed for risk of bias using the risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool.ResultsHeterogeneity in the data was observed. All studies showed a serious risk of bias. Psilocybin was the most frequently reported compound (n = 7), followed by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; n = 5), mescaline (n = 4), ayahuasca (n = 4), peyote (n = 2), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (n = 1). Psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca revealed preliminary therapeutic potential for facilitating smoking cessation.ConclusionsCurrent literature on psychedelics' anti-addictive effects on smoking behaviors is promising but limited by weak study designs and low generalizability. Future research should allow for stronger sampling methods to improve statistical power and include comparative groups within experimental or quasi-experimental designs to strengthen inference for causal mechanisms between drug and nondrug influences on smoking outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251353251", "pubmed_id": "40643107", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251353251", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40643107\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 603, "title": "Exploring the Frontiers of Psychedelics: A New Chromatographic Method for Detection and Quantification of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Psilocybe cubensis Mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "exploring the frontiers of psychedelics a new chromatographic method for detection and quantification of psilocybin and psilocin in psilocybe cubensis mushrooms", "authors": "Pereira Galdino T, Oliveira LC, Luz MA, Costa Barbosa R, Torres MCM, Sivieri K, Fernandes PA, Santos ML, Lima AGB, Silva SML, Fook MVL.", "abstract": "Innovative therapies, such as psilocybin-assisted psychotherapies, hold great promises for treating anxiety, depression, and various other mental health disorders, addressing some of the challenges faced by conventional psychiatric medicine. This study focuses on developing and validating an HPLC-DAD methodology for detecting psilocybin and psilocin in extracts from psychedelic mushrooms intended for medicinal use. The methodology to has been validated following the guidelines of RDC No. 166/2017 from the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). Utilizing a PerkinElmer C18 column (150.0 mm length × 4.6 mm internal diameter × 5 μm particle size), the gradient method employed ultrapure Milli-Q water (mobile phase A) and acetonitrile (mobile phase B), both acidified to 0.3% with formic acid (starting at a ratio of 95:5 v/v), with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min over 18 min and an injection volume of 15 μL. The column temperature was maintained at 30 °C, and the analysis was conducted at a wavelength of 266 nm. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit od quantification (LOQ) values for psilocybin were 1.58 and 4.78 mg/L, respectively, while for psilocin, they were 1.70 and 5.17 mg/L. The method's accuracy showed recovery intervals for psilocybin ranging from 80 to 120% and for psilocin from 98 to 116%. Accurately determining the content of psilocybin (2.57%) and psilocin (0.16%) is essential for their application as pharmaceutical compounds. This methodological rigor ensures that these substances can be reliably used in therapeutic contexts, underscoring the importance of precise quantification in developing safe and effective medical treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsomega.5c02751", "pubmed_id": "40727727", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c02751", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40727727\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 538, "title": "Psychedelics for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Narrative Review with Candidate Mechanisms of Action.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for alcohol use disorder a narrative review with candidate mechanisms of action", "authors": "Miller EA, Capone C, Eaton E, Swift RM, Haass-Koffler CL.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have been studied since the 1950s as a potential treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD), with over a dozen clinical trials of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and several contemporary trials of psilocybin and ayahuasca for this indication. Herein, we characterize foundational studies from the 1950s to the present, with emphasis on key design factors that varied considerably between published studies. Critically, those design factors include pharmacological factors, such as presence or absence of a placebo control and the nature of the placebo (e.g., ephedrine, dextroamphetamine, diphenhydramine, or low-dose LSD), and non-pharmacological factors, such as the treatment setting and the presence or absence of psychotherapy. We found that observational studies nearly uniformly show promising results, but trials in which psychedelics were tested against placebo or standard of care control groups have been more inconsistent in both outcomes and methodologies. Given the inconsistency in published results, we review candidate mechanisms of action for psychedelics in the context of AUD. We take a biopsychosocial approach, reviewing mechanisms spanning several different hierarchical levels of analysis, including cellular neuroplasticity, cognitive neuroscience, subjective experience, and social connection. Taken together, this review highlights key findings on both the efficacy and potential mechanisms of psychedelics for the treatment of AUD, which could motivate future studies in this rapidly developing field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-025-01199-z", "pubmed_id": "40640527", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-025-01199-z", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40640527\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 495, "title": "Treatment with LSD and psilocybin at the department of psychiatry at Frederiksberg Hospital in Denmark from 1960 to 1973: an analysis of 324 cases.", "normalized_title": "treatment with lsd and psilocybin at the department of psychiatry at frederiksberg hospital in denmark from 1960 to 1973 an analysis of 324 cases", "authors": "Larsen JK, Kølbæk P, Østergaard SD.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent studies have suggested that psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin might benefit patients with mental illness. This revival calls for revisiting the field's past experiences with these agents. From 1960 to 1973, many patients were treated with LSD and/or psilocybin at the Department of Psychiatry at Frederiksberg Hospital in Denmark. Here, we analyze the case material/medical records of 324 of these patients. Specifically, we aimed to estimate whether patients who applied for reparatory compensation (applicants; n = 93) as per the Danish LSD Damages Law had worse responses and were more affected by adverse events related to psychedelic treatment than those who did not (non-applicants; n = 231).Materials and methodsData from the LSD archive at Frederiksberg City Archives were reviewed, and data regarding patient characteristics and LSD/psilocybin treatment (dose, effect, and adverse events) were extracted. Data were compared between applicants and non-applicants using independent samples t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, chi-square tests, and Fisher's exact tests, as appropriate.ResultsApplicants were treated with higher LSD doses (median LSD dose-index: 31 vs. 21, p = 0.040) and received more treatments (median: 14 vs. 10, p = 0.005) than the non-applicants. Treatment responses did not differ significantly between applicants and non-applicants. Flashbacks were registered for a larger fraction of the applicants compared to non-applicants (18.2% vs. 5.2%, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/08039488.2025.2529449", "pubmed_id": "40635579", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2025.2529449", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Denmark, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40635579\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Adolescents,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 611, "title": "Acute effects of psilocybin on the dynamics of gaze fixations during visual aesthetic perception.", "normalized_title": "acute effects of psilocybin on the dynamics of gaze fixations during visual aesthetic perception", "authors": "Muller S, Cavanna F, de la Fuente L, Bruno N, D'Amelio TA, Pallavicini C, Tagliazucchi E.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics are remarkable for their capacity to induce variable yet reproducible modifications to human consciousness. The acute effects of these compounds include perceptual alterations, predominantly in the visual domain, yet these alterations have been mostly documented only by subjective reports. We used eye-tracking to quantify the effects of low vs. high doses of psilocybin mushrooms on eye movements during the exploration of complex visual stimuli under semi-naturalistic conditions, focusing on the case of aesthetic perception. The experimental condition (high vs. low dose) was a priori unknown to participants and experimenters. High doses resulted in a more local visual exploration of paintings, and a less entropic distribution of fixations. While psilocybin altered gaze behavior and increased subjective emotional intensity and feelings of flow, it did not affect the aesthetic ratings of the stimuli, suggesting a dissociation between perceptual and evaluative aspects of aesthetic experience. These findings suggest that psilocybin may influence gaze fixation by altering the perception of low-level visual features, including textures, shapes, and colors. Our work highlights the possibility of investigating psychedelics by addressing their effect on behavior under complex naturalistic conditions, contributing to maintaining subject engagement while also increasing the ecological validity of the findings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-10206-8", "pubmed_id": "40634541", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10206-8", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Eye Movements, Photic Stimulation, Visual Perception, Esthetics, Fixation, Ocular, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40634541\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Consciousness,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3313, "title": "Clinical Psychedelic Therapy Research Involving Adolescents: Protocol for a Scoping Review of Intervention Studies", "normalized_title": "clinical psychedelic therapy research involving adolescents protocol for a scoping review of intervention studies", "authors": "Rajwani K, Almonte MT, Feroz F, Hokanson J, Jacobs E, Savulescu J, Singh I, Yaden DB, Earp BD.", "abstract": "Background: Recent years have seen renewed clinical interest in the therapeutic potential of classical psychedelics, such as psilocybin, LSD, DMT, and mescaline. While modern studies have focused on adult populations, adolescents under 18 are routinely excluded due to regulatory, legal, and ethical challenges. Although there exists observational data and historical studies from 1959 to 1974 focusing on persons under 18, these earlier trials do not meet contemporary scientific and ethical standards. Hence, despite growing interest in the intersection of adolescent mental health and psychedelic therapy, it is unclear whether any controlled clinical research has been conducted with adolescents in the 21st century. To address this gap, we intend to conduct a scoping review of clinical studies involving psychedelic drug administration, including psychedelic-assisted therapy, in adolescent populations. The present contribution is a protocol for this scoping review. Methods Our scoping review will adhere to the methodological framework of Arksey & O’Malley (2005), which involves five stages: (1) identifying the research question, (2) developing the search strategy, (3) setting inclusion criteria, (4) extracting data, and (5) presenting and analysing the results. We will include both peer-reviewed sources and study protocols that explicitly present evidence of an interventional study involving the administration of psychedelic drugs to adolescents under the age of 18 in the years 2000 - present. We will search for relevant studies in Pubmed (includes MEDLINE), EMBASE, APA PsycInfo, Cochrane Review Library, Web of Science, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Google Scholar. Clinical trial registers will also be searched, including the USA-based ClinicalTrials.gov and other global registers. Two raters will independently assess articles for eligibility, with disagreements to be resolved by a third reviewer. Data from eligible articles will be charted using a standardized data extraction form. The data will be reported following PRISMA-ScR guidelines.", "journal": "Wellcome Open Res", "publication_date": "2025-07-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.12688/wellcomeopenres.24181.1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.24181.1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1081211\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Wellcome Open Res\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 612, "title": "Psilocybin treatment extends cellular lifespan and improves survival of aged mice.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin treatment extends cellular lifespan and improves survival of aged mice", "authors": "Kato K, Kleinhenz JM, Shin YJ, Coarfa C, Zarrabi AJ, Hecker L.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the naturally occurring psychedelic compound produced by hallucinogenic mushrooms, has received attention due to considerable clinical evidence for its therapeutic potential to treat various psychiatric and neurodegenerative indications. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain enigmatic, and few studies have explored its systemic impacts. We provide the first experimental evidence that psilocin (the active metabolite of psilocybin) treatment extends cellular lifespan and psilocybin treatment promotes increased longevity in aged mice, suggesting that psilocybin may be a potent geroprotective agent.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41514-025-00244-x", "pubmed_id": "40628762", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41514-025-00244-x", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40628762\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Longevity,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 569, "title": "The Medial Prefrontal Cortex Modulates Psychedelic-like Effects of Psilocin.", "normalized_title": "the medial prefrontal cortex modulates psychedelic like effects of psilocin", "authors": "Zhang M, Zhai H, Yang L, Li H, Wang X, Wang X.", "abstract": "Recent advancements in the study of psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin have highlighted their unique psychedelic properties and potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the rapid and sustained treatment of depression. However, the potent acute psychedelic effects of psilocybin necessitate a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying its action. In this study, we investigated the psilocin-induced neural activity in male mice using c-Fos immunofluorescent labeling and identified brain regions associated with psychedelic-like activity. Among the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC), and dorsomedial striatum (DMS), only the mPFC was specifically associated with the head twitch response (HTR), a hallmark of psychedelic-like behavior. A picomolar dose of psilocin in the mPFC was sufficient to induce significant HTR, suggesting that c-Fos-positive neurons in this region modulate psychedelic-like activity. To validate this hypothesis, optogenetic activation of these neurons significantly increased spontaneous HTR in TRAP2 mice, whereas acute inhibition suppressed drug-induced HTR. These findings establish the mPFC as a critical regulator of psilocin-induced psychedelic-like activity and provide valuable insights for enhancing the clinical safety and therapeutic application of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00324", "pubmed_id": "40810162", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.5c00324", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40810162\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 461, "title": "Unraveling the policies, legislations, and regulations of psychedelics in Australia, Canada, Netherlands, New Zealand, and India.", "normalized_title": "unraveling the policies legislations and regulations of psychedelics in australia canada netherlands new zealand and india", "authors": "Joga R, Yerram S, Patnam JD, Choudhary KK, Varpe P, Raghuvanshi RS, Srivastava S.", "abstract": "BackgroundResearch into psychedelics has gained renewed interest due to their potential to address psychiatric, neurological, and other peripheral conditions. These substances offer long-term therapeutic benefits, contrasting with the side effects and limitations of current psychiatric medicines.ObjectiveThis study examines the legislations and regulatory frameworks for psychedelics in Australia, Canada, The Netherlands, New Zealand, and India, highlighting their varied approaches to legalization, medical use, and integration into healthcare systems.MethodsA comparative analysis of the regulatory landscapes in the selected countries was conducted, focusing on policies, clinical trial practices, and the ethical considerations surrounding psychedelics. Data were drawn from government documents, regulatory databases, and peer-reviewed literature.ResultsAustralia legalized MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder and psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression, establishing a structured prescription system for authorized psychiatrists. Canada and The Netherlands supports therapeutic use through regulated clinical trials and limited exemptions under strict controls, reflecting cautious but progressive approaches. New Zealand demonstrates exploratory interest in psychedelics within a controlled regulatory framework. India maintains stringent prohibitions with severe penalties for possession and use, despite emerging research indicating potential medical benefits.ConclusionsAustralia, Canada, The Netherlands, and New Zealand have taken pioneering steps in integrating psychedelics into medical practice, guided by evolving scientific evidence and ethical considerations. In contrast, India's conservative regulatory stance highlights significant barriers to exploring the medical potential of psychedelics. As global perspectives shift, balancing scientific advancements with robust regulatory measures will be crucial for shaping public health policies and fostering therapeutic innovation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.healthpol.2025.105392", "pubmed_id": "40694950", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2025.105392", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Legislation, Drug, Health Policy, Canada, India, Australia, Netherlands, New Zealand", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40694950\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3745, "title": "An open-label, dose-escalation trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy for bipolar 2 depression", "normalized_title": "an open label dose escalation trial of psilocybin assisted therapy for bipolar 2 depression", "authors": "Szigeti B.", "abstract": "Background: Individuals with bipolar II disorder (BD-II) and depression face limited treatment options and are often excluded from psilocybin therapy trials due to theoretical concerns of precipitating mania or psychosis. Although psilocybin has demonstrated antidepressant effects when combined with psychotherapy, adverse event reporting is inconsistent, and restrictive eligibility criteria limit generalizability. Aims: To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin therapy in individuals with BD-II experiencing moderate-to-severe depression. Method: In this open-label, single-arm pilot trial, 14 participants received 10 mg of psilocybin, followed by 25 mg if depressive symptoms persisted. Participants underwent psychotherapy before, during, and after psilocybin administration sessions and were proactively monitored for adverse events. Depression and quality of life were assessed using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Quality of Life in Bipolar Disorder Questionnaire (QoLBD), along with exploratory measures. Results: Psilocybin was well tolerated, with transient increases in heart rate and blood pressure and no serious adverse events. Common adverse events included mild-to-moderate anxiety, nausea, and headache. Three participants experienced notable psychiatric adverse events (suicidal ideation and hypomania) which resolved with support. The frequency and nature of both serious and non-serious adverse events were broadly comparable to those reported in psilocybin studies for other conditions. MADRS scores improved at all timepoints: 21 days after 10 mg (-12.7 [2.7], p", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/97cqx_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/97cqx_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:18", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1049908\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3717, "title": "Meditation and psychedelics facilitate similar types of mystical, psychological, and philosophical-existential insights predictive of wellbeing: a qualitative-quantitative approach.", "normalized_title": "meditation and psychedelics facilitate similar types of mystical psychological and philosophical existential insights predictive of wellbeing a qualitative quantitative approach", "authors": "Jylkkä J, Väyrynen H, Lin E, Walldén C, Krabbe A, Kähönen J, Sikka P.", "abstract": "Both psychedelic substances and meditation have been proposed to facilitate personally meaningful and transformative experiences, with insights playing a central role. However, previous research has mainly relied on questionnaires, limiting the range of insights that can be identified. In this study, we recruited participants who provided narrative reports of insights in personally meaningful psychedelic (n = 147) or meditation (n = 66) experiences. Psychedelic experiences were facilitated both by classic (e.g., LSD, psilocybin, DMT) as well as non-classic (e.g., MDMA, ketamine, cannabis) psychedelics. Qualitative analysis revealed three main insight themes: Mystical-type (subclasses Unity, Metaphysical, and Other), Psychological (subclasses Metacognitive, Value, and Compassion), and Philosophical-existential (subclasses Purpose, Value, and Other). Mystical-type insights were more frequent in reports of meditation experiences, while value insights were more common in psychedelic reports. Otherwise, the reported insights were highly similar across the two types of reports, and only minor differences were observed between classic and non-classic psychedelics. Regression analyses indicated that metacognitive and value insights were positively associated with perceived improvements in positive affect, while mystical-type insights predicted increased meaning in life. These findings suggest that both psychedelic substances and meditation can facilitate a broad range of insights that are not fully captured by existing questionnaires. The results highlight similarities between psychedelic and meditation experiences supporting the notion that transformative experiences are not exclusive to classic psychedelics but can be facilitated through various means.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.concog.2025.103901", "pubmed_id": "40627899", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2025.103901", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Meditation, Qualitative Research, Mysticism, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Metacognition", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40627899\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3072, "title": "An open-label, dose-escalation trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy for bipolar 2 depression", "normalized_title": "an open label dose escalation trial of psilocybin assisted therapy for bipolar 2 depression", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Individuals with bipolar II disorder (BD-II) and depression face limited treatment options and are often excluded from psilocybin therapy trials due to theoretical concerns of precipitating mania or psychosis. Although psilocybin has demonstrated antidepressant effects when combined with psychotherapy, adverse event reporting is inconsistent, and restrictive eligibility criteria limit generalizability. Aims: To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin therapy in individuals with BD-II experiencing moderate-to-severe depression. Method: In this open-label, single-arm pilot trial, 14 participants received 10 mg of psilocybin, followed by 25 mg if depressive symptoms persisted. Participants underwent psychotherapy before, during, and after psilocybin administration sessions and were proactively monitored for adverse events. Depression and quality of life were assessed using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Quality of Life in Bipolar Disorder Questionnaire (QoL BD), along with exploratory measures. Results: Psilocybin was well tolerated, with transient increases in heart rate and blood pressure and no serious adverse events. Common adverse events included mild-to-moderate anxiety, nausea, and headache. Three participants experienced notable psychiatric adverse events (suicidal ideation and hypomania) which resolved with support. The frequency and nature of both serious and non-serious adverse events were broadly comparable to those reported in psilocybin studies for other conditions. MADRS scores improved at all timepoints: 21 days after 10 mg (-12.7 [2.7], p", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/97cqx_v1", "keywords": "bipolar, depression, psilocybin, psychedelics, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"97cqx_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"pending\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 613, "title": "Psilocybin has no immediate or persistent analgesic effect in acute and chronic mouse pain models", "normalized_title": "psilocybin has no immediate or persistent analgesic effect in acute and chronic mouse pain models", "authors": "Gregory NS, Girard TE, Ram A, Casey AB, Malenka RC, Tawfik VL, Heifets BD.", "abstract": "The psychedelic psilocybin may have lasting therapeutic effects for patients with chronic pain syndromes. Some clinical and preclinical data suggest these putative benefits derive from direct analgesic effects. However, this possibility has not been comprehensively tested in preclinical models. Here, we show that psilocybin is not analgesic over a range of doses across multiple pain assays and models of acute and chronic inflammatory, neuropathic, or musculoskeletal pain in mice.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.07.06.663398", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.06.663398", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1047940\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 496, "title": "The therapeutic potential of psilocybin beyond psychedelia through shared mechanisms with ketamine.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin beyond psychedelia through shared mechanisms with ketamine", "authors": "Park D, Lee G, Lee WG, Kim B, Lee Y, Kim JW.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder is a debilitating condition, with many patients unresponsive to conventional monoaminergic antidepressants. Rapid-acting antidepressants such as ketamine and psilocybin offer promising alternatives, relieving symptoms within hours. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, and psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic primarily targeting 5-HT2A receptors, both enhance synaptic plasticity in mood-regulating circuits through distinct mechanisms. This review synthesizes recent clinical and preclinical findings on ketamine and psilocybin, emphasizing their molecular targets, circuit-level effects, and converging downstream pathways. A key shared mechanism involves BDNF-TrkB signaling, which promotes spinogenesis and synaptogenesis critical for sustained antidepressant efficacy. We also discuss 5-HT2A receptor biased agonism as a potential strategy to dissociate psilocybin's therapeutic effects from its hallucinogenic actions. By comparing their mechanistic profiles, we identify both overlapping and distinct features that may inform the development of next-generation rapid-acting antidepressants. Understanding how serotonergic, glutamatergic, and neurotrophic systems converge may guide the development of fast-acting, durable, and non-hallucinogenic antidepressants.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03100-2", "pubmed_id": "40624295", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03100-2", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Ketamine, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Signal Transduction, Neuronal Plasticity, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40624295\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 615, "title": "Exploring Jordanian Physicians' and Medical Students' Perspectives on Ketamine and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies: An Insight from the Middle East.", "normalized_title": "exploring jordanian physicians and medical students perspectives on ketamine and psychedelic assisted therapies an insight from the middle east", "authors": "Ahmed KE, Abu Nasrieh D, Banihani HA, Obaidat MF, Mazzawi T, Al-Tarawneh AK, Bani Mustafa R, Al Kayed Z.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapies and ketamine are two modalities gaining attention in psychiatry for treating conditions such as depression, PTSD, and substance use disorders. However, perceptions of these treatments vary globally. This study explores the familiarity, attitudes, and perceptions of Jordanian physicians and medical students toward psychedelic substances, addressing a gap in Middle Eastern research. A cross-sectional study conducted from July to August 2024 utilized a validated online survey among medical students and physicians in Jordan. The survey covered demographics, familiarity to psychedelics and ketamine, attitudes toward their medical use, and concerns about risks and legality. Statistical analyses, including multivariate regression and factor analysis, assessed the influence of demographics on participant perspectives. Of the 1,985 respondents, most had limited familiarity to psychedelics. LSD was the most recognized substance, while fewer participants identified psilocybin or MDMA. familiarity and attitudes varied significantly by age, gender, and prior familiarity, with professional status showing no impact. Three attitude clusters emerged: opposers (n = 1000), cautious (n = 677), and supporters (n = 308), each influenced by different demographics. This study reveals a notable familiarity gap and mixed attitudes toward psychedelic therapies among Jordanian healthcare professionals, highlighting the need for targeted education to enhance understanding of these treatments in Jordan's medical community.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2526403", "pubmed_id": "40619866", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2526403", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40619866\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 614, "title": "Effects of Psilocin and Psilocybin on Human 5-HT4 Serotonin and H2 Histamine Receptors in Perfused Hearts of Transgenic Mice.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocin and psilocybin on human 5 ht4 serotonin and h2 histamine receptors in perfused hearts of transgenic mice", "authors": "Braekow P, Neumann J, Kirchhefer U, Gergs U.", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Hallucinogenic substances such as psilocybin, psilocin, ergometrine, ergotamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have been demonstrated to enhance the force of contraction (FOC), in part due to the phosphorylation of phospholamban in human atrial preparations via 5-HT4 serotonin receptors and/or H2 histamine receptors. However, whether psilocybin or psilocin acts at isolated mammalian ventricular preparations and whether they increase protein phosphorylation in the mammalian ventricle remains to be elucidated. Methods: To this end, the FOC and phospholamban phosphorylation in isolated perfused hearts from transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of either human 5-HT4 receptors (5-HT4-TG) or human H2 receptors (H2-TG) and their wild-type littermates (WT) were examined. Furthermore, the ergot alkaloids ergometrine, ergotamine, and LSD were used as references. Results: Psilocybin and psilocin enhanced the FOC to 137% and to 152%, respectively, and elevated the phospholamban phosphorylation in isolated perfused hearts from 5-HT4-TG. In H2-TG hearts, psilocybin and psilocin increased the FOC to a much lesser extent but had no effect on the phospholamban phosphorylation. In contrast, LSD increased the FOC and phosphorylation state of phospholamban in isolated hearts of both 5-HT4-TG and H2-TG. On the other hand, ergometrine and ergotamine increased the FOC only in H2-TG. Ergometrine increased the phosphorylation state of phospholamban in perfused hearts from H2-TG, but not from 5-HT4-TG. Ergotamine failed to increase the phospholamban phosphorylation in both H2-TG and 5-HT4-TG. Psilocybin, psilocin, ergotamine, ergometrine, and LSD were unable to increase FOC and phospholamban phosphorylation in perfused hearts from WT. Conclusions: The increase in the phosphorylation state of phospholamban could provide a partial explanation for the positive inotropic effects and the relaxant effects of not only psilocybin and psilocin but also ergometrine and LSD in the isolated hearts of the animals used in this study.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ph18071009", "pubmed_id": "40732298", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18071009", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40732298\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 607, "title": "Behavioural and pharmacological evaluation of the psilocybin analogue baeocystin in Wistar rats.", "normalized_title": "behavioural and pharmacological evaluation of the psilocybin analogue baeocystin in wistar rats", "authors": "Danda H, Mazochová K, Šíchová K, Mazoch V, Olejníková-Ladislavová L, Syrová K, Jurásek B, Cihlářová P, Jurok R, Páleníček T, Kuchař M.", "abstract": "Baeocystin is a naturally occurring tryptamine-based compound found in various psychoactive mushrooms, including in several species of Psilocybe genus. Due to its structural similarity to psilocybin, which has shown a therapeutic potential in treatment of psychiatric disorders, there is a growing interest in investigating whether baeocystin exhibits comparable effects. This study investigated the pharmacokinetic profile and acute behavioural effects of baeocystin in Wistar rats. Behavioural assessments including locomotor activity and its spatial characteristics (in the open field test) and sensorimotor gating measured by prepulse inhibition were evaluated after subcutaneous administration of 1.25 or 5 mg/kg baeocystin. Pharmacokinetics and brain-serum ratios were analysed after the 5 mg/kg sc. dose. Pharmacokinetics demonstrated that both baeocystin and its metabolite, norpsilocin, have a very limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Consistent with the pharmacokinetic profile, baeocystin had no significant effects on locomotor activity, exploratory behaviour, anxiety-like responses, or sensorimotor gating at doses of either 1.25 or 5 mg/kg. In conclusion, our results suggest that baeocystin has minimal to no behavioural effects in rats, probably due to its poor permeability across the blood-brain barrier. This limited penetration may account for its negligible neurobiological and psychedelic activity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111439", "pubmed_id": "40619050", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111439", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Exploratory Behavior, Motor Activity, Locomotion, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Sensory Gating, Prepulse Inhibition, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40619050\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3216, "title": "Accurate and Interpretable Prediction of Antidepressant Treatment Response from Receptor-informed Neuroimaging", "normalized_title": "accurate and interpretable prediction of antidepressant treatment response from receptor informed neuroimaging", "authors": "Tolle HM, Luppi AI, Lawn T, Roseman L, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris RL, Mediano PAM.", "abstract": "Conventional antidepressants show moderate efficacy in treating major depressive disorder. Psychedelic-assisted therapy holds promise, yet individual responses vary, underscoring the need for predictive tools to guide treatment selection. Here, we present graphTRIP (graph-based Treatment Response Interpretability and Prediction) - a geometric deep learning architecture that enables three advances: 1) accurate prediction of post-treatment depression severity using only pretreatment clinical and neuroimaging data; 2) identification of robust biomarkers; and 3) causal analysis of treatment effects and underlying mechanisms. Trained on data from a clinical trial comparing psilocybin and escitalopram ( NCT03429075 ), graphTRIP achieves strong predictive accuracy ( r = 0.72, p = 6.8 ×10 −8 ), and shows clear generalization to both an independent dataset and across brain atlases. The model identifies stronger functional connectivity within sensory networks as a robust predictor of poorer response across both treatments. In contrast, causal analysis implicates frontoparietal and default mode networks as key moderators of differential response, with stronger 5-HT1A- and 5-HT2A-related signalling in the frontoparietal network predicting escitalopram response but psilocybin resistance. Overall, this work advances precision medicine and biomarker discovery in depression.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-07-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.07.02.662710", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.02.662710", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1046304\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 559, "title": "Is There More to Magic Mushrooms than Psilocybin?", "normalized_title": "is there more to magic mushrooms than psilocybin", "authors": "Johnson-Groh M.", "abstract": "Some scientists think that including secondary compounds from psychedelic mushrooms can make for better drugs. With scarce data, others remain skeptical.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-07-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acscentsci.5c01146", "pubmed_id": "40893965", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.5c01146", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40893965\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 640, "title": "Disentangling the acute subjective effects of classic psychedelics from their enduring therapeutic properties.", "normalized_title": "disentangling the acute subjective effects of classic psychedelics from their enduring therapeutic properties", "authors": "Atiq MA, Baker MR, Voort JLV, Vargas MV, Choi DS", "abstract": "Recent research with classic psychedelics suggests significant therapeutic potential, particularly for neuropsychiatric disorders. A mediating influence behind symptom resolution is thought to be the personal insight - at times, bordering on the mystical - one acquires during the acute phase of a psychedelic session. Indeed, current clinical trials have found strong correlations between the acute subjective effects (ASE) under the influence of psychedelics and their enduring therapeutic properties. However, with potential barriers to widespread clinical implementation, including the healthcare resource-intensive nature of psychedelic sessions and the exclusion of certain at-risk patient groups, there is an active search to determine whether ASE elimination can be accompanied by the retention of persisting therapeutic benefits of these class of compounds. Recognizing the aberrant underlying neural circuitry that characterizes a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, and that classic psychedelics promote neuroplastic changes that may correct abnormal circuitry, investigators are rushing to design and discover compounds with psychoplastogenic, but not hallucinogenic (i.e., ASE), therapeutic potential. These efforts have paved the discovery of 'non-psychedelic/subjective psychedelics', or compounds that lack hallucinogenic activity but with therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models. This review aims to distill the current evidence - both clinical and preclinical - surrounding the question: can the ASE of classic psychedelics be dissociated from their sustained therapeutic properties? Several plausible clinical scenarios are then proposed to offer clarity on and potentially answer this question.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06599-5", "pubmed_id": "38743110", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38743110/", "keywords": "5-HT2A, Acute subjective effects, Addiction, Classic psychedelics, Major depressive disorder, Neuropsychiatry, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Substance use disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38743110\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 635, "title": "Exploring serotonergic psychedelics as a treatment for personality disorders.", "normalized_title": "exploring serotonergic psychedelics as a treatment for personality disorders", "authors": "Carrithers BM, Roberts DE, Weiss BM, King JD, Carhart-Harris RL, Gordon AR, Pagni BA, Moreau M, Ross S, Zeifman RJ", "abstract": "Both psychotherapeutic interventions and pharmacological agents have demonstrated limited efficacy in the treatment of personality disorders (PDs). Emerging evidence suggests that psychedelic therapy, already showing promise in treating various psychiatric conditions commonly comorbid with PDs, may exert therapeutic effects by promoting adaptive changes in personality. Thus, psychedelic therapy could hold potential for addressing core features of PDs through shared mechanisms of personality modulation. Although historical literature and observational studies suggest the potential clinical utility of psychedelics in treating PDs, rigorous research is lacking, and individuals with PDs are often excluded from modern psychedelic therapy trials. In the present review, we first discuss research on the effects of psychedelics in individuals with a PD through the conventional lens of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR) categorical model. Next, using the dimensional DSM Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (DSM-AMPD) as a framework, we examine how psychedelics may affect self-functioning, interpersonal functioning, and pathological personality traits. We conclude by discussing the clinical relevance of psychedelic therapy as a treatment for personality pathology, including safety considerations, gaps and limitations, and recommendations for approaching psychedelic therapy within these more complex clinical populations.", "journal": "Neuropharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110413", "pubmed_id": "40081794", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40081794/", "keywords": "Personality disorders, Personality traits, Psilocybin-assisted therapy, Psychedelics, Psychopharmacology, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40081794\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Personality Change,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 627, "title": "Development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of select 4-position ring-substituted tryptamines in plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.", "normalized_title": "development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of select 4 position ring substituted tryptamines in plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry", "authors": "Pego AMF, Schoffner M, Sammeta VR, Naeem M, Manke DR, Chadeayne A, Glatfelter GC, Baumann MH, Concheiro-Guisán M.", "abstract": "4-Phosporyloxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin) is a psychedelic tryptamine found in certain mushroom species that has shown efficacy in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. In conjunction with the renewed interest in therapeutic effects of psychedelics, there has been an increase in psilocybin-like designer tryptamines appearing in non-medical drug markets. The present study aimed to develop and validate a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for detecting and quantifying 4-position ring-substituted tryptamines and their 4-hydroxy metabolites in plasma. Specifically, we investigated 4-phosphoryloxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin), 4-acetoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (psilacetin), 4-propionoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (4-Pro-DMT) and their shared metabolite 4-hydroxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocin), along with 4-methyl carbonato-N, N-di-n-propyltryptamine (4-MeCO3-DPT) and its metabolite 4-hydroxy-N, N-di-n-propyltryptamine (4-HO-DPT). Mass spectrometry analysis employed electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode, with two multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions per analyte. Plasma samples were acidified with ascorbic acid, followed by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Linearity was achieved across a concentration range of 0.5-100 ng/mL for all analytes, except psilocybin, which displayed linearity from 5 to 100 ng/mL. Validation results demonstrated acceptable bias (±20%) and imprecision (", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1093/jat/bkaf045", "pubmed_id": "40418247", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf045", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Tryptamines, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Liquid, Reproducibility of Results, Substance Abuse Detection, Male, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Limit of Detection, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40418247\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 625, "title": "Correction: Dissociable effects of psilocybin and escitalopram for depression on processing of musical surprises.", "normalized_title": "correction dissociable effects of psilocybin and escitalopram for depression on processing of musical surprises", "authors": "Harding R, Singer N, Wall MB, Hendler T, Erritzoe D, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Roseman L.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03066-1", "pubmed_id": "40481249", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03066-1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40481249\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 624, "title": "4-HIAA Blocks Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice Through Modulation of the 5-HT Pathway in the Nucleus Accumbens.", "normalized_title": "4 hiaa blocks methamphetamine induced conditioned place preference in mice through modulation of the 5 ht pathway in the nucleus accumbens", "authors": "Wu Y, Ran J, Mo J, Wang J.", "abstract": "4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (4-HIAA) is a metabolite of psilocin. Here, we explored the ability of 4-HIAA to cross the blood-brain barrier and its potential effects on methamphetamine (METH)-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice. Treatment with 1-mg/kg 4-HIAA inhibited CPP formation during the acquisition phase, promoted METH extinction and inhibited METH relapse. Furthermore, the regulatory effect of 4-HIAA on METH was underscored by altered 5-HT expression in the nucleus accumbens. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of the 4-HIAA-induced blockade of the acquisition, extinction and reinstatement of METH-induced CPP.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/adb.70063", "pubmed_id": "40590377", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.70063", "keywords": "Nucleus Accumbens, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Serotonin, Methamphetamine, Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Male, Extinction, Psychological, Conditioning, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40590377\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 623, "title": "Exploring the Therapeutic Effects of Psychedelics Administered to Military Veterans in Naturalistic Retreat Settings.", "normalized_title": "exploring the therapeutic effects of psychedelics administered to military veterans in naturalistic retreat settings", "authors": "Calnan M, Blest-Hopley G, Busch C, Adams M, Ruffell SGD, Piper T, Roseman L, Kettner H, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "BackgroundMilitary veterans are at risk of various mental health conditions, with profound implications for post-deployment quality of life. Current treatment options encounter high dropout rates and non-responsiveness, and overlook the importance of community building in veterans' holistic recovery. Preliminary research suggests psychedelics offer therapeutic benefits for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans. Integrating psychedelic therapies with a communal retreat setting could provide a more holistic framework for improving veterans' well-being.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of psychedelic retreats on mental health and community reintegration in veterans.MethodsFifty-eight veterans attended psilocybin or ayahuasca retreats. Participants completed eight mental health questionnaires (e.g. PTSD Checklist, PCL-5; Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9), and the Military to Civilian Questionnaire (M2C-Q) up to 4 weeks both pre- and post-retreat. Paired t-tests analyzed changes in outcome responses between time points, and gender and substance-specific analysis was conducted. Baseline scores were correlated with improvements in PCL-5 and PHQ-9 to investigate the relationship between initial symptom severity and percentage improvement following the retreat.ResultsSignificant improvements were found for all eight outcomes post-retreat, with the greatest percentage improvements found for depression (PHQ-9; 29.1%) and PTSD (PCL-5; 26.1%). Veterans attending psilocybin retreats showed greater improvements in seven out of eight outcomes, whereas ayahuasca retreats demonstrated greater improvements in PCL-5 scores for PTSD (ayahuasca: 26.4%; Psilocybin 24.8%). Male participants experienced greater improvements across all outcomes apart from the PCL-5 for PTSD (Male: 24.1%; Female: 32.1%). Higher baseline scores on the PCL-5 (PTSD) and PHQ-9 (depression), indicating worse initial mental health, correlated with greater outcome improvements.ConclusionsThis is the first study to investigate psychedelic retreats as a holistic therapy for veterans' mental health alongside community reintegration. Psilocybin and ayahuasca retreats significantly improved veterans' mental well-being, quality of life, PTSD, anxiety, depression, sleep, concussion, and post-deployment reintegration. Participants with more severe symptoms have the potential to benefit most from this intervention, with nuanced insight into improved outcomes based on gender and type of substance. Psychedelic retreats could provide a treatment framework to aid veterans' recovery by addressing psychological well-being, communal factors, and reintegration into civilian life.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/brb3.70660", "pubmed_id": "40619953", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70660", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Quality of Life, Adult, Middle Aged, Veterans, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40619953\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Wellbeing,Observational Study,Veterans,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 622, "title": "What fMRI studies say about the nature of the psychedelic effect: a scoping review.", "normalized_title": "what fmri studies say about the nature of the psychedelic effect a scoping review", "authors": "Beneš M, Páleníček T, Horáček J.", "abstract": "Research on psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin, LSD or DMT, is a burgeoning field, with an increasing number of studies showing their promise in treatment of mental disorders as well as examining their mechanism of action. Determining their effect on the brain is crucial from clinical standpoint, but also offers highly promising avenues of advancement in basic neuroscience-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the most useful techniques to do so, with a number of newly published studies increasing every year. Here we present a scoping review of existing fMRI studies of serotonergic psychedelics to date, with a focus on finding unifying themes among them, in order to comprehensively grasp current directions within this field. We cluster the existing studies by fMRI modality and find several lines of developing concepts complementing the established models of psychedelic actions on the brain: namely, we describe a general picture of de-differentiation with the default mode network at its core captured by a diverse array of different techniques, complex changes to the thalamus, amygdala and medial temporal lobe structures, and the importance of the phenomenon of ego dissolution. Finally, contrasts to phenomenologically similar states and the successful process of anchoring fMRI findings to other markers are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2025.1606798", "pubmed_id": "40666257", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1606798", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40666257\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Biomarkers,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 621, "title": "Efficient Acyloxymethylation of Psilocin and Other Tryptamines Yielding ACOM Prodrugs for Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "efficient acyloxymethylation of psilocin and other tryptamines yielding acom prodrugs for psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Stirn J, Klein CD.", "abstract": "Acyloxymethyl (ACOM) derivatives of tryptamines such as the psychedelic drug psilocin and the anti-migraine drug sumatriptan bear potential as prodrugs. Previous synthetic approaches suffer from insufficient chemoselectivity between the desired functionalization of the phenolic (psilocin) or sulfonamide (sumatriptan) groups versus other reactive groups in the parent drugs. We report a novel synthetic route toward ACOM prodrugs of tryptamines via the chemoselective installation of a carbamate protecting group at the indole nitrogen by means of a Heller-Sarpong reagent and final deprotection under extremely mild conditions. This enables delicate transformations such as the O-acyloxymethylation of psilocin or the N2-acyloxymethylation of sumatriptan. Several novel O-ACOM ethers of hydroxytryptamines were obtained and evaluated in vitro for their potential as novel prodrugs for psychedelic therapy. The rate of bioactivation in human plasma may be adjusted to rapid (t1/2 240 min) kinetics by varying the acyl residue in the ACOM promoiety. Irrespective of the acyl residue, short half-lives in human saliva will likely preclude the sublingual or buccal application of ACOM ether prodrugs of hydroxytryptamines, while other routes such as peroral, transdermal, nasal, or intravenous administration may be pursued.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/ardp.70022", "pubmed_id": "40702794", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ardp.70022", "keywords": "Humans, Sumatriptan, Tryptamines, Carbamates, Indoles, Prodrugs, Drug Administration Routes, Molecular Structure, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40702794\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Epigenetics,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 620, "title": "Psychedelic drugs for the treatment of substance use disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drugs for the treatment of substance use disorders", "authors": "Sofuoglu M, De Aquino JP, MacLean RR", "abstract": "", "journal": "Expert review of clinical pharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2025.2541103", "pubmed_id": "40726066", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40726066/", "keywords": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy, addiction, alcohol use disorder, ketamine, opioid use disorder, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40726066\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 619, "title": "Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Psilocybe Mushrooms: Gaps and Perspectives.", "normalized_title": "chemical composition and biological activities of psilocybe mushrooms gaps and perspectives", "authors": "Luz MA, Guedes HVS, Bisneto ABM, Jesus RA, Galdino TP, Oliveira LC, Afonso VI, Fook MVL, Lima AGB, Silva SML, Torres MCM.", "abstract": "The Psilocybe genus is known for producing tryptamine alkaloids, specifically the compounds psilocybin and psilocin, which have shown antidepressant and anxiolytic potential. The presence of these alkaloids makes Psilocybe mushrooms promising sources of molecules with potential applications in the treatment of mental disorders. To explore this, a bibliographic study was conducted with the aim of synthesizing published data regarding the biological properties and chemical composition of Psilocybe mushrooms. Searches were performed on indexing platforms, and the articles found were processed using StArt software. These articles were then classified by score and selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. This survey yielded a total of 74 articles, and among them, 66 works showed the presence of psilocybin and/or psilocin alkaloids, indicating the psychoactivity of the mushrooms, and 4 works demonstrated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the extract from certain species of the genus. Additionally, 37 chemical compounds were identified across the genus, 23 of which are alkaloids. Data regarding the temporal and chemical stability of these compounds were also observed, which could help optimize the handling of materials that contain indole alkaloids. Therefore, it is evident that species of this genus remain underexplored in terms of chemical diversity; only compounds classified as alkaloids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds were found, and, in total, only 36 compounds in a study range time of 67 years. Furthermore, most studies focused primarily on evaluating the tryptamine alkaloids responsible for the psychoactivity of the mushrooms, without any study focusing on demonstrating the biological activity of isolated compounds against any pathological factor, except for studies relating the whole extract to larvicidal, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. So, this review provides a general overview of the molecules isolated from the genus and their biological activities and also suggests that researchers working with these mushroom species could focus their efforts on isolating new compounds and evaluating other types of biological activities that can improve the knowledge of mushrooms' alternative applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ph18070989", "pubmed_id": "40732278", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18070989", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40732278\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 618, "title": "Control Group Outcomes in Trials of Psilocybin, SSRIs, or Esketamine for Depression: A Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "control group outcomes in trials of psilocybin ssris or esketamine for depression a meta analysis", "authors": "Hieronymus F, López E, Werin Sjögren H, Lundberg J.", "abstract": "ImportancePsilocybin has demonstrated rapid and sustained antidepressant efficacy, with acute-phase effect sizes often more than double those for conventional antidepressants. However, concerns have been raised that high rates of functional unblinding in combination with trial participants with positive expectations of psychedelic use might bias treatment outcomes.ObjectiveTo compare outcomes for patients receiving control treatments in randomized clinical trials of psilocybin for depression with control treatment outcomes from trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and esketamine.Data sourcesTwo previous meta-analyses and 1 US Food and Drug Administration review published between March 2019 and December 2024 were used to identify double-blind trials on adult major depressive disorder (MDD) or treatment-resistant depression (TRD) that had a relevant control treatment arm and used the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) for symptom rating.Study selectionFollowing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guideline, trials of psilocybin for MDD and TRD, esketamine for TRD, and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for MDD were selected. Studies that included only individuals aged younger than 18 years or older than 65 years, used a crossover design, or had a duration less than 2 weeks were excluded.Data extraction and synthesisAll authors assessed the 3 reviews for includable trials. Three authors independently extracted data for all trials, with disagreements resolved by consensus discussion. Data were pooled using random-effects models.Main outcomes and measuresStandardized mean change (SMC) in MADRS scores from baseline to up to 6 weeks after randomization was used to assess within-group effect sizes, and standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to assess between-group effect sizes. Omnibus Test of Moderators (QM) was used to test whether the study population significantly moderated effect sizes.ResultsThe study included 17 trials: 4 of psilocybin (n = 373), 2 of esketamine (n = 573), and 11 of SSRIs (n = 4014). Pretreatment to posttreatment SMCs (SEMs) were 1.21 (0.15) for psilocybin, 1.28 (0.06) for SSRIs, and 1.43 (0.15) for esketamine and were 0.50 (0.15), 1.00 (0.08), and 1.12 (0.17) for their respective control treatments. Study population was a significant moderator of between-group SMDs (QM, 10.7; df, 2; P =.005) and pre- to post-control treatment SMCs (QM, 10.4; df, 2; P =.005) but not of pre- to post-active treatment SMCs (QM, 1.21; df, 2; P =.55). MADRS response rates for control treatments in SSRI trials were 14 percentage points higher than in psilocybin trials and in esketamine trials were 23 percentage points higher than in psilocybin trials. Dropout rates for psilocybin (active treatment: 10 of 186 [5%]; control: 20 of 187 [11%]) and esketamine (active treatment: 43 of 349 [12%]; control: 18 of 224 [8%]) were similar and considerably lower than for SSRIs (active treatment: 866 of 2694 [32%]; control: 467 of 1320 [35%]).Conclusions and relevanceIn this meta-analysis of control treatment outcomes in trials of psilocybin, SSRIs, or esketamine for depression, participants receiving control treatment in psilocybin trials had significantly less improvement in depression ratings than participants receiving control treatment in trials of SSRIs or esketamine. This might indicate that psilocybin's antidepressant efficacy is overestimated compared with that of SSRIs and esketamine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.24119", "pubmed_id": "40736734", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.24119", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40736734\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 617, "title": "Synthesis of Psilocin, Psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT Succinate, All Labelled With Carbon-14 at the Indole 2-Position.", "normalized_title": "synthesis of psilocin psilocybin and 5 meo dmt succinate all labelled with carbon 14 at the indole 2 position", "authors": "Brown R, Hamilton NM, Mallon C, Stevenson J, Faley MT, Kargbo RB, Sherwood AM, Upeandran B.", "abstract": "Three novel 14C-labelled isotopologues of the psychoactive agents psilocin, psilocybin and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) were synthesised, all labelled at the 2-position of the indole. The syntheses involved incorporating the 3-dimethylaminoethyl substituent common to all three substances onto a 4- or 5-substituted indole intermediate via successive treatments with oxalyl chloride, dimethylamine and reduction with lithium aluminium hydride. Psilocybin-2-14C with a specific activity of 234 μCi/mg exhibited limited stability, but a 5.5-fold radio dilution with unlabelled psilocybin afforded material that maintained a radiochemical purity exceeding 97.5% after 1-month storage at ≤ -70°C. The stability of 5-MeO-DMT-2-14C succinate salt with a specific activity of 173 μCi/mg was assessed over a more extended storage period, and after 6 months at ≤ -70°C the radiochemical purity was 98.0%, supporting its use in long-term studies. The radiolabelled psilocybin-2-14C and 5-MeO-DMT-2-14C succinate represent new tools for in vivo pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies with psychedelic tryptamines. These novel derivatives may offer enhanced metabolic stability and facilitate more precise ADME and mass balance studies. Future research will explore their behaviour in biological systems to support necessary studies toward regulatory approval of both psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT for treating mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/jlcr.4155", "pubmed_id": "40743107", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.4155", "keywords": "Carbon Radioisotopes, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Isotope Labeling, Radiochemistry, Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40743107\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 616, "title": "Caffeine, nicotine, cannabis, and psilocybin: Pharmacology, toxicology, and potential therapeutic uses of four naturally occurring psychoactive substances.", "normalized_title": "caffeine nicotine cannabis and psilocybin pharmacology toxicology and potential therapeutic uses of four naturally occurring psychoactive substances", "authors": "Christen SE, Bekka E, Schmid Y, Benowitz NL, Liakoni E.", "abstract": "Psychoactive substances are compounds that can influence perception, consciousness, cognition, and emotions. The psychoactive substances caffeine, nicotine, cannabis, and psilocybin all originate from natural sources and can be used without complex processing or synthesis. Their natural availability has contributed to a long-standing history of human use and cultural significance. Caffeine and nicotine are freely available and commonly used as everyday stimulants, whereas psilocybin is more strictly regulated and cannabis has been legalised in some countries and regions. Some of these substances have been intensively studied, and their pharmacological and toxicological properties are well known, but ongoing research continues to investigate their therapeutic use for specific diseases and disorders. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the pharmacology and toxicology of these four naturally occurring psychoactive substances, including a summary of the currently available evidence on their therapeutic potential, health benefits, and associated risks.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.57187/s.4346", "pubmed_id": "40811135", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.57187/s.4346", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabis, Nicotine, Caffeine, Psychotropic Drugs, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40811135\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 605, "title": "Untargeted analysis of psilocybin and non-psilocybin mushrooms using liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry", "normalized_title": "untargeted analysis of psilocybin and non psilocybin mushrooms using liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry", "authors": "Islam S, Liden T, Goff R, Schug KA.", "abstract": "Psilocybin mushrooms, particularly those containing the psychoactive compounds psilocybin and psilocin, have attracted recent attention due to their potential therapeutic use for the treatment of psychological disorders. To use psilocybin mushrooms in a clinical context, it is important to understand their chemical composition more fully. An untargeted analysis using liquid chromatography (LC) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was performed to explore the chemical diversity of various species of psilocybin mushrooms (PM) relative to edible non-psilocybin mushrooms (NPM). The analysis was performed using reversed phase LC with electrospray ionization in data independent acquisition mode. The study revealed the presence of several classes of compounds and their derivatives. The data was analyzed using multiple statistical methods. Principal component analysis showed that the psilocybin mushrooms and non-psilocybin mushrooms are compositionally very different from each other. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the chemical complexity of psilocybin mushrooms and lay groundwork for future research into their potential applications in medicine and psychology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND609270047", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"IND609270047\",\"source\":\"AGR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 598, "title": "Perspectives on Trauma Treatment, Self-Management Strategies, and Attitudes Toward Psychedelic Therapies in Individuals with Psychological Trauma Symptoms.", "normalized_title": "perspectives on trauma treatment self management strategies and attitudes toward psychedelic therapies in individuals with psychological trauma symptoms", "authors": "Modlin NL, Jessica L MK, Sarang M, Siebenaler L, Maggio C, Pick S, Williamson V, Cleare A, Rucker J.", "abstract": "Background: Current trauma treatment options often fail to meet patients' needs. Despite the availability of established interventions, many trauma treatments fail to adequately meet patients' needs. In parallel, there has been renewed scientific and public interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics and related compounds, accompanied by increasing unsupervised use. This underscores the need to examine patients' willingness to engage with these therapies should they receive regulatory approval and to better characterize patterns of self-administration in order to inform patient-centered care and harm reduction strategies. Methods: An online survey recruited individuals with self-reported trauma symptoms or a formal diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)/complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). Participants were asked about their treatment history, satisfaction with current treatments, and use of illicit substances for symptom management. Further, after receiving psychoeducation on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybin therapies, participants' perceptions and willingness to participate in these treatments were assessed. Results: Of the 873 respondents, 94.8% reported experiencing psychological trauma, with 73.4% diagnosed with PTSD or CPTSD. Many had attempted multiple treatments, predominantly medications and various psychotherapies, but reported high dissatisfaction. Significant rates of marijuana, psychedelics, and MDMA use for self-management of trauma symptoms were reported, with minimal physical and psychological complications. Willingness to try MDMA and psilocybin therapies was high (0.81 and 0.83, respectively). Notably, women and heterosexual individuals showed lower willingness, while younger respondents and those with higher education levels showed greater willingness to try these treatments. Conclusion: High willingness to try MDMA and psilocybin therapies among trauma-exposed individuals highlights the need for further research and clinical trials. Understanding demographic variations in willingness can guide the development of accessible and effective treatment options for PTSD and CPTSD. Public education about potential risks and harm reduction strategies is crucial to promote safe and informed use of these emerging therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.5152/pcp.2025.24934", "pubmed_id": "40864832", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5152/pcp.2025.24934", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40864832\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 595, "title": "Natural hallucinogens of fungal and animal origin: action and potentialapplications - a narrative review.", "normalized_title": "natural hallucinogens of fungal and animal origin action and potentialapplications a narrative review", "authors": "Ciszowski K, Ziaja A, Niedzielska-Andres E, Pomierny-Chamioło L.", "abstract": "IntroductionNatural hallucinogens derived from fungi and animals have been used for centuries in shamanic, ritualistic, and medicinal practices across diverse cultures. These compounds exhibit a widerange of structures and mechanisms of action, affecting various neurotransmitter systems pathways. Fungal hallucinogens, primarily indole alkaloids like psilocybin and ergot alkaloids, as well as animal-derived toxins, such as bufotenine, ciguatoxins, or semiochemicals from insects, can induce profound alterations in perception, cognition, and mood. Despite their traditional use and psychoactive effects, many of these substances remain underexplored in terms of pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Recent studies suggest their possible roles in treating neuropsychiatric disorders, inflammatory conditions, and chronic pain, highlighting the need for a systematic review of their biological activity and medical applications.Aim of the studyThis review aims to provide an overview of hallucinogenic compounds of fungal and animal origin, focusing on their chemical nature, pharmacodynamic properties, and current evidence for potential therapeutic use.MethodologyThe review was based on publications retrieved from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, covering the period from 1983 to 2025. Search terms included: fungal hallucinogens, animal-derived psychedelics, natural psychoactive compounds, toxicity, therapeutic application of hallucinogens, and psychedelic drug research.ResultsThe analyzed hallucinogens differ markedly in terms of chemical structure, receptor activity, intensity of hallucinogenic effects, and potential for clinical use. Preclinical and limited clinical data suggest beneficial effects in mood and anxiety disorders, treatment-resistant depression, pain syndromes, and potentially neurodegenerative diseases. Some compounds show promise as leads for the synthesis of novel bioactive molecules.ConclusionsHallucinogens of fungal and animal origin represent a biologically diverse and pharmacologically rich group of natural substances. Further interdisciplinary research is required to explore their mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and therapeutic potential. Their continued investigation may lead to the development of innovative treatments in neuropsychiatry and beyond.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.24425/fmc.2025.156119", "pubmed_id": "41329968", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.24425/fmc.2025.156119", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Fungi, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41329968\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 540, "title": "Examining mystical experiences as a predictor of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "examining mystical experiences as a predictor of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Brudner RM, Kaczmarek E, Blainey MG, Schulz-Quach C, Meshkat S, Doyle Z, Lipsitz O, Offman H, Sethi R, Weiglein G, McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is a promising treatment for various psychiatric disorders. However, the exact biological and psychological mechanisms of action of PAP remain to be determined. Examining predictors of PAP outcomes may help identify necessary processes for positive treatment outcomes. Mystical experiences are considered a key aspect of the subjective effects of ingesting psilocybin. Mystical experiences have been observed to be possibly predictive of positive outcomes in psilocybin treatments. Therefore, some argue that mystical-type experiences are necessary to achieve therapeutic benefits.AimsThe current study examines mystical experiences as a predictor of antidepressant treatment outcomes in PAP, in a complex clinical sample.MethodsParticipants included 31 individuals with a primary diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) or Bipolar II Disorder (BDII), with treatment resistance to symptoms of their disorder. Participants had one, two, or three PAP treatments with a fixed dose of 25 mg of psilocybin. Depressive symptoms were measured at baseline, at a pre-dose visit and at 2 weeks post-dosing. The presence of mystical experiences was measured on the dosing day after the acute effects had resolved.ResultsFor the first psilocybin dose, participants with greater levels of mystical experiences exhibited a greater antidepressant effect from PAP. This effect was not found at the second or third doses.ConclusionThese results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that mystical experiences have therapeutic importance in PAP and extend the literature to include a clinical sample of individuals with treatment-resistant depression in the context of MDD or BDII.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251346697", "pubmed_id": "40590216", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251346697", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Bipolar Disorder, Psychotherapy, Mysticism, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40590216\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Mystical Experience,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 497, "title": "Single-dose (10 mg) psilocybin reduces symptoms in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pharmacological challenge study.", "normalized_title": "single dose 10 mg psilocybin reduces symptoms in adults with obsessive compulsive disorder a pharmacological challenge study", "authors": "Pellegrini L, Fineberg NA, O'Connor S, De Souza AMFLP, Godfrey K, Reed S, Peill J, Healy M, Rohani-Shukla C, Lee H, Carhart-Harris R, Robbins TW, Nutt D, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "BackgroundObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and disabling condition. A large proportion of patients fail to respond to first-line treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors either selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or clomipramine. Preliminary evidence suggests psilocybin, a serotonin receptor agonist, might be efficacious. We conducted a pharmacological challenge study to investigate the efficacy and mechanisms of effect of psilocybin in OCD. This analysis reports the clinical outcomes only.MethodsParticipants with a diagnosis of OCD of at least moderate severity, received two single doses of oral psilocybin, 1 mg followed by 10 mg, administered in fixed order separated by 4 weeks. On the day of dosing, they were treated in a day-care facility in the presence of clinicians experienced in the use of psychedelics for treating mental disorders. Psychological support was provided before, during and after dosing. Participants and raters were blinded to the order of treatment. They were assessed on the day before each dose (baseline 1, 2), on the day of dosing and at intervals over a 4-week period afterward using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) (primary clinical outcome) and secondary clinical outcomes including the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Adverse effects were also recorded.ResultsNineteen adult participants (aged 20-60) entered the study and 18 completed all assessments. Clinical outcomes following 1 mg and 10 mg psilocybin were compared using a linear mixed-effects model and ANOVA. A significant between-dosage effect favouring 10 mg psilocybin was found one-week after dosing on the Y-BOCS (Cohen's d = 0.82, p = 0.002). In particular, the effect one-week after dosing was statistically significant on the compulsion subscale of the Y-BOCS (Cohen's d: 0.74, p = 0.003), compared to obsession (Cohen's d: 0.50, p = 0.06). The effect diminished over the subsequent 3 weeks. No effect of psilocybin was detected on the MADRS. Psilocybin was well tolerated, with few adverse events reported at both dosages and no serious adverse events.ConclusionsIn this study, which was limited by a small sample size and the absence of randomisation, a 10 mg dose of oral psilocybin was found to be well-tolerated and potentially efficacious in patients with OCD. Psilocybin produced a rapid-onset, moderate to large effect on compulsive symptoms, which lasted up to one week after dosing. Future randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials investigating a longer course of multiple weekly doses of 10 mg psilocybin are indicated in OCD and in other obsessive-compulsive and related disorders characterised by compulsions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152619", "pubmed_id": "40618640", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152619", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40618640\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 644, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies for Psychosocial Symptoms in Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapies for psychosocial symptoms in cancer a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Schuman HDM, Savard C, Mina R, Barkova S, Conradi HSW, Deleemans JM, Carlson LE.", "abstract": "This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates (1) the effectiveness of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) using psilocybin and ketamine for psychosocial symptoms in adults with cancer, (2) contextualizes findings with non-randomized and exploratory studies of other psychedelics, and (3) examines the role of therapeutic frameworks in shaping outcomes. We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and EMBASE (2000-2024) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies investigating psychedelic agents in cancer populations. Meta-analyses pooled RCTs of psilocybin or ketamine using random-effects models. Non-randomized studies were synthesized narratively. Risk of bias and evidence certainty were assessed via Cochrane ROB2.0, NIH Before-After tool, and GRADE. Eleven placebo-controlled RCTs and four single open-label studies were included. Meta-analysis of four ketamine RCTs (n = 354) showed large, rapid effects on depression/anxiety (Hedges' g = -1.37, 95% CI: -2.66 to -0.08; I2 = 92%). Three psilocybin RCTs (n = 101) showed a large effect of psilocybin on alleviating depression (Hedges' g = -3.13, 95% CI: -10.04 to 3.77; I2 = 95%). MDMA and LSD trials suggested promise but lacked rigor. PAT may offer meaningful relief for cancer-related distress, though effects vary by therapeutic model and context. Oncology-specific trials are needed to standardize and scale for implementation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/curroncol32070380", "pubmed_id": "40710191", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32070380", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40710191\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3241, "title": "Paper spray and direct mushroom spray mass spectrometry methods for the analysis of psycho-neurological disorder toxins.", "normalized_title": "paper spray and direct mushroom spray mass spectrometry methods for the analysis of psycho neurological disorder toxins", "authors": "Luo W, Dai Q, van Beek TA, Zuilhof H, Chen B, Chen Z, Salentijn GI.", "abstract": "Fast screening approaches based on paper spray ionization were developed to identify psycho-neurological disorders mushrooms. Directly spraying from mushroom tissue already allowed direct identification of muscarine, psilocin, and ibotenic acid within 2-3 min. For quantitative analysis of the more challenging ibotenic acid, a new anion-exchange modified paper spray tandem mass spectrometry (AEPS-MS/MS) method was established to increase selectivity and sensitivity. The developed method was benchmarked against HPLC-MS/MS (with detection limits of 0.009 μg mL-1) and could reach detection limits of 1.3 μg mL-1 for ibotenic acid spiked in mushroom extract, with acceptable accuracy (-14.0 % to +5.1 %) and precision (10.8 % to 18.0 %). In addition, the developed method was compared with solid-phase extraction coupled with PS-MS/MS (with detection limits of 2.8 μg mL-1). Finally, the AEPS-MS/MS was applied for the quantitative analysis of ibotenic acid in Amanita griseopantherina, matching results from HPLC-MS/MS.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145369", "pubmed_id": "40639092", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145369", "keywords": "Agaricales, Mycotoxins, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Food Contamination, Paper, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Limit of Detection", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40639092\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 645, "title": "A Scoping Review of Research in Naturalistic Studies with Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "a scoping review of research in naturalistic studies with psychedelics", "authors": "Carvalho LC, Encantado J, Kettner H, Timmermann C, Veiga D, Teixeira PJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelic research has traditionally focused on controlled, clinical settings to evaluate the therapeutic potential of substances such as psilocybin. However, in recent years, there has been growing interest in naturalistic research, which explores psychedelic use in real-world settings. This review aims to critically analyze trends in naturalistic psychedelic research, focusing on sample demographics and the diversity of contextual factors across different settings. A systematic search in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science was conducted, including studies that involved the use of classic psychedelics in real-world settings. Two reviewers independently screened articles and extracted data on both sample and setting characteristics. A total of 103 studies were included, most of which employed a cross-sectional survey-based design (n = 54), with sample characteristics being widely reported, albeit with considerable variability across studies. Ayahuasca was the most frequently studied substance (66%), and ceremonial settings were the most commonly reported (35.9%). While sample characteristics were widely reported, there was significant variability. Specific contextual components, such as music, were often underreported, with longitudinal studies providing the most comprehensive details. This review highlights the need for systematic reporting standards in naturalistic psychedelic research to maximize its complementary value alongside clinical trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2520221", "pubmed_id": "40581772", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2520221", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40581772\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3682, "title": "Visual Surround Suppression and Perceptual Expectation Under Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "visual surround suppression and perceptual expectation under psilocybin", "authors": "University of Minnesota", "abstract": "The prospective pilot study will address the critical need for more precise characterizations of the acute visual effects of the drug psilocybin by measuring the impact of acute psilocybin intoxication on a perceptual task known as visual surround suppression, compared to an active placebo control. The proposed pilot study will address the critical need for more precise characterizations of the acute visual effects of the drug psilocybin by measuring the impact of acute psilocybin intoxication on a perceptual task known as visual surround suppression, compared to an active placebo control. The data collected in the proposed experiment will make important contributions to knowledge of how psilocybin impacts contextual processing in the brain. Moreover, this will in turn inform the neurobiology of visual surround suppression in general, providing the first investigation of links between surround suppression and serotonergic pathways in humans. Furthermore, the impact of psilocybin on surround suppression will complement recent discoveries of differences in surround suppression present in certain clinical populations. Taken together, these points suggest that this relatively simple and straightforward study could have significant payoff in its contribution to knowledge, not only of the effects of psilocybin but also of key brain processes underpinning human vision and context processing more broadly.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-06-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04424225", "keywords": "Perception Disturbance, Visual Suppression, Psychedelic Experiences, Psilocybin, Niacin, Vitamin B3, TERMINATED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04424225\",\"overall_status\":\"TERMINATED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 583, "title": "Australia's psychedelic experiment: reflections from a psychiatrist clinical researcher.", "normalized_title": "australia s psychedelic experiment reflections from a psychiatrist clinical researcher", "authors": "Bayes A.", "abstract": "BackgroundDespite a limited evidence base to inform clinicians, Australia has adopted a national approach in rescheduling psilocybin and MDMA as clinical therapies for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), respectively.PurposeThis paper explores clinical research domains warranting further investigation through outlining the reflections of a clinical-academic psychiatrist involved in psychedelic trial work.ResultsEight domains were found to warrant further research investigation including: efficacy, safety (including combining with psychotropics), psychotherapy models, psychological support, therapeutic touch, set/setting and examination of naturalistic data.ConclusionsThe clinical availability of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) gives greater impetus for careful research studies, informing treatment and improving patient outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/10398562251347890", "pubmed_id": "40574457", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10398562251347890", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychiatry, Biomedical Research, Research Personnel, Australia, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Psychiatrists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40574457\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3078, "title": "Psilocybin Modulates TPJ Effective Connectivity during Out-of-Body Experiences", "normalized_title": "psilocybin modulates tpj effective connectivity during out of body experiences", "authors": "Stoliker D, Bernasconi F, Blanke O, Razi A.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics alter self-boundaries and can induce out-of-body experiences (OBEs)-the sense of being located outside one’s physical body. While OBEs also occur in clinical conditions and can be experimentally induced, their neural basis under psychedelics remains underexplored. In an open-label, baseline-controlled MRI study of 62 healthy adults administered psilocybin, we examined effective connectivity changes in regions implicated in clinical and induced OBEs. Spectral dynamic causal modelling (spDCM) was applied to resting-state and music-listening scans to estimate connectivity changes from baseline and assess their consistency across contexts. Participants were grouped by self-reported OBE symptom intensity at the end of the dosing day. In those reporting high-intensity OBEs, psilocybin reduced effective connectivity from the right to left anterior insula and between the right anterior insula and right temporoparietal junction (TPJ), inhibiting these connections across both scan types. These changes parallel known disruptions in TPJ-insula circuits linked to OBEs in clinical and experimental settings, particularly in the right hemisphere. Our findings highlight how psilocybin-induced disembodiment corresponds to altered effective connectivity and demonstrate the utility of spDCM for mapping causal neural dynamics underlying bodily self-consciousness.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-06-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.06.24.25330245", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.24.25330245", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1041878\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 648, "title": "Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor expression is chronically decreased in the anterior cerebral cortex of male rats following repetitive low-level blast exposure.", "normalized_title": "serotonin 5 ht2a receptor expression is chronically decreased in the anterior cerebral cortex of male rats following repetitive low level blast exposure", "authors": "De Gasperi R, Perez Garcia G, Gama Sosa MA, Perez GM, Abutarboush R, Kawoos U, Hof PR, Zhu CW, Ahlers ST, Elder GA.", "abstract": "IntroductionMany Veterans who experienced blast-related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in Iraq and Afghanistan currently suffer from chronic cognitive and mental health problems that include depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Male rats exposed to repetitive low-level blast develop chronic cognitive and PTSD-related behavioral traits that are present for more than 1 year after exposure. Psychedelic agents alter cognition as well as mood and agents such as psilocybin have gained attention as possible treatments for the mental health disorders that affect Veterans. The best-known action of psilocybin's metabolite psilocin is to stimulate the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR). The aim of this study was to determine whether 5-HT2AR levels are altered by blast exposure.Methods5-HT2AR expression was examined by Western blot in 7 cohorts of rats exposed to low level repetitive blast collected from 2 weeks to 12 months after blast exposure. The analysis included three brain regions (anterior cerebral cortex, hippocampus and amygdala) that were chosen based on being relevant to fear learning and the biological basis of PTSD. Possible correlations between Western blot data and behavioral outcomes were evaluated.Results5-HT2AR was chronically decreased in anterior cortex of blast-exposed rats in all cohorts except the one studied at 2 weeks after blast exposure. 5-HT2AR levels were variably affected in the other regions. 5-HT2AR expression correlated differently in blast and control rats in some behavioral parameters.ConclusionThese findings have implications for understanding the neurochemical basis of blast-induced cognitive and behavioral changes. They also suggest 5-HT2AR as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of PTSD-related symptoms that follow blast injury.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fneur.2025.1594335", "pubmed_id": "40635716", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1594335", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40635716\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Receptor Pharmacology,Observational Study,Veterans", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 564, "title": "Selective Phosphorylation of Phenols and Benzenediols by the Kinase PsiK and Variants Thereof.", "normalized_title": "selective phosphorylation of phenols and benzenediols by the kinase psik and variants thereof", "authors": "Kim A, Morato NM, Saha P, Eyimegwu PN, Niyaz AA, Huang R, Cooks RG, Phelan RM, Lewis JC.", "abstract": "Phosphorylation plays important roles in biology by modulating the structure, reactivity, and biological function of a broad range of molecules. Biocatalytic phosphorylation has attracted attention from synthetic chemists due to its selectivity and mild reaction conditions using ATP as a phosphate donor. Given the potential synthetic utility of kinases with activity on small molecule substrates, we explored the activity of PsiK, the enzyme responsible for selective 4-O-phosphorylation of 4-hydroxytryptamine or psilocin in psylocybin biosynthesis by Psilocybe cubensis. We find that PsiK has good activity on a range of substituted phenols and benzenediols beyond its native substrate, enabling preparative phosphorylation of different substrates, and substantially expands the substrate scope of biocatalytic phosphorylation. We also show that active site mutations can further expand substrate scope and improve site-selectivity. This engineering effort was greatly expedited using DESI-MS screening, which enabled analysis of 2688 reactions in only 40 min. Finally, gram-scale phosphorylation of a representative substrate was achieved with a turnover number over 10 000. Together, these results highlight the biocatalytic utility of PsiK and derivatives thereof for selective phosphorylation of phenols and benzenediols under mild conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/anie.202503538", "pubmed_id": "40526241", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202503538", "keywords": "Phenols, Protein Kinases, Substrate Specificity, Phosphorylation, Biocatalysis", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40526241\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 649, "title": "The Clinical Applications of Psilocybin Therapies and Post-COVID Syndrome: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "the clinical applications of psilocybin therapies and post covid syndrome a comprehensive narrative review", "authors": "Mathew A, Dongre R, Kim SH, Turner J, Mathew A, Cherryholmes E, Mehrinfar M, Kamprath S.", "abstract": "The coronavirus variant (causing the COVID-19 disease) that led to a pandemic sent global shockwaves, resulting in long-term effects on physical, mental, and social well-being and impacting both individuals and communities. With the pandemic's notable impact on mental health, one such potential treatment discussed in recent literature is psilocybin. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring prodrug compound found in select mushrooms shown to reduce clinical symptoms of certain mental health disorders. In this study, we review the status and usage of psilocybin in clinical practice preceding and following the COVID-19 pandemic. The search criteria for the study included psilocybin or psychedelics or psychedelic-therapy psychiatry and long-haul COVID. The search spanned English articles from January 2020 to April 2024, utilizing the PsychInfo, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, and PubMed databases. Two reviewers independently screened each record to decide if a study met the inclusion criteria and to account for bias. Each article researched different pathologies, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and COVID-19. The manuscripts collectively emphasize that there is evidence that psilocybin has a role in the treatment of said pathologies, with relatively safe outcomes if administered under proper medical supervision. Psilocybin use was followed up for a relatively long period after some trials, but further research is warranted to draw a more definitive conclusion regarding the therapeutic uses of psilocybin. Our review reflects that barriers to using psilocybin therapeutically for long-haul COVID-19 exist, which significantly impacts the scope of our research. While evidence suggests its efficacy in mental health conditions such as depression and mood disorders, more robust clinical trials are needed. Current literature supports the pharmacological basis that psilocybin may be effective in treating COVID-19 sequelae. Psilocybin's role in inhibiting SARS-Cov-2 protease shows promise, but ultimately, in vitro validation will be necessary before wider approval of the drug. Lastly, large clinical trials comparing psilocybin to standard care and assessing symptom relief in long-term COVID patients may help validate the findings seen in much of the current literature.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.86659", "pubmed_id": "40718283", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.86659", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40718283\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 585, "title": "Use of Psychedelic Agents in Older Adults with Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder: What the Evidence Shows.", "normalized_title": "use of psychedelic agents in older adults with treatment resistant major depressive disorder what the evidence shows", "authors": "Vinarcsik L, Smoller C, Grossberg G.", "abstract": "The use of drugs with psychedelic and dissociative effects for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses has become increasingly popular in recent years. However, few trials have been conducted to determine the efficacy of these agents in the specific setting of treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) in older adults. In this paper, we review notable aspects of treatment-resistant MDD in older adults, review classical and nonclassical psychedelic agents and dissociative agents presently being trialed mostly in younger populations for the treatment of depression, and review what is known about trialing these agents in older adults with treatment-resistant MDD. Given the limitations to extant standard treatment and the potential risks associated with first-line pharmacological agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in this population, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy may offer an important alternative for managing treatment-resistant MDD in older adults. This subset of patients is understudied and stands to benefit significantly from improved treatment regimens. The limited research available that details psychedelic-assisted treatment in this specific group is promising. Here we focus on reviewing those agents with the most controlled data available, beginning with the dissociative anesthetic ketamine/esketamine, and the hallucinogenic agent psilocybin, and concluding with a brief review of related substances including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ayahuasca, ibogaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and mescaline. Treatment-resistant MDD is highly prevalent among older adults, and while preliminary findings seem promising regarding the safety and tolerability of psychedelics, concerns remain owing to insufficient data, and therefore further research is crucial to establish the safety, efficacy, and applications of psychedelic therapy in this population.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s40266-025-01221-5", "pubmed_id": "40553322", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-025-01221-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Aged, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40553322\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Older Adults,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 650, "title": "Assessing the Attitudes of Dutch Mental Health Care Professionals Toward Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study.", "normalized_title": "assessing the attitudes of dutch mental health care professionals toward psychedelic assisted psychotherapy a cross sectional exploratory study", "authors": "Koolen M, Wirsching A, Krediet E, van Elk M.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) constitutes a novel treatment paradigm in mental health care practice that is currently being evaluated for its clinical efficacy and safety. Insight into the attitudes of clinicians toward PAP remains crucial for its successful integration into mental health care. This cross-sectional survey explores the attitudes of Dutch mental health care professionals toward PAP, specifically focusing on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder and psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for major depressive disorder. The study included 198 clinicians who completed a 40-item online survey, distributed between April and May 2022. The study examined clinicians' attitudes toward PAP, the relation between these attitudes and several demographic variables, and clinicians' perceived implementation barriers. Respondents generally exhibited positive attitudes toward PAP, which in turn were related to previous use of either MDMA or psilocybin. Participants believed that psychiatrists and licensed psychologists were the ideal professionals to administer PAP, expressed concerns about their ability to establish a connection with patients during psychedelic states of consciousness, and preferred administering PAP in specialized facilities within hospital settings. This study provides valuable insights into the implementation of PAP and helps informing educational and training programs for clinicians, as well as integrating PAP into mental health care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2508156", "pubmed_id": "40551401", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2508156", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40551401\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Consciousness,Observational Study,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 584, "title": "The effects of psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram on cognitive bias: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram on cognitive bias a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Henry J, Giribaldi B, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R, Lyons T.", "abstract": "BackgroundPatients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) have more dysfunctional attitudes than healthy individuals and these pessimistic biases are correlated with depression severity. Psilocybin has demonstrated sustained remission in depression.MethodsSecondary analysis of a two-arm randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram on 'maladaptive' cognitive biases relevant to the construct of depression. Primary outcomes were post-treatment changes in biases at six weeks compared with baseline, as measured using three validated psychological scales.FindingsFifty-nine MDD patients were randomly allocated to the psilocybin (n = 30) or escitalopram (n = 29) groups. Self-reported optimism showed a large increase six-weeks after psilocybin treatment (Mdiff=6·63 p < 0·0001; 95 % CI [4·06, 9·20], d = 1·1), whereas there was no change following escitalopram (Mdiff=1·52, p = 0·205; 95 % CI [-0·59, 3·62], d = 0·4). Behavioral results found that patients were more optimistic about desirable life events after psilocybin treatment (Mdiff=0·16, p = 0·0002; 95 % CI [0·08, 0·23], d = 1·1), but they were also less pessimistic about negative life events after escitalopram treatment (Mdiff=0·07, p = 0·018; 95 % CI [0·01, 0·13], d = 0·5). We found improvements in all three domains of dysfunctional attitudes following psilocybin treatment: achievement (Mdiff=10·37, p < 0·0001; 95 % CI [6·38, 14·53], d = 1·0); dependency (Mdiff=7·97, p < 0·0001; 95 % CI [4·00, 11·93], d = 0·9) and self-control (Mdiff=6·40, p = 0·0006; 95 % CI [2·60, 10·20], d = 0·8)), whereas only the achievement domain improved after escitalopram (Mdiff=4·10, p = 0·005; 95 % CI [1·35, 6·86], d = 0·6).InterpretationThese results suggest that two high-dose sessions with psilocybin therapy are superior to a six-week daily course of a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor antidepressant, in remediating negative cognitive biases in depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.06.003", "pubmed_id": "40554997", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.06.003", "keywords": "Humans, Citalopram, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Cognition, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Escitalopram, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40554997\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3096, "title": "The Emerging Use of Psilocybin in Adult Populations with Alcohol Use Disorder: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "the emerging use of psilocybin in adult populations with alcohol use disorder a scoping review", "authors": "Daroui D, Mastrostefano A, Davini F, Giuseppe G, Terracina S.", "abstract": "Background: Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic pathological condition with significant burdens throughout the world. Despite the effectiveness of the current pharmacological treatments, the ongoing issues with AUD and the high relapse rates necessitate the exploration of innovative therapies, including the use of psychedelic drugs, which have shown promising initial results. The purpose of the current study is to map the evidence on potential uses of psilocybin and its neurobiological pathways, highlighting gaps in knowledge and suggesting research opportunities. Methods: A scoping review of the literature was performed according to the population, concept, and context (PCC) framework. Data were synthesized in tabular form to summarize key study characteristics. Results and discussion: After screening 757 records, we included 12 studies published between 1968 and 2025: 7 RCTs, 4 open-label studies, and 1 case report. Early Polish studies suggested long-term remission of alcohol cravings, while recent U.S.-based RCTs showed that psilocybin, when paired with psychotherapy, reduced heavy drinking days and alcohol-related and mental problems. Limitations have been identified in small sample sizes and short follow-up periods in patient safety data, particularly in those with comorbidities. Most of the studies have been carried out in a hospital and university psychiatry department setting involving physicians and psychologists. Conclusion: Psilocybin has emerged as a promising and innovative compound for the treatment of AUD in an experimental phase. Future research should be conducted to assess pharmacological effects, efficacy, and patient safety through rigorous RCTs across diverse populations. To achieve better outcomes, it is essential to address drug development and pharmaceutical legislation regarding safe therapeutic algorithms.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2025-06-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202506.1536.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202506.1536.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1039854\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3283, "title": "Molecular, haemodynamic and functional effects of LSD in the human brain", "normalized_title": "molecular haemodynamic and functional effects of lsd in the human brain", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Larsen K, Johansen A, Reveles Jensen KH, Nykjaer CH, Holze F, Falck N, Neufeld VAB, Steenstrup E, Skov-Andersen PM, Spangaard A, Geisler M, Randrup PP, Jensen PS, Shulganov V, Johansen SS, Nielsen MKK, Andersen TL, Stenbaek DS, Svarer C, Fisher PM, Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "In this study, we provide the first study to integrate molecular and functional neuroimaging during psychedelic drug effects in humans. Using simultaneous PET-MRI technology, we describe multiple brain actions of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in healthy volunteers. We quantify the occupancy of LSD at cerebral serotonin 2A receptors and show that LSD increases global cerebral blood flow and internal carotid artery flow without affecting the diameter of the internal carotid artery, opposite effects to those observed following psilocybin. Functional connectivity analyses showed widespread decreases in global connectivity, particularly in visual networks, alongside increases in network-wise sample entropy and spatial complexity. We observed an anticlockwise hysteresis loop between plasma drug levels and subjective effects, suggesting atypical pharmacodynamic mechanisms. By establishing the dose-occupancy relation of LSD in humans, our findings provide critical insights for the clinical development of psychedelic compounds and demonstrate unique neurophysiological effects that distinguish LSD from related psychedelics. Our findings challenge the leading hypotheses of psychedelic brain-action, until now thought to be instrumental for therapeutic efficacy.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-06-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.06.17.25329677", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.17.25329677", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1039139\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 651, "title": "Correction: Psilocybin's acute and persistent brain effects: a precision imaging drug trials.", "normalized_title": "correction psilocybin s acute and persistent brain effects a precision imaging drug trials", "authors": "Subramanian S, Reneau TR, Perry D, Chacko R, Laumann TO, Flavin K, Horan C, Schweiger J, Metcalf N, Lenze EJ, Snyder AZ, Dosenbach NUF, Nicol G, Siegel JS", "abstract": "", "journal": "Scientific data", "publication_date": "2025-06-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41597-025-05397-8", "pubmed_id": "40533500", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40533500/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40533500\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 150, "title": "The Music for Subanesthetic Infusions of Ketamine randomised clinical trial: ketamine as a psychedelic treatment for highly refractory depression.", "normalized_title": "the music for subanesthetic infusions of ketamine randomised clinical trial ketamine as a psychedelic treatment for highly refractory depression", "authors": "Greenway KT, Garel N, Dinh-Williams LL, Thibault Lévesque J, Kaelen M, Dagenais-Beaulé V, de la Salle S, Erritzoe D, Looper K, Turecki G, Rej S, Richard-Devantoy S.", "abstract": "BackgroundKetamine exerts potent but transient antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Combinations of ketamine and psychotherapy have attracted interest, but no trial has investigated a psychedelic model of ketamine-psychotherapy for TRD to our knowledge.AimsThis secondary analysis of a randomised clinical trial (RCT) explores the therapeutic effects and experiential mechanisms of the Montreal Model of ketamine-psychotherapy for TRD, with or without music.MethodA two-centre, single-blinded, RCT conducted in Montreal, Canada, between January 2021 and August 2022 (NCT04701866). Participants received ketamine-psychotherapy for TRD - six subanaesthetic infusions over 4 weeks and psychological support - with either music or matched non-music support during ketamine doses, as per random group assignments. The primary therapeutic outcome was the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, assessed by blinded raters. Psychedelic-like experiences, evaluated by the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and Emotional Breakthrough Inventory, and their session-by-session relationships with depression were explored with multilevel, time-lagged covariate models with autoregressive residuals.ResultsThirty-two participants with severe and highly comorbid TRD, including high rates of personality disorder and suicidality, received 181 ketamine infusions. Therapeutic outcomes and psychedelic experiences did not differ between music (n = 15) and non-music (n = 17) interventions. Both groups experienced significant reductions in clinician-rated and self-reported depression (d = 1.2 and d = 0.87, respectively; p < 0.001), anxiety (d = 0.8, p < 0.001) and suicidality (d = 0.4, p < 0.05) at 4 weeks, fully maintained at 8-week follow-up. Ketamine experiences were highly emotional and mystical. Converging analyses supported mystical-like ketamine experiences as mechanisms of its antidepressant effects.ConclusionsThis trial found large and notably sustained benefits of ketamine-psychotherapy for severe TRD, with or without music, and psychedelic experiences of comparable intensity to those observed with psilocybin. Mystical-like experiences may particularly contribute to ketamine's immediate and persistent psychiatric benefits.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1192/bjp.2025.102", "pubmed_id": "40528492", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2025.102", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Music Therapy, Single-Blind Method, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40528492\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 653, "title": "The molecular mechanisms through which psilocybin prevents suicide: evidence from network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses.", "normalized_title": "the molecular mechanisms through which psilocybin prevents suicide evidence from network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses", "authors": "Zhang Y, Yang L, Zhang Q, Li C, Mao F, Zhuo C.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is among the most extensively studied psychedelics, with previous research suggesting its potential therapeutic role in suicide prevention. However, the precise mechanisms through which psilocybin may aid in suicide prevention remain unclear. This study thus employed network pharmacology and molecular docking tools to explore the mechanisms by which psilocybin may contribute to suicide prevention. Relevant drug- and disease-related targets were identified. Overlapping drug- and disease-related targets were extracted from the bioinformatics platform and imported into the STRING database to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Key targets were selected based on topological parameters derived from network analyses conducted using Cytoscape 3.10.1. These key targets were further analyzed using GO and KEGG enrichment approaches conducted with the DAVID tool. A drug-disease-target-pathway network was subsequently constructed in Cytoscape 3.10.1. Finally, molecular docking analyses were performed to assess psilocybin's potential to interact with key targets using AutoDock Vina and the PyMOL software. A total of 46 potential targets associated with psilocybin and relevant to suicide treatment were identified, of which 13 were imported into the DAVID tool for enrichment analyses. Network analyses identified four targets-HTR2A, HTR2C, HTR7, and PRKACA-that may serve as therapeutic targets for psilocybin in suicide prevention. Enrichment analysis outcomes suggested that psilocybin may prevent suicide by modulating the serotonergic synapse and calcium signaling pathways. Molecular docking analyses revealed that HTR2A, HTR2C, HTR7, and PRKACA strongly bind to psilocybin. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the potential role of psilocybin in suicide prevention, offering a novel basis for further research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-025-03410-7", "pubmed_id": "40523911", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03410-7", "keywords": "Humans, Suicide, Computational Biology, Databases, Protein, Protein Interaction Maps, Molecular Docking Simulation, Psilocybin, Network Pharmacology, Suicide Prevention", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40523911\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 586, "title": "The phenomenology of psilocybin's experience mediates subsequent persistent psychological effects independently of sex, previous experience, or setting.", "normalized_title": "the phenomenology of psilocybin s experience mediates subsequent persistent psychological effects independently of sex previous experience or setting", "authors": "Klučková T, Nikolič M, Tylš F, Viktorin V, Vejmola Č, Viktorinová M, Bravermanová A, Androvičová R, Andrashko V, Korčák J, Zach P, Hájková K, Kuchař M, Balíková M, Brunovský M, Horáček J, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent studies intensively explore psilocybin's antidepressant potential, but variables like previous experience, repeated use, setting, and sex remain underexplored. This study examines acute and long-term effects of psilocybin in healthy individuals.MethodsA double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study included 40 healthy participants (20 females, mean age 38). Each received two doses of psilocybin (0.26 mg/kg) at least 56 days apart (mean 488) in two neuroimaging study arms. Nearly half had previous psychedelic experience. Acute effects were measured using the Altered States of Consciousness Scales (ASCs) and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for emotional valence. The Persisting Effects Questionnaire (PEQ) assessed long-term effects.ResultsAll results were independent of observed variables such as previous psychedelic experience, repeated use, setting, sex and occupation. Acute effects were moderate on the ASCs, with VAS ratings showing mostly pleasant or fluctuating experiences and only one unpleasant session. All experiences resolved in a positive or neutral state by the session's end. Psilocybin produced lasting positive effects across all PEQ domains, with negligible negative effects. Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) and Visionary Restructuralization (VRS) correlated with positive outcomes, while Dread of Ego Dissolution (DED), typically associated with fear, did not predict negative effects. The nature of the acute experience (pleasant or mixed) was not linked to the direction or intensity of long-term outcomes. Peak experiences ending in a positive mood were strongly associated with favourable long-term effects.ConclusionRepeated psilocybin administration in healthy individuals induces positive, lasting effects, with challenging experiences in controlled settings not causing adverse outcomes. These findings support psilocybin's psychological safety and its repeated use in clinical trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-025-00742-5", "pubmed_id": "40522607", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00742-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Consciousness, Sex Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40522607\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 656, "title": "Evaluation of behavioural and neurochemical effects of psilocybin in mice subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress.", "normalized_title": "evaluation of behavioural and neurochemical effects of psilocybin in mice subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress", "authors": "Erkizia-Santamaría I, Horrillo I, Martínez-Álvarez N, Pérez-Martínez D, Rivero G, Erdozain AM, Meana JJ, Ortega JE.", "abstract": "Depression and anxiety are disabling and high incidence mental disorders characterized by phenotypic heterogeneity. Currently available treatments show severe limitations. Thus, there is an urgent need for effective treatments in this population. In the search for novel rapid-acting antidepressants, the psychedelic psilocybin has emerged as a promising therapy in several clinical trials. However, its antidepressant mechanism of action is still not well understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in ameliorating the adverse behavioural and neurochemical consequences of chronic stress. To this end, a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) animal model was used, and psilocybin treatment was administered (two doses of 1 mg/kg, i.p., administered 7 days apart). Psilocybin reversed impairments in anhedonia and behavioural despair dimensions of depressive phenotype but not in apathy-related behaviour. Psilocybin administration was also able to exert an anxiolytic-like effect on treated animals. Physiological alterations caused by stress, indicative of a hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), were not reversed by psilocybin. When neuroplasticity-related proteins were assessed in cerebral cortex, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was found to be decreased in stressed animals, and treatment did not reverse such impairment. Psilocybin administration increased the expression and function of serotonin-2A-receptor (5HT2AR) in brain cortex of control and CUMS groups. Furthermore, psilocybin treatment caused a selective increase in the expression of glucocorticoid-receptor (GR) in brain cortex of CUMS mice. In conclusion, psilocybin was able to rescue impairments in the depressive phenotype, and to induce anxiolytic-like effects. Furthermore, an enhancement in sensitivity to psilocybin-induced HTR was observed following a booster dose. Altogether, this work provides new knowledge on the putative benefit/risk actions of psilocybin and contributes to the understanding of the therapeutic mechanism of action of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-025-03421-4", "pubmed_id": "40517150", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03421-4", "keywords": "Pituitary-Adrenal System, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Animals, Mice, Disease Models, Animal, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Stress, Psychological, Anxiety, Male, Anhedonia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40517150\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3482, "title": "The Safety and Tolerability of COMP360 in Participants With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder", "normalized_title": "the safety and tolerability of comp360 in participants with post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "COMPASS Pathways", "abstract": "The Safety and Tolerability of COMP360 in Participants with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder The Safety and Tolerability of COMP360 administered under supportive conditions in participants with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-06-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05312151", "keywords": "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Psilocybin, COMP360, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05312151\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 660, "title": "Synergistic behavioral and neuroplastic effects of psilocybin-NMDAR modulator administration.", "normalized_title": "synergistic behavioral and neuroplastic effects of psilocybin nmdar modulator administration", "authors": "Ben-Tal T, Pogodin I, Botvinnik A, Lifschytz T, Heresco-Levy U, Lerer B.", "abstract": "The full therapeutic potential of serotonergic psychedelics (SP) in treating neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia, is limited by possible adverse effects, including perceptual disturbances and psychosis, which require administration in controlled clinical environments. This study investigates the synergistic benefits of combining psilocybin (PSIL) with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) modulators D-serine (DSER) and D-cycloserine (DCS) to enhance both efficacy and safety. Using ICR male mice, we examined head twitch response (HTR), MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion, and neuroplasticity related synaptic protein levels in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum. Our results indicate that PSIL significantly increased HTR-a surrogate measure for hallucinogenic effects-which was reduced by the co-administration of DSER or DCS in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, combining PSIL with DSER or DCS significantly decreased MK-801-induced hyperactivity, modeling antipsychotic effects. Neuroplasticity-related synaptic protein assays demonstrated that the PSIL-DSER combination enhanced GAP43 expression over all 4 brain examined and overall expression of the 4 assayed synaptic proteins in the hippocampus, while PSIL-DCS elevated PSD95 levels across all 4 brain regions, suggesting a synaptogenic synergy. These findings support the hypothesis that combinations of SP with NMDAR modulators could optimize the therapeutic potential of SP by mitigating adverse effects and enhancing neuroplasticity. Future studies should focus on refining administration protocols and evaluating translational applicability for broader clinical use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-025-03428-x", "pubmed_id": "40514369", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03428-x", "keywords": "Brain, Hippocampus, Animals, Mice, Inbred ICR, Mice, Cycloserine, Dizocilpine Maleate, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Neuronal Plasticity, Drug Synergism, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40514369\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 657, "title": "Mycelium Growth and Development of Psilocybe spp. Mother Cultures on Agar-Based Media.", "normalized_title": "mycelium growth and development of psilocybe spp mother cultures on agar based media", "authors": "Pepe M, Hesami M, Fleishmann L, Hsiang T, Jones AMP.", "abstract": "The resurgence of interest in the therapeutic potential of psilocybin-producing mushrooms has recently led to numerous research and commercialization efforts. Due to its ease of cultivation and high potency, Psilocybe is the primary genus of interest, and there is a growing need to standardize maintenance, proliferation, and cultivation techniques for efficient and consistent production. The investigation of mycelial growth and development on agar-based media is of principal importance to regulate and optimize mycelium growth and preservation protocols for subsequent fruiting body development. The current investigation is the first to examine the mycelial growth and morphology of four Psilocybe genotypes cultured on different agar-based media. The results from this simple set of experiments provides the foundation for future optimization studies. Ultimately, the information presented can be used to develop genotype-specific mycelial growth and development practices that will shape the future of psychedelic mushroom production for clinical and industrial applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/jof11060450", "pubmed_id": "40558962", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11060450", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40558962\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3611, "title": "A Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Multiple Doses of MLS101 (Psilocybin) in Healthy Participants", "normalized_title": "a phase 1 study to evaluate the safety tolerability and pharmacokinetics of multiple doses of mls101 psilocybin in healthy participants", "authors": "MycoMedica Life Sciences PBC", "abstract": "MLS101 is being developed as a low dose psilocybin, that can be administered to treat neurological and psychiatric conditions. The purpose of this clinical trial is to assess how safe and tolerated MLS101 is; to see how MLS101 is distributed and cleared by the body (pharmacokinetics); and to assess the psychedelic effects of MLS101 in healthy, adult participants. In recent years, high-dose psilocybin has gained attention for it potential therapeutic benefit in many psychiatric conditions, however existing clinical data for low psilocybin doses are limited. Microdoses are generally considered to be those absent of profound sensory and cognitive effects that would interfere with normal everyday functioning, but only a small number of prospective studies have evaluated microdoses and/or low doses in a controlled manner. As a foundational study of the therapeutic use of psilocybin microdoses, this study will assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and sensorial effects using a prospective, controlled, multiple dose regimen in healthy volunteers.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-06-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06643637", "keywords": "Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, MLS101, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06643637\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3746, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy Increases Self-Compassion in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy increases self compassion in patients with alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Agin-Liebes G, Petridis P, Zeifman R, Link M, Cordova MJ, Bogenschutz M.", "abstract": "A recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial (NCT02061293) found that psilocybin-assisted therapy significantly improved drinking outcomes compared to an active placebo in adults with alcohol use disorder (AUD). In this secondary analysis, we assessed whether psilocybin-assisted therapy improved self-compassion and whether these changes predicted drinking outcomes. Of the 95 participants enrolled, 86 had self-compassion and drinking outcome data. Forty-four participants were randomized to 2 medication sessions with psilocybin and forty-two to active-placebo control (diphenhydramine); all participants received 12 sessions of manualized psychotherapy. Psilocybin-assisted therapy robustly increased compassionate self-responding (CS) and decreased uncompassionate self-responding (UCS), with the largest effect sizes observed in reducing UCS components (Self-Judgment, Isolation, Over-Identification). Across the full sample, small but significant correlations emerged between improvements in self-compassion and reductions in drinking. However, group-specific analyses revealed that participants in the control group exhibited moderate associations between gains in self-compassion and decreased drinking, whereas no significant association was observed in the psilocybin group. In both groups, these associations were stronger among participants who maintained moderate-to-high-risk drinking during the first four weeks of therapy prior to medication administration. Although the control group consistently exhibited significant correlations and the psilocybin group did not, the between-group differences in correlation strength were not statistically significant. These findings underscore the clinical relevance of self-compassion in AUD treatment but suggest that self-compassion may not mediate outcomes when psilocybin is administered as part of therapy. Larger studies with additional mechanistic analyses are needed to further clarify how self-compassion interacts with psychological processes and pharmacological interventions in shaping treatment response, ultimately informing improvements to psilocybin-assisted therapy for AUD.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-06-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/f27jm_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/f27jm_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:18", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1034586\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3617, "title": "Comparison of the Effects of PEX20 (Oral Psilocin), PEX30 (Sublingual Psilocin), and PEX10 (Oral Psilocybin) in Healthy Adults", "normalized_title": "comparison of the effects of pex20 oral psilocin pex30 sublingual psilocin and pex10 oral psilocybin in healthy adults", "authors": "University of California, San Francisco", "abstract": "To compare the physiological and psychological effects of psilocin taken orally by pill or sublingually by dissolving a tablet under the tongue to those of psilocybin taken by pill in healthy adults. The primary goal of this study is to compare the physiological and psychological effects of psilocin taken orally by pill or sublingually dissolved under the tongue to those of psilocybin taken by pill. Twenty participants, ages 25 to 50, with one previous experience with psychedelics, and who meet all other inclusion and exclusion criteria at screening will be enrolled. After baseline assessments, participants will engage in preparatory visits with trained facilitators, followed by drug administration, supervised by the facilitators and a clinician who will conduct safety monitoring throughout. Participants will then complete assessment and integration sessions with the facilitators in order to help process the experience. The same preparation, procedures, integration, and supervision will be repeated up to three more times with each participant.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-06-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05317689", "keywords": "Healthy, Psilocin, Psilocybin, Sublingual Psilocin, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05317689\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3074, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy Increases Self-Compassion in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy increases self compassion in patients with alcohol use disorder", "authors": "", "abstract": "A recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial (NCT02061293) found that psilocybin-assisted therapy significantly improved drinking outcomes compared to an active placebo in adults with alcohol use disorder (AUD). In this secondary analysis, we assessed whether psilocybin-assisted therapy improved self-compassion and whether these changes predicted drinking outcomes. Of the 95 participants enrolled, 86 had self-compassion and drinking outcome data. Forty-four participants were randomized to 2 medication sessions with psilocybin and forty-two to active-placebo control (diphenhydramine); all participants received 12 sessions of manualized psychotherapy. Psilocybin-assisted therapy robustly increased compassionate self-responding (CS) and decreased uncompassionate self-responding (UCS), with the largest effect sizes observed in reducing UCS components (Self-Judgment, Isolation, Over-Identification). Across the full sample, small but significant correlations emerged between improvements in self-compassion and reductions in drinking. However, group-specific analyses revealed that participants in the control group exhibited moderate associations between gains in self-compassion and decreased drinking, whereas no significant association was observed in the psilocybin group. In both groups, these associations were stronger among participants who maintained moderate-to-high-risk drinking during the first four weeks of therapy prior to medication administration. Although the control group consistently exhibited significant correlations and the psilocybin group did not, the between-group differences in correlation strength were not statistically significant. These findings underscore the clinical relevance of self-compassion in AUD treatment but suggest that self-compassion may not mediate outcomes when psilocybin is administered as part of therapy. Larger studies with additional mechanistic analyses are needed to further clarify how self-compassion interacts with psychological processes and pharmacological interventions in shaping treatment response, ultimately informing improvements to psilocybin-assisted therapy for AUD.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-06-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/f27jm_v1", "keywords": "Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"f27jm_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 662, "title": "Psilocybin and hallucinogenic mushrooms - ERRATUM.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and hallucinogenic mushrooms erratum", "authors": "Fradet M, Kelly CM, Donnelly AJ, Suppes T.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/s1092852925100291", "pubmed_id": "40485503", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852925100291", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40485503\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 433, "title": "Long-term outcomes of single-dose psilocybin for U.S. military Veterans with severe treatment-resistant depression - 12-month data from an open-label pilot study.", "normalized_title": "long term outcomes of single dose psilocybin for u s military veterans with severe treatment resistant depression 12 month data from an open label pilot study", "authors": "Ellis S, Bostian C, Donnelly A, Feng W, Eisen K, Lean M, Conlan E, Ostacher M, Aaronson S, Suppes T.", "abstract": "BackgroundOne-third of Veterans with major depressive disorder suffer from treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This is the first study to evaluate the long-term outcomes of psilocybin in Veterans with severe TRD.MethodsThis paper presents 12-month results from an open-label pilot study assessing the effects of 25 mg psilocybin in Veterans with severe TRD, defined as a major depressive episode failing to respond to ≥5 treatments, or lasting >2 years. 10 out of 15 participants completed the 12-month follow-up. Depression severity was measured by Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating scale (MADRS) at 6, 9, and 12 months posttreatment. Response was defined as ≥50 % reduction in MADRS, and remission as ≤10 MADRS score.ResultsDepression scores show significant reductions from Baseline across all timepoints. However, there was an increase in MADRS scores from short-term timepoints (Weeks 3 and 12) to Month 12. Of 10 participants, at Month 6, 80 % met response and 50 % met remission criteria for the MADRS. At Month 9, acute responses began to wane. At Month 12, 40 % maintained response and 30 % maintained remission.LimitationsLimitations include the small sample size and the uncontrolled, unblinded design.ConclusionsIn this first-of-kind study on long-term effects of psilocybin for Veterans with severe TRD, depression scores showed significant sustained reductions up to 12-months. However, the antidepressant effects began to wane at 6 months, and then more substantially after 9 months, although these increases in MADRS did not reach statistical significance. Further research is needed.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04433858.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2025.119655", "pubmed_id": "40499827", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.119655", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Adult, Middle Aged, Veterans, United States, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40499827\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Veterans", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 663, "title": "Clinical conceptualisation of PTSD in psilocybin treatment: disrupting a pre-determined and over-determined maladaptive interpretive framework.", "normalized_title": "clinical conceptualisation of ptsd in psilocybin treatment disrupting a pre determined and over determined maladaptive interpretive framework", "authors": "Modlin NL, Williamson V, Maggio C, Stubley J, Kirlic N, Cleare A, Rucker J.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated trauma and stressor-related disorders are common and debilitating, presenting significant treatment challenges due to their complex interplay of biological, cognitive, affective, somatic and social factors. Current treatments, while advancing and effective, yield limited efficacy for many individuals, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic approaches. This review explores the multifaceted nature of PTSD, emphasising its intricate predisposing and maintaining factors and explores the potential of psilocybin, a classical psychedelic, as a therapeutic agent. This review synthesises recent literature on the safety, efficacy and proposed mechanisms of action and change of psychedelic therapies for psychiatric conditions associated with traumatic stress, including treatment-resistant depression, end-of-life anxiety and anorexia nervosa. Correspondingly, it proposes a conceptual framework for psilocybin treatment in PTSD, framing the condition as a complex, maladaptive interpretive framework that is both predetermined and over-determined. A clinical narrative illustrates how psilocybin's unique psychopharmacological properties and catalysed subjective effects may facilitate therapeutic progress by disrupting this rigid and restricting framework. Finally, we offer recommendations for the safe administration of psilocybin for traumatised patients in medical research settings, emphasising the importance of rigorous and trauma-informed protocols and comprehensive patient care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251342319", "pubmed_id": "40492108", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253251342319", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40492108\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Eating Disorders,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3245, "title": "\"Wood-lover paralysis\": Describing a toxidrome with symptoms of weakness caused by some lignicolous \"wood-loving\" Psilocybe mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "wood lover paralysis describing a toxidrome with symptoms of weakness caused by some lignicolous wood loving psilocybe mushrooms", "authors": "Beck SA, Barlow C, Engel L, Barratt MJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-containing mushrooms have long been used for their psychoactive effects, but emerging evidence suggests that certain lignicolous (\"wood-loving\") species may also induce a distinct toxidrome known as \"wood-lover paralysis\" (WLP). WLP is characterised by transient weakness following mushroom ingestion, but its aetiology and prevalence remain poorly understood. In this paper, we present an investigation of WLP, based on a retrospective online survey conducted in 2020 (N = 392: 71.8 % male; 34.1 % aged 26-35 years; mainly from Australia and New Zealand). We found that 42.1 % of respondents reported experiencing WLP, with onset typically occurring within 4 h of ingestion. Weakness primarily impaired mobility (80.4 %), with some reporting difficulties swallowing (26.7 %) and breathing (16.6 %). Symptoms persisted into the following day for nearly half of those affected (48.1 %), and 21.5 % experienced a fall or accident. WLP was reported across different methods of mushroom preparation and environmental growth conditions, with no significant associations observed between WLP occurrence and age, gender, health status, or allergies. While the true prevalence of WLP remains unclear, our results suggest it is an under-recognised potential adverse outcome that can occur with ingestion of certain lignicolous Psilocybe species. Given the increasing medical and recreational use of psilocybin-containing mushrooms following policy shifts toward decriminalisation and legalisation, further research is needed to elucidate the currently unknown mechanism of WLP and inform harm reduction strategies and healthcare responses. Awareness among consumers, service providers and regulators will be crucial in improving recognition, reporting, and appropriate responses to this toxidrome.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108450", "pubmed_id": "40490153", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108450", "keywords": "Humans, Paralysis, Mushroom Poisoning, Retrospective Studies, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Australia, New Zealand, Female, Male, Psilocybe, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40490153\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3601, "title": "Psilocybin With Intracranial Neural Sensing", "normalized_title": "psilocybin with intracranial neural sensing", "authors": "Joshua Woolley, MD, PhD", "abstract": "This is an open-label, single-arm, pilot study exploring the neural, sensory, and cognitive effects of a single, medium dose of psilocybin in patients with chronic pain who already have implanted sensing-capable deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices. Outcomes include multi-site neural recording from previously placed ambulatory sensing-capable DBS devices, quantitative sensory and cognitive testing, and self-reports of pain. We hypothesize that psilocybin will change functional connectivity, decrease clinical and task-based pain reports, and improve cognitive functions. This is an open-label, single-arm, pilot study exploring the neural, sensory, and cognitive effects of a single, medium dose of psilocybin in patients with chronic pain who already have implanted sensing-capable deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices. Outcomes include multi-site neural recording from previously placed ambulatory sensing-capable DBS devices, quantitative sensory and cognitive testing, and self-reports of pain. We hypothesize that psilocybin will change functional connectivity, decrease clinical and task-based pain reports, and improve cognitive functions.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-06-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06919640", "keywords": "Chronic Pain, Psilocybin, ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06919640\",\"overall_status\":\"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3299, "title": "Meditation and psychedelics facilitate similar types of mystical, psychological, and philosophical-existential insights predictive of wellbeing: A qualitative-quantitative approach", "normalized_title": "meditation and psychedelics facilitate similar types of mystical psychological and philosophical existential insights predictive of wellbeing a qualitative quantitative approach", "authors": "Jylkkä J.", "abstract": "Both psychedelic substances and meditation have been proposed to facilitate personally meaningful and transformative experiences, with insights playing a central role. However, previous research has mainly relied on questionnaires, limiting the range of insights that can be identified. In this study, we recruited participants who provided narrative reports of insights in personally meaningful psychedelic (n = 147) or meditation (n = 66) experiences. Psychedelic experiences were facilitated both by classic (e.g., LSD, psilocybin, DMT) as well as non-classic (e.g., MDMA, ketamine, cannabis) psychedelics. Qualitative analysis revealed three main insight themes: Mystical-type (subclasses Unity, Metaphysical, and Other), Psychological (subclasses Metacognitive, Value, and Compassion), and Philosophical-existential (subclasses Purpose, Value, and Other). Mystical-type insights were more frequent in reports of meditation experiences, while value insights were more common in psychedelic reports. Otherwise, the reported insights were highly similar across the two types of reports, and only minor differences were observed between classic and non-classic psychedelics. Regression analyses indicated that metacognitive and value insights were positively associated with perceived improvements in positive affect, while mystical-type insights predicted increased meaning in life. These findings suggest that both psychedelic substances and meditation can facilitate a broad range of insights that are not fully captured by existing questionnaires. The results highlight similarities between psychedelic and meditation experiences supporting the notion that transformative experiences are not exclusive to classic psychedelics but can be facilitated through various means.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-06-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/ugr69_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ugr69_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1032791\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 889, "title": "Human neuroimaging: fMRI.", "normalized_title": "human neuroimaging fmri", "authors": "Wall MB, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Human neuroimaging with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging has been a key feature of the current wave of psychedelic research, in both healthy and clinical populations. The available data has suggested that classic psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, DMT) have a characteristic effect of acutely and profoundly disrupting the normal pattern of resting-state connectivity in the human brain, and that this effect may be closely related to both the characteristic subjective phenomenology of psychedelics, and their more clinically-relevant longer-term effects on emotional brain systems. This chapter briefly outlines the basic methodological background of fMRI, and then provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of psychedelic drug action as revealed by task and resting-state fMRI, in both non-clinical and clinical cohorts. Current limitations of the field are largely addressable by ongoing and future work, particularly in terms of providing additional datasets, increased standardisation of data acquisition and analysis procedures, potential multi-modal imaging studies, and more open data-sharing. Neuroimaging with fMRI remains a central platform of modern psychedelic research, with implications for our mechanistic understanding of psychedelics, as well as a strong influence on the clinical development of psychedelic-based treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.013", "pubmed_id": "40541308", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.013", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neuroimaging", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40541308\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 664, "title": "Enhanced meaning in life following psychedelic use: converging evidence from controlled and naturalistic studies.", "normalized_title": "enhanced meaning in life following psychedelic use converging evidence from controlled and naturalistic studies", "authors": "Roseby W, Kettner H, Roseman L, Spriggs MJ, Lyons T, Peill J, Giribaldi B, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsychedelics, such as psilocybin, are increasingly recognized for their propensity to elicit powerful subjective experiences that carry personal meaning. While research has demonstrated the capacity for these compounds to promote psychological wellbeing, it has yet to be shown to what extent they modulate \"meaning in life\", a specific contributor to mental and physical health.MethodsUsing the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), we examined changes in meaning in life occurring across three different contexts of psychedelic use, including a randomized clinical trial of psilocybin for depression, controlled administration of psilocybin in a single-arm healthy volunteer study, and a naturalistic observational study following participants in psychedelic retreats. Meaning in life changes were analyzed with linear mixed models, and relationships to other predictors and outcomes were examined via Pearson correlations.ResultsAcross all contexts, the sub-factor \"presence of meaning\" was strongly increased after a psychedelic experience, while the sub-factor \"search for meaning\" was only weakly reduced. Enhancements of meaning in life were also moderately correlated with changes in measures of mental health, including mental wellbeing and depression severity. In line with previous research, we found that mystical, ego dissolution and emotional breakthrough experiences were correlated with an increase of meaning in life, with context-dependent differences in the strength of the association.DiscussionThe convergence of evidence from multiple studies shows that psychedelic use has a robust and long-lasting positive effect on meaning in life. We explore potential mechanisms of psychedelic-induced meaning enhancement and highlight the possible influences of psychosocial context on outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1580663", "pubmed_id": "40547590", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1580663", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40547590\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 652, "title": "Classic Psychedelics in Pain Modulation: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Future Perspectives.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics in pain modulation mechanisms clinical evidence and future perspectives", "authors": "Czopek A, Jończyk J, Fryc M, Kluzik D, Zagórska A.", "abstract": "Millions worldwide suffer from chronic pain, a complex condition often accompanied by depression and anxiety, highlighting the urgent need for innovative treatments. Classic psychedelics, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), primarily act on serotonin 5-HT2A receptors and have emerged as potential modulators of pain perception and mood regulation. These substances may offer an alternative to conventional analgesics, such as opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), by influencing neuroplasticity, descending pain modulation pathways, and inflammatory processes. Evidence from case studies, preclinical research, and early phase clinical trials suggests that psychedelics may alleviate pain in conditions such as cluster headaches, migraines, fibromyalgia, and chronic pain syndromes. However, the exact mechanisms underlying their analgesic properties are yet to be fully understood. While psychedelics show promise in reshaping pain management strategies, rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed to establish their safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of psychedelics for chronic pain and emphasizes the necessity of further research to validate their role in modern pain medicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00152", "pubmed_id": "40474592", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00152", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Pain, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Analgesics, Hallucinogens, Pain Management, Chronic Pain", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40474592\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 581, "title": "Meditation and psychedelics facilitate similar types of mystical, psychological, and philosophical-existential insights predictive of wellbeing: A qualitative-quantitative approach", "normalized_title": "meditation and psychedelics facilitate similar types of mystical psychological and philosophical existential insights predictive of wellbeing a qualitative quantitative approach", "authors": "", "abstract": "Both psychedelic substances and meditation have been proposed to facilitate personally meaningful and transformative experiences, with insights playing a central role. However, previous research has mainly relied on questionnaires, limiting the range of insights that can be identified. In this study, we recruited participants who provided narrative reports of insights in personally meaningful psychedelic (n = 147) or meditation (n = 66) experiences. Psychedelic experiences were facilitated both by classic (e.g., LSD, psilocybin, DMT) as well as non-classic (e.g., MDMA, ketamine, cannabis) psychedelics. Qualitative analysis revealed three main insight themes: Mystical-type (subclasses Unity, Metaphysical, and Other), Psychological (subclasses Metacognitive, Value, and Compassion), and Philosophical-existential (subclasses Purpose, Value, and Other). Mystical-type insights were more frequent in reports of meditation experiences, while value insights were more common in psychedelic reports. Otherwise, the reported insights were highly similar across the two types of reports, and only minor differences were observed between classic and non-classic psychedelics. Regression analyses indicated that metacognitive and value insights were positively associated with perceived improvements in positive affect, while mystical-type insights predicted increased meaning in life. These findings suggest that both psychedelic substances and meditation can facilitate a broad range of insights that are not fully captured by existing questionnaires. The results highlight similarities between psychedelic and meditation experiences supporting the notion that transformative experiences are not exclusive to classic psychedelics but can be facilitated through various means.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-06-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ugr69_v2", "keywords": "insight, meditation, psychedelics, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, wellbeing, Social and Behavioral Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"ugr69_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3672, "title": "Low-Income Group Psilocybin Assisted Therapy for Depression: A Feasibility Study", "normalized_title": "low income group psilocybin assisted therapy for depression a feasibility study", "authors": "Matthew Hicks", "abstract": "Due to psilocybin-assisted therapy's success in previous research, growing cultural awareness and use of psilocybin and other psychedelics, the Oregon Psilocybin Services Act passed by ballot measure in 2020 and began offering services in 2023. While the program has had many successes, a significant problem it faces is affordability and no research to date has investigated the therapy in a low-income population. Psychedelic research in recent decades has used the model of two therapists to one client to demonstrate an abundance of caution and safety to regulators, but no evidence has demonstrated this model to be safer or more effective than one with less practitioner oversight. This feasibility study would be the first investigation of Oregon Psilocybin Services as a model of care and among the first few to use a group therapy model. This study aims to test the feasibility of the model by assessing recruitment, retention, acceptability and safety of the treatment. In addition to an appropriate medical screening and intake the following questionnaire data will be collected: the Adverse Childhood Events (ACE) questionnaire, Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ), Hamilton Depression Inventory, PROMIS-29, Altered States of Consciousness (11-ASC) rating scale, and a survey and structured interview. Participants will consist of adults in Oregon with an income at or below 200% of the federal poverty level. Inclusion criteria will include DSM-5 diagnosis of major depression. Participants will be individually screened by a study investigator and placed into groups of five to six participants. Treatment will consist of two group preparation sessions, two psilocybin sessions, and two group integration sessions. An additional follow-up visit to collect further data will take place three months after conclusion of the treatment. The proposed study will provide valuable information for designing future clinical trials investigating the efficacy, mechanisms, and cost-effectiveness of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for depression in low-income populations.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-06-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06372197", "keywords": "Depression, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06372197\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3480, "title": "Optimizing Microdosing and Meditation", "normalized_title": "optimizing microdosing and meditation", "authors": "National University of Natural Medicine", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to test the feasibility of combining meditation with psilocybin microdosing in healthy adults. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Recruitment and retention feasibility 2. Acceptability, Safety and Tolerability 3. Exploratory Measures: 3.1: Explore potential changes in sleep quality and duration, heart rate variability, and other biometric outcomes captured by the Oura Ring (3rd generation). 3.2: Explore potential changes in quality of life scores 3.3: Explore potential differences in altered states of consciousness across groups 3.4: Explore qualitative data collected during sessions and at follow-up to assess satisfaction and receive feedback about the intervention. Every participant will receive the psilocybin microdosing intervention, however, half of the participants will be randomly selected to receive the meditation intervention. Research has shown that both meditation and high doses of psilocybin can produce enhanced feelings of well-being that persist. When combined, the synergistic effects might be more than the sum of the parts when treating mental health challenges like depression. The results for microdosing, on the other hand, are mixed, and there have yet to be studies on the synergy between microdosing and meditation. If the synergy between microdoses of psilocybin and meditation is significant, this suggests the possibility of a safe, effective, and low-cost intervention involving group-based meditation training and practice combined with a psilocybin microdosing protocol. The Oregon Psilocybin Services program provides a unique opportunity to test this possibility in the context of services now legally available to clients, allowing researchers to assess the safety and efficacy in a real-life context. Project aims and methods This study aims to test the feasibility of the model by assessing recruitment, retention, acceptability, safety, and preliminary efficacy of the intervention. In addition to an appropriate medical screening and intake we will collect questionnaire data using the Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ), PROMIS-29, Five Facet of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Altered States of Consciousness (11-ASC) rating scale, and a survey and structured interview. During a one week wash-in period, the intervention period, and for one month after the intervention, Oura rings will be used to collect over 20 biometric data points including sleep quality, respiration rate, heart rate variability, and more. Participants will consist of adults in Oregon that will be individually screened by a study investigator and then randomized into two arms. One arm will receive microdosing only consisting of one group preparation session and two microdosing sessions per week for two weeks. The other arm will receive the same microdosing protocol with the addition of morning online meditation practice Monday through Friday for both weeks, and will utilize meditation practices during their microdose sessions. The meditation sessions will include opportunities for the group to discuss their meditation experiences and a psychoeducational component to further improve outcomes. This content will provide participants with a better understanding of the ruminations that interrupt their focus while meditating and encourage greater distance from, and less distress concerning, those thoughts. Expected outcomes The authors hypothesize that the model will be feasible if we are able to recruit at least 20 out of 24 expected participants, have an 80% retention rate of participants during the two week intervention period, participants on average rate their satisfaction of the intervention as 3.0 or higher on a 5-point scale, there are no more than ten adverse events or more than one serious adverse event, and data from exploratory measures indicate that further investigation is warranted. Despite the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granting Breakthrough Therapy status to psilocybin for the treatment of depression,56 it remains on the Drug Enforcement Agency's (DEA) Schedule I list of controlled substances alongside heroin and cocaine. While the DEA and the FDA have become increasingly more willing to grant waivers for research into psychedelic drugs, the proposed study does not require such a waiver to comply with the law. This is due to the unique construction of Oregon's Psilocybin Services Act (Chapter 475A of Oregon Statutes). The state law creates a program wherein licensed growers, inspected by licensed laboratories, can distribute psilocybin mushrooms to licensed service centers. It is only within the approved boundaries of these service centers and while supervised by a licensed facilitator that the mushrooms can be consumed by clients who must stay on site for a designated amount of time that depends on the dose. According to Oregon Health Authority Administrative rule 333-333-5130, facilitators of psilocybin service are prohibited from (1) practicing any other scope of practice they may have (e.g. naturopathic medicine) while facilitating, and (2) handling, selling, or transferring psilocybin at any time. Thus, while it is technically true that growers, services centers, and clients are liable for trafficking and possession of a Schedule I substance, the federal government has adopted a policy of allowing state programs such as this in a manner similar to their policy on cannabis. Complying with Oregon law means that study investigators are not administering or providing psilocybin, but instead are studying the facilitation of the services. At the request of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the National University of Natural Medicine (NUNM) for a similar study, this rationale was confirmed via direct communication with the regional DEA office who agreed with this interpretation of both federal and state law. Participants are given clear information on their liability in order to provide consent.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-06-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06560658", "keywords": "Meditation, Microdosing, Psilocybin, psilocybin microdosing, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06560658\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Consciousness,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 890, "title": "Geographical Differences in Self-Reported Past 12-Month Drug Use: Results from the NDEWS Rapid Street Reporting, 2021-2023.", "normalized_title": "geographical differences in self reported past 12 month drug use results from the ndews rapid street reporting 2021 2023", "authors": "Won NY, Wang A, Athay R, Striley CW, Cottler LB.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe National Drug Early Warning System Rapid Street Reporting study monitors over 100 drugs to identify emerging use trends.ObjectivesThis analysis examined geographical differences in the past 12-month self-reported drug use across 20 US urban cities, identifying the three most prevalent drugs reported, excluding alcohol.MethodsAdults (age ≥18) were surveyed in public settings using venue-intercept sampling over a weekend in each city between January 2022 and November 2023 regarding past 12-month drug use. We focused on the three most commonly reported drugs in each region. The prevalence of reported drug use by region was compared using generalized linear models with Poisson and log-link functions, adjusting for participant characteristics, time of year, and location.ResultsAmong 6,039 participants, cannabis for recreational use (50.3%), psilocybin (13.7%), and cocaine (11.0%) were the most commonly reported drugs used. While there were no regional differences in the prevalence of recreational cannabis use, psilocybin, and cocaine use were more commonly reported by people in the West versus the Midwest (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]=1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23, 2.06; aPR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.26, 2.23, respectively). We also found a higher prevalence of cocaine use reported by participants in the Northeast compared to participants in the Midwest (aPR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.91).ConclusionsVenue intercept survey method detected signals of recreational cannabis, psilocybin, and cocaine use in the 20 US urban cities visited over a weekend. Reported prevalence differed by region. This suggests that prevention messaging should be tailored to the specific US regions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/10826084.2025.2511242", "pubmed_id": "40474383", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2025.2511242", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Cocaine, Prevalence, Cities, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Urban Population, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Self Report, Recreational Drug Use", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40474383\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Aging,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 666, "title": "Psilocybin's acute and persistent brain effects: a precision imaging drug trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s acute and persistent brain effects a precision imaging drug trial", "authors": "Subramanian S, Reneau TR, Perry D, Chacko R, Laumann TO, Flavin K, Horan C, Schweiger J, Metcalf N, Lenze EJ, Snyder AZ, Dosenbach NUF, Nicol G, Siegel JS.", "abstract": "Psilocybin (PSIL) is a psychedelic drug and a promising experimental therapeutic for many psychiatric conditions. Precision functional mapping (PFM) combines densely repeated resting state fMRI sampling and individual-specific network mapping to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and effect size in brain imaging research. We present a randomized cross-over study in which PFM was used to characterize acute and persistent effects of psilocybin or methylphenidate (MTP) on brain networks. Seven healthy volunteers (mean age 34.1 years, SD = 9.8; n = 3 females, n = 6 Caucasians) underwent (1) extensive baseline imaging, (2) imaging beginning 60-90 minutes after drug exposure, and (3) longitudinal imaging for up to two weeks after drug exposure. Four individuals also participated in an open-label PSIL replication protocol over 6 months later. This dataset includes resting state (using advanced high-resolution multi-echo fMRI), task fMRI, structural, and diffusion basis spectral imaging as well as assessments of subjective experience. We are releasing this unique dataset as a resource for neuroscientists to study the acute and persistent effects of PSIL and MTP on brain networks.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41597-025-05189-0", "pubmed_id": "40473634", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05189-0", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Methylphenidate, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Cross-Over Studies, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40473634\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 667, "title": "Leveraging psychedelic neuroscience to boost human creativity using artificial intelligence.", "normalized_title": "leveraging psychedelic neuroscience to boost human creativity using artificial intelligence", "authors": "Ross BM.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, such as LSD and psilocybin, disrupt entrenched cognitive patterns by facilitating novel insights and new associations. This paper considers how AI can potentially mimic these psychedelic-induced cognitive disruptions to augment and enhance human creativity. Psychedelics likely enhance creativity by altering brain function, notably the activity of the Default Mode Network, which leads to changes in cognition. Psychologically, they may reduce latent inhibition, increase divergent thinking, and promote implicit learning. Similarly, AI systems can replicate these creative enhancements by introducing novel associations, reframing familiar information, and facilitating unconscious cognitive shifts. The risks associated with AI use are also compared to psychedelics, including dependency, ethical concerns, and homogenization of outputs due to bias. Integrating the cognitive mechanisms activated by psychedelics into AI design provides promising pathways for creativity enhancement. Carefully designed AI could act as a cognitive catalyst, fostering innovative thought processes and adaptive problem-solving while addressing identified ethical and practical concerns.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/frai.2025.1589086", "pubmed_id": "40535200", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1589086", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40535200\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Creativity,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 610, "title": "Clade III Synthases Add Cyclic and Linear Terpenoids to the Psilocybe Metabolome.", "normalized_title": "clade iii synthases add cyclic and linear terpenoids to the psilocybe metabolome", "authors": "Zschoche N, Schober S, Walther K, Chadeayne AR, Gressler M, Bartram S, O'Connor SE, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "Psilocybe \"magic mushrooms\" are best known for their indolethylamine psilocybin, yet they encode enzymes for a much more diverse arsenal of small and potentially bioactive molecules. Herein, four Psilocybe cubensis clade III sesquiterpene synthases, CubB-CubE, whose genes are differently expressed in fruiting bodies compared to vegetative mycelium are reported. CubB-CubE were functionally characterized in vitro by product formation assays with heterologously produced enzymes and in vivo by transgene expression in Aspergillus niger, followed by extensive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyzes. CubB was identified as a single product (3R,6E)-(-)-nerolidol synthase. CubC is a multiproduct enzyme producing β-caryophyllene, β-elemene, α-humulene, and β-farnesene. CubD and CubE catalyze (near-)exclusively sterpurene formation. P. cubensis young fruiting bodies and vegetative mycelium were analyzed for sesquiterpenes, which verified the presence of the CubB product α-(3R,6E)-(-)-nerolidol. As various Psilocybe species encode highly similar enzymes, this study contributes generally to the as-yet little-understood secondary metabolome of the genus.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/cbic.202500167", "pubmed_id": "40318115", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202500167", "keywords": "Terpenes, Sesquiterpenes, Psilocybe, Metabolome", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40318115\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "In Vitro Study,Metabolomics", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 462, "title": "Psychedelics in the Treatment of Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders: Coincidence or a New Point of View.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in the treatment of neurologic and psychiatric disorders coincidence or a new point of view", "authors": "Lashgari NA, Khalaji M, Rana P, Badrabadi F, Rahnama M, Nasoori H, Momeni Roudsari N, Khosravi Nia MM, Shafaroodi H.", "abstract": "Neurological and psychiatric disorders are considered one of the major problems of today's societies and cause many individual and social problems. Current treatments are effective, but due to their burdens, there is always an effort to introduce novel treatments. Psychedelics, a diverse group of psychoactive compounds, including LSD, psilocybin, DMT, MDMA, and ketamine, have shown potential in modulating neurologic and psychiatric disorders due to several mechanisms. This review investigates the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in both neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders due to their several mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and biological properties. This study was conducted across major databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Medline, due to the systematically searched literature including clinical, preclinical, and in vitro studies. Psychedelic compounds such as psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA have demonstrated beneficial effects across various models of neuropsychiatric and neurologic disorders, including depression, PTSD, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. These effects are mediated through multiple mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory actions (e.g., downregulation of cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α), antioxidant activity (e.g., induction of SOD), and enhancement of neuroplasticity through increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor such as BDNF. Additionally, psychedelics modulate key neurotransmitter systems, notably increasing synaptic levels of serotonin and dopamine, which are critically involved in mood regulation and cognitive function. Compared to conventional treatments, psychedelics offer faster onset, durable effects, and possible disease-modifying properties, making them promising candidates for future neurotherapeutics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s12035-025-05097-9", "pubmed_id": "40461729", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-025-05097-9", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40461729\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 668, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin on Mouse Brain Microstructure.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on mouse brain microstructure", "authors": "Frautschi PC, Singh AP, Stowe NA, Grady SM, Zahid Z, Banks MI, Yu JJ.", "abstract": "Background and purposeThere is surging interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds like psilocybin in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses like major depressive disorder (MDD). Recent studies point to the rapid antidepressant effect of psilocybin; however, the biologic mechanisms underlying these differences remain unknown. This study determines the feasibility of using diffusion MRI to characterize and define the potential spatiotemporal microstructural differences in the brain following psilocybin treatment in C57BL/6J male mice.Materials and methodsEleven- to 15-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were randomly assigned to receive psilocybin, 6-fluoro-N, N-diethyltryptamine, or saline and ex vivo imaged 24 hours (n=18) and 72 hours (n=18) posttreatment. A1-way ANOVA with multiple comparison testing (Bonferroni correction) assessed diffusion metric differences (tractography, DTI, neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging) between the 3 groups and was performed in the following regions of interest: amygdala, striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, primary visual cortex area, frontal association cortex, and medial prefrontal cortex at 24 hours and 72 hours postdrug administration.ResultsPsilocybin-treated mice demonstrated structural connectivity differences at 72 hours in the frontal association cortex (compared with saline, mean tract length increases, P =.03). Psilocybin also induced microstructural differences at 24 hours postinjection in the primary visual cortex (compared with saline, mean diffusivity [MD] increases, P =.02) and 72 hours postinjection in the striatum (compared with saline; MD increases, P =.02, neurite density index [NDI] decreases, P =.02) and hippocampus (compared with saline; MD increases, P =.04, NDI decreases, P =.02).ConclusionsDiffusion microstructure imaging and white matter tractography are sensitive methods to detect and characterize the neural substrates and microstructural differences accompanying psilocybin treatment. These findings suggest the potential role for diffusion microstructure imaging to quantify the bioeffects of psychedelics like psilocybin on the brain, monitor treatment response, and identify salient clinical end points in an emerging therapeutic option for patients with MDD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3174/ajnr.a8634", "pubmed_id": "39880687", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a8634", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Hallucinogens, Male, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39880687\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 541, "title": "Self-inflicted transorbital intracranial foreign body following ingestion of hallucinogenic psilocybin mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "self inflicted transorbital intracranial foreign body following ingestion of hallucinogenic psilocybin mushrooms", "authors": "Blanton AM, Parikh P, Zhou S, Mohamed M, Ufret-Vincenty RL, Mancini R.", "abstract": "PurposeSelf-inflicted penetrating orbital trauma is a rare ophthalmologic emergency requiring timely intervention and neurological monitoring to identify and treat any possible intracranial complications and to prevent irreversible vision loss. This case report aims to describe a fatal case of self-inflicted ocular trauma following the consumption of psilocybin mushrooms, necessitating urgent multidisciplinary care by the ophthalmology and neurosurgery services.ObservationsA 21-year-old Hispanic male presented urgently to the emergency department (ED) after self-inflicted ocular trauma with a wood-cased pencil, which was embedded in the upper eyelid and transversed the left orbit, extending to the pons, as depicted on computed tomography (CT). Physical examination of the left eye was difficult due to the risk of displacement of the pencil within the brainstem and concern for further damage. The pencil was successfully removed via fluoroscopy-guided neuro-interventional catheterization and stenting. Following the removal of the foreign body, there was no apparent damage to the globe, and a canthotomy/cantholysis was performed due to increased retro-orbital pressure. The neurovascular damage sustained by the trauma led to a progressive neurological decline in the following days and, ultimately, a fatal outcome.Conclusions and importanceWith growing support in the literature for psilocybin and its therapeutic medicinal benefits for conditions such as depression and anxiety, this report details a case of self-inflicted trans-orbital trauma with brainstem injury following ingestion of this psychoactive hallucinogen along with the proper medical and surgical management.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-06-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102359", "pubmed_id": "40535325", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102359", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40535325\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2004, "title": "In vitro assessment of psilocin for CYP-dependent drug-drug interaction potential using rapid luminescent assays", "normalized_title": "in vitro assessment of psilocin for cyp dependent drug drug interaction potential using rapid luminescent assays", "authors": "Cali James", "abstract": "", "journal": "Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics", "publication_date": "2025-05-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.dmpk.2025.101231", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dmpk.2025.101231", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.dmpk.2025.101231\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 685, "title": "Correction to: Unraveling psilocybin's therapeutic potential: behavioral and neuroplasticity insights in Wistar-Kyoto and Wistar male rat models of treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "correction to unraveling psilocybin s therapeutic potential behavioral and neuroplasticity insights in wistar kyoto and wistar male rat models of treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Kolasa M, Nikiforuk A, Korlatowicz A, Solich J, Potasiewicz A, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Bugno R, Hogendorf A, Bojarski A, Faron-Górecka A", "abstract": "", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-05-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06654-1", "pubmed_id": "39030424", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39030424/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39030424\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 680, "title": "The therapeutic effects of psychedelics for opioid use disorder: A systematic review of clinical studies.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic effects of psychedelics for opioid use disorder a systematic review of clinical studies", "authors": "Weleff J, Pulido-Saavedra A, Aghaei AM, Ing K, Arakelian M, Fontenele R, Nero N, Barnett BS, Anand A, Bassir Nia A, Angarita GA", "abstract": "Opioid-related overdose deaths have reached record high levels, and novel treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD) are needed. The three United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications for OUD function primarily at the mu-opioid receptor. While these remain the gold-standard treatment for OUD, they have shortcomings and treatment options separate from the opioid receptor system deserve attention. Preclinical, clinical, and naturalistic studies of psychedelics have shown some evidence that they may reduce opioid and other substance use. Here, we present the results of a systematic review of clinical studies investigating the therapeutic applications of psychedelics for OUD to describe the current state of the literature and guide future clinical study design in this area. Findings indicate few studies completed using serotonergic psychedelics, with most investigating ibogaine or ketamine. In addition, findings are limited by many studies of weak design focused on opioid withdrawal, and few double-blind or placebo-controlled trials with considerable methodological heterogeneity making comparisons difficult across compounds. Most studies were found to have a high risk of bias mostly related to lack of randomization, blinding, and blinding of assessment outcomes. We outline these limitations and steps towards improving the quality of future studies of psychedelics for OUD.", "journal": "Psychiatry research", "publication_date": "2025-05-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116446", "pubmed_id": "40147088", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40147088/", "keywords": "Ayahuasca, Ibogaine, Ketamine, LSD, Noribogaine, Opioid use disorder, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40147088\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 676, "title": "Innovation and inequity in psychedelic research at the Mayo Clinic.", "normalized_title": "innovation and inequity in psychedelic research at the mayo clinic", "authors": "Klim C, VanDreese B, Meyerhoefer T, Breitinger S", "abstract": "This paper provides an overview of psychedelic research at the Mayo Clinic in the 1950s and 1960s, focusing on methods, objectives, findings, and ethical practices. We highlight instances where researchers prioritized scientific progress over the autonomy, safety, and equitable treatment of research subjects, and discuss this history in the context of ongoing challenges with informed consent and equity in contemporary psychedelic research.", "journal": "History of psychiatry", "publication_date": "2025-05-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/0957154x251318489", "pubmed_id": "40293719", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40293719/", "keywords": "Bioethics, LSD, psilocybin, psychedelics, schizophrenia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40293719\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 671, "title": "There's More Than One Way to Bring Health Back: Divergent Effects of Psilocybin and Escitalopram Treatment on Emotional Brain Function in Depression.", "normalized_title": "there s more than one way to bring health back divergent effects of psilocybin and escitalopram treatment on emotional brain function in depression", "authors": "Fonzo GA, Doss MK, Nemeroff CB.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20250247", "pubmed_id": "40450555", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20250247", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40450555\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 665, "title": "Role of endogenous serotonin in psychedelic-like effects of psilocybin in mice.", "normalized_title": "role of endogenous serotonin in psychedelic like effects of psilocybin in mice", "authors": "Erkizia-Santamaría I, Martínez-Álvarez N, Salinas-Novoa L, Meana JJ, Ortega JE.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe psychedelic psilocybin has been posited as efficacious for the treatment of depression. However, the potential link between the intensity of acute psychedelic effects and long-term therapeutic outcomes remains undiscovered. Moreover, the impact of classical antidepressant drugs that modulate serotonergic activity on psilocybin's effects is a clinically relevant concern. The aim of the present study was to assess serotonergic mechanisms implicated in the regulation of the intensity of the psilocybin-induced acute effects.MethodsThe head-twitch response (HTR), the most translational behavioral assay to characterize the psychedelic-like effect in rodents was performed. Moreover, the role of endogenous serotonin (5-HT) on psilocybin-induced HTR was studied by in vivo brain microdialysis technique.ResultsMaximally effective psilocybin dose (1 mg/kg) induced progressively lower HTR in heterozygous and homozygous knockout mice for serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2AR), compared to wild type. Synaptic increase of 5-HT by citalopram dose-dependently attenuated psilocybin-induced HTR after both acute and chronic dosing regimens. Conversely, depletion of 5-HT by p-chlorophenylalanine potentiated psilocybin-evoked HTR. Serotonin 1A receptor (5HT1AR) agonist 8-OH-DPAT dose-dependently decreased psilocybin-induced HTR, demonstrating functional interaction between 5HT2AR and 5HT1AR for psychedelic effects.ConclusionsThe present findings reveal an inverse correlation between cortical 5-HT levels and the acute psychedelic-like effects of psilocybin. Consequently, the enhancement of serotonergic activity induced by prior antidepressant treatment may underlie interindividual variability in the acute response to psychedelics. Investigating these mechanisms in relation to the sustained therapeutic outcomes of psilocybin could contribute to optimizing the efficacy of psychedelic-based therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyaf035", "pubmed_id": "40413648", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaf035", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Serotonin, Citalopram, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Microdialysis, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40413648\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 661, "title": "Psychedelic fungi.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic fungi", "authors": "Slot J, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "Several species of fungi, collectively known as 'psychedelic fungi', produce a range of psychoactive substances, such as psilocybin, ibotenic acid, muscimol and lysergic acid amides. These substances interact with neurotransmitter receptors in the human brain to induce profound psychological effects. These substances are found across multiple fungal phyla, in the mushroom-forming genera Psilocybe, Amanita, and others, and also the ergot-producing Claviceps and insect-pathogenic Massospora. The ecological roles of these psychedelics may include deterring predators or facilitating spore dispersal. Enzymes for psychedelic compound biosynthesis are encoded in metabolic gene clusters that are sometimes dispersed by horizontal gene transfer, resulting in a patchy distribution of psychedelics among species. The (re-)emerging science of these strange substances creates new opportunities and challenges for science and humanity at large.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2025.02.026", "pubmed_id": "40494306", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2025.02.026", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Fungi, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40494306\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 654, "title": "Long-term benefits of single-dose psilocybin in depressed patients with cancer.", "normalized_title": "long term benefits of single dose psilocybin in depressed patients with cancer", "authors": "Agrawal M, Roddy K, Jenkins B, Leeks C, Emanuel E.", "abstract": "BackgroundPatients with cancer often struggle with depression, which can negatively impact quality of life as well as be challenging to manage.MethodsA phase 2 trial was conducted that demonstrated safety, feasibility, and efficacy of a single dose of psilocybin combined with psychological support in a community cancer setting in 30 patients with cancer and a major depressive disorder. Here, efficacy outcomes at 2 years' follow-up are reported.ResultsOf 28 patients, 15 (53.6%) demonstrated significant reduction in depression as measured by the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (average, -15.0 points from baseline; p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/cncr.35889", "pubmed_id": "40518804", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.35889", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Feasibility Studies, Anxiety, Psychotherapy, Quality of Life, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40518804\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 587, "title": "Neurocognitive effects of psilocybin: A systematic and comprehensive review of neuroimaging studies in humans.", "normalized_title": "neurocognitive effects of psilocybin a systematic and comprehensive review of neuroimaging studies in humans", "authors": "Berkovitch L, Fauvel B, Preller KH, Gaillard R.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a psychedelic serotonergic compound that is renowned for its potent psychoactive effects. Over the past 15 years, an increasing number of controlled clinical trials showed that it has a fast-acting and sustainable efficacy in treating various psychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging studies have been conducted with the objective of elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the subjective and therapeutic effects of psilocybin. However, the diversity of neuroimaging techniques, tasks, and analytical approaches makes it difficult to gain a comprehensive overview of psilocybin's effects on the brain. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a systematic review in the Medline, Psychinfo and Cochrane databases between January 1, 1990, and May 9, 2025, following PRISMA recommendations. A total of 81 articles met the inclusion criteria. A variety of neuroimaging techniques were employed in small samples of healthy volunteers and patients with medical conditions. The studies investigated the effects of psilocybin on brain activity and connectivity, both at rest and during cognitive tasks. They revealed that psilocybin reproducibly impacted neuronal networks such as the default mode network. However, other findings were more inconsistent. Psilocybin effects on the brain were associated with acute alterations in self-experience, sensory and emotional processing, and sustained effects on mood, personality, and social functioning. In patients with depression, clinical outcomes correlated with brain changes. This review indicates that psilocybin induces acute and long-lasting functional brain changes. While these neuroimaging data require confirmation and further expansion, they shed light on the mechanisms of psilocybin's acute subjective and therapeutic effects in humans.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106239", "pubmed_id": "40456393", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106239", "keywords": "Brain, Nerve Net, Humans, Hallucinogens, Cognition, Neuroimaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40456393\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3719, "title": "Exploring Public Sentiments of Psychedelics Versus Other Substances: A Reddit-Based Natural Language Processing Study.", "normalized_title": "exploring public sentiments of psychedelics versus other substances a reddit based natural language processing study", "authors": "Biba B, O'Shea BA.", "abstract": "New methods that capture the public's perception of controversial topics may be valuable. This study investigates public sentiments toward psychedelics and other substances through analyzes of Reddit discussions, using Google's cloud-based Natural Language Processing (NLP) infrastructure. Our findings indicate that illicit substances such as heroin and methamphetamine are associated with highly negative general sentiments, whereas psychedelics like Psilocybin, LSD, and Ayahuasca generally evoke neutral to slightly positive sentiments. This study underscores the effectiveness and cost efficiency of NLP and machine learning models in understanding the public's perception of sensitive topics. The findings indicate that online public sentiment toward psychedelics may be growing in acceptance of their therapeutic potential. However, limitations include potential selection bias from the Reddit sample and challenges in accurately interpreting nuanced language using NLP. Future research should aim to diversify data sources and enhance NLP models to capture the full spectrum of public sentiment toward psychedelics. Our findings support the importance of ongoing research and public education to inform policy decisions and therapeutic applications of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2511750", "pubmed_id": "40447287", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2511750", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40447287\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3081, "title": "Converging pathways: shared brain circuitry engaged by monoaminergic antidepressants, ketamine and psilocybin", "normalized_title": "converging pathways shared brain circuitry engaged by monoaminergic antidepressants ketamine and psilocybin", "authors": "Joseph K, Collins J, Genovese T, Maxwell M, Lieberman JA, Osten P.", "abstract": "Ketamine has transformed depression treatment by providing therapeutic relief within a single day, unlike monoaminergic antidepressants that require weeks to take effect. Here, we conducted whole-brain screening in mice to compare drug-evoked c-fos expression-acting as a marker of brain activity leading to protein synthesis-dependent forms of plasticity-following treatment with monoaminergic antidepressants, ketamine and psilocybin. Our findings reveal a shared limbic brain circuit comprising subcortical and frontal cortical regions, with a key distinction: c-fos-based activity in the prelimbic and infralimbic frontal cortex-areas strongly implicated in depression-was acutely induced by ketamine and high-dose psilocybin, but emerged only after chronic dosing with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine or psilocybin microdosing. These results suggest the existence of a core limbic subcortico-cortical circuit underlying antidepressant efficacy, provide mechanistic insight into the delayed therapeutic effects of monoaminergic antidepressants, and reveal a close similarity in brain activity evoked by monoaminergic antidepressants and psilocybin microdosing.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-05-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.05.26.655791", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.05.26.655791", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1028717\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Microdosing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3603, "title": "Exploration of Synaptotrophic Effects of Psilocybin in Opioid Use Disorder (OUD)", "normalized_title": "exploration of synaptotrophic effects of psilocybin in opioid use disorder oud", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "This study will examine the synaptotrophic effects of psilocybin among medically healthy, detoxified OUD subjects. Eligible OUD participants will undergo pre- and post- psilocybin administration PET scans with the \\[11C\\]-UCB-J radiotracer while inpatient. Participants will undergo screening as outpatients at the Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit (CNRU). Once deemed eligible, OUD subjects will be studied as inpatients. However, they will have the option of scheduling their second \\[11C\\]-UCB-J PET as an outpatient (pending these participants' agreement to undergo outpatient visits twice per week to provide urine toxicology to monitor abstinence before PET). The only portion of the study that will be available as outpatient for OUD subjects will be the 1-2 weeks before the second \\[11C\\]-UCB-J PET scan. The subject will still be admitted for 1-2 weeks, which will include: inpatient detoxification, baseline \\[11C\\]-UCB-J PET scan, psilocybin administration, and overnight observation after psilocybin administration. However, they may be discharged the day following psilocybin administration and return 2x weekly for urine toxicology testing between discharge and the second \\[11C\\]-UCB-J PET to confirm abstinence. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans will be obtained for anatomical registration/partial volume correction from all subjects. Functional MRI (fMRI) scans will be completed pre- and post-psilocybin administration to evaluate changes in resting state connectivity. All subjects will participate in a battery of behavioral assessments for exploratory correlations with \\[11C\\]-UCB-J. Inpatient subjects who smoke cigarettes will have the option of using nicotine gum and/or nicotine patch while on the unit in order to prevent or minimize nicotine withdrawal. The \\[11C\\]-UCB-J PET scans will be done at the Yale PET Center 1-2 weeks before (baseline) and after psilocybin administration. This is a single-center study at Yale, that will have study activities completed at the following areas: * Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit (CNRU) of the Connecticut Mental Health Center (CMHC) * Yale Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging Center * Yale Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC)", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-05-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06160284", "keywords": "Opioid Use Disorder, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06160284\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Aging,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3069, "title": "Understanding the Psychological Effects of Psilocybin and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in a Non-Clinical Population", "normalized_title": "understanding the psychological effects of psilocybin and 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine in a non clinical population", "authors": "Fitzgerald PB, Webb SL, Denning NC, Dowie T, Schweickle MM, Modak A, Chan G, Knight J, Waldron M, Gainsford K, Hawkes H, Zammit S, Sutanto NC, Fitzgibbon BM, Bailey NW.", "abstract": "Objective Despite many decades of experimental studies and clinical trials involving a variety of psychedelic agents, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects of these substances on psychological experiences. As such, we designed and conducted a study to comprehensively characterise the effects of both psilocybin and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on a range of psychological outcomes in a substantive non-clinical population. Methods This study involved a single dose administration of psilocybin or MDMA in healthy individuals in a group setting (2-4 people per session). All participants underwent a single preparation session, a drug exposure session, and an integration session within 72 hours of dosing. Outcome assessments were conducted at a pre-dosing baseline, 1-3 days post dose (side effects only), one week post dose and at 3 month follow up (the later time point data is not included here). Results Of 48 participants, 25 initially received MDMA and 23 psilocybin. Ten cross-over participants received MDMA and then psilocybin and six participants received both in the reverse order: making a total of 31 MDMA and 33 psilocybin dosing sessions. In the week after dosing, we found significant changes in personality (a reduction in neuroticism and increase in extraversion), mindfulness, and connectedness following the administration of psilocybin but not MDMA. Psilocybin also produced significantly stronger mystical experiences compared to MDMA, and there was a significant correlation between the magnitude of these mystical experiences and changes in connectedness and mindfulness (but not changes in personality). Of note, participants seemed more comfortable with, and preferred, larger group sizes when being administered MDMA than psilocybin. Discussion Our results identified a range of short-term psychological effects in non-clinical participants following a single dose of psilocybin, that were not reported following a single dose of MDMA. Notably, our results indicate that these effects following psilocybin may be moderated through its induction of mystical experiences, as has been previously hypothesised. Although preliminary, our results also suggest that larger group dosing sessions seem more feasible with MDMA than psilocybin.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-05-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.05.28.25328532", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.05.28.25328532", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1027915\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 688, "title": "Patients' Attitudes Toward Hallucinogenic and Non-Hallucinogenic Psilocybin for Mental Health Treatment.", "normalized_title": "patients attitudes toward hallucinogenic and non hallucinogenic psilocybin for mental health treatment", "authors": "Abboud A, Schiebrel C, Nahhas RW, Durkin S, Hua K, Redding H, Gainer D.", "abstract": "This study examined patient perspectives on psilocybin therapy, specifically their acceptance and views on the therapeutic benefits of both hallucinogenic and non-hallucinogenic forms. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among psychiatric patients aged 18-65 at a community mental health center, assessing their attitudes, knowledge, and acceptance of psilocybin therapy. In total, 62.4% of the participants expressed openness to hallucinogenic psilocybin (p =.009), while 60.4% were open to non-hallucinogenic forms (p =.023). Patients with major depressive disorder preferred hallucinogenic therapy more (p =.010), while those with borderline personality disorder (BPD) (p =.030) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (p =.035) favored non-hallucinogenic options, possibly due to concerns about the intensity of hallucinogenic experiences. Individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) demonstrated a greater acceptance of both hallucinogenic (p =.007) and non-hallucinogenic forms (p =.046) than individuals without SUD. These findings suggest that societal stigma is not a significant barrier to psilocybin therapy and that non-hallucinogenic forms may provide a more accessible option for certain patient groups. Understanding patient perspectives on psilocybin therapy, including vulnerability to adverse hallucinogenic experiences, can inform personalized and effective treatments for resistant conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2511752", "pubmed_id": "40443112", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2511752", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40443112\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Personality Change,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 659, "title": "The Selective Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor Agonist (S)-3-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidine (LPH-5) Induces Persistent and Robust Antidepressant-Like Effects in Rodents.", "normalized_title": "the selective serotonin 5 ht2a receptor agonist s 3 2 5 dimethoxy 4 trifluoromethyl phenyl piperidine lph 5 induces persistent and robust antidepressant like effects in rodents", "authors": "Jensen AA, Cecchi CR, Hibicke M, Bach AH, Kaadt E, Märcher-Rørsted E, Nichols CD, Elfving B, Kristensen JL.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have emerged as a promising treatment for mental health disease, and the therapeutic potential of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is presently being pursued in numerous clinical trials. This has prompted a search for novel agents with more specific pharmacological activities than the rather promiscuous classical psychedelics. Here we present the detailed pharmacological characterization of one such compound, LPH-5 [(S)-3-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)-piperidine]. LPH-5 was found to be a potent partial agonist at the 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) with pronounced selectivity for 5-HT2AR over the related 5-HT2BR and 5-HT2CR in a range of functional assays. LPH-5 dose-dependently induced head-twitch responses (HTR) as well as robust acute and persistent antidepressant-like effects in rats. These results suggest that selective 5-HT2AR activation holds antidepressant potential and indicate that this activity component is key for the therapeutics effects of classical psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00208", "pubmed_id": "40534669", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.5c00208", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40534669\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3708, "title": "Role of the Serotonin 2A Receptor in Psilocybin-induced Altered States of Consciousness (PDR-Study)", "normalized_title": "role of the serotonin 2a receptor in psilocybin induced altered states of consciousness pdr study", "authors": "University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland", "abstract": "Psilocybin (active compound of \"magic mushrooms\") is a prototypical psychedelic substance that acts via agonism on serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptors. Psilocybin is rapidly metabolized into its active metabolite psilocin. Psilocybin is currently under investigation as potential treatment for various neuropsychiatric disorders. Psilocybin is also widely used for recreational purposes and as research tool in neuroscience. Besides its current clinical development, a clear characterization of the dose-response relationship of psilocybin is lacking. With the present study the investigators aim to close this knowledge gap by administering low (5mg) to high (40mg) single doses of psilocybin to healthy participants. Besides its agonism on 5-HT2A receptors, psilocin also binds to other receptors and inhibits serotonin transporters (SERT). To this data only few studies have investigated these effects and never at a high dose. Psilocybin is widely used for recreational and spiritual purposes. Additionally Psilocybin is currently reused in experimental studies with healthy subjects and in studies investigating its effects on patients suffering from anxiety, depression, addiction personality disorders and other pathological conditions. The present PDR-study will characterize the subjective effects of different doses of psilocybin using modern psychometric instruments, explore the relationship between the plasma-concentration of psilocybin and its subjective effects, and examine the contribution of the 5-HT2A receptor in the psilocybin-induced alterations of consciousness in a mechanistic study in healthy subjects. Participants will recieve doses of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg psilocybin, 40 mg of psilocybin with pretreatment of 40 mg ketanserin, and placebo (control for psilocybin). Placebo pretreatment (control for ketanserin) will be used for all psilocybin administrations without ketanserin. Administrations will be separated by at least 10 days and are in random and counter-balanced order.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-05-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06796361", "keywords": "Healthy, Ketanserin 40mg plus Psilocybin 40mg, 40mg Psilocybin, 20mg Psilocybin, 10mg Psilocybin, 5mg Psilocybin, Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06796361\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Personality Change,Spirituality,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 589, "title": "Navigating Intentional and Attentional Practices for Healing Across Psychedelic and Biofield Settings: A Comparative Ethnographic Study.", "normalized_title": "navigating intentional and attentional practices for healing across psychedelic and biofield settings a comparative ethnographic study", "authors": "Paracha N.", "abstract": "Objectives: This study was conducted to bring psychedelic and biofield science into interdisciplinary dialogue and encourage scientific investigations of psychedelic therapy as a form of energy medicine. In thinking these two sites together, important resonances between both forms of therapy were highlighted which can help elucidate clearer therapeutic mechanisms across both therapies. Methods/Design: Comparative ethnographic methods and a repeated measures design were used to conduct this research over a period of 2 years. A total of 150 qualitative interviews with 135 participants present at psychedelic-assisted therapy retreats and 15 at biofield settings were conducted. All the participants belonged to different ethnic, racial, and religious backgrounds; age groups; and reported differing levels of illness and health. The data (ethnographer's field notes, audio and video archives, as well as background research conducted on each of the field sites) was then transcribed and collated, and resonant themes were highlighted. Interventions: The research was conducted at wellness retreat spaces in the Netherlands and in Mexico; across entheogenic substances such as ayahuasca/yage, psilocybin-containing mushrooms, as well as psilocybin-containing truffles; and in biofield settings in the United States and Europe that included practices such as Reiki. Results/Findings: Based on 2 years of ethnographic research at psychedelic-assisted therapy retreats and in biofield settings, this article proffers that interdisciplinary dialogue between both forms of therapy is vital in understanding intention and attention as temporally and conceptually distinct categories with divergent healing effects. The research also demonstrates intention and attention as embodied phenomenon as opposed to mental acts. Conclusions: Intention and attention are conceptually and temporally distinct embodied phenomenon, and these differences can be best understood through an interdisciplinary study across psychedelic and biofield therapies. Scientists studying these topics should take these distinctions into account to be able to more accurately understand healing mechanisms across both forms of therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1089/jicm.2024.0713", "pubmed_id": "40425035", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/jicm.2024.0713", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anthropology, Cultural, Adult, Middle Aged, Mexico, Netherlands, Female, Male, Mind-Body Therapies, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40425035\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 544, "title": "Effects of serotonergic psychedelics on synaptogenesis and immediate early genes expression - comparison with ketamine, fluoxetine and lithium.", "normalized_title": "effects of serotonergic psychedelics on synaptogenesis and immediate early genes expression comparison with ketamine fluoxetine and lithium", "authors": "Vella Y, Syrová K, Petrušková A, Koutrouli I, Kútna V, Pala J, Šíchová K, Nikolič M, Mazoch V, Jurok R, Kuchař M, Bendová Z, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent evidence suggests that psychedelics can induce rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects. The generally acknowledged explanation for these traits is the phenomenon of neuroplasticity, although the exact underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear.AimsThis study investigates the effects of psilocin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) on synaptogenesis and immediate early genes (IEGs) expression in direct comparison with ketamine, fluoxetine and lithium after acute (1 h) and/or prolonged (24 h) treatment in vitro.MethodsRat primary cortical cultures were treated with 10 µM psilocin, 1 µM LSD, 90 µM DMT, 1 µM ketamine, 10 µM fluoxetine and 5 mM lithium. Analysis of synaptic puncta was performed; puncta of presynaptic marker synapsin I/II, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) and their co-localization (established synapse) were assessed 24 h after drug treatment. Next, expressions of IEGs encoding activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), early growth response 1 (Egr1), and neuronal PAS (Per-Arnt-Sim) domain protein 4 (Npas4) were analysed 1 and 24 h after drug treatments.ResultsPsilocin increased synaptic puncta count and induced Arc expression. The effect to promote synaptogenesis was comparable to ketamine and lithium; ketamine additionally increased PSD-95 puncta count. LSD and DMT did not induce any significant effects. Interestingly, fluoxetine had no effect on synaptic puncta count, but upregulated Egr1 and Npas4.ConclusionsPsilocin demonstrated synaptogenic effects comparable to those of ketamine and lithium, and acutely upregulated IEG Arc expression, adding another piece of evidence to its profile as a promising therapeutic agent.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251338232", "pubmed_id": "40437853", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251338232", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Lithium, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Fluoxetine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Cytoskeletal Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Hallucinogens, Organ Culture Techniques, Gene Expression Regulation, Neuronal Plasticity, Genes, Immediate-Early, Female, Early Growth Response Protein 1, Psilocybin, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40437853\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 365, "title": "Attitudes Toward Psychedelic Treatments by Individuals With Histories of Substance Use or Psychiatric Disorders: A Survey Study.", "normalized_title": "attitudes toward psychedelic treatments by individuals with histories of substance use or psychiatric disorders a survey study", "authors": "Prostko S, Wu A, Maddams S, Szpak V, Rosenblum N, Hilt LM, Suzuki J.", "abstract": "ObjectivesPsychedelics may be promising treatments for substance use disorders (SUD). This study aims to understand how individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD), opioid use disorder (OUD), and psychiatric disorders perceive and experience psychedelics for both nonmedical and medical use.MethodsData for this cross-sectional survey study were collected from June 2023 to February 2024 at a large, tertiary hospital through the hospital's patient portal, inpatient floors, and flyers. English-speaking adults with AUD, OUD, and psychiatric disorders were recruited. The response rate was 1.9% and the cooperation rate was 13.7%. The survey collected participants' demographic information, substance use treatment and history, and perceived risks and harms associated with psychedelics and psychedelic treatment.ResultsOf 192 participants surveyed, 66% had previously tried psychedelics, 72.4% believed psychedelics could help patients with SUD or psychiatric disorders, and 69.8% said they would personally try psychedelic-assisted treatment for a SUD or psychiatric condition. Participants were significantly more likely to want to try psychedelic treatment for their own SUD or psychiatric disorder if they had previously used psilocybin (90.0% vs. 47.8%, P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/adm.0000000000001517", "pubmed_id": "40433994", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/adm.0000000000001517", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Alcoholism, Opioid-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Mental Disorders, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40433994\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 672, "title": "Pharmacologic interventions for alcohol use disorder.", "normalized_title": "pharmacologic interventions for alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Menge J, Evitt B.", "abstract": "AbstractAlcohol use disorder (AUD) has devastating effects, and its prevalence in the US is growing. It is therefore important to examine multiple avenues for successful cessation and continued abstinence. Disulfiram, oral naltrexone, naltrexone IM, and acamprosate are currently the only four medications approved for the treatment of AUD by the FDA. This review aims to examine the efficacy of the approved medications as well as explore the use of off-label pharmacologic treatments used for AUD treatment (including gabapentin, baclofen, oxytocin, N-acetylcysteine, calcium carbonate, and psilocybin). Through this exploration, the most effective treatment for individuals with AUD can be determined to enable providers in ameliorating the prevalence of this disease.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/01.jaa.0000000000000106", "pubmed_id": "40421949", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0000000000000106", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Baclofen, Disulfiram, Taurine, Naltrexone, Acetylcysteine, Alcohol Deterrents, Off-Label Use, Gabapentin, Acamprosate", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40421949\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3000, "title": "Psilocybin-enhanced fear extinction linked to bidirectional modulation of cortical ensembles.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin enhanced fear extinction linked to bidirectional modulation of cortical ensembles", "authors": "Rogers SA, Heller EA, Corder G.", "abstract": "The psychedelic drug psilocybin demonstrates rapid and long-lasting efficacy across neuropsychiatric disorders that are characterized by behavioral inflexibility. However, its impact on the neural activity underlying sustained changes in behavioral flexibility has not been characterized. To test whether psilocybin enhances behavioral flexibility by altering activity in cortical neural ensembles, we performed longitudinal single-cell calcium imaging in the mouse retrosplenial cortex across a 5-day trace fear learning and extinction assay. We found that a single dose of psilocybin altered cortical ensemble turnover and oppositely modulated fear- and extinction-active neurons. Suppression of fear-active neurons and recruitment of extinction-active neurons predicted psilocybin-enhanced fear extinction. In a computational model of this microcircuit, inhibition of simulated fear-active units modulated recruitment of extinction-active units and behavioral variability in freezing, aligning with experimental results. These results suggest that psilocybin enhances behavioral flexibility by recruiting new neuronal populations and suppressing fear-active populations in the retrosplenial cortex.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41593-025-01964-9", "pubmed_id": "40419686", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-025-01964-9", "keywords": "Gyrus Cinguli, Cerebral Cortex, Neurons, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Hallucinogens, Fear, Male, Extinction, Psychological, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40419686\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 691, "title": "Psilocybin mitigates behavioral despair and cognitive impairment in treatment-resistant depression model using wistar kyoto rats.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin mitigates behavioral despair and cognitive impairment in treatment resistant depression model using wistar kyoto rats", "authors": "Wang Z, Robbins B, Zhuang R, van Bruggen R, Sandini T, Li XM, Zhang Y.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability that affects over 300 million people globally. Despite multiple antidepressant trials, approximately one-third of MDD patients remain symptomatic, progressing to treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This persistence possibly is due to the multifaceted etiology of TRD, encompassing biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Chronic stress, prevalent in modern life, significantly contributes to mental health disorders and complicates TRD treatment. This study investigated psilocybin as a potential TRD treatment using a diathesis-stress animal model. Twenty-two male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were divided into control and stress groups, with the stress group further subdivided to receive either sham treatment or psilocybin as early intervention. Behavioral assessments demonstrated a significant and sustained beneficial effect of psilocybin on behavioral despair and cognitive impairment. Biochemical analyses revealed psilocybin-induced increases in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels without significant changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The ability of psilocybin to counter stress-induced TSH reductions suggested that TSH may serve as a proxy marker of therapeutic response, although its causal role in mood regulation remains unclear. Additionally, following psilocybin administration, changes in cannabinoid receptor type I (CB1R) suggest a potential modulation of psilocybin intervention on the component of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), though causal links remain unconfirmed without antagonist studies. These findings highlight the potential of psilocybin to treat TRD through the targeting of previously unexplored biological pathways.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-03383-z", "pubmed_id": "40419666", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03383-z", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Inbred WKY, Rats, Disease Models, Animal, Antidepressive Agents, Behavior, Animal, Stress, Psychological, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Cognitive Dysfunction", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40419666\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 690, "title": "Therapeutic emergence of dissociated traumatic memories during psilocybin treatment for anorexia nervosa.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic emergence of dissociated traumatic memories during psilocybin treatment for anorexia nervosa", "authors": "Peck SK, Brewerton TD, Fisher H, Trim J, Shao S, Modlin NL, Kim J, Finn DM, Kaye WH.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic treatment is a rapidly emerging therapeutic approach for a host of chronic, difficult to treat psychiatric disorders, including anorexia nervosa (AN). Trauma and its sequelae, such as dissociation, often contribute to comorbidity and treatment refractoriness.AimsIn this report, we describe the therapeutic emergence of previously dissociated traumatic memories of sexual assault in 2 of 10 research participants with AN while receiving psilocybin treatment.MethodsTen female adults who met DSM-5 criteria for AN or pAN (partial remission) participated in an open pilot study evaluating the safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. Participants received a 25-mg dose of investigational drug COMP360, a proprietary pharmaceutical-grade synthetic psilocybin formulation developed by COMPASS Pathfinder Ltd. administered in conjunction with psychological support. Participants also received two integration therapy sessions on days 1 and 7 after dosing, and they were reassessed at 1 and 3 months. Participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview to understand qualitative perspectives of treatment and its effect on AN.Results/outcomesBoth patients described in this report significantly benefited from the emergence and processing of previously dissociated information (dissociative amnesia), and both patients subsequently attained remission of their AN psychopathology at 3-month follow-up as determined by global scores on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and clinically meaningful weight gain.Conclusions/interpretationPT may hold promise not only in the treatment of eating disorders but also trauma-related disorders, including PTSD and dissociative amnesia. Potential mechanisms of psilocybin's facilitation of remembering and processing traumatic material is reviewed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-025-01274-2", "pubmed_id": "40420197", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-025-01274-2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40420197\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 689, "title": "The Potential Role of Psilocybin in Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery: A Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "the potential role of psilocybin in traumatic brain injury recovery a narrative review", "authors": "Palmer C, Ferber AT, Greenwald BD.", "abstract": "Background: This narrative review explores psilocybin's potential use as a therapeutic agent in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: We engaged in a search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane's databases for information on the effects of psilocybin. We also reviewed articles where psilocybin was used in patients with TBI. Articles from 2000-2025 were included. Results: A total of 29 articles met our initial inclusion criteria. Additionally, 13 articles were obtained from reference lists and 3 more articles on the legality of psilocybin from public websites. Conclusions: Assisted psilocybin use may have benefits in TBI by reducing inflammation, promoting neuroplasticity and neuroregeneration, and alleviating associated mood disorders. Positive findings in related fields, like treatment for depression and addiction, highlight the necessity for more extensive clinical trials on psilocybin's role in TBI recovery.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci15060572", "pubmed_id": "40563744", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15060572", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40563744\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 670, "title": "Race and Gender Differences in the Moderating Relationship of Psychedelics on Stigma and Distress.", "normalized_title": "race and gender differences in the moderating relationship of psychedelics on stigma and distress", "authors": "Viña SM.", "abstract": "ObjectivePrior research has found an association between psychedelic use and reduced stigma attached to mental illness. However, whether psychedelics alleviate stigma-related distress remains unclear. Since stigma impacts different groups uniquely, any moderating effect of psychedelics on stigma-related distress is likely to vary across subpopulations. This study addresses two main questions: (1) Do psychedelics moderate the relationship between stigma and distress? and (2) does this relationship vary by gender and race/ethnicity? By exploring these questions, this research seeks to contribute to our understanding of psychedelic use and its impact on mental health across diverse populations.MethodsData from the National Survey of Drug Use (2008-2019) were analyzed, with a weighted sample of 458,372. The main analysis used regression models in Stata 18 to examine the associations between lifetime psychedelic use (LPU) (psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], N,N-dimethyltryptamine, peyote/mescaline, ayahuasca, and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), stigma attached to seeking mental health care, and psychological distress. This analysis examines whether the association between stigma and distress differs by gender, race/ethnicity, and psychedelic use (i.e., White men, White women, Black men, Black women, Asian men, Asian women, Hispanic men, and Hispanic women).ResultsResults indicate that men report lower perceived stigma than women, while women report higher distress. White, Black, and Hispanic women report the highest stigma levels. Regression analysis suggests that among the total population, stigma is statistically associated with higher distress, and interaction terms indicate that MDMA, psilocybin, LSD, and LPU are linked to variations in this relationship. Regression models stratified by gender and race/ethnicity suggest that while LPU, LSD, and DMT were statistically associated with differences in the relationship between stigma and distress for White men, these associations appeared weaker for other groups.ConclusionPsychedelic use is associated with lower reported distress from internalized stigma, though the directionality and mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Further research should be conducted to investigate how psychedelics can be integrated into comprehensive health treatment programs outside of psychedelics-assisted therapy. However, it is worth noting that individuals from gender and racial/ethnic minority groups may not experience the same level of benefits, suggesting other strategies may be necessary to address the stigma experienced by different groups.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2024.0021", "pubmed_id": "40530404", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2024.0021", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40530404\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Observational Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 647, "title": "Psilocybin and psilocin regulate microglial immunomodulation and support neuroplasticity via serotonergic and AhR signaling.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and psilocin regulate microglial immunomodulation and support neuroplasticity via serotonergic and ahr signaling", "authors": "Laabi S, LeMmon C, Vogel C, Chacon M, Jimenez VM.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, has demonstrated therapeutic potential in neuropsychiatric disorders. While its neuroplastic and immunomodulatory effects are recognized, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates how psilocybin and its active metabolite, psilocin, influence microglial inflammatory responses and neurotrophic factor expression through serotonergic and AhR signaling.MethodsUsing in vitro models of resting and LPS-activated microglia, we evaluated the effects of psilocybin and psilocin on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), and neuroplasticity-related markers (BDNF). Receptor-specific contributions were assessed using selective antagonists for 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT7, TrkB, and AhR.ResultsPsilocybin and psilocin significantly suppressed TNF-α expression and increased BDNF levels in LPS-activated microglia. These effects were mediated by 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT7, and TrkB signaling, while AhR activation was required for psilocin-induced BDNF upregulation but not TNF-α suppression. IL-10 levels remained unchanged under normal conditions but increased significantly when serotonergic, TrkB, or AhR signaling was blocked, suggesting a compensatory shift in anti-inflammatory pathways.ConclusionPsilocybin and psilocin promote a microglial phenotype that reduces inflammation and supports neuroplasticity via receptor-specific mechanisms. Their effects on TNF-α and BDNF depend on distinct serotonergic and neurotrophic pathways, with AhR playing a selective role in psilocin's action. These findings clarify the receptor-mediated dynamics of psilocybin's therapeutic effects and highlight alternative anti-inflammatory pathways that may be relevant for clinical applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114940", "pubmed_id": "40424654", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114940", "keywords": "Microglia, Cells, Cultured, Animals, Mice, Lipopolysaccharides, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon, Hallucinogens, Interleukin-10, Cytokines, Signal Transduction, Neuronal Plasticity, Immunomodulation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40424654\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 543, "title": "Adverse reactions among psychedelic users: Norwegian validation of the Challenging Experience Questionnaire.", "normalized_title": "adverse reactions among psychedelic users norwegian validation of the challenging experience questionnaire", "authors": "Andersen KAA, Holmøy B, Kvam TM, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs, known for their potent psychoactive effects, have gained attention for their potential therapeutic benefits in treating mental disorders. However, distressing experiences induced by psychedelics can lead to adverse long-term effects. To better assess these experiences, we aimed to provide a Norwegian translation and psychometric validation of the Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), a key tool for evaluating adverse psychedelic experiences. Our study employed an anonymous online survey targeting Norwegian recreational psychedelic users, focusing on their most memorable psychedelic encounter. A sample of 729 participants, predominantly male (73 %) and aged between 26 and 35 years (41 %), with 90 % having used LSD or psilocybin, was analyzed. Half of the participants had completed a university degree, and 48 % reported a diagnosed mental disorder. The CEQ underwent a rigorous seven-stage translation process and was included in the survey to validate the original 7-factor structure. Our findings revealed excellent internal consistency (alpha = 0.94) and robust overall model fit (χ2[278] = 1451.80, RMSEA = 0.076, SRMR = 0.051, CFI = 0.913) for the 7-factor model, with evidence of factorial invariance across gender and psychiatric status. Further, the relationship between reported difficulty and CEQ factors such as fear, grief, insanity, and death underscored its convergent validity. In conclusion, our study confirms the 7-factor structure of the CEQ while demonstrating its reliability and validity. This provides Norwegian researchers with a culturally adapted, psychometrically valid tool for assessing complex adverse reactions to psychedelic use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.05.062", "pubmed_id": "40466556", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.05.062", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Reproducibility of Results, Psychometrics, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Norway, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40466556\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3655, "title": "Psilocybin-facilitated Smoking Cessation Treatment: A Pilot Study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin facilitated smoking cessation treatment a pilot study", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "One of the most promising lines of investigation for the therapeutic use of hallucinogens in the 1960s and 1970s was in the treatment of drug dependence. The investigators propose to examine psilocybin administration combined with a structured smoking cessation treatment program in nicotine dependent individuals in order to provide preliminary data on the efficacy of this combined treatment for smoking cessation. Prior work in the investigators laboratory has shown that under carefully prepared and supportive conditions, psilocybin administration can facilitate highly salient experiences with enduring personal meaning and spiritual significance. It is plausible that embedding such highly meaningful experiences into a drug dependence cessation attempt may provide an enduring motivation for remaining abstinent. Cigarette smoking is a good model system for studying drug dependence because users are less likely to be challenged by the many social and economic impairments that often accompany dependence on other drugs such as cocaine, heroin, or alcohol. More specifically, the investigators propose to conduct a randomized controlled comparative efficacy study in which either psilocybin or transdermal nicotine patch are administered under highly supportive conditions to individuals who are nicotine-dependent cigarette smokers, who have had multiple unsuccessful quit attempts, and who continue to desire to quit smoking. Other than nicotine dependence, participants will be healthy. Fifteen participants have already completed a preliminary open-label pilot-study with no control condition. Eighty additional participants will be enrolled and randomized to either psilocybin (n=40), or nicotine patch (n=40) treatment. Participants will receive a 13-week course of cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation, with Target Quit Date set for week 5. After several preparation meetings with study monitors, participants will have either a single day-long psilocybin session using a high dose (30 mg/70 kg), or a standard 8 to 10-week course of nicotine patch treatment. Participant smoking status will be assessed repeatedly for 8 weeks after the Target Quit Date, including biological verification of smoking status through breath and urine samples. Smoking status will also be assessed at three follow up sessions approximately 3, 6, and 12 months after the Target Quit Date. Additionally, 50 of these participants (25 per treatment condition) will undergo MRI scanning before and after Target Quit Date to assess the brain-based mechanisms associated with these treatments. Individuals assigned to the nicotine patch study treatment condition will be eligible to undergo an optional high dose psilocybin session after completing the 6-month follow-up meeting.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-05-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01943994", "keywords": "Nicotine Dependence, Psilocybin-assisted treatment, O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT), Transdermal Nicotine Patch, Nicoderm CQ, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT01943994\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3642, "title": "An Investigation of Strategies to Understand and Optimize the Antidepressant Effects of Psilocybin (The OPTIMIZE Study)", "normalized_title": "an investigation of strategies to understand and optimize the antidepressant effects of psilocybin the optimize study", "authors": "Charles Raison", "abstract": "This study will examine the effects of a single dose of psilocybin, administered with psychological support, on symptoms of depression. It will also assess whether different post-dosing interventions, including a non-invasive technique called transcutaneous auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS), influence various psychological and behavioral outcomes. In addition, the study will explore objective measures of real-world social behavior and identify early behavioral responses that may be associated with long-term treatment outcomes. One hundred forty-one adults ages 18 to 70 experiencing a major depressive episode of at least 60 days duration of moderate or greater severity at screening will be enrolled to obtain evaluable data on approximately 120 subjects. All subjects will receive a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin using a \"set and setting\" therapeutic approach that will include 1) several hours of preparatory sessions prior to dosing and 2) the presence of two facilitators throughout the dosing session; and 3) several post dosing integration sessions with a facilitator. Following the psilocybin dosing session, subjects will be randomized to 1) taVNS (7 days of twice daily taVNS), 2) sham taVNS (7 days of twice daily sham taVNS), or 3) no taVNS. Both taVNS and sham sessions will include guided prompts encouraging participants to reflect on key aspects of their psychedelic experience, accompanied by music previously used during the psilocybin dosing session. Participants will complete assessments at multiple time points to evaluate depression, anxiety, well-being, functional disability, quality of life, social behavior, suicidal ideation, and adverse events before and after psilocybin dosing.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-05-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06512194", "keywords": "Depression, Psilocybin, Psilocybine, Psilocibin, Usona Institute Psilocybin, Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS), taVNS, Sham taVNS, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06512194\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Aging,Wellbeing,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 881, "title": "Clinical pharmacology.", "normalized_title": "clinical pharmacology", "authors": "Vogt SB, Liechti ME.", "abstract": "To design therapeutic trials and select the most appropriate substance and dose for an indication, a detailed understanding of clinical pharmacology is crucial. In recent years, several studies have explored the human pharmacology of different psychedelics and 3,4-methylendioxymethylamphetamin (MDMA). This chapter summarizes pharmacological characteristics of the serotonergic psychedelics psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-DMT (5-MeO-DMT), and MDMA. We summarize their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, metabolism, and safety, with a focus on human data from modern clinical trials. Additionally, we provide recommendations for dosing, dose adjustment, and interactions with other medications. We show that the different serotonergic psychedelics produce overall comparable acute subjective and somatic effects primarily through interactions with 5-HT2A receptors. However, the exact mechanisms of their potential therapeutic benefits in patients remain to be elucidated. Moreover, classic psychedelics differ substantially in their pharmacokinetics and metabolism, resulting mainly in different durations of action, which may influence their suitability for specific therapeutic uses and indications. In contrast, MDMA has a psychopharmacological profile that is distinct from serotonergic psychedelics, characterized by acute stimulant-like and empathogenic effects. In terms of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships, acute effects of the psychedelics mirror their plasma-concentration-time curves, whereas acute effects of MDMA are shorter-lasting than its presence in the body. Thus, MDMA, but not the psychedelics, exhibits marked acute pharmacological tolerance. A good understanding of the pharmacology of classic psychedelics and MDMA forms the basis for their clinical use and the design of clinical therapeutic trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.02.003", "pubmed_id": "40541320", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.02.003", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Pharmacology, Clinical, Clinical Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40541320\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 692, "title": "Ergotamine enhances circadian amplitude and diurnally mitigates nitroglycerin-induced mechanical hypersensitivity.", "normalized_title": "ergotamine enhances circadian amplitude and diurnally mitigates nitroglycerin induced mechanical hypersensitivity", "authors": "Han C, Baek H, Lim JY, Kim E, Tran CK, Freeman E, Chen Z, Yoo SH, Burish MJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundCluster headache and migraine have a circadian timing of attacks and are linked to the trigeminovascular system. Recently the trigeminal ganglion was found to have a strong circadian rhythm, with the serotonin 2A receptor identified as a clock-controlled gene. Ergotamine is an acute treatment for cluster headache and migraine, acts on the trigeminal ganglion, and is a serotonin 2A receptor agonist. The circadian properties of ergotamine are unknown.MethodsWe performed real-time bioluminescence monitoring and qPCR of Per2::LucSV reporter mouse fibroblast cultures after treatment with ergotamine. We examined receptor effects by treating Per2::LucSV fibroblast cultures with ergotamine and one of several serotoninergic, adrenergic, and/or dopaminergic receptor antagonists. Next, we treated Per2::LucSV reporter mouse trigeminal ganglion explants with ergotamine and monitored circadian reporter rhythms; finally we measured hindpaw sensitivity in a nitroglycerin chronic headache mouse model and administered ergotamine at two different times to examine a chronotherapeutic effect on pain behavior.ResultsErgotamine caused a more than two-fold increase in the amplitude of Per2::LucSV fibroblasts without a change in period length; amplitude enhancement was also seen for expression of Clock, Bmal1, Period3, Cryptochrome2, Rev-erbα, and Rev-erbβ. Ergotamine's effect on circadian amplitude was dampened by the serotonin-1B/1D receptor antagonist GR127935, the serotonin-1D receptor antagonist BRL1557, the serotonin-1A/1B/2A/2B/2C, alpha1A-adrenergic, and dopamine D1-4 receptor antagonist asenapine, and the serotonin-2C receptor antagonist SB242084. In contrast to serotonin receptor antagonists, ergotamine's effects on clock amplitude were unchanged by other serotonin antagonists or by selective adrenergic or dopaminergic receptor antagonists, suggesting that ergotamine's amplitude effect is mediated by serotonin receptor activation. Furthermore, trigeminal ganglion explant cultures treated with ergotamine showed a significant increase in amplitude without a change in period. Finally, in the nitroglycerin chronic headache mouse model, ergotamine significantly raised hindpaw thresholds when administered during the daytime (ZT4) but not at night (ZT16).ConclusionsErgotamine has substantial circadian rhythm modification effects in both cellular and animal models. Ergotamine's circadian effects appear to be mediated through serotonin 1D and 2C receptors, providing a rationale for why sub-psychedelic doses of psilocybin (which induces psychedelic responses through the serotonin 2A receptor) might be effective. Ergotamine's peak effect on hindpaw thresholds at ZT4 suggests that ergotamine may be more effective at certain times of day.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s10194-025-02008-0", "pubmed_id": "40410667", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-025-02008-0", "keywords": "Trigeminal Ganglion, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Hyperalgesia, Disease Models, Animal, Nitroglycerin, Ergotamine, Circadian Rhythm, Male, Migraine Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40410667\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 420, "title": "[Psilocybin in the setting of treatment-resistant unipolar depression: A case report].", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in the setting of treatment resistant unipolar depression a case report", "authors": "Dumenil M, Cordova G, El-Hage W.", "abstract": "BackgroundCurrent antidepressants have shown certain limitations in the treatment of unipolar depression. Their long onset of action, interactions, and side effects are obstacles to achieving lasting remission of this prevalent, often chronic or recurrent, pathology. Faced with this clinical necessity, research efforts have intensified in recent years around psychedelic drugs, with a particular focus on the mental health benefits of psilocybin. To illustrate this promising approach, we present here the clinical vignette of a student living in France for whom psilocybin led to complete remission after recurrent depressive episodes and a two-year course of Escitalopram.Case presentationJuan, a Mexican student, decided to move to France in 2015 to further his education and broaden his horizons. Since his degree in physiotherapy from Mexico did not qualify him to practice in France, he began studying Biology from 2016 to 2020. Unfortunately, during this period, Juan experienced his first episode of major unipolar depression, marked by feelings of incompetence and academic stagnation. In March 2017, he started an initial course of Escitalopram at 5mg, which provided some relief from his depressive symptoms but did not completely alleviate his anxiety and ruminative thoughts. The treatment was discontinued after three months due to a summer travel plan. By January 2018, he encountered a more intense depressive episode for which he resumed Escitalopram at an increased dose of 10mg. He continued this treatment until August 2019, although it again proved insufficient for full symptom relief. In January 2020, he faced his most challenging relapse, sometimes unable to get out of bed for weeks. This led him to resume Escitalopram, this time at 15mg, but he struggled with significant side effects, including nausea, fatigue, and numbness. Seeking alternative solutions, in the summer of 2020 Juan tried a non-conventional approach in Mexico using psilocybin, a compound found in hallucinogenic mushrooms, under the supervision of a shaman. Following the first administration in July, he noticed a rapid partial improvement in his symptoms; a second administration two weeks later resulted in a full remission of his depressive symptoms. Juan described his experience as profoundly healing, gaining an inner peace and a deep understanding of his struggles. Since 2020, he has remained in full remission without the need for antidepressants. This case highlights the potential role of psilocybin in addressing treatment-resistant depression and the importance of further research into alternative therapeutic options.DiscussionPsilocybin, a 5-HT2A serotonergic receptor agonist, affects cortical neural networks by reducing amygdala reactivity to negative emotions and altering brain connectivity. According to David Nutt's drug harm scale, psilocybin ranks among the least dangerous substances with a relatively low potential for dependence. Despite its potential benefits, responsible and supervised use is essential. Under carefully prepared conditions, psilocybin's psychedelic effects can promote healing by facilitating introspection and altering depressive brain functioning. In April 2021, a double-blind, randomized trial by a British team at Imperial College London compared psilocybin to Escitalopram, revealing higher response and remission rates for psilocybin: 70% of psilocybin-treated patients experienced a reduction of over 50 % in depression levels, compared to 48 % of those on antidepressants-a 22 % increase. However, with only 59 subjects and a 6-week Escitalopram treatment for the control group, further research with larger samples and extended treatment durations is essential.ConclusionThe psychedelic experience appears to have significantly accelerated Juan's clinical remission, enabling him to regain control over his life after years of depression. Although multiple factors may have contributed to Juan's recovery-including his course of Escitalopram-psychedelic effects seem to have served as a powerful tool in overcoming his depression. This case suggests additional therapeutic potentials worth exploring, such as the reduction of alcohol consumption.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.encep.2025.02.007", "pubmed_id": "40413068", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2025.02.007", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, France, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Escitalopram, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40413068\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Case Report,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3747, "title": "Age and cannabis co-use moderate experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "age and cannabis co use moderate experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin", "authors": "Hooper J, Williams S, Mueller R, Hutchison K.", "abstract": "As psychedelic use increases, understanding how demographic and behavioral factors influence the effects of psychedelics is essential for both research and public health. This cross-sectional study examined 365 current psilocybin users, analyzing differences in acute experiences, psychological outcomes, and substance co-use patterns. Participants were categorized into young (18-25), middle-aged (26-54), and older (55-77) adults. Results showed that younger participants reported significantly more adverse experiences while older adults had milder subjective effects. Despite differences in adverse experiences, age did not significantly impact mystical experiences, psychological insight, or psychological outcomes. Polysubstance use patterns also varied by age, as younger adults were more likely to co-use nicotine with psilocybin. Cannabis co-use specifically was associated with greater improvements in quality of life, anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse, suggesting potential synergies between psilocybin and THC. These findings emphasize that age and cannabis co-use may modulate aspects of psilocybin’s acute effects and therapeutic outcomes. Given the increasing legalization and accessibility of psychedelics, future research should further investigate mechanisms underlying individual differences and assess the impact of polysubstance use with psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-05-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/dczw2_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dczw2_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:18", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1024536\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Mystical Experience,Older Adults", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3090, "title": "Age and cannabis co-use moderate experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "age and cannabis co use moderate experience and perceived benefits of psilocybin", "authors": "", "abstract": "As psychedelic use increases, understanding how demographic and behavioral factors influence the effects of psychedelics is essential for both research and public health. This cross-sectional study examined 365 current psilocybin users, analyzing differences in acute experiences, psychological outcomes, and substance co-use patterns. Participants were categorized into young (18-25), middle-aged (26-54), and older (55-77) adults. Results showed that younger participants reported significantly more adverse experiences while older adults had milder subjective effects. Despite differences in adverse experiences, age did not significantly impact mystical experiences, psychological insight, or psychological outcomes. Polysubstance use patterns also varied by age, as younger adults were more likely to co-use nicotine with psilocybin. Cannabis co-use specifically was associated with greater improvements in quality of life, anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse, suggesting potential synergies between psilocybin and THC. These findings emphasize that age and cannabis co-use may modulate aspects of psilocybin’s acute effects and therapeutic outcomes. Given the increasing legalization and accessibility of psychedelics, future research should further investigate mechanisms underlying individual differences and assess the impact of polysubstance use with psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-05-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/dczw2_v1", "keywords": "age, cannabis, harms, psilocybin, psychedelic, public health, well being, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Health Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"dczw2_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Mystical Experience,Older Adults", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 588, "title": "Lessons learned from the regulatory alignment in ketamine, esketamine and arketamine clinical trials: A cross-sectional analysis of protocols from ClinicalTrials.gov.", "normalized_title": "lessons learned from the regulatory alignment in ketamine esketamine and arketamine clinical trials a cross sectional analysis of protocols from clinicaltrials gov", "authors": "Swieczkowski D, Kwaśny A, Sadko K, Pruc M, Gaca Z, Szarpak L, Cubała WJ.", "abstract": "Ketamine and its enantiomers, esketamine and arketamine, have emerged as promising treatments for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This cross-sectional study evaluates the regulatory alignment of 40 clinical trials listed on ClinicalTrials.gov, focusing on the methodological challenges. The study highlights methodological inconsistencies, particularly around the challenges of functional unblinding caused by ketamine's dissociative effects, addressing expectancy bias, and the inadequate safety monitoring practices in many trials. A notable concern is the variability in blinding techniques, with many trials failing to adequately mask the perceptual effects of ketamine, potentially compromising outcome assessments. Furthermore, the placebo response, which accounts for a significant portion of treatment effects, was not consistently managed across trials, and safety strategies, particularly for monitoring adverse events such as dissociation and abuse potential, were not uniformly robust. Another critical issue is the lack of long-term follow-up in most trials, limiting the understanding of ketamine's safety profile over extended periods. The findings emphasize the need for harmonized and rigorous methodological frameworks to support the effective use of ketamine and its enantiomers in clinical practice. The potential lessons learned from these trials could be instrumental in guiding future research on other psychedelics currently under investigation for mental health disorders, such as psilocybin and DMT, ensuring both efficacy and safety in future therapeutic approaches. Such harmonization will be crucial to improve regulatory approval and achieve therapeutic success in real-world applications, making these treatments more accessible and reliable for patients with TRD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116559", "pubmed_id": "40440859", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116559", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Cross-Sectional Studies, Clinical Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Outcome Assessment, Health Care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40440859\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 694, "title": "We need to talk about shrooms.", "normalized_title": "we need to talk about shrooms", "authors": "Hellman M", "abstract": "", "journal": "Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift: NAT", "publication_date": "2025-05-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/14550725251341722", "pubmed_id": "40415875", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40415875/", "keywords": "critical research, hallucinogens, hippies, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40415875\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3103, "title": "Separate or inseparable? Serotonin and dopamine system interactions may underlie the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for anorexia nervosa.", "normalized_title": "separate or inseparable serotonin and dopamine system interactions may underlie the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for anorexia nervosa", "authors": "McCoy K, Reed F, Conn K, Foldi CJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, has emerged as a promising treatment for a range of mental health conditions, including anorexia nervosa. Recent insights from animal models and human imaging studies suggest psilocybin enhances cognitive flexibility and modifies reward processing - two core processes disrupted in anorexia nervosa. Both cognitive flexibility and reward processing are highly dependent on interactions between serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) systems in key brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Psilocybin's influence on neuroplasticity, particularly in promoting structural and functional changes in neural circuits, underpins its therapeutic potential. While its effects are predominantly attributed to activity of the 5-HT2A receptor subtype, recent evidence suggests a broader network of brain receptor interactions, particularly those with dopaminergic pathways, plays a crucial role. Investigations using rodent models reveal that psilocybin induces both rapid and enduring neuroplastic changes, improving cognitive flexibility through these complex neurochemical mechanisms. Advances in real-time in vivo neurochemical recording now allow simultaneous monitoring of 5-HT and DA signalling, which will provide essential insights into their distinct and coordinated actions during cognitive performance. This integrative framework highlights the need for further research into psilocybin's dual modulation of 5-HT and DA systems to optimize its therapeutic applications for anorexia nervosa, a life-threatening condition that is characterized by impairments in cognitive flexibility and reward processing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114957", "pubmed_id": "40403997", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114957", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Dopamine, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Reward, Anorexia Nervosa, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40403997\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 695, "title": "Additions to the Inocybe sect. Leptocybe (Agaricales) in China: new species from tropical rainforests, new geographical distributions, and toxin detection.", "normalized_title": "additions to the inocybe sect leptocybe agaricales in china new species from tropical rainforests new geographical distributions and toxin detection", "authors": "Gao JL, Wu XP, Zhou YL, Yu WJ, Fan YG.", "abstract": "Inocybe is a cosmopolitan genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi within the family Inocybaceae. Members of this genus are recognized as a group of toxic mushrooms linked to poisoning incidents worldwide. Clarifying this species diversity and toxin profiles within this genus is critical for both taxonomy and public health. In this study, we describe two newly identified species, I. bicystidiata sp. nov. and I. microcarpa sp. nov., based on phylogenetic analysis and morphological evidence. Phylogenetically, the two new species belong to I. sect. Leptocybe. Inocybe bicystidiata is characterized by nodulose basidiospores with saddle-shaped projections and the coexistence of thick-walled pleurocystidia and thin-walled paracystidia on the lamellar side. Inocybe microcarpa is characterized by very small basidiomata, spinose basidiospores with forked projections, absence of pleurocystidia, and thin-walled cheilocystidia. Ecologically, both of these new species occur in tropical rainforests dominated by Parashorea chinensis, which is considered as their presumed host. In addition, new geographic data are reported for three previously documented species of I. sect. Leptocybe, I. acutata, I. juji, and I. peppa, based on newly obtained specimens. Comprehensive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS)/MS toxin screening revealed no detectable levels of muscarine, psilocybin, psilocin, bufotenine, or baeocystin in 10 examined species of sect. Leptocybe. This contrasts with the known toxin-producing Inocybe lineages, suggesting a divergent secondary metabolism in this clade.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fmicb.2025.1540570", "pubmed_id": "40463436", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1540570", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40463436\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 696, "title": "Can the gut-brain axis provide insight into psilocybin's therapeutic value in reducing stress?", "normalized_title": "can the gut brain axis provide insight into psilocybin s therapeutic value in reducing stress", "authors": "Kit A, Conway K, Makarowski S, O'Regan G, Allen J, Shultz SR, Bodnar TS, Christie BR.", "abstract": "There is growing interest in exploring the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of psilocybin on stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), addiction, and disordered eating. Despite promising progressions in preclinical and clinical research, the neurobiological and physiological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of psilocybin remain complex, involving multiple systems with numerous homeostatic feedback signaling pathways throughout the body. This review paper explores how psilocybin mechanistically interacts with the gut microbiota, enteric nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and how psilocybin influences the bidirectional communication between peripheral and neuronal systems. Shifting towards a more integrated paradigm to unravel the mechanisms through which psilocybin affects the bidirectional gut-brain axis holds the promise of significantly advancing our understanding of psilocybin-based therapies from preparation of treatment, administration, to proceeding long-term integration. Such an understanding can extend beyond the treatment of psychiatric disorders, further encompassing a broader spectrum of inflammatory-related disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.ynstr.2025.100732", "pubmed_id": "40496249", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2025.100732", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40496249\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Animal Study,Microbiome,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 499, "title": "Psychedelic-like effects induced by 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin in male and female C57BL/6J mice.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic like effects induced by 2 5 dimethoxy 4 iodoamphetamine lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in male and female c57bl 6j mice", "authors": "McGriff SA, Hecker JC, Maitland AD, Partilla JS, Baumann MH, Glatfelter GC.", "abstract": "RationaleThe head twitch response (HTR) is a spontaneously occurring behavior in mice that is increased in frequency by serotonergic psychedelics. The mouse HTR is often used as a proxy for psychedelic-like drug effects, but limited information is available about sex differences in HTRs evoked by various classes of psychedelics (i.e., phenethylamines, lysergamides, tryptamines).Objective and methodsTo examine potential sex differences in responsiveness to structurally-distinct psychedelics, acute effects of subcutaneous 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodo-amphetamine (DOI, 0.03-10 mg/kg), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, 0.003-1 mg/kg), and 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin, 0.03-10 mg/kg) on HTRs were compared in male and female C57BL/6J mice. For comparison, effects of the drugs on locomotor activity and body temperature were also determined.ResultsDrug potencies for inducing HTRs were similar in males and females for all drugs, with only LSD exhibiting detectable differences due to increased maximal counts in females. Importantly, the maximum number of HTRs observed for all drugs was higher in females, with significant differences between sexes for DOI and LSD. Dose x sex interactions for the dose-response data were statistically significant for psilocybin and LSD, with females displaying more HTRs after the highest or peak doses of all drugs. The acute effects of drugs on locomotion and temperature varied by drug, but were similar in both sexes.ConclusionsThe present results overall show no substantial sex differences in the potencies to induce HTRs for DOI, LSD, and psilocybin in C57BL/6J mice. However, females uniformly displayed more HTRs at high doses administered across chemotypes. The results further suggest that commonly used doses of psychedelics induce comparable psychedelic-like effects in male and female C57BL/6J mice, but modest differences may emerge at high doses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06795-x", "pubmed_id": "40381003", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06795-x", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Amphetamines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Sex Factors, Sex Characteristics, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40381003\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3762, "title": "Under Pressure: Stronger depressive symptoms are associated with more positive expectations towards experimental treatments", "normalized_title": "under pressure stronger depressive symptoms are associated with more positive expectations towards experimental treatments", "authors": "Basedow LA, Lottes L, Falkenberg I, Vogelbacher C, Yildiz C.", "abstract": "Background: Despite significant advancements in the treatment of depression, challenges such as inadequate response rates and high placebo effects highlight the need for improved therapies and a deeper understanding of treatment expectations. Patient expectations play a crucial role in treatment outcomes but have not been systematically investigated in the context of novel interventions like ketamine and psilocybin. Objectives: This study aimed to assess patient acceptance, experiences, and expectations regarding established depression treatments (psychotherapy, psychotherapy plus antidepressants) and novel interventions (ketamine-assisted therapy, psilocybin-assisted therapy, psychotherapy plus placebo). Methods: A web-based survey (N = 404) was conducted using a case vignette depicting a patient diagnosed with severe depression. Participants rated treatment acceptance, ranked treatment preferences, and reported expectations regarding improvement, worsening, and side effects for each intervention. Depression severity was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Repeated-measures analyses of variance (RM-ANOVA) and multilevel modeling were used to examine the relationship between treatment expectations and depression severity. Results: Established treatments were more accepted and preferred over novel interventions, with psychotherapy receiving the highest acceptance (98.3%) and psilocybin the lowest (47.5%). Participants expected greater symptom improvement from traditional treatments compared to ketamine and psilocybin, which were associated with higher expectations of worsening and side effects. However, higher depression severity was linked to more favorable expectations of ketamine- and psilocybin-assisted therapy. This effect was specific to novel treatments and was not observed for psychotherapy or antidepressants. Conclusions: Traditional depression treatments are viewed as more acceptable and effective, while novel interventions evoke skepticism, likely due to unfamiliarity and concerns about risks. However, individuals with more severe depressive symptoms exhibit greater openness to innovative treatments. These findings underline the importance of managing patient expectations in psychedelic-assisted therapy and suggest that clinician education and well-balanced informed consent procedures could improve treatment acceptance.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-05-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/6hjkm_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6hjkm_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1022290\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Aging,Observational Study,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3427, "title": "Consciousness and Psilocybin Effects on Well-Being (The CoPE Study): Pilot Phase", "normalized_title": "consciousness and psilocybin effects on well being the cope study pilot phase", "authors": "University of Wisconsin, Madison", "abstract": "This study is being done to identify a dosing strategy that will allow IV psilocybin to be administered to sleeping participants without awakening them. The study commenced with 1 subject receiving 2 mg IV infusion of psilocybin over 2 minutes and 2 subjects receiving 2 mg IV infusion of psilocybin over 10 minutes. Subsequently, the pre-treatment of 0.2 mg of clonidine was added. This design involves testing up to two psilocybin+clonidine administration protocols in asleep and awake subjects and one of two \"IV psilocybin only\" administration protocols in awake subjects. The updated protocol entails 2 mg of psilocybin administered via IV infusion combined with 0.2 mg oral clonidine in sleeping subjects. If either the 2-minute or 10-minute psilocybin infusion (plus oral clonidine) protocols allow sleep maintenance, up to 5 subjects will, while awake, receive the same psilocybin infusion protocol administered to sleeping subjects, including clonidine. Subsequently, this same infusion protocol may be administered without clonidine, to evaluate any potential effect of co-administered clonidine on the acute psychedelic experience in awake subjects (Group 1C for 2-minute psilocybin infusion; Group 2C for 10-minute psilocybin infusion), should a significant effect of clonidine on the awake psychedelic experience be suspected. For individual subjects that are dosed first while asleep and then up to twice while awake, each of their visits will be separated by a minimum of two weeks and will include psychosocial support through integration sessions following each dosing visit. Adaptive Study Design Change per Protocol Amendment Approved 5/21/24", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-05-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05592379", "keywords": "Healthy, Psychedelic Experiences, Sleep, Psilocybin, Psilocybine, Psilocibin, Clonidine, Saline, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05592379\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3183, "title": "Under Pressure: Stronger depressive symptoms are associated with more positive expectations towards experimental treatments", "normalized_title": "under pressure stronger depressive symptoms are associated with more positive expectations towards experimental treatments", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Despite significant advancements in the treatment of depression, challenges such as inadequate response rates and high placebo effects highlight the need for improved therapies and a deeper understanding of treatment expectations. Patient expectations play a crucial role in treatment outcomes but have not been systematically investigated in the context of novel interventions like ketamine and psilocybin. Objectives: This study aimed to assess patient acceptance, experiences, and expectations regarding established depression treatments (psychotherapy, psychotherapy plus antidepressants) and novel interventions (ketamine-assisted therapy, psilocybin-assisted therapy, psychotherapy plus placebo). Methods: A web-based survey (N = 404) was conducted using a case vignette depicting a patient diagnosed with severe depression. Participants rated treatment acceptance, ranked treatment preferences, and reported expectations regarding improvement, worsening, and side effects for each intervention. Depression severity was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Repeated-measures analyses of variance (RM-ANOVA) and multilevel modeling were used to examine the relationship between treatment expectations and depression severity. Results: Established treatments were more accepted and preferred over novel interventions, with psychotherapy receiving the highest acceptance (98.3%) and psilocybin the lowest (47.5%). Participants expected greater symptom improvement from traditional treatments compared to ketamine and psilocybin, which were associated with higher expectations of worsening and side effects. However, higher depression severity was linked to more favorable expectations of ketamine- and psilocybin-assisted therapy. This effect was specific to novel treatments and was not observed for psychotherapy or antidepressants. Conclusions: Traditional depression treatments are viewed as more acceptable and effective, while novel interventions evoke skepticism, likely due to unfamiliarity and concerns about risks. However, individuals with more severe depressive symptoms exhibit greater openness to innovative treatments. These findings underline the importance of managing patient expectations in psychedelic-assisted therapy and suggest that clinician education and well-balanced informed consent procedures could improve treatment acceptance.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-05-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/6hjkm_v1", "keywords": "Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"6hjkm_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Aging,Observational Study,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 697, "title": "The Relationships Between Healthcare Access, Gender, and Psychedelics and Their Effects on Distress.", "normalized_title": "the relationships between healthcare access gender and psychedelics and their effects on distress", "authors": "Viña SM.", "abstract": "Background: Structural inequalities in healthcare access may influence how individuals experience the psychological effects of psychedelic substances, potentially limiting positive outcomes among vulnerable populations. Objectives: This study uses data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2008-2019; N = 484,732) to examine how public and private health insurance moderate the association between psychedelic use and psychological distress. Methods: Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models indicate that private health insurance is associated with lower psychological distress, while public insurance is associated with higher distress. Results: Psychedelic use moderates these associations, reinforcing the protective pattern linked to private insurance and intensifying distress among those with public coverage. These patterns vary by gender: among men, psychedelic use does not significantly alter the association between insurance type and distress; among women, however, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) use are associated with lower distress among those with private insurance, but with higher distress among those with public insurance. Conclusions: These findings indicate that while psychedelics may interact with existing healthcare conditions, they do not mitigate structural inequalities and may, in some cases, exacerbate them.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/healthcare13101158", "pubmed_id": "40427994", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13101158", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40427994\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 698, "title": "Aesthetic quality of psychedelic experience is linked to insight and psychological outcomes.", "normalized_title": "aesthetic quality of psychedelic experience is linked to insight and psychological outcomes", "authors": "Hooper JF, Gyongyosi EL, Hutchison KE, Mueller RL.", "abstract": "IntroductionThe aesthetic qualities of psychedelic experiences have long been documented, but their specific contribution to therapeutic outcomes remains understudied. Aesthetic experiences may facilitate emotional breakthroughs and cognitive shifts, potentially playing a crucial role in the lasting psychological benefits observed following psychedelic use.MethodsThis cross-sectional study surveyed 96 individuals who reported using classic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin, LSD, DMT, mescaline) within the past year. Participants completed validated measures including the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ), Emotional Breakthrough Inventory (EBI), Psychological Insight Scale (PIS), Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), and a novel measure of aesthetic experience (PAEQ). Linear regression and Spearman correlations were used to assess associations between aesthetic experience and psychological outcomes.ResultsAesthetic experience was significantly associated with greater emotional breakthrough (r =.40), psychological insight (r =.48), behavioral change (r =.55), and mystical experience (r =.49) (all p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1533055", "pubmed_id": "40443723", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1533055", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40443723\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 658, "title": "The Intersection of Psychedelics and Sleep: Exploring the Impacts on Sleep Architecture, Dream States, and Therapeutic Implications.", "normalized_title": "the intersection of psychedelics and sleep exploring the impacts on sleep architecture dream states and therapeutic implications", "authors": "Zhai H, Wang H, Li H, Wang X.", "abstract": "The interplay between psychedelics, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and sleep is an emerging area, but their impact on sleep remains relatively underexplored. This viewpoint provides a perspective on how psychedelics may alter sleep phases, dreaming, and their potential therapeutic applications for sleep disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00234", "pubmed_id": "40534671", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.5c00234", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40534671\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 590, "title": "Pathway engineering for the biosynthesis of psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "pathway engineering for the biosynthesis of psychedelics", "authors": "Abrahms ZN, Sen AK, Jones JA.", "abstract": "Naturally occurring psychoactive compounds have been used for cultural and ethnomedical purposes for centuries. Several more such molecules continue to be chemically synthesized, exhibiting a wide range of potency, therapeutic, and hallucinogenic effects. Promising clinical data and a renewed interest in understanding the cellular mechanisms of action have inspired synthetic biology efforts to develop alternative production routes for psychedelic compounds. Here, we highlight the latest biosynthetic accomplishments for indolamines (psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and bufotenine), ergolines (lysergic acid), and phenethylamines (mescaline) in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic production hosts. We further curate a list of relevant biosynthetic enzymes that have reports of successful in vivo heterologous activity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.copbio.2025.103314", "pubmed_id": "40381450", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2025.103314", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Biosynthetic Pathways, Synthetic Biology, Metabolic Engineering", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40381450\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3694, "title": "Investigating the Role of Serotonin in the Mechanism of Action of Psilocybin in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "investigating the role of serotonin in the mechanism of action of psilocybin in patients with major depressive disorder", "authors": "Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai", "abstract": "This is an interventional, parallel arm assignment treatment study in individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Each individual will be treated with a single dose of pimavanserin or placebo plus a single dose of psilocybin. Evaluations will be taken before dosing and following dosing at several timepoints up to 5 weeks post-dosing. In this study, the researchers want to probe the role of the 5-HT2A receptor in mediating the subjective effects of psilocybin. While previous studies have shown that blockage of the 5-HT2A receptor reduces the psychedelic experience in humans, an animal study revealed that blockage of the 5-HT2A receptor abolished the psychedelic effects without affecting the antidepressant response. This suggests that the pathway responsible for the antidepressant response is dissociated from the psychedelic experience pathway, which is mediated by 5-HT2A signaling.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-05-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06592833", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, Pimavanserin, Nuplazid, Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06592833\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 885, "title": "Serotonergic psychedelics for depression: A comprehensive overview.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics for depression a comprehensive overview", "authors": "Wingert AM, Agnorelli C, Peill J, Reed S, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "Depressive disorders continue to pose a major clinical challenge worldwide, particularly given the high prevalence and increasing number of treatment-resistant cases. Over the past decade, advances in research have elucidated the antidepressant potential of psilocybin and other 5-HT₂A receptor agonists in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Phase I and II clinical trials have consistently demonstrated that even a single administration can yield rapid and sustained symptom reduction. These effects compare favourably with conventional pharmacotherapies such as SSRIs and ketamine. The distinctive pharmacological profile and robust safety data associated with serotonergic psychedelics make them particularly promising candidates, especially for patients who do not respond to standard treatments. Nonetheless, several challenges impede their integration into routine clinical practice, including the resource-intensive nature of psychedelic-assisted therapy, which demands specialized training and controlled settings. Despite those limitations, some countries including Australia, Switzerland or Canada are paving the way by allowing the use of psilocybin in TRD cases. This chapter reviews the antidepressant potential of psilocybin, DMT, ayahuasca and 5-MeO-DMT based on modern clinical trial data, comparing effect sizes of psychedelics to conventional treatments like SSRIs and ketamine, and provides a brief overview of their potential neurobiological mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.009", "pubmed_id": "40541312", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.009", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40541312\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 674, "title": "The pharmacological treatment of anxiety in people with eating disorders: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "the pharmacological treatment of anxiety in people with eating disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Morris R, Keeler J, Treasure J, Himmerich H.", "abstract": "People with eating disorders experience high rates of psychiatric comorbidities, including anxiety disorders such as generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder and specific phobias. Anxiety can influence the prognosis of an eating disorder, by worsening symptoms, and acting as a barrier to treatment. Therefore, targeting treatment efforts towards anxiety may improve eating disorder outcomes. The primary aim of this systematic review was to summarise the evidence base for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety symptoms in people with eating disorders. An electronic search of three databases (PubMed, Medline, and PsycInfo) was conducted. Papers were included if they investigated pharmacotherapy (antidepressants, antipsychotics, antianxiety, psychedelics, etc.) in eating disorder samples, with primary or secondary outcomes of anxiety. A total of 51 studies were included, and results were mixed across drug classes documenting both favourable and non-significant anxiety outcomes. There was evidence for the use of fluoxetine for anxiety in anorexia and bulimia nervosa, but not for binge eating disorder. Evidence for the use of olanzapine was documented for anxiety in AN, and preliminary case reports suggested its use in ARFID for anxiety symptoms. Preliminary evidence for developing pharmacological agents, such as psilocybin and ketamine, reported favourable outcomes in AN patients. More RCTs are required to explore efficacy and safety of pharmacological agents in treating anxiety in people with eating disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107782", "pubmed_id": "40378942", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107782", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Antipsychotic Agents, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Feeding and Eating Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40378942\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Eating Disorders,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 628, "title": "Psilocybin and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Exploring New Therapeutic Horizons.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and obsessive compulsive disorder exploring new therapeutic horizons", "authors": "Yang L, Li H, Wang X, Wang X.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s12264-025-01415-2", "pubmed_id": "40366622", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-025-01415-2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40366622\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3426, "title": "A Phase 2a, Placebo-Controlled Randomized, Double-Blind Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Preliminary Efficacy of Psilocybin Oral Solution in Adults With Generalized Anxiety Disorder", "normalized_title": "a phase 2a placebo controlled randomized double blind trial to evaluate the safety tolerability and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin oral solution in adults with generalized anxiety disorder", "authors": "Queen's University", "abstract": "This Phase 2a clinical trial is designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of a 3 mg dose of psilocybin oral solution for the treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). The study consists of three sequential phases: Screening Phase (up to 4 weeks), Open-label Run-in Phase (4 weeks), Double-blind Treatment Phase (4 weeks) Screening Phase During the Screening Visit, participants will provide informed consent and undergo a comprehensive medical evaluation, including an abbreviated psychiatric assessment, to determine eligibility. To qualify, patients must have a clinician-rated Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) score ≥14. Additionally, participants must not be on regular anxiolytic treatment or must have discontinued such treatment at least 4 weeks prior to the start of the Open-label Run-in Phase. Open-label Run-in Phase Eligible patients will proceed to the 4-week Open-label Run-in Phase. During this phase, patients will attend four weekly clinic visits, supplemented by weekly remote contacts (via phone or email). At different timepoints during the OL Run-in Phase, participants will complete safety assessments, undergo cognitive testing and EEG and other patient reported outcomes (PROs). Double-blind Treatment Phase Participants who demonstrate a treatment response during the Open-label Phase-defined as a ≥50% reduction in GAD-7 score from baseline-will be randomized 1:1 to receive either psilocybin oral solution or placebo at the Double-blind Baseline Visit. Patients not meeting the response criteria will undergo End-of-Treatment (ET) procedures at this visit. At different timepoints during the DB Treatment Phase, participants will complete safety assessments, undergo cognitive testing and EEG and other patient reported outcomes (PROs). Completion of the End of Treatment (ET) phase will be 2 weeks to further assess safety and PROs.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-05-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06969170", "keywords": "Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Psilocybin (drug), Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06969170\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3083, "title": "Psilocybin-induced modulation of visual salience processing", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced modulation of visual salience processing", "authors": "Muller S, Cavanna F, de la Fuente LA, Bruno N, D’Amelio TA, Pallavicini C, Tagliazucchi E.", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds significantly reshape conscious perception, yet the implications of these alterations for complex visual-guided behaviors remain poorly understood. We investigated how psilocybin modulates visual salience processing during natural scene perception. Twenty-three participants completed eye-tracking tasks under self-blinded low and high doses of psilocybin, in a naturalistic design with experimental conditions unknown to participants and researchers. Subjects viewed natural scenes while their gaze patterns were recorded and analyzed in relation to normative computational saliency maps generated using a deep learning model of visual attention. Results revealed increased fixation on salient image regions and reduced inter-fixation distance under the high-dose condition, suggesting heightened sensitivity to visual salience and more localized gaze behavior. The Shannon entropy of fixations on high-saliency regions indicated a more exploratory and less predictable visual scanning of the images. Complementary EEG recordings showed broadband spectral power reductions and increased Lempel-Ziv complexity, with delta power negatively correlating with salience metrics. These findings suggest psilocybin enhances bottom-up attentional control while weakening top-down modulation, consistent with theoretical models positing facilitated bottom-up information flow under the acute effect of psychedelics.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-05-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.05.10.652897", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.05.10.652897", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1018727\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 546, "title": "Set and setting of psychedelics for therapeutic use in psychiatry: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "set and setting of psychedelics for therapeutic use in psychiatry a systematic review", "authors": "Estric C, Duron T, Kabani S, Lopez-Castroman J.", "abstract": "Psychedelics offer promising outcomes in psychiatry. However, the preparation of participants (set) and the environmental conditions of taking a psychedelic (setting) are not standardized. We describe the set and setting for therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs in people with psychiatric disorders. In this systematic review, articles were identified in the PubMed and Web of Science databases until 12 December 2023. Only clinical trials published in English or French were eligible, and studies using psychedelics for withdrawal were excluded. Sixteen domains of set and setting were assessed covering participant selection, pre- and post-session interventions, monitor presence, environmental management, and end-of-session procedure. Of 4912 articles screened, 27 articles were retained reporting on 25 studies. Thirteen of the included studies reported randomized trials, while 12 were open-label studies, on a total of 763 participants. Studies considered features of set and setting to different extents. Participant selection and the creation of a safe environment were consistently present, but articles were more heterogeneous about reporting monitor training (52%), controlling visual distractors (64%) and creating a pleasant environment (68%). Psilocybin was over-represented (47%). Many key elements were described in each study, but differences in set and setting limit comparability and reproducibility. Harmonizing these aspects would aid the interpretation of future studies and help understand the effect of psychedelics in psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251338214", "pubmed_id": "40353492", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251338214", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40353492\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 630, "title": "The effect of psychedelic microdosing on animal behavior: A review with recommendations for the field.", "normalized_title": "the effect of psychedelic microdosing on animal behavior a review with recommendations for the field", "authors": "Syed OA, Petranker R, Tsang B.", "abstract": "Microdosing, the repeated use of psychedelic substances at low doses, is growing in popularity among recreational consumers. While this practice is associated with many benefits to mood, well-being and health, research in this area is in its early stages and predominantly centered on human applications. In this narrative review, we synthesize the findings from studies investigating the effects of microdosing on the behaviors of three animal species: rats, mice, and zebrafish. A total of 12 studies were identified that implemented a microdosing regimen of LSD, psilocybin, or DMT in these animal models. Overall, microdosing caused little changes in behaviors associated with anxiety- and depressive-like states. Moreover, while microdosing was well-tolerated across species, further research is needed to capture specific safety concerns. Finally, we critically appraise the studies included in this review based on their methodologies and discuss further avenues of research to advance the preclinical literature on psychedelic microdosing. Specifically, we recommend that future research prioritize the replication of existing findings to inform the development of robust study designs and dosing protocols, as well as establish standardized methodologies to enable effective comparisons across different animal models. Furthermore, future investigations should explore the therapeutic potential of mescaline microdosing, examine sex-dependent effects, and extend research to additional models of psychiatric conditions, including those related to obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106204", "pubmed_id": "40348309", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106204", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Rats, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40348309\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,OCD,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 629, "title": "Non-hallucinogenic psychedelics for mood and anxiety disorders: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "non hallucinogenic psychedelics for mood and anxiety disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Chen MJQ, Chen-Li D, Chisamore N, Husain MI, Di Vincenzo JD, Mansur RB, Phan L, Johnson D, McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have re-emerged as promising treatments for mood disorders. The current model provides a moderate-to-high dose of a psychedelic agent (e.g., psilocybin) to reliably induce an altered state of consciousness. Unfortunately, the hallucinatory effects limit the treatment's potential scalability given patients' vulnerability and extensive monitoring costs, leading to growing interest in non-hallucinatory psychedelics (NHPs). This review's objective was to identify, summarize and synthesize all published pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluating NHPs for mood and anxiety disorders. We included five animal studies demonstrating antidepressant-like effects through assessments like forced swim test (FST) and open field test (OFT) without observing head-twitch response (HTR), and one case report that identified a patient who inadvertently combined trazodone and psilocybin and experienced potent antidepressant effects without psychedelic effects. These preliminary findings provide a strong impetus for further investigation in human samples with rigorously designed clinical trials that may delineate the potential antidepressant effects of psychedelics without hallucinatory effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116532", "pubmed_id": "40354769", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116532", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40354769\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 702, "title": "Exploring the Role of Psychedelics in Modulating Ego and Treating Neuropsychiatric Disorders.", "normalized_title": "exploring the role of psychedelics in modulating ego and treating neuropsychiatric disorders", "authors": "Wang H, Wang X", "abstract": "This viewpoint explores the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in treating neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly through the modulation of brain entropy and the experience of ego dissolution. Psychedelics disrupt rigid neural patterns, facilitating enhanced connectivity and fostering profound emotional breakthroughs that may alleviate symptoms of disorders like depression, anxiety, PTSD, and addiction. Despite their promising potential, the clinical application of psychedelics presents significant challenges, including the need for careful patient screening, managing adverse experiences, and addressing ethical considerations, all of which are essential for their safe integration into therapy.", "journal": "ACS chemical neuroscience", "publication_date": "2025-05-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00247", "pubmed_id": "40254808", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40254808/", "keywords": "Default mode network, Ego, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Neuropsychiatric diseases, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40254808\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 701, "title": "Race/ethnicity moderates the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and opioid use disorder.", "normalized_title": "race ethnicity moderates the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and opioid use disorder", "authors": "Jones G.", "abstract": "BackgroundOpioid use disorder (OUD) is a debilitating health condition that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the U.S. While preliminary studies have demonstrated that psilocybin is associated with lowered odds of OUD, current research in this domain suffers from a lack of investigation into the impact of race/ethnicity on this association.ObjectiveTo assess the impact of race and ethnicity on the association between psilocybin use and lowered odds of OUD using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2019) (N = 706,891).MethodI used survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression to test whether race/ethnicity moderates the association between psilocybin use and lowered odds of OUD. Subsequently, I stratified my sample by race and ethnicity and assessed the associations between psilocybin and OUD for individual racial and ethnic groups (White, Black, Indigenous, Asian, Multiracial, Hispanic). My analysis plan was pre-registered.ResultsRace and ethnicity significantly moderated the association between psilocybin and OUD. Furthermore, when I stratified my sample by race and ethnicity, only White participants and Hispanic participants demonstrated a link between psilocybin and lowered odds of OUD (White aOR: 0.84; Hispanic aOR: 0.68). For Black, Asian, Indigenous, and Multiracial participants, psilocybin did not share a significant association with OUD.ConclusionRace and ethnicity moderate the associations between psilocybin and OUD. Future longitudinal, experimental, and qualitative research is needed to better understand the pattern of associations I observed in this study.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0321461", "pubmed_id": "40334252", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0321461", "keywords": "Humans, Opioid-Related Disorders, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Ethnicity, Racial Groups", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40334252\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 675, "title": "Reduced Brain Responsiveness to Emotional Stimuli With Escitalopram But Not Psilocybin Therapy for Depression.", "normalized_title": "reduced brain responsiveness to emotional stimuli with escitalopram but not psilocybin therapy for depression", "authors": "Wall MB, Demetriou L, Giribaldi B, Roseman L, Ertl N, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "ObjectivePsilocybin is an emerging intervention for depression that may be at least as effective as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), but effects of the two treatments on the neural correlates of emotional processing have never been directly compared.MethodsThe authors assessed neural responses to emotional faces using blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) in two groups with major depression. One group (N=25; 9 women and 16 men) received two dosing sessions with 25 mg psilocybin plus 6 weeks of daily inert placebo, and the second group (N=21; 6 women and 15 men) received 6 weeks of escitalopram plus two dosing sessions with a nonpsychoactive (placebo) dose of 1 mg psilocybin. Both groups had equal psychological support throughout: 3 hours of preparation, one in-person integration session following the psilocybin dosing sessions, and two further integration sessions conducted via video call or telephone. An emotional face fMRI paradigm was completed before treatment and at the 6-week posttreatment primary end point (3 weeks following psilocybin dosing sessions).ResultsPatient group (psilocybin versus escitalopram) interacted with time point (before versus after treatment) on a distributed set of cortical regions. Post hoc within-condition analyses showed that posttreatment BOLD responses to emotional faces of all types were significantly reduced in the escitalopram group, with no change or a slight increase in the psilocybin group. Analyses of amygdala responsivity showed a reduction of response to fearful faces in the escitalopram group, but lesser effects for the psilocybin group.ConclusionsDespite large improvements in depressive symptoms in the psilocybin group, psilocybin therapy had only a minor effect on brain responsiveness to emotional stimuli. These results are consistent with prior findings that the antidepressant action of SSRIs is often accompanied by a reduction in emotional responsiveness, but this effect may not occur in psychedelic therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20230751", "pubmed_id": "40329640", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230751", "keywords": "Brain, Amygdala, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Facial Expression, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Escitalopram, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40329640\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3539, "title": "The Effects of Psilocybin on Self-Focus and Self-Related Processing in Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin on self focus and self related processing in major depressive disorder", "authors": "Sharmin Ghaznavi", "abstract": "This open-label functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) study will assess the effects of a single dose of psilocybin on rumination and the neural correlates of rumination in individuals with major depressive disorder.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-05-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06247839", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06247839\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE3\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3088, "title": "Psilocybin Mitigates Behavioral Despair and Cognitive Impairment in Treatment-resistant Depression Model using Wistar Kyoto Rats", "normalized_title": "psilocybin mitigates behavioral despair and cognitive impairment in treatment resistant depression model using wistar kyoto rats", "authors": "Wang Z, Robbins B, Zhuang R, Bruggen Rv, Sandini T, Li X, Zhang Y.", "abstract": "Abstract Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability that affects over 300 million people globally. Despite multiple antidepressant trials, approximately one-third of MDD patients remain symptomatic, progressing to treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This persistence possibly is due to the multifaceted etiology of TRD, encompassing biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Chronic stress, prevalent in modern life, significantly contributes to mental health disorders and complicates TRD treatment. This study investigated psilocybin as a potential TRD treatment using a diathesis-stress animal model. Twenty-two male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were divided into control and stress groups, with the stress group further subdivided to receive either sham treatment or psilocybin as early intervention. Behavioral assessments demonstrated a significant and sustained beneficial effect of psilocybin on behavioral despair and cognitive impairment. Biochemical analyses revealed psilocybin-induced increases in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels without significant changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The ability of psilocybin to counter stress-induced TSH reductions suggested that TSH may serve as a proxy marker of therapeutic response, although its causal role in mood regulation remains unclear. Additionally, following psilocybin administration, changes in cannabinoid receptor type I (CB1R) suggest a potential modulation of psilocybin intervention on the component of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), though causal links remain unconfirmed without antagonist studies. These findings highlight the potential of psilocybin to treat TRD through the targeting of previously unexplored biological pathways.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-05-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-5493661/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5493661/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1015165\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 703, "title": "A protocol for a scoping review of variations among psychedelic interventions for psychological suffering associated with the end-of-life.", "normalized_title": "a protocol for a scoping review of variations among psychedelic interventions for psychological suffering associated with the end of life", "authors": "Kratina S, Strike C, Schwartz R, Nayfeh A, Jopling S, Lo C, Rush B.", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential to ease psychological suffering linked to end-of-life issues. However, amid renewed scientific and public interest, policy remains restrictive. Existing reviews have made progress in synthesizing the results of studies of psychedelic interventions, especially psilocybin, and particularly with regard to their outcomes related to anxiety and depression, long-term effects and safety. Despite this progress, a wide range of both substances (such as ayahuasca, psilocybin, ketamine) and therapeutic approaches (such as psychedelics alone, or psychotherapy assisted with a psychedelic) in the use of psychedelic interventions specifically for end-of-life populations, has not been adequately covered by reviews to date. The aim of this scoping review is to identify and learn from the variety of psychedelic substances and therapeutic approaches that exists within the research on therapeutic psychedelic interventions reported in populations coping with psychological suffering associated with life-threatening illness and the end of life itself. We will follow Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) framework for scoping reviews while incorporating updated methodological guidance. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline will be used to organize the search and identification of research focusing on psychedelic interventions, psychological suffering, and end-of-life issues. Health science databases such as Medline, Embase, APA PsychINFO, and CINAHL will be searched. The search will be limited to empirical published data on 'end-of-life', 'psychedelics', and 'psychological suffering'. Data extracted from selected studies will cover intervention details, participant characteristics, measured outcomes, and theorised mechanisms. The insights gained from this review will be used to inform future research and discussions on how psychedelics can be integrated into care strategies for populations coping with end-of-life concerns. This scoping review does not require ethics approval.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0318343", "pubmed_id": "40327705", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318343", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Terminal Care, Stress, Psychological, Psilocybin, Scoping Reviews As Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40327705\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 396, "title": "The Role of Touch in Psychedelic Therapy: Perspectives From a Survey of Practitioners in Research Settings.", "normalized_title": "the role of touch in psychedelic therapy perspectives from a survey of practitioners in research settings", "authors": "Bender DA, Nayak SM, Siegel JS, Hellerstein DJ, Ercal BC, Lenze EJ.", "abstract": "ObjectivePsychedelic therapies are promising new treatment options in psychiatry. Including the use of physical touch as part of treatment is an area of debate. This study aimed to characterize the viewpoints of practitioners on the use of touch in psychedelic therapy.MethodsAn anonymous survey was distributed via e-mail to the contacts listed on ClinicalTrials.gov for trials of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide, via e-mail to personal contacts of the current authors, and through snowball sampling. Survey items focused on topics related to the facilitation of psychedelic treatments. The survey included Likert-scale, free-response, and demographic items.ResultsForty respondents completed the survey. The respondents had overseen an average of 41.4 psychedelic sessions (range 2-200 sessions), had varying educational backgrounds (doctorate in medicine or osteopathic medicine, 43%; other degree, 58%), and were affiliated with ≥16 institutions worldwide. Seventy percent of the respondents agreed that therapeutic touch was a crucial component of psychedelic therapy, although a majority felt that specific forms of touch (bodywork, 63%; full-body contact, 98%) were inappropriate. Free-response analysis indicated that 96% of the respondents supported touch of the patient's hand and 58% supported touching of the shoulder. Unprompted, 63% of respondents emphasized the importance of consent.ConclusionsClassical psychedelic practitioners in research settings believed that physical touch is an important part of psychedelic therapy. However, they also emphasized the importance of professional boundaries. These findings may inform the future practice of psychedelic therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20240025", "pubmed_id": "40326007", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20240025", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Therapeutic Touch, Attitude of Health Personnel, Mental Disorders, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40326007\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 704, "title": "A landscape analysis of psychedelic retreat organizations advertising online.", "normalized_title": "a landscape analysis of psychedelic retreat organizations advertising online", "authors": "Neitzke-Spruill L, Beit CS, Robinson JO, Singh N, Kambala S, Ramesh R, McGuire AL.", "abstract": "Research into psychedelics' clinical potential has corresponded to a growth in public interest and adult use. One common pathway to accessing psychedelics is through psychedelic retreats. While individual retreats have been characterized in the anthropological literature, no systematic evaluation of the psychedelic retreat industry exists. Assessing the characteristics of the psychedelic retreat industry is critical to understanding the associated ethical, legal, and social implications and ensuring consumer safety. To this end, we conducted a landscape analysis of online, publicly available information to capture and characterize a broad range of organizations offering psychedelic retreats and marketing to English-speaking consumers. From July 2023 to December 2023, we identified 298 psychedelic retreat organizations. Some identified as religious organizations, but the majority focused on general wellness. Organizations offered various psychedelic substances with ayahuasca being the most common, followed by psilocybin and San Pedro. Organizations held retreats across the globe at various price points. In total, there were 440 distinct physical locations where retreat experiences were held; 130 were inside the United States (U.S.) and 310 were outside the U.S. Further research into the practices of psychedelic retreat organizations is recommended to help reduce harm and support consumer education.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0321648", "pubmed_id": "40315211", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0321648", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Advertising, Internet, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40315211\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 539, "title": "Cross-Species Evidence for Psilocin-Induced Visual Distortions: Apparent Motion Is Perceived by Both Humans and Rats.", "normalized_title": "cross species evidence for psilocin induced visual distortions apparent motion is perceived by both humans and rats", "authors": "Vejmola Č, Šíchová K, Syrová K, Janečková L, Koudelka V, Tesař M, Nikolič M, Viktorinová M, Tylš F, Korčák J, Viktorin V, Kelemen E, Nekovářová T, Brunovský M, Horáček J, Kuchař M, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics, particularly psilocin, are increasingly being studied for their mind-altering effects and potential therapeutic applications in psychiatry. Visual hallucinations, especially the illusion of motion in static images, are a hallmark of their action. Despite growing interest, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, as their systematic evaluation in both humans and animals is challenging.MethodsTo investigate psilocin-induced visual distortions, we designed a 2-choice visual discrimination task. Human participants and male rats indicated whether an image appeared static or moving while the image either actually moved or did not. In humans, performance was compared with self-reported hallucination intensity, Altered States of Consciousness scale scores, and psilocin plasma levels. Rats were tested in 2 distinct tasks, a luminance-based task and a motion-based task. Their performance was evaluated alongside decision time.ResultsBoth species exhibited significant impairment in distinguishing static from dynamic visual stimuli while under psilocin's influence. In humans, this impairment followed the time course of psilocin plasma levels and hallucination intensity. In rats, psilocin selectively impaired performance in the motion-based task, while performance in the luminance-based task remained intact, indicating a specific effect on visual perception. Decision time was linked to discrimination impairment.ConclusionsPsilocin impaired static-dynamic discrimination in both species, providing the first evidence that rats experience visual distortions similar to those reported by humans. The correlations between discrimination impairment, psilocin levels, and hallucination intensity in humans reinforce psilocin's effects on visual perception. This approach provides a valuable tool for investigating the neurobiology of altered visual perception in drug-induced states and psychiatric conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-05-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100524", "pubmed_id": "40599633", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100524", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40599633\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2005, "title": "Pharmacokinetics (PK) of psilocybin and psilocin in plasma following intravenous administration of psilocin and oral administration of psilocybin to male beagle dogs", "normalized_title": "pharmacokinetics pk of psilocybin and psilocin in plasma following intravenous administration of psilocin and oral administration of psilocybin to male beagle dogs", "authors": "de Lannoy Ines, Magomedova Lilia, Izhakova Julia, de Rivera Christina, Lanthier James, Atkinson Jason, Higgins Guy A., Slassi Malik, Araujo Joseph A.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods", "publication_date": "2025-04-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.vascn.2025.107663", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2025.107663", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.vascn.2025.107663\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 717, "title": "The intensity of the psychedelic experience is reliably associated with clinical improvements: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "the intensity of the psychedelic experience is reliably associated with clinical improvements a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Romeo B, Kervadec E, Fauvel B, Strika-Bruneau L, Amirouche A, Bezo A, Piolino P, Benyamina A", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapies have demonstrated promising results in treating mental disorders, with results suggesting that the subjective intensity and quality of psychedelic experiences plays a significant role in mediating therapeutic effects. However, the strength of this association across diagnoses and treatment settings remains underexplored. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO databases for studies examining the correlation between the intensity of the psychedelic experience and clinical outcomes in patients treated with classical psychedelics. Meta-correlations were performed, and standardized mean differences of psychedelic experience intensity scores were compared between clinical responders and non-responders using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on diagnosis, study design, setting (clinical vs. naturalistic), and substance used. A significant positive correlation was found between the intensity of mystical experiences and clinical improvement across all studies (r =.33, p The intensity of psychedelic experiences is significantly and reliably associated with therapeutic outcomes, particularly in mood disorders. Clinical settings and prospective study designs strengthen this relationship, emphasizing the importance of controlled environments and therapeutic support to fully benefit from the therapeutic potential of psychedelics.", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "publication_date": "2025-04-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106086", "pubmed_id": "40031999", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40031999/", "keywords": "Addiction, Intensity of psychedelic experience, LSD, Meta-analysis, Mood disorders, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40031999\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mystical Experience,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 707, "title": "Dose-dependent changes in global brain activity and functional connectivity following exposure to psilocybin: a BOLD MRI study in awake rats.", "normalized_title": "dose dependent changes in global brain activity and functional connectivity following exposure to psilocybin a bold mri study in awake rats", "authors": "Fuini E, Chang A, Ortiz RJ, Nasseef T, Edwards J, Latta M, Gonzalez E, Woodward TJ, Axe B, Maheswari A, Cavallaro N, Bradshaw HB, Kulkarni PP, Ferris CF.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a hallucinogen with complex neurobiological and behavioral effects. This is the first study to use MRI to follow functional changes in brain activity in response to different doses of psilocybin in fully awake, drug naive rats. We hypothesized that psilocybin would show a dose-dependent increase in activity in the prefrontal cortex and thalamus, while decreasing hippocampal activity. Female and male rats were given IP injections of vehicle or psilocybin in doses of 0.03 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, and 3.0 mg/kg while fully awake during the imaging session. These levels were validated by measuring psilocybin and its metabolite, psilocin. Changes in BOLD signal were recorded over a 20 min window. Data for resting state functional connectivity were collected approximately 35 min post injection. All data were registered to rat 3D MRI atlas with 169 brain areas providing site-specific changes in global brain activity and changes in functional connectivity. Treatment with psilocybin resulted in a significant dose-dependent increase in positive BOLD signal. The areas most affected by the acute presentation of psilocybin were the somatosensory cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus. Males and females showed different sensitivity to psilocybin dose, with females exhibiting greater activation than males at 0.3 mg/kg, especially in thalamic and basal ganglia regions. There was a significant dose-dependent global increase in functional connectivity, highlighted by hyperconnectivity to the cerebellum. Brain areas hypothesized to be involved in loss of sensory filtering and organization of sensory motor stimuli, such as the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit and the claustrum, showed increased activation at higher doses of psilocybin. Indeed, the general neuroanatomical circuitry associated with the psychedelic experience was affected but the direction of the BOLD signal and pattern of activity between neural networks was inconsistent with the human literature.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2025.1554049", "pubmed_id": "40376612", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1554049", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40376612\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 706, "title": "Divergent Effects of Psilocybin for 2 Patients Participating in a Psilocybin-assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Trial for Major Depressive Disorder.", "normalized_title": "divergent effects of psilocybin for 2 patients participating in a psilocybin assisted cognitive behavioral therapy trial for major depressive disorder", "authors": "Weintraub MJ, Miklowitz DJ, Jeffrey JK.", "abstract": "We present divergent experiences of 2 patients who participated in a clinical trial of psilocybin-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for major depressive disorder. Both patients participated in an open trial involving 2 drug administration sessions separated by one month (10 and 25 mg, respectively) along with 12 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy. The first of the 2 patients had powerful and beneficial experiences on psilocybin that led to immediate and sustained antidepressant effects over the 7-month study. The second participant reported significant challenges with psilocybin and minimal to no antidepressant effects following the drug administration. We present the clinicians' experiences who treated both patients. Finally, we theorize and discuss areas of future research to elucidate how psilocybin can yield the greatest psychiatric benefit, the conditions within the patient that can lead to (or inhibit) psychiatric benefit, and the psychosocial environment that can best facilitate psilocybin therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/pra.0000000000000853", "pubmed_id": "40440674", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/pra.0000000000000853", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40440674\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 705, "title": "From molecules to meaning: unpacking the antidepressant mechanisms of psychedelic drugs.", "normalized_title": "from molecules to meaning unpacking the antidepressant mechanisms of psychedelic drugs", "authors": "Acero VP, Flatt TA, Gooch PM, Gaughan SJ, Levin AW, Davis AK", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds are emerging treatments for depression, capable of producing rapid and lasting symptom reduction after 1-2 administrations in the context of psychotherapy - a stark contrast to traditional antidepressants. Despite promising outcomes, the mechanisms underlying psychedelics' reported antidepressant effects remain poorly understood and are often framed in fragmented ways. Clarifying these mechanisms is crucial for guiding future research and clinical innovation with psychedelics. This review critically examines current evidence on the mechanisms by which psychedelics may exert antidepressant effects. We highlight key mechanisms of action within biological, psychological, social, and spiritual domains that we believe are among the most compelling and deserving of further investigation. Throughout, we compare these mechanisms to those proposed for traditional antidepressants, identifying points of overlap and divergence. Although mechanistic research is valuable, an overemphasis on identifying discrete pathways may limit psychedelic science. Psychedelics likely work through complex, interwoven biological, psychological, and experiential processes that cannot be fully reduced to single mechanisms. Future research should move beyond frameworks and metrics used to validate conventional antidepressants to explore how suprapharmacological factors - set, setting, therapy modality, and integration - shape outcomes. Embracing this complexity is essential to realizing psychedelics' full therapeutic potential for depression.", "journal": "Expert review of clinical pharmacology", "publication_date": "2025-04-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2025.2515866", "pubmed_id": "40470809", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40470809/", "keywords": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy for depression, psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca, and 5-MeO-DMT for depression, psychedelic mechanism of action, psychedelic pharmacology, psychedelic transdiagnostic mechanisms, psychedelics for depression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40470809\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 699, "title": "Premorbid characteristics of the SAPAP3 mouse model of obsessive-compulsive disorder: behavior, neuroplasticity, and psilocybin treatment.", "normalized_title": "premorbid characteristics of the sapap3 mouse model of obsessive compulsive disorder behavior neuroplasticity and psilocybin treatment", "authors": "Lazar M, Brownstien M, Botvinnik A, Shevakh C, Shahar O, Lifschytz T, Lerer B.", "abstract": "BackgroundSAPAP3-knockout (SAPAP3-KO) mice develop excessive self-grooming behavior at 4-6 months of age, serving as a model for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Given that anxiety often precedes OCD diagnosis in humans, this study investigated whether juvenile SAPAP3-KO mice exhibit anxiety-like behaviors before developing the self-grooming phenotype, and whether such behaviors respond to psilocybin (PSIL) treatment. The study also examined 4 key neuroplasticity-related synaptic proteins-GAP43, PSD95, synaptophysin, and SV2A-as SAPAP3 is a postsynaptic scaffold protein that interacts with PSD95 and may affect synaptic function.MethodsTwo studies were conducted using male and female juvenile (10-13 weeks) SAPAP3-KO mice. Study 1 compared behavioral phenotypes between homozygous (HOM), heterozygous, and wild-type (WT) mice. Study 2 evaluated a different sample of HOM and WT mice and assessed the effect of PSIL (4.4 mg/kg) on identified behavioral differences. Both studies included comprehensive behavioral testing focused on anxiety-like behavior, social interaction, and cognitive function. Additionally, levels of 4 synaptic proteins were measured by western blots in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum of juvenile and adult SAPAP3-KO mice.ResultsIn both studies, juvenile HOM SAPAP3-KO mice showed significant anxiety-like behaviors compared to WT mice, spending less time in open field center, and elevated plus maze open arms. They also buried fewer marbles and found fewer buried Oreos than WT mice. Psilocybin treatment did not improve these behavioral manifestations. Analysis of synaptic proteins revealed significant increases in GAP43, synaptophysin, and SV2A across multiple brain regions in adult male HOM mice and of SV2A in the frontal cortex of HOM females compared to WT, but not in juvenile mice of either sex.ConclusionsJuvenile SAPAP3-KO mice exhibit anxiety-like behaviors before developing the characteristic excessive self-grooming phenotype, paralleling the prodromal anxiety often seen in human OCD. Unlike in adult SAPAP3-KO mice, these manifestations were not responsive to PSIL treatment. The age-dependent increases in synaptic proteins observed in adult (but not juvenile) male SAPAP3-KO mice HOM for the deletion and to a lesser extent in female homozygotes, may represent compensatory plasticity changes in response to the phenotype. These results provide insights into the developmental trajectory of OCD-like behaviors and associated neuroplastic adaptations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyaf022", "pubmed_id": "40156912", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaf022", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Disease Models, Animal, GAP-43 Protein, Synaptophysin, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Grooming, Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Neuronal Plasticity, Female, Male, Disks Large Homolog 4 Protein", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40156912\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3020, "title": "Untargeted analysis of psilocybin and non-psilocybin mushrooms using liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry.", "normalized_title": "untargeted analysis of psilocybin and non psilocybin mushrooms using liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry", "authors": "Islam S, Liden T, Goff R, Schug KA.", "abstract": "Psilocybin mushrooms, particularly those containing the psychoactive compounds psilocybin and psilocin, have attracted recent attention due to their potential therapeutic use for the treatment of psychological disorders. To use psilocybin mushrooms in a clinical context, it is important to understand their chemical composition more fully. An untargeted analysis using liquid chromatography (LC) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was performed to explore the chemical diversity of various species of psilocybin mushrooms (PM) relative to edible non-psilocybin mushrooms (NPM). The analysis was performed using reversed phase LC with electrospray ionization in data independent acquisition mode. The study revealed the presence of several classes of compounds and their derivatives. The data was analyzed using multiple statistical methods. Principal component analysis showed that the psilocybin mushrooms and non-psilocybin mushrooms are compositionally very different from each other. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the chemical complexity of psilocybin mushrooms and lay groundwork for future research into their potential applications in medicine and psychology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.chroma.2025.466009", "pubmed_id": "40319561", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2025.466009", "keywords": "Agaricales, Chromatography, Liquid, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Principal Component Analysis, Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:45", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40319561\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3286, "title": "Calcium Activation Mechanism of a Noncanonical Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase from Psilocybin Mushroom", "normalized_title": "calcium activation mechanism of a noncanonical aromatic l amino acid decarboxylase from psilocybin mushroom", "authors": "Wang Y, Li T, Reynolds E, Wang Z, Torrens-Spence M, Weng J.", "abstract": "Abstract PcncAAAD is a calcium-activatable noncanonical aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) featuring a unique appendage C-terminal domain (CTD) and two metal-binding sites. In this study, we establish an in silico RMSD-based evaluation model through molecular dynamics simulations, validated by in vitro enzyme assays, to decipher the enzyme’s calcium activation mechanism. Between the two metal-binding sites, the site at the N-terminal domain/CTD interface (site A) is found to play a primary role in the calcium activation of PcncAAAD, whereas the secondary site within the unique CTD (site B) contributes to the calcium-mediated stabilization of enzyme structure. Binding of calcium, but not sodium, exerts a profound influence on PcncAAAD activity by stabilizing a \"lid-rim\" structure underlying site A, which in turn maintains the integrity of the substrate-binding environment. In silico mutations disrupting site A or the “lid-rim” structure show severe structural distortion of the active site, leading to reduced or even eliminated activity as demonstrated by in vitro assays. Collectively, our computational and experimental analyses pinpoint the molecular mechanism underlying the noncanonical activation of PcncAAAD by calcium. These findings deepen our understanding of metal-activatable enzymes and hold promise for the rational design of engineered enzymes for the synthesis of aromatic amino acid derivatives.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-04-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-6329392/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6329392/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1011162\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 631, "title": "Dissociable effects of psilocybin and escitalopram for depression on processing of musical surprises.", "normalized_title": "dissociable effects of psilocybin and escitalopram for depression on processing of musical surprises", "authors": "Harding R, Singer N, Wall MB, Hendler T, Erritzoe D, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Roseman L.", "abstract": "Psilocybin therapy (PT) is emerging as an effective intervention for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), offering comparable efficacy to conventional treatments like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Music, an emotionally evocative stimulus, provides a valuable tool to explore changes in hedonic and predictive processing mechanisms via expectancy violations, or 'surprises'. This study sought to compare behavioural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses to musical surprises in MDD patients treated with either PT or the SSRI, escitalopram. In this secondary analysis of a trial, 41 MDD patients (with usable fMRI data) were randomly assigned to either PT (n = 22) or escitalopram (n = 19) treatment groups. Participants listened to music during fMRI and tracked their emotional experience, both before and after a 6-week intervention. Surprise-related valence and arousal indices were calculated. Musical surprises were entered as regressors for whole-brain and region of interest fMRI analyses. PT caused a greater decrease in anhedonia scores compared with escitalopram. While escitalopram led to reductions in surprise-related affective responses, PT showed no significant change. Escitalopram was associated with increased activation in memory and emotional processing areas during musical surprises (versus control events) when compared with PT. Following PT, there was decreased activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and angular gyrus, and greater activation in sensory regions. PT may allow for the subjective response to musical surprises to be maintained through a lasting reduction in the salience of prediction errors, or, alternatively, by increasing hedonic priors. Contrastingly, escitalopram may diminish hedonic priors, highlighting fundamental differences in treatment mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03035-8", "pubmed_id": "40281226", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03035-8", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Citalopram, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Emotions, Auditory Perception, Music, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Escitalopram, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40281226\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3591, "title": "Treatment With Psilocybin for Chronic Neuropathic Pain and Depression (TRANSCEND): An Open-Label Clinical Trial", "normalized_title": "treatment with psilocybin for chronic neuropathic pain and depression transcend an open label clinical trial", "authors": "Centre for Addiction and Mental Health", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the chemical component of \"magic mushrooms\", has been administered with psychotherapy in several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) showing large and sustained antidepressant effects. The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin therapy for adults with chronic neuropathic pain and co-morbid treatment resistant depression.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-04-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06518720", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin 25 mg, PEX010, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06518720\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 730, "title": "Exploring Factors Affecting Psychological Flexibility After Psychedelic Experiences.", "normalized_title": "exploring factors affecting psychological flexibility after psychedelic experiences", "authors": "Romeo B, Kervadec E, Fauvel B, Strika-Bruneau L, Amirouche A, Verroust V, Piolino P, Benyamina A", "abstract": "Neurobiological effects and psychological models propose that psychedelics may promote psychological flexibility, suggesting a transdiagnostic effect by disrupting maladaptive patterns. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the determinants of psychological flexibility change following a psychedelic use. This retrospective online survey included French individuals who had undergone a significant psychedelic experience. Participants were assessed for mystical experience intensity with the MEQ-30, and psychological flexibility via the AAQ-II, at three retrospective time points. Data analysis comprised descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, ANCOVA to evaluate the impact of psychedelic use variables on psychological flexibility, and linear regression to identify predictors of psychological flexibility changes. Data showed a positive correlation between mystical experience intensity and improvements in psychological flexibility, especially 1-month post-experience (", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2025-04-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2495937", "pubmed_id": "40277080", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40277080/", "keywords": "LSD, Psychedelic, acceptance and commitment therapy, psilocybin, psychological flexibility", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40277080\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience,Psychological Flexibility,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 729, "title": "The phenomenology of psilocybin: transformative insights for research and clinical practice.", "normalized_title": "the phenomenology of psilocybin transformative insights for research and clinical practice", "authors": "Metastasio A, Prevete E, Venturini S, Garofalo A, Cecconello B, De Pisapia N, Corazza O.", "abstract": "IntroductionConsidering the increasing evidence supporting psilocybin's efficacy in therapeutic settings, it is essential to deepen our understanding of its subjective meanings and effects to enhance its integration into psychotherapy. Current knowledge is primarily based on psychometric assessments or unstructured personal reports, leaving a gap in the qualitative analysis of subjective psychedelic experiences and the resulting changes.ObjectiveThis study aimed to describe the subjective psychedelic experience with psilocybin in a structured, objective, and non-judgmental way (Epoche), while exploring its potential clinical applications.MethodsA phenomenological qualitative approach, integrating interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and the dynamic analysis (PHD) method, was used to analyze self-reported psilocybin experiences. Participants who met the inclusion criteria of being healthy adults and who had experienced psilocybin without any other substances were recruited through convenience sampling. Semi-structured interviews explored dimensions such as emotions, bodily sensations, perception of time and space, relationships, values, and enduring transformation. Data were analyzed using thematic coding.ResultsTen interviews were carried out with voluntary participants. All the interviewees reported enhanced emotional and interpersonal sensitivity, increased empathy, a deeper connection to others, and a heightened ability to resolve personal issues as well as long-lasting insights into their lives and values. Participants also showed profound changes in behavior, attitudes, and interests, indicative of the potential for psilocybin to catalyze significant personal growth and development.ConclusionThis study highlights the transformative potential of psilocybin experiences and their relevance to psychotherapeutic practices. By employing phenomenological methods, we offer a structured understanding of these states, which could be used in future to provide guidance for their integration into therapy by giving a better insight into psychedelic experience.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1455902", "pubmed_id": "40351574", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1455902", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40351574\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 463, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a rapid-acting treatment for cancer-related depression and anxiety: Evidence from a network meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy as a rapid acting treatment for cancer related depression and anxiety evidence from a network meta analysis", "authors": "Swieczkowski D, Kwaśny A, Pruc M, Gaca Z, Szarpak L, Cubała WJ.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo evaluate psilocybin's efficacy in reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms in cancer patients based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsThis systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) followed PRISMA and Cochrane Handbook guidelines. PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library data up to July 2024 were analyzed. Two RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Changes in Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores were assessed on day 1 and on 2-week follow-up. The risk of bias was evaluated with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0.ResultsPsilocybin significantly reduced BDI scores at day 1 post-administration (MD = 2.26; P = 0.01), though effects were not sustained at 2 weeks. STAI state scores showed substantial reductions at both day 1 (MD = 11.52; P < 0.001) and 2 weeks (MD = 12.66; P < 0.001). STAI trait scores also improved on both day 1 and day 14. The highest psilocybin dose (0.3 mg/kg) was the most effective, with SUCRA values of 87.81% (BDI), 91.58% (STAI state), and 94.2% (STAI trait).ConclusionsFindings suggest psilocybin may rapidly reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms in cancer patients, but methodological limitations, including the small number of trials, necessitate cautious interpretation. Larger, high-quality RCTs are needed to verify its clinical potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/00912174251337572", "pubmed_id": "40279353", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00912174251337572", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Psychotherapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Outcome Assessment, Health Care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40279353\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 731, "title": "Editorial: Beyond psilocybin: exploring the clinical potential of alternative and novel psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "editorial beyond psilocybin exploring the clinical potential of alternative and novel psychedelics", "authors": "Williams ML, Rudin D, Schmid Y, von Salm J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1600812", "pubmed_id": "40336703", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1600812", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40336703\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 626, "title": "5-HT2A receptors: Pharmacology and functional selectivity.", "normalized_title": "5 ht2a receptors pharmacology and functional selectivity", "authors": "Cummins BR, Billac GB, Nichols DE, Nichols CD.", "abstract": "Serotonin 5-HT2A receptors were one of the first serotonin receptors to be pharmacologically characterized. In mammals, they are expressed throughout the body in nearly every cell and tissue type, with the highest density in cortical layer V of the brain. They are involved in several aspects of normal physiological processes and behaviors and have been implicated in the etiology of neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotics have targeted blockade of 5-HT2A receptors as part of their therapeutic mechanism. More recently, 5-HT2A receptors have come to prominence for their role as the primary target for psychedelic drugs, which activate this receptor subtype to produce their characteristic behavioral effects. 5-HT2A receptor agonists like psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide have each demonstrated long-lasting therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials for psychiatric disorders such as major depression and substance use disorders. There is a significant effort in both academia and industry to develop new agonists of 5-HT2A receptors with therapeutic efficacy. There are 3 primary scaffolds for agonists: tryptamines, ergolines, and phenylalkylamines, each engaging different subsets of amino acid residues in the receptor binding pocket. Differences can lead to differential responses between ligands for functionally selective outcomes. Here, we provide a historical perspective on 5-HT2A receptors, their key structural features and motifs involved in ligand-receptor interactions, and how these interactions can affect signaling pathways downstream of the receptor. Understanding how ligands interact with the 5-HT2A receptor will fundamentally inform future drug discovery to optimize therapeutics for a variety of disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychedelic drugs have demonstrated long-lasting therapeutic efficacy for several conditions in multiple clinical trials. Their target, serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, are GPCRs with complex pharmacology. Having knowledge of how ligands interact with 5-HT2A receptors in the orthosteric binding pocket at the structural level to induce specific signal transduction pathways will inform on efforts to design and develop functionally selective drugs to potentially treat a variety of diseases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pharmr.2025.100059", "pubmed_id": "40418878", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmr.2025.100059", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40418878\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 500, "title": "Incremental efficacy systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin-for-depression RCTs.", "normalized_title": "incremental efficacy systematic review and meta analysis of psilocybin for depression rcts", "authors": "Borgogna NC, Owen T, Petrovitch D, Vaughn J, Johnson DAL, Pagano LA, Aita SL, Hill BD.", "abstract": "RationalePsilocybin is a potentially paradigm-shifting depression intervention. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin-for-depression randomized controlled trials (RCTs).ObjectivesSystematically assess harm reporting, risk of bias, action mechanism specification, and incremental therapeutic effect sizes in the psilocybin-for-depression RCT literature.MethodsAssessed databases included PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus. Search terms \"Psilocybin\" or \"Psychedelic\" were paired with \"Depression\", and \"Randomized Controlled Trial\" or \"RCT\".ResultsWe identified k = 9 RCTs (k = 10 subgroups) involving n = 602 participants (56% psilocybin). Five studies had low/very low harm quality reporting, opposed to two with high. Most studies demonstrated a high risk of bias. Therapeutic mechanisms of action (MoAs) were discussed in varying detail but rarely assessed in original publications. Psilocybin was moderately superior to controls at reducing depression (g = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.27, 0.98). Effects were heterogenous (τ =.47). Smaller studies evidenced stronger effects that favored psilocybin (Egger's b0 = 3.63, p =.014). Almost all studies documented financial conflicts of interests.ConclusionPsilocybin demonstrates significant depression reduction relative to controls. However, researchers, clinicians, and stakeholders should consider several contextual factors. Effects were moderate and attenuated in larger and better-controlled studies. Harms reporting and risk of bias was high, though partly driven by unique challenges of psilocybin research. MoAs were variably specified but rarely assessed; suggesting it is unclear how depression is reduced. We advise researchers conduct RCTs with active control conditions, larger samples, and include MoA assessments. Independent RCTs from researchers without financial conflicts of interest are needed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-025-06788-w", "pubmed_id": "40266291", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06788-w", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40266291\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 735, "title": "Probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder (PsiFUND): study protocol", "normalized_title": "probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder psifund study protocol", "authors": "Butler M, Bird C, Maggio C, Durden A, Modlin N, Campbell-Coker K, Edwards M, Pick S, Millman LM, Lowery E, Bhagavan C, Kanaan R, Golder D, Mildon B, Mehta M, Rucker J, Nicholson TR.", "abstract": "Background: Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a common cause of neurological symptoms including seizures and movement disorders. It can be debilitating, is associated with high health and social care costs, and can have a poor prognosis. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has suggested FND is a multi-network disorder. Converging evidence suggests that other mechanisms including dissociation, interoception, and motor agency may be abnormal in people with FND. Psychedelics are currently under investigation for numerous neuropsychiatric disorders and have been shown to disrupt functional brain networks. Administering psychedelics to people with FND will help us to probe mechanistic theories of the disorder. Protocol In this open-label neuroimaging study, we will administer 25mg oral psilocybin with psychological support to people with chronic FND (target n = 24). Participants will undergo resting-state and task-based (Libet’s clock, a measure of motor agency) fMRI sequences which will be compared in a pre-post manner. Additional mechanistic outcomes including measures of interoception (heartbeat tracking task), somatisation, illness perceptions, suggestibility, and dissociation will be collected. Data on expectancy, preparedness, and subjective experience of the psychedelic experience will also be gathered. Participants will be followed up for three months following psilocybin administration. fMRI changes in networks will be analysed using seed-based approaches, and additional exploratory analysis of resting-state imaging will take place. Discussion The study will help us to probe the mechanisms thought to potentially underpin FND. As the first modern study of psychedelics in FND, it will also help us to understand whether psychedelic administration alongside psychological support might be safe and feasible in this patient population.", "journal": "Wellcome Open Res", "publication_date": "2025-04-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22543.2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22543.2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1007277\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Wellcome Open Res\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 734, "title": "Evaluating the effectiveness of psilocybin in alleviating distress among cancer patients: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "evaluating the effectiveness of psilocybin in alleviating distress among cancer patients a systematic review", "authors": "Lapid MI, Pagali SR, Randall AL, Donovan KA, Bronars CA, Gauthier TA, Bock J, Lim SD, Carey EC, Sokolowski E, Ulrich AM, Hassett LC, Kung S, Whitford KJ, Olivier KR, D'Andre SD.", "abstract": "ObjectivesPsychological and existential distress is prevalent among patients with life-threatening cancer, significantly impacting their quality of life. Psilocybin-assisted therapy has shown promise in alleviating these symptoms. This systematic review aims to synthesize the evidence on the efficacy and safety of psilocybin in reducing cancer-related distress.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, Cochrane database, Embase, and Scopus from inception to February 8, 2024, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), open-label trials, qualitative studies, and single case reports that evaluated psilocybin for cancer-related distress. Data were extracted on study characteristics, participant demographics, psilocybin and psychotherapy intervention, outcome measures, and results. Two authors independently screened, selected, and extracted data from the studies. Cochrane Risk of Bias for RCTs and Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies criteria were used to evaluate study quality. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024511692).ResultsFourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising three RCTs, five open-label trials, five qualitative studies, and one single case report. Psilocybin therapy consistently showed significant reductions in depression, anxiety, and existential distress, with improvements sustained over several months. Adverse effects were generally mild and transient.Significance of resultsThis systematic review highlights the potential of psilocybin-assisted therapy as an effective treatment for reducing psychological and existential distress in cancer patients. Despite promising findings, further large-scale, well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm these results and address existing research gaps.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/s147895152500032x", "pubmed_id": "40259688", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s147895152500032x", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Stress, Psychological, Psilocybin, Psychological Distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40259688\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 733, "title": "Comprehensive analysis of 42 psilocybin-producing fungal strains reveals metabolite diversity and species-specific clusters.", "normalized_title": "comprehensive analysis of 42 psilocybin producing fungal strains reveals metabolite diversity and species specific clusters", "authors": "Cohen J, Sulimani L, Procaccia S, Lerenthal Y, Milay L, Taran I, Shapira A, Meiri D.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-producing fungi have garnered attention due to accumulating evidence regarding the therapeutic potential of their principal component psilocybin. This diverse group of fungi harbors a wealth of less-studied metabolites, however, thus far most research has addressed them as a cohesive group. By optimizing an approach for extraction and analysis, we examined the metabolomes of 42 distinct fungi strains and show that the breadth and diversity of metabolites within and between 9 species. We integrated and validated the reproducible and reliable extraction of fruiting bodies followed by chromatographic separation, quantification and identification of their known and yet to be identified secondary metabolites. The optimal extraction of fruiting bodies for high yield of indole alkaloids was achieved using a 1:20 tissue:solvent ratio, 25:75 H2O:MeOH (pH = 9), for 1.5 h, followed by the quantification of 8 tryptophan-derived indolamines by HPLC-DAD and the identification of putative metabolite hydroxypsilocybin by HPLC-MS/MS. The metabolomic analysis revealed the diversity of metabolites within and between species. Finally, we developed and present a method that mimics the in vivo process of dephosphorylation that occurs upon ingestion for in vitro setups. Overall, our study summarizes a standardized approach for both in vitro and in vivo studies involving psilocybin-producing fungi, showcasing the unique metabolome of each strain and the rich diversity of these fungi, encompassing promising pharmaceutical potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-97710-z", "pubmed_id": "40263354", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97710-z", "keywords": "Fungi, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Species Specificity, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Metabolomics, Metabolome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40263354\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "In Vitro Study,Metabolomics", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 708, "title": "Rapid and sustained antidepressant effects of vaporized N,N-dimethyltryptamine: a phase 2a clinical trial in treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "rapid and sustained antidepressant effects of vaporized n n dimethyltryptamine a phase 2a clinical trial in treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Falchi-Carvalho M, Palhano-Fontes F, Wießner I, Barros H, Bolcont R, Laborde S, Ruschi B Silva S, Montanini D, C Barbosa D, Teixeira E, Florence-Vilela R, Almeida R, K A de Macedo R, Arichelle F, J Pantrigo É, V Costa-Macedo J, da Cruz Nunes JA, de Araújo Costa Neto LA, Nunes Ferreira LF, Dantas Corrêa L, da Costa Bezerra RB, Arcoverde E, Galvão-Coelho N, B Araujo D.", "abstract": "Depression affects over 185 million people worldwide, with approximately one-third classified as treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Current treatments, such as oral antidepressants, often take around 3 weeks to become effective, with no immediate anti-suicidal benefits. The field urgently needs innovative therapies that provide rapid relief. Psychedelics like psilocybin and ayahuasca have shown promising antidepressant effects; however, their long duration (several hours) makes them costly and impractical for public health systems. N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), an endogenous psychedelic also found in ayahuasca, offers a viable alternative with a short duration of action (10-20 min) and non-invasive inhalation administration. Unlike ayahuasca, which contains monoamine oxidase inhibitors, vaporized DMT acts quickly and poses fewer pharmacological interaction risks. This open-label trial evaluated inhaled DMT for TRD for the first time, within the framework of interventional psychiatry. Fourteen patients (Nfemale = 6) participated in a fixed-order, dose-escalation study (15 mg and 60 mg). The treatment was safe, well-tolerated, and produced manageable psychedelic effects with no serious adverse events. A subpopulation using antidepressants showed similar safety outcomes. Results showed rapid and sustained antidepressant effects, with an average reduction of 21.14 points on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale by day 7 (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-025-02091-6", "pubmed_id": "40258990", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-025-02091-6", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Administration, Inhalation, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40258990\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 632, "title": "The Rise of Psilocybin Use in the United States: A Multisource Observational Study.", "normalized_title": "the rise of psilocybin use in the united states a multisource observational study", "authors": "Rockhill KM, Black JC, Ladka MS, Sumbundu KB, Olsen HA, Jewell JS, Hunt J, Wolf RC, Nerurkar K, Dart RC, Monte AA.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7326/annals-24-03145", "pubmed_id": "40258279", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7326/annals-24-03145", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40258279\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 888, "title": "Effects of psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity.", "normalized_title": "effects of psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity", "authors": "Godfrey K, Luan LX, Timmermann C.", "abstract": "This chapter reviews the effects of classic psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity, as measured by resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Across moderate to high doses of LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, and DMT, a consistent reduction in alpha power (8-13 Hz) emerges, particularly in occipital regions. Below 30 Hz, desynchronization is typical, although DMT can preserve or even increase delta/theta activity, possibly reflecting its immersive, immersive visual phenomenology. Complementing these spectral findings, measures of signal diversity (e.g., Lempel-Ziv complexity) reliably increase during psychedelic states, indicating a more variable and unpredictable pattern of neural firing. Retrospective subjective ratings of the psychedelic experience often fail to align consistently with M/EEG changes, possibly because fleeting, key experiences are obscured by data averaging or recording short segments of a long experience. In contrast, real-time evaluations of subjective intensity and plasma levels robustly covary with changes in spectral power and complexity, highlighting the potential for objective, real-time EEG biomarkers of drug activity. Limited research on functional connectivity and cortical travelling waves suggest that directed, top-down control may decrease while bottom-up signaling increases, indicating a transient reversal of typical hierarchical organization, though replications are warrented. Future work should implement more unified methodological approaches, alongside high-resolution behavioral sampling, to further our understanding of how these altered brain dynamics give rise to the distinctive qualities of the psychedelic experience. Notably, EEG has yet to be evaluated in clinical studies, and future work should aim to explore the relationship between acute EEG changes and clinical responses to psychedelic therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.012", "pubmed_id": "40541309", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.012", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Magnetoencephalography, Brain Waves", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40541309\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 884, "title": "Psychedelics and substance use disorder treatment.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and substance use disorder treatment", "authors": "DuPont CM, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "The current chapter presents the literature evaluating the effects of classic psychedelic treatments on five substance use disorders: alcohol, tobacco, opioid, stimulant, and cannabis. Most work on psychedelics and substance use disorders was conducted for alcohol use disorder. A range of classic psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, and ayahuasca) appear to be beneficial for facilitating both reduced drinking and abstinence. Small clinical trials have also shown promising initial results for both tobacco and opioid use disorders. In contrast, no trials have yet been conducted for stimulant and cannabis use disorders. Furthermore, the majority of studies described are naturalistic observational studies or correlational survey data. However, if such observational studies reflect causal therapeutic potential, these studies, combined with clinical trials, suggest potential broad transdiagnostic efficacy of psychedelics across multiple addictive drugs. The transdiagnostic effects of psychedelics are likely due to a combination of biological and psychological factors. Biologically, psychedelics appear to ameliorate deficits in brain areas involved in reward and emotional processing, which may reduce the risk of relapse. Psychologically, the insights gained during a psychedelic experience may reinforce personal motivations for sobriety and support subsequent behavior change. Overall, more work is needed to better characterize the potential benefits and limitations of psychedelic treatment for substance use disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.03.005", "pubmed_id": "40541314", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.03.005", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40541314\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 736, "title": "Development of a PBPK model of psilocybin/psilocin from Psilocybe cubensis (magic mushroom) in mice, rats, and humans.", "normalized_title": "development of a pbpk model of psilocybin psilocin from psilocybe cubensis magic mushroom in mice rats and humans", "authors": "Thaoboonruang N, Lohitnavy O, Ya K, Lohitnavy M.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is an active alkaloid found in magic mushrooms (Psilocybe cubensis). It is classified as a Class I Psychoactive Substance due to its psychoactive properties. Recent research has suggested that psilocybin holds potential for treating major depressive disorder. The objective of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for psilocybin and its active metabolite, psilocin, in mice, rats, and humans. This model aims to explore the disposition of psilocin within the body, including its distribution to the target organ, the brain. Psilocybin is assumed to undergo complete conversion to psilocin before the latter enters systemic circulation. The PBPK model effectively characterizes the concentration-time profiles under various dosing scenarios and routes of administration in mice, rats, and humans. The human model has the potential for guiding therapeutic strategies and enhancing clinical trial designs for the therapeutic use of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-98202-w", "pubmed_id": "40258947", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98202-w", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Mice, Rats, Hallucinogens, Models, Biological, Male, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40258947\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 693, "title": "In Vitro Psilocybin Synthesis by Co-Immobilized Enzymes.", "normalized_title": "in vitro psilocybin synthesis by co immobilized enzymes", "authors": "Schäfer T, Sherwood A, Kirkland T, Krüger T, Worbs J, Kniemeyer O, Gressler M, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "Advanced clinical trials investigate the Psilocybe magic mushroom natural product psilocybin as a treatment against major depressive disorder. Currently, synthetic material is used to meet the demand for legitimate pharmaceutical purposes. Here, we report an in vitro approach to biocatalytically produce psilocybin on a solid-phase matrix charged with five covalently bound biosynthetic enzymes. These enzymes include three Psilocybe enzymes: IasA*, an engineered l-tryptophan decarboxylase/aromatic aldehyde synthase, the 4-hydroxytryptamine kinase PsiK and the norbaeocystin methyltransferase PsiM, along with Escherichia coli nucleosidase MtnN and adenine deaminase Ade. In a proof-of-principle experiment, this enzyme-charged resin allowed for quantitative turnover of 4-hydroxy-l-tryptophan into psilocybin. This facile process i) represents a sustainable approach with reusable enzymes, ii) circumvents the drawbacks of in vivo processes while harnessing the selectivity of enzymatic catalysis and iii) helps access an urgently needed drug candidate.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/chem.202501037", "pubmed_id": "40202903", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202501037", "keywords": "Escherichia coli, Enzymes, Immobilized, Methyltransferases, Biocatalysis, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40202903\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 737, "title": "Comparative Efficacy and Functional Outcomes of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review of Recent Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "comparative efficacy and functional outcomes of psychedelic assisted therapies in treatment resistant depression a systematic review of recent clinical trials", "authors": "Mimms C, Sotelo K, Khaliq AS.", "abstract": "This systematic review explores the comparative efficacy and functional outcomes of psychedelic-assisted therapies in the management of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in the last 12 months. Ten RCTs were included, evaluating agents such as ketamine, esketamine, and psilocybin. Most studies demonstrated significant reductions in depressive symptom severity, with oral and intranasal esketamine and high-dose psilocybin showing sustained antidepressant effects. Functional improvements, such as workplace productivity and cognitive stability, were reported in select trials, notably those involving esketamine. Risk of bias was low in four studies and moderate in six due to open-label or observational extensions. Overall, psychedelic therapies were well tolerated, with favorable safety profiles and minimal cognitive adverse effects. These findings support the integration of psychedelic-assisted therapies as viable alternatives or adjuncts in the treatment of TRD and highlight the importance of assessing both clinical and functional endpoints for a more holistic understanding of therapeutic benefit.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.82532", "pubmed_id": "40385821", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.82532", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40385821\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 738, "title": "Roadmap for Equitable Access and Responsible Use of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy in Palliative Care.", "normalized_title": "roadmap for equitable access and responsible use of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in palliative care", "authors": "Dorval M, Chang SL, Farzin H, Nguyen O, Stephan JF, Tapp D, Deschamps P, Joly Y, Moureaux F, Foxman R, Masse-Grenier M, Fallu JS, Fallu JS, P3A Research Group.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy represents a promising addition to palliative care interventions, potentially improving quality of life by addressing existential distress. Despite its safety and effectiveness, this therapy remains limited in Canada, underscoring the need for improved access to ease suffering from life-threatening illnesses. However, important questions remain regarding how to integrate psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy into existing health care frameworks, navigate regulatory challenges, and ensure equitable access for all patients. These unanswered questions highlight the complexity of expanding access and the need for thoughtful, informed approaches to its implementation. To address this, the P3A team (Psilocybin at End of Life: Audacity, Acceptability, Access) held a forum on March 22, 2024, in Quebec, Canada, to explore actionable steps for the responsible use and equitable access to psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. A total of 57 participants with knowledge in palliative care, including professional and patient associations, patients, health care professionals, researchers, and policymakers, attended the event, which featured presentations, a panel discussion, and small-group workshops. This report provides 16 recommendations across six previously identified key topics: (1) patient eligibility and equity, (2) regulatory framework and respect for autonomy, (3) logistical and organizational aspects, (4) professional education and training, (5) public awareness and information, and (6) research. The elements and recommendations discussed in this article could offer valuable insights for expanding access to psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in other jurisdictions, particularly in global contexts where similar barriers to care exist.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1089/pmr.2024.0108", "pubmed_id": "40385526", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/pmr.2024.0108", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40385526\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 709, "title": "Psilocybin and ketamine affect novel neuropeptides gene expression in the rat hypothalamus.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and ketamine affect novel neuropeptides gene expression in the rat hypothalamus", "authors": "Pałasz A, Pukowiec M, Bogus K, Suszka-Świtek A, Filipczyk Ł, Mordecka-Chamera K, Worthington JJ, Sygidus M, Wojtas A, Bysiek A, Gołembiowska K.", "abstract": "ObjectivePsychedelics are able to trigger highly intense and profound alterations in self-consciousness, perception, affective, and cognitive processes. Indeed, recent studies show that ketamine and psilocybin could be used as fast-acting antidepressants. However, the molecular and neurochemical mechanisms of these psychedelics and their actions at the level of diverse brain structures remains so far unclear. Hypothalamic neuropeptides are involved in a wide spectrum of neuronal activities being responsible for the central control of all fundamental autonomic functions.MethodsThe purpose of this exploratory pilot study was to assess the gene expression of both classical and novel neuropeptides, including nesfatin-1, phoenixin (PNX), spexin (SPX), neuromedin U (NMU), neuropeptide S (NPS), and their known receptors in the hypothalamus of male Wistar-Han rats subjected to single injections of psilocybin (dose 2 or 10 mg/kg) and ketamine (dose10 mg/kg). Total mRNA was isolated from homogenized tissue and real-time PCR was used for estimation of related gene expression.ResultsIt was found that a single administration of the higher dose of psilocybin increased the mRNA expression of most noncanonical neuropeptides examined in the study, with only the case of NMU there with a decrease in gene expression. Interestingly, psilocybin administration also increased mRNA expression of the serotonin receptors: 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2B, but not 5HT-2C. In contrast, the effect of ketamine on the expression of neuropeptides was much more limited compared to psilocybin, only increasing transcripts of NUCB2, GPR173, and POMC were demonstrated.ConclusionsThese results suggest for the first time that selected psychedelics may enhance the signaling of 5-HT2A receptors or inhibit NMDA receptor activity, affecting neuropeptide signaling and serotonin transmission in the rat hypothalamus, which may contribute to a better understanding of psychedelic action in the brain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251330783", "pubmed_id": "40243003", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251330783", "keywords": "Hypothalamus, Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Ketamine, Neuropeptides, Calcium-Binding Proteins, DNA-Binding Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins, RNA, Messenger, Hallucinogens, Pilot Projects, Gene Expression, Male, Psilocybin, Nucleobindins", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40243003\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 633, "title": "Regulatory Alignment of Psilocybin Clinical Trials in Major Depressive Disorder on ClinicalTrials.gov: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.", "normalized_title": "regulatory alignment of psilocybin clinical trials in major depressive disorder on clinicaltrials gov a cross sectional analysis", "authors": "Swieczkowski D, Kwaśny A, Pruc M, Gaca Z, Szarpak L, Cubała WJ.", "abstract": "Regulatory compliance is crucial in the clinical development of psychedelic substances, including psilocybin. This study aimed to examine the alignment of clinical trial protocols for psilocybin in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD) with established regulatory requirements.A cross-sectional investigation was conducted on ClinicalTrials.gov using the keywords: \"Psilocybin\" and \"Psilocin\" to identify interventional studies with posted trial protocols. Only protocols for MDD and TRD were included. Data extraction focused on key regulatory aspects, including safety, functional unblinding, expectancy bias, and the distribution of investigational medical products.Eleven psilocybin trial protocols were identified, with four meeting the inclusion criteria. The most commonly studied psilocybin dose was 25 mg. Two trials were double-blind. Although the analyzed protocols superficially adhered to regulatory requirements, there were gaps in addressing potential drug interactions, the acute and chronic concurrent use of antidepressants, and prohibited medications. Certain aspects, such as functional unblinding or expectancy bias, did not share all pathways. Risk mitigation strategies were primarily based on external criteria. Patients with bipolar spectrum disorders or schizoaffective disorders were excluded.This study underscores the importance of conducting clinical trials on psychedelics in strict adherence to regulatory standards. Future research should focus on improving regulatory compliance and exploring the efficacy of psychedelics in broader patient populations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1055/a-2529-7029", "pubmed_id": "40245934", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2529-7029", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Clinical Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40245934\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3465, "title": "A Phase 2a, Open-label, Pilot Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin Administration in Concert With Psychotherapy Among Adult Patients With Fibromyalgia", "normalized_title": "a phase 2a open label pilot study to assess the safety and efficacy of psilocybin administration in concert with psychotherapy among adult patients with fibromyalgia", "authors": "Kevin Boehnke", "abstract": "The pressing need for effective fibromyalgia (FM) treatments, the known safety of psilocybin therapy, and the mechanistic plausibility for potential benefit provide a backdrop for investigating psilocybin therapy as a treatment for FM. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical benefit of oral psilocybin in concert with psychotherapy to treat chronic pain symptoms in patients with FM. Fibromyalgia is a chronic syndrome of widespread musculoskeletal pain that often manifests with a cluster of co-occurring symptoms, including sleep disturbances, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and mood problems including anxiety and depression. Recent studies have provided evidence of altered central pain pathways. Current management of FM typically takes a multidimensional approach including behavioral therapy, exercise, and medication. However, current medications provide only modest benefit and carry significant side effect burden, leading many people with FM to seek other alternatives. Psilocybin therapy (psilocybin delivered in concert with psychotherapy) may be a potentially safe and effective treatment for symptoms associated with FM. Indeed, psilocybin therapy has shown positive effects in treating cancer-related psychiatric distress, depression and anxiety, treatment-resistant depression, and nicotine or alcohol addiction. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted a Breakthrough Therapy designation for psilocybin in treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder. Psilocybin therapy is generally safe and well-tolerated when conducted under controlled conditions. While no clinical studies have explored psychedelic effects among people with FM, a recent review outlined potential mechanisms through which psychedelics could alleviate chronic pain symptoms.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-04-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05128162", "keywords": "Fibromyalgia, Psilocybin, Psychotherapy, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05128162\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 547, "title": "Psilocybin biosynthesis enhancement through gene source optimization.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin biosynthesis enhancement through gene source optimization", "authors": "Keller MR, McKinney MG, Sen AK, Guagliardo FG, Hellwarth EB, Islam KN, Kaplan NA, Gibbons WJ, Kemmerly GE, Meers C, Wang X, Jones JA.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the prodrug to the psychoactive compound in 'magic' mushrooms, is currently being studied in clinical trials as a treatment for severe mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety. Previous reports of psilocybin biosynthesis as reconstituted in E. coli reported maximum titers of 1.16 g/L, exclusively using genes from the most common recreationally used mushroom, Psilocybe cubensis. This study explores the effect of gene species variation on psilocybin and baeocystin production using various exogenous genes sourced from psilocybin-producing mushrooms Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe cyanescens, Panaeolus cyanescens, and Gymnopilus dilepis. The psiD and psiK genes sourced from P. cubensis demonstrated unequivocally superior performance, while psiM showed varied production levels of psilocybin and the pathway intermediate baeocystin with changes in gene source. Strains containing a psiM gene sourced from Psilocybe cyanescens demonstrated a higher degree of baeocystin selectivity as compared to other psiM genes, demonstrating a key difference between species. Most notably, the strain Gymdi30, containing psiM sourced from G. dilepis, achieved a psilocybin titer of 1.46 ± 0.13 g/L, the highest reported to date. Comparative proteomic analysis of Gymdi30 during periods of high and low productivity was also performed to investigate bottlenecks in cellular metabolism, which could be limiting strain performance. This work represents a significant improvement in psilocybin biosynthesis, a key step towards the development of a biosynthetic manufacturing route for psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.ymben.2025.04.003", "pubmed_id": "40250599", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2025.04.003", "keywords": "Escherichia coli, Fungal Proteins, Psilocybe, Metabolic Engineering, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40250599\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Proteomics", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 747, "title": "Psilocybin has a narrow therapeutic window as an antidepressant treatment.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin has a narrow therapeutic window as an antidepressant treatment", "authors": "Seillier L, Čechová B, Seillier A, Šlamberová R.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound in magic mushrooms, shows promise as a novel intervention with a single administration inducing rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects. However, there are limited studies on the optimal dosing required for the beneficial effects of psilocybin given its side effects. To address this gap, we investigated in Wistar rats whether a single psilocybin administration (0.1, 0.32, 1.0, and 3.2 mg/kg) had antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test (FST), a pro-social effect in the social interaction test (SIT), and the ability to alter pleasure using the sucrose preference test (SPT). We also examined the dose-response relationships of psilocybin on the head-twitch response (HTR), locomotor activity, body temperature, and weight gain. Furthermore, we explored whether the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) paralleled the behavioral changes observed after psilocybin. In the FST, psilocybin induced dose-dependent inverted-U-shaped responses with only the intermediate dose of 0.32 mg/kg producing short and long-term antidepressant-like effects. A similar pattern was observed for the SIT, the SPT, and the HTR. In contrast, the high doses of psilocybin (1.0 and 3.2 mg/kg), while deprived of anti-depressant-like activity, significantly reduced body temperature, locomotor activity, and body weight gain. BDNF levels in the hippocampus and PFC increased dose-dependently after psilocybin, but linearly suggesting a dissociation between high BDNF levels and the observed antidepressant-like behaviors. Our results indicated that there is a narrow window for the therapeutic potential of psilocybin, with 0.32 mg/kg effectively producing antidepressant-like effects without the accompanying adverse effects observed only at higher doses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111368", "pubmed_id": "40246053", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111368", "keywords": "Hippocampus, Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Disease Models, Animal, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Body Temperature, Motor Activity, Swimming, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40246053\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Adverse Events,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 739, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted suppoRtive psychoTherapy IN the treatment of prolonged Grief (PARTING) trial: protocol for an open-label pilot trial for cancer-related bereavement.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted supportive psychotherapy in the treatment of prolonged grief parting trial protocol for an open label pilot trial for cancer related bereavement", "authors": "Beesley VL, Kennedy TJ, Maccallum F, Ross M, Harvey R, Rossell SL, Sarris J, Perkins D, Neale RE, Bennett-Levy J, Johnson S, Beebe H, Roset N, Strobel J, Parker S.", "abstract": "IntroductionProlonged grief disorder (PGD) represents a substantial public health issue, especially in oncology settings where it affects up to 30% of bereaved carers. Current best-practice treatments are lengthy, and up to 50% of participants have persistent PGD. Building on encouraging recent research with psychedelic-assisted therapies, the Psilocybin-Assisted suppoRtive psychoTherapy IN the treatment of prolonged Grief (PARTING) trial is the first study to consider psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a potential treatment for prolonged grief.Methods and analysisPARTING is an open-label pilot trial of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for approximately 15 people with cancer-related PGD. It aims to investigate feasibility, safety, acceptability, participant experience and participant-reported therapeutic effects. Over a 5-week intervention period, participants will undergo three preparation sessions before receiving a psychoactive (25 mg) dose of psilocybin alongside non-directive supportive guidance, followed by four integration sessions. All sessions will be delivered by a psychologist and either a nurse or Indigenous Therapist. An artificial intelligence-assisted tool will be used to create an artwork of participants' psychedelic experience.Outcomes will be investigated over a 12-month follow-up period. Feasibility will be assessed through recruitment/retention rates and completion of follow-up assessments. Safety will be evaluated via adverse events over 12 months and the comparison of physiological measures (vital signs, biochemistry, haematology, ECG) recorded during screening and 1 day after the psilocybin dose. Qualitative thematic analysis of semistructured interviews with participants and trial therapists will assess acceptability and the therapeutic potential of the treatment. Diagnostic clinical interviews for PGD and quantitative participant-reported measures of therapeutic effects are also being collected. Participant-reported measures include grief severity, depression, anxiety, grief avoidance, psychological flexibility, connectedness, and quality of life.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been obtained from QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Human Research Ethics Committee (P3801). Dissemination of results will occur via conference presentations, peer-reviewed publications and media.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12623000827639).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095992", "pubmed_id": "40233965", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095992", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Pilot Projects, Bereavement, Grief, Psychotherapy, Research Design, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40233965\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Aging,Psychological Flexibility,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 677, "title": "Efficacy and safety of psilocybin for the treatment of substance use disorders: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psilocybin for the treatment of substance use disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Meshkat S, Malik G, Zeifman RJ, Swainson J, Balachandra K, Reichelt AC, Zhang Y, Burback L, Winkler O, Greenshaw A, Vermetten E, Mayo LM, Tanguay R, Jetly R, Bhat V.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, may have therapeutic benefits for Substance Use Disorders (SUDs), but its overall efficacy and safety remain uncertain. This systematic review assessed the safety and efficacy of psilocybin for SUDs through a systematic database search conducted via OVID on May 22, 2024, and summarized 26 ongoing clinical trials registered on clinicaltrials.gov. Among 16 published included studies, 7 (43.75 %) focused on Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), 5 (31.25 %) on Tobacco Use Disorder (TUD), and the remainder on Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) (1, 6.25 %), Opioid Use Disorder (1, 6.25 %), Nicotine Use Disorder (1, 6.25 %), and multiple SUDs (1, 6.25 %). Study designs included open-label trials (5, 31.25 %), cross-sectional observational studies (6, 37.5 %), qualitative analyses (2, 12.5 %), one double-blind RCT (6.25 %), one pilot fMRI study (6.25 %), and one long-term follow-up (6.25 %). Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) was used in 10 studies (62.5 %), with doses ranging from microdosing to 20-40 mg/70 kg. PAP was associated with significant reductions in alcohol consumption, smoking cessation, and related psychological improvements. AUD studies reported fewer heavy drinking days, increased abstinence rates, and neuroimaging data indicating normalization of brain activity. TUD studies demonstrated high smoking abstinence rates, with mystical experiences predicting long-term outcomes. Findings for other SUDs were mixed, though psilocybin showed potential in reducing opioid dependence and nicotine use. Preliminary evidence supports psilocybin's efficacy and safety for AUD and TUD, particularly with psychotherapy, but larger clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106163", "pubmed_id": "40245969", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106163", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Outcome Assessment, Health Care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40245969\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Aging,Microdosing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 501, "title": "Psilocin alleviates acute itch in mice: possible involvement of 5-HT2A receptors and kynurenine pathway.", "normalized_title": "psilocin alleviates acute itch in mice possible involvement of 5 ht2a receptors and kynurenine pathway", "authors": "Afrooghe A, Ahmadi E, Lesani A, Mehranjani MS, Elahi M, Babaei M, Shayan M, Shafaroodi H, Jafari RM, Foroumadi A, Manavi MA, Dehpour AR.", "abstract": "We aimed to investigate whether psilocin, the bioactive metabolite of the well-known psychedelic, psilocybin, may have antipruritic effects in mice by interfering with the kynurenine pathway and interacting with 5-HT2A receptors. Eight mice were randomly assigned to each of the study groups receiving either normal saline, compound 48/80, psilocin (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg), or psilocin (1 mg/kg) + 1-MT (0.3 mg/kg). The scratching bouts were documented in each group. The hallucinogenic properties of psilocin were documented using the head-twitch response (HTR) test. To confirm their involvement, we also quantified the expression levels of TNF-α, TLR-4, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and 5-HT2A receptors across various study groups. We found that psilocin (1 mg/kg) exerted the most significant antipruritic and hallucinogenic effects (P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00210-025-04152-5", "pubmed_id": "40232378", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-025-04152-5", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Pruritus, Kynurenine, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antipruritics, Signal Transduction, Male, Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Psilocybin, Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40232378\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3612, "title": "The Role of Personal Experience for the Therapeutic Attitude in the Context of Substance-assisted Therapy Training", "normalized_title": "the role of personal experience for the therapeutic attitude in the context of substance assisted therapy training", "authors": "Felix Mueller", "abstract": "The study investigates two groups of participants of the SÄPT therapist's training starting in October 2022. The overall objective is to investigate the risks and benefits of personal experience (PE) with substance-induced altered states of consciousness for physicians or psychotherapists in the context of a training course for substance-assisted therapy. Specifically, the study aims to assess changes in therapeutic attitude and other factors important in interactions between patients and therapists (such as empathy and cognitive flexibility).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-04-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05570708", "keywords": "Personal Experience of Substance-assisted Therapy Using Psilocybin, MDMA, and LSD, MDMA, LSD, psilocybin, ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05570708\",\"overall_status\":\"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3288, "title": "Assessing the potential cardiovascular risk of microdosing the psychedelic LSD in mice", "normalized_title": "assessing the potential cardiovascular risk of microdosing the psychedelic lsd in mice", "authors": "Effinger DP, Schalk SS, King JL, Strong JR, O’Connell CK, Calderon JR, McCorvy JD, Thompson SM.", "abstract": "Summary Microdosing, the prolonged ingestion of psychedelics at sub-hallucinogenic doses, has gained popularity for its perceived cognitive and emotional benefits. Psychedelics have high affinity for 5-HT2B receptors, which cause heart disease with strong chronic activation. We investigated the effects of microdosed psychedelics on cardiovascular health in mice using electrocardiography after chronically administering either serotonin as a positive control or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at two sub-hallucinogenic doses. Serotonin produced significant ventricular thickening at 4- and 8-weeks. No significant changes were observed in vehicle or LSD groups. We determined the affinity and potency of LSD, psilocybin, and norfenfluramine at mouse and human 5-HT2B Rs and observed no significant differences. We calculated that levels of 5-HT2B activation by low-dose LSD were substantial, but short-lived, compared to the cardiotoxin d -fenfluramine. Together, these data provide no evidence of cardiovascular risk associated with prolonged administration of low-dose LSD in mice.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-04-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.04.08.647757", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.08.647757", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1003831\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3082, "title": "PsiConnect: A Multimodal Neuroimaging Study of Psilocybin-Induced Changes in Brain and Behaviour", "normalized_title": "psiconnect a multimodal neuroimaging study of psilocybin induced changes in brain and behaviour", "authors": "Novelli L, Stoliker D, Barta T, Greaves MD, Chopra S, Jackson J, Kwee J, Williams ML, Razi A.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT PsiConnect is a large-scale neuroimaging study designed to investigate the neural and subjective effects of psilocybin using multimodal neuroimaging. It combines functional, structural, and diffusion-weighted MRI with EEG to examine brain activity in 62 participants before and after a 19 mg dose of psilocybin. The design includes resting-state scans and three naturalistic conditions: guided meditation, music listening, and movie watching. Half of the cohort underwent an 8-week meditation training program, enabling the exploration of interactions among meditation, psilocybin, and brain function. The fMRI data was obtained through multi-echo fMRI, which enhances the signal-to-noise ratio and reduces susceptibility artifacts, thereby improving the reliability of the analyses. A comprehensive battery of behavioural and self-report measures captured both acute and longitudinal cognitive and subjective effects, with follow-ups extending to one year post-administration. The large sample size, multimodal neuroimaging, diversity of contexts, and longitudinal behavioural follow-ups enable the study of psilocybin-induced changes in brain and behaviour with an unprecedented level of detail and reliability. Furthermore, the data is curated according to open science principles to ensure accessibility and interoperability with established neuroimaging processing pipelines. These factors make PsiConnect a valuable and highly reusable resource for researchers in cognitive and computational neuroscience.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-04-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.04.11.643415", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.11.643415", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1003820\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Observational Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3646, "title": "Acute Dose-dependent Effects of DMT-bolus Applications in Healthy Subjects: A Placebo-controlled Cross-over Study (DMT BDR-Study).", "normalized_title": "acute dose dependent effects of dmt bolus applications in healthy subjects a placebo controlled cross over study dmt bdr study", "authors": "University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland", "abstract": "N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a psychoactive substance with similar effects such as LSD or psilocybin. However, DMT is less well characterized than the latter substances. The present study is a modern randomized cross-over trial, investigating different intravenous DMT boluses over a broad dose range. Thus, different doses will be tested and related to subjective and autonomic effects. N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a naturally-occurring psychedelic substance widely used in recreational and spiritual settings (Ayahuasca). DMT is considered a tool to induce an altered state of consciousness of interest in psychological and psychiatric research. DMT is rapidly metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO) A. Therefore, it is inactive when administered orally and has a very short duration of action when administered parenterally (\\", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-04-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05695495", "keywords": "Healthy, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (5mg), N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (10mg), N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (15mg), N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (20mg), N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (25mg), Placebo (saline), COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05695495\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3091, "title": "Psilocybin as a Tool in the Management of Palliative Care: An Historical, Pharmacological, and Clinical Approach", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a tool in the management of palliative care an historical pharmacological and clinical approach", "authors": "Turizo Smith AD, Botero Jsramillo N, Berrio Cuartas DM.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound in certain mushrooms, has been used for centuries in spiritual ceremonies and neuropsychiatric therapy. Despite its stigmatization as a Schedule I substance in 1970, research into psilocybin has resurged since the early 2000s, particularly in psychiatry and palliative care. This review examines psilocybin's potential to improve the quality of life in palliative care by reducing psychological distress and enhancing emotional well-being. The discussion includes its historical context, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, legal status, and future perspectives in palliative care.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2025-04-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202504.0888.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202504.0888.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1003557\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 742, "title": "Functional and structural characterization of the human indolethylamine N-methyltransferase through fluorometric, thermal and computational docking analyses.", "normalized_title": "functional and structural characterization of the human indolethylamine n methyltransferase through fluorometric thermal and computational docking analyses", "authors": "Ardini M, Angelucci F, Rea F, Paluzzi L, Gabriele F, Palerma M, Di Leandro L, Ippoliti R, Pitari G.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe \"psychedelic renaissance\" is sparking growing interest in clinical research, along with a rise in clinical trials. Substances such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) are involved. The focus of this paper is on indolethylamine N-methyltransferase (INMT), a crucial enzyme in the biosynthesis of key compounds, including DMT, which meets science, medicine and spirituality. The presence of DMT in animals and plants raises many questions about its biological role. Meanwhile, the distribution of INMT in various organs and its involvement in diseases like cancer and mental disorders also fuel investigations worldwide. However, INMT remains largely unexplored, particularly its enzymatic mechanism and structural properties, leaving a significant gap in potential applications.ResultsThis study examines for the first time the catalytic activity of the human INMT (hINMT) using a simple fluorometric steady-state assay employing the substrate quinoline. The findings are supported by thermal shift and docking analyses, providing valuable information about optimal chemical conditions and potential binding sites for substrates. The thermal shift assays indicate that recombinant hINMT is unstable and requires acidic or near-neutral pH and low salt levels. These experiments also allow for the estimation of dissociation constants for its natural coenzymes SAM and SAH, helping to determine the appropriate setup for the fluorometric assays and calculate kinetic constants, which are comparable to other methyltransferases. The docking indicates that quinoline occupies the same site as the natural substrate tryptamine, further validating the fluorometric approach.ConclusionsThe paper provides a foundation for thoroughly studying hINMT under consistent conditions, which is crucial for obtaining reliable kinetic data and maintaining molecular stability for future structural analysis. This represents a valid alternative over previous endpoint radioactive-based and chromatography-mass spectrometry assays, which can provide only apparent steady-state parameters. Given the polymorphisms observed in hINMT and their potential association with psychiatric disorders, e.g., schizophrenia, and cancer, this strategy could serve as an invaluable tool for understanding the structure-function relationship of enzyme mutants and their role in diseases. Furthermore, these findings for the first time provide insights into the interaction modalities of hINMT with its substrates and lay the groundwork for inhibition experiments aimed at practical applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s13062-025-00632-z", "pubmed_id": "40211327", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13062-025-00632-z", "keywords": "Humans, Methyltransferases, Fluorometry, Molecular Docking Simulation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40211327\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 700, "title": "Targeting Phantom Pain with Psilocybin: Toward Integration with Adaptive Sensory Technologies.", "normalized_title": "targeting phantom pain with psilocybin toward integration with adaptive sensory technologies", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Psilocybin demonstrates a clinically meaningful reduction in phantom and residual limb pain. Adaptive sensory environments (ASEs) separately offer biosensor-guided modulation of psychological states during psychoactive therapy. This Patent Highlight explores the pharmacological findings of a psilocybin trial and discusses future integration with ASE systems to precision and scale psychedelic-assisted interventions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00182", "pubmed_id": "40365378", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00182", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40365378\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 678, "title": "Exploring psilocybin's role in mental health and palliative medicine: a path to improved well-being.", "normalized_title": "exploring psilocybin s role in mental health and palliative medicine a path to improved well being", "authors": "Umbacia MA, Leon MX, Quintero JM, Castro LM, Paez V, Dodd S, Bustos RH.", "abstract": "IntroductionAlthough long known for their psychoactive effects, psychedelic drugs have only recently been investigated for medicinal use. Psilocybin has attracted the greatest interest with studies suggesting that it may be a useful agent in psychiatry and in palliative care.Areas coveredClinical trials that included psilocybin were searched in PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov, demonstrating that adult psychiatry and palliative care are the medical fields that show the greatest interest in psilocybin treatment.Expert opinionPsilocybin is a powerful drug that needs to be used with caution but may benefit some patients, including when other options have failed. It is best evidenced in treatment resistant depression and in palliative care, where patients are usually treated in specialist care centers. It has a novel mechanism of action, targeting the 5HT2A receptor, and can show rapid onset of action. There are many questions regarding its use that remain to be clarified, including its efficacy for other indications and its role as adjunctive treatment in psychotherapy. The psychoactive, or psychedelic effects are well documented, but their clinical importance is disputed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/14728214.2025.2488786", "pubmed_id": "40178229", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14728214.2025.2488786", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40178229\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3446, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted Interpersonal Therapy for Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted interpersonal therapy for depression", "authors": "University of Otago", "abstract": "This is a single-arm, open-label interventional study of psilocybin-assisted interpersonal therapy for treatment resistant depression. 20 participants will be recruited to take part in this 8-week intervention that involves 8 sessions of psychotherapy and 2 doses of psilocybin. Study Design Interventional, Single arm, open label 1\\. Hypotheses: 1. It is feasible to deliver Psilocybin treatment integrated into interpersonal therapy for people with treatment resistant major depression (TRD). 2. It is feasible to recruit patients with TRD for this treatment in New Zealand. 2\\. Participants The study will recruit 20 participants who have a current diagnosis of Treatment resistant Major Depressive Disorder. The participants will need to agree to cease psychotropic medications including antidepressants as part of the preparation for psilocybin dosing. 3\\. Recruitment Participants will be recruited by referral from mental health services, primary care and community advertisements. 4\\. Screening Screening involves a two-step process: 1. Participants will register their interest via a secure online Redcap website that will ask questions regarding initial eligibility. Those who pass the initial online screening and consent to further assessment of eligibility will be screened via telephone and review of online health records to determine whether they meet major inclusion/exclusion criteria, and thus whether they are eligible for an in-person screening session. 2. In-person screening will include a history and physical examination, ECG, a 30 cc blood draw for study measures and medical screening, a personal and family medical history questionnaire, psychiatric /psychological assessments and urine drug and pregnancy tests. These will be performed by clinical staff in the Clinical Research Unit (CRU, University of Otago, Christchurch Whatu Ora Waitaha). 5\\. Clinical assessment Psychiatric screening will be conducted by structured assessments Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID), (mood and substance use sections) by the study team. After this screening potential participants will be clinically assessed by a consultant psychiatrist on the team, who will oversee participants care throughout the study and will liaise with the participants current health provider regarding the study, antidepressant discontinuation, clinical progress and any support required at the conclusion of the study. Psychoactive drug-use history, history of antidepressant treatments, and information about employment status and current functioning (including mood and psychological and psychosomatic symptoms) will be obtained. Participants will be required to refrain from illicit drug use during the course of the study, and a urine test will be conducted before each psilocybin dosing session (e.g., testing for various opioids, stimulants and sedatives). Pregnant or nursing women are ineligible; female participants will receive a urine pregnancy test at intake and before each drug session and must agree to use effective methods of contraception during the study. 6\\. Informed consent process Written informed consent will be obtained at the Clinical Research Unit at the start of the in-person screening. 7\\. Intervention The study intervention is described in detail in the Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)+ Psilocybin Manual and is modified from Yale Manual for Psilocybin-assisted Therapy of Depression and Protocol for 'Effects of Psilocybin therapy for major depressive disorder: randomized clinical trial'. The intervention involves 8 sessions of psychotherapy and two doses of psilocybin over 10 weeks and one follow-up session at 18 weeks in the Clinical Research Unit, Dept of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch. During the study period (week 0-9) the participants will be under the care of the consultant psychiatrists and clinical team at the Clinical Research Unit, this includes the planned weekly contact as well as provision of urgent care during hours (via a duty clinician and psychiatrist), and the Crisis Resolution Team (CDHB) after hours. Following screening and baseline measurements antidepressants will be gradually discontinued and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) will be commenced in preparation for psilocybin dosing. Antidepressant discontinuation will follow clinical guidelines and will be supervised by consultant psychiatrist on the team, who will oversee participants care throughout the study. The discontinuation schedule is initial dropping of dose by half followed by tapering over 2-6 weeks. The 3 IPT preparation sessions are designed around the beginning phase of IPT (timeline of stressors and mood episodes, interpersonal inventory and identification of psychotherapy focus). The next sessions will involve psilocybin dosing and debriefing (2 psilocybin dosing sessions and 1 debriefing). This will be followed by 5 integration sessions of IPT. The IPT integration sessions will formulate the psilocybin experience within an IPT framework. IPT utilises emotional processing to facilitate change and it is anticipated this will be intensified in the psilocybin sessions. Consultant psychiatrists will review each participant after completing psychotherapy to assess participants' ongoing treatment needs, including recommencing antidepressant medication if needed and referral to specialist mental health service if required.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-04-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05581797", "keywords": "Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05581797\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 745, "title": "The Emergence of Psilocybin in Psychiatry and Neuroscience.", "normalized_title": "the emergence of psilocybin in psychiatry and neuroscience", "authors": "Omidian H, Omidian A.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound, has garnered renewed scientific interest for its potential in treating psychiatric and neurological disorders. This review systematically examines the latest research on psilocybin's pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and safety profile. Emerging evidence supports its efficacy in conditions such as major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), anxiety, alcohol use disorders (AUD), and cancer-related distress. Despite promising outcomes, significant barriers remain, including methodological constraints, regulatory hurdles, and limited population diversity in clinical trials. Advances in biosynthetic production and optimized psychotherapeutic integration are necessary to ensure scalability and accessibility. Future research should focus on long-term safety, dosing precision, and neurobiological mechanisms to refine its therapeutic applications. This review provides a critical foundation for advancing evidence-based clinical integration of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ph18040555", "pubmed_id": "40283990", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040555", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40283990\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 744, "title": "A multi-institutional investigation of psilocybin’s effects on mouse behavior", "normalized_title": "a multi institutional investigation of psilocybin s effects on mouse behavior", "authors": "Lu OD, White K, Raymond K, Liu C, Klein AS, Green N, Vaillancourt S, Gallagher A, Shindy L, Li A, Wallquist K, Li R, Zou M, Casey AB, Cameron LP, Pomrenze MB, Sohal V, Kheirbek MA, Gomez AM, Lammel S, Heifets BD, Malenka R.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Studies reporting novel therapeutic effects of psychedelic drugs are rapidly emerging. However, the reproducibility and reliability of these findings could remain uncertain for years. Here, we implemented a multi-institutional collaborative approach to define the robust and replicable effects of the psychedelic drug psilocybin on mouse behavior. Five laboratories performed the same experiments to test the acute and persistent effects of psilocybin (2 mg/kg, IP) on various behaviors that psychedelics have been proposed to affect, including anxiety-related approach-avoidance, exploration, sociability, depression-related behaviors, fear extinction, and social reward learning. Through this coordinated approach, we found that psilocybin had several robust and replicable acute effects on mouse behavior, including increased anxiety- and avoidance-related behaviors and decreased fear expression. Surprisingly, however, we found that psilocybin did not have replicable effects 24 hours post psilocybin administration on reducing anxiety- and depression-like behaviors or facilitating fear extinction learning. Additionally, we were unable to observe psilocybin-induced alterations in social preference or social reward learning. Overall, our comprehensive characterization of psilocybin’s acute and persistent behavioral effects using ∼200 total male and female mice per experiment spread across five independent labs demonstrates with unique certainty several acute drug effects and suggests that psilocybin’s persistent effects in mice may be more modest and inconsistent than previously suggested. We believe this unusual multi-laboratory, highly coordinated research effort serves as a model for facilitating the generation of replicable results and consequently will reduce efforts based on unreliable and spurious results.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-04-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.04.08.647810", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.08.647810", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1001669\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 634, "title": "Psilocybin therapy for mood dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: an open-label pilot trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy for mood dysfunction in parkinson s disease an open label pilot trial", "authors": "Bradley ER, Sakai K, Fernandes-Osterhold G, Szigeti B, Ludwig C, Ostrem JL, Tanner CM, Bock MA, Llerena K, Finley PR, O'Donovan A, Zuzuarregui JRP, Busby Z, McKernan A, Penn AD, Wang ACC, Rosen RC, Woolley JD.", "abstract": "Mood dysfunction is highly prevalent in Parkinson's disease (PD), a main predictor of functional decline, and difficult to treat-novel interventions are critically needed. Psilocybin shows early promise for treating depression and anxiety, but its potential in PD is unknown, as safety concerns have excluded people with neurodegenerative disease from previous trials. In this open-label pilot (NCT04932434), we examined the feasibility of psilocybin therapy among people with mild to moderate stage PD plus depression and/or anxiety. 12 participants (mean age 63.2 ± 8.2 years, 5 women) received psilocybin (one 10 mg followed by one 25 mg dose) with psychotherapy. There were no serious adverse events, no medical interventions required to manage effects of psilocybin, and no exacerbation of psychosis. Ten participants experienced treatment-emergent adverse events; the most frequent were anxiety, nausea, and increased blood pressure. We observed no worsening of PD symptomology measured by the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS). On the contrary, non-motor (MDS-UPDRS Part I: -13.8 ± 1.3, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-08", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-025-02097-0", "pubmed_id": "40205013", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-025-02097-0", "keywords": "Humans, Parkinson Disease, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Pilot Projects, Depression, Anxiety, Mood Disorders, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40205013\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 746, "title": "The compulsive eating paradigm: can psychedelics help in treating obesity?", "normalized_title": "the compulsive eating paradigm can psychedelics help in treating obesity", "authors": "Ammineni D, Park R.", "abstract": "Obesity is a multifactorial disorder involving a behavioural aetiology in subsets of patients that traditional therapeutic approaches have failed to address. Drawing parallels with addiction, the rewarding aspects of a chronic energy-dense diet can compromise dopaminergic reward circuits, eventually causing individuals to become habitually responsive to food-related stimuli despite adverse health consequences. The maladaptive prediction of reward and motivational salience that becomes associated with food-related stimuli can exert top-down influence on perception and attention, promoting compulsive eating behaviour. Emerging research suggests that psychedelics, e.g., psilocybin and LSD, induce non-ordinary mental states where the influence of such behaviours could potentially be reduced and modified. Based on current evidence, mechanisms have been proposed which suggest that psychedelics might relax the top-down influence of high-level predictions encoded within neuronal hierarchies and sensitise them to bottom-up information flow. Additionally, psychedelics are thought to open a window of psychological flexibility, allowing people to potentially become open to new cognitive and behavioural strategies that can be offered via assisted psychotherapy. Therefore, psychedelics-assisted psychotherapy may encourage beneficial changes to eating behaviour, in those with maladaptive eating habits. While promising in theory, new research is needed to assess the potential efficacy of psychedelics-assisted psychotherapy in treating compulsive eating behaviour.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-024-01186-7", "pubmed_id": "40197427", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01186-7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40197427\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Psychological Flexibility", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 591, "title": "Letter to the editor: Comments on 'Striking long-term beneficial effects of single-dose psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract in the SAPAP3 rodent model of OCD-like excessive self-grooming' by Brownstien et al. (2024).", "normalized_title": "letter to the editor comments on striking long term beneficial effects of single dose psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract in the sapap3 rodent model of ocd like excessive self grooming by brownstien et al 2024", "authors": "Gattuso JJ, Wilson C, Hannan AJ, Renoir T.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-025-03005-0", "pubmed_id": "40189698", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03005-0", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40189698\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 886, "title": "Potential therapeutic effects of psychedelics in small doses: Is there a role for microdosing in psychiatry?", "normalized_title": "potential therapeutic effects of psychedelics in small doses is there a role for microdosing in psychiatry", "authors": "Totomanova I, Haijen ECHM, Hurks PPM, Ramaekers JG, Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "Clinical trials using full doses of psychedelics have provided preliminary evidence supporting their safety and efficacy in treating a variety of physical and psychological conditions. Anecdotal reports indicate that even very small amounts of these substances may provide therapeutic benefits, though robust clinical studies are still needed. This chapter reviews the current experimental studies in humans using psychedelics in small doses to better understand their therapeutic potential. Research in both neurotypical individuals (n = 18 studies) and patients (n = 3) suggests that small doses of LSD and psilocybin produce subtle, acute, effects on neural connectivity, brain electrophysiology, blood pressure, sleep duration, pain perception, temporal processing, and mood; and show reductions in symptoms of depression and obsessive-compulsive behavior in patient samples. The chapter also discusses the influence of extra-pharmacological factors, such as the baseline subjective state, expectations, and individual differences in drug metabolism, on treatment outcomes. Overall, controlled microdosing studies suggest the potential therapeutic applications of small psychedelic doses, warranting further exploration through large-scale trials in clinical populations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.03.002", "pubmed_id": "40541311", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.03.002", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40541311\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,OCD,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 710, "title": "Neuroplasticity and psychedelics: A comprehensive examination of classic and non-classic compounds in pre and clinical models.", "normalized_title": "neuroplasticity and psychedelics a comprehensive examination of classic and non classic compounds in pre and clinical models", "authors": "Agnorelli C, Spriggs M, Godfrey K, Sawicka G, Bohl B, Douglass H, Fagiolini A, Parastoo H, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt D, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "Neuroplasticity, the ability of the nervous system to adapt throughout an organism's lifespan, offers potential as both a biomarker and treatment target for neuropsychiatric conditions. Psychedelics, a burgeoning category of drugs, are increasingly prominent in psychiatric research, prompting inquiries into their mechanisms of action. Distinguishing themselves from traditional medications, psychedelics demonstrate rapid and enduring therapeutic effects after a single or few administrations, believed to stem from their neuroplasticity-enhancing properties. This review examines how classic psychedelics (e.g., LSD, psilocybin, N,N-DMT) and non-classic psychedelics (e.g., ketamine, MDMA) influence neuroplasticity. Drawing from preclinical and clinical studies, we explore the molecular, structural, and functional changes triggered by these agents. Animal studies suggest psychedelics induce heightened sensitivity of the nervous system to environmental stimuli (meta-plasticity), re-opening developmental windows for long-term structural changes (hyper-plasticity), with implications for mood and behavior. Translating these findings to humans faces challenges due to limitations in current imaging techniques. Nonetheless, promising new directions for human research are emerging, including the employment of novel positron-emission tomography (PET) radioligands, non-invasive brain stimulation methods, and multimodal approaches. By elucidating the interplay between psychedelics and neuroplasticity, this review informs the development of targeted interventions for neuropsychiatric disorders and advances understanding of psychedelics' therapeutic potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106132", "pubmed_id": "40185376", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106132", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40185376\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Longevity,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 679, "title": "Psilocybin's lasting action requires pyramidal cell types and 5-HT2A receptors.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s lasting action requires pyramidal cell types and 5 ht2a receptors", "authors": "Shao LX, Liao C, Davoudian PA, Savalia NK, Jiang Q, Wojtasiewicz C, Tan D, Nothnagel JD, Liu RJ, Woodburn SC, Bilash OM, Kim H, Che A, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic with therapeutic potential for treating mental illnesses1-4. At the cellular level, psychedelics induce structural neural plasticity5,6, exemplified by the drug-evoked growth and remodelling of dendritic spines in cortical pyramidal cells7-9. A key question is how these cellular modifications map onto cell-type-specific circuits to produce the psychedelics' behavioural actions10. Here we use in vivo optical imaging, chemogenetic perturbation and cell-type-specific electrophysiology to investigate the impact of psilocybin on the two main types of pyramidal cells in the mouse medial frontal cortex. We find that a single dose of psilocybin increases the density of dendritic spines in both the subcortical-projecting, pyramidal tract (PT) and intratelencephalic (IT) cell types. Behaviourally, silencing the PT neurons eliminates psilocybin's ability to ameliorate stress-related phenotypes, whereas silencing IT neurons has no detectable effect. In PT neurons only, psilocybin boosts synaptic calcium transients and elevates firing rates acutely after administration. Targeted knockout of 5-HT2A receptors abolishes psilocybin's effects on stress-related behaviour and structural plasticity. Collectively, these results identify that a pyramidal cell type and the 5-HT2A receptor in the medial frontal cortex have essential roles in psilocybin's long-term drug action.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-04-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41586-025-08813-6", "pubmed_id": "40175553", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08813-6", "keywords": "Pyramidal Cells, Frontal Lobe, Dendritic Spines, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Calcium, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Action Potentials, Neuronal Plasticity, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40175553\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3084, "title": "Psilocybin mushrooms (“Magic Mushrooms”)", "normalized_title": "psilocybin mushrooms magic mushrooms", "authors": "", "abstract": "This sheet is about exposure to psilocybin mushrooms (“Magic Mushrooms”) in pregnancy and while breastfeeding. This information is based on published research studies. It should not take the place of medical care and advice from your healthcare provider.", "journal": "Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS), Brentwood (TN)", "publication_date": "2025-03-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "35952083", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/35952083", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35952083\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS), Brentwood (TN)\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2999, "title": "A Rapid Review of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Context of Palliative Care.", "normalized_title": "a rapid review of psychedelic assisted therapy in the context of palliative care", "authors": "Miller M, Meyers M, Martin A, Napolitano S, Dorsen C, Penn A, Rosa WE", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) involves supported experiences with psychedelic medicines in carefully curated environments. Early evidence suggests possible utility of PAT for addressing psychosocial-spiritual-existential concerns, yet gaps remain in understanding findings related to PAT's role in palliative care. This rapid review aims to synthesize current literature on applications of PAT in the context of palliative care. Through a systematic process, we identified 34 articles published between January 2021 and July 2024. Protocols varied yet included common components of participant screening, preparation, dosing, and integration. Psilocybin was the most commonly studied compound. Results support safety and initial efficacy of PAT for psycho-spiritual-existential outcomes among carefully screened and highly homogonous samples of patients with serious illness (predominantly cancer). Current efforts and challenges around integrating PAT into systems of palliative care were highlighted. Additional work is needed to (1) explore PAT's safety and efficacy within more diverse samples and contexts, (2) train palliative care providers on PAT, (3) determine systems of care delivery best suited for translation of PAT into practice, and (4) begin developing policy solutions to support safe and equitable access to PAT. Because many patients lack access to basic psychosocial-spiritual-existential care, careful consideration is needed around integration of PAT.", "journal": "Journal of hospice and palliative nursing: JHPN: the official journal of the Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association", "publication_date": "2025-03-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/njh.0000000000001113", "pubmed_id": "40042324", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40042324/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40042324\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Spirituality,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 758, "title": "Psilocin, A Psychedelic Drug, Exerts Anticonvulsant Effects Against PTZ- and MES-Induced Seizures in Mice via 5-HT1A and CB1 Receptors: Involvement of Nitrergic, Opioidergic, and Kynurenine Pathways.", "normalized_title": "psilocin a psychedelic drug exerts anticonvulsant effects against ptz and mes induced seizures in mice via 5 ht1a and cb1 receptors involvement of nitrergic opioidergic and kynurenine pathways", "authors": "Balabandian M, Manavi MA, Lesani A, Mohammad Jafari R, Shafaroodi H, Heidari N, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Foroumadi A, Afrooghe A, Dehpour AR.", "abstract": "Epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder affecting around 65 million people globally, is characterized by recurrent, unprovoked epileptic seizures. Psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, a well-known psychedelic compound, has recently gained attention for its potential antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. This study aims to investigate the anticonvulsant effects of psilocin. The study utilizes behavioral seizure models and electrophysiological recordings in mice to assess the anticonvulsant efficacy of psilocin. The pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test for clonic seizures and the maximal electroshock (MES) test for generalized tonic-clonic seizures are employed. Cortical electrical activity is monitored to provide insights into the compound's effects on neuronal activity. The involvement of kynurenine pathway, opioidergic and nitrergic systems, as well as cannabinoid receptors using agonist/antagonist paradigms. Western blotting was employed to evaluate the expression levels of key receptors and enzymes implicated in psilocin's anticonvulsant effects. The findings indicate a possible modulation of seizure activity by psilocin, with modest doses (3 mg/kg, i.p.) demonstrating potential anticonvulsant effects. Remarkably, the administration of 1-MT, L-NAME, naltrexone, sildenafil, and AM-251 led to a diminishment of the anticonvulsant effects of psilocin, underscoring the involvement of the kynurenine pathway, nitrergic and opioidergic systems, cGMP, and the CB1 receptor in mediating the anticonvulsant effects of psilocin, respectively. Based on western blotting analysis, the upregulation of 5-HT1A but not 5-HT2A and the downregulation of IDO and CB1 expression following psilocin administration were observed. Acute administration of psilocin exerts anticonvulsant effects that might be mediated at least in part through the kynurenine pathway, opioidergic, serotonergic, and nitrergic systems.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/prp2.70079", "pubmed_id": "39996441", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/prp2.70079", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Seizures, Disease Models, Animal, Nitric Oxide, Pentylenetetrazole, Kynurenine, Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A, Anticonvulsants, Hallucinogens, Electroshock, Signal Transduction, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39996441\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 754, "title": "Psilocybin Dispensaries and Online Health Claims in Canada.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin dispensaries and online health claims in canada", "authors": "Matsukubo J, Dickson S, Xiao J, Friesen EL, Solmi M, Fiedorowicz JG, Fischer B, Myran DT.", "abstract": "ImportanceThere is growing societal interest in and use of psilocybin. While psilocybin in Canada is illegal outside of clinical trials, there have been anecdotal reports of increasing access via unregulated online purchases and retail dispensaries.ObjectiveTo describe access to and the characteristics of psilocybin dispensaries across Canada and the health claims and warnings made on dispensary websites.Design, setting, and participantsThis cross-sectional study used systematic web searches and media reports to identify psilocybin dispensaries operating in Canada in May 2024. Data analysis was performed from June 17 to August 29, 2024.Main outcomes and measuresDescriptive and geospatial analyses were used to identify the psilocybin dispensary characteristics, product types, and store distribution. Content analysis assessed the nature and frequency of health claims and warnings on websites.ResultsAs of May 2024, 57 psilocybin dispensaries were identified in Canada (0.18 dispensaries per 100 000 individuals aged ≥15 years) in 15 of Canada's 42 major urban cities (35.7%). Approximately 815 628 (2.6%) of Canadians lived within 1 km of a dispensary. Only 4 of 13 provinces and territories had a dispensary, with most in Ontario and British Columbia. Of the 57 stores, 35 (61.4%) were part of a chain (≥2 stores owned by a single company) and 52 (91.2%) had an online presence. Stores sold a wide variety of products, including dried mushrooms (100.0%), microdosing capsules (97.8%), psilocybin-infused chocolate (91.3%) and gummies (93.4%), and most stores (65.2%) sold products mimicking popular food brands. Among stores with websites, 86.4% claimed mental health benefits of psilocybin (eg, alleviating anxiety). While 86.4% of websites provided health warnings, relevant warnings, such as those about use while driving (9.1%), during pregnancy (13.6%), or in individuals with a history of psychosis, schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder (31.8%) were rare.Conclusions and relevanceIn this study, psilocybin retailers, who were present in over a third of major Canadian cities, made a variety of unverified health claims and lacked warnings of potential harms, suggesting the need for greater regulatory measures to protect the public.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.2853", "pubmed_id": "40168023", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.2853", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Commerce, Internet, Adult, Canada, Female, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40168023\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Microdosing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 753, "title": "Psilocybin Dispensaries and Advertising-Buyer Beware.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin dispensaries and advertising buyer beware", "authors": "Hutson PR.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.2858", "pubmed_id": "40168028", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.2858", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40168028\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 752, "title": "De Novo Biosynthesis of Antidepressant Psilocybin in Escherichia coli.", "normalized_title": "de novo biosynthesis of antidepressant psilocybin in escherichia coli", "authors": "Huang Z, Yao Y, Di R, Zhang J, Pan Y, Liu G.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a tryptamine-derived alkaloid, has been granted Breakthrough Therapy designation by the U.S. FDA for treatment-resistant depression, underscoring its clinical importance. Therefore, sustainable and economic production is urgently needed. Manufacturing of psilocybin in Escherichia coli has drawn great attention. However, due to the low expression and activity of the eukaryotic cytochrome P450 enzyme PsiH in the psilocybin biosynthetic pathway, de novo synthesis of psilocybin in prokaryotic cells has been hampered. To overcome this dilemma, we herein demonstrated de novo synthesis of psilocybin in E. coli by constructing PsiH variants with N-terminal domain modifications and expressing the entire biosynthetic pathway at a concordantly low temperature. Improving the supply of precursor and engineering the P450 electron transfer chain resulted in a 33-fold increase in the titre of norbaeocystin (105.3 mg/L), a key intermediate of psilocybin biosynthesis, and a 17-fold increase in the titre of psilocybin (14 mg/L). Further enhancement of psilocybin production was achieved by converting norbaeocystin to psilocybin by overexpressing an extra copy of the methyltransferase gene psiM. Finally, 79.4 mg/L of psilocybin was produced by optimising flask fermentation conditions, a 100-fold improvement over the starting strain. Our work demonstrates the successful fungal P450 engineering to improve the catalytic activity in E. coli and will advance the sustainable production of the important antidepressant psilocybin in prokaryotic microbial cells.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/1751-7915.70135", "pubmed_id": "40177917", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.70135", "keywords": "Escherichia coli, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Antidepressive Agents, Biosynthetic Pathways, Metabolic Engineering, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40177917\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 732, "title": "[Treatment with psychedelics: potential benefits in Parkinson's disease].", "normalized_title": "treatment with psychedelics potential benefits in parkinson s disease", "authors": "Penzenstadler L, Baudois S, Lingenberg A, Catalano Chiuvé S, Tomkova E, Fleury V.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide, modulate neuroplasticity and brain connectivity via 5-HT2A receptors. Their efficacy has been demonstrated in depression and anxiety, where they are particularly interesting because of their rapid and long-lasting effect. They could also be beneficial for addictions, post-traumatic stress, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This article explores their therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease (PD), both symptomatically in PD depression, anxiety, and impulse control disorders, and in terms of neuroprotection. Psychedelics actually stimulate synaptogenesis, increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and exert anti-inflammatory effects. Although promising, these treatments require clinical trials to confirm their safety and efficacy in PD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.53738/revmed.2025.21.915.47180", "pubmed_id": "40275842", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2025.21.915.47180", "keywords": "Humans, Parkinson Disease, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Neuroprotective Agents, Depression, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40275842\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3720, "title": "The Afterglow Inventory (AGI): Validation of a new instrument for measuring subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "the afterglow inventory agi validation of a new instrument for measuring subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Majić T, Schmidt TT, Gröticke A, Gasser P, Richards WA, Riemer TG, Evens R.", "abstract": "BackgroundClassic psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide are anecdotally associated with the phenomenon of \"psychedelic afterglow,\" a set of predominantly pleasant, temporary psychological effects reported after the acute effects have subsided. Since post-acute effects are crucial for the therapeutic use of psychedelics, an instrument to systematically assess subacute \"afterglow\" effects is needed.AimsTo create and validate a questionnaire to quantify the subacute \"afterglow\" effects of psychedelics.MethodsAn international online survey was conducted in English and German. Participants who had consumed a psychedelic (N = 1323) or another non-psychedelic substance (control group, N = 157) within the past 4 weeks were included. An initial list of 97 items was progressively reduced to 24 items.ResultsA 5-factor structure best fit the data and showed high internal consistency. The factors included (1) vitality, (2) transpersonal aspects, (3) inspiration/creativity, (4) interpersonal relationships, and (5) relationship to nature. The final 24-item version of the Afterglow Inventory (AGI) effectively differentiated between the psychedelic group and the control group. The overall AGI score positively correlated with the intensity (r = 0.165; p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251326937", "pubmed_id": "40165350", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251326937", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Reproducibility of Results, Psychometrics, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40165350\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Creativity,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3092, "title": "Effects of a single dose of psilocybin on diet-induced weight loss in obese mice", "normalized_title": "effects of a single dose of psilocybin on diet induced weight loss in obese mice", "authors": "Keenan R, Haque R, Jin X, Mustafa T, Homman-Ludiye J, Elysee K, Wee ZS, Simonds S, Foldi C, Cowley M.", "abstract": "Abstract Prolonged obesity induces enduring structural changes within neural circuits that contribute to maintaining the body at an elevated/obese body weight. These circuits regulate various mechanisms which can inhibit extreme or persistent weight loss. Therefore, a potential therapeutic strategy to facilitate weight loss is to promote structural plasticity within the brain. Psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, promote neural plasticity caused by a rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines, which can facilitate the remodelling of neural circuits. Preclinical and clinical studies using psychedelic compounds have demonstrated efficacy for various neuropsychiatric disorders, which are often comorbid with obesity, and share underlying neural mechanisms. Here, we evaluate the effects of a single dose of psilocybin on body weight, food intake and energy expenditure in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice switched onto a low-fat chow. Psilocybin exacerbated diet-induced weight loss over a four-week period in DIO mice and increased the susceptibility for mice to exhibit more profound weight loss. Psilocybin appears to exert these effects predominantly through modulating food intake, with no influence on energy expenditure. No differences were observed in body weight or food intake in DIO mice maintained on a high-fat diet, indicating psilocybin does not necessarily directly promote weight loss or reduce food intake. Rather, it may help facilitate weight loss, provided it is administered in combination with other weight loss promoting interventions. Additional experimentation is required to examine the precise mechanisms involved; however, this data supports further investigation into the use of psychedelic compounds as an adjunct therapy for obesity.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2025-03-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-6225000/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6225000/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR996923\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 766, "title": "Utilizing Psychedelics to Enhance Well-Being: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "utilizing psychedelics to enhance well being a systematic review", "authors": "Thomson S, Thomacos N.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy is gaining recognition for its potential to enhance human functioning. While most research has focused on psychedelic' therapeutic use for mental illness, this review applies the PERMA Theory of Well-Being to systematically examine their role in enhancing well-being in healthy individuals. The final search of five academic databases was conducted on February 4, 2024, including studies published from 1994. After applying the inclusion criteria (controlled or naturalistic experimental design with an outcome measurement at least 7 days post-consumption), 19 studies were included. Encompassing 949 participants, two studies involved 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), seven ayahuasca, two lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and eight psilocybin. Results consistently indicate psychedelic consumption is related to enduring enhancements in PERMA's five elements of well-being, including positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. While discussion of adverse effects was frequently absent, no serious adverse effects were reported in six studies. Future research should address the limitations of the included studies by conducting larger-scale, longitudinal randomized controlled trials that incorporate a comprehensive assessment of well-being. Nevertheless, the findings of this systematic review call for a paradigm shift, moving beyond a disease-focused lens to recognizing psychedelics' capacity to enhance well-being in healthy individuals, ultimately fostering human flourishing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2484380", "pubmed_id": "40163076", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2484380", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40163076\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 748, "title": "Sporadic use of classic psychedelics and neuropsychological performance: A cross-sectional analysis.", "normalized_title": "sporadic use of classic psychedelics and neuropsychological performance a cross sectional analysis", "authors": "Reiche S, Hirschfeld T, Gröticke AL, Traub M, Hafiz NJ, Haas R, Sedlaczek L, Ortlieb L, Leistenschneider G, Basedow LA, Lohse A, Bermpohl F, Riemer TG, Majić T.", "abstract": "BackgroundEvidence on the neuropsychological consequences of classic psychedelics like psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca is conflicting, and little is known about how sporadic use of psychedelics under naturalistic conditions may affect cognitive functioning. Given the growing interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics and the rise in non-medical use, further exploration into their neuropsychological effects is needed.MethodsThis cross-sectional, exploratory study employed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery to assess cognitive domains such as executive function, memory, attention, and visuospatial abilities among individuals with mild to moderate lifetime use of psychedelics. Analyses compared all users to non-users, moderate users to matched controls, and adjusted dose-response analyses were conducted within the users group.ResultsFrom 2611 screened individuals, N = 136 participants (84 psychedelic users and 52 controls) were included. Participants were aged 18-50 years. Neuropsychological performance was broadly equivalent between users and controls. However, matched-pair analyses showed that psychedelic users had a modest advantage in executive functions, especially superior performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111353", "pubmed_id": "40174857", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111353", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cognition, Attention, Neuropsychological Tests, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Executive Function", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40174857\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3635, "title": "Psilocybin for Enhanced Analgesia in Chronic nEuropathic PAIN", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for enhanced analgesia in chronic neuropathic pain", "authors": "Unity Health Toronto", "abstract": "This is a feasibility study to examine the use of use of Psilocybin (magic mushrooms) to alleviate pain in chronic neuropathic pain. While theoretical mechanisms demonstrate promise, there is no clinical evidence. This vacuum of clinical evidence has been occupied by a \"psychedelic hype bubble\" with media communications touting psychedelics as a 'miracle cures'. The mismatch between evidence and perception creates an urgent need for RCT to fill this significant gap. This trial aims to address this gap by conducting a pilot trial assessing the feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin for chronic neuropathic pain to inform a future larger, multi-centre study. The purpose is to conduct a randomized control double-blinded trial of psilocybin and active placebo (dextromethorphan). At this time, the aim of the trial is to recruit 30 participants from St. Michael's Hospital, to learn whether it will be feasible to plan a larger study in the future. Brief title PEACE-PAIN Trial Indication Adult patients suffering from chronic neuropathic pain Condition(s) of focus of study Moderate-to-severe chronic neuropathic pain Number of participants 30 Primary outcome Feasibility (recruitment success, consent rate, adherence, patient withdrawal, missing data, adverse outcomes) Secondary outcome Change in pain intensity and pain interference Study design Study type: An intervention trial Allocation: Randomized Intervention model: 2-Arm Parallel Group Primary purpose: Feasibility Phase: Phase II Masking Participants, all study team including outcome assessors Test Products, Dose, and Mode of Administration Treatment arm: Psilocybin 25mg + placebo PO single dose plus psychological support Placebo arm: Dextromethorphan 400mg PO single dose plus psychological support Follow-Up Days: 1, 7, 14, 30, and 90", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-03-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06731335", "keywords": "Chronic Neuropathic Pain, Pain Management, Psilocybin, Psychotherapy, Active Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06731335\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3421, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background and Hypothesis Visual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation. Study Design This narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology. Study Results Both LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation. Conclusions Examining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1093/schbul/sbaf068", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/7x8q4_v2", "keywords": "Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance, Hallucinogenesis, Phenomenology, Sensory Deprivation, Serotonin Receptors, Visual Hierarchy, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Systems Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:24", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"7x8q4_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3321, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "Heller NH, Barrett FS, Buchborn T, Collerton D, Dupuis D, Halberstadt AL, Jardri R, Noorani TN, Preller KH, Taylor J, Waters F, Winston B, Leptourgos P.", "abstract": "Background and HypothesisVisual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation.Study DesignThis narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology.Study ResultsBoth LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation.ConclusionsExamining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR996323\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3714, "title": "Do undergraduates' views of psychedelics relate to the context for psychedelic use?", "normalized_title": "do undergraduates views of psychedelics relate to the context for psychedelic use", "authors": "Petrovitch D, Van Allen J, Mitchell SM, Littlefield AK.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drug policy is changing, both in the USA and internationally. However, psychedelic use is not homogeneous, as there are multiple unique contexts for use, including clinical therapies, naturalistic use, and microdosing. There are notable differences between these contexts regarding emerging evidence for safety, therapeutic efficacy, likely future legality, and more. We compared psychedelic-naïve undergraduates' views (expectancies, perceptions of benefits, and perceptions of harms) of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide across each context. Item-level data were analyzed using non-parametric methods, correcting for multiple comparisons. Participants were 277 psychedelic-naïve undergraduates (75.81% female; 81.95% White; 76.17% non-Hispanic), with a mean age of approximately 19.50 years (standard deviation = 2.01). Only 19 out of 79 omnibus tests assessing views of psychedelics across contexts were statistically significant; when participants' views of psychedelics were context dependent, they generally had the most positive views of clinical contexts, then microdosing, and, lastly, naturalistic contexts. This indicates that psychedelic-naïve undergraduates make limited distinctions between contexts for psychedelic use, which suggests that, in the USA, psychedelic-naïve undergraduates may benefit from education about differences between contexts, especially considering their potential to impact psychedelic drug policy. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare views of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide across three important, emerging contexts for psychedelic use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20503245241308747", "pubmed_id": "40969462", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245241308747", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40969462\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3783, "title": "Ayahuasca in the treatment of the consequences of chronic childhood sexual abuse in a religious community", "normalized_title": "ayahuasca in the treatment of the consequences of chronic childhood sexual abuse in a religious community", "authors": "Turkia M.", "abstract": "This retrospective case study features a woman in her mid-50s who spent her childhood in a religious community plagued by sexual abuse of children. She was abused by her father for more than a decade. The church and her mother ignored her reports about it. In her early twenties, she enrolled herself in the Erhard Seminars Training program that destabilized her, inducing a first-onset psychosis, decades later used as the main rationale for diagnosing her with bipolar disorder. For the following decades, she suffered from severe depression and emotional isolation but was functional professionally and became a medical doctor. 35 years of talk therapy helped somewhat but did not resolve trauma ingrained in her body nor her at-times catatonic depression.In her early 50s, she experimented with psilocybin, which resulted in somatic improvement but did not resolve her depression. She wanted to attend underground ayahuasca ceremonies but was rejected because of her bipolar diagnosis. Eventually, she decided not to disclose her diagnosis and attended four ceremonies in two different ceremony groups, with excellent outcomes. She considered that the core of her embodied trauma had dissolved.The rationale for assigning diagnoses is questioned; a focus on etiology combined with the broad-spectrum nature of psychedelic therapy may mostly eliminate the need to discern between 'psychiatric conditions'. Trauma is considered socially contagious, similar to infectious diseases. The prohibition of psychedelic therapies is interpreted as a society-wide refusal to recognize trauma: a refusal to see what actually happened and happens.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/mzkyv_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mzkyv_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:21", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR995925\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3586, "title": "Direct Comparison of Altered States of Consciousness Induced by LSD, Psilocybin, and DMT in a Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Cross-over Trial in Healthy Participants (LPD-Study)", "normalized_title": "direct comparison of altered states of consciousness induced by lsd psilocybin and dmt in a randomized placebo controlled cross over trial in healthy participants lpd study", "authors": "University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland", "abstract": "The primary objective of this study is to determine whether equivalent moderately high doses of LSD, psilocybin, and DMT produce qualitatively similar peak effects when the effect duration is standardized with ketanserin. A DMT infusion mimicking oral LSD and psilocybin administrations will be tested, as well as intravenously administered ketanserin. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) are serotonergic hallucinogens (psychedelics) and currently investigated as therapeutic tools for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. They are usually administered in a dose range which induces an alteration of consciousness via the stimulation of the serotonin (5-HT)2A receptor. However, there are differences in the receptor activation profiles between the three substances that may induce different subjective effects. Moreover, they exhibit different pharmacokinetic qualities. In comparative studies of LSD and psilocybin blinding was impaired by the different duration of subjective effects. This study aims to ensure blinding by ending all experiences at the same time with the 5HT2A antagonist ketanserin. Moreover, no study has yet directly compared DMT to LSD and psilocybin. The DMT infusion will be modeled in accordance with the course of an oral LSD and psilocybin administration. Therefore, the LPD-study compares the acute and subacute effects of LSD, psilocybin, and DMT while standardizing the time course and the duration of action for all substances.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-03-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06899334", "keywords": "Healthy, LSD, Psilocybin, DMT, Placebo, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06899334\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3308, "title": "Ayahuasca in the treatment of the consequences of chronic childhood sexual abuse in a religious community", "normalized_title": "ayahuasca in the treatment of the consequences of chronic childhood sexual abuse in a religious community", "authors": "", "abstract": "This retrospective case study features a woman in her mid-50s who spent her childhood in a religious community plagued by sexual abuse of children. She was abused by her father for more than a decade. The church and her mother ignored her reports about it. In her early twenties, she enrolled herself in the Erhard Seminars Training program that destabilized her, inducing a first-onset psychosis, decades later used as the main rationale for diagnosing her with bipolar disorder. For the following decades, she suffered from severe depression and emotional isolation but was functional professionally and became a medical doctor. 35 years of talk therapy helped somewhat but did not resolve trauma ingrained in her body nor her at-times catatonic depression. In her early 50s, she experimented with psilocybin, which resulted in somatic improvement but did not resolve her depression. She wanted to attend underground ayahuasca ceremonies but was rejected because of her bipolar diagnosis. Eventually, she decided not to disclose her diagnosis and attended four ceremonies in two different ceremony groups, with excellent outcomes. She considered that the core of her embodied trauma had dissolved. The rationale for assigning diagnoses is questioned; a focus on etiology combined with the broad-spectrum nature of psychedelic therapy may mostly eliminate the need to discern between 'psychiatric conditions'. Trauma is considered socially contagious, similar to infectious diseases. The prohibition of psychedelic therapies is interpreted as a society-wide refusal to recognize trauma: a refusal to see what actually happened and happens.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/mzkyv_v1", "keywords": "ayahuasca, bipolar disorder, childhood sexual abuse, C-PTSD, incest, medical malpractice, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychedelic therapy, psychosis, psychotherapy, sexual assault, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Social and Personality Psychology, Religion and Spirituality, Sexuality", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"mzkyv_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 749, "title": "The effect of low-dose psilocybin on brain neurotransmission and rat behavior.", "normalized_title": "the effect of low dose psilocybin on brain neurotransmission and rat behavior", "authors": "Bysiek A, Wojtas A, Szpręgiel I, Wawrzczak-Bargieła A, Maćkowiak M, Gołembiowska K.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has various therapeutic effects in mental and psychological disorders, including depression and mood disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, substance addiction and anxiety. Pharmacodynamic properties of psilocybin depend on doses used and time after administration. The psilocybin dose range varies depending on whether it is used therapeutically or for recreational purposes in humans, but most animal studies require larger doses to induce an effect on brain neurotransmission and animal behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of psilocybin on the release of cortical neurotransmitters and rat behavior when it was administered subcutaneously at doses of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg. Psilocybin affected the release of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and acetylcholine in the frontal cortex as measured by microdialysis in freely moving rats. Psilocybin increased the release of aminergic transmitters in a non-linear manner with the dose of 0.3 mg/kg being the weakest. Psilocybin also increased the release of γ-aminobutyric acid, but glutamate release was enhanced only for the first 2 h after drug injection and was followed by a decrease for the rest of the experimental period. In contrast to 25I-NBOMe, an agonist of 5-HT2A receptors, psilocybin did not produce hallucinogenic activity expressed as wet dog shakes and did not disrupt sensorimotor gating in the acoustic startle response test. Furthermore, psilocybin showed anxiolytic effect in the light dark box test 1 h after administration. It also modulated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity as it transiently increased serum corticosterone level, decreased serotonin, but increased dopamine turnover rates in the hypothalamus and inhibited the content of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the adrenal glands. The changes in the neurotransmitter release seem to play a role in psilocybin behavioral effects. The lack of hallucinogenic activity and disruptive effect on sensorimotor gating by psilocybin lower doses indicates that psychotomimetic effects did not occur. Psilocybin in contrast to 25I-NBOMe, ketamine and MDMA did not produce oxidative damage of DNA in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Thus, the single low doses of psilocybin may have some beneficial properties and fewer harmful effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111347", "pubmed_id": "40157708", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111347", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Dopamine, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Microdialysis, Behavior, Animal, Synaptic Transmission, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40157708\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 892, "title": "Existing evidence for the use of psychedelics in patients with cancer and other serious illness: A narrative review.", "normalized_title": "existing evidence for the use of psychedelics in patients with cancer and other serious illness a narrative review", "authors": "Bires J.", "abstract": "ObjectivesMood disorders and existential distress impact those with cancer or a serious illness at higher rates than the general population. There have been limited pharmacological advances in recent years, and available psychological interventions vary in degree of impact and durability as a treatment modality in this population. A recent renaissance in psychedelic research has suggested that this class of medications might offer an alternative treatment model for anxiety, depression, and existential and psychological distress that often accompanies the diagnosis of a serious illness.MethodsUtilizing a narrative review approach, EMBASE and PubMed databases were searched with no beginning date range through April 2024 to identify randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) on LSD, psilocybin and MDMA in palliative care or oncology and other life limiting illnesses.ResultsFive articles published between 2011 and 2020 met the inclusion criteria. Three studies utilized psilocybin and one study evaluated MDMA and LSD. The number of participants ranged from 12 to 56 with four studies that utilized a crossover design. Four of the five studies showed a significant decrease in anxiety during at least one time point in their study and three studies indicated a significant decrease in depression. None of the studies reported serious adverse events related to the experimental drug sessions.ConclusionsPsychedelic assisted therapy for the treatment of depression, anxiety and existential distress is a promising treatment modality as an addition or compliment to other available pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment modalities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/07347332.2025.2482917", "pubmed_id": "40138527", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2025.2482917", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Critical Illness, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40138527\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 768, "title": "Intravenous psilocybin induces dose-dependent changes in functional network organization in rat cortex.", "normalized_title": "intravenous psilocybin induces dose dependent changes in functional network organization in rat cortex", "authors": "Silverstein BH, Kolbman N, Nelson A, Liu T, Guzzo P, Gilligan J, Lee U, Mashour GA, Vanini G, Pal D.", "abstract": "Psilocybin produces an altered state of consciousness in humans and is associated with complex spatiotemporal changes in cortical networks. Given the emphasis on rodent models for mechanistic studies, there is a need for characterization of the effect of psilocybin on cortex-wide network dynamics. Previous electroencephalographic studies of psychedelics in rodents have primarily used sparse electrode arrays with limited spatial resolution, precluding network level analysis, and have been restricted to lower gamma frequencies. Therefore, in this study, we used electroencephalographic recordings from 27 sites/electrodes across rat cortex (n = 6 male, 6 female) to characterize the effect of psilocybin (0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg delivered over an hour) on brain network organization as inferred through changes in node degree (an index of network density) and connection strength (via weighted phase-lag index). The removal of aperiodic component from the electroencephalogram localized the primary oscillatory changes to theta (4-10 Hz), medium gamma (70-110 Hz), and high gamma (110-150 Hz) bands, which were used for the network analysis. Additionally, we determined the concurrent changes in theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling. We report that psilocybin, in a dose-dependent manner, 1) disrupted theta-gamma coupling [p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-025-03308-4", "pubmed_id": "40128190", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03308-4", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Nerve Net, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40128190\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 767, "title": "Pharmacokinetics of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "pharmacokinetics of psilocybin a systematic review", "authors": "Meshkat S, Al-Shamali H, Perivolaris A, Tullu T, Zeifman RJ, Zhang Y, Burback L, Winkler O, Greenshaw A, Husain MI, C Reichelt A, Vermetten E, Jha MK, Jetly R, Loebenberg R, Bhat V.", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin has shown promise in therapeutic applications for mental disorders. Understanding the pharmacokinetics of psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin is crucial for optimizing its clinical use and minimizing adverse effects. Methods: This systematic review involved a comprehensive search across MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, and Embase databases, from inception to December 2024, identifying original studies that investigated the pharmacokinetics of psilocybin. Results: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria: eight laboratory-based and six clinical studies. Laboratory studies used animal models or in vitro systems, while clinical studies included 112 healthy human participants. Psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated to psilocin, which is absorbed with Tmax values ranging from 1.8 to 4 h following oral administration. Cmax varied dose-dependently, from 8.2 ± 2.8 ng/mL (plasma) to 871 ng/mL (urine). One study reported psilocin bioavailability at 52.7 ± 20%. The volume of distribution was extensive, ranging from 277 ± 92 L to 1016 L, suggesting significant tissue distribution. Psilocin metabolism is primarily mediated by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, with secondary contributions from monoamine oxidase A. It undergoes further hepatic biotransformation into 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid and 4-hydroxytryptophol. Elimination half-life varied across studies, ranging from 1.5 to 4 h. Conclusions: Psilocybin pharmacokinetics demonstrate significant variability based on dosage, route, and species. CYP enzymes play a critical role in its metabolism, highlighting the potential for drug-drug interactions. These findings underscore the importance of further research to elucidate psilocybin's pharmacokinetic profile, which is assessed in vivo by its active metabolite psilocin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411", "pubmed_id": "40284409", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17040411", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40284409\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 502, "title": "Comparing Antidepressant Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy in Individuals That Were Unmedicated at Initial Screening Versus Individuals Discontinuing Medications for Study Participation: Comparaison des effets antidépresseurs de la psychothérapie assistée par la psilocybine (PAP) chez les personnes non médicamentées à la sélection initiale et les personnes ayant arrêté les médicaments pour participer à l'étude.", "normalized_title": "comparing antidepressant effects of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in individuals that were unmedicated at initial screening versus individuals discontinuing medications for study participation comparaison des effets antidépresseurs de la psychothérapie assistée par la psilocybine pap chez les personnes non médicamentées à la sélection initiale et les personnes ayant arrêté les médicaments pour participer à l étude", "authors": "Chisamore N, Kaczmarek ES, Doyle Z, Johnson DE, Weiglein G, Meshkat S, Brudner RM, Blainey MG, Riva-Cambrin J, McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo compare changes in depression, anxiety, and suicidality symptoms after a single 25 mg oral dose of psilocybin between treatment-resistant depression participants not on antidepressants at screening to participants that discontinued antidepressant medications leading up to receiving psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP).MethodsParticipants (n = 27) received at least one 25 mg dose of psilocybin accompanied by psychotherapy as part of an exploratory analysis from an open-label, randomized, waitlist-controlled clinical trial. The primary outcome of changes in depression symptoms was measured by the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Secondary outcomes included changes in anxiety symptom severity (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item [GAD-7]), suicidal ideation (MADRS Item-10), self-reported depression symptoms (Quick Inventory for Depression Symptomology [QIDS-SR]), and intensity of psychedelic experience (Mystical Experience Questionnaire 30-item [MEQ30]). Patients were separated into two groups for analysis; those who were unmedicated at initial screening versus participants that had to taper off antidepressant medications to be eligible for the trial. A mixed analysis of variance was used to evaluate clinical outcomes over time from baseline to 2 months post-dose.ResultsNo significant differences were found between medication discontinued (n = 18) and unmedicated at screening (UAS) (n = 9) groups in clinician rated depression (p = 0.759), self-reported depression (p = 0.215), anxiety (p = 0.178), and suicidality (p = 0.882) symptoms over time, with both groups having clinically significant benefits on all outcomes assessed. Both groups also had a similar intensity of psychedelic experience (p = 0.191).ConclusionComparable improvements were observed in depression and anxiety and symptoms between antidepressant discontinued and UAS patients. These findings contrast with and contribute to the growing literature on the effects of medication tapering leading up to PAP. Further clinical research is needed to directly compare efficacy across medication statuses, in addition to evaluating psychedelic effects in individuals continuing antidepressants during PAP.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/07067437251328316", "pubmed_id": "40129307", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437251328316", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Combined Modality Therapy, Psychotherapy, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Suicidal Ideation, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Outcome Assessment, Health Care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40129307\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 769, "title": "Is there room for ethics of authenticity in psilocybin research?", "normalized_title": "is there room for ethics of authenticity in psilocybin research", "authors": "Jerotic S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105519", "pubmed_id": "40654595", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105519", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40654595\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 713, "title": "Classic Psychedelics for the Treatment of Depression: Potential Benefits and Challenges.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics for the treatment of depression potential benefits and challenges", "authors": "Ghaznavi S, Richter SG.", "abstract": "There has been a recent resurgence in research on psychedelics as therapeutic agents for psychiatric conditions. This leading article outlines the studies to date of classic psychedelic treatments for treatment-resistant depression and major depression, including psilocybin, ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and O-methyl-bufotenine (5-Me-O DMT). We discuss the potential of expanding treatment options for depression based on the data available, as well as the difficulties and limitations of research on psychedelics that make assessing that potential more challenging.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s40265-025-02172-2", "pubmed_id": "40128500", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-025-02172-2", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40128500\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 771, "title": "Anhedonia: Current and future treatments.", "normalized_title": "anhedonia current and future treatments", "authors": "Serretti A.", "abstract": "Anhedonia is a transdiagnostic domain that leads to poor disorder outcome and low remission rates. This narrative review describes a broad range of interventions targeting anhedonia, including pharmacological, neuromodulatory, behavioral, and lifestyle-based approaches. Drugs such as vortioxetine, agomelatine, bupropion, ketamine, and brexpiprazole show promising anti-anhedonic effects, while traditional antidepressants, such as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and, even more so, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are less effective. Neuromodulation techniques, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation, proved effective at improving anhedonia, particularly when used in targeted areas. Psychotherapeutic interventions, including behavioral activation, mindfulness-based strategies, and savoring techniques, also help re-engage patients with pleasurable activities and enhance positive affect. Innovative treatments, such as aticaprant and psilocybin, showed promising results. Substantial evidence suggests that improving anhedonia leads to better psychosocial functioning, quality of life, and sustained remission. Although most data come from short-term studies, several long-term analyses suggest that maintaining hedonic improvements is feasible and beneficial. The reviewed evidence underscores the importance of routine assessment of anhedonia and the integration of symptom-specific strategies. Tailoring interventions to address individual patterns of reward disruption may optimize outcomes for patients with anhedonia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/pcn5.70088", "pubmed_id": "40129874", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pcn5.70088", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40129874\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 770, "title": "LPS-Induced Liver Inflammation Is Inhibited by Psilocybin and Eugenol in Mice.", "normalized_title": "lps induced liver inflammation is inhibited by psilocybin and eugenol in mice", "authors": "Robinson GI, Gerasymchuk M, Zanikov T, Gojani EG, Asghari S, Groves A, Haselhorst L, Nandakumar S, Stahl C, Cruz C, Cameron M, Zahoruiko Y, Li D, Rodriguez-Juarez R, Snelling A, Hudson D, Fiselier A, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I.", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Liver inflammatory diseases are a major global health burden and are often exacerbated by inflammation driven by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) through toll-like receptor 4 signaling. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory effects of psilocybin and eugenol in an LPS-induced liver inflammation model in C57BL/6J mice. Methods: Mice were treated with psilocybin (0.88 mg/kg) and/or eugenol (17.59 mg/kg) either before (pre-treatment) or after (post-treatment) LPS injection. Results: Psilocybin and eugenol, individually and in combination, significantly reduced the LPS-induced mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with post-treatment administration exhibiting stronger effects than pre-treatment. Psilocybin alone displayed the most pronounced anti-inflammatory response, especially for IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1, while its combination with eugenol in 1:50 ratio demonstrated similar results, with strongly reduced COX-2 and TNF-α. Histological analysis revealed improved nuclear circularity and reduced inflammatory infiltration in the treatment groups. Eugenol alone showed potential adverse effects, including increased MCP-1 and GM-CSF, but this was mitigated by the co-administration of psilocybin. Conclusions: These findings highlight psilocybin and its combination with eugenol as promising therapies for hepatic inflammation, suggesting their application in treating acute and chronic liver diseases. Future research should explore their long-term effects, the mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory actions, and their therapeutic efficacy in humans.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ph18040451", "pubmed_id": "40283890", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040451", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40283890\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 772, "title": "Structural basis for psilocybin biosynthesis.", "normalized_title": "structural basis for psilocybin biosynthesis", "authors": "Meng C, Guo W, Xiao C, Wen Y, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Liang Y, Li H, Xu S, Qiu Y, Chen H, Lin WJ, Wu B.", "abstract": "Psilocybin shows significant therapeutic potential for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in addressing various psychiatric conditions. The biosynthetic approach promises rapid and efficient production of psilocybin. Understanding the enzymes that contribute to the biosynthesis of psilocybin can enhance its production process. In this study, we elucidate the crystal structures of L-tryptophan-specific decarboxylase PsiD in both its apo and tryptamine-bound states, the 4-hydroxytryptamine kinase PsiK bound to its substrate, and several forms of the methyltransferase PsiM in either apo or substrate-bound forms derived from the psychedelic mushroom. Structure-based evaluations reveal the mechanisms of self-cleavage and self-inhibition in PsiD, along with the sequential catalytic steps from 4-hydroxytryptamine to the final compound, psilocybin. Additionally, we showcase the antidepressant properties of biosynthetic intermediates of psilocybin on female mice experiencing depression-like behaviors induced by sub-chronic variable stress. Our studies establish a structural basis for the future biosynthetic production of psilocybin using these enzymes and emphasize the clinical potential of norbaeocystin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-21", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58239-x", "pubmed_id": "40121242", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58239-x", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Mice, Agaricales, Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases, Methyltransferases, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Crystallography, X-Ray, Depression, Models, Molecular, Female, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40121242\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3104, "title": "The effects of psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram on cognitive bias: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram on cognitive bias a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Henry J, Giribaldi B, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R, Lyons T.", "abstract": "Background Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) have more dysfunctional attitudes and pessimism than healthy individuals and these biases are correlated with depression severity. Psilocybin has demonstrated sustained remission in MDD. Methods Secondary analysis of a two-arm, randomized controlled trial ( ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03429075 ) assessing the effect of psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram on ‘maladaptive’ cognitive biases relevant to the construct of depression. Psilocybin group participants received two 25mg doses and escitalopram group received three weeks of daily 10mg, increased to 20mg for a following three weeks. Primary outcomes in this analysis were post-treatment changes in biases at six weeks compared with baseline, as measured using three validated psychological scales. Findings Fifty-nine MDD patients were randomly allocated to the psilocybin (n=30) or escitalopram (n=29) groups. Self-reported optimism showed a large and significant increase six-weeks after psilocybin treatment ( M diff =6·63 p", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.03.17.25324123", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.17.25324123", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR993220\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 773, "title": "Is there a place for psychedelics in sports practice?", "normalized_title": "is there a place for psychedelics in sports practice", "authors": "Portes MAM, Werle I, Bertoglio LJ.", "abstract": "Growing evidence suggests that psychedelic-assisted therapies can alleviate depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and substance use disorder, offering relatively safe profiles, enhanced efficacy, and lasting effects after a few applications. Athletes often experience high levels of stress and pressure, making them susceptible to these psychiatric conditions. However, the effects of psychedelic substances on athletic performance remain largely unknown. Before potential acceptance, evaluating their impact on physical and physiological measures beyond mental health outcomes is crucial. Here, we aim to explore this topic and highlight research directions to advance our understanding. Preclinical studies suggest that psilocybin/psilocin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and ayahuasca possess anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties. Studies investigating the effects of classical psychedelics or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on factors such as muscle strength, motor coordination, locomotion, endurance, fluid and electrolyte balance, hormonal regulation, and metabolism are still scarce. While adhering to regulatory frameworks, further research in animal models, athletes, and non-athletes is needed to address these gaps, compare psychedelics with commonly used psychoactive drugs, and explore the potential prophylactic and regenerative benefits of specific interventions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/neu.2025.13", "pubmed_id": "40116762", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2025.13", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Sports, Athletic Performance, Athletes, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40116762\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Pharmacology,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 756, "title": "Psychedelic Drugs in Mental Disorders: Current Clinical Scope and Deep Learning-Based Advanced Perspectives.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drugs in mental disorders current clinical scope and deep learning based advanced perspectives", "authors": "Kim SH, Yang S, Jung J, Choi J, Kang M, Joo JY.", "abstract": "Mental disorders are a representative type of brain disorder, including anxiety, major depressive depression (MDD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), that are caused by multiple etiologies, including genetic heterogeneity, epigenetic dysregulation, and aberrant morphological and biochemical conditions. Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have been renewed as fascinating treatment options and have gradually demonstrated potential therapeutic effects in mental disorders. However, the multifaceted conditions of psychiatric disorders resulting from individuality, complex genetic interplay, and intricate neural circuits impact the systemic pharmacology of psychedelics, which disturbs the integration of mechanisms that may result in dissimilar medicinal efficiency. The precise prescription of psychedelic drugs remains unclear, and advanced approaches are needed to optimize drug development. Here, recent studies demonstrating the diverse pharmacological effects of psychedelics in mental disorders are reviewed, and emerging perspectives on structural function, the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and the transcriptome are discussed. Moreover, the applicability of deep learning is highlighted for the development of drugs on the basis of big data. These approaches may provide insight into pharmacological mechanisms and interindividual factors to enhance drug discovery and development for advanced precision medicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/advs.202413786", "pubmed_id": "40112231", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202413786", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin, Deep Learning", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40112231\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Review Article,Transcriptomics,Microbiome", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 743, "title": "Synthesis and In Vitro Profiling of Psilocin Derivatives: Improved Stability and Synthetic Properties.", "normalized_title": "synthesis and in vitro profiling of psilocin derivatives improved stability and synthetic properties", "authors": "Eklund J, Bremberg U, Larsson J, Torkelsson E, Wennerberg J, Zandelin S, Odell LR.", "abstract": "As interest in using psilocybin therapy for treating mental health disorders intensifies, the need for efficient production methods becomes increasingly important. Current medical-grade psilocybin production is inefficient and relies on a complicated multistep synthesis. This study has explored and evaluated psilocin ester prodrugs and psilocin salts as potential alternatives to psilocybin, focusing on their ease of synthesis, chemical stability, and metabolic profiles. A diverse library of 15 psilocin ester prodrugs and six psilocin salts was synthesized and evaluated. The study successfully identified several psilocin ester prodrugs and psilocin salts that exhibited desirable characteristics, including storage and handling stability, rapid metabolic conversion to psilocin, and easy synthesis, with potential advantages over psilocybin. This research introduces viable options through psilocin ester compounds and psilocin salts, offering promising avenues for future development.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02612", "pubmed_id": "40108981", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02612", "keywords": "Microsomes, Liver, Animals, Humans, Prodrugs, Drug Stability, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40108981\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 714, "title": "Polysubstance Use Profiles Among the General Adult Population, United States, 2022.", "normalized_title": "polysubstance use profiles among the general adult population united states 2022", "authors": "Rockhill KM, Black JC, Iwanicki J, Abraham A.", "abstract": "Objectives. To characterize present-day polysubstance use patterns in the general adult population. Methods. From a 2022 nationally representative survey in the United States, we defined polysubstance use as last 12-month use of 2 or more drugs (n = 15 800). Latent class analyses included medical (as indicated) and nonmedical (not as directed) use of prescription opioids, stimulants, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants; recreational use of cannabis, psilocybin or mushrooms, other psychedelics, cocaine, methamphetamine, and illicit opioids; and concomitant use with alcohol, cannabis, prescriptions, or recreational drugs. Results. The national prevalence of polysubstance use was 20.9% (95% confidence interval = 20.5%, 21.3%), broken down into the following 4 latent classes: (1) medically guided polysubstance use (11.5% prevalence, 6.1% substance use disorder [SUD]): prescribed drug use, some cannabis, and no concomitant use; (2) principal cannabis use variety (4.0% prevalence, 31.9% SUD): high probability of cannabis use with various drugs concomitantly used; (3) self-guided polysubstance use (3.4% prevalence, 14.5% SUD): nonmedical use of prescriptions and concomitant use; and (4) indiscriminate coexposures (2.1% prevalence, 58.9% SUD): concomitant drug use with indiscriminate drug preference. Conclusions. Different polysubstance profiles show adults with untreated SUDs, and there are 2 previously unrecognized classes. Prevention and treatment strategies addressing polysubstance use should take a personalized perspective and tailor to individuals' use profile. (Am J Public Health. 2025;115(5):747-757. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307979).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.2105/ajph.2024.307979", "pubmed_id": "40112266", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2024.307979", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Prevalence, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Illicit Drugs, Recreational Drug Use", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40112266\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3544, "title": "An 8-week Phase 2 Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Psilocybin-assisted-psychotherapy in Adults With Cannabis Use Disorder: A Proof-of-Concept Study", "normalized_title": "an 8 week phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate the safety tolerability and efficacy of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in adults with cannabis use disorder a proof of concept study", "authors": "McMaster University", "abstract": "Cannabis is the most commonly used psychoactive substance in Canada (Lowry \\& Corsi, 2020). A sub-group of cannabis users develop a condition known as Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD), which is defined as a regular pattern of cannabis use that causes performance difficulty at work, school and relationships (Hasin et al., 2013). A review of current treatments available for CUD indicate the lack of a pharmacological and psychological treatment with high success rates, which highlights the importance of exploring potential psychosocial interventions for the treatment of CUD. Given the evidence of psilocybin's therapeutic potential in the treatment of substance use disorders (de Veen et al., 2017), we aim to conduct a study using psilocybin-assisted-psychotherapy in the treatment of CUD. The study aims to evaluate the feasibility, safety, tolerability and potential therapeutic effect of 2 doses \\[25 mg\\] of psilocybin administered as part of an 8-week Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) and supportive therapy. This trial will be the first to evaluate the potential treatment effects of psilocybin on symptoms of CUD.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-03-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06225232", "keywords": "Cannabis Use Disorder, Moderate, Cannabis Use Disorder, Severe, Psilocybin combined with Psychotherapy, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06225232\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3476, "title": "Molecular Imaging Study of Harmine/DMT: a Basic Research Approach", "normalized_title": "molecular imaging study of harmine dmt a basic research approach", "authors": "Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern", "abstract": "The few reports on effects of psychedelic substances on cerebral metabolic rate (CMRglc) indicate increases (psilocybin; human FDG-PET) or decreases (LSD, rat autoradiography; 5-MeO-DMT rat autoradiography). There are no reports of effects of DMT and/or harmine on cerebral energy metabolism. The primary objective of this study is thus to assess acute cerebrometabolic effects of harmine/DMT in healthy volunteers using quantitative FDG-PET, that is, to measure CMRglc before and after simultaneous treatment with an oral harmine and DMT formulation developed (and already applied) by the investigators' project partners at the University of Zurich. As a secondary objective, the researchers aim to correlate the time-dependent effects on CMRglc as assessed in the PET images with the time-dependent self-reported intensity of participants' psychedelic experience.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-03-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06252506", "keywords": "Neuropharmacological Investigation of Ayahuasca Constituents DMT and Harmine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) + harmine, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06252506\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3457, "title": "Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder With Comorbid Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in alcohol use disorder with comorbid depression", "authors": "Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nīmes", "abstract": "Up to 40% of people with alcohol use disorder (AUD) experience depression. Depression is a risk factor for early relapse of AUD after withdrawal in a controlled environment. Promising data suggest the effectiveness of psilocybin, a psychedelic-type treatment, in depression and AUD. Following the acute effects of the psychedelic experience, which lasts approximately 6 hours, psilocybin action appears to be beneficial for preventing alcohol relapse in recently weaned people suffering from comorbid depression. Whilst the public perception of psilocybin therapy is poorly documented in France, the rapid changes in the legal status of psilocybin elsewhere, the positive media coverage of recent trials in depression, and the recent designation as an \"innovative therapy\" by the FDA could lead to the refusal of randomization of eligible participants. It is therefore essential to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of psilocybin treatment and blinded randomized design in our clinical population of hospitalized patients with AUD and depressive symptoms. Recent data suggest that the effect size of psilocybin is much higher than other currently available treatments. However, this paradigm shift must be confirmed in our cohort of people with AUD and depressive symptoms, and in the context of treatment in addition to usual care, by an estimation of the expected effect size based on real data. This will allow the sample size to be accurately calculated for a large-scale randomized clinical trial. Finally, the potential mechanisms of action of psilocybin to prevent relapse in AUD with comorbid depression after withdrawal need to be documented. The objective of this pilot study is to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, neural mechanisms and preliminary results of the effectiveness of psilocybin in the treatment of AUD and depressive symptoms after withdrawal, in addition to usual treatment. The study authors hypothesize that two oral administrations of 25 mg psilocybin at three-week intervals versus a control condition (1 mg psilocybin), in addition to the usual treatment, will be acceptable and feasible in recently withdrawn individuals suffering from AUD and depressive symptoms, between 14 and 60 days after their last alcohol consumption", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-03-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06235411", "keywords": "Alcohol-Related Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Addiction, Psilocybin therapy, Inactive Psilocybin therapy, Electroencephalogram, Blood samples for the analysis of immune and inflammatory profiles, stool samples, MRI functional and cerebral, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06235411\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3721, "title": "Preliminary safety and effectiveness of psilocybin-assisted therapy in adults with fibromyalgia: an open-label pilot clinical trial.", "normalized_title": "preliminary safety and effectiveness of psilocybin assisted therapy in adults with fibromyalgia an open label pilot clinical trial", "authors": "Aday JS, McAfee J, Conroy DA, Hosanagar A, Tarnal V, Weston C, Scott K, Horowitz D, Geller J, Harte SE, Pouyan N, Glynos NG, Baker AK, Guss J, Davis AK, Burgess HJ, Mashour GA, Clauw DJ, Boehnke KF.", "abstract": "IntroductionFibromyalgia (FM) is the prototypical nociplastic pain condition, characterized by widespread pain and issues with cognition, mood, and sleep. Currently, there are limited treatment options available that effectively treat FM symptoms. Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) is an emerging combined drug-therapy intervention, but no studies to-date have investigated PAT for FM.MethodsHere, we report findings from an open-label, pilot clinical trial of PAT for FM (N = 5). In conjunction with psychotherapy (two preparatory, four integration sessions), participants received two doses of oral psilocybin (15 mg and 25 mg) delivered two weeks apart.ResultsRegarding safety (primary outcome), there were transient elevations of blood pressure or heart rate during dosing which normalized by the end of treatment, with no serious adverse events. Four of five participants reported transient headaches following dosing. Compared to baseline, participants reported clinically meaningful improvements in the following secondary outcomes one month following their second psilocybin dose (reported as Cohen's d): pain severity [d = -2.1, 95% CI(-3.7 to -0.49)], pain interference [d = -1.8, 95% CI (-3.27 to -0.24)], and sleep disturbance [d = -2.5, 95% CI (-4.21 to -0.75)]. Using the Patient Global Impression of Change, one participant reported their symptoms \"very much improved,\" two reported \"much improved,\" and two reported \"minimally improved.\" We stopped recruitment early because of concerns about generalizability and changes in FDA guidance for psychedelic clinical trials that occurred data collection.DiscussionThis small open-label trial preliminarily supports that PAT is well-tolerated by people with FM, establishing a basis for larger randomized controlled trials.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier, (NCT05128162).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3389/fpain.2025.1527783", "pubmed_id": "40171515", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2025.1527783", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40171515\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3530, "title": "A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial of Psychedelic-assisted Psychotherapy With Single Dose Psilocybin for Frontline Clinicians Experiencing COVID-related Symptoms of Depression and Burnout", "normalized_title": "a randomized placebo controlled trial of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy with single dose psilocybin for frontline clinicians experiencing covid related symptoms of depression and burnout", "authors": "University of Washington", "abstract": "This study aims to investigate the effects of a single dose of psilocybin, delivered in the contextof pre- and post-dose psychotherapy, on symptoms of depression and burnout suffered by healthcare clinicians as a result of frontline work in the COVID pandemic. Aim 1: To assess short- and longer-term effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) on symptoms of depression experienced by physicians and nurses with frontline work exposure in the COVID pandemic. Hypothesis 1.1: Compared to active placebo, PAP will result in short term improvement in symptoms of depression 1 day and 1 week after the psilocybin dose session. Hypothesis 1.2: Compared to active placebo, PAP will result in longer term improvement of symptoms of depression 4 weeks after the medication dosing session. The primary outcome will be a comparison between the psilocybin 25 mg vs control groups of a combination of depression symptoms measured at 4 weeks post medication dose session. 1.1.2. Aim 2: To explore short- and longer-term effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) on symptoms of burnout experienced by physicians and nurses with frontline work exposure in the COVID pandemic. Hypothesis 2.1: Compared to active placebo, PAP will result in short term improvement in symptoms of burnout 1 day and 1 week after the psilocybin dose session.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-03-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05163496", "keywords": "Burnout, Caregiver, Burnout, Professional, COVID-19, Depression, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Moral Injury, Psilocybin (Usona Institute), Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP), Active placebo, PAP with placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05163496\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE3\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 777, "title": "The psychedelic psilocybin and light exposure have similar and synergistic effects on gene expression patterns in the visual cortex.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic psilocybin and light exposure have similar and synergistic effects on gene expression patterns in the visual cortex", "authors": "Harari R, Getselter D, Elliott E.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in specific hallucinogenic mushrooms, is known to induce changes in visual perception and experience in humans. However, there is little knowledge of the molecular mechanisms through which psilocybin affects vision-associated regions in the brain, such as the visual cortex. The current study determined both psilocybin-induced and experience-dependent changes (exposure to light) in visual cortex gene expression in mice. Of great interest, psilocybin induced robust gene expression changes in the visual cortex that closely mirror light-induced gene expression changes, even when the mice are kept in the dark. These gene expression changes correspond to specific molecular pathways, including synaptic functioning, and represent genes expressed in specific subtypes of neurons. In addition, exposure to both psilocybin and light induced synergetic changes in genes involved in epigenetic programming. Overall, the study determined that psilocybin induces robust changes in gene expression in the visual cortex that may have functional consequences in visual perception both in the absence and in synergy with visual experience.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s13041-025-01191-0", "pubmed_id": "40102929", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-025-01191-0", "keywords": "Visual Cortex, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Hallucinogens, Visual Perception, Gene Expression Regulation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Light, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40102929\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 750, "title": "Exploring the potential of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for moral injury: A scoping review.", "normalized_title": "exploring the potential of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy for moral injury a scoping review", "authors": "Kurkova V, Winkler O, Greenshaw A, Jetly R, Swainson J, Lodewyk K, Saghafi P, Dennett E, Burback L.", "abstract": "This scoping review addresses the need to comprehensively explore the potential of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) to facilitate recovery from moral injury. Moral injury (MI), characterized by profound psychological distress arising from morally challenging experiences, has garnered increased attention as a complex mental health concern with significant functional sequelae, especially in the context of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is growing interest in exploring alternative therapeutic approaches, with psychedelics emerging as an exciting potential intervention, as moral injury impacts treatment resistance, suicidality, social isolation, and overall functioning. Ten studies were included from 11,734 publications. Studies utilized psilocybin, MDMA, or LSD. None focused specifically on moral injury. Diagnoses included PTSD, alcohol use disorder, insomnia, human Immunodeficiency virus-related demoralized men, barbiturate dependence, anxiety associated with life-threatening illness, major depression, and PTSD comorbid with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and borderline personality disorder. Studies reported rapid, increasing, and sustained self-compassion over time, alongside increases in self-forgiveness and self-acceptance, reduction in demoralization, and decreased drinking scores. Though in other diagnostic contexts, PAP has shown efficacy in addressing symptoms commonly associated with moral injury, particularly within the context of PTSD. It holds promise as an intervention for MI and requires further exploration.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111333", "pubmed_id": "40113127", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111333", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Morals, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40113127\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Personality Change,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 778, "title": "A Modern Overview of the Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Treatment-Resistant Depression, and End-of-Life Distress.", "normalized_title": "a modern overview of the potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin in the treatment of depressive disorders treatment resistant depression and end of life distress", "authors": "Dino F.", "abstract": "The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current findings and data on the therapeutic effects of psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid primarily found in Psilocybe mushrooms. This review covers psilocybin's efficacy and safety profile, therapeutic effects, proposed indications and contraindications, drug-drug interactions, adverse reactions, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and dosing regimens as treatment guidelines. The goal is to offer a consolidated resource containing the essential pharmaceutical information on psilocybin currently available.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.80707", "pubmed_id": "40242672", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.80707", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40242672\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions,Contraindications", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 715, "title": "IUPHAR Article: Psilocybin induces long-lasting effects via 5-HT2A receptors in mouse models of chronic pain.", "normalized_title": "iuphar article psilocybin induces long lasting effects via 5 ht2a receptors in mouse models of chronic pain", "authors": "Koseli E, Buzzi B, Honaker T, Rakholia Y, Lewis M, Gaines-Smith M, Jaster AM, Gonzalez-Maeso J, Damaj MI.", "abstract": "Chronic pain is a debilitating disease with current treatments lacking efficacy and safety, therefore discovery of new treatments is crucial. Initial studies suggest that psychedelics may be feasible for targeting pain, however clinical and preclinical controlled studies are necessary to further investigate that possibility. In this study we assessed the effects of two classical psychedelics psilocybin and 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) in two models of chronic pain after systemic administration in male and female mice. Psilocybin and DOI dose-dependently reversed mechanical and cold hypersensitivity in the chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) mouse model with different time-course of action. Similarly, psilocybin and DOI dose-dependently reversed thermal hypersensitivity in the chronic inflammatory mouse model of Complete Freud's Adjuvant (CFA). The effects of Psilocybin and DOI in both models were mediated by activation of 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2AR). Overall, the present study suggests that classical psychedelics psilocybin and DOI are effective in reducing pain-like behaviors via 5-HT2AR activation in two mouse models of chronic pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107699", "pubmed_id": "40107634", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107699", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Hyperalgesia, Disease Models, Animal, Amphetamines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Female, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40107634\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 783, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin for Treating Neuropsychiatric Long COVID Symptoms: A Reddit Investigation.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of psilocybin for treating neuropsychiatric long covid symptoms a reddit investigation", "authors": "Bobak L, Dorney I, Kovacevich A, Barnett BS.", "abstract": "Long COVID lacks effective pharmaceutical treatment options. Psychedelic treatment for long COVID has received attention given anecdotal reports of neuropsychiatric symptom improvement. This study investigates the use of psilocybin for neuropsychiatric long COVID symptoms, examining online accounts of individuals with reported long COVID using psilocybin. We searched the Reddit communities, \"r/LongCovid,\" and \"r/covidlonghaulers\" for terms, \"psilocybin,\" \"shrooms,\" and \"magic mushrooms.\" Posts were included if they self-reported (1) neuropsychiatric symptoms of long COVID, (2) use of psilocybin, and (3) descriptions of the perceived effect or lack thereof on long COVID symptoms. Posts were manually coded to identify the nature of psilocybin ingestion, long COVID symptoms, and post's author's perceived effect on symptoms. The most common symptoms identified were fatigue (47.3%, N = 52), cognitive impairment (46.4%, N = 51), and depression (30.0%, N = 33). Of 110 posts meeting criteria, 78.2% (N = 86) reported any improvement in long COVID symptoms, while 11.8% (N = 13) reported worsening. For those with improvement, 77.9% (N = 67) reported improvement lasting beyond their acute psychedelic experience, while 5.8% (N = 5) reported improvement only during the experience. Given these findings, studies employing comparison social media data for other long COVID self-treatments and/or prospective observational studies of individuals self-treating neuropsychiatric long COVID symptoms with psychedelics may be warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2478097", "pubmed_id": "40084630", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2478097", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40084630\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 755, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for relapse prevention in alcohol use disorder: a phase 2 randomized clinical trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for relapse prevention in alcohol use disorder a phase 2 randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Rieser NM, Bitar R, Halm S, Rossgoderer C, Gubser LP, Thévenaz M, Kreis Y, von Rotz R, Nordt C, Visentini M, Moujaes F, Engeli EJE, Ort A, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX, Herdener M, Preller KH.", "abstract": "BackgroundDespite the promising therapeutic effects of psilocybin, its efficacy in preventing relapse after withdrawal treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains unknown. This study aims to assess whether a single dose of psilocybin combined with brief psychotherapy could reduce relapse rates and alcohol use in AUD patients.MethodsThis single-center, double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted in Switzerland. We recruited participants with AUD between June 8, 2020, and August 16, 2023 who completed withdrawal treatment within six weeks prior to enrollment. Participants were randomized (1:1) to receive either a single oral dose of psilocybin (25 mg) or placebo (mannitol), combined with brief psychotherapy. The primary outcomes were abstinence and mean alcohol use at 4-week follow-up. Participants completed the timeline followback to assess daily alcohol use. The trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04141501).FindingsWe included 37 participants who completed the 4-week follow-up (female:male = 14:23; psilocybin = 18, placebo = 19) in the analysis. There were no significant differences between groups in abstinence duration (p = 0.55, psilocybin mean = 16.80 days, 95% CI: 14.31-19.29; placebo mean = 13.80 days, 95% CI: 10.97-16.63; Cohen's d = 0.151) or mean alcohol use per day (p = 0.51, psilocybin: median = 0.48 standard alcohol units, range: 0-3.99, placebo: median = 0.54 standard alcohol units, range: 0-5.96; Cohen's d = 0.11) at 4-week or 6-month follow-up (abstinence: Cohen's d = 0.10, alcohol use: Cohen's d = 0.075). Participants in both groups reported reduced craving and temptation to drink alcohol after the dosing visit, with an additional reduction observed in the psilocybin group. Thirteen adverse events occurred in the psilocybin and seven in the placebo group. One serious adverse event occurred in the psilocybin and four in the placebo group, all related to inpatient withdrawal treatments.InterpretationA single dose of psilocybin combined with five psychotherapy sessions may not be sufficient to reduce relapse rates and alcohol use in severely affected AUD patients following withdrawal treatment. However, given the limited sample size of our study, larger trials are needed in the future to confirm these findings.FundingSwiss National Science Foundation under the framework of Neuron Cofund, Swiss Neuromatrix Foundation, and Heffter Young Investigator Fellowship Award.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103149", "pubmed_id": "40144690", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103149", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40144690\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3649, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin in Advanced-Stage Cancer Patients With Anxiety", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin in advanced stage cancer patients with anxiety", "authors": "Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center", "abstract": "Psychiatric Research Study For Cancer Patients The Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center is conducting a study designed to measure the effectiveness of the novel psychoactive medication psilocybin on the reduction of anxiety, depression, and physical pain. The significance of this study is that it is addressing the important issues of psychological and spiritual well being of people who have advanced cancer. In 2001, the National Cancer Policy Board of the Institute of Medicine and National Research Council issued a report (Improving Palliative Care for Cancer: Summary and Recommendations) that specifically recommended research be conducted using novel agents and methods. Psilocybin is a novel agent which produces a profound alteration in your state of consciousness. It is the main active ingredient found in \"magic mushrooms\". Our specific aim is to learn whether this psychoactive drug, psilocybin, might be effective in reducing anxiety, depression and physical pain, and therefore improving your quality of life. This pilot study will start with 12 people ages 18-70. For each participant there will be two overnight admissions to the hospital. In one session you will be given a placebo and in the other you will get the active medication, but no one will know which drug is administered when. This is called a double blind study. You will be asked to fill out questionnaires about how you feel, your pain levels and your moods. There will also be at least two psychotherapy meetings before the study sessions, so that you are fully aware of what to expect and to have all your questions answered. We cannot take you in the study if you have central nervous system (CNS) cancers, kidney disease, diabetes, abnormal liver function tests, epilepsy, cardiovascular disease including untreated high blood pressure (BP greater than 140/90), and pregnancy. The psychiatric exclusions are: you or an immediate family member with a history of a major psychiatric disorder, a current substance abuse problem, or an anxiety or a mood disorder within 1 year prior to the onset of symptoms of your current illness. We also cannot take you in the study if you are taking certain medications, such as: anti-seizure, insulin and oral hypoglycemics, and cardiovascular drugs (except anti-hypertensive medications). Some antidepressant (SSRIs) medications cannot be taken within the two weeks prior to the session (except for Prozac, which cannot be taken in the last 5 weeks prior to the session). You will get a MRI of the brain prior to admission (if you haven't had one in the prior two months), at the study's expense, to be sure there is no CNS involvement. You can provide us, or the study will pay for, lab work from the prior 2 weeks (CBC, liver function and renal function). The history and physical, neurological exam, EKG, and a urine pregnancy test (if you are a woman with child-bearing potential), will be done on admission by the house staff doctors. You will be allowed to take your own medications while in the hospital, and will be encouraged to bring to the hospital personal photos, small memorabilia, and some of your favorite music that can be played during the sessions.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-03-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00302744", "keywords": "Anxiety, Psilocybin (drug), 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Niacin, nicotinamide, vitamin B3, MRI, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT00302744\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Consciousness,Spirituality,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 548, "title": "Lifetime classic psychedelic use and headaches: A cross-sectional study.", "normalized_title": "lifetime classic psychedelic use and headaches a cross sectional study", "authors": "Bjurenfalk Z, Cosmo A, Simonsson O, Ran C.", "abstract": "BackgroundMigraine and cluster headache are two primary headache disorders for which conventional treatments are limited. Classic psychedelic substances such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are potentially promising new treatment candidates for these conditions.AimsThe aim of the present study was to investigate the possible relationship between the lifetime use of classic psychedelics and frequent bad headaches in a large British cohort sample.MethodsUsing data (N = 11,419) collected in 1999-2000 as part of the 1958 British National Child Development Study, this cross-sectional study used multiple logistic regression, controlling for a range of potential confounders, to test the hypothesis that lifetime use of classic psychedelics would be associated with lower odds of having frequent bad headaches.ResultsLifetime use of classic psychedelics was associated with 25% lower odds of having frequent bad headaches (adjusted odds ratio = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.59-0.95, p = 0.016).ConclusionsThe results of the present study add to the literature suggesting classic psychedelics as a possible future prophylactic treatment option for primary headache disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251324372", "pubmed_id": "40071875", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251324372", "keywords": "Humans, Cluster Headache, Headache, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cohort Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Female, Male, Migraine Disorders, Young Adult, United Kingdom, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40071875\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3301, "title": "Psychedelics and autobiographical memory - Six open questions", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and autobiographical memory six open questions", "authors": "Kangaslampi S, Lietz MP.", "abstract": "RationaleSince the earliest LSD research, psychedelics have been claimed to enhance autobiographical memory. Revisiting and processing autobiographical memories has further been suggested to be a major component of the therapeutic action of psychedelics. However, modern psychedelic research has largely neglected autobiographical elements of psychedelic experiences, and many vital questions remain unanswered.ObjectivesWe present and discuss six open questions related to psychedelics and autobiographical memory: 1. Do psychedelics enhance autobiographical recall? 2. Is recall and processing of significant autobiographical (e.g., traumatic) memories a common part of psychedelic experiences? 3. Do psychedelics promote the development of false or inaccurate memories? 4. How do autobiographical memories change if they are recalled and reconsolidated under the effects of psychedelics? 5. What are memories of psychedelic experiences like? 6. Are autobiographical experiences under psychedelics of particular importance for their therapeutic effects?ResultsWe present the background and current limited state of evidence for each question and provide suggestions on how future studies could best address them. ConclusionsBesides advancing basic research, answering these pressing questions is highly relevant for the possible therapeutic use of psychedelics, both in terms of developing and optimizing new interventions and for avoiding iatrogenic harms. Ideally, future psychedelic-assisted interventions could harness the possible synergies between the effects of psychedelics and existing memory-based therapies. Keywords: Psychedelics, autobiographical memory, LSD, psilocybin", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/su7ch_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/su7ch_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR988786\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3209, "title": "Psychedelics Align Brain Activity with Context", "normalized_title": "psychedelics align brain activity with context", "authors": "Stoliker D, Novelli L, Khajehnejad M, Biabani M, Greaves MD, Barta T, Williams M, Chopra S, Bazin O, Simonsson O, Chambers R, Barrett F, Deco G, Preller KH, Carhart-Harris R, Seth A, Sundram S, Egan GF, Razi A.", "abstract": "Psychedelics can profoundly alter consciousness by reorganising brain connectivity; however, their effects are context-sensitive. To understand how this reorganisation depends on context, we collected and comprehensively analysed the largest psychedelic neuroimaging dataset to date. Sixty-two adults were scanned with functional MRI and EEG during rest and naturalistic stimuli (meditation, music, and movie), before and after ingesting 19 mg of psilocybin (functional MRI ≈80 min post-dose; EEG ≈150 min post-dose). Half the participants ranked the experience among the most meaningful of their lives. Under psilocybin, functional MRI and EEG signals recorded during eyes-closed conditions became similar to those recorded during an eyes-open condition. Global functional connectivity increased in associative regions and decreased in sensory areas. Using machine learning to represent neural activity as low-dimensional trajectories, we found that psilocybin reorganised these into structured, context-sensitive patterns of brain activity that reflected both experimental condition and the quality of subjective experience, revealing an organisation that was missed by time-averaged connectivity measures. Under psilocybin, brain networks that ordinarily segregate internal and external processing coherently integrated and aligned neural dynamics with context. This context-alignment manifested as distinct and cohesive neural trajectories in participants reporting positively felt self- and boundary-dissolving effects, corresponding to the felt experience of being part of the environment, which we refer to as embeddedness -the subjective experience of being continuous with, rather than separate from, the surrounding environment. The strength of this context-alignment was associated with next-day mindset change, bridging the neural, experiential, and therapeutic dimensions of the psychedelic state. These findings show that the organisation of brain activity covaries with the experiential coherence of the psychedelic state, and provide a systems-level framework for how context-sensitive brain dynamics link neurobiology to subjective experience and behavioural change.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.03.09.642197", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.09.642197", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR987866\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 784, "title": "Lasting effect of psilocybin on sociability can be blocked by DNA methyltransferase inhibition", "normalized_title": "lasting effect of psilocybin on sociability can be blocked by dna methyltransferase inhibition", "authors": "Song C, Chang T, Buchborn T, Knöpfel T.", "abstract": "The recent renaissance in research on psychedelics such as psilocybin has highlighted their therapeutic potential including their lasting influences on brain function. Here we report that a single systemic administration of the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin can durably promote social behaviour in the Cntnap2-knockout mouse model of autism. This effect can be blocked by pharmacological inhibition of DNA methyltransferase I, indicating an epigenetic mechanism underlying the long-lasting effect of psilocybin.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.03.10.642385", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.10.642385", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR987875\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Epigenetics,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 503, "title": "Psychedelics and autobiographical memory - Six open questions", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and autobiographical memory six open questions", "authors": "", "abstract": "Rationale Since the earliest LSD research, psychedelics have been claimed to enhance autobiographical memory. Revisiting and processing autobiographical memories has further been suggested to be a major component of the therapeutic action of psychedelics. However, modern psychedelic research has largely neglected autobiographical elements of psychedelic experiences, and many vital questions remain unanswered. Objectives We present and discuss six open questions related to psychedelics and autobiographical memory: 1. Do psychedelics enhance autobiographical recall? 2. Is recall and processing of significant autobiographical (e.g., traumatic) memories a common part of psychedelic experiences? 3. Do psychedelics promote the development of false or inaccurate memories? 4. How do autobiographical memories change if they are recalled and reconsolidated under the effects of psychedelics? 5. What are memories of psychedelic experiences like? 6. Are autobiographical experiences under psychedelics of particular importance for their therapeutic effects? Results We present the background and current limited state of evidence for each question and provide suggestions on how future studies could best address them. Conclusions Besides advancing basic research, answering these pressing questions is highly relevant for the possible therapeutic use of psychedelics, both in terms of developing and optimizing new interventions and for avoiding iatrogenic harms. Ideally, future psychedelic-assisted interventions could harness the possible synergies between the effects of psychedelics and existing memory-based therapies. Keywords: Psychedelics, autobiographical memory, LSD, psilocybin", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/su7ch_v2", "keywords": "autobiographical memory, LSD, psilocybin, psychedelics, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"su7ch_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3116, "title": "Revealing Changes in Linear and Nonlinear Functional Connectivity After Psilocybin and Escitalopram Treatment in Patients with Depression", "normalized_title": "revealing changes in linear and nonlinear functional connectivity after psilocybin and escitalopram treatment in patients with depression", "authors": "Quah S, Glick C, Roseman L, Pasquini L, Carhart-Harris R, Saggar M.", "abstract": "Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is typically characterized by altered linear functional connectivity (FC) across large-scale brain networks. Yet, it is unclear whether similar alterations are observed when nonlinear FC is examined. This study investigated how antidepressant treatment (i.e., psilocybin and escitalopram) modulates both linear FC and nonlinear FC in individuals with MDD. Here, we focused specifically on five key canonical brain networks: the Default Mode Network (DMN), Frontoparietal Network (FPN), Salience Network (SAL), Dorsal Attention Network (DAN), and Ventral Attention Network (VAN). Across both treatments, using resting-state fMRI data, we first compared changes in linear and nonlinear FC between responders and non-responders. Responders exhibited increased linear FC within the VAN and greater nonlinear FC within the DMN and VAN than non-responders. We also observed more between-network linear FC for DMN-DAN and nonlinear FC for DMN-VAN in responders than non-responders. Next, we compared treatments and observed that Psilocybin responders showed greater connectivity between FPN-VAN (linear FC), DMN-VAN (nonlinear FC), and SAL-VAN (nonlinear FC) integration than Escitalopram responders, reflecting enhanced coordination and integration between higher-order networks. Conversely, Escitalopram responders exhibited reduced within-network linear FC within the DMN and SAL and between the DMN and VAN, consistent with a dampening of self-referential and salience processing and altered attentional control. These findings highlight potentially distinct mechanisms of action for psilocybin and escitalopram. Incorporating both linear and nonlinear FC analyses provided a novel characterization of these effects, emphasizing the role of these different interactions in antidepressant response. Future studies should investigate the long-term stability of these network changes and their relationship to clinical outcomes.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.03.05.641592", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.05.641592", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR987622\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 712, "title": "Psilocybin for disorders of consciousness: A case-report study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for disorders of consciousness a case report study", "authors": "Cardone P, Núñez P, Alnagger NLN, Martial C, van der Lande GJM, Sandell R, Carhart-Harris R, Gosseries O.", "abstract": "ObjectiveWith very few treatments available, post-comatose disorders of consciousness (DoC) pose one of the hardest challenges in modern neurology. Following promising clinical trial results in psychiatry, and a deepening understanding of their brain mechanisms, psychedelics have been suggested as a novel therapeutic drug for DoC patients, given that they increase the entropy or complexity of spontaneous activity in healthy participants. However, no attempts have been so far performed in patients with DoC.MethodsIn this case report, we describe the first-ever administration of psilocybin, a classic psychedelic (i.e., agonist at the 5-HT2A receptor), to a patient in a minimally conscious state plus. We report the behavioural effects and changes in neurophysiology measured with EEG.ResultsWe report no increase in overt behavioural repertoire with validated scales, yet new spontaneous behaviour not previously seen, and increased brain complexity, as measured by the Lempel-Ziv complexity index, with changes in the underlying periodic rhythms.ConclusionsThis study contributes to future investigations exploring the use of psychedelics in DoC, enriching the discussion surrounding the role of psychedelics in medicine, and the link between brain complexity and consciousness.SignificanceThis is the first-ever report of a classic psychedelic used as a treatment for post-comatose DoC.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.clinph.2025.02.264", "pubmed_id": "40147181", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2025.02.264", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40147181\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Case Report,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 565, "title": "Current Evidence for the Role of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants in Bipolar Depression: A Perspective and Plan for Action.", "normalized_title": "current evidence for the role of rapid acting antidepressants in bipolar depression a perspective and plan for action", "authors": "Repple J, Bayas M, Möser C, Kobayashi NF, Reif A.", "abstract": "After decades of limited progress in depression treatment, recent advancements have sparked renewed interest in developing novel antidepressants, particularly rapid-acting antidepressants (RAADs). Despite these promising developments, there remains a significant gap in research on bipolar depression. While several antipsychotics have been investigated for their efficacy in bipolar depression due to the reduced risk of mania induction, research on RAADs, such as (es)ketamine, remains scarce despite their demonstrated safety and effectiveness. In this review, we give an overview of current developments in RAADs in the context of bipolar disorder. Both published studies as well as phase II, III, and IV studies on bipolar depression (based on ClinicalTrials.gov) are reviewed in this work. The following RAAD substance classes have been or are currently being investigated as possible treatments for bipolar depression: NMDA antagonists and indirect AMPA agonists (ketamine, esketamine, riluzole, felbamate), GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid A) activators or positive allosteric modulators (zuranolone, pregnenolone, PEA), psychedelics (psilocybin, 5-MeO-DMT), muscarine receptor antagonists (scopolamine), and kappa opioid receptor antagonists (navacaprant). Other than the well-established efficacy and safety of (es)ketamine in treating bipolar depression, there has been little research effort in the treatment of bipolar depression. Recent research into RAADs demonstrates the growing field of novel mechanisms of action in the pharmacological treatment of bipolar depression. However, there is an urgent need for well-controlled clinical studies on RAADs in bipolar depression to expand treatment options and improve outcomes for millions of affected individuals worldwide.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.02.903", "pubmed_id": "40064389", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.02.903", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Bipolar Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40064389\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3294, "title": "Exploring Public Sentiments of Psychedelics Versus Other Substances: A Reddit-Based Natural Language Processing Study", "normalized_title": "exploring public sentiments of psychedelics versus other substances a reddit based natural language processing study", "authors": "Biba B, O'Shea B.", "abstract": "New methods that capture the public's perception of controversial topics may be valuable. This study investigates public sentiments towards psychedelics and other substances through analyzes of Reddit discussions, using Google’s cloud-based Natural Language Processing (NLP) infrastructure. Our findings indicate that illicit substances such as heroin and methamphetamine are associated with highly negative general sentiments, whereas psychedelics like Psilocybin, LSD, and Ayahuasca generally evoke neutral to slightly positive sentiments. This study underscores the effectiveness and cost efficiency of NLP and machine learning models in understanding the public’s perception of sensitive topics. The findings indicate that online public sentiment towards psychedelics may be growing in acceptance of their therapeutic potential. However, limitations include potential selection bias from the Reddit sample and challenges in accurately interpreting nuanced language using NLP. Future research should aim to diversify data sources and enhance NLP models to capture the full spectrum of public sentiment towards psychedelics. Our findings support the importance of ongoing research and public education to inform policy decisions and therapeutic applications of psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/6xgu8_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6xgu8_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1055659\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 785, "title": "Extraction Yields of Psilocybin and Psilocin: A Short Review of Current Methods and Their Implications.", "normalized_title": "extraction yields of psilocybin and psilocin a short review of current methods and their implications", "authors": "Galdino TP, Oliveira LC, Luz MA, Jesus RA, Lima EPN, Torres MCM, Sivieri K, Afonso VI, Delgado JMPQ, Lima AGB, Silva SML, Fook MVL.", "abstract": "The growing body of evidence supporting the therapeutic efficacy of psychoactive substances, like psilocybin, has driven significant interest in recent decades due to their low toxicity and potential applications in treating various mental health disorders. However, producing pharmaceutical-grade psilocybin remains challenging, with three primary approaches: chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, and extraction from Psilocybe mushroom fruiting bodies. This systematic review evaluates the extraction and quantification methods for psilocybin and psilocin, aiming to contribute to the development of standardized protocols that ensure compound quality and purity. A total of 25 relevant studies were selected from an initial pool of 9152 publications indexed in platforms such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and PubMed. The findings indicate that both the extraction method and the choice of mushroom species significantly influence compound yields. Ultrasonic bath extraction was identified as the most efficient technique, particularly for species including Psilocybe cyanescens and Psilocybe cubensis. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was the most-used method for identifying and quantifying these compounds. Furthermore, polar solvents were critical for effective solubilization, with parameters such as temperature, solvent-to-material ratio, and extraction time playing key roles in optimizing yields. This review serves as a key scientific reference for advancing research, enhancing analytical precision, and ensuring reproducibility through the standardization of extraction and quantification protocols.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ph18030380", "pubmed_id": "40143157", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18030380", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40143157\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Systematic Review,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 740, "title": "Psychedelics and Eating Disorders: Exploring the Therapeutic Potential for Anorexia Nervosa and Beyond.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and eating disorders exploring the therapeutic potential for anorexia nervosa and beyond", "authors": "Hu S, Lin C, Wang H, Wang X.", "abstract": "Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by extreme food restriction, an intense fear of weight gain, and a distorted body image, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Conventional treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy often prove inadequate, especially in severe cases, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Recent research into psychedelics, such as psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), offers promising avenues for treating anorexia nervosa by targeting its neurobiological and psychological underpinnings. These psychedelics disrupt maladaptive neural circuits, enhance cognitive flexibility, and facilitate emotional processing, offering potential relief for patients unresponsive to traditional therapies. Early studies have shown positive outcomes with psychedelics, including reductions in anorexia nervosa symptoms and improvements in psychological well-being. However, further research is needed to establish their long-term safety, efficacy, and integration into clinical practice. Addressing the legal, ethical, and safety challenges will be crucial in determining whether psychedelics can transform the treatment landscape for anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00094", "pubmed_id": "40242584", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.5c00094", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40242584\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 687, "title": "Exploring Public Sentiments of Psychedelics Versus Other Substances: A Reddit-Based Natural Language Processing Study", "normalized_title": "exploring public sentiments of psychedelics versus other substances a reddit based natural language processing study", "authors": "", "abstract": "New methods that capture the public's perception of controversial topics may be valuable. This study investigates public sentiments towards psychedelics and other substances through analyzes of Reddit discussions, using Google’s cloud-based Natural Language Processing (NLP) infrastructure. Our findings indicate that illicit substances such as heroin and methamphetamine are associated with highly negative general sentiments, whereas psychedelics like Psilocybin, LSD, and Ayahuasca generally evoke neutral to slightly positive sentiments. This study underscores the effectiveness and cost efficiency of NLP and machine learning models in understanding the public’s perception of sensitive topics. The findings indicate that online public sentiment towards psychedelics may be growing in acceptance of their therapeutic potential. However, limitations include potential selection bias from the Reddit sample and challenges in accurately interpreting nuanced language using NLP. Future research should aim to diversify data sources and enhance NLP models to capture the full spectrum of public sentiment towards psychedelics. Our findings support the importance of ongoing research and public education to inform policy decisions and therapeutic applications of psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-03-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/6xgu8_v2", "keywords": "Natural Language Processing (NLP), Psychedelics, Psychoactive Substances, Public Perception, Sentiment Analysis, Social Media Analysis, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Quantitative Methods, Computational Modeling, Social and Personality Psychology, Attitudes and Persuasion, Health Psychology, Mental Health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"6xgu8_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 655, "title": "Side effects of microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin: A systematic review of potential physiological and psychiatric outcomes.", "normalized_title": "side effects of microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin a systematic review of potential physiological and psychiatric outcomes", "authors": "Modzelewski S, Stankiewicz A, Waszkiewicz N, Łukasiewicz K.", "abstract": "ObjectivePsychedelics are gaining renewed attention, especially through the practice of microdosing, where low doses are taken regularly. Microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin is used by both healthy individuals and those with mental health conditions to improve daily functioning, reduce anxiety, and enhance mood and cognition. However, there is limited information about the side effects of this practice. This review aimed to collect and characterize the side effects of psychedelic microdosing.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of original papers from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus (accessed August 03, 2024) that reported side effects of microdosing LSD and psilocybin. Non-English papers, non-original studies, studies without typical microdosing doses, or those lacking descriptions of side effects were excluded. Our methodology has been developed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Because side effects were assessed heterogeneously in these papers, we did not perform a bias evaluation.ResultsWe included 31 studies, 15 of which we classified as laboratory studies with higher quality evidence, and 14 studies with lower quality evidence, as well as 2 clinical cases. Side effects were typically dose-dependent, mild, and short-lived. Common adverse effects included increased blood pressure, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.DiscussionThis review is limited by the heterogeneity in reporting side effects and the short duration of many studies. Future studies should transparently and systematically present a description of side effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110402", "pubmed_id": "40058407", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110402", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40058407\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Microdosing,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3666, "title": "Acute Effects of 2C-B Compared With MDMA and Psilocybin in Healthy Subjects", "normalized_title": "acute effects of 2c b compared with mdma and psilocybin in healthy subjects", "authors": "University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland", "abstract": "4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) is a psychoactive substance with reportedly similar acute effects to both the prototypical empathogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and the classic psychedelic substance psilocybin (contained in \"magic, hallucinogenic mushrooms\"). Pharmacologically, MDMA mainly releases serotonin (5-HT) via the serotonin transporter (SERT) and psilocybin mainly acts as direct agonist at 5-HT2A receptors. 2C-B interacts with both the 5-HT2A receptor and SERT which is in line with its reported mixed effects profile. However, scientific studies are lacking. There is an increased interest in psychiatric research on the therapeutic properties of MDMA and psilocybin and also on mixed empathogenic-psychedelic substances. 2C-B is a phenethylamine and belongs to the so-called 2C drugs, a group of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) with some structural similarity to the classic psychedelic mescaline. 2C-B is relatively widely used as recreational substance often replacing or mimicking classic substances such as LSD or MDMA. 2C-B also ranks high among the substances found as substitutes or adulterants of tablets sold as MDMA or Ecstasy. Users report that 2C-B has similar acute effects to MDMA when used at low (5-10 mg) and medium doses (10-25 mg) and more psychedelic effects when used at a high doses (25-40 mg). Additionally, in two open labeled studies the effects have been defined by the researchers as entactogenic (MDMA-like) with psychedelic/hallucinogenic properties when administering 20 mg and on the other hand as psychedelic-psychostimulant like when administering a mean dose of 16 mg (4 used 10 mg, 5 used 15 mg and 7 used 20 mg). Subjective effects peaked at 1-2h and lasted 5h. The 2C drugs act mainly as agonists on the 5-HT2A receptor very similar to classic psychedelics like LSD or psilocybin. Furthermore, 2C-B may interact with monoaminergic systems more similar to MDMA and may share some empathogenic or even stimulant-type actions. 2C-B also inhibits the SERT similar to MDMA, however, only at low potency in vitro. Thus, taken together, the pharmacology of 2C-B in vitro is somewhat inconclusive but would be consistent with both MDMA- and psychedelic-type actions in vivo in humans. Increases in blood pressure and heart rate are moderate and regarded as lower than those of MDMA. No severe cases were observed. The safety profile of 2C-B is considered to be similar to MDMA. Psilocybin is a classic serotonergic psychedelic. Psilocybin is a prodrug which is activated to psilocin within the body. The psychoactive action of psilocin primarily involves an interaction with the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. Currently, psilocybin is the most investigated psychedelic substance among the classic psychedelics. In particular, there are high hopes of using psilocybin in patients with treatment resistant major depression and pharmaceutical companies are currently conducting phase III studies. MDMA is an amphetamine derivative which, unlike prototypical amphetamines, predominantly enhances serotonergic neurotransmission via release of 5-HT through the SERT and it less potently also releases dopamine and norepinephrine through the dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET), respectively. Furthermore, MDMA is known to trigger oxytocin release which may contribute to its effects to increase trust, prosociality, and enhanced empathy and is therefore referred to as an \"entactogen\" or \"empathogen\". Being granted as a \"breakthrough therapy\" by the FDA, MDMA is currently investigated in substance-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of PTSD. By using a placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over design the study will provide insight into the effects profiles of recreationally used psychoactive substances relevant for psychiatric research. Therefore the study will compare the acute subjective, physiological and endocrine effects of low (10 mg), medium (20 mg) and high (30 mg) doses of 2C-B with standard doses of MDMA (125 mg) and psilocybin (25 mg) in healthy subjects. Finally, the study will also allow to newly directly compare MDMA and psilocybin effects at representative doses and within the same subjects which will provide for a better characterization of these substances increasingly used in psychiatric research.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-03-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05523401", "keywords": "Healthy, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (10 mg), 2C-B, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (20 mg), 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (30 mg), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA, Psilocybin, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05523401\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,In Vitro Study,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 788, "title": "Further education in psychedelic-assisted therapy - experiences from Switzerland.", "normalized_title": "further education in psychedelic assisted therapy experiences from switzerland", "authors": "Aicher HD, Müller F, Gasser P.", "abstract": "The growing interest in psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) for treating psychiatric disorders such as treatment-resistant depression, PTSD, and anxiety has led to an increasing demand for specialized training. In Switzerland, MDMA, psilocybin, and LSD are applied in the framework of limited medical use as exceptional treatment options since 2014. The Swiss Medical Association for Psychedelic Therapy (SÄPT) has been a key player in addressing the need for education, offering a comprehensive, three-year training program for physicians and psychologists. This curriculum integrates theoretical knowledge with hands-on experience, emphasizing the therapeutic relationship, ethical considerations, and the management of altered states of consciousness induced by psychedelics. This article gives an overview of the structure and framework of the training and addresses topics covered by the program through theoretical teaching and retreats focusing on practical learning. However, the demand for these programs far exceeds supply. This gap is expected to widen as psychedelics potentially become regulated prescription medications. In response, several organizations have expanded their educational offerings, including further education trainings, workshops, conferences, and symposia. Overall, there is a need for more comprehensive and accessible training programs to meet the growing demand. The evolving landscape of psychedelic research, regulatory changes, and diverse patient populations require flexible and adaptive training models. As the field progresses, it is essential to establish certification standards and ensure the continued quality of training programs to ensure the safe and effective use of PAT in clinical trials and practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s12909-025-06871-y", "pubmed_id": "40045361", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06871-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychology, Curriculum, Switzerland", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40045361\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 787, "title": "Vermont Primary Care Provider Perspectives on Psychedelics - A Cross-Sectional Study.", "normalized_title": "vermont primary care provider perspectives on psychedelics a cross sectional study", "authors": "Yalovitser J, Levine J, Zweber C, Tien L, Stultz M, Mitchell H, Cote E, MacLean CD.", "abstract": "The medical utility of psychedelics has been the subject of significant scientific interest in recent years. While most of these substances remain Schedule I under the Controlled Substances Act, advancements in research have led states to consider expanding legal access, impacting primary care, where patients often seek mental health support and treatment. In July 2023 we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 770 Vermont primary care providers (PCPs) about their familiarity and concerns with psychedelics, as well as opinions on access and therapeutic value (response rate 17%). Two-thirds of respondents reported familiarity with psychedelics being used therapeutically, but less than half were aware of current regulatory statuses of LSD, psilocybin, and MDMA. Ninety-six percent were neutral or agreed that psychedelics have high therapeutic potential. The highest concerns were effects on youth, potential for psychosis, and traffic safety. Eighty-three percent were not at all or only slightly concerned about the inherent dangers of psychedelics. Seventy-seven percent were interested in further education. Overall, PCPs in Vermont, a state considering changes in access to psilocybin, are familiar with psychedelics, and cautiously optimistic about their therapeutic role. As research develops, it is important to incorporate resultant changes in policy and medicine into PCP continuing education.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2474246", "pubmed_id": "40045530", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2474246", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40045530\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 716, "title": "Opinion Mining of Erowid's Experience Reports on LSD and Psilocybin-Containing Mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "opinion mining of erowid s experience reports on lsd and psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Al-Imam A, Lora R, Motyka MA, Marletta E, Vezzaro M, Moczko J, Younus M, Michalak M.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics are gaining attention for their therapeutic potential in modern and personalized medicine. Online forums such as Erowid provide valuable user insights, but analyses of these experiences using natural language processing (NLP) remain scarce.ObjectiveThis study aims to utilize NLP, including sentiment and lexicon analysis, to examine user-generated experience reports on psilocybin-containing mushrooms and LSD from the Erowid forum.MethodsData from 2188 Erowid users (1161 psilocybin mushrooms and 1027 LSD) was collected via automated web scraping with XPath, CSS selectors, and Selenium WebDriver. The dataset included report titles, substances, and demographics. Sentiment analysis utilized BERT, RoBERTa, and VADER models. Preprocessing involved tokenization, lemmatization, part-of-speech tagging, and stop-word filtering. Lexicon analysis identified themes through recurring n-grams, visualized using Python.ResultsUser demographics revealed comparable ages for psilocybin mushrooms (23.8 ± 0.9 years) and LSD users (20.0 ± 0.6 years), with a predominance of male users. The BERT model predominantly labeled experiences as negative (unfavorable), particularly for mushroom users (p = 0.001). VADER indicated more positive experiences for mushroom users (p < 0.001), while RoBERTa mainly classified experiences as negative or neutral. Significant gender differences were found only with VADER, where more male users expressed positive opinions about psilocybin mushrooms (74.09% versus 65.52%, p < 0.021). The VADER model yielded more polarized results, whereas RoBERTa's cautious classifications indicate its suitability for analyzing lengthy and complex psychedelic reports. Further, RoBERTa outperformed other transformer-based models, achieving the highest accuracy. Lexicon analysis revealed emotional, sensory, and temporal themes, with psilocybin reports emphasizing introspection and time dilation phenomenon, while LSD reports highlighted memory issues and cognitive disorientation.ConclusionsSentiment analysis showed that VADER produced more polarized results, while RoBERTa offered cautious classifications with the highest accuracy. Lexicon analysis revealed shared themes, with mushroom reports focusing on introspection and time dilation perception, while those of LSD emphasized cognitive disturbances. This study highlights the value of these analyses in understanding psychedelic experiences, informing harm reduction, and guiding policy-making.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s40264-025-01530-z", "pubmed_id": "40032797", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-025-01530-z", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Natural Language Processing, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Data Mining, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40032797\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 792, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy: An overview for the internist.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy an overview for the internist", "authors": "Barnett BS, Mauney EE, King F.", "abstract": "Preliminary evidence suggests that psychedelic-assisted therapy-the enhancement of psychotherapy with psychedelics such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphet-amine (MDMA) and psilocybin-may be efficacious for depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, and other conditions. Therapeutic psychedelic research is advancing steadily, with psilocybin, MDMA, and lysergic acid diethylamide designated breakthrough therapies by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, in August 2024, the FDA declined to approve a New Drug Application for MDMA and asked its sponsor to conduct another phase 3 trial. Clinicians are urged to prepare for the possible return of psychedelics to medicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3949/ccjm.92a.24032", "pubmed_id": "40032306", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.92a.24032", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40032306\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 791, "title": "Prevalence and Correlates of Lifetime Ecstasy/MDMA Use Among Asian American and Pacific Islander Adult Populations in the United States, 2015-2020.", "normalized_title": "prevalence and correlates of lifetime ecstasy mdma use among asian american and pacific islander adult populations in the united states 2015 2020", "authors": "Kepner W, Yang KH, Dionicio P, Bailey K, Satybaldiyeva N, Moore A, Han BH, Palamar JJ.", "abstract": "Little is known about ecstasy/MDMA use among Asian American and Pacific Islander populations. Research is important because AAPIs face unique cultural factors that may influence use. We estimated the prevalence and correlates of lifetime ecstasy/MDMA use based on a representative sample of US AAPI adults aged ≥18 from the 2015-2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. An estimated 5.1% of AAPI adults used ecstasy in their lifetime. Compared to males, females had higher odds of use (aOR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.08-1.98). Compared to those aged 18-25, those aged 26-34 were at increased odds for use (aOR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.30-3.06), while those aged ≥50 were at lower odds for use. Lifetime use of other substances including cannabis (aOR = 28.4, 95% CI: 17.1-47.2), ketamine (aOR = 10.9, 95% CI: 1.63-73.4), LSD (aOR = 3.82, 95% CI: 1.98-7.37), cocaine (aOR = 3.77, 95% CI: 2.54-5.59), psilocybin (aOR = 3.29, 95% CI: 1.75-6.16), prescription opioids (aOR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.44-4.09), and prescription stimulants (aOR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.29-2.99) were associated with increased odds of ecstasy/MDMA use. We estimated that over 1 in 20 AAPI adults have ever used ecstasy/MDMA. Variations by age, sex, family income, substance type, and mental health service utilization emphasize the need for targeted public health strategies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2474243", "pubmed_id": "40033160", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2474243", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40033160\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 790, "title": "Results From a Long-Term Observational Follow-Up Study of a Single Dose of Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depressive Disorder.", "normalized_title": "results from a long term observational follow up study of a single dose of psilocybin for a treatment resistant episode of major depressive disorder", "authors": "Goodwin GM, Nowakowska A, Atli M, Dunlop BW, Feifel D, Hellerstein DJ, Marwood L, Shabir Z, Mistry S, Stansfield SC, Teoh E, Tsai J, Young MB, Malievskaia E.", "abstract": "Background: The largest randomized study of psilocybin to date demonstrated the efficacy of COMP360 25 mg (Compass Pathways' investigational proprietary pharmaceutical-grade synthesized psilocybin formulation) in participants with treatment-resistant depression (COMP001), compared with 10 mg and 1 mg doses. Here, we report findings from COMP004, a 52-week observational follow-up of patients from COMP001 and COMP003, a small open-label study of the coadministration of 25 mg COMP360 with continuing antidepressant treatment.Methods: Adverse events (AEs) were collected over the full 52-week period. The primary efficacy endpoint was time to a prespecified depressive event over the 52 weeks following COMP360 administration in COMP001 participants, presented as Kaplan-Meier estimates. A post hoc analysis included only participants that entered COMP004. Data were collected from July 2020 to July 2022.Results: Sixty-six participants entered COMP004 (COMP001, n = 58 [25 mg group n = 22, 10 mg group n = 19, 1 mg group n = 17]; COMP003, n = 8). Few AEs were reported post-entry into COMP004, with 1 AE of mild suicidal ideation in the 1 mg group deemed possibly related to study drug. For all COMP001 patients (n = 233), median time to depressive event was greater for the 25 mg group (92 days) compared to the 10 mg (83 days) and 1 mg (62 days) groups, with the majority of participants having had a depressive event by Week 12 (25 mg n = 37/75, 10 mg n = 38/79, 1 mg n = 44/75). The post hoc supplementary analysis of those who enrolled in COMP004 from COMP001 exhibited the difference between groups more strikingly (25 mg, 189 days; 10 mg, 43 days; 1 mg, 21 days); however, only 10 participants experienced a depressive event post-COMP004 enrollment (25 mg n = 6, 10 mg n = 3, 1 mg n = 1) from COMP001 and none from COMP003. At COMP004 entry, the 1 mg group had the highest number of participants on antidepressant medication (n = 10; 10 mg, n = 9; 25 mg, n = 6) and generally initiated treatment earlier.Conclusion: Over 52 weeks, a single administration of 25 mg psilocybin suggested longer maintenance of antidepressant effect than both 1 mg and 10 mg. Larger long-term studies are required to confirm these findings and provide clarity on the longer-term effects of psilocybin.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04519957.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-03-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.4088/jcp.24m15449", "pubmed_id": "40047545", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.24m15449", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Follow-Up Studies, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40047545\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 809, "title": "Treatment Expectancies and Psilocybin vs Escitalopram for Depression.", "normalized_title": "treatment expectancies and psilocybin vs escitalopram for depression", "authors": "Dutcher EG, Krystal AD.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4387", "pubmed_id": "39653344", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4387", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39653344\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 801, "title": "Correction: Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Psilocin After Psilocybin Administration: A Systematic Review and Post-Hoc Analysis.", "normalized_title": "correction clinical pharmacokinetics of psilocin after psilocybin administration a systematic review and post hoc analysis", "authors": "Otto ME, van der Heijden KV, Schoones JW, van Esdonk MJ, Borghans LGJM, Jacobs GE, van Hasselt JGC.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s40262-025-01487-3", "pubmed_id": "39982684", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-025-01487-3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39982684\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 800, "title": "Serotonergic Psychedelics Rapidly Modulate Evoked Glutamate Release in Cultured Cortical Neurons.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics rapidly modulate evoked glutamate release in cultured cortical neurons", "authors": "Petrušková A, Guhathakurta D, Akdaş EY, Perelló-Amorós B, Frischknecht R, Weiss EM, Páleníček T, Fejtová A.", "abstract": "The serotonergic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD and DMT hold great promise for the development of new treatments for psychiatric conditions such as major depressive disorder, addiction and end-of-life anxiety. Previous studies in both animals and humans have confirmed the effects of these drugs on neuronal activity and plasticity. However, the understanding of the mechanisms of action of these substances is limited. Here we show rapid effects of psychedelics on presynaptic properties, using live cell imaging at the level of single synapses in primary rat cortical neurons. Using the genetically encoded reporter of synaptic vesicle fusion synaptopHluorin, we detected a reduced fraction of synaptic vesicles that fused in response to mild or strong electrical stimulation 3-30 min after application of serotonergic psychedelics. These effects were transient and no longer present 24 h after treatment. While DMT only reduced the total recycling pool, LSD and psilocin also reduced the size of the readily releasable vesicle pool. Imaging with the sensors for glutamate, iGluSnFR, and presynaptic calcium, synGCaMP6, showed that while psilocin and DMT increased evoked glutamate release, LSD and psilocin reduced evoked presynaptic calcium levels. Interestingly, psilocin also affected short-term plasticity leading to a depression of responses to paired stimuli. The rapid and drug-specific modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission described in this study may contribute to distinct anxiolytic and antidepressant properties of serotonergic psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/jnc.70020", "pubmed_id": "40022486", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.70020", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Neurons, Synaptic Vesicles, Cells, Cultured, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Glutamic Acid, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40022486\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 799, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelics for Treating Anosmia: An Investigation of Online Accounts.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of psychedelics for treating anosmia an investigation of online accounts", "authors": "Kovacevich A, Dorney I, Bobak L, Kaelber DC, Barnett BS.", "abstract": "Olfactory dysfunction (OD) has become increasingly prevalent since the COVID-19 pandemic, yet effective treatments remain limited. In recent years, anecdotal reports have emerged on the potential benefits of serotonergic psychedelics (lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], psilocybin, etc.) in improving OD. To date, only one case series in the medical literature has documented this phenomenon. This study aimed to explore the potential therapeutic effects of psychedelics on OD by conducting a thematic analysis of online posts from people with self-reported OD discussing whether psychedelic use affected their OD. We analyzed 125 online posts, extracting key demographic data, anosmia cause, psychedelic type, psychedelic dosage, and reported impact on olfactory function. 108 posts (86.4%) reported improvements in smell following psychedelic use. Among those reporting improvement, 55 (50.1%) first noticed smell enhancement during their psychedelic experience, and 42 (38.8%) reported olfactory improvements persisting at least one day post-psychedelic use. No statistical relationship was identified between duration of benefit and dose for either psilocybin or LSD. These exploratory findings highlight the need for further research to determine whether serotonergic psychedelics could serve as a viable clinical treatment for OD or facilitate the development of new therapies, if the mechanisms behind these reported improvements can be elucidated.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2474239", "pubmed_id": "40022524", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2474239", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40022524\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 798, "title": "Irremediable Psychiatric Suffering, a Potential Indication for Psilocybin Treatment.", "normalized_title": "irremediable psychiatric suffering a potential indication for psilocybin treatment", "authors": "Somers M, Scheepers FE.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20240121", "pubmed_id": "40022534", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20240121", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40022534\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 797, "title": "Psychedelics for Cancer Pain and Associated Psychological Distress: A Narrative Review of a Potential Strategy.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for cancer pain and associated psychological distress a narrative review of a potential strategy", "authors": "Belitzky E, Ravani Carvalho LV, Taylor M, Ortiz CN, Baum L, Fiellin DA, Lustberg MB.", "abstract": "PurposeTo evaluate the current level of evidence for the use of psychedelics for the management of cancer pain and associated psychological distress.ContentPain is a common symptom of cancer and treatment. However, there are high rates of undertreatment of cancer pain due to the complex underlying biology of the condition, and potentially due to a decrease in opioid prescribing in response to the opioid epidemic. A diagnosis of cancer and cancer-related pain can trigger high levels of psychological distress throughout cancer treatment. Cancer pain can also be exacerbated by anxiety, depression, quality of life challenges, and fear of death and dying, as well as by fear of recurrence or progression. Several pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches have been utilized to mitigate pain and symptom burden with some success. However, there remains an unmet need for better management of cancer pain and associated symptoms. Psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), are under consideration as new pharmacologic strategies for mitigating pain and the distress associated with cancer pain and associated symptom burden. Although published studies are limited, regulatory hurdles have decreased. Many clinical trials are underway to assess further the use of psychedelics and behavioral counseling for patients with cancer and comorbidities such as anxiety or depression. These studies examine both the feasibility and efficacy of psychedelics for pain and psychological distress. Early results are promising, and additional research is needed to understand efficacy and tolerability in broader cancer populations.ImplicationsThere is an unmet need to improve pain management in patients with cancer and to mitigate psychological distress. Further research is required to understand the efficacy of psychedelics for the treatment of cancer pain and distress. Recent regulatory changes have paved the way for increased research on the clinical efficacy of psychedelics in cancer.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/cam4.70586", "pubmed_id": "40052631", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.70586", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Quality of Life, Pain Management, Cancer Pain, Psychological Distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40052631\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3764, "title": "Sociodemographic and mental-health characteristics of psychedelic-assisted therapy participants: Latent class analysis of a cross-sectional, purposive online sample", "normalized_title": "sociodemographic and mental health characteristics of psychedelic assisted therapy participants latent class analysis of a cross sectional purposive online sample", "authors": "Petrovitch D, Hosford S, Littlefield AK, Austin-Robillard H.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is an emerging treatment approach that often combines pharmacotherapeutic dosing sessions with more traditional psychotherapy. Despite limited formal regulatory approval, treatment seekers can currently access PAT through a variety of avenues, including ketamine treatment centers and “supported adult use” psilocybin centers in the U.S., drug tourism, “underground” therapy, and participation in clinical trials, among other ways. This has created a heterogenous landscape of PAT access in which people self-report PAT utilization with a variety of psychedelic and hallucinogenic drugs. However, there is limited published data on patterns of PAT involvement across drugs among real-world patients.Therefore, the present study investigated patterns of PAT utilization by applying latent class analysis (LCA) to a purposive sample of 244 self-identified PAT patients. Participants were recruited from a variety of sources (e.g., ketamine clinics, social media groups, a large U.S. university) and asked to report lifetime PAT utilization involving six compounds: psilocybin, ketamine, mescaline, ayahuasca/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Participants also completed sociodemographic and internalizing measures (e.g., Beck Depression Inventory II, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), and responses were compared across classes.LCA yielded a three-class solution. In addition to High- (55.7% of the sample) and Medium-PAT classes (29.1%), a unique Psilocybin-Ketamine class (15.2%) was identified-membership in this class was characterized by universal involvement with psilocybin and notable involvement with ketamine PAT compared to other compounds. Between-class comparisons of mental-health assessments indicated that the High-PAT class reported elevated depression and anxiety.These findings suggest that high levels of lifetime involvement in a variety of PAT modalities may be associated with more severe self-reported psychiatric symptoms, raising questions about selection or iatrogenic effects within the current PAT landscape. The emergence of a Psilocybin-Ketamine class implies that these substances may serve as initial entry points into PAT.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/26tz7_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/26tz7_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1055676\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3748, "title": "Tū Wairua: Development of an Indigenous Rongoā Māori Approach to Healing with Psilocybin Containing Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "tū wairua development of an indigenous rongoā māori approach to healing with psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Hodge A, Forsyth A, Noorani T, Muthukumaraswamy S, Rolleston A, McHugh P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain fungi, has long been used by Indigenous cultures worldwide for healing and spiritual purposes. While emerging evidence points to psychedelic agents being novel avenues for the treatment of substance use disorders, the predominantly Western medical models of psychedelic-assisted therapy being developed lack Indigenous wisdom and input, raising concerns about safety, efficacy, ownership, and continuing colonial dynamics. In Aotearoa (New Zealand), the enduring impacts of colonisation on Māori include the suppression of Indigenous wisdom, even as research affirming the knowledge and practice of traditional Māori healing is on the rise. The Tū Wairua project will explore the integration of rongoā Māori (traditional Māori healing practices) with psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for addressing problematic methamphetamine use (PMU) in Māori communities. This Māori-led project is driven by kaupapa Māori methodology and rongoā Māori conceptualisations of health and informed by biomedical psychedelic science. Based at Rangiwaho Marae in Te Tairāwhiti, a community with a high Māori population and a significant burden of PMU, the project aims to develop a culturally-appropriate PAT to explore the efficacy of psilocybin in treating PMU. This research represents a shift toward health interventions that respect and extend Indigenous wisdom, addressing the unique needs of Māori communities. It also seeks to develop a skilled Māori workforce to continue these healing practices, and challenge current legislation that restricts the use of Indigenous psychedelics. In creating sustainable pathways for healing through a community-driven, culturally-resonant PAT, Tū Wairua charts new directions in Indigenous-led psychedelic science.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/93x5h_v3", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/93x5h_v3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:18", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR984247\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3196, "title": "Sociodemographic and mental-health characteristics of psychedelic-assisted therapy participants: Latent class analysis of a cross-sectional, purposive online sample", "normalized_title": "sociodemographic and mental health characteristics of psychedelic assisted therapy participants latent class analysis of a cross sectional purposive online sample", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is an emerging treatment approach that often combines pharmacotherapeutic dosing sessions with more traditional psychotherapy. Despite limited formal regulatory approval, treatment seekers can currently access PAT through a variety of avenues, including ketamine treatment centers and “supported adult use” psilocybin centers in the U.S., drug tourism, “underground” therapy, and participation in clinical trials, among other ways. This has created a heterogenous landscape of PAT access in which people self-report PAT utilization with a variety of psychedelic and hallucinogenic drugs. However, there is limited published data on patterns of PAT involvement across drugs among real-world patients. Therefore, the present study investigated patterns of PAT utilization by applying latent class analysis (LCA) to a purposive sample of 244 self-identified PAT patients. Participants were recruited from a variety of sources (e.g., ketamine clinics, social media groups, a large U.S. university) and asked to report lifetime PAT utilization involving six compounds: psilocybin, ketamine, mescaline, ayahuasca/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Participants also completed sociodemographic and internalizing measures (e.g., Beck Depression Inventory II, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), and responses were compared across classes. LCA yielded a three-class solution. In addition to High- (55.7% of the sample) and Medium-PAT classes (29.1%), a unique Psilocybin-Ketamine class (15.2%) was identified-membership in this class was characterized by universal involvement with psilocybin and notable involvement with ketamine PAT compared to other compounds. Between-class comparisons of mental-health assessments indicated that the High-PAT class reported elevated depression and anxiety. These findings suggest that high levels of lifetime involvement in a variety of PAT modalities may be associated with more severe self-reported psychiatric symptoms, raising questions about selection or iatrogenic effects within the current PAT landscape. The emergence of a Psilocybin-Ketamine class implies that these substances may serve as initial entry points into PAT.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/26tz7_v1", "keywords": "ketamine, latent class analysis, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted therapy, purposive sampling methods, underground psychedelic therapy, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Therapy, Psychotherapy, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"26tz7_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3110, "title": "Tū Wairua: Development of an Indigenous Rongoā Māori Approach to Healing with Psilocybin Containing Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "tū wairua development of an indigenous rongoā māori approach to healing with psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Hodge A, Forsyth A, Noorani T, Muthukumaraswamy S, Rolleston A, McHugh P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain fungi, has long been used by Indigenous cultures worldwide for healing and spiritual purposes. While emerging evidence points to psychedelic agents being novel avenues for the treatment of substance use disorders, the predominantly Western medical models of psychedelic-assisted therapy being developed lack Indigenous wisdom and input, raising concerns about safety, efficacy, ownership, and continuing colonial dynamics. In Aotearoa (New Zealand), the enduring impacts of colonisation on Māori include the suppression of Indigenous wisdom, even as research affirming the knowledge and practice of traditional Māori healing is on the rise. The Tū Wairua project will explore the integration of rongoā Māori (traditional Māori healing practices) with psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for addressing problematic methamphetamine use (PMU) in Māori communities. This Māori-led project is driven by kaupapa Māori methodology and rongoā Māori conceptualisations of health and informed by biomedical psychedelic science. Based at Rangiwaho Marae in Te Tairāwhiti, a community with a high Māori population and a significant burden of PMU, the project aims to develop a culturally-appropriate PAT to explore the efficacy of psilocybin in treating PMU. This research represents a shift toward health interventions that respect and extend Indigenous wisdom, addressing the unique needs of Māori communities. It also seeks to develop a skilled Māori workforce to continue these healing practices, and challenge current legislation that restricts the use of Indigenous psychedelics. In creating sustainable pathways for healing through a community-driven, culturally-resonant PAT, Tū Wairua charts new directions in Indigenous-led psychedelic science.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/93x5h_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/93x5h_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR984267\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3109, "title": "Tū Wairua: Development of an Indigenous Rongoā Māori Approach to Healing with Psilocybin Containing Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "tū wairua development of an indigenous rongoā māori approach to healing with psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain fungi, has long been used by Indigenous cultures worldwide for healing and spiritual purposes. While emerging evidence points to psychedelic agents being novel avenues for the treatment of substance use disorders, the predominantly Western medical models of psychedelic-assisted therapy being developed lack Indigenous wisdom and input, raising concerns about safety, efficacy, ownership, and continuing colonial dynamics. In Aotearoa (New Zealand), the enduring impacts of colonisation on Māori include the suppression of Indigenous wisdom, even as research affirming the knowledge and practice of traditional Māori healing is on the rise. The Tū Wairua project will explore the integration of rongoā Māori (traditional Māori healing practices) with psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for addressing problematic methamphetamine use (PMU) in Māori communities. This Māori-led project is driven by kaupapa Māori methodology and rongoā Māori conceptualisations of health and informed by biomedical psychedelic science. Based at Rangiwaho Marae in Te Tairāwhiti, a community with a high Māori population and a significant burden of PMU, the project aims to develop a culturally-appropriate PAT to explore the efficacy of psilocybin in treating PMU. This research represents a shift toward health interventions that respect and extend Indigenous wisdom, addressing the unique needs of Māori communities. It also seeks to develop a skilled Māori workforce to continue these healing practices, and challenge current legislation that restricts the use of Indigenous psychedelics. In creating sustainable pathways for healing through a community-driven, culturally-resonant PAT, Tū Wairua charts new directions in Indigenous-led psychedelic science.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/93x5h_v3", "keywords": "Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"93x5h_v3\",\"version\":3,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 814, "title": "Prolonged adverse effects from repeated psilocybin use in an underground psychedelic therapy training program: a case report.", "normalized_title": "prolonged adverse effects from repeated psilocybin use in an underground psychedelic therapy training program a case report", "authors": "Perna J, Trop J, Palitsky R, Bosshardt Z, Vantine H, Dunlop BW, Zarrabi AJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic-assisted therapy has gained growing interest to improve a range of mental health outcomes. In response, numerous training programs have formed to train the necessary workforce to deliver psychedelic therapy. These include both legal and 'underground' (i.e., unregulated) programs that use psychedelics as part of their training. Prolonged adverse experiences (PAEs) may arise from psychedelic use, though they are poorly characterized in the clinical literature. Thus, understanding the potential harms related to psychedelic use is critical as psychedelic therapy training programs consider strategies to potentially integrate psychedelic use into therapy training.Case presentationWe present the case of a psychologist who underwent psychedelic therapy training that involved repeated high doses of psilocybin-containing mushrooms and subsequently developed prolonged adverse effects including severe sleep impairment, anhedonia, and suicidal ideation requiring hospitalization. Despite worsening symptoms, her psychedelic therapy trainers advised her against seeking psychiatric support, delaying treatment. Ultimately, the patient's symptoms resolved after a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).ConclusionsThis case highlights the tensions between legal and underground psychedelic use within psychedelic therapy training programs, psychiatry and neo-shamanism, and the use of psychiatric interventions (i.e., ECT) and energy medicine to address prolonged adverse effects from psychedelics. Clinicians should be aware of these potential conflicts between psychiatric conceptualizations of PAEs and frameworks maintained in psychedelic community practices and their impacts on patients' presenting symptoms, decision making, and emotional challenges.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1186/s12888-024-06303-z", "pubmed_id": "40021999", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-06303-z", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Female, Suicidal Ideation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40021999\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Case Report,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 718, "title": "Single-dose psilocybin therapy for alcohol use disorder: Pharmacokinetics, feasibility, safety and efficacy in an open-label study.", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin therapy for alcohol use disorder pharmacokinetics feasibility safety and efficacy in an open label study", "authors": "Jensen ME, Stenbæk DS, Messell CD, Poulsen ED, Varga TV, Fisher PM, Nielsen MKK, Johansen SS, Volkow ND, Knudsen GM, Fink-Jensen A.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin, a serotonin 2A receptor agonist with psychedelic properties, shows promise as a novel treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). While current studies involve two dosing sessions, the effects of a single dose have not been investigated.AimsTo investigate the pharmacokinetics, feasibility, safety and efficacy of single-dose psilocybin therapy in AUD.MethodsThis open-label, single-group study investigated single-dose psilocybin therapy in 10 treatment-seeking adults (8 men and 2 women; median age 44 years) with severe AUD. The treatment involved two preparation sessions, a high-dose psilocybin session (25 mg) and two integration sessions. Pharmacokinetics were determined by noncompartmental analysis, and changes in alcohol consumption, craving and self-efficacy, were assessed using a linear mixed model.ResultsNotable between-participant pharmacokinetic variations were observed, with peak plasma psilocin concentrations ranging from 14 to 59 µg/L. Alcohol consumption significantly decreased over the 12 weeks following psilocybin administration. Heavy drinking days were reduced by 37.5 percentage points (95% CI: -61.1 to -13.9, p = 0.005), and drinks per day decreased by 3.4 drinks (95% CI: -6.5 to -0.3, p = 0.03). This was corroborated by reports of rapid and sustained reductions in craving and increases in self-efficacy.ConclusionsDespite pharmacokinetic variations, a single 25 mg psilocybin dose was safe and effective in reducing alcohol consumption in AUD patients. Larger randomised, placebo-controlled, single-dose AUD trials are warranted.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04718792.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251319457", "pubmed_id": "40018886", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251319457", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Feasibility Studies, Alcohol Drinking, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Craving, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40018886\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 681, "title": "Acute Effects and Pharmacokinetics of LSD after Paroxetine or Placebo Pre-Administration in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Phase I Trial.", "normalized_title": "acute effects and pharmacokinetics of lsd after paroxetine or placebo pre administration in a randomized double blind cross over phase i trial", "authors": "Becker AM, Humbert-Droz M, Mueller L, Jelušić A, Tolev A, Straumann I, Avedisian I, Erne L, Thomann J, Luethi D, Grünblatt E, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen H, Liechti ME.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), are being investigated for the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders, for which concomitant treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is prevalent. The present study investigated the acute response to single doses of LSD (100 μg) after daily administration of paroxetine (10 mg for 7 days, followed by 20 mg for 35 days) or placebo (42 days) using a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design in 23 healthy participants. Paroxetine did not alter pleasant subjective effects of LSD but significantly reduced \"bad drug effect,\" \"anxiety,\" and \"nausea.\" No differences in autonomic effects or QTc interval after LSD administration were found between both conditions. The strong cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor paroxetine led to higher maximal concentrations and total exposures of LSD (geometric mean ratios of 1.4 and 1.5, respectively) indicating relevant involvement of CYP2D6 in its metabolism. The extent of this inhibition was nominally highest in genetic CYP2D6 normal metabolizers and lowest in poor metabolizers. The present findings suggest that add-on treatment with LSD to an SSRI is well-tolerated. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions indicate that no dose adjustment of LSD seems necessary in the presence of an SSRI that inhibits CYP2D6. For SSRIs that do not relevantly inhibit CYP2D6, a dose increase of LSD might be appropriate, but due to lacking data and potential other pharmacokinetic interactions with these compounds, no definitive dose recommendation can be made.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/cpt.3618", "pubmed_id": "40022427", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.3618", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Paroxetine, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6, Hallucinogens, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Drug Interactions, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40022427\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 796, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy May Enhance Conservation Values in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy may enhance conservation values in patients with alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Gold ND, Pagni BA, Petridis PD, Bogenschutz MP.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin can produce long-term changes in personality, personal values, and behavior. Although psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) is being actively studied for various psychiatric conditions, its effects on personal values in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) remain unexplored. This study examined the effects of PAT on personal values in patients with AUD and assessed relationships between value changes, acute psilocybin experiences, and drinking outcomes.MethodsIn a phase II clinical trial (NCT02061293), 93 participants with AUD received 12 weeks of treatment, including manualized psychotherapy and two 8-h drug administration sessions with either psilocybin (n = 48) or active placebo (n = 45). Personal values were assessed before and after treatment using the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS), which includes 4 domain scores (Openness to Change, Self-Enhancement, Conservation, Self-Transcendence) and 10 subscales. The acute psychedelic experience was measured using the 30-item Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ) and the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Scale (5D-ASC). Treatment effects were assessed using univariate ANCOVAs, with baseline SVS values as covariates. Time effects within each group were evaluated using paired t-tests. Pearson correlations examined the relationship between value changes and acute effects, and also value changes and drinking outcomes.ResultsSignificant treatment effects were detected for the Conservation domain and its subscales \"security\" and \"tradition.\" No other domains or subscales showed significant treatment effects. Within the psilocybin group, time effects were significant only for conservation, and its subscales \"tradition,\" and \"security\". No significant time effects were detected in the placebo group. In the psilocybin group, the MEQ subscale Ineffability was significantly associated with increases in Conservation, \"security,\" and \"tradition\" (r = 0.31-0.34). 5D-ASC subscale Vigilance Reduction was associated with Conservation (r = 0.31), but not its subscales. 5D-ASC subscale Dread of Ego Dissolution during the psilocybin sessions correlated with increases in \"tradition\" (r = 0.31). None of the value changes were significantly associated with drinking outcomes.ConclusionPAT may alter value structure in patients with AUD patients by increasing Conservation. Although some associations were found between acute psychedelic effects and changes in Conservation, these value changes were not related to drinking outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2024.0030", "pubmed_id": "40337752", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2024.0030", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40337752\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Consciousness,Personality Change,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 795, "title": "Participants' Experience of Psychedelic Integration Groups and Processes: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis.", "normalized_title": "participants experience of psychedelic integration groups and processes a qualitative thematic analysis", "authors": "Modlin NL, McPhee T, Zazon N, Sarang M, Hignett R, Pick S, Cleare A, Williamson V, Rucker J.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine are increasingly recognized for their potential therapeutic benefits in treating complex and chronic mental health conditions. Growing public interest in psychedelics may drive increased consumption outside of medically supervised clinical trials. Correspondingly, legality issues and potential risks of unregulated use underscore the need for structured aftercare support, including psychedelic integration groups, to reduce harm potential.MethodsThis study utilized a cross-sectional, observational, online, anonymous survey with 65 participants who used psychedelics and attended psychedelic integration groups. Participants provided qualitative data on their experiences via open-ended questions. Employing a deliberate analytic strategy, responses were subsequently analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key patterns and themes.ResultsThree primary themes and associated subthemes emerged from the data: (1) reasons for attending psychedelic integration groups, (2) utility of psychedelic integration groups, and (3) adverse factors influencing participants' experience of the group.DiscussionThe study underscores the therapeutic potential of psychedelic integration groups in providing essential community support and facilitating the processing of psychedelic experiences. However, it also highlights significant challenges, such as managing group dynamics and ensuring facilitators are adequately trained. These findings suggest that while integration groups can mitigate some risks associated with psychedelic use, research is needed to optimize their structure and effectiveness. Specifically, future studies should explore the development of standardized protocols and facilitator training programs to enhance the safety and efficacy of these groups. This research is crucial to inform policy and practice, ensuring that individuals seeking integration support and aftercare following psychedelic use have access to well-designed and delivered interventions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2024.0027", "pubmed_id": "40337755", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2024.0027", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40337755\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 794, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Bipolar II Disorder.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for treatment resistant depression in bipolar ii disorder", "authors": "Meshkat S, Kaczmarek E, Doyle Z, Brudner RM, Gomes FA, Blainey MG, Weiglein G, McIntyre RS, Mansur RB, Rosenblat JD.", "abstract": "BackgroundBipolar II disorder (BD-II) is often associated with chronic and treatment resistant major depressive episodes. Psilocybin has shown promise for its rapid-acting antidepressant effects, though its impact on bipolar depression remains unexplored. In the present subgroup analysis of an already published trial on treatment-resistant depression (TRD), we aimed to preliminarily evaluate the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in patients with BD-II.MethodsAdults with TRD associated with BD-II, excluding those with psychosis were included. Participants underwent one or two psilocybin sessions, each with a dose of 25 mg, along with preparatory and integrative psychotherapy sessions.ResultsA total of four participants with a mean age of 37.5 ± 4.15 years were included. At baseline, the mean Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score was 32.5 (95% CI: 26.3-38.7, SD = 3.87). By week 2 post-dose, mean MADRS decreased to 20.3, and 2 weeks after dose 2, it further dropped to 19. At the end of the 6-month study, the mean MADRS score was 21.3. Young Mania Rating Scale scores remained stable at a mean of one throughout the study with no evidence of treatment emergent mania, hypomania or psychosis observed in any participants.ConclusionsThese findings suggest potential improvement in depressive symptoms with psilocybin administration in BD-II. Future studies with larger sample size are required to replicate our results and further evaluate antidepressant effects of psilocybin in bipolar depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2024.0032", "pubmed_id": "40337756", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2024.0032", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40337756\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 793, "title": "A Field-Wide Review and Analysis of Study Materials Used in Psilocybin Trials: Assessment of Two Decades of Research.", "normalized_title": "a field wide review and analysis of study materials used in psilocybin trials assessment of two decades of research", "authors": "Yaden DB, Graziosi M, Owen AM, Agin-Liebes G, Aaronson ST, Allen KE, Barrett FS, Bogenschutz MP, Carhart-Harris R, Ching THW, Cosimano MP, Danforth A, Davis AK, Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths R, Grob CS, Gründer G, Gukasyan N, Heinzerling KG, Hendricks PS, Holze F, Horton DM, Johnson MW, Kelmendi B, Knatz Peck S, Koslowski M, Liechti ME, Mertens LJ, Moreno FA, Nayak SM, Nicholas CR, Preller KH, Rieser NM, Ross S, Sergi K, Sloshower J, Smigielski L, Stenbæk DS, Vollenweider FX, Weiss B, Wolff M, Yaden ME.", "abstract": "IntroductionSerotonergic psychedelics, serotonin 2A receptor agonists such as psilocybin that can result in substantially altered states of consciousness, are used in recreational and research settings. The safety of psychedelic experiences in research settings is supported by controlled physical environments, presence of clinical and medical staff to address emergent issues, screening for personal and family history of potential contraindications, and psychoeducational preparation with psychological support. Research settings typically provide psychoeducation to participants verbally and in writing (e.g., informed consent), and such documents and conversations can provide safety-related information-but may also introduce a wide range of expectancies. Such expectancies might involve the specific character of the acute subjective effects of psychedelics, possible side effects, and anticipated outcomes.MethodsTo better understand the content of this psychoeducation, we gathered study materials from many psilocybin studies conducted in the past two decades in healthy and therapeutic populations. We conducted a reflexive thematic analysis to better understand these documents.ResultsWhile these documents varied substantially between studies, we identified themes intended to lower levels of risk and optimize therapeutic effects from psychedelic treatments. The most frequently coded themes related to (1) biological and physical safety, (2) psychological safety and well-being, (3) aspects of setting, and (4) potential for expectancies. Prioritizing biological and psychological safety was evident in the materials from all sites. Furthermore, we identify potential contributors to expectancy unrelated to safety and suggest that these extrapharmacological elements be studied systematically in future research.ConclusionsIdeally, future research should strive to maximize safety while attempting to minimize extraneous expectancies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2024.0019", "pubmed_id": "40351554", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2024.0019", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40351554\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Contraindications", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 815, "title": "A review of psychedelics trials completed in depression, informed by European regulatory perspectives.", "normalized_title": "a review of psychedelics trials completed in depression informed by european regulatory perspectives", "authors": "Silva F, Butlen-Ducuing F, Guizzaro L, Balabanov P.", "abstract": "There is a growing body of clinical research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelics for the treatment of mental health disorders, notably depression. Accordingly, the new revision of the European Medicines Agency guideline on the clinical investigation of products for depression will incorporate a section covering specific regulatory recommendations for the design of studies with psychedelics. The present review investigated the methodological approaches adopted in completed controlled trials of psychedelics for depression in light of initial considerations included in the draft guideline revision. A systematic search conducted on scientific databases (Embase and Medline) and clinical trial registries (clinicaltrials.gov and WHO ICTPR) identified 8 completed trials as of February 2024. The trials tested psilocybin, LSD, Ayahuasca, and DMT, for major depressive disorder or treatment-resistant depression, and were all pahse 2 or 1/2. Patterns in pre-defined methodological variables pertaining to trial design, population, interventions, outcome measures and safety assessments were analysed and collated against considerations on unblinding and expectancy, choice of comparator, the definition of treatment frameworks, the characterisation of the subjective psychedelic experience and the specification of adverse events in relation to subjective psychedelic effects. Areas for future research, including long-term efficacy and safety and the influence of inter-individual differences, can be investigated in larger studies, necessary for marketing authorisation applications. Ultimately, balancing the intricacies of conducting trials with psychedelics with ensuring adherence to regulatory requirements can be facilitated by early dialogue with medicines regulators, and will be essential for the medical development of psychedelics to address unmet patient needs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105516", "pubmed_id": "40654583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105516", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40654583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 636, "title": "Acute psilocybin and ketanserin effects on cerebral blood flow: 5-HT2AR neuromodulation in healthy humans.", "normalized_title": "acute psilocybin and ketanserin effects on cerebral blood flow 5 ht2ar neuromodulation in healthy humans", "authors": "Larsen K, Lindberg U, Ozenne B, McCulloch DE, Armand S, Madsen MK, Johansen A, Stenbæk DS, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "Psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, is a psychedelic and agonist at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) that has shown positive therapeutic effects for brain disorders such as depression. To elucidate the brain effects of psilocybin, we directly compared the acute effects of 5-HT2AR agonist (psilocybin) and antagonist (ketanserin) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a single-blind, cross-over study in 28 healthy participants. We evaluated associations between plasma psilocin level (PPL) or subjective drug intensity (SDI) and CBF. We also evaluated drug effects on internal carotid artery (ICA) diameter using time-of-flight MRI angiography. PPL and SDI were significantly negatively associated with regional and global CBF (∼11.6% at peak drug effect, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/0271678x251323364", "pubmed_id": "40007438", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678x251323364", "keywords": "Carotid Artery, Internal, Humans, Ketanserin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cross-Over Studies, Single-Blind Method, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40007438\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3077, "title": "The Impact of Communicating the Benefits and Safety of Psilocybin on Policy Support: A Survey Based Experiment.", "normalized_title": "the impact of communicating the benefits and safety of psilocybin on policy support a survey based experiment", "authors": "Hitchins K, Reynolds J.", "abstract": "Background: Preliminary evidence suggests psilocybin may have therapeutic value for various mental health conditions; despite this, it is currently illegal in the UK. Less is known about how people form their attitudes towards psilocybin policies. Objectives: To explore whether beliefs about the benefits and safety of psilocybin influence support for psilocybin policies. Methods: In an online survey experiment, 804 participants were randomised to receive one of four interventions in a 2 (no information vs evidence for psilocybin benefits) x 2 (no information vs evidence for psilocybin safety) design. Public support for four psilocybin policies and beliefs about the benefits and safety of psilocybin were measured before and after participants were randomised to a group. Results: In a two-way ANCOVA, the Benefits Intervention significantly increased policy support overall and for two of four psilocybin policies when analysed separately. Furthermore, the Benefits Intervention significantly strengthened beliefs that psilocybin is beneficial and safe. The Safety Intervention increased psilocybin policy support overall (d =.10, p =.003); and for three of four psilocybin policies when analysed separately. The Safety Intervention also strengthened beliefs that psilocybin is safe but not that it is beneficial. Conclusions: Communicating the benefits and safety of psilocybin can increase psilocybin policy support and strengthen beliefs about psilocybin, however further research is needed to explore the longevity of these results.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/48yg7_v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/48yg7_v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR982614\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Longevity,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 532, "title": "The Impact of Communicating the Benefits and Safety of Psilocybin on Policy Support: A Survey Based Experiment.", "normalized_title": "the impact of communicating the benefits and safety of psilocybin on policy support a survey based experiment", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Preliminary evidence suggests psilocybin may have therapeutic value for various mental health conditions; despite this, it is currently illegal in the UK. Less is known about how people form their attitudes towards psilocybin policies. Objectives: To explore whether beliefs about the benefits and safety of psilocybin influence support for psilocybin policies. Methods: In an online survey experiment, 804 participants were randomised to receive one of four interventions in a 2 (no information vs evidence for psilocybin benefits) x 2 (no information vs evidence for psilocybin safety) design. Public support for four psilocybin policies and beliefs about the benefits and safety of psilocybin were measured before and after participants were randomised to a group. Results: In a two-way ANCOVA, the Benefits Intervention significantly increased policy support overall and for two of four psilocybin policies when analysed separately. Furthermore, the Benefits Intervention significantly strengthened beliefs that psilocybin is beneficial and safe. The Safety Intervention increased psilocybin policy support overall (d =.10, p =.003); and for three of four psilocybin policies when analysed separately. The Safety Intervention also strengthened beliefs that psilocybin is safe but not that it is beneficial. Conclusions: Communicating the benefits and safety of psilocybin can increase psilocybin policy support and strengthen beliefs about psilocybin, however further research is needed to explore the longevity of these results.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-24", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/48yg7_v2", "keywords": "Acceptability, Acceptance, Attitudes, Policy Support, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Social and Personality Psychology, Attitudes and Persuasion, Health Psychology, Mental Health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"48yg7_v2\",\"version\":2,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Longevity,Personality Change,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3080, "title": "The Impact of Communicating the Benefits and Safety of Psilocybin on Policy Support: A Survey Based Experiment.", "normalized_title": "the impact of communicating the benefits and safety of psilocybin on policy support a survey based experiment", "authors": "Hitchins K, Reynolds J.", "abstract": "Background: Preliminary evidence suggests psilocybin may have therapeutic value for various mental health conditions; despite this, it is currently illegal in the UK. Less is known about how people form their attitudes towards psilocybin policies. Objectives: To explore whether beliefs about the benefits and safety of psilocybin influence support for psilocybin policies. Methods: In an online survey experiment, 804 participants were randomised to receive one of four interventions in a 2 (no information vs evidence for psilocybin benefits) x 2 (no information vs evidence for psilocybin safety) design. Public support for four psilocybin policies and beliefs about the benefits and safety of psilocybin were measured before and after participants were randomised to a group. Results: In a two-way ANCOVA, the Benefits Intervention significantly increased policy support overall (d =.11, p", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/48yg7_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/48yg7_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR982270\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Longevity,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 774, "title": "Exploring factors associated with the intensity of a mystical experience following naturalistic psychedelic use: A retrospective survey.", "normalized_title": "exploring factors associated with the intensity of a mystical experience following naturalistic psychedelic use a retrospective survey", "authors": "Romeo B, Kervadec E, Fauvel B, Strika-Bruneau L, Amirouche A, Verroust V, Piolino P, Benyamina A.", "abstract": "IntroductionThe intensity of the psychedelic experience has been hypothesized as the main predictor of response to a psychedelic treatment. This study aimed to investigate factors that may be associated with the intensity of mystical experiences during naturalistic psychedelic use.MethodsThe data of this comprehensive sample were aggregated from four previous retrospective surveys, where mystical experience intensity was assessed using the mystical experience questionnaire (MEQ-30). Additional collected data included psychological flexibility levels, intentions regarding psychedelic use, substance used, subjective dosage levels, and socio-demographic information. ANOVA and linear regression were performed to identify predictors of MEQ-30 scores.ResultsA total of 1657 participants were included in this study. The significant predictors of the total MEQ score were: the main motive for the psychedelic experience (with a greater impact of spiritual/religious, therapeutic, and self-exploration, compared to recreational), the type of substance used (with a greater impact for Ayahuasca and lysergic acid diethylamide than for psilocybin), the subjective dosage (greater impact of very high, high, and moderate doses, compared to a very low dose), the number of psychedelic sessions, the time elapsed since the experience, and concomitant alcohol use.ConclusionThis large sample study highlights significant associations between the intensity of mystical experiences during naturalistic psychedelic use and several key factors: the type of the psychedelic substance used, dosage, and set, particularly participants' intentions. Moreover, results show that concomitant alcohol use is associated with less intense psychedelic experiences, emphasizing the relevance of screening participants for substance use in research settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-23", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111300", "pubmed_id": "40010428", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111300", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Mysticism, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40010428\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Psychological Flexibility,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 593, "title": "Development and validation of a HPLC-DAD method for determining the content of tryptamines in methanolic extracts of fruiting bodies of mushrooms belonging to species of the Psilocybe genus.", "normalized_title": "development and validation of a hplc dad method for determining the content of tryptamines in methanolic extracts of fruiting bodies of mushrooms belonging to species of the psilocybe genus", "authors": "Yasmo Perez JP, Chegwin Angarita C, Saldarriaga Ochoa OD, Urrego Restrepo SA.", "abstract": "This study presents the development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) for determining the content of tryptamines in methanolic extracts of dried fruiting bodies of mushrooms belonging to species of the Psilocybe genus. The objective is to initiate the assessment of tryptamine content in fungi marketed as Psilocybes in Colombia, using a standard chromatographic method that can be replicated. The separation was conducted in reverse phase using a Synergi 4 μm Hydro-RP C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm), eluted in a gradient mode with water-trifluoroacetic acid (100:0.1 v/v) and acetonitrile-trifluoroacetic acid (100:0.1 v/v) as the mobile phase. The gradient started at 5 % B at 0 min, reaching 30 % B at 15 min, with a flow rate of 0.20-0.22 mL/min, a column temperature of 35 ± 2 °C, and an injection volume of 10 μL. After establishing chromatographic conditions, the method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, system suitability, precision, robustness, and limits of detection and quantification, following the guidelines recommended by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Once the mentioned parameters were evaluated, it was concluded that the method is suitable for the analysis of tryptamines in mushrooms. These conditions enabled the comparison of tryptamine content in 19 fungal samples from the Antioquia region (near Medellín city, Colombia), revealing a total content ranging from 0.01 % to 0.73 % of tryptamines in psilocin equivalents per fungal biomass.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.talanta.2025.127777", "pubmed_id": "40020610", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2025.127777", "keywords": "Agaricales, Fruiting Bodies, Fungal, Methanol, Tryptamines, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Psilocybe, Limit of Detection", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40020610\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 816, "title": "Psychedelics and Suicide-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and suicide related outcomes a systematic review", "authors": "Meshkat S, Malik T, Zeifman R, Swainson J, Zhang Y, Burback L, Winkler O, Greenshaw AJ, Claire Reichelt A, Vermetten E, Erritzoe D, Jha MK, Dunn W, Jetly R, Husain MI, Bhat V.", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Suicide accounts for 1.4% of global deaths, and the slow-acting nature of traditional treatments for suicide risk underscores the need for alternatives. Psychedelic therapies may rapidly reduce suicide risk. This systematic review evaluates impact of psychedelic therapies on suicide-related outcomes. Methods: A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted up to November 2024. Results: Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluated suicidality as a secondary outcome or safety measure, showing significant reductions in suicidal ideation with psilocybin (three studies) and MDMA-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT; one study). Effect sizes, measured by Cohen's d, ranged from =0.52 to 1.25 (p = 0.01 to 0.005), with no safety issues reported. Five additional RCTs assessed suicidality as a safety measure, showing reductions in suicidal ideation with psilocybin (two studies) and MDMA-AT (three studies; p = 0.02 to 0.04). Among 24 non-randomized and cross-sectional studies, results were mixed. Psilocybin (three studies) reduced suicidal ideation, with odds ratios (OR) of 0.40-0.75. MDMA-AT (five studies in PTSD patients) had a pooled effect size of d = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.32-0.89). LSD (six studies) showed increased odds of suicidality, with odds ratios ranging from 1.15 to 2.08. Studies involving DMT (two studies) and multiple psychedelics (three studies) showed mixed results, with DMT studies not showing significant effects on suicidality and studies involving multiple psychedelics showing varying outcomes, some reporting reductions in suicidal ideation and others showing no significant change. Conclusions: The effect of psychedelic therapies on suicide-related outcomes remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for further trials to clarify safety and therapeutic mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/jcm14051416", "pubmed_id": "40094838", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051416", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40094838\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 759, "title": "Quantitative analysis of recreational psychoactive mushroom gummies in Portland, Oregon.", "normalized_title": "quantitative analysis of recreational psychoactive mushroom gummies in portland oregon", "authors": "Correia MS, Gonzaga MJ, Temple C, Gerona RR.", "abstract": "IntroductionIn November 2020, Oregon passed Measures 109 and 110 altering the legal landscape for psychoactive substances by regulating psilocybin use and decriminalizing possession of Schedule I substances. This coincided with the growth of the commercial nootropic (cognitive enhancers) mushroom industry, including products such as mushroom gummies marketed for \"legal highs.\" Despite these product claims, concerns have been raised about their safety profile. Our study aimed to assess the accuracy of labeling of these products and quantify their psychoactive contents.MethodsEight gummy products were procured from seven different smoke and vape shops in Portland, Oregon. Gummy samples were homogenized and analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Products were screened for psychoactive compounds, including psilocybin, psilocin, and their analogues, as well as for purported Amanita muscaria derivatives. Quantitative analysis of identified compounds was performed using isotope dilution.ResultsNeither ibotenic acid nor muscimol, the active components of Amanita muscaria, were detected in the two products claiming to contain Amanita muscaria extracts. However, these products contained psilocin and tryptamine derivatives. One product labeled as psilocybin-free tested positive for psilocybin. Another sample claiming to be nootropic contained undisclosed Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Overall, seven of the eight products contained psilocin, and six contained 4-acetoxy-N,N,dimethyltryptamine. Other detected compounds included various tryptamine congeners and kavalactones.DiscussionLabeling was inaccurate and inconsistent in many of the products examined. Users are likely to experience psychoactive symptoms considering the concentrations of xenobiotics determined. Serotonergic effects are expected from products containing tryptamine derivatives, including those inaccurately labeled as containing Amanita muscaria extracts.ConclusionsThe labeling of psychoactive mushroom gummies we tested was overall inaccurate. Products suggesting Amanita muscaria content instead contained serotonergic tryptamines, including some which falsely claimed to be free of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/15563650.2025.2450240", "pubmed_id": "39977248", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2025.2450240", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Psychotropic Drugs, Chromatography, Liquid, Oregon, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39977248\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 880, "title": "Emerging Risks of Amanita Muscaria: Case Reports on Increasing Consumption and Health Risks.", "normalized_title": "emerging risks of amanita muscaria case reports on increasing consumption and health risks", "authors": "Savickaitė E, Laubner-Sakalauskienė G.", "abstract": "IntroductionThe increasing popularity of Amanita muscaria, driven by its hallucinogenic properties, has raised significant public health concerns, particularly as it remains largely unregulated across most European Union countries. The mushroom contains muscimol, a compound that induces euphoria, altered perception, and hallucinations, and its precursor, ibotenic acid, converts to muscimol when dried or heated, reducing toxicity while preserving psychoactive effects. The growing trend in intentional consumption of A. muscaria reflects evolving patterns of intoxication despite its known toxicity risks. The European Food Safety Authority has flagged A. muscaria as an emerging risk, highlighting concerns over its increasing availability and potential for misuse.Materials and methodsFour cases of Amanita muscaria consumption and subsequent intoxication have been documented in Lithuania in 2023. To further investigate this topic, a systematic search was conducted using the PubMed database with the following keyword combinations: 'Amanita muscaria', 'Amanita muscaria toxicity', 'muscimol', 'ibotenic acid', 'psilocybin', and 'hallucinogenic fungi'. After screening for relevance and eligibility, a total of 27 publications met the inclusion criteria and were incorporated into the final analysis.Case reportsIn 2023, four cases of intentional A. muscaria poisoning were reported in Lithuania, linked to recreational consumption. Symptoms included tremors, respiratory failure, dizziness, and paranoia. All patients were male and required hospitalization, but all were discharged in stable condition.ConclusionThe unregulated status and increasing accessibility of A. muscaria pose significant public health concerns. While A. muscaria remains largely unstudied in medical contexts, its toxicity risks are well-documented. Misleading online information contributes to uninformed consumption, especially among younger individuals. Further research is needed to elucidate its chemical composition, therapeutic potential, and health effects to inform regulatory policies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.15388/amed.2025.32.1.23", "pubmed_id": "40641545", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.15388/amed.2025.32.1.23", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40641545\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Case Report,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 720, "title": "Anaesthetic implications of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide: what is old is now new: A narrative review on psychedelics and anaesthesia.", "normalized_title": "anaesthetic implications of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide what is old is now new a narrative review on psychedelics and anaesthesia", "authors": "Dave M, Shore R, Cupido T, Haley C, Clinkard D.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs, known for their perception-altering properties, are gaining popularity in the treatment of mental health and pain disorders. As exploratory studies demonstrate clinical efficacy with few adverse events, it is expected that more patients will ingest psychedelic drugs. For therapeutic reasons, as with any drug, anaesthesiologists must be aware of its physiological effects and contraindications to ensure the safe provision of anaesthesia. Psilocybin is a 5HT 1A and 5HT 2A serotonin receptor agonist thought to act on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the brain. Acute ingestion causes sympathetic nervous system activation, which can precipitate haemodynamic instability. Activation of the 5HT serotonin receptors can also place the patient at risk of serotonin syndrome. Chronic use increases plasma concentrations of cortisol, which has implications on prophylactic stress-dosing of glucocorticoids preoperatively. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a synthetic psychoactive substance, is also a 5HT2 A agonist. LSD has been shown to potentiate opioid analgesics, and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition. Historical reports suggest that LSD has anticholinesterase activity and can prolong neuromuscular block with depolarising muscle relaxants. Mescaline is a poorly understood psychedelic with similar autonomic effects. Historical studies have shown decreased neuromuscular transmission and an association with malignant hyperthermia. When managing patients who have consumed psychedelics drugs, it is important to consider delaying surgery whenever possible, to allow acute intoxication to wane. A high degree of suspicion and an understanding of management principles is vital to the safe conduct of anaesthesia. Future research should explore therapeutic doses of psychedelic drugs to understand physiologic effects at various concentrations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-17", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/eja.0000000000002138", "pubmed_id": "39967455", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/eja.0000000000002138", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Anesthetics, Hallucinogens, Anesthesia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39967455\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Contraindications", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 719, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted Therapy as a Promising Treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy as a promising treatment for irritable bowel syndrome", "authors": "Mauney E, King F, Burton-Murray H, Kuo B.", "abstract": "Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is prevalent and can be disabling. Many patients remain symptomatic despite behavioral and medical therapies. Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), in which serotonergic agents like psilocybin are administered in a psychotherapeutic context, has shown promise for refractory psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Emerging evidence suggests PAT may also be beneficial for chronic pain conditions, including fibromyalgia, low back pain, and migraines. IBS is highly comorbid with depression, anxiety, and other chronic pain disorders, suggesting shared cognitive and neurological roots and potentially shared therapeutic targets. In this editorial, we discuss 3 lines of evidence for PAT as a treatment for IBS, under the overarching themes of (1) psychological mechanisms (the findings from historic studies of psychedelics for chronic pain and the elements of psychobiological dysfunction targeted by PAT), (2) central nervous system mechanisms (default mode network modulation and induction of neuroplasticity), and (3) the neurointestinal pathophysiology of IBS that may be modified by PAT. We argue that this evidence suggests PAT is worthy of study as a new therapy for IBS, and potentially for other disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI). Successful application of PAT to gastrointestinal disease would represent a major step beyond mind-body dualism, with potential implications for other functional somatic disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1097/mcg.0000000000002149", "pubmed_id": "39998940", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0000000000002149", "keywords": "Humans, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Hallucinogens, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39998940\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 549, "title": "Quantitative natural language processing markers of psychoactive drug effects: A pre-registered systematic review.", "normalized_title": "quantitative natural language processing markers of psychoactive drug effects a pre registered systematic review", "authors": "Ahuja S, Zaher F, Palaniyappan L.", "abstract": "Psychoactive substances used for recreational purposes have mind-altering effects, but systematic evaluation of these effects is largely limited to self-reports. Automated analysis of expressed language (speech and written text) using natural language processing (NLP) tools can provide objective readouts of mental states. In this pre-registered systematic review, we investigate findings from applying the emerging field of computational linguistics to substance use with specific focus on identifying short-term effects of psychoactive drugs. From the literature identified to date, we note that all the studied drugs - stimulants, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cannabis, ketamine and psychedelics - affect language production. Based on two or more studies per substance, we note some emerging patterns: stimulants increase verbosity; lysergic acid diethylamide reduces the lexicon; MDMA increases semantic proximity to emotional words; psilocybin increases positive sentiment and cannabis affects speech stream acoustics. Ketamine and other drugs are understudied regarding NLP features (one or no studies). One study provided externally validated support for NLP and machine learning-based identification of MDMA intoxication. We could not undertake a meta-analysis due to the high degree of heterogeneity among outcome measures and the lack of sufficient number of studies. We identify a need for harmonised speech tasks to improve replicability and comparability, standardisation of methods for curating and analysing speech and text data, theory-driven inquiries and the need for developing a shared 'substance use language corpus' for data mining. The growing field of computational linguistics can be utilized to advance human behavioral pharmacology of psychoactive substances. Achieving this will require concerted efforts towards consistency in research methods.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811251319455", "pubmed_id": "39956789", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251319455", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Natural Language Processing, Machine Learning", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39956789\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Emotional Processing,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3328, "title": "Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations in serotonergic psychedelics and lewy body diseases", "authors": "Heller NH, Barrett FS, Buchborn T, Collerton D, Dupuis D, Halberstadt AL, Jardri R, Noorani TN, Preller KH, Taylor J, Waters F, Winston B, Leptourgos P.", "abstract": "Background and HypothesisVisual hallucinations (VH) are a core symptom of both Lewy body diseases (LBDs; e.g., Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies) and serotonergic psychedelics (SPs; e.g., psilocybin and mescaline). While these classes of VH differ in etiology, shared pathways are suggested by overlapping phenomenology and neural mechanisms. This review explores similarities and differences in VH between LBDs and SPs, focusing on phenomenology, cortical function, and serotonergic modulation.Study DesignThis narrative review synthesizes findings from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and systems neuroscience to compare VH in LBDs and SPs. The literature includes studies with both human subjects and animal models that examine cortical activity patterns, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and VH phenomenology.Study ResultsBoth LBDs and SPs exhibit distinct visual aberrations, ranging from minor metamorphopsias to complex hallucinations. Specific classes of VH in LBDs resemble those induced by SPs (e.g., illusory motion and entity encounters), suggesting shared neural mechanisms. Neuroimaging studies indicate a common pattern of hyperactive associative cortex and hypoactive sensory cortex. At the neuromodulator level, SP-induced VH involves serotonin 2A and 1A receptor (5-HT₂AR and 5-HT₁AR) modulation, while in LBDs, 5-HT₂AR upregulation correlates with increased VH, and its inhibition (e.g., with pimavanserin) reduces VH. Two shared cortical signatures are highlighted: reduced visual evoked responses and shifts toward visual excitation.ConclusionsExamining cortical and neuromodulatory similarities between LBD- and SP-induced VH may elucidate the link between visual degradation, excitation, and hallucinogenesis. Future research should employ real-time neuroimaging of discrete hallucinatory episodes to identify shared mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for LBD hallucinations.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7x8q4_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR978411\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 818, "title": "Setting the Stage for the Inner Journey: Unraveling the Interplay of Contextual Factors and the Intensity of Psychedelic-Induced Ego Dissolution.", "normalized_title": "setting the stage for the inner journey unraveling the interplay of contextual factors and the intensity of psychedelic induced ego dissolution", "authors": "Adamczyk S, Paczyńska M, Ruban A, Szczypiński J, Bola M, Orłowski P.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have the potential to induce profound alterations in cognition, emotionality, and sensory perception. The quality and intensity of these subjective effects exhibit high intra- and inter-individual variability, which can potentially be accounted for by the variability in contexts in which psychedelics are used. Therefore, the aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate how internal and external contextual factors are related to the subjective intensity of psychedelic-induced ego dissolution experiences. Participants completed an online survey in which they reported their motivations for past use of psychedelic substances, and the frequency of use in different environments and social contexts. Additionally, participants completed the Ego Dissolution Inventory to evaluate the intensity of past ego dissolution experiences. Robust linear regression analysis was performed on data from 862 psychedelics users (701 had used LSD and 553 had used psilocybin mushrooms); this revealed that participants consuming psychedelics for spiritual or self-healing purposes reported more intense, while those motivated by curiosity reported less intense ego dissolution experiences. However, the social context and physical environment did not exhibit robust associations with the reported ego dissolution. Therefore, our study enhances understanding of how set and setting factors relate to psychedelic-induced ego dissolution experiences in naturalistic contexts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2464797", "pubmed_id": "39948726", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2464797", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39948726\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2998, "title": "Classification of psychedelics and psychoactive drugs based on brain-wide imaging of cellular c-Fos expression.", "normalized_title": "classification of psychedelics and psychoactive drugs based on brain wide imaging of cellular c fos expression", "authors": "Aboharb F, Davoudian PA, Shao LX, Liao C, Rzepka GN, Wojtasiewicz C, Indajang J, Dibbs M, Rondeau J, Sherwood AM, Kaye AP, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA are psychoactive compounds that exert behavioral effects with distinguishable but also overlapping features. The growing interest in using these compounds as therapeutics necessitates preclinical assays that can accurately screen psychedelics and related analogs. We posit that a promising approach may be to measure drug action on markers of neural plasticity in native brain tissues. We therefore developed a pipeline for drug classification using light sheet fluorescence microscopy of immediate early gene expression at cellular resolution followed by machine learning. We tested male and female mice with a panel of drugs, including psilocybin, ketamine, 5-MeO-DMT, 6-fluoro-DET, MDMA, acute fluoxetine, chronic fluoxetine, and vehicle. In one-versus-rest classification, the exact drug was identified with 67% accuracy, significantly above the chance level of 12.5%. In one-versus-one classifications, psilocybin was discriminated from 5-MeO-DMT, ketamine, MDMA, or acute fluoxetine with >95% accuracy. We used Shapley additive explanation to pinpoint the brain regions driving the machine learning predictions. Our results suggest a unique approach for characterizing and validating psychoactive drugs with psychedelic properties.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-56850-6", "pubmed_id": "39939591", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56850-6", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Fluoxetine, Ketamine, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Female, Male, Machine Learning, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39939591\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 464, "title": "[Acceptance of psilocybin-assisted therapy in German-speaking countries].", "normalized_title": "acceptance of psilocybin assisted therapy in german speaking countries", "authors": "Hartter N, Däumichen M, Schmidt C, Wolff M, Gründer G, Jungaberle H.", "abstract": "BackgroundClinical studies with psilocybin in combination with psychotherapy show promising results for the treatment of various mental disorders; however, there still exists a lack of knowledge, rejection and prejudice towards this new form of therapy among doctors, psychotherapists and patients. The aim of this study was to gain a representative impression, as far as possible, of the level of information and attitudes towards the implementation of psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) among mental health experts, patients and the general population.MethodsAn online survey was used to collect information on the attitudes and knowledge of 1456 participants and to test the effect of a brief intervention. Results were determined using analyses of variance and regression models.ResultsRegression analyses showed that a higher knowledge score and self-assessed level of knowledge, own treatment experience and also own experience with psychedelics predicted more positive attitudes towards the introduction of PAT, F(8, 1447) = 154.646, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-11", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00115-024-01792-5", "pubmed_id": "39937287", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-024-01792-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Attitude of Health Personnel, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Germany, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39937287\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 682, "title": "Psychedelics and chronic pain: self-reported outcomes on changed substance use patterns and health following naturalistic psychedelic use.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and chronic pain self reported outcomes on changed substance use patterns and health following naturalistic psychedelic use", "authors": "Glynos NG, Baker A, Aday JS, Kruger D, Boehnke KF, Lake S, Lucas P.", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances have shown preliminary efficacy for several neuropsychiatric disorders and are currently being investigated for chronic pain conditions. However, few studies have investigated outcomes of naturalistic psychedelic use among individuals with chronic pain, and none have assessed psychedelic-related changes in substance use patterns in this population. In a cross-sectional survey of adults who reported using psychedelics to self-treat a chronic pain condition (n = 466; 46.1% women), we investigated changed substance use patterns and self-reported outcomes on physical and mental health following use of a psychedelic. Most (86.3%; n = 391/453) indicated that they ceased or decreased use of one or more non-psychedelic substances \"as a result of\" psychedelic use, and 21.2% (n = 83/391) indicated that the decrease in use persisted for more than 26 weeks after psychedelic use. Alcohol (71.1%; n = 226/318) and prescription opioids (64.1%; n = 100/156) had the highest proportions for ceased/decreased use. Illicit opioids (27.8%; n = 22/79) and cannabis (21.5%; n = 78/362) had the highest proportions for increased/initiated use. In multivariate regression modeling, having a motivation to reduce one's substance use was positively associated with ceasing/decreasing substance use (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-10", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/20494637251319497", "pubmed_id": "39944237", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20494637251319497", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39944237\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 822, "title": "CORRECTION: Efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "correction efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1136/bmj.r111", "pubmed_id": "39929528", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r111", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39929528\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 782, "title": "Psychedelics and Pro-Social Behaviors: A Perspective on Autism Spectrum Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and pro social behaviors a perspective on autism spectrum disorders", "authors": "Wang X, Lin C, Wang X.", "abstract": "Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are complex neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by deficits in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. This viewpoint explores the potential mechanisms through which psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) may positively influence pro-social behaviors, focusing on their implications for individuals with ASD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.5c00034", "pubmed_id": "40109751", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.5c00034", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40109751\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3062, "title": "Psilocybin alters visual contextual computations", "normalized_title": "psilocybin alters visual contextual computations", "authors": "Aqil M, de Hollander G, Vreugdenhil N, Knapen T, Dumoulin SO.", "abstract": "Psilocybin alters perception and brain dynamics. Contextual computations are ubiquitous in the brain. Here, we investigate the effects of psilocybin using psychophysics, ultra-high field functional MRI, and computational modeling. We find that 1) psilocybin alters contextual perception in the Ebbinghaus illusion, 2) psilocybin alters contextual modulation in cortical responses to visual stimuli, and 3) we propose a computational model capable of capturing and linking these changes. Leveraging vision as a beachhead, our findings highlight the alteration of contextual computations as a potential general mechanism underlying psychedelic action. Teaser Psilocybin alters visual-contextual computations, a potential general computational mechanism for psychedelic effects in the human brain.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.02.06.636848", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.06.636848", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR976450\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3722, "title": "Shame, Guilt and Psychedelic Experience: Results from a Prospective, Longitudinal Survey of Real-World Psilocybin Use.", "normalized_title": "shame guilt and psychedelic experience results from a prospective longitudinal survey of real world psilocybin use", "authors": "Mathai DS, Roberts DE, Nayak SM, Sepeda ND, Lehrner A, Johnson MW, Lowe MX, Jackson H, Garcia-Romeu A.", "abstract": "The classic psychedelic psilocybin has attracted special interest across clinical and non-clinical settings as a potential tool for mental health. Despite increasing attention to challenging psychedelic experiences, few studies have explored the relevance of shame-related processes with psychedelic use. This prospective, longitudinal study involved sequential, automated, web-based surveys that collected data from 679 adults planning to use psilocybin in naturalistic settings at timepoints before and after psilocybin use. State and trait shame and feelings of guilt were collected using validated measures and assessed alongside other measurements of psychological health. Acute feelings of shame or guilt during psilocybin experiences were commonly reported (68.2% of users) and difficult to predict. Ratings of participant ability to constructively work through these feelings predicted wellbeing 2-4 weeks after psilocybin use. Psilocybin on average produced a small but significant decrease in trait shame that was maintained 2-3 months after use (Cohen's dz = 0.37). Trait shame increased in a notable minority of participants (29.8%). The activation of self-conscious emotions with psychedelics deserves further attention as a challenging experience subcategory that may be relevant to psychological outcomes. Such experiences could pose a unique and context-dependent learning condition for both therapeutic and detrimental forms of shame-related memory reconsolidation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2461997", "pubmed_id": "39921237", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2461997", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39921237\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 824, "title": "A qualitative analysis of the psychedelic mushroom come-up and come-down.", "normalized_title": "a qualitative analysis of the psychedelic mushroom come up and come down", "authors": "Brouwer A, Brown JK, Erowid E, Erowid F, Thyssen S, Raison CL, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Psychedelic therapy has the potential to become a revolutionary and transdiagnostic mental health treatment, yielding enduring benefits that are often attributed to the experiences that coincide with peak psychedelic effects. However, there may be an underrecognized temporal structure to this process that helps explain why psychedelic and related altered states of consciousness can have an initially distressing but ultimately distress-resolving effect. Here we present a qualitative analysis of the self-reported 'come-up' or onset phase, and 'come-down' or falling phase, of the psychedelic experience. Focusing on psilocybin or psilocybin-containing mushroom experience reports submitted to Erowid.org, we use phenomenological, thematic content and word frequency analysis to show that the come-up is more often characterized by negatively valenced feeling states that resemble an acute stress reaction, while the come-down phase is more often characterized by positively valenced feeling states of the sort often observed following recovery from illness or resolution of stress. The therapeutic and theoretical relevance of these findings are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s44184-024-00095-6", "pubmed_id": "39915687", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-024-00095-6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39915687\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3105, "title": "Dose-dependent changes in global brain activity and functional connectivity following exposure to psilocybin: a BOLD MRI study in awake rats", "normalized_title": "dose dependent changes in global brain activity and functional connectivity following exposure to psilocybin a bold mri study in awake rats", "authors": "Fuini E, Chang A, Ortiz RJ, Nasseef T, Edwards J, Latta M, Gonzalez E, Woodward TJ, Bradshaw HB, Axe B, Maheswari A, Cavallaro N, Kulkarni PP, Ferris CF.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a hallucinogen with complex neurobiological and behavioral effects. This is the first study to use MRI to follow functional changes in brain activity in response to different doses of psilocybin in fully awake, drug naive rats. Female and male rats were given IP injections of vehicle or psilocybin in doses of 0.03 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, and 3.0 mg/kg while fully awake during the imaging session. Changes in BOLD signal were recorded over a 20 min window. Data for resting state functional connectivity were collected approximately 35 min post injection All data were registered to rat 3D MRI atlas with 173 brain regions providing site-specific changes in global brain activity and changes in functional connectivity. Treatment with psilocybin resulted in a significant dose-dependent increase in positive BOLD signal. The areas most affected by the acute presentation of psilocybin were the somatosensory cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus. Females were significantly more sensitive to the 0.3 mg/kg dose of psilocybin than males. There was a significant dose-dependent global increase in functional connectivity, highlighted by hyperconnectivity to the cerebellum. Brain areas hypothesized to be involved in loss of sensory filtering and organization of sensory motor stimuli such as the claustrum and the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical loop were all affected by psilocybin in a dose-dependent manner. Indeed, the general neuroanatomical circuitry associated with the psychedelic experience was affected but the direction of the BOLD signal and pattern of activity between neural networks was inconsistent with the human literature.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.02.01.636078", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.01.636078", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR976027\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 826, "title": "Emerging Medications for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Review with Perspective on Mechanisms and Challenges.", "normalized_title": "emerging medications for treatment resistant depression a review with perspective on mechanisms and challenges", "authors": "Lucido MJ, Dunlop BW.", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Non-response to initial treatment options for major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common clinical challenge with profound deleterious impacts for affected patients. Few treatments have received regulatory approval for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods: A systematic search of United States and European Union clinical trials registries was conducted to identify Phase II, III, or IV clinical trials, with a last update posted on or after 1 January 2020, that were evaluating medications for TRD. For both the US and EU registries, the condition term \"treatment resistant depression\" and associated lower-level terms (per registry search protocol) were used. For the US registry, a secondary search using the condition term \"depressive disorders\" and the modifying term \"inadequate\" was also performed to capture registrations not tagged as TRD. Two additional searches were also conducted in the US registry for the terms \"suicide\" and \"anhedonia\" as transdiagnostic targets of investigational medications. Trials were categorized based on the primary mechanism of action of the trial's investigational medication. Results: Fifty clinical trials for TRD, 20 for anhedonia, and 25 for suicide were identified. Glutamate system modulation was the mechanism currently with the most compounds in development, including antagonists and allosteric modulators of NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, metabotropic type 2/3 glutamate receptors, and intracellular effector molecules downstream of glutamate signaling. Psychedelics have seen the greatest surge among mechanistic targets in the past 5 years, however, with psilocybin in particular garnering significant attention. Other mechanisms included GABA modulators, monoamine modulators, anti-inflammatory/immune-modulating agents, and an orexin type 2 receptor antagonist. Conclusions: These investigations offer substantial promise for more efficacious and potentially personalized medication approaches for TRD. Challenges for detecting efficacy in TRD include the heterogeneity within the TRD population stemming from the presumed variety of biological dysfunctions underlying the disorder, comorbid disorders, chronic psychosocial stressors, and enduring effects of prior serotonergic antidepressant medication treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci15020161", "pubmed_id": "40002494", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020161", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40002494\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 825, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelics in Treating Substance Use Disorders: A Review of Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in treating substance use disorders a review of clinical trials", "authors": "Hogea L, Tabugan DC, Costea I, Albai O, Nussbaum L, Cojocaru A, Corsaro L, Anghel T.", "abstract": "Background and Objectives: Substance use disorders (SUDs) affect millions worldwide. Despite increasing drug use, treatment options remain limited. Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), integrating psychedelic substances with psychotherapy, offers a promising alternative by addressing underlying neural mechanisms. Materials and Methods: This review's purpose is to investigate the current understanding of psychedelic therapy for treating SUDs, including tobacco, alcohol, and drug addiction. The systematic review approach focused on clinical trials and randomized controlled trials conducted from 2013 to 2023. The search was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Consensus AI, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies involving psychedelics like LSD, psilocybin, ibogaine, and ayahuasca for treating various addictions were included, excluding naturalistic studies and reviews. Results: Our results highlight the key findings from 16 clinical trials investigating psychedelic therapy for SUDs. Psychedelics like psilocybin and ayahuasca showed promise in reducing alcohol and tobacco dependence, with psilocybin being particularly effective in decreasing cravings and promoting long-term abstinence. The studies revealed significant improvements in substance use reduction, especially when combined with psychotherapy. However, the variability in dosages and study design calls for more standardized approaches. These findings emphasize the potential of psychedelics in SUD treatment, though further large-scale research is needed to validate these results and develop consistent protocols. Conclusions: This research reviewed the past decade's international experience, emphasizing the growing potential of psychedelic therapy in treating SUDs pertaining to alcohol, tobacco, and cocaine dependence. Psychedelics such as psilocybin and ketamine can reduce cravings and promote psychological well-being, especially when combined with psychotherapy. However, regulatory barriers and specialized clinical training are necessary to integrate these therapies into mainstream addiction treatment safely. Psychedelics offer a promising alternative for those unresponsive to conventional methods.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/medicina61020278", "pubmed_id": "40005395", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020278", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40005395\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 820, "title": "Psilocybin as a Treatment for Repetitive Mild Head Injury: Evidence from Neuroradiology and Molecular Biology", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a treatment for repetitive mild head injury evidence from neuroradiology and molecular biology", "authors": "Brengel EK, Axe B, Maheswari A, Abeer MI, Ortiz RJ, Woodward TJ, Walhof R, Utama R, Sawada C, Balaji S, Kulkarni PP, Bradshaw HB, Gitcho MA, Ferris CF.", "abstract": "Repetitive mild head injuries incurred while playing organized sports, during car accidents and falls, or in active military service are a major health problem. These head injuries induce cognitive, motor, and behavioral deficits that can last for months and even years with an increased risk of dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. There is no approved medical treatment for these types of head injuries. To this end, we tested the healing effects of the psychedelic psilocybin, as it is known to reduce neuroinflammation and enhance neuroplasticity. Using a model of mild repetitive head injury in adult female rats, we provide unprecedented data that psilocybin can reduce vasogenic edema, restore normal vascular reactivity and functional connectivity, reduce phosphorylated tau buildup, enhance levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor TrkB, and modulate lipid signaling molecules.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-02-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.02.03.636248", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.03.636248", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR975392\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 828, "title": "Psychological Support Approaches in Psychedelic Therapy: Results From a Survey of Psychedelic Practitioners.", "normalized_title": "psychological support approaches in psychedelic therapy results from a survey of psychedelic practitioners", "authors": "Bender DA, Nayak SM, Siegel JS, Hellerstein DJ, Ercal BC, Lenze EJ.", "abstract": "Objective: To assess the viewpoints of psychedelic practitioners in research settings on approaches to psychological support for psychedelic treatments.Methods: An anonymous survey was distributed via email to contacts listed on ClinicalTrials.gov for clinical trials of psilocybin and LSD, personal contacts of authors, and through snowball sampling. The survey included Likert type, multiple choice, free response, and demographic items. Responses to survey items were coded to represent either emotive (emphasizing human and spiritual elements) or neuromodulatory (emphasizing biological drug effects) approaches to psychedelic treatment. Summative scores (\"E-Scores\") were determined to quantitatively represent preferences. Data were collected from March 2023 to July 2023.Results: Forty qualified respondents completed the survey. Respondents came from varying educational backgrounds (42.5% MD/DO and 57.5% other) and practiced in at least 4 countries, 11 U.S. states, and 16 institutions. Respondents had overseen a total of 1,656 psychedelic sessions (average = 41.4). There was a substantial range of response for many items (average range = 84.2% of maximum). Exploratory factor analysis identified 4 latent factors: The Importance of Trust, The Role of Spirituality, Creating an Emotional Setting, and Conceptualizing Negative Experiences. The average respondent held a slight preference for an emotive approach. Respondents who received training at the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) or the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS) had significantly greater emotive preference compared to other respondents (P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-04", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.4088/jcp.24m15521", "pubmed_id": "39928849", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.24m15521", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Attitude of Health Personnel, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39928849\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 830, "title": "Investigating novel pharmacological strategies for treatment-resistant depression: focus on new mechanisms and approaches.", "normalized_title": "investigating novel pharmacological strategies for treatment resistant depression focus on new mechanisms and approaches", "authors": "de Miranda AS, C B Toscano E, Venna VR, Graeff FG, Teixeira AL.", "abstract": "IntroductionA substantial number of patients exhibit treatment-resistant depression (TRD), posing significant challenges to clinicians. The discovery of novel molecules or mechanisms that may underlie TRD pathogenesis and antidepressant actions is highly needed.Areas coveredUsing the PubMed database, the authors searched for emerging evidence of novel approaches for TRD based on experimental and human studies. Herein, the authors discuss the mechanisms underlying glutamatergic antagonists, modulators of the opioid system, and tryptamine-derivate psychedelics as well as the emerging platforms to investigate novel pharmacological targets for TRD. A search for clinical trials investigating novel agents and interventions for TRD was also conducted.Expert opinionThe understanding of the multiple pathophysiological mechanisms involved in TRD may add further value to the effective treatment, contributing to a more personalized approach. Esketamine was approved for the treatment of TRD and novel drugs with rapid antidepressant actions such as psilocybin and buprenorphine have also been investigated as potential therapeutic strategies. Over the past decades, technological advances such as omics approaches have broadened our knowledge regarding molecular and genetic underpinnings of complex conditions like TRD. Omics approaches could open new avenues for investigating glial-mediated mechanisms, including their crosstalk with neurons, as therapeutic targets in TRD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/17460441.2025.2460674", "pubmed_id": "39885729", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2025.2460674", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39885729\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 789, "title": "Improved LC-MS Detection of Opioids, Amphetamines, and Psychedelics Using TrEnDi.", "normalized_title": "improved lc ms detection of opioids amphetamines and psychedelics using trendi", "authors": "Rosales CA, Lepinsky NA, Gebeyehu W, Wasslen KV, Colquhoun F, Warnes BB, Chihabi J, Manthorpe JM, Smith JC.", "abstract": "Substances of misuse are becoming increasingly difficult to analyze as unique methods of smuggling are adopted and due to the rapid emergence of new psychoactive substances, increasing the pool of compounds to characterize and identify. Technologies such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) represent the gold standard for accurate and robust analysis, with on-site ambient- and portable-MS systems providing rapid methods of drug screening and testing. For many samples containing residual analyte quantities, methods to improve sensitivity through chemical derivatization are critical for accurate determination. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time the use of trimethylation enhancement using diazomethane (TrEnDi) to improve the MS-based sensitivity of 13 different drugs of misuse. All analytes were successfully permethylated, with 11 demonstrating improved analytical characteristics from TrEnDi with MS sensitivity enhancements ranging from 1.2-fold to as high as 24.2-fold in the case of psilocybin, as well as increases in reversed-phase chromatographic retention for most species. Derivatization using 13C-isotopically labeled TrEnDi reagents were used to successfully resolve isobaric interference issues between three pairs of controlled substances. By using an unconventional aprotic solvent system for electrospray ionization, the benefit of a fixed-permanent positive charge was highlighted as TrEnDi-modified amphetamine was easily measured while unmodified was not detected. Finally, TrEnDi was employed to boost the sensitivity of morphine in a real urine matrix. Our results demonstrate a percent recovery of 103.1% and a sensitivity enhancement of 2.4-fold, demonstrating the versatility and applicability of TrEnDi to pre-existing analytical workflows for trace analysis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/jasms.4c00382", "pubmed_id": "39895518", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/jasms.4c00382", "keywords": "Humans, Amphetamines, Diazomethane, Analgesics, Opioid, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Liquid, Substance Abuse Detection, Mass Spectrometry, Limit of Detection, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39895518\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Epigenetics", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 802, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for Parkinson's disease without depression: A case-report.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for parkinson s disease without depression a case report", "authors": "Fleury V, Tomkova E, Catalano Chiuvé S, Penzenstadler L.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic assisted psychotherapy (PAP) can improve treatment-resistant depression. Its usefulness in Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown. PD patients may have problems adjusting to their chronic progressive neurological disease. A change from emotional avoidance to acceptance has been reported following psilocybin administration in patients with treatment-resistant depression.ObjectiveTo report for the first time the effect of psilocybin in a PD patient.MethodsA non-depressed 43-year-old female with a 2-year history of PD presented with difficulty adjusting to PD, anxious ruminations and pessimism. The patient declined an increase in dopaminergic medication or the introduction of an anxiolytic. Therapeutic patient education was not beneficial. The patient received four sessions of high-dose PAP within one year. Neurological and psychiatric assessments were performed before and at one year follow-up using qualitative interviews and quantitative assessment of motor status, dispositional optimism, depression, anxiety, apathy, and well-being.ResultsPAP was well tolerated. It significantly improved the patient's overall pessimistic outlook on her future and decreased her anxious ruminations and worries about potential handicap due to PD. Her general well-being improved, as well as all psychometric scores except for the apathy scale. Motor status remained unchanged. Better acceptance of PD allowed her to accept pharmacological treatment adjustment.ConclusionsPAP could be a safe and useful treatment for PD patients with dispositional pessimism and difficulties accepting their disease by promoting profound decentration from habitual thoughts and emotions, improving mood and PD acceptance. Randomized, controlled studies are needed to confirm this result.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-02-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/1877718x241312604", "pubmed_id": "39973494", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718x241312604", "keywords": "Humans, Parkinson Disease, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Psychotherapy, Adult, Female, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39973494\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3344, "title": "PSILOCYBIN MITIGATES BEHAVIORAL DESPAIR AND COGNITIVE RECOGNITION IMPAIRMENTS BY REGULATING THE HYPOTHALAMIC- PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS VIA THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) SIGNALING PATHWAY MEDIATED BY THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM (ECS)", "normalized_title": "psilocybin mitigates behavioral despair and cognitive recognition impairments by regulating the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal hpa axis via the brain derived neurotrophic factor bdnf signaling pathway mediated by the endocannabinoid system ecs", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11814968", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC11814968\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3302, "title": "ANXIOLYTIC- AND PROCOGNITIVE-LIKE EFFECTS OF A30-DAY CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH A LOW NON-PSYCHEDELIC DOSE OF PSILOCYBIN IN C57BL/6J MICE", "normalized_title": "anxiolytic and procognitive like effects of a30 day chronic treatment with a low non psychedelic dose of psilocybin in c57bl 6j mice", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11815219", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC11815219\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3292, "title": "BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPING AND METABOLOMIC COMPARISON OF CHEMICALLY SYNTHESIZED PSILOCYBIN AND PSYCHEDELIC MUSHROOM EXTRACT IN A ZEBRAFISH DEPRESSION MODEL", "normalized_title": "behavioral phenotyping and metabolomic comparison of chemically synthesized psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract in a zebrafish depression model", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11815225", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC11815225\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3291, "title": "ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ESCITALOPRAM AND PSILOCYBIN THERAPY AND BRAIN RESTING-STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER", "normalized_title": "associations between escitalopram and psilocybin therapy and brain resting state functional connectivity in major depressive disorder", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11814992", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC11814992\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3246, "title": "EFFECT OF ACUTE PSILOCYBIN ON THERMAL AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RODENTS", "normalized_title": "effect of acute psilocybin on thermal and neuropathic pain in rodents", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11814656", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC11814656\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 842, "title": "A clinical research perspective on the regulation of medical and non-medical use of psychedelic drugs.", "normalized_title": "a clinical research perspective on the regulation of medical and non medical use of psychedelic drugs", "authors": "Bogenschutz MP", "abstract": "", "journal": "Addiction (Abingdon, England)", "publication_date": "2025-01-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/add.16647", "pubmed_id": "39129581", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39129581/", "keywords": "MDMA, harm reduction, health policy, pharmacotherapy, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39129581\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 841, "title": "How psychedelics legalization debates could differ from cannabis.", "normalized_title": "how psychedelics legalization debates could differ from cannabis", "authors": "Kilmer B", "abstract": "", "journal": "Addiction (Abingdon, England)", "publication_date": "2025-01-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/add.16644", "pubmed_id": "39138955", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39138955/", "keywords": "Cannabis, grow and give, legalization, psilocybin, psychedelics, user licenses", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39138955\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 836, "title": "Evaluating the value and risks of psychedelics for psychiatric medicine: a clinical perspective.", "normalized_title": "evaluating the value and risks of psychedelics for psychiatric medicine a clinical perspective", "authors": "Marazziti D, Weiss F, Gurrieri R, Russomanno G, Gambini M, Magnesa A, Coccoglioniti A, Perugi G", "abstract": "After a long period of obscurantism, a possible role of psychedelics in clinical practice has progressively become a tangible perspective during the last two decades. However, the resounding enthusiasm linked to such 'psychedelic renaissance' runs the risk to unduly minimize the possible hazards associated with these compounds, while expanding their alleged benefits to improbable panacea-like proportions. In order to avoid mystifying or demonizing the properties of 5-HT2a agonists on emotional grounds, this subject requires a strictly unprejudiced and cautious approach to the evidence. In this article, the authors attempted to comprehensively analyze the available literature to provide a balanced overview of the possible benefits of psychedelics in healthcare, taking into account their potential risks. To date, psychedelics have shown a therapeutic potential in a wide range of conditions, with a seemingly limited risk of inducing adverse reactions, including abuse and dependence, when administered in a controlled environment by specialized personnel. In any case, although several questions remain unanswered before drawing firm conclusions, further studies are needed to establish which conditions and subjects could benefit from psychedelics and which patients bear the greater risk of adversities.", "journal": "Expert review of neurotherapeutics", "publication_date": "2025-01-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/14737175.2024.2445016", "pubmed_id": "39699299", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39699299/", "keywords": "5-HT2a agonist, DMT, LSD, Psychedelic, mescaline, psilocin, psilocybin, use in clinical psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39699299\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 832, "title": "The Acceptability of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy Amongst Mental Health Consumers: Utilising the Theory of Planned Behaviour.", "normalized_title": "the acceptability of psychedelic assisted therapy amongst mental health consumers utilising the theory of planned behaviour", "authors": "Louie E, Towers E, Morse AR, Watt J, Bryant Z, Haber P, Morley K.", "abstract": "Australian government approval has been granted for 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression, but the process of translating psychedelic-assisted therapies (PAT) into more widespread use is complex. Along with establishing the efficacy and feasibility of PATs, their acceptability amongst consumers is a crucial factor of successful implementation. This study utilised the Theory of Planned Behaviour to evaluate the acceptability of PATs amongst mental health consumers, identifying potential influences of these attitudes and predictors of PAT uptake. Participants completed an online survey between February and July 2023. Survey items evaluated consumer characteristics, acceptability of PAT (effectiveness, efficacy and social norms) and behavioural intentions to undertake PAT. The 254 participants had a mean age of 42.5 years (SD = 12.8) and 79.1% were female. Three quarters expressed a desire to access PAT. Acceptability scores indicated strong agreement regarding the effectiveness of PAT, social norms that moderately endorsed PAT and mixed feelings about its expected efficacy. Whilst univariate analyses indicated that previous psychedelic experience was associated with increased acceptability of PAT (ds = 0.63-0.80), multivariate analyses revealed that intentions to access PAT were associated with higher acceptability scores (ds = 0.37-1.32) and poorer experiences of conventional therapy (d = -0.31). Although a relatively large portion of participants had used psychedelics recreationally, the desire to access PATs was more strongly related to its acceptability, along with more negative experiences of conventional therapy. This implies that mental health consumers who are looking for alternatives to conventional therapy may view PATs as a desirable option, despite some safety reservations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/inm.70010", "pubmed_id": "39952893", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.70010", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychological Theory, Mental Disorders, Adult, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Australia, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39952893\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 831, "title": "Among Psychedelics, Only Psilocybin Has Demonstrated Benefit to Treat Depression.", "normalized_title": "among psychedelics only psilocybin has demonstrated benefit to treat depression", "authors": "Shaughnessy AF.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "39964936", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39964936", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39964936\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 829, "title": "Hallucinogen-Persisting Perception Disorder in a 16-Year-Old Adolescent.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogen persisting perception disorder in a 16 year old adolescent", "authors": "Mori-Kreiner A, Aggarwal A, Bordoloi M.", "abstract": "ObjectiveHallucinogen-persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is a rare condition characterized by the re-experiencing of one or more perceptual symptoms that an individual experienced while intoxicated with a hallucinogenic substance when the individual is sober. While there are several case reports of HPPD in adult patients, there is a scarcity of documented cases in children and adolescents. The purpose of this article is to highlight the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of HPPD in a 16-year-old male patient.MethodsIn this case report, the patient is a 16-year-old male with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) and polysubstance use using Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, cannabis, and benzodiazepines. He endorsed having auditory hallucinations and a heightened sense of hearing in between usage of MDMA for the past eight months and described auditory and visual hallucinations during his 5-day admission at the inpatient child psychiatric unit. Aripiprazole 5 mg was used as treatment for HPPD.ResultsOn review of literature, the first-line treatment for HPPD with clonidine and benzodiazepine has been documented by few case reports. Second generation antipsychotics are documented to be less effective with the exception of aripiprazole. The authors witnessed gradual improvement in the patient's symptoms with the use of aripiprazole, although it was not completely resolved during his hospital course.ConclusionsThis case demonstrates the presentation of HPPD and efficacy of aripiprazole in an adolescent patient. The diagnosis was further complicated by the patient's history of polysubstance use, and determining a distinction from non-substance-induced psychotic disorders was paramount.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.64719/pb.4525", "pubmed_id": "39935673", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64719/pb.4525", "keywords": "Humans, Perceptual Disorders, Hallucinations, Antipsychotic Agents, Hallucinogens, Adolescent, Male, Aripiprazole, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39935673\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Review Article,Case Report,Adolescents", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 721, "title": "Low (micro)doses of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine (DOPR) increase effortful motivation in low-performing mice.", "normalized_title": "low micro doses of 2 5 dimethoxy 4 propylamphetamine dopr increase effortful motivation in low performing mice", "authors": "Noback M, Kenton JA, Klein AK, Hughes ZA, Kruegel AC, Schmid Y, Halberstadt AL, Young JW.", "abstract": "Treating amotivated states remains difficult. Classical psychedelic drugs (5-HT2A receptor agonists) such as LSD and psilocybin have shown therapeutic potential in treating such symptoms, but their development has been hindered by their undesirable hallucinogenic effects. There is increasing evidence that administration of psychedelics at dose levels too low to evoke a hallucinogenic effect (\"microdoses\") may have therapeutic value in contexts of mood and cognition. 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine (DOPR) is a psychedelic phenethylamine compound acting as a 5-HT2A receptor agonist. We used a combination of behavioral assays to determine the motivational and hallucinogenic-like effects of DOPR and identify the dose ranges at which each of these effects were observed. In mice, the motivational effects of psychedelic compounds were assessed using the progressive ratio breakpoint task (PRBT, n = 80), a translational assay sensitive to changes in motivation. Psychedelic-like effects were gauged using the mouse head-twitch response (HTR, n = 72) assay, a preclinical readout of psychedelic potential. Significant improvements in PRBT performance were seen at doses as low as 0.0106 mg/kg in animals with low baseline PRBT scores while high-performing PRBT mice were unaffected. DOPR only induced significant HTR at doses ≥0.1 mg/kg. Together, these results indicate that the psychedelic DOPR may increase motivation in those with a low motivated state. Importantly, these effects may be attainable at low doses below the threshold required to induce psychedelic subjective effects. Hence, the ability of low doses of DOPR and other psychedelic drugs to alleviate amotivated states in rodents manipulated to induce disease-relevant states should be investigated.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-31", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110334", "pubmed_id": "39900138", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110334", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Amphetamines, Hallucinogens, Motivation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39900138\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 775, "title": "Psychedelics in neuroinflammation: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in neuroinflammation mechanisms and therapeutic potential", "authors": "de Deus JL, Maia JM, Soriano RN, Amorim MR, Branco LGS.", "abstract": "Neuroinflammation is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and major depressive disorder. Psychedelics, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and dimethyltryptamine (DMT), have demonstrated promising therapeutic effects on neuroinflammation, primarily through interactions with serotonin (5-HT) receptors, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor. Activation of these receptors by psychedelics modulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, regulates microglial activity, and shifts the balance between neurotoxic and neuroprotective metabolites. Additionally, psychedelics affect critical signaling pathways, including the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, promoting neuroplasticity and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Beyond the serotonergic system, other neurotransmitter systems-including the glutamatergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic), and cholinergic systems-also play significant roles in mediating the effects of psychedelics. This review examines the intricate mechanisms by which psychedelics modulate neuroinflammation and underscores their potential as innovative therapeutic agents for treating neuroinflammatory and neuropsychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-30", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111278", "pubmed_id": "39892847", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111278", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, Neuroinflammatory Diseases", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39892847\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 846, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted treatment for substance use disorder: A narrative systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted treatment for substance use disorder a narrative systematic review", "authors": "Piper T, Small F, Brown S, Kelleher M, Mitcheson L, Rucker J, Young AH, Marsden J.", "abstract": "Background and aimsThis is the first systematic review of the extant literature on all major psychedelic-assisted treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD), tobacco use disorder (TUD) and other substance use disorders (SUD). We aimed to summarise the evidence for efficacy of psychedelic-assisted treatment for AUD, TUD, and SUD; to evaluate its quality; and to offer recommendations for research.MethodsThis was a prospectively registered narrative systematic review of open-label, randomised controlled trials (RCT), and observational studies of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilocybin, ayahuasca, ketamine, ibogaine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Eligible studies had SUD outcome measures including craving, substance use, relapse, and remission. Study quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias (RoB), and Cochrane Collaboration RoB in Non-randomised Studies of Interventions tool. Certainty of evidence for RCTs was judged using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) tool.Findings37 studies (2035 participants) were reviewed: LSD (14; n = 1047); mescaline (1; n = 7); psilocybin (4; n = 135); ayahuasca (3; n = 101); ketamine (10; n = 579); ibogaine (5; n = 166); and MDMA (1; n = 14). There were no serious adverse events reported in any study. A two-centre, placebo-controlled, phase 2 superiority RCT of psilocybin for AUD, and a two-centre, double-blind, four-arm, placebo-controlled phase 2 RCT of ketamine for AUD yielded the best evidence of efficacy. Progression support to a phase 3 trials was secured from an open-label phase 2 study of psilocybin for TUD and nine phase 2 RCTs of ketamine for AUD, cannabis use disorder, cocaine use disorder, and opioid use disorder (all nine with high-RoB and low-GRADE evidence certainty).ConclusionsPsilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol use disorder appears to have the best evidence of efficacy among all major psychedelic-assisted treatments for alcohol, tobacco, and other substance use disorders. Future research of psychedelic-assisted treatment should report all safety events; screen for person-level characteristics indicating that psychedelic-assisted substance use disorders treatment is contraindicated; strive to mitigate blinding of participants to interventions; use factorial designs for drug and psychotherapy randomised controlled trials; and build consensus for a field-specific Core Outcome Set.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/add.16762", "pubmed_id": "39887551", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16762", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39887551\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 845, "title": "Correction: Study Protocol for 'PsilOCD: A Pharmacological Challenge Study Evaluating the Effects of the 5-HT2A Agonist Psilocybin on the Neurocognitive and Clinical Correlates of Compulsivity'.", "normalized_title": "correction study protocol for psilocd a pharmacological challenge study evaluating the effects of the 5 ht2a agonist psilocybin on the neurocognitive and clinical correlates of compulsivity", "authors": "O'Connor S, Godfrey K, Reed S, Peill J, Rohani-Shukla C, Healy M, Robbins T, Frota Lisboa Pereira de Souza A, Tyacke R, Papasyrou M, Stenbæk D, Castro-Rodrigues P, Chiera M, Lee H, Martell J, Carhart-Harris R, Pellegrini L, Fineberg NA, Nutt D, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.78171.].", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-29", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.c209", "pubmed_id": "39897296", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.c209", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39897296\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 851, "title": "Down the Rabbit Hole: A Large-Scale Survey of Psychedelic Users' Patterns of Use and Perceived Effects.", "normalized_title": "down the rabbit hole a large scale survey of psychedelic users patterns of use and perceived effects", "authors": "Cuttler C, Stueber A, Simone J, Mayo LM.", "abstract": "The ever-changing landscape surrounding legality and accessibility of psychedelics and their increasing popularity make it imperative to better understand the nature of psychedelic use by the general population. To this end, 1,486 eligible respondents (Mage = 29.58, 67.1% male) residing in the United States completed an online survey designed to assess the types of psychedelics used, methods of administration and dosing, frequency of use, intentions for use, context/environments in which they are used, perceived acute effects, frequency of those effects and distress about them, and their perceived residual effects and distress about them. Respondents predominantly endorsed using MDMA, LSD, DMT, and psilocybin. The predominant methods of administration were oral. Most reported using psychedelics for recreational purposes. The most endorsed acute effects were hallucinations, increased heart rate, positive mood, and visual tracers, while the most endorsed residual effects were headaches/migraine, dry mouth, nausea, hallucinations, and anxiety. Participants were most distressed by negative mood states, vomiting, and nausea when under the acute effects of psychedelics, but mean distress ratings were low. These results can help inform clinical trials, reform policy regarding legal access to psychedelics, and track changes in these metrics as sociocultural and legal landscapes continue to shift.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2452226", "pubmed_id": "39878200", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2452226", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39878200\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 850, "title": "From relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) to revised beliefs after psychedelics (REBAS).", "normalized_title": "from relaxed beliefs under psychedelics rebus to revised beliefs after psychedelics rebas", "authors": "Zeifman RJ, Spriggs MJ, Kettner H, Lyons T, Rosas FE, Mediano PAM, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "The Relaxed Beliefs Under pSychedelics (REBUS) model proposes that serotonergic psychedelics decrease the precision weighting of neurobiologically-encoded beliefs. We conducted a preliminary examination of two psychological assumptions of REBUS: (a) psychedelics foster acute relaxation and post-acute revision of confidence in mental-health-relevant beliefs; which (b) facilitate positive therapeutic outcomes and are associated with the entropy of EEG signals. Healthy individuals (N = 11) were administered 1 mg and 25 mg psilocybin 4-weeks apart. Confidence ratings for personally held beliefs were obtained before, during, and 4-weeks post-psilocybin. Acute entropy and subjective experiences were measured, as was well-being (before and 4-weeks post-psilocybin). Confidence in negative self-beliefs decreased following 25 mg psilocybin. Entropy and subjective effects under 25 mg psilocybin correlated with decreases in negative self-belief confidence (acutely and at 4-weeks). Particularly strong evidence was seen for a relationship between decreases in negative self-belief confidence and increases in well-being. We report the first empirical evidence that the relaxation and revision of negative self-belief confidence mediates psilocybin's positive psychological outcomes, and provide tentative evidence for a neuronal mechanism, namely, increased neuronal entropy. Replication within larger and clinical samples is necessary. We also introduce a new measure for examining the robustness of these preliminary findings and the utility of the REBUS model.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-28111-3", "pubmed_id": "39881126", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-28111-3", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39881126\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 849, "title": "Oregon's Emerging Psilocybin Services Workforce: A Survey of the First Legal Psilocybin Facilitators and Their Training Programs.", "normalized_title": "oregon s emerging psilocybin services workforce a survey of the first legal psilocybin facilitators and their training programs", "authors": "Luoma JB, Hoffman K, Wilson-Poe AR, Levander XA, Bazinet A, Cook RR, McCarty D, Pertl K, Bielavitz S, Gregoire D, Wolf RC, Des Jarlais DC, Harrison HV, Stauffer CS, Korthuis PT.", "abstract": "New legal frameworks for supervised psychedelic services are emerging, with Oregon and Colorado implementing programs to train and license psilocybin facilitators. This study describes Oregon's early psilocybin facilitator workforce and assesses state-approved training programs. The Open Psychedelic Evaluation Nexus (OPEN) reviewed Oregon Health Authority-approved training programs and surveyed facilitators who had completed or were enrolled in these programs between July and November 2023. Data collection included a review of public listings, contact with training programs, and facilitator survey. Results indicated that in the 16 active training programs, the mean tuition was $9,359 and half offered diversity scholarships. Survey respondents (n = 106) were relatively diverse; many had an existing healthcare license. The majority reported that training expenses were a moderate-to-severe financial strain. Most were satisfied with training. The mean planned price for a session was $1,388 and the most common areas of specialization were trauma, mental disorders, consciousness exploration, and spirituality. Facilitators requested ongoing training opportunities. In conclusion, Oregon's emerging psilocybin facilitator workforce and training programs are in early development. These findings are crucial for informing future policy and training program development to support a diverse and effective workforce.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474", "pubmed_id": "39881568", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39881568\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 848, "title": "Study Protocol for 'PsilOCD: A Pharmacological Challenge Study Evaluating the Effects of the 5-HT2A Agonist Psilocybin on the Neurocognitive and Clinical Correlates of Compulsivity'.", "normalized_title": "study protocol for psilocd a pharmacological challenge study evaluating the effects of the 5 ht2a agonist psilocybin on the neurocognitive and clinical correlates of compulsivity", "authors": "O'Connor S, Godfrey K, Reed S, Peill J, Rohani-Shukla C, Healy M, Robbins T, Frota Lisboa Pereira de Souza A, Tyacke R, Papasyrou M, Stenbæk D, Castro-Rodrigues P, Chiera M, Lee H, Martell J, Carhart-Harris R, Pellegrini L, Fineberg NA, Nutt D, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "BackgroundObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex condition marked by persistent distressing thoughts and repetitive behaviours. Despite its prevalence, the mechanisms behind OCD remain elusive, and current treatments are limited. This protocol outlines an investigative study for individuals with OCD, exploring the potential of psilocybin to improve key components of cognition implicated in the disorder. The PsilOCD study strives to assess the effects of low-moderate psilocybin treatment (10 mg) alongside non-interventional therapy on several facets of OCD. The main focus points of PsilOCD are cognitive flexibility, measured with cognitive tests, and neuroplasticity, assessed through electroencephalography (EEG).Methods20 blinded participants with OCD will complete two dosing sessions, separated by four weeks, where they will receive 1 mg of psilocybin on the first and 10 mg on the second. The first dose serves as an active placebo, and the latter is a low-moderate dose that induces relatively mild-moderate emotional and perceptual effects. Participants will be supported by trained psychedelic therapists, who will sit with them during each dosing session and provide virtual preparation and integration sessions over the 12-week study period. Therapeutic support will be the same for both the 1 mg and 10 mg sessions. PsilOCD's primary outcomes include scores in the intradimensional-extradimensional (ID-ED) shift task, which is an established measure of cognitive flexibility, and neuroplasticity as quantified by a visual long-term potentiation (vLTP) task. This task is delivered as part of an EEG paradigm and measures acute quantified changes in neuroplasticity in the brain's visual system. The ID-ED task will be conducted twice, two days after each dosing session, and the EEG recordings will also be taken twice, immediately after each session. Secondary outcome assessments will include OCD and affective symptom severity, as well as an array of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), in the form of questionnaires designed to assess well-being, dissociable and well-established mood-related (affective) measures, and participants' subjective experience of the psilocybin experience.DiscussionThis study's results are expected to offer critical insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy in treating OCD, and whether these correlate with changes in the cognitive features of the condition. As a secondary aim, it will ascertain whether a low, tolerable dose is a feasible and efficacious clinical treatment, and will provide crucial data to guide the design of a potential follow-up randomised control trial (RCT).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.78171", "pubmed_id": "39882198", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.78171", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39882198\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 847, "title": "Mushrooms, Microdosing, and Mental Illness: The Effect of Psilocybin on Neurotransmitters, Neuroinflammation, and Neuroplasticity.", "normalized_title": "mushrooms microdosing and mental illness the effect of psilocybin on neurotransmitters neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity", "authors": "Kinderlehrer DA.", "abstract": "The incidence of mental health disorders is increasing worldwide. While there are multiple factors contributing to this problem, neuroinflammation underlies a significant subset of psychiatric conditions, particularly major depressive and anxiety disorders. Anti-inflammatory interventions have demonstrated benefit in these conditions. Psilocin, the active ingredient of mushrooms in the Psilocybe genus, is both a potent serotonin agonist and anti-inflammatory agent, increases neuroplasticity, and decreases overactivity in the default mode network. Studies using hallucinogenic doses of psilocin under the supervision of a therapist/guide have consistently demonstrated benefits to individuals with depression and end-of-life anxiety. Microdosing psilocybin in sub-hallucinogenic doses has also demonstrated benefit in mood disorders, and may offer a safe, less expensive, and more available alternative to full doses of psilocybin for mood disorders, as well as for other medical conditions in which inflammation is the principal pathophysiology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.2147/ndt.s500337", "pubmed_id": "39897712", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s500337", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39897712\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Microdosing,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 817, "title": "Psychiatric Treatments with Short-Duration Psychedelics and AI-Driven Behavioral Monitoring.", "normalized_title": "psychiatric treatments with short duration psychedelics and ai driven behavioral monitoring", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Integrating advanced pharmaceutical innovations and artificial intelligence (AI) offers transformative potential for psychiatric care. This Patent Highlight reviews novel therapeutic strategies, including the synergistic use of monoamine antidepressants and short-duration psychedelics, alongside AI-driven behavioral efficacy tracking. The combination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with short-acting psychedelics, such as N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and psilocybin, provides rapid and sustained improvements in treatment-resistant depression and anxiety. Meanwhile, AI-enhanced behavioral monitoring leverages motion tracking and machine learning to quantify treatment outcomes in animal models, accelerating drug development. Together, these approaches redefine therapeutic paradigms, offering personalized and effective treatments for psychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00031", "pubmed_id": "39967620", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00031", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39967620\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 804, "title": "Suicide of a patient shortly after psilocybin-assisted psychedelic therapy: A case report.", "normalized_title": "suicide of a patient shortly after psilocybin assisted psychedelic therapy a case report", "authors": "Müller F, Sauer T, Hänny C, Mühlhauser M, Lang UE.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-28", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116381", "pubmed_id": "39889565", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116381", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39889565\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 852, "title": "Exploring Psilocybe cubensis Strains: Cultivation Techniques, Psychoactive Compounds, Genetics and Research Gaps.", "normalized_title": "exploring psilocybe cubensis strains cultivation techniques psychoactive compounds genetics and research gaps", "authors": "Kurzbaum E, Páleníček T, Shrchaton A, Azerrad S, Dekel Y.", "abstract": "Psilocybe cubensis, a widely recognized psychoactive mushroom species, has played a significant role in both historical and modern therapeutic practices. This review explores the complex interplay between genetic diversity, strain variability and environmental factors that shape the biosynthesis of key psychoactive compounds, including psilocybin and psilocin. With many strains exhibiting substantial variability in their phenotypic characteristics and biochemical content, understanding and documenting this diversity is crucial for optimizing therapeutic applications. The review also highlights advances in cultivation techniques, such as submerged fermentation of the mycelium, and innovative analytical methodologies that have improved the precision of compound quantification and extraction. Although there is limited scientific information on P. cubensis due to nearly four decades of regulatory restrictions on psychedelic research, recent developments in genetic and biochemical studies are beginning to provide valuable insights into its therapeutic potential. Furthermore, this review emphasizes key knowledge gaps and offers insights into future research directions to advance the cultivation, scientific documentation of strain diversity, regulatory considerations and therapeutic use of P. cubensis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-27", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/jof11020099", "pubmed_id": "39997393", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020099", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39997393\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 779, "title": "Mice lacking the serotonin transporter do not respond to the behavioural effects of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "mice lacking the serotonin transporter do not respond to the behavioural effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Gattuso JJ, Wilson C, Li S, Hannan AJ, Renoir T.", "abstract": "Background and purposePsilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic with therapeutic potential for several neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety disorders. Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) knockout mice (KO) are a well-validated mouse model of anxiety/depression and are relevant to both chronic treatment with serotonin transporter reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) associated with depression/anxiety and resistance to classic antidepressant treatments. However, there is yet to be a study assessing the effect of psilocybin in 5-HTT KO mice.Experimental approachWe investigated the effects of a single dose of psilocybin (1 mg/kg) on locomotor activity and the head-twitch response as well as anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour in KO versus wild-type (WT) mice using the light-dark box and Porsolt swim test respectively.Key resultsWe found that both the psilocybin-induced head-twitch and hyperlocomotor responses observed in WT mice were completely absent in KO animals. In female WT mice only, psilocybin was also able to block the weight loss observed one day after intraperitoneal injection. While psilocybin did not alter anxiety- and depression-like behaviours for both genotypes, we revealed a genotype-specific trend for a main effect of treatment for WT females (p = 0.054) in the Porsolt swim test. Finally, we found that only female KO mice exhibit anhedonia-like behaviour in the saccharin-preference test.Conclusion and implicationsOur findings highlight the complexity of psilocybin's effects and suggest that functional integrity of 5-HTT is essential for psilocybin's acute behavioural effects. This could also have implications for pharmacogenetics, including individuals with polymorphisms or mutations in 5-HTT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-26", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177304", "pubmed_id": "39864573", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177304", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Anxiety, Locomotion, Female, Male, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39864573\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 805, "title": "Molecular insights into the modulation of the 5HT2A receptor by serotonin, psilocin, and the G protein subunit Gqα.", "normalized_title": "molecular insights into the modulation of the 5ht2a receptor by serotonin psilocin and the g protein subunit gqα", "authors": "Viohl N, Hakami Zanjani AA, Khandelia H.", "abstract": "5HT2AR is a G-protein-coupled receptor that drives many neuronal functions and is a target for psychedelic drugs. Understanding ligand interactions and conformational transitions is essential for developing effective pharmaceuticals, but mechanistic details of 5HT2AR activation remain poorly understood. We utilized all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and free-energy calculations to investigate 5HT2AR's conformational dynamics upon binding to serotonin and psilocin. We show that the active state of 5HT2AR collapses to a closed state in the absence of Gqα, underscoring the importance of G-protein coupling. We discover an intermediate \"partially-open\" receptor conformation. Both ligands have higher binding affinities for the orthosteric than the extended binding pocket. These findings enhance our understanding of 5HT2AR's activation and may aid in developing novel therapeutics. Impact statement This study sheds light on 5HT2AR activation, revealing intermediate conformations and ligand dynamics. These insights could enhance drug development for neurological and psychiatric disorders, benefiting researchers and clinicians in pharmacology and neuroscience.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-25", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1002/1873-3468.15099", "pubmed_id": "39865564", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.15099", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Ligands, Binding Sites, Protein Conformation, Protein Binding, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39865564\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Healthcare Workers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 683, "title": "Acute effects of psilocybin on attention and executive functioning in healthy volunteers: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "acute effects of psilocybin on attention and executive functioning in healthy volunteers a systematic review and multilevel meta analysis", "authors": "Yousefi P, Lietz MP, O'Higgins FJ, Rippe RCA, Hasler G, van Elk M, Enriquez-Geppert S.", "abstract": "RationalePsilocybin shows promise for treating neuropsychiatric disorders. However, insight into its acute effects on cognition is lacking. Given the significant role of executive functions in daily life and treatment efficacy, it is crucial to evaluate how psilocybin influences these cognitive domains.ObjectivesThis meta-analysis aims to quantify the acute effects of psilocybin on executive functions and attention, while examining how dosage, timing of administration, cognitive domain, and task characteristics moderate these effects.MethodsA systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis were conducted on empirical studies assessing psilocybin's acute effects on working memory, conflict monitoring, response inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and attention. Effect sizes for reaction time (RT) and accuracy (ACC) were calculated, exploring the effects of timing (on-peak defined as 90-180 min post-administration), dosage, cognitive function categories, and task sensitivity to executive functions as potential moderators.ResultsThirteen studies (42 effect sizes) were included. In the acute phase, psilocybin increased RTs (Hedges' g = 1.13, 95% CI [0.57, 1.7]) and did not affect ACC (Hedges' g = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.034]). Effects on RT were dose dependent. Significant between-study heterogeneity was found for both RT and ACC. Task sensitivity to executive functions moderated RT effects. Publication bias was evident, but the overall effect remained significant after adjustment for this.ConclusionsOur meta-analysis shows that psilocybin impairs executive functions and results in a slowing down of RT. We discuss potential neurochemical mechanisms underlying the observed effects as well as implications for the safe use of psilocybin in clinical and experimental contexts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-22", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06742-2", "pubmed_id": "39847068", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06742-2", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cognition, Memory, Short-Term, Attention, Reaction Time, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Executive Function, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39847068\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 853, "title": "When death is desired: A case of MAiD & the CL psychiatrist.", "normalized_title": "when death is desired a case of maid the cl psychiatrist", "authors": "Ganguly A, James M, Alici Y", "abstract": "Since physician-assisted dying (PAD) has become a part of the clinical dialogue in the United States (US) and other Western countries, it has spawned controversy in the moral, ethical, and legal realm, with significant cross-country variation. The phenomenon of PAD includes 2 practices: Euthanasia and medical aid in dying (MAiD). Although euthanasia has been allowed in different parts of the world, in the US it is illegal. MAiD has been enacted into law in some jurisdictions. As the practice involves people at the end of life (EOL), often with cancer, and sometimes struggling with psychiatric symptoms; they gain added salience in the field of Consultation-Liaison (CL) Psychiatry in general and Psycho-Oncology in particular. The current paper reviews a case where a patient did request for MAiD and successfully carried it through, this case became more salient, as the CL Psychiatry department was intimately linked at various stages of care for the patient. In describing the case several other aspects of EOL care issues were touched upon, and the various debates as well as treatment modalities, for an individual requesting for medical aid in dying were described. MAiD will possibly remain a sensitive and controversial topic of discussion across the spectrum of healthcare, and as responsible and compassionate advocates for the patients, clinicians need to engage more with the debate surrounding it and facilitate informed decision making. We believe that the present case will throw light on to this enigmatic practice and help in furthering the dialogue surrounding MAiD.", "journal": "Palliative & supportive care", "publication_date": "2025-01-20", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1017/s1478951524002037", "pubmed_id": "39834190", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39834190/", "keywords": "Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, Euthanasia, Hospice care, Ketamine, Logotherapy, Meaning Centered Therapy, Medical Aid in dying, Palliative Medicine, Physician Assisted Dying, Psilocybin, PsychoOncology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39834190\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3679, "title": "A Phase II Randomized, Double-blind, Active Placebo-controlled Parallel Group Trial to Examine the Efficacy and Safety of Psilocybin in Treatment-resistant Major Depression", "normalized_title": "a phase ii randomized double blind active placebo controlled parallel group trial to examine the efficacy and safety of psilocybin in treatment resistant major depression", "authors": "Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim", "abstract": "The study aims to investigate the safety and efficacy of oral psilocybin administered under supportive conditions in treatment-resistant major depression (TRD). The study is a bi-centric, prospective, randomized, active placebo-controlled study investigating the effects of 25 mg and 5 mg (p.o.) psilocybin versus placebo (100 mg nicotinamide) in a psychotherapeutic context in 144 patients with TRD from moderate to severe degree (ICD-10 F32/F33). After giving written informed consent and down-titration of their monoaminergic medication under supervision of the treating psychiatrist and the study team, patients will be randomly assigned to one of four trial arms using an online randomization tool: 1) receiving placebo (100 mg nicotinamide) at the first session and the full dose (25 mg) at the second; 2) receiving the presumably sub-effective dose (5 mg) at the first session and the full dose (25 mg) at the second; 3a) receiving the full dose (25 mg) at the first session and 5 mg at the second; 3b) receiving the full dose at both sessions. The two dosing sessions are accompanied by three preparatory and four integration sessions. Drug administration must occur under psychotherapeutic conditions. Two trained therapists (one male, one female) will be assigned to each patient and be present during each dosing, preparatory and integration sessions. We will follow the safety guidelines provided by Johnson et al. (2), including a thorough preparation, establishment of trust/rapport, a safe and pleasing physical environment and sufficient interpersonal support. For safety reasons and close monitoring, patients will stay hospitalized for one night after each dosing session (i.e. in-patient setting).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2025-01-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04670081", "keywords": "Treatment-resistant Depression, Psilocybin, Nicotinamide, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04670081\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 722, "title": "Catalyst for change: Psilocybin's antidepressant mechanisms-A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "catalyst for change psilocybin s antidepressant mechanisms a systematic review", "authors": "Liebnau J, Betzler F, Kerber A.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent clinical trials suggest promising antidepressant effects of psilocybin, despite methodological challenges. While various studies have investigated distinct mechanisms and proposed theoretical opinions, a comprehensive understanding of psilocybin's neurobiological and psychological antidepressant mechanisms is lacking.AimsSystematically review potential antidepressant neurobiological and psychological mechanisms of psilocybin.MethodsSearch terms were generated based on existing evidence of psilocybin's effects related to antidepressant mechanisms. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, 15 studies were systematically reviewed, exploring various therapeutic change principles such as brain dynamics, emotion regulation, cognition, self-referential processing, connectedness, and interpersonal functioning.ResultsWithin a supportive setting, psilocybin promoted openness, cognitive and neural flexibility, and greater ability and acceptance of emotional experiences. A renewed sense of connectedness to the self, others, and the world emerged as a key experience. Imaging studies consistently found altered brain dynamics, characterized by reduced global and within default mode network connectivity, alongside increased between-network connectivity.ConclusionsTogether, these changes may create a fertile yet vulnerable window for change, emphasizing the importance of a supportive set, setting, and therapeutic guidance. The results suggest that psilocybin, within a supportive context, may induce antidepressant effects by leveraging the interplay between neurobiological mechanisms and common psychotherapeutic factors. This complements the view of purely pharmacological effects, supporting a multileveled approach that reflects various relevant dimensions of therapeutic change, including neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-19", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241312866", "pubmed_id": "39829391", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241312866", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Cognition, Psilocybin, Emotional Regulation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39829391\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 854, "title": "Uncovering Psychedelics: From Neural Circuits to Therapeutic Applications.", "normalized_title": "uncovering psychedelics from neural circuits to therapeutic applications", "authors": "Melani A, Bonaso M, Biso L, Zucchini B, Conversano C, Scarselli M.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, historically celebrated for their cultural and spiritual significance, have emerged as potential breakthrough therapeutic agents due to their profound effects on consciousness, emotional processing, mood, and neural plasticity. This review explores the mechanisms underlying psychedelics' effects, focusing on their ability to modulate brain connectivity and neural circuit activity, including the default mode network (DMN), cortico-striatal thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops, and the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) model. Advanced neuroimaging techniques reveal psychedelics' capacity to enhance functional connectivity between sensory cerebral areas while reducing the connections between associative brain areas, decreasing the rigidity and rendering the brain more plastic and susceptible to external changings, offering insights into their therapeutic outcome. The most relevant clinical trials of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) demonstrate significant efficacy in treating treatment-resistant psychiatric conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety, with favorable safety profiles. Despite these advancements, critical gaps remain in linking psychedelics' molecular actions to their clinical efficacy. This review highlights the need for further research to integrate mechanistic insights and optimize psychedelics as tools for both therapy and understanding human cognition.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-18", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/ph18010130", "pubmed_id": "39861191", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010130", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39861191\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 855, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted massed cognitive processing therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: Protocol for an open-label pilot feasibility trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted massed cognitive processing therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder protocol for an open label pilot feasibility trial", "authors": "Meshkat S, J Zeifman R, Stewart K, Janssen-Aguilar R, Lou W, Jetly R, Monson CM, Bhat V.", "abstract": "BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects 3.9% of the general population. While massed cognitive processing therapy (CPT) has demonstrated efficacy in treating chronic PTSD, a substantial proportion of patients still continue to meet PTSD criteria after treatment, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Preliminary evidence supports the potential therapeutic action of psilocybin to alleviate PTSD symptoms. This open-label pilot study aims to evaluate the feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of a single dose 25 mg psilocybin in combination with one week of massed CPT in patients with chronic PTSD.MethodFifteen participants with chronic PTSD will undergo 12 CPT sessions, two psilocybin-related psychotherapy sessions, and one psilocybin dosing session over a 7-days period. The primary outcomes are feasibility and tolerability, which will be measured by recruitment rates, withdrawal, data completion, adherence, number and nature of adverse events. Secondary objectives include assessing the preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted CPT in reducing PTSD severity, self-reported treatment outcomes and exploring putative mechanisms of change. Participants will be monitored weekly for 12 weeks post-treatment and passive data relevant to mental health and well-being will be collected using a wearable device.DiscussionThis trial will generate important preliminary data on the use of psilocybin-assisted CPT for treating PTSD. The findings will guide the design of a multi-site, large-scale randomized control trial to more rigorously assess the efficacy of this intervention. De-identified data from this study will be available upon request after publication of the results. This study represents a promising and innovative approach to PTSD treatment, potentially offering an alternative therapeutic option for individuals unresponsive to conventional therapies.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT06386003.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-16", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0313741", "pubmed_id": "39823496", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313741", "keywords": "Humans, Chronic Disease, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Feasibility Studies, Pilot Projects, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39823496\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 911, "title": "Transformative Therapies for Depression: Postpartum Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, and Treatment-Resistant Depression.", "normalized_title": "transformative therapies for depression postpartum depression major depressive disorder and treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Richardson E, Patterson R, Meltzer-Brody S, McClure R, Tow A.", "abstract": "Depressive disorders present an enormous global public health burden. A notable treatment gap exists between the prevalence of depression and our ability to provide rapid-acting, effective treatment that achieves remission. Brexanolone and zuranolone, the first US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for postpartum depression, signify a critical advancement in addressing the unmet needs of a vulnerable patient population. Psilocybin shows promise for treatment-resistant depression and for those who have struggled to find relief with existing treatments. This review discusses transformative therapies that represent significant advancements in postpartum depression, major depressive disorder, and treatment-resistant depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1146/annurev-med-050423-095712", "pubmed_id": "39527720", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-050423-095712", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Postpartum, beta-Cyclodextrins, Pregnanolone, Antidepressive Agents, Drug Combinations, Female, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39527720\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 857, "title": "Exploring the Potential of Psychedelics in the Treatment of Headache Disorders: Clinical Considerations and Exploratory Insights.", "normalized_title": "exploring the potential of psychedelics in the treatment of headache disorders clinical considerations and exploratory insights", "authors": "Henderson I, Elsaadany R, Chan G, Bajaj V, Duarte D, Goodman S, Grunstein M, Vadhan NP, Duarte RA.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewExploration of the potential of serotonergic psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin and LSD, as potential treatments for headache disorders. This review addresses the need for well-informed physician guidelines and discusses mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of these treatments. Further research, including the consideration of combination with psychotherapy, is needed.Recent findingsPsychedelics demonstrate promising outcomes as treatments for headache disorders. Recent findings indicated that some patients who underwent brief periods of treatment with psychedelics experienced a reduction in headache attack frequency, severity, or duration. When prescription medications are ineffective at treating headache disorders, or are habit-forming, patients often turn to alternative options. There is anecdotal evidence that psychedelic drugs like LSD and psilocybin can effectively treat and prevent pain in patients with headache disorders, such as migraine or cluster headache. It is vital that physicians treating patients who self-treat with psychedelics be well-informed about the mechanisms and their effects to best advise their patients and coordinate their care well. This is a review assessing the literature on the mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of psychedelic drugs as a headache management intervention. We believe there is evidence that may support further investigation into the clinical use of psychedelic medications to treat cluster headache and migraine, including the consideration of use in conjunction with other interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy or acceptance and commitment training.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s11916-024-01321-8", "pubmed_id": "39820774", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-024-01321-8", "keywords": "Humans, Headache Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39820774\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 856, "title": "Self-reported experiences and perspectives on using psychedelics to manage opioid use among participants of two Reddit communities.", "normalized_title": "self reported experiences and perspectives on using psychedelics to manage opioid use among participants of two reddit communities", "authors": "Krawczyk N, Miller M, Gu EY, Irvine N, Ramirez E, Santaella-Tenorio J, Lippincott T, Bogenschutz M, Bunting AM, Meacham MC", "abstract": "The opioid crisis continues to exert a tremendous toll in North America, with existing interventions often falling short of addressing ongoing needs. Psychedelics are emerging as a possible alternative therapy for mental health and substance use disorders. This study aimed to gather insights on how people use or are considering using psychedelics to manage opioid use disorder (OUD), how these experiences are perceived to impact opioid use and what these lessons imply for future research and practice. We conducted a qualitative study using the Reddit online community platform. We extracted posts that contained key psychedelic terms from the two most subscribed-to subreddits dedicated to discussions of OUD treatment (r/OpiatesRecovery and r/Methadone) from 2018 to 2021. We thematically analyzed content from 151 relevant posts and their respective comments. Two prominent themes identified in discussions were perspectives on the effectiveness of psychedelics in treating OUD, and mechanisms through which psychedelics were thought to impact use and desire to use opioids. For many, psychedelics were deemed to have a strong impact on opioid use via multiple mechanisms, including alleviating physical symptoms of dependence, shifting motivations around desire to use opioids and addressing underlying mental health problems and reasons for use. Others saw the potential promise around psychedelics as exaggerated, acknowledging many people eventually return to use, or even considered psychedelics dangerous. There appear to be diverse perspectives on the effects of using psychedelics to treat opioid use disorder and an urgent need for controlled studies to better understand the impact of different psychedelics on opioid use, how they may be used in the context of existing treatments and what strategies they must be combined with to ensure safety and effectiveness. Integrating the experiences of people who use drugs will help guide psychedelics research toward effective person-centered interventions to enhance health and wellness.", "journal": "Addiction (Abingdon, England)", "publication_date": "2025-01-15", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1111/add.16767", "pubmed_id": "39821493", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39821493/", "keywords": "ibogaine, on-line communities, opioid use disorder, opioids, peer support, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychedelics-assisted recovery, reddit, treatment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39821493\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 896, "title": "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Psilocin After Psilocybin Administration: A Systematic Review and Post-Hoc Analysis.", "normalized_title": "clinical pharmacokinetics of psilocin after psilocybin administration a systematic review and post hoc analysis", "authors": "Otto ME, van der Heijden KV, Schoones JW, van Esdonk MJ, Borghans LGJM, Jacobs GE, van Hasselt JGC.", "abstract": "Background and objectivePsilocybin is currently being extensively studied as a potential therapeutic agent for multiple psychiatric disorders. Here, a systematic literature review of all published pharmacokinetic data on the pharmacologically active metabolite of psilocybin, psilocin, is presented.MethodsThe review includes clinical studies that reported pharmacokinetic data and/or parameters after psilocybin administration in humans. In addition, raw pharmacokinetic data from these studies was requested and/or extracted to further compare results across studies.ResultsIn total, 309 publications were identified, of which 19 publications were ultimately included, which covered 12 unique clinical datasets. Except for one study that investigated intravenous psilocybin, all included studies administered psilocybin orally. Psilocybin acts as a pro-drug and is rapidly absorbed and transformed to psilocin after oral administration. In the majority of studies, unconjugated psilocin was measured while some also measured conjugated and total concentrations. Psilocin's biphasic concentration-time profiles demonstrates fast and extensive disposition with an apparent distribution volume of 505-1267 L and a terminal half-life of 1.23-4.72 h. Only 1.5-3.4% of the dose is excreted as psilocin in urine. Psilocin is mainly transformed to 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid and in less amounts to conjugated psilocin, where 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid formation may occur prior to systemic psilocin absorption. Information on the absolute bioavailability of psilocin was limited, and estimated at 55% in one study. No covariates nor food effects have been reported, based on four studies with known fasting status.ConclusionsOverall, we found the pharmacokinetic parameters of psilocin to be consistent between studies. This review may guide the further clinical development of psilocybin-based therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-14", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s40262-024-01454-4", "pubmed_id": "39812743", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-024-01454-4", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Administration, Oral, Half-Life, Administration, Intravenous, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39812743\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3086, "title": "Age- and estrous-dependent effects of psilocybin in rats", "normalized_title": "age and estrous dependent effects of psilocybin in rats", "authors": "Zylko A, Rakoczy R, Roberts B, Wilson M, Powell A, Page A, Heitkamp M, Fiest D, Jones J, McMurray M.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound in “magic” mushrooms, has promise as a novel treatment for psychiatric disorders, many of which are more prevalent in females and have onsets during adolescence. However, there is a lack of research about how factors such as sex and age affect responses to psilocybin, as well as potential safety concerns with developmental exposure. The primary objectives of this preclinical study were to determine if psilocybin-induced head twitch responses differ between adolescent and adult rats, and if estrous phase contributes to variation in female head twitch responses. Secondarily, this study sought to determine if treatment with psilocybin during adolescence has long-term effects on anxiety-associated behaviors and behavioral flexibility. Results showed that 1 mg/kg intraoral psilocybin failed to elicit head twitch responses in adolescents (P35 and P45) but elicited robust responses in adult rats. Further, adolescent psilocybin exposure did not cause long-term differences in performance on the elevated zero maze or probabilistic reversal learning tasks. Lastly, adult females in diestrus showed increased head twitch responses after 1 mg/kg psilocybin compared to females in proestrus. Head twitch responses are thought to be mediated by 5-HT2A receptors, but no age-or estrous-related differences in 5-HT2A receptor expression were observed in the medial prefrontal cortex. Collectively, these results highlight the existence of age-and sex-dependent differences in the effects of psychedelics, while finding no long-term effects on selected behaviors after adolescent exposure. These findings have implications on psychedelic study design, emphasizing the need for inclusive research considering age, sex, and hormonal status.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-01-13", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.01.10.632408", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.10.632408", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR966388\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 550, "title": "A critical evaluation of psilocybin-assisted therapy protocol components from clinical trial patients, facilitators, and caregivers.", "normalized_title": "a critical evaluation of psilocybin assisted therapy protocol components from clinical trial patients facilitators and caregivers", "authors": "Palitsky R, Maples-Keller JL, Peacock C, Dunlop BW, Mletzko T, Grant GH, Raison CL, Chao S, Shub I, Mendelbaum-Kweller M, Smolyar L, Kaplan DM, Rothbaum BO, Zarrabi AJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) is an experimental treatment with transformative promise. Developing standards for PAT psychotherapy protocols is a priority, but psychotherapeutic protocol components of PAT have been subjected to little rigorous research. This study was designed to assess protocol components in a trial of PAT. The Enhanced Critical Incident Technique (E-CIT) was used to identify critical incidents in the treatment, wish list items comprising components or modifications that would have improved the treatment experience, and contributing factors that influenced the treatment. Participants included patients (n = 10), facilitators (n = 7 licensed mental health clinicians and certified spiritual health clinicians), and caregivers (n = 7) in an open-label trial investigating PAT for cancer-related demoralization and chronic pain. Patients and caregivers were interviewed after their last treatment session in the trial; facilitators were interviewed at the end of the entire trial. Rapid qualitative analysis identified specific domains for improvement in the treatment protocol based on the E-CIT. Critical incidents, wish list items, and contributing factors pertained to aspects of the therapy (e.g., importance of intention-setting) and the overall protocol (e.g., navigating transitions in the treatment). Findings indicate the importance of tailoring PAT to accommodate the medical history and needs of this population, support common factors, and ensure collaborative care. Recommendations across nine topic areas were derived from the data and presented in the Discussion. The E-CIT shows promise for advancing early stage research on PAT components. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-12", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1037/pst0000551", "pubmed_id": "39804360", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000551", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Clinical Protocols, Psychotherapy, Adult, Middle Aged, Caregivers, Female, Male, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39804360\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 861, "title": "Use of psychedelic treatments in psychiatric clinical practice: an EPA policy paper.", "normalized_title": "use of psychedelic treatments in psychiatric clinical practice an epa policy paper", "authors": "Destoop M, Mohr P, Butlen F, Kéri P, Samochowiec J, De Picker L, Fiorillo A, Kuypers KPC, Dom G.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent years show an exponential increased interest (\"renaissance\") in the use of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders and broader. Some of these treatments, such as psilocybin for depression, are in the process of formal regulation by regulatory bodies in the US (FDA) and Europe (EMA), and as such on the brink of real-world implementation. In the slipstream of these developments increasing commercial initiatives are taking shape. The European Psychiatric Association (EPA) acknowledges both the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances and the challenges for both research and clinical implementation. Steps need to be taken toward a well-balanced policy based upon sound scientific evidence and research, aiming at safe, ethical responsible integration of psychedelic therapy available for all patients who can potentially benefit.MethodsIn this EPA policy paper, we highlight the potential benefits, and also the challenges of psychedelic treatments, which can be relevant for the future real-world implementation of these treatments.ResultsIn addition to an overview of the current evidence and hypotheses of working mechanisms of psychedelic treatment, this policy paper specifically highlights the importance of the psychosocial components of the treatment as well as the ethical and professional aspects playing a role in real-world implementation.ConclusionsFour recommendations are formulated for further research and clinical implementation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1806", "pubmed_id": "39791347", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1806", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry, Europe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39791347\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 860, "title": "Social pain: A systematic review on interventions.", "normalized_title": "social pain a systematic review on interventions", "authors": "Brooks BM, Cordero FJ, Alchermes SL, Brooks BM.", "abstract": "Social pain is emotional distress caused by harm or threat to social connections that results in social exclusion, rejection, or loss. Social Pain is also a potentiator of physical pain. Supportive social relationships are widely recognized for their impact on maintaining health and well-being. The Passion of Jesus Christ serves as a quintessential example of social pain (i.e., desertion, betrayal, denial) potentiating physical pain (i.e., beatings, Crown of Thorns, crucifixion). Christ opts to forgive. Although forgiveness is one solution to reduce social pain, other interventions exist. This review seeks to identify and summarize interventions associated with reducing social pain. We conducted a systematic review using Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, and Cochrane CENTRAL to identify relevant articles. Results: The database searches produced 548 articles. Fourteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this systematic review. Acetaminophen, both deceptive and open-label placebos, mindfulness training, and psilocybin were found to reduce social pain. Of note, the combination of acetaminophen and forgiveness yielded superior results compared to either acetaminophen or forgiveness alone. Pharmacological interventions operate on the premise that the neural pathways responsible for physical pain also play a role in social pain. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are available for reducing social pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.12688/f1000research.159561.1", "pubmed_id": "40144800", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159561.1", "keywords": "Humans, Acetaminophen, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Forgiveness, Mindfulness, Psychological Distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40144800\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 806, "title": "A systematic review of participant diversity in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy trials.", "normalized_title": "a systematic review of participant diversity in psychedelic assisted psychotherapy trials", "authors": "Haft SL, Downey AE, Raymond-Flesch M, Fernandes-Osterhold G, Bradley ER, O'Donovan A, Woolley J.", "abstract": "A lack of diverse and representative participant samples in mental health intervention research perpetuates mental health disparities. This issue has become a salient concern in studies of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAT), which is emerging as a promising mental health intervention. This systematic review evaluates the reporting, representation, and analysis of participant sociodemographic characteristics in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of PAT. A total of 21 RCTs of psilocybin- and 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapies (N = 1034) are summarized. Participants' gender (100%) and race or ethnicity (76%) were frequently reported, with socioeconomic status (SES) sometimes (57%) reported using heterogeneous metrics. Sexual orientation (9.5%) and immigration status (4.8%) were rarely reported, and no studies reported gender identity. Compared to their representation in the US population and non-psychedelic clinical trials, Black/African-American participants (2.2%) and Hispanic/Latino participants (7.2%) were significantly underrepresented in PAT RCTs. MDMA trials enrolled more diverse participant samples than psilocybin trials. Analyses on treatment effects based on demographic variables were virtually nonexistent. These findings underscore the need for more inclusive recruitment strategies, along with more rigorous reporting, to improve the generalizability of PAT research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-09", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116359", "pubmed_id": "39823947", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116359", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39823947\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3107, "title": "Cell-type specific transcriptional modulation by psilocybin induces sustained plasticity in mouse medial prefrontal cortex", "normalized_title": "cell type specific transcriptional modulation by psilocybin induces sustained plasticity in mouse medial prefrontal cortex", "authors": "Schuler H, Zhou D, Savignac C, Cvetkovska V, Tse Y, Meccia J, Lopez J, Harutyunyan AS, Ragoussis J, Bzdok D, Bagot RC.", "abstract": "Despite enormous interest in psychedelics for psychiatric interventions, potential underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we confirm that a single dose of psilocybin increases synaptic transmission in mouse medial prefrontal cortex. Using scRNA-sequencing, we identify cell-type specific mechanisms of sustained neuroplastic effects. We show that, 24h post-psilocybin, expression of plasticity-related genes is increased in excitatory neurons and that transcription in a type of deep layer near projecting neuron, L5/6 NP, is robustly altered. Analyzing receptor expression patterns reveals that this cell-type specificity does not align with 5-HT2A expression but aligns with 5-HT2C expression patterns. Further, multivariate analyses identify psilocybin-induced gene expression patterns in L5/6 NP neurons predict 5-HT2C, but not 5-HT2A, transcript levels. Pharmacologic manipulation with a 5-HT2C antagonist attenuates the post-acute sustained effect of psilocybin on synaptic transmission, highlighting 5-HT2C signaling and L5/6 NP neurons as key mediators of psychedelic drug action’s sustained neuroplastic effects in mPFC.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-01-07", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.01.08.631940", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.08.631940", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR963790\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 870, "title": "A Psilocybin Experience Gone Wrong: The Importance of Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "a psilocybin experience gone wrong the importance of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Espi Forcen F.", "abstract": "As psilocybin awaits approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), scholars debate whether psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy should be required when prescribing this medicine. Here, we report the case of a patient who underwent a psilocybin experience without psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, resulting in inpatient psychiatric admission. This case underscores the importance of taking psilocybin in controlled clinical settings. Moreover, we discuss how psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy could have altered the outcome of her experience and the role of experiential learning in psychedelics for potential prescribers.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2025.2449918", "pubmed_id": "39773417", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2449918", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39773417\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 869, "title": "Pain and Perception: Exploring Psychedelics as Novel Therapeutic Agents in Chronic Pain Management.", "normalized_title": "pain and perception exploring psychedelics as novel therapeutic agents in chronic pain management", "authors": "Strand NH, Whitney M, Johnson B, Dunn T, Attanti S, Maloney J, Misra L, Gomez D, Viswanath O, Emami E, Leathem J.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewChronic pain affects approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide, representing the leading cause of disability and a significant financial burden on healthcare systems. Conventional treatments, such as opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are frequently linked to adverse effects, including dependency and gastrointestinal issues, and often offer limited long-term relief. This review explores the potential of psychedelics, including psilocybin, LSD, and ketamine, as alternative therapeutic agents in chronic pain management.Recent findingsThese substances modulate pain perception through actions on serotonergic and glutamatergic systems and may promote neuroplasticity, offering novel pathways for pain relief. Specifically, the review details the pharmacologic actions of psychedelics, their effects on chronic pain syndromes such as cancer pain, migraines, and neuropathic pain, and their clinical implications. The safety profiles, patient responses, and analgesic properties of these compounds are examined, highlighting the need for further research to validate their efficacy and optimize their therapeutic use in pain management.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s11916-024-01353-0", "pubmed_id": "39775134", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-024-01353-0", "keywords": "Humans, Analgesics, Hallucinogens, Pain Perception, Pain Management, Chronic Pain", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39775134\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 868, "title": "Molecular Phylogeny and Morphology Reveal Four New Species of Conocybe (Bolbitiaceae, Agaricales) from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China.", "normalized_title": "molecular phylogeny and morphology reveal four new species of conocybe bolbitiaceae agaricales from the qinghai xizang plateau china", "authors": "Han XX, Phurbu D, Cao B, Li JX, Zhu XY, Liu LH, Thongklang N, Hyde KD, Zhao RL.", "abstract": "The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, known for its high altitude, geological history of plate collision, crustal uplift, and special ecology factors, provides an ideal environment for studying fungal biodiversity in extreme environmental conditions. Some species within the Conocybe, containing secondary metabolites such as psilocybin, phallotoxins, and amatoxins, have potential medicinal value for treating psychiatric disorders and for use in drug development. This study investigates Conocybe (Bolbitiaceae, Agaricales) on the Plateau, based on specimens collected over the past decade, using morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Seven species were identified, including four new species: C. alticola, C. alticoprophila, C. versicolor, and C. yadongensis. Molecular analyses, utilizing multi-gene sequence data (ITS, nrLSU, and tef-1α), support the taxonomic position of these new species within this genus as new species. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, photographs, line drawings, and comparisons with related species are provided for the new taxa. This study enriches the species diversity of Conocybe on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, further enhancing our understanding of fungal biodiversity in this region.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.3390/jof11010045", "pubmed_id": "39852464", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11010045", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39852464\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 862, "title": "Neurobiological mechanisms of antidepressant properties of psilocybin: A systematic review of blood biomarkers.", "normalized_title": "neurobiological mechanisms of antidepressant properties of psilocybin a systematic review of blood biomarkers", "authors": "Constantino JL, van Dalfsen JH, Massetti S, Kamphuis J, Schoevers RA.", "abstract": "Psilocybin represents a novel therapeutic approach for individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) who do not respond to conventional antidepressant treatment. Investigating the influence of psilocybin on the pathophysiological processes involved in MDD could enhance our neurobiological understanding of the presumed antidepressant action mechanism. This systematic review aims to summarize the results of human studies investigating changes in blood-based biomarkers of MDD to guide future research on potentially relevant analytes that could be monitored in clinical trials. A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science to retrieve studies investigating changes in serum and plasma levels of neurotrophic, immunologic, neuroendocrine, and metabolic markers. Nine studies were included, describing findings on 15 biomarkers, exclusively in healthy participants. Studies consistently reported a decrease in interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and eosinophils, and an increase in cortisol, prolactin, oxytocin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and free fatty acids following psilocybin administration. Less consistent effects were observed on interleukin-1β, interleukin-8, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, and growth hormone. The results are in line with preclinical studies and provide initial support from human studies that psilocybin potentially leads to beneficial effects on biomarkers of MDD. However, given the limited number of studies, findings should be approached with caution prior to replication. Further research should include larger samples, clinical populations, longer-term assessment, rigorous experimental designs, and account for the potential confounding of psychological stress related to the psychedelic experience.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111251", "pubmed_id": "39788410", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111251", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Biomarkers, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39788410\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 760, "title": "Moderating factors in psilocybin-assisted treatment affecting mood and personality: A naturalistic, open-label investigation.", "normalized_title": "moderating factors in psilocybin assisted treatment affecting mood and personality a naturalistic open label investigation", "authors": "Irrmischer M, Puxty D, Yıldırım BO, Deijen JB, Engelbregt H.", "abstract": "RationalePsychedelic-assisted therapy is increasingly applied within mental health treatment.ObjectivesThis study focused on factors moderating changes in the acute and long-term effects of an individual psilocybin-assisted program on depression, anxiety, PTSD and personality structures by including demographic factors, subjective experience and degree of mystical type experiences during the dosing, as well as emotional breakthrough and personal growth after the program.MethodsAt baseline, 1 week and 3 months after the psilocybin program participants completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory-3 (NEO-FFI-3). In addition, after the dosing the Mystical Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ-30), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) and Emotional Breakthrough Inventory (EBI) were administered. Moderation effects were established using linear mixed-model analysis.ResultsA single high dose of psilocybin in combination with therapy was found to lower symptoms of anxiety, depression, PTSD and neuroticism over a period of 3-months. Scores on openness and conscientiousness increased after the treatment only. Participants reported mystical type experiences, emotional breakthrough and personal growth. These subjective experiences together with demographic factors were moderating the observed positive changes.ConclusionsFindings indicate that individual psilocybin-assisted therapy has the potential for beneficial effects on mood and personality characteristics. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of subjective experiences and demographic factors in moderating this effect. This study adds to the ongoing research on psilocybin-assisted therapy by investigating contributing factors for optimizing this evolving type of therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-06", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06733-3", "pubmed_id": "39775022", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06733-3", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Affect, Anxiety, Personality, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39775022\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3102, "title": "Psilocybin induces sex- and context-specific recruitment of the stress axis", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces sex and context specific recruitment of the stress axis", "authors": "Cook SG, Lee S, Ference E, Shi Y, Rojas-Carvajal M, Hen R, Bains JS, Füzesi T, Turi GF.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Psychedelics have reemerged as potential treatments for mental health disorders, yet their impact on stress-related brain regions remains poorly understood. Here, we provide the first real-time, in vivo evidence of psilocybin-induced neuronal activation, specifically in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Notably, psilocybin elicited more pronounced responses in female mice and produced context-related alterations in threat assessment. Our findings provide valuable insight into the impact of psychedelics on a key stress center in the brain.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-01-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.01.06.631556", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.06.631556", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR963599\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 863, "title": "Clinical and preclinical evidence of psilocybin as antidepressant. A narrative review.", "normalized_title": "clinical and preclinical evidence of psilocybin as antidepressant a narrative review", "authors": "Erkizia-Santamaría I, Horrillo I, Meana JJ, Ortega JE.", "abstract": "In the rapidly growing field of psychedelic research, psilocybin (and active metabolite psilocin) has been proposed as a promising candidate in the search for novel treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical trials have revealed that psilocybin has a large, rapid, and persistent effect in the improvement of symptoms of depression and anxiety. The safety profile is considered favourable, with low toxicity and good tolerance. Several preclinical studies have also been carried out to determine the long-term mechanism of action of this drug. In this sense, preclinical studies in naïve animals as well as in animal models of disease have shown somewhat discrepant results in conventional tests for assessment of depression- and anxiety-like phenotype in response to psilocybin, but overall suggest positive outcomes. Additionally, several valuable assays in rodent models have been developed over the years to elucidate the neurochemical correlates of serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2AR) activation in the brain, primary molecular target of psilocin. This review aims to provide a general overview of the current and most recent literature in the therapeutic potential of psilocybin through a description of clinical trials of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, and to showcase the scene in the up-to-date preclinical research. A detailed description of preclinical rodent models and experimental approaches that have been used to study the neurobiological and behavioural actions of psilocybin is provided, and potential therapeutic mechanisms of action are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111249", "pubmed_id": "39778644", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111249", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Disease Models, Animal, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39778644\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 761, "title": "Psychedelic Treatments in Adolescent Psychopharmacology: Considering Safety, Ethics, and Scientific Rigor.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic treatments in adolescent psychopharmacology considering safety ethics and scientific rigor", "authors": "Sutherland I, Ho MF, Croarkin PE.", "abstract": "Interest in psychedelic therapies for adults is rapidly growing, with substances like 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine for posttraumatic stress disorder, psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression, and lysergic acid diethylamide for generalized anxiety disorder showing promise. However, research on these therapies in children and adolescents is limited, with no recent trials. Despite this lack of scientific exploration, adolescents may still experiment with these substances for both recreational and therapeutic purposes as accessibility continues to increase. This raises significant concerns, as adolescents are a vulnerable population requiring heightened caution and safety measures. Therefore, we advocate for structured, safe, and well-controlled exploration of psychedelic therapies in adolescents.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-05", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1089/cap.2024.0082", "pubmed_id": "39761065", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2024.0082", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychopharmacology, Adolescent, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39761065\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Pharmacology,Adolescents,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 872, "title": "Single-nucleus transcriptomics reveals cell type-specific and time-dependent effects of psilocybin and ketamine on gene expression", "normalized_title": "single nucleus transcriptomics reveals cell type specific and time dependent effects of psilocybin and ketamine on gene expression", "authors": "Liao C, O’Farrell E, Weiner AM, Qalieh Y, Savalia NK, Girgenti MJ, Kwan KY, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT There is growing interest to investigate classic psychedelics and ketamine as therapeutics for mental illnesses. Previous studies have demonstrated that one dose of psilocybin or ketamine leads to persisting neural and behavioral changes. The durability of these effects suggests that there are likely alterations in gene expression at the transcriptional level. In this study, we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the dorsal medial frontal cortex of male and female mice. Samples were collected at 1, 2, 4, 24, or 72 hours after psilocybin or ketamine administration and from control animals. At baseline, major subtypes of excitatory and GABAergic neurons selectively express particular serotonin receptor transcripts. The psilocybin-evoked differentially expressed genes in excitatory neurons are involved in synaptic plasticity, distinct from genes enriched in GABAergic neurons, which contribute to mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism, and non-neuronal glial cells. The effect of psilocybin on gene expression is time-dependent, including an early phase at 1 hour followed by a late phase at 72 hours of transcriptional response after administration, and differs from the changes following ketamine administration, which peaks at 2 - 4 hours. Collectively, the results provide a resource for understanding the cell type-specific and time-dependent changes in gene expression induced by psilocybin and ketamine in the mouse medial frontal cortex, which may underpin the drug’s long-term effects on neural circuits and behavior.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-01-03", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.01.04.631335", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.04.631335", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR962750\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Mitochondrial Function,Animal Study,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 864, "title": "Early psilocybin intervention alleviates behavioral despair and cognitive impairment in stressed Wistar rats.", "normalized_title": "early psilocybin intervention alleviates behavioral despair and cognitive impairment in stressed wistar rats", "authors": "Wang Z, Robbins B, Zhuang R, Sandini T, van Bruggen R, Li XM, Zhang Y.", "abstract": "Chronic stress exerts profound effects on mental health, contributing to disorders such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. This study examines the potential of psilocybin to alleviate behavioral despair and cognitive deficits in a rodent model of chronic stress, focusing on the interplay between the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and the Endocannabinoid System (ECS). Twenty-two male Wistar rats were divided into control and stress groups. Animals within the stress group were exposed to predator odor and chronic social instability to induce chronic stress, and were either sham treated, or given psilocybin. Behavioral assessments were conducted using the Open Field Test, Sucrose Preference Test, Novel Object Recognition, Elevated Plus Maze, and Forced Swimming Test to evaluate locomotion, anhedonia, memory, anxiety, and behavioral despair, respectively. Blood and brain samples were analyzed for biochemical markers. Results indicated that psilocybin significantly reduced stress-induced behavioral despair and cognitive impairments, likely through ECS-mediated downregulation of the HPA axis. These findings suggest that early intervention with psilocybin has sustained beneficial effects on stress-related behavioral and cognitive disturbances, underscoring its potential as a novel therapeutic approach for stress-related mental health disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111243", "pubmed_id": "39756636", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111243", "keywords": "Pituitary-Adrenal System, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Disease Models, Animal, Corticosterone, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Stress, Psychological, Male, Psilocybin, Cognitive Dysfunction", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39756636\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 807, "title": "Elucidating the Phase I metabolism of psilocin in vitro.", "normalized_title": "elucidating the phase i metabolism of psilocin in vitro", "authors": "Chen J, Wang Z, Yong CY, Goh EML, Moy HY, Chan ECY.", "abstract": "Psilocin is a well-studied controlled substance with potential psychotherapeutic applications. However, research gaps remain regarding its metabolism. Our objective was to elucidate a comprehensive Phase I metabolic profile of psilocin to support its forensic management and clinical development. We utilized human enzymes from various sources to characterize the Phase I metabolism of psilocin and estimated its hepatic and extrahepatic clearances via in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. We identified 2-(4-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-acetaldehyde (4-HIA) as the Phase I intermediate metabolite for the first time. Psilocin was metabolized to 4-HIA by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), and further metabolized to the terminal metabolite 2-(4-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-acetic acid (4-HIAA) by cytosolic aldehyde oxidase (AO) and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). MAO-A-mediated hepatic clearance of psilocin (CLH,MAO-A) was estimated to be 158.74 mL/min, accounting for 80.9% of the total hepatic metabolism of psilocin (CLH,all). MAO-A primarily contributed to the Phase I metabolism of psilocin. Total MAO-A-mediated organ clearance (CLall organs,MAO-A) was estimated to be 614.81 mL/min, with CLH,MAO-A accounting for 25.8%, indicating extensive MAO-A-mediated extrahepatic clearance of psilocin. Overall, our study sheds novel insights on Phase I metabolic pathway of psilocin and illuminated the importance of MAO-A-mediated hepatic and extrahepatic clearances of psilocin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-02", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1007/s00204-024-03952-7", "pubmed_id": "39751877", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03952-7", "keywords": "Liver, Microsomes, Liver, Animals, Humans, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Aldehyde Oxidase, Monoamine Oxidase, Hallucinogens, Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39751877\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3201, "title": "Perturbing whole-brain models of brain hierarchy: an application for depression following pharmacological treatment", "normalized_title": "perturbing whole brain models of brain hierarchy an application for depression following pharmacological treatment", "authors": "Socoró Garrigosa M, Sanz Perl Y, Kringelbach ML, Carhart-Harris R, Vohryzek J, Deco G.", "abstract": "Neural representation can extend beyond localised activity to encompass global patterns, where information is distributed across brain networks in a hierarchical manner. Recent research suggests that the hierarchy of causal influences shaping these patterns can serve as a signature of distinct brain states, with implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we first delve into how whole-brain models, guided by the Thermodynamics of Mind framework, can estimate the brain hierarchy of specific brain states, and how perturbations of such models can study the in-silico transitions to other states represented by static functional connectivity. We then show an application for major depressive disorder, where different brain hierarchical reconfigurations have been found following psilocybin and escitalopram treatments. We build whole-brain models of depressed patients before and after psilocybin and escitalopram interventions, and we carry a dynamic sensitivity analysis to explore the susceptibility of brain states and their drivability to healthier states. We show that susceptibility is on average reduced by escitalopram and increased by psilocybin, and that both treatments succeed in promoting healthier transitions. These results align with the post-treatment window of plasticity opened by serotonergic psychedelics, as well as with the similar clinical efficacy of both drugs observed in clinical trials. Graphical Abstract We apply whole-brain models of brain hierarchy based on the Thermodynamics of Mind framework to investigate state transitions in depression. Dynamic sensitivity analysis explores how psilocybin and escitalopram affect susceptibility and drivability to healthier states. Results show that psilocybin increases susceptibility, while escitalopram reduces it, with both enabling optimal transitions. This pipeline demonstrates the promise of in-silico approaches to inform neurostimulation protocols, potentially enhancing or complementing antidepressant therapies.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.1101/2025.01.01.631011", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.01.631011", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR962216\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 873, "title": "Mushroom poisoning: An updated review.", "normalized_title": "mushroom poisoning an updated review", "authors": "Tuğcan MO, Akpınar AA.", "abstract": "Mushrooms have been consumed frequently worldwide since ancient times. In addition to edible and harmless species, there are also poisonous species that cause a wide range of clinical syndromes, from simple gastrointestinal (GI) irritation to death. However, it is not possible to distinguish the poisonous species from some edible species morphologically. Therefore, the unintentional consumption of mushrooms is an important public health problem. Mushrooms can be categorized according to their toxins, such as cyclopeptides, gyromitrin, muscarine, coprine, orellanine, psilocybin, and GI irritants. Mushrooms containing cyclopeptide-amatoxin are responsible for more than 90% of deaths due to mushroom poisoning. Amanita phalloides is responsible for many fatal cases because of the toxicity of this species. This article reviews the clinical syndromes that may develop after the consumption of various poisonous mushroom species, the mechanisms of action of their toxins, and the current treatments applied.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2025-01-01", "publication_year": 2025, "doi": "10.4103/tjem.tjem_129_24", "pubmed_id": "39882097", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4103/tjem.tjem_129_24", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39882097\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3687, "title": "Psilocybin Therapy for Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease: a Pilot Study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy for depression and anxiety in parkinson s disease a pilot study", "authors": "Joshua Woolley, MD, PhD", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to determine the safety, tolerability, and feasibility of psilocybin therapy for depression and anxiety in people with Parkinson's disease. This is an open-label single-arm pilot study of oral psilocybin therapy for depression and anxiety in people with Parkinson's Disease (PD). The primary goal is to examine safety, tolerability, and feasibility of the intervention in this patient population. We will enroll people ages 40 to 75 with clinically diagnosed early stage Parkinson's Disease (Hoehn and Yahr Stage 1-3 during an \"off\" period), who meet DSM-5 criteria for a depressive or anxious disorder and meet all other inclusion and exclusion criteria at screening. After baseline assessments, participants will complete preparation sessions designed to provide information about the psilocybin experience and to build rapport/trust with the study team. Next, participants will complete a first psilocybin administration session, receiving a low-moderate dose of 10 mg oral psilocybin in a supervised setting with safety monitoring by a physician. Participants who do not experience significant adverse events during or following the session will complete a second psilocybin administration session approximately two weeks later. During the second psilocybin administration session, participants will receive a moderate-high dose of 25 mg oral. The second session will involve the same procedures and level of monitoring as the first. Participants will subsequently complete multiple follow-up sessions designed to assess PD and psychiatric symptoms as well as to provide support as they process their psilocybin experiences. Follow-up will continue to 3 months after the second psilocybin administration session. Primary endpoints will assess safety, tolerability, and feasibility of study procedures. Exploratory efficacy endpoints will assess changes in depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, and related measures of function.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04932434", "keywords": "Parkinson Disease, Depression, Anxiety, Psilocybin therapy, 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04932434\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 918, "title": "Association of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder with Trait Neuroticism and Mental Health Symptoms.", "normalized_title": "association of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder with trait neuroticism and mental health symptoms", "authors": "Hadley M, Halliday A, Stone JM", "abstract": "Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is considered rare in hallucinogen users although there are conflicting reports about its incidence and prevalence. HPPD may be more common in those with trait neuroticism. In this study, we invited hallucinogen and other drug users to complete an online questionnaire about their use of hallucinogens, their experience of HPPD symptoms, and their trait neuroticism and mental health symptoms. We received 802 responses with 415 of these containing adequate data for further analysis. 39.7% of responders reported symptoms corresponding to Type I HPPD, and 4.3% reported symptoms corresponding to Type II HPPD. We found no significant difference between neuroticism scores for participants with or without HPPD. Individuals with Type II HPPD were more likely to report mental health symptoms including anxiety, obsessional thoughts, paranoia, hypochondria and panic attacks (", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2287081", "pubmed_id": "38009828", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38009828/", "keywords": "HPPD, Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, LSD, anxiety, neuroticism, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38009828\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 909, "title": "Practical considerations in the establishment of psychedelic research programs.", "normalized_title": "practical considerations in the establishment of psychedelic research programs", "authors": "Barnett BS, Vest MF, Delatte MS, King Iv F, Mauney EE, Coulson AJ, Nayak SM, Hendricks PS, Greer GR, Murnane KS", "abstract": "There is increasing interest in establishing psychedelic research programs at academic medical centers. However, psychedelics are intensely psychoactive, carry considerable sociopolitical baggage, and most are Schedule I drugs, creating significant potential impediments to implementation. There is little formal guidance for investigators on navigating the complex on-the-ground obstacles associated with establishing psychedelic research programs. This article provides recommendations that may be helpful to investigators seeking to work with psychedelics, with a focus on academic medical centers in the United States. The academic literature on relevant matters is reviewed, and the authors provide observations from their experiences either working for relevant regulatory agencies or conducting basic science studies, investigator-initiated trials, or industry sponsored trials with psychedelics. Investigators planning to conduct psychedelic research should cultivate broad institutional support early. Challenges related to securing funding, obtaining approval for an Investigational New Drug application from the Food and Drug Administration, clinical grade drug sourcing, obtaining a Schedule I researcher registration from the Drug Enforcement Administration and an equivalent state license (if required), preparing spaces for treatment and study drug storage, managing controlled substance inventory, engaging the local community, and other issues should be anticipated. Investigators should anticipate several implementation challenges when planning to work with psychedelics. However, these are likely surmountable with planning, persistence, and assistance from colleagues and other experts.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06722-6", "pubmed_id": "39627438", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39627438/", "keywords": "Clinical research, Clinical trials, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39627438\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 907, "title": "Quantitative LC-QToF-MS Analysis of Mycochemicals in Amanita muscaria, Psilocybe spp. (Agaricomycetes), and Consumer Products.", "normalized_title": "quantitative lc qtof ms analysis of mycochemicals in amanita muscaria psilocybe spp agaricomycetes and consumer products", "authors": "Katragunta K, Avula B, Chittiboyina AG, Lata H, Khan IA.", "abstract": "The psychedelic mushroom market has expanded rapidly due to changing regulations and increasing consumer demand. Product diversity now extends beyond traditional capsules and tablets to include gummies, powders, and confectionery items, complicating quality control efforts. To assess the quality and potential adulteration of Amanita musca-ria and Psilocybe cubensis-based products, a validated LC-QToF-MS method was developed. This method focused on five characteristic compounds: ibotenic acid (IBA), muscimol (MUS), muscarine, psilocin, and psilocybin that are constituents of A. muscaria and P. cubensis mushrooms. Method validation demonstrated satisfactory linearity, precision, and recovery of all five analytes. Psilocin and psilocybin levels ranged from 0.001-1.6% and 9.9-19.3%, respectively, in five Psilocybe species samples, while IBA, MUS, and muscarine levels in two samples of Amanita muscaria were 0.03-0.04%, 0.01- 0.02%, and 0.01-0.02%, respectively. By comparing commercial products to authentic samples, we evaluated the overall quality of 27 across various formulations. Our analysis included 14 gummies, three chocolates, six capsules, one tablet, and three powders. Although 11 of 14 gummies claimed to contain Amanita mushroom extracts, only MUS and muscarine were detected, without IBA. Interestingly, one gummy product indicated the presence of psilocin and psilocybin despite the labeling that claimed, \"no psilocybin.\" Eleven products contained psilocin and psilocybin as anticipated, but five products lacked all target compounds. These findings underscore the need for standardized product specifications. Nevertheless, the established LC-QToF-MS approach could serve as a valuable tool for evaluating the quality of magic mushroom-based consumer products.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024056373", "pubmed_id": "39717916", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024056373", "keywords": "Amanita, Chromatography, Liquid, Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39717916\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 906, "title": "Compass Psychological Support Model for COMP360 Psilocybin Treatment of Serious Mental Health Conditions.", "normalized_title": "compass psychological support model for comp360 psilocybin treatment of serious mental health conditions", "authors": "Kirlić N, Lennard-Jones M, Atli M, Malievskaia E, Modlin NL, Peck SK, Gaillard A, Goodwin GM, Koelpin D.", "abstract": "The psychedelic experience can be challenging. There is a need for a structured framework for providing psychological support to individuals with mental health conditions receiving investigational psilocybin treatment. The primary benefit of such a framework is to support a safe and meaningful psilocybin experience. It also enables future research on the facets of psychological support and/or psychotherapy that most optimally complement psilocybin treatment. The authors describe the Compass Psychological Support Model (CPSM), currently used to support participants with treatment-resistant depression in Compass-sponsored clinical trials of investigational COMP360 psilocybin treatment. The authors also outline the therapist training, mentoring, and fidelity assessment programs they have developed to ensure the quality and consistency of the CPSM delivery.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20230884", "pubmed_id": "39741434", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230884", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Models, Psychological, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39741434\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 905, "title": "Healing, Harms, and Humility: Expanding the Scope of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy Research.", "normalized_title": "healing harms and humility expanding the scope of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy research", "authors": "O'Donnell KC, Grigsby J, Grob CS", "abstract": "", "journal": "The American journal of psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20230785", "pubmed_id": "39741435", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39741435/", "keywords": "MDMA, epistemic humility, ethics, psilocybin, psychedelic, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39741435\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 904, "title": "Psilocybin: From Psychiatric Pariah to Perceived Panacea.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin from psychiatric pariah to perceived panacea", "authors": "Fonzo GA, Wolfgang AS, Barksdale BR, Krystal JH, Carpenter LL, Kraguljac NV, Grzenda A, McDonald WM, Widge AS, Rodriguez CI, Nemeroff CB.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThe authors critically examine the evidence base for psilocybin administered with psychological support/therapy (PST) in the treatment of psychiatric disorders and offer practical recommendations to guide future research endeavors.MethodsPubMed was searched for English-language articles from January 1998 to November 2023, using the search term \"psilocybin.\" A total of 1,449 articles were identified and screened through titles and abstracts. Of these, 21 unique open-label or randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified that examine psilocybin for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (N=2), anxiety/depression associated with a cancer diagnosis (N=5), major depressive disorder (MDD; N=8), substance use disorders (N=4), anorexia (N=1), and demoralization (i.e., hopelessness, helplessness, and poor coping) in AIDS survivors (N=1).ResultsThe most developed evidence base is for the treatment of MDD (three double-blind RCTs with positive signals spanning a range of severities). However, the evidence is tempered by threats to internal and external validity, including unsuccessful blinding, small samples, large variability in dosing and PST procedures, limited sample diversity, and possibly large expectancy effects. Knowledge of mechanisms of action and predictors of response is currently limited.ConclusionsThe evidence is currently insufficient to recommend psilocybin with PST as a psychiatric treatment. Additional rigorously designed clinical trials are needed to definitively establish efficacy in larger and more diverse samples, address dosing considerations, improve blinding, and provide information on mechanisms of action and moderators of clinical response. Head-to-head comparisons with other evidence-based treatments will better inform the potential future role of psilocybin with PST in the treatment of major psychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20230682", "pubmed_id": "39741437", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230682", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39741437\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 903, "title": "Benefits and Challenges of Ultra-Fast, Short-Acting Psychedelics in the Treatment of Depression.", "normalized_title": "benefits and challenges of ultra fast short acting psychedelics in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Ramaekers JG, Reckweg JT, Mason NL.", "abstract": "Unlike classical antidepressants, psychedelics such as psilocybin have been shown to induce a rapid antidepressant response. In the wake of this development, interest has emerged in ultra-fast, short-acting psychedelics such as 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) with the expectation that these can produce rapid antidepressant effects following an intense but brief psychedelic intervention. The current paper reviews the clinical pharmacology of 5-MeO-DMT and DMT and their potential benefits and challenges in the treatment of depression. Both compounds display affinities for a variety of monoamine receptors and transporters, but mostly so for serotonergic (5HT) receptors, including 5HT1A and 5HT2A. Early clinical trials in small samples have shown that short interventions (15-30 min) with 5-MeO-DMT and DMT are safe and well tolerated and can induce marked improvement in symptoms of depression within 24 hours that sustain for at least 1 week. Data on long-term efficacy are currently scarce but do suggest a prolongation of the treatment response. Potential benefits of these treatments include flexible, single day dosing regimens, achievement of treatment efficacy independent from integrative therapy, and ease of clinical implementation. Future challenges include establishing the duration of the antidepressant effect and strategies on how to sustain the antidepressant response, optimization of treatment delivery parameters, and a mechanistic understanding of the clinical response. Acceptance of ultra-fast, short-acting psychedelics will depend on future randomized, placebo-controlled trials with a focus on replication, duration and maintenance of antidepressant efficacy in large patient samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20230890", "pubmed_id": "39741439", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230890", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Methoxydimethyltryptamines, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39741439\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 902, "title": "Single-Dose Psilocybin for Depression With Severe Treatment Resistance: An Open-Label Trial.", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin for depression with severe treatment resistance an open label trial", "authors": "Aaronson ST, van der Vaart A, Miller T, LaPratt J, Swartz K, Shoultz A, Lauterbach M, Suppes T, Sackeim HA.", "abstract": "ObjectiveDepression varies along a difficulty-to-treat spectrum. Patients whose illness fails to respond to at least five treatments may be considered to have severely treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The objective of this study was to document the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in patients with severe TRD.MethodsThis was a 12-week, open-label trial conducted at Sheppard Pratt Hospital. Participants were 18-65 years of age, in a major depressive episode with documented insufficient benefit from at least five treatments during the current episode. A single dose of synthetic psilocybin (25 mg) was administered. Psychotropic medications were discontinued at least 2 weeks prior to dosing through at least 3 weeks post-dosing. Therapists met with patients for three sessions during pretreatment, during the 8-hour dosing day, and for three integration sessions posttreatment. The primary outcome measure was change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating scale (MADRS) at 3 weeks posttreatment. Secondary measures including MADRS scores up to 12 weeks posttreatment, and subject-rated scales capturing depression and level of function were completed at baseline and all subsequent visits.ResultsTwelve participants (six male, six female; mean age=40.6 years [SD=9.6]) with severe TRD were followed over the study period. Depressive symptoms were significantly decreased at week 3 (MADRS least-squares mean change=-15.8, 95% CI=-25.4 to -6.3) and Week 12 (MADRS least-squares mean change=-17.2, 95% CI=-25.2 to -9.1). In exploratory analyses, the Oceanic Boundlessness (OB) dimension of the psychedelic experience correlated with post-dosing antidepressant responses. Patients with comorbid PTSD (N=5) showed significantly less antidepressant effect of psilocybin.ConclusionsThis open-label study suggests efficacy and safety of psilocybin in severe TRD and supports further study of psychedelics in this population, including consideration of PTSD interaction effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20231063", "pubmed_id": "39741440", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20231063", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39741440\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 901, "title": "Research and Implementation of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Veterans Health Administration.", "normalized_title": "research and implementation of psychedelic assisted therapy in the veterans health administration", "authors": "Wolfgang AS, McClair VL, Schnurr PP, Holtzheimer PE, Woolley JD, Stauffer CS, Wolf RC, States LJ, Benedek DM, Capaldi VF, Bradley J, Fuller MA, Smyth MJ, Hermes EDA, Tenhula W, Wiechers IR", "abstract": "", "journal": "The American journal of psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20240751", "pubmed_id": "39741441", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39741441/", "keywords": "Depression, MDMA, PTSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Veterans", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39741441\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Veterans", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 900, "title": "Multidimensional Personality Changes Following Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: Results From a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.", "normalized_title": "multidimensional personality changes following psilocybin assisted therapy in patients with alcohol use disorder results from a double blind placebo controlled clinical trial", "authors": "Pagni BA, Zeifman RJ, Mennenga SE, Carrithers BM, Goldway N, Bhatt S, O'Donnell KC, Ross S, Bogenschutz MP.", "abstract": "ObjectiveEvidence suggests that psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) leads to durable shifts in personality structure. However, such changes have yet to be characterized in disorders of addiction. In this secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial, the authors examined the effect of PAT on personality dimensions in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD), hypothesizing that PAT would attenuate personality abnormalities in AUD and that reductions in trait impulsiveness would be associated with lower drinking.MethodsEighty-four adults with AUD were randomized to two medication sessions of either psilocybin (N=44) or active placebo (diphenhydramine; N=40), received 12 weekly psychotherapy sessions, and completed follow-up for an additional 24 weeks. Changes in personality traits (week 36 vs. baseline) were assessed with the revised NEO Personality Inventory; daily alcohol consumption was quantified using the timeline followback.ResultsRelative to the placebo group, the psilocybin group showed significant reductions in neuroticism and increases in extraversion and openness. Secondary analyses showed that reductions in neuroticism were driven by decreases in the facets depression, impulsiveness, and vulnerability; increases in openness were driven by increases in the facets openness toward feelings and fantasy. Across all participants, decreases in impulsiveness were associated with lower posttreatment alcohol consumption, and an exploratory analysis revealed that these associations were strongest among psilocybin-treated participants who continued moderate- or high-risk drinking prior to the first medication session.ConclusionsPAT elicited durable shifts in personality, suggesting normalization of abnormal personality trait expression in AUD. Further study is needed to clarify whether PAT exerts its beneficial effects by reducing impulsiveness or whether impulsive individuals inherently respond better to PAT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20230887", "pubmed_id": "39741446", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230887", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Double-Blind Method, Impulsive Behavior, Personality, Personality Inventory, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39741446\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Personality Change,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 899, "title": "Exploring Psychedelics Pharmacology: A Scoping Review Charting the Course of Psilocybin Pharmacokinetics.", "normalized_title": "exploring psychedelics pharmacology a scoping review charting the course of psilocybin pharmacokinetics", "authors": "Manzano-Nunez R, Gomez DA, Toledo-Mendoza C, Perez-Otero M, Matilla IL, Prats C, Perez-Lopez E, Pardo H, Díaz-Pellicer P, De La Torre-Fornell R, Aldea AM.", "abstract": "ObjectivesThis scoping review aimed to synthesize the existing data about psilocybin pharmacokinetics to learn what has been described regarding body disposition and safety when psilocybin was used in controlled research settings.MethodsWe performed a scoping literature review following the framework proposed by the JBI manual for evidence synthesis. Controlled clinical trials reporting pharmacokinetic data of psilocybin were considered appropriate for inclusion. We extracted the data on psilocybin pharmacokinetics and summarized it from the available literature on this topic. We also performed an exploratory-descriptive analysis using study level data to examine the relationship between dose of psilocybin and maximum serum concentrations (Cmax).ResultsWe initially identified 850 articles, of which 5 were included. These trials included 112 healthy volunteers who received psilocybin in a controlled clinical setting. The peak concentration of psilocin in plasma (Cmax) ranged from 8.2 ng/mL to 37.2 ng/mL (median = 17, IQR = 11.9 to 23.5). The maximal concentrations (Cmax) of psilocin were reached (Tmax) around 2 hours, ranging from 1.7 hours to 2.2 hours (median = 2, IQR = 1.9 to 2.1) after psilocybin oral administration. Elimination half-life was between 1.2 hours and 3.3 hours (median = 2.0, IQR = 1.6 to 2.8). A strong positive relationship between dose and Cmax ( R2 = 0.95) was found. No serious adverse events were observed. We did not find studies reporting pharmacokinetic data from patients with depression or cancer patients transitioning to palliative care.ConclusionsIn summary, this review unveils oral psilocybin pharmacokinetics in healthy adults, revealing gaps in its application to target populations like those with depression or in palliative care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1097/wnf.0000000000000617", "pubmed_id": "39787428", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0000000000000617", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39787428\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 898, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Group Psychotherapy + Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) for Frontline Healthcare Provider COVID-19 Related Depression and Burnout: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted group psychotherapy mindfulness based stress reduction mbsr for frontline healthcare provider covid 19 related depression and burnout a randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Lewis BR, Hendrick J, Byrne K, Odette M, Wu C, Garland EL.", "abstract": "Objective This clinical trial sought to evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin and MBSR for frontline healthcare providers with symptoms of depression and burnout related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This was a randomized controlled trial that enrolled physicians and nurses with frontline clinical work during the COVID-19 pandemic and symptoms of depression and burnout. Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either an 8-week MBSR curriculum alone or an 8-week MBSR curriculum plus group psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) with 25mg psilocybin. Symptoms of depression and burnout were assessed at baseline, and 2-weeks and 6-months post intervention utilizing the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS-SR-16) and Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey for Medical Professionals (MBI-HSS-MP), respectively. Secondary outcome measures included the Demoralization Scale (DS-II) and the Watt’s Connectedness Scale (WCS). Adverse events and suicidality were assessed through 6-month follow-up. Results 25 participants were enrolled and randomized. There were 12 study-related AEs recorded that were Grade 1-2 and no serious AEs. There was larger decrease in QIDS score for the MBSR+PAP arm compared to MBSR-only from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and significant between-group differences favoring MBSR+PAP on subscales of the MBI-HSS-MP as well as the DS-II and WCS. Conclusions Group psilocybin-assisted therapy plus MBSR was associated with clinically significant improvement in depressive symptoms without serious adverse events and with greater reduction in symptoms than MBSR alone. Study findings suggest that integrating psilocybin with mindfulness training may represent a promising treatment for depression and burnout among physicians and nurses.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.12.31.24319806", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.12.31.24319806", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR961100\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 897, "title": "Psychedelic Medicine Exceptionalism.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic medicine exceptionalism", "authors": "Cohen IG, Marks M", "abstract": "Research on psychedelic medicines is experiencing a revival. Some clinicians, scientists, and ethicists believe that psychedelics are so different from other treatments that they warrant special consideration in how they are researched, regulated, commercialized, and administered. Others argue that psychedelic medicines show clinical potential, but they should be treated like other medical interventions. In other words, identical standards should apply. This article analyzes whether psychedelic medicines warrant special consideration from a regulatory and ethical perspective.", "journal": "The American journal of bioethics: AJOB", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/15265161.2025.2434398", "pubmed_id": "39804318", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39804318/", "keywords": "FDA, MDMA, Psychedelics, informed consent, psilocybin, psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39804318\"}", "topic_tags": "Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 894, "title": "Insights into therapeutic potential and practical applications of natural toxins from poisonous mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "insights into therapeutic potential and practical applications of natural toxins from poisonous mushrooms", "authors": "Wijesekara T, Xu B.", "abstract": "IntroductionMushrooms, belonging to the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, comprise approximately 14,000 known species, among which a small fraction are toxic. While toxic mushrooms are primarily associated with adverse health effects, recent research highlights their potential as sources of bioactive compounds with promising therapeutic applications.MethodsA systematic review was conducted using four major electronic databases: Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The literature search, completed on July 1, 2024, utilized keywords including \"Poisonous mushrooms,\" \"Mushroom toxins,\" \"Mycotoxins,\" \"Beta-glucans,\" \"Psilocybin,\" and \"Therapeutic applications.\" Articles were selected based on specific inclusion criteria, focusing on studies investigating the biochemical, toxicological, and pharmacological properties of toxic mushroom compounds. Studies unrelated to mushrooms, non-peer-reviewed sources, or those with outdated or incomplete data were excluded.ResultsThis review examines key toxic mushroom compounds such as amanitins, phallotoxins, ibotenic acid, muscimol, orellanine, and gyromitrin, emphasizing their biosynthesis, structural features, and health effects. Despite their toxicity, compounds like beta-glucans, polysaccharides, lectins, and psilocybin exhibit immune-modulating, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties. These bioactive compounds have shown promise in targeting cancer stem cells and enhancing neurotransmitter activity, positioning them as potential therapeutic agents.DiscussionUnderstanding the therapeutic potential of toxic mushroom-derived bioactive compounds bridges toxicology and pharmacology, offering novel avenues for drug discovery. Comparative analysis with existing treatments highlights their unique advantages in modern medicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/09603271251323134", "pubmed_id": "40066831", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/09603271251323134", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Mushroom Poisoning, Toxins, Biological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40066831\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Toxicity,Immune Function", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 893, "title": "Psilocybin Mushrooms and Public Health in Brazil: Insights from a Retrospective Analysis of Adverse Events and Their Implications for Regulatory Discussions.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin mushrooms and public health in brazil insights from a retrospective analysis of adverse events and their implications for regulatory discussions", "authors": "Nogueira M, García-Hernández S, Roberto GS, Marques LZ.", "abstract": "Current drug policy classifies psilocybin, a compound found in psychoactive mushrooms, as having high abuse potential while overlooking its therapeutic properties. We evaluated the risk of psilocybin mushrooms to Brazilian public health compared to other toxic agents and assessed the need for regulatory discussions. This retrospective cross-sectional study followed STROBE guidelines, using data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) on adverse events reported from 2007 to 2022. Participants were categorized into a general drug abuse group, which was further divided into psilocybin and unknown mushroom subgroups. Clinical outcomes included non-hospitalization, hospitalization, and death, with associations analyzed via the Chi-square test. Out of 112,451 individuals seeking medical attention for drug abuse-related events, men predominated (n = 79,514; 70.7%), with alcohol being the primary agent (n = 71,824; 49.2%). The psilocybin mushroom group included 13 participants, and the unknown mushroom group included 51. Hospitalization rates were 19.5% (n = 21,923) for drug abuse, 46.2% (n = 6) for psilocybin mushrooms (0.02% of all hospitalizations) (99% CI: 10.6%-81.6%), and 23.5% (n = 12) for unknown mushrooms (99% CI: 8.3%-38.7%). Mortality was 1.8% (n = 2035) for drug abuse group, with no fatal events in the psilocybin or unknown mushroom groups. Deaths were mainly linked to cocaine (33.3%). These findings suggest a low risk for psilocybin mushrooms, though underreporting may be a factor. This study underscores the need for evidence-based regulatory discussions to ensure safe access to psilocybin for clinical and ceremonial use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024057053", "pubmed_id": "40096533", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024057053", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Hospitalization, Retrospective Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Public Health, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Brazil, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40096533\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Adolescents,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 887, "title": "Molecular brain imaging of psychedelic action.", "normalized_title": "molecular brain imaging of psychedelic action", "authors": "Cumming P, Egger K, Knudsen GM", "abstract": "Molecular brain imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computer-tomography (SPECT) entails the mapping of the cerebral distribution of radiopharmaceuticals that track physiological processes such as blood perfusion and glucose metabolism, or the abundance in brain of specific molecular targets such as neuroreceptors. PET and SPECT emerged as useful in vivo research technologies in the 1980s, finding early application in the study of psychostimulant drugs. The past decade has seen growing use of molecular imaging methods in the study of psychedelic action, although the published literature remains comparatively small. The preponderance of publications cited in this review are SPECT studies of cerebral perfusion and PET studies of metabolism and neuroreceptors, the latter mainly focusing on the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 5-HT receptors, which are largely responsible for the psychedelic action of classical psychedelic substances. There is some documentation of interactions of psychedelics at dopamine Dreceptors in the striatum, but many other plausible molecular targets of psychedelic action await investigation by molecular brain imaging. The emerging role of psychedelics as treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders calls for a broader and systematic investigation of their effects on brain function.", "journal": "International review of neurobiology", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.02.005", "pubmed_id": "40541310", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40541310/", "keywords": "Cerebral blood flow, LSD, Metabolism, Positron emission tomography (PET), Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Receptors, Single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40541310\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 883, "title": "Post-traumatic stress disorder in psychedelic research.", "normalized_title": "post traumatic stress disorder in psychedelic research", "authors": "Bostoen T, Tap S, Breeksema J, Schoevers R", "abstract": "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric condition that develops after exposure to trauma such as combat, natural disasters, or assault. It is characterized by re-experiencing trauma, avoidance, hyperarousal, and negative alterations in cognition and mood. Since its formal inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-III in 1980, PTSD has been extensively researched. Current guideline-recommended treatments include trauma-focused psychotherapies and medications. However, a significant proportion of patients show limited response to these treatments. Psychedelic-assisted therapies, particularly 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy, offer an innovative approach for treating PTSD. Over the past two decades, MDMA-assisted therapy has emerged as one of the most promising psychedelic treatments, especially for patients resistant to conventional therapies. MDMA can enhance the processing of traumatic memories during psychotherapy and holds potential for other psychiatric disorders. Recent clinical trials highlight the effectiveness of MDMA-assisted therapy, demonstrating substantial and sustained reductions in PTSD symptoms. The FDA has designated MDMA-assisted therapy as a \"breakthrough therapy\" for PTSD in 2017. However, due to methodological concerns such as unblinding and potential expectancy effects, the FDA decided in 2024 not to approve MDMA- assisted therapy for clinical use, requiring additional research to address these issues. This chapter explores the clinical research on psychedelic-assisted therapies for PTSD, with a particular focus on MDMA-assisted therapy. It will examine the potential psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of action, as well as the methodological challenges and future directions in the field. The growing body of evidence supporting MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD is promising, especially for individuals who have not responded to traditional treatments.", "journal": "International review of neurobiology", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.02.004", "pubmed_id": "40541315", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40541315/", "keywords": "Ketamine, MDMA, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, Neurobiological mechanisms, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Trauma-focused therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40541315\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 882, "title": "Psychedelics for the treatment of end-of-life distress in patients with a life-threatening disease.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for the treatment of end of life distress in patients with a life threatening disease", "authors": "Tap S, Bostoen T, Breeksema J, Schoevers R", "abstract": "Patients with a life-threatening disease (LTD) sometimes suffer from end-of-life distress (EOLD) which refers to the physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual suffering related to chronic illness and the possibility of death. Palliative care interventions seek to improve the quality of life of patients with EOLD and their significant others. Currently, a range of psychological and pharmacological palliative care interventions may be used to mitigate the various symptoms related to EOLD. However, the evidence for their efficacy is inconclusive with only short- to moderate effects. Another significant and relevant limitation in the context of LTDs is that palliative care interventions often require months to take effect. In the past decade, psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) has been increasingly investigated for its therapeutic potential in addressing EOLD in various LTDs characterized by highly significant and sometimes sustained decreases in symptoms of depression and (death) anxiety along with other EOLD-related improvements (e.g., meaning, spiritual well-being, optimism, life satisfaction, and change attitudes towards LTDs). The current chapter will provide a detailed description of the concept of EOLD followed by estimated prevalence rates in a range of LTDs. Next, the chapter provides a brief overview of palliative interventions and their limitations. The chapter then introduces a description of PAT, its evidence-base, and why it seems to work in particular for patients with EOLD. The chapter is concluded with future perspectives.", "journal": "International review of neurobiology", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2025.03.001", "pubmed_id": "40541316", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40541316/", "keywords": "Demoralization, End-of-life distress, Existential distress, LSD, Life-threatening disease, Palliative care, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychological distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40541316\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 879, "title": "Behavioral Neurobiology of Alcohol Addiction: A Decade of Great Challenges, New Hopes, and Hypes.", "normalized_title": "behavioral neurobiology of alcohol addiction a decade of great challenges new hopes and hypes", "authors": "Sommer WH, Spanagel R", "abstract": "Over a decade after the first edition of \"Behavioral Neurobiology of Alcohol Addiction,\" this chapter revisits the field at a critical juncture, marked by both persistent challenges and emerging opportunities. We reflect on the translational gap that has stalled the development of new treatments for alcohol use disorder (AUD), despite decades of promising preclinical findings. Particular attention is given to the replicability crisis in animal research, publication biases, and the limited predictive validity of existing models. At the same time, we highlight advances that offer renewed hope, including molecular and circuit-level technologies, AI-driven data analysis, real-world assessments, and new pharmacological candidates, such as GLP-1 agonists and psychedelics. These breakthroughs are considered alongside the increasing recognition of inflammation, pain, and neuroimmune factors as integral to AUD. However, we caution against exaggerated claims and urge the field to avoid oversimplified models, especially those that conflate habits and compulsions. Finally, we argue that neurobiological progress must be complemented by public health strategies aimed at reducing stigma and improving access to care. By fostering empirical rigor, embracing complexity, and maintaining critical self-reflection, addiction science can better align its innovations with real-world clinical and societal needs.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2025_586", "pubmed_id": "40646424", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40646424/", "keywords": "Addiction theory, Alcohol use disorder, Animal models, DELPHI method, GLP-1 agonists, Just-in-time-Adaptive-Interventions (JITAIs), Psilocybin, Translation, Valley of death", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40646424\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Animal Study,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 875, "title": "\"\" A Qualitative Analysis of Patient Perspectives on Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy for Cancer-Related Psychosocial Symptoms.", "normalized_title": "a qualitative analysis of patient perspectives on psychedelic assisted therapy for cancer related psychosocial symptoms", "authors": "D M Schuman H, Barkova S, Mina R, Deleemans JM, Nguyen T, Carlson LE", "abstract": "People living with cancer (PLWC) often face profound existential distress that is insufficiently addressed by conventional psychosocial supports. This qualitative study explored PLWC's attitudes, beliefs, and experiences regarding psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) as a novel approach to addressing psychosocial suffering, particularly existential distress. Fifteen participants with varying cancer types and stages were recruited from a national survey. Semi-structured interviews were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior. Four key themes were identified: (1) Cautious Optimism and Substance-Specific Attitudes Toward Psychedelics reflected varied knowledge, openness, and perceptions of specific agents; (2) Relational and Societal Influences: Stigma, Support, and Cultural Framing; (3) Structural and Systemic Barriers: Cost, Legality, Provider Attitudes, and Unequal Access; and (4) Cancer Context and Psychosocial Needs: Seeking Relief from Existential and Emotional Distress captured the emotional, spiritual, and existential dimensions of living with and beyond cancer. Participants expressed cautious optimism about PAT, driven by unmet needs in conventional care, particularly after active treatment and at advanced stages of cancer, where existential and spiritual concerns often go unaddressed. PAT was seen as a potential adjunct that could meaningfully engage with suffering beyond symptom management. However, concerns about safety, access, and stigma underscore the need for culturally responsive, patient-informed, and equity-focused implementation strategies. Integrating PAT into oncology will require dismantling structural barriers and shifting toward a model of care that embraces the full human experience of serious illness.", "journal": "Integrative cancer therapies", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/15347354251370982", "pubmed_id": "41013977", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41013977/", "keywords": "cancer, existential distress, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychosocial symptoms", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41013977\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 874, "title": "Psilocybin alleviates high-glucose and high-lipid-induced skin aging in BJ5Ta fibroblasts.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin alleviates high glucose and high lipid induced skin aging in bj5ta fibroblasts", "authors": "Norouzkhani F, Gojani E, Wang B, Li D, Shujat S, Shrestha A, Rodriguez-Juarez R, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I.", "abstract": "Cellular aging, driven by oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation, is exacerbated by a high-glucose and high-lipid (HGHL) diet, leading to collagen degradation and skin aging. Psilocybin, a naturally occurring compound, has shown potential in reducing symptoms of aging. This study explores the protective effects of psilocybin on BJ-5ta fibroblasts exposed to HGHL, focusing on cellular viability, apoptosis, senescence, the inflammatory responses, and wound healing. First, fibroblasts were exposed to 25 mmol/L glucose and 400 µmol/L palmitic acid to establish cell aging. Then, psilocybin effects were tested in co- and post-treatment with HGHL. Post-treatment with psilocybin at 15 µmol/L (P15) and co-treatment with psilocybin at 10 µmol/L (P10) preserved cellular viability and decreased beta-galactosidase activity. P10 was most effective in reducing apoptosis and alleviating HGHL-induced S phase arrest. P15 also reduced senescence markers and decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2. Additionally, psilocybin promoted nonsignificant fibroblast migration, and P10 co-treated with HGHL significantly upregulated elastin gene expression. These findings suggest that psilocybin's antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties make it a promising natural compound for reducing skin aging, particularly under oxidative stress conditions. Further research is needed to explore its long-term effects, optimal dosages, and clinical applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1139/bcb-2025-0250", "pubmed_id": "41105970", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2025-0250", "keywords": "Cell Line, Fibroblasts, Humans, Glucose, Apoptosis, Cell Survival, Oxidative Stress, Skin Aging, Cellular Senescence", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41105970\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers,Aging,Cellular Senescence,Mitochondrial Function,Oxidative Stress,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 827, "title": "Psychedelics assisting therapy, or therapy assisting psychedelics? The importance of psychotherapy in psychedelic-assisted therapy.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics assisting therapy or therapy assisting psychedelics the importance of psychotherapy in psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Zamaria JA, Fernandes-Osterhold G, Shedler J, Yehuda R", "abstract": "", "journal": "Frontiers in psychology", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1505894", "pubmed_id": "39973948", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39973948/", "keywords": "MDMA-assisted therapy, clinical trials, psilocybin-assisted therapy, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychedelics, psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39973948\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 786, "title": "Characteristics and mental health of psychedelic mushroom and multi-psychedelic users relative to non-psychedelic users in American adults, 2020-2021.", "normalized_title": "characteristics and mental health of psychedelic mushroom and multi psychedelic users relative to non psychedelic users in american adults 2020 2021", "authors": "Abramsky-Sze S, Marseille E, Matzopoulos R, Morlock R, Lerer L", "abstract": "Few population-based studies have examined associations between psychedelic use and mental health outcomes. This work describes characteristics of exclusive psychedelic mushroom use (referred to as PM use), PMs in combination with other psychedelic substances (multi-psychedelic or MP) use, and non-psychedelic use and explores mental health ratings in non-clinical settings. This work uses cross-sectional survey data from American adults collected by Acumen Health Research Institute, including demographic characteristics, general health-related quality of life (Veterans RAND derived mental and physical health composite scores), depression (PHQ9-item), anxiety (GAD7-item), comorbid conditions (CCI), health resource utilization, and perceptions, knowledge, and use of psychedelics. Multivariate and descriptive statistics were used to describe participant characteristics. Correlation analysis assessed anxiety and depression scores across groups. Mean anxiety and depression scores were compared using ANOVA and Tukey's HSD. A multivariate linear regression model controlling for past-year depression, past-year anxiety, age, region, ethnicity, sex, educational attainment, employment, and psychedelic use predicted mental health composite scores (MCS). Of the 6,869 participants included in the dataset, 256 (3.7%) reported using psychedelics in the last 12 months. Of those using psychedelics, 122 (47.7%) reported PM use and 134 (52.3%) reported MP use. All psychedelic users reported lower MCS and higher levels of anxiety and depression relative to non-users (those who said they had not used psychedelics in the past year). The lowest mental health scores were reported in the MP users followed by the PM users (higher MCS corresponded to better mental health). When controlling for confounding characteristics including past-year anxiety and depression, disparities in mental health scores persisted between those with any psychedelic use and the non-psychedelic group (p This paper extends previous work describing the association between psychedelic use and mental health, controlling for confounding mental health factors such as comorbid anxiety and depression. These results suggest psychedelic users may have poorer mental health than their non-using counterparts in certain contexts and emphasize the need for future research in this field. Both non-adjusted and adjusted analyses demonstrate lower mental health scores for PM and MP users relative to non-psychedelic users. These differential effects highlight the need for further detailed, population-based research on the use of exclusive psilocybin and on psychedelics in combination.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1508811", "pubmed_id": "40109441", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40109441/", "keywords": "anxiety, depression, mental health, psilocybin, psychedelic mushroom, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40109441\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Observational Study,Veterans", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 741, "title": "Contextual and experiential aspects of the psychedelic experience predicting improvement in subjective wellbeing: results from a Norwegian internet convenience sample.", "normalized_title": "contextual and experiential aspects of the psychedelic experience predicting improvement in subjective wellbeing results from a norwegian internet convenience sample", "authors": "Tunstad PA, Kvam TM, Uthaug MV, Stewart LH, Andersen KAA, Grønnerød C", "abstract": "Interest in the therapeutic effects of classical psychedelics has risen recently. However, little epidemiological knowledge exists about the use of classical psychedelics in Scandinavian countries. Additionally, there is a limited understanding of what factors drive self-reported improvement in wellbeing. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the use of classical psychedelics and outcomes related to subjective wellbeing in an adult, Norwegian-speaking sample. We examined how contextual and phenomenological variables were associated with self-reported subjective wellbeing. Using an anonymous internet survey, we recruited Norwegian speaking subjects who have had a memorable experience after taking a classic psychedelic substance. Data are presented by using descriptive statistics about the sample and two hierarchical regression analyses. The first regression analysis examined contextual variables, and the second examined variables related to acute phenomena during the experience. The survey showed that 85% of the sample reported a small to large positive change in subjective wellbeing after their experience with classical psychedelics. Integration, ego dissolution, and emotional breakthrough had a clear, positive predictive effect on the participants' self-reported subjective wellbeing. Variables with lower but significant effects were the degree of challenging experiences, settings associated with nature or ceremony, and a therapeutic or seeking intention. The use of classical psychedelics leads to an increase in subjective wellbeing for the majority of the participants. This relationship seems dependent upon various experiential aspects of acute subjective drug effects. These findings should be viewed as hypothesis-generating rather than confirmatory due to the study's limitations.", "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2025.1556299", "pubmed_id": "40276609", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40276609/", "keywords": "N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, psychedelics, survey", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40276609\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 728, "title": "Music as a collaborating actor: new insights into the nature and role of music in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "music as a collaborating actor new insights into the nature and role of music in psychedelic assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Dwyer J, Johnston RB, O'Callaghan C, Kallianis V, Ross ML", "abstract": "Music has been identified as a central feature of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) and has hitherto been understood to amplify the psychedelic experience in a predictable way that has been codified into music recommendations and playlists. To re-evaluate the nature and role of music within the participant's world during psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Phenomenological analysis of participants' descriptions of music during a randomised control trial of PAP at end of life involving two doses and a semi-structured interview following each dose. Music undergoes a profound change during PAP that radically transforms it from everyday recorded music into a series of internally generated multisensory and deeply personal experiences that arrive fully formed and are instantly known by the participant. Some of these are constituted into actors that collaborate with the participant and the psychotherapist in their ongoing psychotherapy endeavours. This stands in stark contrast with the everyday properties of music described by those in the placebo group. An alternate understanding of music in PAP is suggested that radically departs from the view that music is \"administered\" as part of PAP. There are profound implications for the practise of PAP and further research. Australian New Zealand Clinician Trials Registry identifier, ACTRN12619001225101.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1541528", "pubmed_id": "40370591", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40370591/", "keywords": "end-of-life, music therapy, palliative care, psilocybin, psychedelic assisted psychotherapy, psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40370591\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 646, "title": "PolDrugs 2025: results of the third edition of the nationwide study on psychoactive substance use in the context of psychiatry and harm reduction.", "normalized_title": "poldrugs 2025 results of the third edition of the nationwide study on psychoactive substance use in the context of psychiatry and harm reduction", "authors": "Marek J, Domek-Gumprecht M, Macionga A, Szafoni S, Więckiewicz G", "abstract": "PolDrugs is a biennial epidemiological study aimed at analyzing patterns of mostly illicit psychoactive substance use in Poland in the context of psychiatry and harm reduction. This survey was held for the third time, and its results were compared to the last two editions. The survey was conducted as an online survey with 37 closed-ended single-choice questions and 3 multiple-choice questions. Respondents were recruited through outreach on social media platforms, primarily Facebook and Instagram, in drug-related groups. Recruitment efforts were supported by activists and advocacy groups who promoted the questionnaire through their own social media networks. The sample consisted of 2,447 people between the ages of 13 and 63 years. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics only. The study population (mean age 27 years) was predominantly male and urban. Marijuana was the most common substance used after alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine, though overall consumption was infrequent (35.6% reporting use once every few months or less) and mainly occurred in social settings (50.2%) or at home (52.3%). Notably, 83.6% never tested substance composition, and 51.4% relied on visual estimation for dosing. Sixty percent had neglected daily responsibilities, while 16.8% faced legal issues. Although 70.7% had not sought medical help, nearly half had seen a psychiatrist (primarily for depression), with 41.1% of these having attempted suicide and 70.5% using illicit substances before their initial consultation. Only 40% consistently disclosed their substance use to a physician. Stimulant use and subsequent medical consultations-particularly for mephedrone derivatives-are rising warranting further investigation. The proportion of respondents who use psychoactive substances alone is increasing, now exceeding 25%. Psychedelic use is declining possibly due to reduced mainstream media attention. The observation also shows a growing acceptance of psychiatric care in Polish society.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1591658", "pubmed_id": "40656049", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40656049/", "keywords": "DMT, MDMA, PolDrugs, drugs, marijuana, psilocybin, psychiatry, psychoactive substances", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40656049\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 552, "title": "The Epidemiology of Psychedelic Use Among United States Military Veterans.", "normalized_title": "the epidemiology of psychedelic use among united states military veterans", "authors": "Davis AK, Bates M, Lund EM, Sepeda ND, Levin AW, Armstrong SB, Koffman R, Hooyer K, Yehuda R", "abstract": "We sought to identify patterns of psychedelic use among United States military veterans, compare demographic variables and perspectives of those who did and did not report use, and characterize benefits and adverse outcomes associated with use. Respondents ( = 426) were recruited to complete an online cross-sectional survey. Approximately one-half (51%) reported using psychedelics. Most did so for healing/treatment (70%) and/or spiritual purposes (48%), and most (85%) reported benefiting from use. Those who used psychedelics reported they would be more likely to use VA services (", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2401977", "pubmed_id": "39263894", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39263894/", "keywords": "Epidemiology, adverse outcomes, mental health, psychedelic, veterans", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:12", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39263894\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Observational Study,Veterans", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 522, "title": "Psychedelics and mental health: reimagining care through science, insight, and compassion.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and mental health reimagining care through science insight and compassion", "authors": "Mikellides G, Kyriazis M", "abstract": "", "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2025.1649929", "pubmed_id": "40969944", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40969944/", "keywords": "LSD, MDMA, ketamine, psilocybin, psychedelics, rTMS", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40969944\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 469, "title": "High Risk, Low Key: The New Face of Drug Use.", "normalized_title": "high risk low key the new face of drug use", "authors": "Burmeister JR, Jung JK.", "abstract": "In today's rapidly evolving substance use landscape, the traditional image of drug consumption is being replaced by a subtler, more socially accepted aesthetic. High Risk, Low Key: The New Face of Drug Use explores how modern intoxicants, from THC-infused beverages to microdosed psilocybin and nitrous oxide canisters, are increasingly marketed as wellness products rather than recreational drugs. This shift, driven by cultural, technological, and mental health trends, has led to the normalization and concealment of daily drug use, especially among youth. Cannabis, once emblematic of rebellion, is now branded as organic and therapeutic, despite rising potency and associated risks. Meanwhile, legal gray-area substances like kratom and nitrous oxide offer easily accessible highs with potentially serious health consequences. The rise of self-medication, fueled by online platforms and a mental health crisis, further blurs the line between therapy and abuse. Digital platforms now serve as decentralized drug markets, contributing to the fentanyl crisis through counterfeit pills. This article calls for a new framework to address these trends, one that includes updated education, regulation, and clinical tools responsive to a generation navigating a silent, rebranded drug crisis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/29768357251389682", "pubmed_id": "41180078", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/29768357251389682", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41180078\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 435, "title": "The ethical use of therapeutic touch in psychedelic-assisted therapy: a qualitative study of researcher perspectives and experiences.", "normalized_title": "the ethical use of therapeutic touch in psychedelic assisted therapy a qualitative study of researcher perspectives and experiences", "authors": "McHerron D, Barber M, Ham R, Liknaitzky P, Carter A, Gardner J", "abstract": "Physical touch is often included as a supportive or therapeutic tool in psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), involving instrumental forms of physical contact, supportive touch and somatic techniques. However, participants under the influence of psychedelics have reduced capacity to provide consent, are more suggestible and may experience and interpret therapeutic touch in ways they did not expect prior to taking the drug. Yet little research has been conducted on the considerations and approaches to therapeutic touch in clinical trials of PAT. This study explored the experiences and perspectives of PAT researchers on the use and consent to therapeutic touch in clinical trials of PAT. A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Sixteen PAT researchers involved in clinical trials of PAT were interviewed. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The reporting of this study conforms to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research Checklist (COREQ). Three themes were uncovered through reflexive thematic analysis: (1) flexible frameworks, (2) therapeutic alliance and (3) boundary management. Researchers discussed consent challenges across the broad spectrum of physical contact existing in PAT protocols at the time. Researchers indicated that consent to therapeutic touch should be established prior to the dosing sessions and continually managed throughout the course of treatment. Flexibility in consent protocols enabled researchers to interpret and approach consent through the development of a strong therapeutic alliance; however, flexibility could also lead to challenges in boundary management. Researchers emphasised the need for greater ethical guidance in instances where trial participants change their established preferences during dosing sessions, and limits on expanding consent after drug administration. Clear guidelines for obtaining consent, managing changing preferences and training on the management of boundary transgressions were viewed as essential for ethical research and practice of PAT.", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-12-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/20451253251377191", "pubmed_id": "41244962", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41244962/", "keywords": "MDMA, ethics, informed consent, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychedelics, therapeutic touch", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:35", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"41244962\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 920, "title": "Neuropsychological profiles of patients suffering from hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD): A comparative analysis with psychedelic-using and non-using controls.", "normalized_title": "neuropsychological profiles of patients suffering from hallucinogen persisting perception disorder hppd a comparative analysis with psychedelic using and non using controls", "authors": "Leistenschneider G, Majić T, Reiche S, Riemer TG.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin are showing promising effects in treating certain psychiatric disorders. Despite their low toxicity and lack of an addictive potential, in some individuals, psychedelics can be associated with persisting psychological harms. Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is one of those complications, a rare disorder characterized by enduring perceptual symptoms without impaired reality control. While the phenomenological aspects of HPPD have been characterized, the neuropsychological consequences have remained understudied. This study probes the neuropsychological profiles of eight individuals with HPPD, utilizing a comprehensive test battery. Performance is benchmarked against normative data and compared with two control groups, each comprising eight matched subjects-with and without prior psychedelic use. The assessment of individual performances revealed below average results in tests of visual memory and executive function in some subjects. No significant differences were observed in alpha-adjusted comparisons with controls, whereas unadjusted analyses were suggestive of impaired executive functions among HPPD patients. Together, these preliminary results underline the need for further focused research into the neuropsychological dimensions of HPPD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-82216-x", "pubmed_id": "39741155", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82216-x", "keywords": "Humans, Perceptual Disorders, Hallucinogens, Case-Control Studies, Neuropsychological Tests, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Executive Function", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39741155\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2034, "title": "Theoretical Description for Psilocin and Coprine Electrochemical Determination in Mushroom Pulp and Biological Liquids over Cobalt (II) Oxyhydroxide-Modified Electrode", "normalized_title": "theoretical description for psilocin and coprine electrochemical determination in mushroom pulp and biological liquids over cobalt ii oxyhydroxide modified electrode", "authors": "", "abstract": "The possibility of the electrochemical determination of poisonous mushroom toxins psilocin and coprine on CoO(OH)-modified electrode has been evaluated theoretically. The analysis of the correspondent mathematical model confirms the efficiency of the electrochemical sensor for detecting both mycotoxins in mushrooms and biological liquids for either investigation or diagnostic purposes. The linear dependence between the concentration of both of the analytes is established in a wide concentration range, providing an excellent analytical signal interpretation.", "journal": "Letters in Applied NanoBioScience", "publication_date": "2024-12-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.33263/lianbs134.173", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.33263/lianbs134.173", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.33263/lianbs134.173\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 921, "title": "Exploring the neurobiological correlates of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in eating disorders: a review of potential methodologies and implications for the psychedelic study design.", "normalized_title": "exploring the neurobiological correlates of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in eating disorders a review of potential methodologies and implications for the psychedelic study design", "authors": "Koning E, Chaves C, Kirkpatrick RH, Brietzke E.", "abstract": "Eating disorders (EDs) are a group of debilitating mental illnesses characterized by maladaptive eating behaviors and severe cognitive-emotional dysfunction, directly affecting 1-3% of the population. Standard treatments are not effective in approximately one third of ED cases, representing the need for scientific advancement. There is emerging evidence for the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) to improve treatment outcomes in individuals with EDs. However, the limited knowledge of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of PAP restricts the ability to confirm its clinical utility. This narrative review presents an overview of methodologies used to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of EDs or the effects of psilocybin that could be employed to probe the neurobiological correlates of PAP in EDs, including magnetic resonance imaging and molecular neuroimaging techniques, electrophysiological approaches, and neuroplasticity markers. Finally, the implications of these methodologies are described in relation to the unique features of the psychedelic study design, challenges, limitations, and future directions to advance the field. This paper represents a valuable resource for scientists during study conceptualization and design phases and stimulates advancement in the identification of effective therapeutic interventions for EDs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-024-01185-8", "pubmed_id": "39731144", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01185-8", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39731144\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 821, "title": "High-quality draft genomes of ecologically and geographically diverse Psilocybe species.", "normalized_title": "high quality draft genomes of ecologically and geographically diverse psilocybe species", "authors": "Bollinger IM, Singer H, Jacobs J, Tyler M, Scott K, Pauli CS, Miller DR, Barlow C, Rockefeller A, Slot JC, Angel-Mosti V.", "abstract": "Psilocybe is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi with ecological, ethnomycological, and clinical importance due to psilocybin production by most species. We present five genomes that enable deeper discovery and analysis of the psilocybin gene cluster and increase taxonomic resolution within Psilocybe: Psilocybe semilanceata, Psilocybe gandalfiana nom. prov., Psilocybe caeruleorhiza, Psilocybe azurescens, and Psilocybe allenii.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1128/mra.00250-24", "pubmed_id": "39727395", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00250-24", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39727395\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 780, "title": "Concurrent stress modulates the acute and post-acute effects of psilocybin in a sex-dependent manner.", "normalized_title": "concurrent stress modulates the acute and post acute effects of psilocybin in a sex dependent manner", "authors": "Farinha-Ferreira M, Miranda-Lourenço C, Galipeau C, Lenkei Z, Sebastião AM.", "abstract": "There is renewed interest in psychedelics, such as psilocybin, as therapies for multiple difficult-to-treat psychiatric disorders. Even though psychedelics can induce highly pleasant or aversive experiences, depending on multiple personal and environmental factors, there is little research into how such experiences impact post-acute mood-altering actions. Here we aimed at offsetting this gap. First, we tested whether acute psilocybin effects differed between sexes. Adult male and female C57BL/6J mice received saline or psilocybin (5 mg/kg; i.p.), and head-twitch response (HTR) frequency was quantified. Notably, while psilocybin increased HTR frequency in both sexes, the effect was greater in females. We then tested if stress exposure during acute drug effects impacted post-acute psilocybin actions. Following drug treatment, mice were returned to their homecage or restrained for 1 h. Anxiety- and depression-like behaviors were assessed starting 24 h following drug administration, using the marble burying, novelty-suppressed feeding, and splash tests. Psilocybin induced anxiolytic-, but not antidepressant-like, which were fully blocked by stress in males, but only partially so in females. Lastly, we assessed the acute stress-psilocybin interaction on plasma corticosterone levels in a separate cohort of mice, treated as above. Both stress and psilocybin independently increased corticosterone levels, without additive or interactive effects being observed for either sex. Our data reveals the role of sex and peri-acute negative experiences in the acute and post-acute actions of psilocybin. These findings underline the importance of non-pharmacological factors, such as the quality of the psychedelic experience, in the mood-altering effects of psychedelics, holding significant for both their therapeutic and recreational use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110280", "pubmed_id": "39725123", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110280", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Hallucinogens, Depression, Stress, Psychological, Anxiety, Sex Characteristics, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39725123\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Observational Study,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 203, "title": "Preferences, Perceptions, and Environmental Considerations of Natural and Synthetic Psychedelic Substances: Findings from the Global Psychedelic Survey.", "normalized_title": "preferences perceptions and environmental considerations of natural and synthetic psychedelic substances findings from the global psychedelic survey", "authors": "Syed OA, Petranker R, Fewster EC, Sobolenko V, Beidas Z, Husain MI, Lake S, Lucas P.", "abstract": "Although several studies have well described the characteristics of people who use psychedelics alongside their motivations and beliefs, little research has examined the preferences surrounding the source of psychedelic substances. In an anonymous online survey, we collected data from 6,379 consumers of 11 different psychedelic substances from 85 different countries, exploring their preferences and perceptions on natural and synthetic psychedelics. There was a strong preference of natural sources over synthetic alternatives for psilocybin (75%), DMT (56%), and mescaline (56%). Moreover, 50.8% of respondents believed that the source impacts the psychedelic's psychological and physiological effects, while 34.4% of respondents had a neutral stance on the topic. Despite the preference for natural sources, 67.7% of respondents agreed to switch to using synthetic alternatives to psychedelic substances if it would lessen the environmental impacts caused by the overharvesting of natural sources. This study presents novel insights into consumer preferences on the source of popular psychedelic substances. This international survey is limited to respondents primarily belonging to anglophone regions of the world.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2446445", "pubmed_id": "39718337", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2446445", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Mescaline, Hallucinogens, Perception, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Consumer Behavior, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39718337\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 833, "title": "Efficacy and safety of psilocybin in the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): A dose-response network meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psilocybin in the treatment of major depressive disorder mdd a dose response network meta analysis of randomized placebo controlled clinical trials", "authors": "Swieczkowski D, Kwaśny A, Pruc M, Gaca Z, Szarpak L, Cubała WJ.", "abstract": "Selecting the optimal dose of psilocybin for treating Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) is crucial for clinical development and regulatory approval. This meta-analysis evaluates psilocybin's efficacy and safety in treating MDD to determine the optimal dose and timing for clinical trials. A systematic review and Dose-Response Network Meta-Analysis (NMA) of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials (RCTs) registered with PROSPERO was conducted. Databases searched included Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, up to July 2024. The PICOS framework defined eligibility criteria: P: adult patients with MDD; I: psilocybin; C: placebo; O: changes in MADRS scores at Days 2, 8 and 15, and adverse events; S: RCT. Independent researchers performed data extraction and bias assessment. From 5419 search results, three RCTs involving 389 patients were included. Psilocybin significantly reduced symptoms compared to placebo at Day 8 (MD = -7.42; 95 % CI:10.07 to -4.78; p < 0.001) and Day 15 (MD = -9.55; 95 % CI:12.44 to -6.65; p < 0.001), without significant effects on Day 2. The NMA indicated that a 25 mg dose was the most effective, with a SUCRA value of 92.25 %, compared to doses of 0.215 mg/kg and 10 mg. However, psilocybin was associated with a higher risk of adverse events, particularly nausea (RR = 8.35; p < 0.001). This meta-analysis supports psilocybin's efficacy in treating MDD, particularly at a 25 mg dose, showing a time-dependent therapeutic effect. The recommended timing of efficacy evaluation by regulatory authorities is validated by this evidence, underscoring its importance in clinical trial design for psychedelic substances.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116337", "pubmed_id": "39754904", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116337", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39754904\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3298, "title": "Brain dynamics of classical psychedelics show paradoxical hierarchical flattening with increased complexity", "normalized_title": "brain dynamics of classical psychedelics show paradoxical hierarchical flattening with increased complexity", "authors": "Vohryzek J, Garcia Guzman E, Kringelbach ML, Lopez-Sola E, Timmermann C, Roseman L, Tagliazucchi E, Ruffini G, Carhart-Harris R, Deco G, Sanz Perl Y.", "abstract": "Despite divergent behavioral and phenomenological profiles, both psychedelic states and reduced states of consciousness have been associated with a flattening of the brain's functional hierarchy. To address this apparent paradox, we developed a more specific definition of hierarchy based on the proximity of the brain to thermodynamic equilibrium and then applied it to investigate the changes to the functional hierarchy elicited by three classical serotonergic psychedelics: psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and dimethyltryptamine. We found that all three psychedelics consistently induced a global reduction in the functional hierarchy. In contrast to the flattening of the functional hierarchy observed during loss of consciousness, psychedelics displaced the brain towards equilibrium while simultaneously increasing the complexity of neural activity, indicating a unique mechanism linked to specific changes in the configuration and differentiation of resting-state networks. This work showcases how metrics based on statistical mechanics can be used for the specific characterization of different global brain states, contributing to the understanding of consciousness as a collective process emerging from complex neural interactions.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-12-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.12.21.629922", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.12.21.629922", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR958078\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3114, "title": "Characterizing psilocybin as an antidepressant for adolescence in male and female rats", "normalized_title": "characterizing psilocybin as an antidepressant for adolescence in male and female rats", "authors": "García-Cabrerizo R, Beruete-Fresnillo I, García-Fuster MJ.", "abstract": "Adolescent depression is a significant public health concern, yet treatment options remain limited, particularly due to age- and sex-related differences in antidepressant efficacy. This study explored the rapid and long-lasting antidepressant-like potential of psilocybin in adolescent Sprague-Dawley rats, examining acute and repeated oral dosing effects while incorporating sex as a biological variable. An acute administration of psilocybin produced rapid antidepressant-like effects 30 minutes post-treatment in both male and female rats, demonstrated by reduced immobility and increased escape-related behaviour in the forced swim test. However, repeated daily administrations over 7 days revealed notable sex differences. In males, the antidepressant-like effects were sustained, at least, for up to 15 days post-treatment at both tested doses. In contrast, in females, the effects were dose-dependent and less enduring, persisting only up to 8 days at the highest dose tested. To the best of our knowledge, these results are the first ones to underscore psilocybin’s potential as a fast-acting and long-lasting antidepressant during adolescence, a developmental stage marked by high vulnerability to depression and reduced response to conventional treatments, while also emphasizing the importance of tailoring therapeutic approaches to individual biological factors such as sex.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-12-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.12.20.629571", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.12.20.629571", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR959351\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 723, "title": "ALSUntangled #77: Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "alsuntangled 77 psilocybin", "authors": "Bakshi B, Yerraguntla S, Armon C, Barkhaus P, Bertorini T, Bowser R, Breevoort S, Bromberg M, Brown A, Carter GT, Chang V, Crayle J, Fullam T, Greene M, Heiman-Patterson T, Jackson C, Jhooty S, Mallon E, Cadavid JM, Mcdermott CJ, Pattee G, Pierce K, Ratner D, Sun Y, Wang O, Wicks P, Wiedau M, Bedlack R.", "abstract": "ALSUntangled reviews alternate and off-label treatments prompted by patient interest. Here, we review psilocybin, a chemical derived from mushrooms and belonging in the category of drugs known as psychedelics. Psilocybin has plausible mechanisms for slowing ALS progression because of its ability to cross the blood brain barrier and effect neurogenesis and inflammation. Currently, there are no pre-clinical ALS models, case reports, or trials for psilocybin and ALS in the context of disease modifying therapy. Depending on dosing, there can be a high risk of psychological side effects including hallucinations and physical harm. Based on the above information, we do not currently support the use of psilocybin as a means to slow ALS progression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/21678421.2024.2441274", "pubmed_id": "39709547", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/21678421.2024.2441274", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39709547\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Case Report,Safety,Adverse Events,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 835, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of MDMA- and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Adolescent Depression and Trauma.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of mdma and psychedelic assisted psychotherapy for adolescent depression and trauma", "authors": "Geller J, Whitney E.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThere is a mental health crisis affecting youth, and the utility of existing treatments is often limited by lack of effectiveness and tolerability. The aim of this review is to report on outcomes of clinical trials for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for adults with depression and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and discuss recommendations for exploring these treatments in adolescent populations.Recent findingsThere have been encouraging data supporting the use of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for depression, including previously treatment-resistant symptoms. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is showing similar promise in treating PTSD, with excellent response and remission rates that appear durable. However, no studies have looked at the use of these treatments in younger patients. The safety and efficacy of psychedelic- and MDMA-assisted psychotherapies should be investigated in adolescents, especially considering the burden of untreated and undertreated psychiatric illness in youth, and the benefits of a potentially earlier, more effective, and more tolerable recovery process. Research and implementation should be tailored to the needs of this population, and equity and access should be considered at every stage. In this novel and rapidly evolving landscape, the psychiatric community is encouraged to advocate for safe, appropriate, and inclusive inquiry into, and application and scaling of these treatment models in adolescent patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-024-01577-2", "pubmed_id": "39699759", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-024-01577-2", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Adolescent, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39699759\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 803, "title": "The Hallucinogen Rating Scale: Updated Factor Structure in a Large, Multistudy Sample.", "normalized_title": "the hallucinogen rating scale updated factor structure in a large multistudy sample", "authors": "Calder AE, Qualls C, Hasler G, Elmiger D, Strassman R.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) has been widely used to measure the subjective effects of psychedelics and other psychoactive substances. Its advantages include a basis in phenomenological interviews and clinical studies, straightforward items, and broad coverage of psychedelic effects. Previous studies have attempted to resolve its factor structure but were limited by small samples of participants who took only one substance.MethodsWe obtained 991 HRS questionnaires from the authors of 18 publications involving 13 psychoactive substances. Exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze its factor structure, and mixed-effects analyses of variance were used to compare HRS scores between drugs.ResultsThe HRS resolved into 8 factors with good to excellent internal consistency and that intuitively map onto the effects of psychedelics. The factor model also showed good measures of fit that were superior to previous proposed models. Model factors were able to show dose responses for most drugs. Additionally, patterns of responses on the 8 factors significantly differentiated classic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and DMT, from other substance classes, including dissociatives such as ketamine and salvinorin A, empathogens such as MDMA, stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The factor of meaningfulness also uniquely differentiated psychedelics from all other substances.ConclusionsThese data show that the HRS is an intuitive and psychometrically sound tool for measuring the effects of psychedelic drugs, and it may also have utility for measuring the effects of other drugs and altered states of consciousness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100436", "pubmed_id": "39926700", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100436", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39926700\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 757, "title": "A Rapid Review of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Context of Palliative Care.", "normalized_title": "a rapid review of psychedelic assisted therapy in the context of palliative care", "authors": "Miller M, Meyers M, Martin A, Napolitano S, Dorsen C, Penn A, Rosa WE.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) involves supported experiences with psychedelic medicines in carefully curated environments. Early evidence suggests possible utility of PAT for addressing psychosocial-spiritual-existential concerns, yet gaps remain in understanding findings related to PAT's role in palliative care. This rapid review aims to synthesize current literature on applications of PAT in the context of palliative care. Through a systematic process, we identified 34 articles published between January 2021 and July 2024. Protocols varied yet included common components of participant screening, preparation, dosing, and integration. Psilocybin was the most commonly studied compound. Results support safety and initial efficacy of PAT for psycho-spiritual-existential outcomes among carefully screened and highly homogonous samples of patients with serious illness (predominantly cancer). Current efforts and challenges around integrating PAT into systems of palliative care were highlighted. Additional work is needed to (1) explore PAT's safety and efficacy within more diverse samples and contexts, (2) train palliative care providers on PAT, (3) determine systems of care delivery best suited for translation of PAT into practice, and (4) begin developing policy solutions to support safe and equitable access to PAT. Because many patients lack access to basic psychosocial-spiritual-existential care, careful consideration is needed around integration of PAT. The psychedelic substances which are the topic of this article are not currently FDA approved for use in the United States.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1097/njh.0000000000001096", "pubmed_id": "39699865", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/njh.0000000000001096", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39699865\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Spirituality,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 637, "title": "Psychedelic Therapeutics for Adolescents: Ethics, Safety, Opportunities, and Equipoise.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapeutics for adolescents ethics safety opportunities and equipoise", "authors": "Croarkin PE, Sutherland I, Ho MF.", "abstract": "We read with great interest the commentary by Jeffrey et al. entitled \"Clinical Research Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Adolescents Aged 16 to 17 Years: Rationale Balanced With Caution.\"1 We appreciate the efforts of the authors, the scholarship of this commentary, and the advocacy for research initiatives with psychedelic therapeutics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. We agree that there is a compelling rationale for timely, rigorous studies with adolescents as it is likely that these compounds have been and will be used in adolescents with therapeutic intent. We are writing to catalyze further collegial dialogue and advocacy in our field. We do have some considerations for the authors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jaac.2024.12.003", "pubmed_id": "39709009", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2024.12.003", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Adolescent, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39709009\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 808, "title": "The role of the psychedelic experience in psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "the role of the psychedelic experience in psilocybin treatment for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, Carhart-Harris R, Chai-Rees J, Croal M, DeBattista C, Dunlop BW, Feifel D, Hellerstein DJ, Husain MI, Kelly JR, Kirlic N, Licht RW, Marwood L, Meyer TD, Mistry S, Nowakowska A, Páleníček T, Repantis D, Schoevers RA, Simmons H, Somers M, Teoh E, Tsai J, Wahba M, Williams S, Young AH, Young MB, Zisook S, Malievskaia E.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo determine the relationships between psilocybin dose, psychedelic experiences, and therapeutic outcome in treatment-resistant depression.MethodsFor treatment-resistant depression, 233 participants received a single dose of 25, 10, or 1 mg of COMP360 psilocybin (a proprietary, pharmaceutical-grade synthesized psilocybin formulation, developed by the sponsor, Compass Pathfinder Ltd.) with psychological support. The resulting psychedelic experience (Five-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire [5D-ASC] and Emotional Breakthrough Inventory [EBI]) were measured. These proximal variables and outcome 3 weeks post-administration (change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS]) were explored using correlation analysis.ResultsThe mean intensity of psychedelic effects was dose-related, but distributions of scores for different doses overlapped considerably. Depression response correlated with select aspects of the psychedelic experience overall and for individual doses. At the 25 mg dose, 5D-ASC dimensions Oceanic Boundlessness (Pearson correlation coefficient r = -0.508) and Visual Restructuralization (r = -0.516), and EBI (r = -0·637) were the variables with the strongest correlation to the Week 3 change from Baseline in MADRS score.LimitationsThe existence of correlation does not establish causation and exploratory findings require further replication, preferably in larger independent samples.ConclusionsThe intensity of psychedelic experience overlaps widely across doses and mitigates the risk of unblinding to dose. Correlations between psychedelic experience and outcome suggest specificity in psilocybin's mechanism of action. Quality and intensity of psychedelic experience may be a measure of pharmacodynamic effect and reveal an effective dose response phenomenon for single oral doses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.061", "pubmed_id": "39706482", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.061", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39706482\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 684, "title": "Psilocybin increases emotional empathy in patients with major depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin increases emotional empathy in patients with major depression", "authors": "Jungwirth J, von Rotz R, Dziobek I, Vollenweider FX, Preller KH.", "abstract": "Empathy plays a crucial role in interpersonal relationships and mental health. It is decreased in a variety of psychiatric disorders including major depression. Psilocybin, a promising candidate for treating depression, has been shown to acutely increase emotional empathy in healthy volunteers. However, no study has investigated this effect and its relevance for symptom improvement in a clinical population. This study examines the enduring effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on empathy in depressed patients using a randomized, placebo-controlled design. Fifty-one depressed patients were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of psilocybin (0215 mg/kg body weight) or a placebo embedded in a 4-week psychological support intervention. Empathy was measured using the Multifaceted Empathy Test at baseline and 2 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks after substance administration. Changes in empathy were compared between treatment conditions. Patients who received psilocybin showed significant improvements in explicit emotional empathy driven by an increase in empathy towards positive stimuli compared to the placebo group for at least two weeks. This study highlights the potential of psychedelics to enhance social cognition in individuals living with depression and contributes to a better understanding of the psychological mechanisms of action of psychedelics. Further studies are necessary to investigate the interaction between social cognition and clinical efficacy.The trial is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03715127) and KOFAM (Identifier: SNCTP000003139).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-024-02875-0", "pubmed_id": "39695323", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02875-0", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Empathy, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39695323\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3101, "title": "Psilocybin causes sex, time, and dose dependent alterations in brain signaling pathways", "normalized_title": "psilocybin causes sex time and dose dependent alterations in brain signaling pathways", "authors": "Barnett JH, Todd KT, Benetatos J, Rabichow BE, Gibson KA, Olney KC, Fryer JD.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a psychedelic tryptamine that has emerged as a potential candidate for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including treatment resistant depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Clinical trials which have assessed the efficacy of psilocybin for these conditions report a rapid and sustained improvement in patient- and clinician-rated depression scores. The established mechanism of action for psychedelics such as psilocybin is agonism of the serotonin 2A receptor (5HT 2A R), however, the downstream events that mediate their therapeutic effects remain uncertain. As high doses of psychedelics are known to induce strong perceptual alterations, an additional outstanding question is whether subperceptual doses induce similar molecular effects as psychoactive dosages. Here, we report the first analysis of dose- and sex-dependent transcriptional changes in forebrains of female and male mice at 3 timepoints (8 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days) following a single administration of psilocybin at low (0.25 mg/kg) or high (1 mg/kg) doses. Grouped analysis of both sexes reveals dose- and time-dependent transcriptomic alterations. We report more rapid transcriptional changes and attenuation of such changes in females following a single low-dose relative to males treated identically. Females also responded more robustly to high-dose administration relative to males at 8 and 24 hours, with signal attenuation in both sexes by 7 days. A notable observation was the persistent transcriptional effect of low-dose psilocybin at 7 days, which outlasted high-dose changes, and which suggests that low doses may have prolonged biological effects. A myriad of pathways were altered depending on sex and timepoint, but common features included functions related to neuronal differentiation, neurogenesis, and changes in receptor signaling. These data reveal dose- and sex-dependent molecular effects of psilocybin and support previous studies demonstrating its effect on dendritogenesis. Given ongoing clinical interest in psilocybin for treating mental health disorders, our results suggest that these sexually divergent changes should be considered when weighing treatment strategies. Additional consideration should be given to temporal effects of low vs high dosages on gene transcription, especially when timing psilocybin with adjuvant cognitive behavioral therapy.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-12-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.12.16.628764", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.12.16.628764", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR961267\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Healthcare Workers,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 834, "title": "Exploring the role of psychedelic-assisted therapy in enhancing spirituality and mystical experiences in patients with life-threatening illnesses: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "exploring the role of psychedelic assisted therapy in enhancing spirituality and mystical experiences in patients with life threatening illnesses a systematic review", "authors": "Ferreira AE, Reis-Pina P.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsychedelic-Assisted Therapy (PAT) is gaining traction as a novel approach to addressing the psychological and existential distress experienced by patients.ObjectivesThis systematic review aimed to investigate the impact of PAT on spirituality, mystical experiences, and spiritual well-being (SpWB) in patients with life-threatening, incurable, or terminal illnesses.MethodsA comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases to identify relevant studies published between 2013 and 2023. The study population comprised patients diagnosed with life-threatening illnesses. Various forms of PAT, encompassing both typical and atypical psychedelic substances, were considered as interventions, with no specific comparators outlined. The primary outcomes of interest included spirituality, mystical experience, and SpWB. Risk of bias assessment was performed using Cochrane's tools.ResultsSix studies with a high risk of bias were included in the review, all conducted in the United States of America, involving 140 patients, the majority of whom had cancer (99 %). PAT, especially with psilocybin, demonstrated significant enhancements in spirituality, mystical experiences, and SpWB. Notably, SpWB showed improvements in all studies which assessed this spiritual outcome following PAT. Mystical experiences were correlated with improvements in spirituality in one study.ConclusionsThis systematic review underscores the potential of PAT to address unmet spiritual needs and enhance SpWB in patients with life-threatening illnesses. However, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these therapeutic effects. Rigorous evaluation of healthcare practitioners' role in guiding patients through PAT protocols is essential to ensure safe and effective implementation in palliative care settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.112020", "pubmed_id": "39705901", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.112020", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Spirituality, Mysticism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39705901\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3627, "title": "The Neurobiological Effect of 5-HT2AR Modulation", "normalized_title": "the neurobiological effect of 5 ht2ar modulation", "authors": "Gitte Moos Knudsen", "abstract": "The investigators wish to investigate neurobiological effects of serotonin 2A receptor modulation in healthy volunteers, contrasting effects of an agonist (psilocybin) and an antagonist (ketanserin). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) will be used as neuroimaging tools. This project applies an experimental medicine strategy coupled with human functional and molecular neuroimaging to elucidate the effects of 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) modulation on brain function and mood in healthy individuals. We compare psilocybin (5-HT2AR agonist) and ketanserin (5-HT2AR antagonist) effects on brain function to identify neural mechanisms mediating the clinical effects of psilocybin and, more broadly, to establish this comparative strategy as a pathway for delineating pharmacological effects on the brain in humans.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-12-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03289949", "keywords": "Basic Science, Psilocybine, Psilocybin, Ketanserin, Ketensin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03289949\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3111, "title": "Short- and long-term reconfiguration of rat prefrontal cortical networks following single doses of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "short and long term reconfiguration of rat prefrontal cortical networks following single doses of psilocybin", "authors": "Purple RJ, Gupta R, Thomas CW, Golden CT, Froudist-Walsh S, Jones MW.", "abstract": "SUMMARY We quantify cellular- and circuit-resolution neural network dynamics following therapeutically relevant doses of the psychedelic psilocybin. Using chronically implanted Neuropixels probes, we recorded local field potentials (LFP) alongside action potentials from hundreds of neurons spanning infralimbic, prelimbic and cingulate subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex of freely-behaving adult rats. Psilocybin (0.3mg/kg or 1mg/kg i.p.) unmasked 100Hz high frequency oscillations that were most pronounced within the infralimbic cortex, persisted for approximately 1h post-injection and were accompanied by decreased net pyramidal cell firing rates and reduced signal complexity. These acute effects were more prominent during resting behaviour than during a sustained attention task. LFP1-, 2- and 6-days post-psilocybin showed gradually-emerging increases in beta and low-gamma (20-60Hz) power, specific to the infralimbic cortex. These findings reveal features of psychedelic action not readily detectable in human brain imaging, implicating infralimbic network oscillations as potential biomarkers of psychedelic-induced network plasticity over multi-day timescales.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-12-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.12.10.627734", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.12.10.627734", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR954729\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 837, "title": "The safety of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "the safety of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy a systematic review", "authors": "Freitas RR, Gotsis ES, Gallo AT, Fitzgibbon BM, Bailey NW, Fitzgerald PB.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin, a classical psychedelic, has been rescheduled for use in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression in Australia. While evidence for its use is promising, understanding the associated risks is crucial. Accordingly, this review aims to collate adverse event data from psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy clinical trials and evaluate its definition, way of measurement and reporting.MethodsA systematic method was employed to identify clinical trials related to the use of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in clinical populations that reported on adverse events. The quality assessment focused on relevant criteria related to adverse event definition, monitoring and reporting methods.ResultsA total of 24 articles were included. The studies reported heterogeneous psilocybin doses, study designs and indications. Physical and psychological adverse events during and after psilocybin sessions were examined, revealing variations in measuring, reporting methods and occurrences. The most common adverse events during and after sessions included elevated blood pressure, headaches, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and anxiety. In addition, both suicidal ideation and behaviour were observed infrequently and mainly in participants with a history of suicidal ideation or suicide attempt(s).ConclusionThe review highlights the need to standardise the defintion of an adverse event, including how they are measured and reported, in psychedelic clinical trials to ensure consistent reporting across studies. In addition, screening participants for suicidality history and ongoing monitoring remains important, given the potential risk identified in the literature. However, based on the available data, the safety of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is generally supported, and no deaths were attributed to psilocybin. Nevertheless, cautious optimism is needed due to the preliminary nature and heterogeneity of the safety data.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/00048674241289024", "pubmed_id": "39670342", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674241289024", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39670342\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 781, "title": "Psychedelic use and bipolar disorder - An investigation of recreational use and its impact on mental health.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic use and bipolar disorder an investigation of recreational use and its impact on mental health", "authors": "Meyer TD, Ibrahim M, Vale LN, Soares JC.", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances such as psilocybin have recently gained attention for their potential therapeutic benefits in treating depression and other mental health problems. However, individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) have been excluded from most clinical trials due to concerns about manic switches or psychosis. This study aimed to systematically examine the effects of recreational psychedelic use in individuals with BD. Using the Timeline Followback (TLFB) method, we assessed mood symptoms, substance use, and other mental health-related variables in the month before and three months following participants' most recent psychedelic experience. Results showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms and cannabis use, an increase in the number of days without mental health symptoms, and an increase in the number of days with hallucinogen use. Importantly, no significant changes in (hypo)manic, psychotic, or anxiety symptoms were observed. These findings suggest that psychedelics may hold potential as a safe and effective treatment for BD, though further research, including randomized controlled trials, is needed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.044", "pubmed_id": "39675677", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.044", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Bipolar Disorder, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Recreational Drug Use", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39675677\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 926, "title": "Legal and Ethics Concerns of Psilocybin as Medicine.", "normalized_title": "legal and ethics concerns of psilocybin as medicine", "authors": "Schonholz SM, Appel JM, Bursztajn HJ, Nair M, MacIntyre MR.", "abstract": "Preliminary research shows the psychedelic psilocybin to be a promising potential treatment for psychiatric illnesses. Recent U.S. government legislation and policy indicate that access to psilocybin, which remains illegal on the federal level despite increasing efforts to decriminalize it at the state and local levels, will be expanded to enable further research into its treatment potential. It remains unclear how psilocybin will be regulated and who will have access to this new treatment, raising important legal and ethics questions psychiatrists must consider. This article reviews the current legal regulation of psilocybin and matters related to standard of care, right to effective treatment, and the respectable minority doctrine. It concludes with a discussion of the ethics matters surrounding the use of psilocybin as medicine, including provider bias, the interpersonal dynamic between providers and patients, informed consent, and equity and access.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.29158/jaapl.240089-24", "pubmed_id": "39562046", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.29158/jaapl.240089-24", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Informed Consent, Health Services Accessibility, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39562046\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 942, "title": "The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges.", "normalized_title": "the revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement evidence of efficacy and real world challenges", "authors": "Scala M, Fabbri C, Fusar-Poli P, Di Lorenzo G, Ferrara M, Amerio A, Fusar-Poli L, Pichiecchio A, Asteggiano C, Menchetti M, De Ronchi D, MNESYS - Mood and Psychosis Sub-Project (Spoke 5), Fanelli G, Serretti A.", "abstract": "The revival of psilocybin in psychopharmacological research heralds a potential paradigm shift for treating mood and anxiety disorders, and other psychiatric conditions beyond the psychotic spectrum. This critical review evaluates current evidence on psilocybin's efficacy, juxtaposing potential benefits with the practical aspects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) and the methodological constraints of existing research.An electronic literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, selecting studies published up to December 2023 that explored the clinical use of psilocybin in mood and anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorder. Despite promising preliminary results suggesting psilocybin's efficacy in alleviating depression and anxiety, as well as obsessions, compulsions, and addictive behaviors, significant evidence gaps persist. These include evaluating the efficacy of psilocybin compared to standard antidepressants or anxiolytic molecules and identifying patient subpopulations that might benefit most from PAP. Concerns about psilocybin's safety, long-term efficacy, and optimal dosage remain unclear due to previous trials' limitations. Real-world implementation faces challenges, including infrastructural requirements, personnel training, and unresolved legal and ethical issues. This paper argues for further research to substantiate the evidence base, emphasizing the need for larger studies that overcome current methodological limitations and explore psilocybin's full therapeutic potential. While psilocybin holds promise for psychiatry, its successful translation from research to clinical practice demands more robust evidence on efficacy, safety, and methodological rigor. In addition, other factors, such as cultural stigma and legal/ethical issues, need to be successfully addressed to facilitate psilocybin's implementation in healthcare systems.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1017/s1092852924002268", "pubmed_id": "39655426", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852924002268", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39655426\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 927, "title": "Worsening suicidal ideation and prolonged adverse event following psilocybin administration in a clinical setting: case report and thematic analysis of one participant's experience.", "normalized_title": "worsening suicidal ideation and prolonged adverse event following psilocybin administration in a clinical setting case report and thematic analysis of one participant s experience", "authors": "Wahba M, Hayes C, Kletter M, McAllister-Williams RH.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is being investigated as a treatment for a myriad of disorders, including treatment-resistant depression. The main focus has been on positive effects, with little attention paid to negative outcomes, especially in clinical settings. Quantitative methodology limits further exploration of such events and can also miss improvements not captured on rating scales.AimsTo highlight potential adverse events of psilocybin and underline limits of quantitative methodology, calling for process evaluations alongside clinical trials.Case presentationThis is a case of a participant in a phase 2b clinical trial of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression who presented with increased suicidal ideation and a prolonged period of severely restricted eating following administration, leading to a period of destabilisation and a need for support. Despite the difficulties encountered and the participant's limited improvement on rating scales, she found the experience to have been helpful and led her to make changes to her life which she found beneficial. She described her experience in a written account to the authors.MethodThe case was summarised and the written account was thematically analysed and synthesised into a logic model.ConclusionsPsilocybin could lead to temporary worsening of suicidal ideation and instigate prolonged adverse events that outlast its acute effects. Paradoxically, it could simultaneously lead to an improvement in functional outcomes which is not clear on depression rating scales. This calls for a qualitative exploration of serious adverse events and participant accounts to deepen our understanding of the psilocybin experience and its different outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1192/bjo.2024.768", "pubmed_id": "39654264", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2024.768", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39654264\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Case Report,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 368, "title": "Psychedelics as an intervention for psychological, existential distress in terminally ill patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as an intervention for psychological existential distress in terminally ill patients a systematic review and network meta analysis", "authors": "Marchi M, Farina R, Rachedi K, Laonigro F, Žuljević MF, Pingani L, Ferrari S, Somers M, Boks MPM, Galeazzi GM.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe interest in psychedelics as a therapeutic intervention for existential distress of people with terminal illness grounds on their mechanism of action and effect on the spiritual/existential aspects accompanying end-of-life experiences.AimsThis systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed at examining the efficacy and safety of psychedelic compounds for existential distress in terminally ill people.MethodsPubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) administering psychedelics for existential distress in people with terminal illnesses. Meta-analysis estimated the standardized mean difference (SMD) and odds ratio (OR), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), between treated and control groups in pairwise and network comparisons, using random-effects models. Post-treatment measures of depression and anxiety, as proxies of existential distress, and tolerability were the primary outcomes.ResultsNine studies, involving 606 participants (362 treated with psychedelics: psilocybin, ketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)) were included. The meta-analysis supported the efficacy of psychedelics on depression (SMD: -0.80 (95% CI: -0.98, -0.63)) and anxiety (SMD: -0.84 (95% CI: -1.20, -0.48)). Network meta-analysis identified psilocybin as the most effective compound for depression, and LSD for anxiety. However, head-to-head comparison between psychedelics did not reach statistical significance. The rates of treatment discontinuation and adverse events between psychedelics and controls were comparable.ConclusionsPsychedelics, especially psilocybins and LSD, showed promising effects on depression and anxiety in people with terminal illnesses. Limitations include the small number of RCTs, methodological issues related to blinding, and the lack of direct comparisons between psychedelic compounds. Larger studies and comparative research are needed to consolidate these findings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241303594", "pubmed_id": "39655749", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241303594", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Stress, Psychological, Anxiety, Terminally Ill, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psychological Distress, Network Meta-Analysis as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39655749\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 908, "title": "Quality of reporting on psychological interventions in psychedelic treatments: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "quality of reporting on psychological interventions in psychedelic treatments a systematic review", "authors": "Seybert C, Schimmers N, Silva L, Breeksema JJ, Veraart J, Bessa BS, d'Orsi D, Schoevers RA, Oliveira-Maia AJ.", "abstract": "Although studies of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy are accumulating, there is no consensus regarding best practice of the psychotherapeutic component. In this systematic review, we summarised the quality of reporting on psychological interventions in research about psychedelic treatments. The design followed PRISMA guidelines and was preregistered in PROSPERO (CRD42022319221). We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Embase for original studies on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and included 45 studies assessing psilocybin, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), lysergic acid diethylamide (known as LSD), or ayahuasca, for the treatment of mental disorders. Psychological interventions were done heterogeneously across studies, and completeness of information reported about these interventions was mostly low, according to an adaptation of the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist. In studies including MDMA, psychotherapy was more homogeneous and more procedural details were provided. Improved reporting on psychological interventions of psychedelic treatments will support replicability, generalisability, and accurate interpretation of research, while enhancing feasibility and safety of future clinical research and real-world implementation of treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00333-x", "pubmed_id": "39667373", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00333-x", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39667373\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 929, "title": "A novel method for quantitative analysis of subjective experience reports: application to psychedelic visual experiences.", "normalized_title": "a novel method for quantitative analysis of subjective experience reports application to psychedelic visual experiences", "authors": "Noah S, Shen M, Erowid E, Erowid F, Silver M.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsychedelic compounds such as LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and DMT can dramatically alter visual perception. However, the extent to which visual effects of psychedelics consistently vary for different substances is an open question. The visual effects of a given psychedelic compound can range widely both across and within individuals, so datasets with large numbers of participants and descriptions of qualitative effects are required to adequately address this question with the necessary sensitivity.MethodsHere we present an observational study with narrative self-report texts, leveraging the massive scale of the Erowid experience report dataset. We analyzed reports associated with 103 different psychoactive substances, with a median of 217 reports per substance. Thirty of these substances are standardly characterized as psychedelics, while 73 substances served as comparison substances. To quantitatively analyze these semantic data, we associated each sentence in the self-report dataset with a vector representation using an embedding model from OpenAI, and then we trained a classifier to identify which sentences described visual effects, based on the sentences' embedding vectors.ResultsWe observed that the proportion of sentences describing visual effects varies significantly and consistently across substances, even within the group of psychedelics. We then analyzed the distributions of psychedelics' visual effect sentences across different categories of effects (for example, movement, color, or pattern), again finding significant and consistent variation.DiscussionOverall, our findings indicate reliable variation across psychedelic substances' propensities to affect vision and in their qualitative effects on visual perception.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1397064", "pubmed_id": "39712538", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1397064", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39712538\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 928, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine dependence: a case report involving daily methamphetamine use.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine dependence a case report involving daily methamphetamine use", "authors": "Brett J, Knock E, Watson K, Albert S, Siefried KJ, Guss J.", "abstract": "Methamphetamine (MA) dependence leads to severe physical and psychological issues. Current treatments, including psychosocial therapies and residential rehabilitation, face limitations such as high relapse rates, cost, and accessibility issues. As a result, there is an urgent need for novel approaches to treat MA dependence that are effective, affordable, and accessible to patients. Psilocybin, the active component in numerous mushrooms of the Psilocybe genus, has shown potential for enhancing psychotherapy for various addiction and mental health issues due to its effects on perception, cognition, and affect. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAT) has demonstrated initial safety and efficacy in treating alcohol, cocaine, and nicotine dependence. The case presented here describes a 36-year-old transwoman and daily MA user, who participated in a single-arm open-label clinical trial assessing feasibility and safety of PAT for MA dependence at St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney. Following inpatient withdrawal management and one session of psilocybin-assisted therapy, she experienced significant cognitive and emotional shifts and sustained MA abstinence. She reported improved mental health over 3 months following treatment completion. She also noted increased self-esteem, mindfulness, and distress tolerance. This study suggests that PAT (following inpatient MA withdrawal management) may offer a scalable, safe, and effective approach for treating MA dependence. However, further research is required to confirm the generalisability and efficacy of PAT for broader populations of people using MA. It is encouraging that this participant, a daily MA user, showed improvements in mood and cognition, in addition to abstinence from MA.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1490907", "pubmed_id": "39713770", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1490907", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39713770\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 930, "title": "Prefrontal electrophysiological biomarkers and mechanism-based drug effects in a rat model of alcohol addiction.", "normalized_title": "prefrontal electrophysiological biomarkers and mechanism based drug effects in a rat model of alcohol addiction", "authors": "Habelt B, Afanasenkau D, Schwarz C, Domanegg K, Kuchar M, Werner C, Minev IR, Spanagel R, Meinhardt MW, Bernhardt N.", "abstract": "Patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) who seek treatment show highly variable outcomes. A precision medicine approach with biomarkers responsive to new treatments is warranted to overcome this limitation. Promising biomarkers relate to prefrontal control mechanisms that are severely disturbed in AUD. This results in reduced inhibitory control of compulsive behavior and, eventually, relapse. We reasoned here that prefrontal dysfunction, which underlies vulnerability to relapse, is evidenced by altered neuroelectric signatures and should be restored by pharmacological interventions that specifically target prefrontal dysfunction. To test this, we applied our recently developed biocompatible neuroprosthesis to measure prefrontal neural function in a well-established rat model of alcohol addiction and relapse. We monitored neural oscillations and event-related potentials in awake alcohol-dependent rats during abstinence and following treatment with psilocybin or LY379268, agonists of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR), and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2), that are known to reduce prefrontal dysfunction and relapse. Electrophysiological impairments in alcohol-dependent rats are reduced amplitudes of P1N1 and N1P2 components and attenuated event-related oscillatory activity. Psilocybin and LY379268 were able to restore these impairments. Furthermore, alcohol-dependent animals displayed a dominance in higher beta frequencies indicative of a state of hyperarousal that is prone to relapse, which particularly psilocybin was able to counteract. In summary, we provide prefrontal markers indicative of relapse and treatment response, especially for psychedelic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-024-03189-z", "pubmed_id": "39639028", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-03189-z", "keywords": "Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Rats, Alcoholism, Disease Models, Animal, Amino Acids, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Evoked Potentials, Male, Biomarkers, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39639028\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 810, "title": "Consistent evidence that brain serotonin 2A receptor binding is positively associated with personality-based risk markers of depression.", "normalized_title": "consistent evidence that brain serotonin 2a receptor binding is positively associated with personality based risk markers of depression", "authors": "Høgsted ES, Beliveau V, Ozenne B, Madsen MK, Svarer C, Dam VH, Johansen A, Fisher P, Knudsen GM, Frokjaer VG, Sankar A.", "abstract": "BackgroundUsing [18F]altanserin, a serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) antagonist Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracer, a positive association between cortical 5-HT2AR binding and the inward-directed facets of neuroticism has been demonstrated in healthy individuals. Psilocybin, a 5-HT2AR agonist, shows promise for the treatment of depression, reducing neuroticism and mood symptoms potentially via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) modulation. 5-HT2AR and neuroticism are both modulated by HPA axis function.AimsIn this study, we examined whether the association between 5-HT2AR binding and the inward facets of neuroticism can be replicated in an independent healthy cohort using the new 5-HT2AR agonist tracer [11C]Cimbi-36, and if their association is moderated by cortisol awakening response (CAR), an index of HPA axis function. If so, this could advance mechanistic insights into interventions that target the 5-HT2AR and reduce neuroticism.MethodEighty healthy volunteers underwent [11C]Cimbi-36 PET scans and completed the NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) for the assessment of neuroticism. Salivary samples were available for determination of CAR in 70 of the participants. Using linear latent variable models, we evaluated the association between 5-HT2AR binding and inward facets of neuroticism, namely depression, anxiety, self-consciousness and vulnerability to stress, and whether CAR moderated this association.ResultsThe study confirms the positive association between 5-HT2AR binding and the inward facets of neuroticism (β = 0.01, 95% CI = [0.0005: 0.02], P = 0.04), and this association is independent of CAR (P = 0.33).ConclusionsThe findings prompt consideration of whether novel interventions such as psilocybin that actively targets 5-HT2AR and causes changes in personality could be particularly beneficial if implemented as a targeted approach based on neuroticism profiles.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1192/bjp.2024.143", "pubmed_id": "39632615", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2024.143", "keywords": "Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Brain, Saliva, Humans, Benzylamines, Phenethylamines, Ketanserin, Carbolines, Hydrocortisone, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Positron-Emission Tomography, Depression, Personality, Anxiety Disorders, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Neuroticism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39632615\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Personality Change,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3689, "title": "Efficacy and Safety of COMP360 Psilocybin Therapy in Anorexia Nervosa: a Proof-of-concept Study", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of comp360 psilocybin therapy in anorexia nervosa a proof of concept study", "authors": "COMPASS Pathways", "abstract": "Efficacy and Safety of COMP360 Psilocybin therapy in Anorexia Nervosa: a Proof-of-concept Study This study aims to explore the efficacy and safety of COMP360 25 mg as compared to COMP360 1 mg (control condition) administered with psychological support in participants with Anorexia Nervosa", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-12-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05481736", "keywords": "Anorexia Nervosa, Psilocybin, COMP360, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05481736\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 932, "title": "Synergistic, multi-level understanding of psychedelics: three systematic reviews and meta-analyses of their pharmacology, neuroimaging and phenomenology.", "normalized_title": "synergistic multi level understanding of psychedelics three systematic reviews and meta analyses of their pharmacology neuroimaging and phenomenology", "authors": "Shinozuka K, Jerotic K, Mediano P, Zhao AT, Preller KH, Carhart-Harris R, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics induce altered states of consciousness and have shown potential for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and addiction. Yet their modes of action are not fully understood. Here, we provide a novel, synergistic understanding of psychedelics arising from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of three hierarchical levels of analysis: (1) subjective experience (phenomenology), (2) neuroimaging and (3) molecular pharmacology. Phenomenologically, medium and high doses of LSD yield significantly higher ratings of visionary restructuralisation than psilocybin on the 5-dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Scale. Our neuroimaging results reveal that, in general, psychedelics significantly strengthen between-network functional connectivity (FC) while significantly diminishing within-network FC. Pharmacologically, LSD induces significantly more inositol phosphate formation at the 5-HT2A receptor than DMT and psilocin, yet there are no significant between-drug differences in the selectivity of psychedelics for the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, or D2 receptors, relative to the 5-HT1A receptor. Our meta-analyses link DMT, LSD, and psilocybin to specific neural fingerprints at each level of analysis. The results show a highly non-linear relationship between these fingerprints. Overall, our analysis highlighted the high heterogeneity and risk of bias in the literature. This suggests an urgent need for standardising experimental procedures and analysis techniques, as well as for more research on the emergence between different levels of psychedelic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-024-03187-1", "pubmed_id": "39632810", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-03187-1", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Dimethoxyphenylethylamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Neuroimaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39632810\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 931, "title": "Comparative antidepressant effects and safety of intravenous racemic ketamine, psilocybin and theta burst stimulation for major depressive disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials.", "normalized_title": "comparative antidepressant effects and safety of intravenous racemic ketamine psilocybin and theta burst stimulation for major depressive disorder a systematic review and network meta analyses of randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Terao I, Kodama W.", "abstract": "The individual efficacy and safety of intravenous racemic (IV) ketamine, psilocybin, and theta burst stimulation (TBS) for major depressive disorder have been demonstrated through meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), but the comparative usefulness of these novel treatments has not yet been fully examined. We systematically searched the CENTRAL, Medline, CINHAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for randomized controlled trials up to July 4, 2024. Random-effects network meta-analyses were conducted to compare the Comparative antidepressant effects and safety of intravenous racemic ketamine, psilocybin and theta burst stimulation for major depressive disorderantidepressant efficacy, tolerability, and acceptability of IV ketamine, psilocybin, and TBS. Twenty-eight RCTs were included. All treatments were superior to placebo, with IV ketamine and psilocybin showing significantly greater antidepressant efficacy than TBS. No significant differences were detected between all treatments and placebo in tolerability and acceptability. In a subgroup analysis focusing on short periods of 1 week or less, only IV ketamine was significantly more effective than placebo. In another subgroup analysis focusing on periods of 4 weeks or longer, IV ketamine and psilocybin showed significantly better antidepressant effects than placebo. The confidence in the evidence ranged from very low to moderate. Specifically, there is a scarcity of studies on psilocybin and a lack of direct comparison trials. The findings suggest that IV ketamine and psilocybin may be more effective treatments compared to TBS. Additionally, IV ketamine may have an advantage in terms of rapid onset of action. The number of included studies is limited, especially for psilocybin, and therefore the current findings are preliminary, necessitating further accumulation of direct-comparison RCTs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/pcn5.70042", "pubmed_id": "39641126", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pcn5.70042", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39641126\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 915, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Drugs: Navigating High Hopes, Strong Claims, Weak Evidence, and Big Money.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs navigating high hopes strong claims weak evidence and big money", "authors": "Humphreys K, Todd Korthuis P, Stjepanović D, Hall W.", "abstract": "Therapeutic claims about many psychedelic drugs have not been evaluated in any studies of even modest rigor. The science of psychedelic drugs is strengthening, however, making it easier to differentiate some promising findings amid the hype that suffuses this research area. Ketamine has risks of adverse side effects (e.g., addiction and cystitis), but multiple studies suggest it can benefit individuals with treatment-resistant depression. Other therapeutic signals from psychedelic drug research that merit rigorous replication studies include 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psilocybin for depression, end of life dysphoria, and alcohol use disorder. The precise mechanisms through which psychedelic drugs can produce benefit and harm are not fully understood. Rigorous research is the best path forward for evaluating the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of psychedelic drugs. Policies governing the clinical use of these drugs should be informed by evidence and prioritize the protection of public health over the profit motive.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1146/annurev-psych-020124-023532", "pubmed_id": "39094057", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-020124-023532", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39094057\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 724, "title": "Randomized Controlled Trials of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "randomized controlled trials of psilocybin assisted therapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Menon V, Ramamurthy P, Venu S, Andrade C.", "abstract": "IntroductionThere is growing interest in the use of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) for major depressive disorder (MDD), including treatment-resistant depression. We used randomized controlled trial (RCT) data to compare summary estimates of change in depression ratings with PAT versus comparator treatments in MDD. We also compared response and remission rates, and adverse effects.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and SCOPUS from inception till April 2024. Our primary efficacy outcome was 1-week (or nearest) between-group change in depression ratings. Secondary efficacy outcomes were changes in depression ratings at days 2, 14, and 42 (or nearest) and study-defined response and remission rates at week 1 (or nearest). Safety outcomes were reported adverse effects. We pooled outcomes in random-effects meta-analyses using standardized mean difference (SMD; Hedges g) for continuous outcomes and risk ratio (RR) for categorical outcomes.ResultsWe found 6 eligible RCTs (pooled N = 427), all on psilocybin. The pooled SMD for 1-week between-group change in depression ratings was -0.72 [95% CI, -0.95 to -0.49; I2 = 17%; 5 RCTs; n = 403], favouring PAT; results were similar at days 2, 14, and 42. The response [RR = 3.42; 95% CI, 2.35-4.97; I2 = 0%; 4 RCTs; n = 373] and remission [RR = 3.66; 95% CI, 2.26-5.92; I2 = 0%; 4 RCTs; n = 373] rates also favored PAT. The PAT group had a small but significantly increased risk of developing any adverse event [RR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.42; I2 = 43%; 4 RCTs; n = 373] and a significantly higher risk of experiencing headache [RR = 1.78; 95% CI, 1.10-2.86; I2 = 52%; 4 RCTs; n = 373] and dizziness [RR = 6.52; 95% CI, 1.19-35.87; I2 = 0%; 3 RCTs; n = 269]. Low heterogeneity characterized most analyses and findings were similar in sensitivity analyses.ConclusionAntidepressant effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy are superior (with at least medium effect sizes) to comparator interventions for at least up to 6 weeks postintervention.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/acps.13778", "pubmed_id": "39627679", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13778", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39627679\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Headache / Migraine,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 936, "title": "Psilocybin Therapy for Clinicians With Symptoms of Depression From Frontline Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Clinical Trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy for clinicians with symptoms of depression from frontline care during the covid 19 pandemic a randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Back AL, Freeman-Young TK, Morgan L, Sethi T, Baker KK, Myers S, McGregor BA, Harvey K, Tai M, Kollefrath A, Thomas BJ, Sorta D, Kaelen M, Kelmendi B, Gooley TA.", "abstract": "ImportanceThe psychological morbidity experienced by physicians, advanced practice practitioners (APPs), and nurses from working during the COVID-19 pandemic includes burnout, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).ObjectiveTo investigate whether psilocybin therapy could improve symptoms of depression, burnout, and PTSD in US clinicians who developed these symptoms from frontline clinical work during the pandemic.Design, setting, and participantsThis double-blind randomized clinical trial enrolled participants from February to December 2022. Participants included physicians, APPs, and nurses who provided frontline care for more than 1 month during the pandemic and had no prepandemic mental health diagnoses but had moderate or severe symptoms of depression at enrollment. Participants were randomly assigned to either the psilocybin or niacin arm. Data analysis was conducted between December 2023 and May 2024 and was based on the intention-to-treat principle.InterventionOne intervention episode consisted of 2 preparation visits, 1 medication session, and 3 integration visits. At the medication session, participants received psilocybin, 25 mg, or niacin, 100 mg, orally.Main outcome and measuresThe primary outcome was a change from baseline (preparation 1 session) to day 28 (after medication administration) in symptoms of depression as measured by the clinician-administered Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) used by blinded raters. The secondary outcomes were a change in symptoms of burnout (measured with the Stanford Professional Fulfillment Index [SPFI]) and symptoms of PTSD (measured with the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition [PCL-5]).ResultsA total of 30 clinicians (15 females [50%]; mean [range] age, 38 [29-60] years) participated, of whom 15 were randomly assigned to receive psilocybin and 15 to receive niacin. The mean change in symptoms of depression (MADRS scores) from preparation 1 session to day 28 was -21.33 (7.84) in the psilocybin arm compared with -9.33 (7.32) in the niacin arm, with a mean difference between arms of -12.00 (95% CI, -17.67 to -6.33; P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.49026", "pubmed_id": "39636638", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.49026", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Burnout, Professional, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Pandemics, Psilocybin, COVID-19", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39636638\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 935, "title": "Correction to: A Bayesian Reanalysis of a Trial of Psilocybin Versus Escitalopram for Depression by Nayak, et al. Psychedelic Med 2023;1(1):18-26; doi: 10.1089/psymed.2022.0002.", "normalized_title": "correction to a bayesian reanalysis of a trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression by nayak et al psychedelic med 2023 1 1 18 26 doi 10 1089 psymed 2022 0002", "authors": "", "abstract": "[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1089/psymed.2022.0002.].", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2022.0002.correx", "pubmed_id": "40045987", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2022.0002.correx", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40045987\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 934, "title": "Evolving Guidelines for the Use of Touch During a Clinical Trial of Group Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "evolving guidelines for the use of touch during a clinical trial of group psilocybin assisted therapy", "authors": "Back A, Myers S, Guy J, Perez J, Lazar Thorn L, McGregor B.", "abstract": "For a new clinical trial testing a group retreat-based format of psilocybin-assisted therapy, our research team created an initial set of practice guidelines that aimed to describe facilitator use of touch in a way that is ethical, supportive, and minimizes harm. In our first three retreats, however, we had two unexpected experiences with touch that led us to iterate our initial guidelines into a new version of guidelines. In this Technical Report, we describe our evolving guidelines specifying acceptable practices for facilitator use of touch to ensure a safe, supportive, and therapeutic participant experience. Our primary goal with these guidelines is to create a haptic experience during the psilocybin session that reinforces the participants' sense of safety and supports their own experience during the psilocybin session. Our secondary goal is to allow the facilitator team to notice and maintain therapeutic boundaries and to respond to participant experiences with empathy and openness in the context of those boundaries (Clinical Trials No: NCT05847686).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0069", "pubmed_id": "40051480", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0069", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40051480\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 933, "title": "Protective Behavioral Strategies for Psychedelic Use: A Mini Review of the Evidence.", "normalized_title": "protective behavioral strategies for psychedelic use a mini review of the evidence", "authors": "Piercey CJ, Gray B, Sung A, Henry D, Karoly HC.", "abstract": "BackgroundApproximately 8.5 million Americans over the age of 12 endorsed past year psychedelic use in 2022, with 1.4 million individuals initiating use during this time. Although emerging evidence indicates there may be beneficial aspects of psychedelic use, there is a need to understand how individuals might mitigate potential risks within nonclinical contexts, such as through the use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS).MethodPubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify articles reporting on PBS (i.e., harm reduction strategies implemented at the individual level) for psychedelic use within nonclinical contexts. We include articles pertaining to both classical serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], psilocybin) and nonclassical psychedelics (e.g., 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA], ketamine).ResultsAlthough research on psychedelic PBS use is limited, evidence suggests a culture of harm reduction present within psychedelic communities. Psychedelic PBS identified in the literature include strategies related to drug acquisition, dosing, set and setting, bodily nourishment, planning for and working through challenging experiences, and integration of psychedelic experiences. Few studies have examined the relationship between psychedelic PBS use and outcomes, but emerging evidence suggests that psychedelic PBS use may be associated with decreased consequences.ConclusionThere is a need to continue developing and validating measures of psychedelic PBS and outcomes for use within research and intervention settings. Additional research examining associations between psychedelic PBS use and outcomes is also critical to best serving the needs of individuals who use psychedelics within nonclinical contexts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0052", "pubmed_id": "40051484", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0052", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40051484\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 878, "title": "An investigation of acute physiological and psychological moderators of psychedelic-induced personality change among healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "an investigation of acute physiological and psychological moderators of psychedelic induced personality change among healthy volunteers", "authors": "Godfrey K, Weiss B, Zhang X, Spriggs M, Peill J, Lyons T, Carhart-Harris R, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "This study investigated the effects of a single high-dose of psilocybin on personality traits in psychedelic-naïve healthy volunteers. These data originate from a larger within-subjects fixed-order design trial, where a single high dose of psilocybin (25 mg) was administered in a psychologically supportive setting and was compared against a (one-month) prior, 1 mg 'placebo' dose. Personality shifts were assessed by the Big Five Inventory and the Big Five Aspect Scale, while the Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire (5D-ASC) and the Psychological Insight Scale gauged the acute psychological effects of the substance. Electroencephalography provided neurophysiological insights, specifically examining alpha power and Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZc). Results indicated significant reductions in neuroticism one month after 25 mg psilocybin administration, a finding consistent with prior studies. Reductions in neuroticism were moderated by the subjective meaningfulness of the psychedelic experience, as well as by the dread of ego dissolution subscale of the 5D-ASC, suggesting a relationship between acute drug effects and enduring personality alterations. Thus, this study substantiates the role of acute psychedelic states in catalysing lasting personality transformations in a generally beneficial direction, with broader implications for therapeutic applications and understanding of personality dynamics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-12-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104092", "pubmed_id": "40654586", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104092", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40654586\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Personality Change,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 951, "title": "Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "adverse events in studies of classic psychedelics a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Hinkle JT, Graziosi M, Nayak SM, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "ImportanceA clear and comprehensive understanding of risks associated with psychedelic-assisted therapy is necessary as investigators extend its application to new populations and indications.ObjectiveTo assess adverse events (AEs) associated with classic psychedelics, particularly serious AEs (SAEs) and nonserious AEs (NSAEs) requiring medical or psychiatric evaluation.Data sourcesThe search for potentially eligible studies was conducted in the Scopus, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases from inception through February 8, 2024.Study selectionTwo independent reviewers screened articles of classic psychedelics (lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine [DMT], and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine [5-MeO-DMT]) involving administration in clinical or research contexts.Data extraction and synthesisAE data were extracted and synthesized by 2 reviewers and were used for random-effects meta-analysis of AE frequency and heterogeneity. Risk of bias assessment focused on AE ascertainment (eg, systematic assessment and quality of follow-up).Main outcomes and measuresA hybrid approach was used for capture of all reported AEs following high-dose classic psychedelic exposure and confirmatory capture of AEs of special interest, including suicidality, psychotic disorder, manic symptoms, cardiovascular events, and hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. AEs were stratified by timescale and study population type. Forest plots of common AEs were generated, and the proportions of participants affected by SAEs or NSAEs requiring medical intervention were summarized descriptively.ResultsA total of 214 unique studies were included, of which 114 (53.3%) reported analyzable AE data for 3504 total participants. SAEs were reported for no healthy participants and for approximately 4% of participants with preexisting neuropsychiatric disorders; among these SAEs were worsening depression, suicidal behavior, psychosis, and convulsive episodes. NSAEs requiring medical intervention (eg, paranoia, headache) were similarly rare. In contemporary research settings, there were no reports of deaths by suicide, persistent psychotic disorders, or hallucinogen persisting perception disorders following administration of high-dose classic psychedelics. However, there was significant heterogeneity in the quality of AE monitoring and reporting. Of 68 analyzed studies published since 2005, only 16 (23.5%) described systematic approaches to AE assessment, and 20 studies (29.4%) reported all AEs, as opposed to only adverse drug reactions. Meta-analyses of prevalence for common AEs (eg, headache, anxiety, nausea, fatigue, and dizziness) yielded comparable results for psilocybin and LSD.Conclusions and relevanceIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, classic psychedelics were generally well tolerated in clinical or research settings according to the existing literature, although SAEs did occur. These results provide estimates of common AE frequencies and indicate that certain catastrophic events reported in recreational or nonclinical contexts have yet to be reported in contemporary trial participants. Careful, ongoing, and improved pharmacovigilance is required to understand the risk and benefit profiles of these substances and to communicate such risks to prospective study participants and the public.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2546", "pubmed_id": "39230883", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2546", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39230883\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 944, "title": "Psychedelics for the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Efficacy and Proposed Mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder efficacy and proposed mechanisms", "authors": "Collins HM.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are emerging as potential treatments for a range of mental health conditions, including anxiety and depression, treatment-resistant depression, and substance use disorders. Recent studies have also suggested that the psychedelic psilocybin may be able to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Since the 1960s, case studies have reported improvements to obsessive and compulsive behaviors in patients taking psychedelics recreationally. The effects of psilocybin were then systematically assessed in a small, open-label trial in 2006, which found that psilocybin significantly reduced the symptoms of OCD. Reduced compulsive behaviors have also been seen in rodent models of OCD after administration of psilocybin. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying the effects of psychedelics for OCD are unclear, with hypotheses including their acute pharmacological effects, changes in neuroplasticity and resting state neural networks, and their psychological effects. This review will evaluate the evidence supporting the theory that psychedelics can be used for the treatment of OCD, as well as the data regarding claims about their mechanisms. It will also discuss issues with the current evidence and the ongoing trials of psilocybin that aim to address these knowledge gaps.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyae057", "pubmed_id": "39611453", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyae057", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39611453\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 941, "title": "Psilocybin and hallucinogenic mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Fradet M, Kelly CM, Donnelly AJ, Suppes T.", "abstract": "Psilocybin therapy has recently emerged as a promising new treatment for depression and other mental health disorders. This chapter summarizes the most recent data on its safety and efficacy. The delivery of psilocybin therapy and its subjective effects are also presented. Furthermore, this chapter outlines our current understanding of psilocybin's pharmacology and neurobiological effects. Other similar psychedelic substances with encouraging therapeutic potential are briefly presented.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1017/s1092852924002487", "pubmed_id": "39789676", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852924002487", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39789676\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Aging,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 922, "title": "Psilocybin as a Disease-Modifying Drug-A Salutogenic Approach in Psychiatry.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a disease modifying drug a salutogenic approach in psychiatry", "authors": "Spangemacher M, Mertens LJ, Färber LV, Jungaberle A, Jungaberle H, Gründer G.", "abstract": "BackgroundTreatment with so-called psychedelic drugs, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and others, is among the most promising recent developments in psychiatry. This review focuses on psilocybin, a substance found in all mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe, because the largest amount of available evidence relates to this drug.MethodsThis review is based on pertinent publications (since 1969) that were retrieved by a selective search carried out in August 2024 in the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases employing the keywords \"psilocybin\" AND \"long-term effects\" AND \"mental disorders\", with an emphasis on randomized, controlled clinical trials (RCTs).ResultsThe available RCTs document the efficacy of psilocybin mainly against depression, including otherwise medically refratory depression. Most of the trials revealed a strong effect, with Cohen's d ranging from 0.67 to 2.6; they used a variety of depression scales and follow-up intervals. Evidence was also found for the efficacy of psilocybin against substance use disorders (alcohol in particular) and symptoms of anxiety accompanying life-threatening somatic illnesses, such as cancer. Initial uncontrolled studies have also shown significant improvement after the administration of psilocybin for other indications.ConclusionTreatment with psilocybin differs fundamentally from classic psychopharmacotherapy. Its potentially transdiagnostic, rapid, and sustainable efficacy and its positive effect on further dimensions of mental health beyond the patient's symptoms and psychopathology imply that it may have diseasemodifying and salutogenic mechanisms of action. Psychotherapy accompanied by the administration of psychedelic drugs may turn out to be the first disease-modifying treatment in the history of psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3238/arztebl.m2024.0224", "pubmed_id": "39628414", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2024.0224", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39628414\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 943, "title": "Psychedelic Research for Alcohol Use Disorder with Comorbid Major Depressive Disorder: An Unmet Need.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic research for alcohol use disorder with comorbid major depressive disorder an unmet need", "authors": "de Jonge D, van der Meer PB, Kramers C, Schellekens A.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewIn this narrative review, we discuss evidence for psilocybin- and LSD-assisted treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). We describe limitations of psychedelic research and posit methodological considerations when designing a trial in patients with both disorders.Recent findingsIn AUD, a growing evidence base for psilocybin treatment shows a promising beneficial and sustained effect on measures of drinking frequency. In MDD, a recent meta-analysis has demonstrated that psilocybin therapy provides a large and consistent reduction in depressive symptoms compared to no treatment. Co-occurrence of MDD and AUD is quite prevalent, and this comorbidity exacerbates symptomatology of the two individual disorders and complicates their treatment. Theoretically, patients presenting with both AUD and MDD would benefit from an integrated therapy that could treat MDD and AUD simultaneously. We believe that more research into the efficacy of psilocybin in patients with both AUD and MDD is warranted and justified.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-024-01567-4", "pubmed_id": "39612154", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-024-01567-4", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Comorbidity, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39612154\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Meta-Analysis,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 838, "title": "Effects of psychoplastogens on blood levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "effects of psychoplastogens on blood levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor bdnf in humans a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Calder AE, Hase A, Hasler G.", "abstract": "BackgroundPeripheral levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are often used as a biomarker for the rapid plasticity-promoting effects of ketamine, psychedelics, and other psychoplastogens in humans. However, studies analyzing peripheral BDNF after psychoplastogen exposure show mixed results. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to test whether the rapid upregulation of neuroplasticity seen in preclinical studies is detectable using peripheral BDNF in humans.MethodsThis analysis was pre-registered (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022333096) and funded by the University of Fribourg. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO to meta-analyze the effects of all available psychoplastogens on peripheral BDNF levels in humans, including ketamine, esketamine, LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, DMT, MDMA, scopolamine, and rapastinel. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias Tools. Using meta-regressions and mixed effects models, we additionally analyzed the impact of several potential moderators.ResultsWe included 29 studies and found no evidence that psychoplastogens elevate peripheral BDNF levels in humans (SMD = 0.024, p = 0.64). This result was not affected by drug, dose, blood fraction, participant age, or psychiatric diagnoses. In general, studies with better-controlled designs and fewer missing values reported smaller effect sizes. Later measurement timepoints showed minimally larger effects on BDNF.ConclusionThese data suggest that peripheral BDNF levels do not change after psychoplastogen administration in humans. It is possible that peripheral BDNF is not an informative marker of rapid changes in neuroplasticity, or that preclinical findings on psychoplastogens and neuroplasticity may not translate to human subjects. Limitations of this analysis include the reliability and validity of BDNF measurement and low variation in some potential moderators. More precise methods of measuring rapid changes in neuroplasticity, including neuroimaging and stimulation-based methods, are recommended for future studies attempting to translate preclinical findings to humans.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-024-02830-z", "pubmed_id": "39613915", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02830-z", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Neuronal Plasticity, Biomarkers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39613915\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 725, "title": "Neurochemical characterization of 5-HT2AR partial agonists with simultaneous PET-MRI.", "normalized_title": "neurochemical characterization of 5 ht2ar partial agonists with simultaneous pet mri", "authors": "Bagdasarian FA, Larsen K, Larsen K, Deng HP, Fisher PM, Mandeville JB, Sander CY, Wey HY, Hansen HD.", "abstract": "Understanding neuromodulatory effects of serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists with diverse pharmacological profiles is relevant to advancing psychedelic-related drug applications. We performed simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET) and pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) in anesthetized nonhuman primates (NHP; N = 3) to examine partial agonists with varying 5-HT2AR affinities and selectivity profiles: psilocybin (30, 60, and 90 µg/kg), lisuride (5 µg/kg), and 25CN-NBOH (15 µg/kg). Receptor occupancy was assessed with [11C]MDL-100907 PET, and cerebral blood volume (CBV) changes were measured with phMRI. Mixed partial agonists psilocybin and lisuride evoked biphasic CBV responses, whereas the selective 25CN-NBOH produced monophasic CBV increases. Cortical occupancy for psilocybin plateaued at 60 µg/kg (32%), whereas a lower dose of lisuride (5 µg/kg) resulted in similar occupancy (31%). Administration of 25CN-NBOH resulted in lower occupancy (7%) but larger changes in CBV compared to psilocybin and lisuride. The associations between CBV and 5-HT2AR occupancy appear linear for lisuride and 25CN-NBOH, but not for psilocybin. We speculate that the temporal and spatial differences in hemodynamic responses of the three agonists could stem from mixed affinity profiles. This work provides an understanding of pharmacological impacts of mixed serotonergic agonists being pursued as therapeutics for psychiatric conditions, offering valuable insights for future drug applications and development strategies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/0271678x241302937", "pubmed_id": "39610321", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678x241302937", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Macaca mulatta, Benzylamines, Lisuride, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Positron-Emission Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39610321\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3157, "title": "Synergistic Behavioral and Neuroplastic Effects of Psilocybin-NMDAR Modulator Administration", "normalized_title": "synergistic behavioral and neuroplastic effects of psilocybin nmdar modulator administration", "authors": "Ben-Tal T, Pogodin I, Botvinnik A, Lifschytz T, Heresco-Levy U, Lerer B.", "abstract": "The full therapeutic potential of serotonergic psychedelics (SP) in treating neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia, is limited by possible adverse effects, including perceptual disturbances and psychosis, which require administration in controlled clinical environments. This study investigates the synergistic benefits of combining psilocybin (PSIL) with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) modulators D-serine (DSER) and D-cycloserine (DCS) to enhance both efficacy and safety. Using ICR male mice, we examined head twitch response (HTR), MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion, and neuroplasticity related synaptic protein levels in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum. Our results indicate that PSIL significantly increased HTR-a surrogate measure for hallucinogenic effects-which was reduced by the co-administration of DSER or DCS in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, combining PSIL with DSER or DCS significantly decreased MK-801-induced hyperactivity, modeling antipsychotic effects. Neuroplasticity-related synaptic protein assays demonstrated that the PSIL-DSER combination enhanced GAP43 expression over all 4 brain examined and overall expression of the 4 assayed synaptic proteins in the hippocampus, while PSIL-DCS elevated PSD95 levels across all 4 brain regions, suggesting a synaptogenic synergy. These findings support the hypothesis that combinations of SP with NMDAR modulators could optimize the therapeutic potential of SP by mitigating adverse effects and enhancing neuroplasticity. Future studies should focus on refining administration protocols and evaluating translational applicability for broader clinical use.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-11-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.11.28.625811", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.28.625811", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR947201\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 811, "title": "Reconsidering evidence for psychedelic-induced psychosis: an overview of reviews, a systematic review, and meta-analysis of human studies.", "normalized_title": "reconsidering evidence for psychedelic induced psychosis an overview of reviews a systematic review and meta analysis of human studies", "authors": "Sabé M, Sulstarova A, Glangetas A, De Pieri M, Mallet L, Curtis L, Richard-Lepouriel H, Penzenstadler L, Seragnoli F, Thorens G, Zullino D, Preller K, Böge K, Leucht S, Correll CU, Solmi M, Kaiser S, Kirschner M.", "abstract": "BackgroundPersons with schizophrenia are excluded from psychedelic-assisted therapy due to concerns about the risk of triggering or worsening psychosis. However, there is limited meta-analytic data on the risk of psychedelic-induced psychosis in individuals with pre-existing psychotic disorders.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis, and overview of reviews to assess the incidence of psychedelic-induced psychosis and symptom exacerbation in schizophrenia. Our pre-registered protocol (CRD42023399591) covered: LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, DMT, and MDMA, using data from Embase, PubMed, PsyARTICLES, PsyINFO, and trial registries up to November 2023. A random-effects model was used to calculate psychosis incidence, with standardized assessments of study quality.ResultsFrom 131 publications, we analyzed 14 systematic reviews, 20 reviews, 35 randomized-controlled trials (RCTs), 10 case-control studies, 30 uncontrolled trials (UCTs), and 22 cohort studies, most of which were low quality. Meta-analysis of nine studies showed an incidence of psychedelic-induced psychosis at 0.002% in population studies, 0.2% in UCTs, and 0.6% in RCTs. In UCTs including individuals with schizophrenia, 3.8% developed long-lasting psychotic symptoms. Of those with psychedelic-induced psychosis, 13.1% later developed schizophrenia. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the results.ConclusionIn summary, the reviewed evidence suggests that schizophrenia might not be a definite exclusion criterion for clinical trials exploring safety and efficacy of psychedelics for treatment-resistant depression and negative symptoms. However, given the low quality and limited number of studies, more high-quality research is needed, and a conservative approach is recommended until further data is available.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-024-02800-5", "pubmed_id": "39592825", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02800-5", "keywords": "Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39592825\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 895, "title": "Evaluating the potential for psilocybin as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder.", "normalized_title": "evaluating the potential for psilocybin as a treatment for post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Miller CE, Zoladz PR.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition that develops following exposure to a traumatic event. Individuals with this condition experience numerous physiological and behavioral alterations, including intrusive memories, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, heightened anxiety, hypervigilance, impaired cognition, elevated resting heart rate and blood pressure, and altered neuroendocrine function, to name a few. In most patients, currently available pharmacological and psychological treatments are insufficient to alleviate the array of symptoms associated with the disorder. Thus, novel treatment options that can more effectively target the core etiology of PTSD are desperately needed. Recent work demonstrating the psychoplastogenic effects of psychedelics has reinvigorated research to examine their therapeutic potential in psychiatric conditions. Psilocybin, a psychedelic found in the Psilocybe genus of mushrooms, has exhibited promising antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in preclinical and clinical studies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing research that has examined the behavioral effects of psilocybin and link it to potential efficacy in treating PTSD-related symptoms. The proposed mechanisms for psilocybin's effects are then explored, as are the benefits and drawbacks for the agent's therapeutic use. Finally, the challenges faced by investigators aiming to study psilocybin as a therapeutic aid in future studies are discussed in order to shed light on this budding area of research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Current pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder is insufficient. Traditional antidepressants and anxiolytics help reduce symptom severity, but nonresponse rates often reach levels greater than 50%, emphasizing the need for more effective treatment options. The goal of this review is to summarize the existing evidence for and the potential mechanisms of the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in the Psilocybe genus of mushrooms. The observed effects are then related to psilocybin's potential use as a treatment for PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1124/jpet.124.002237", "pubmed_id": "39893004", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.124.002237", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39893004\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 955, "title": "Strategies for resolving challenging psychedelic experiences: insights from a mixed-methods study.", "normalized_title": "strategies for resolving challenging psychedelic experiences insights from a mixed methods study", "authors": "Wood MJ, McAlpine RG, Kamboj SK.", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances are garnering renewed interest for their potential therapeutic applications, yet the mechanisms by which challenging experiences during psychedelic use contribute to positive outcomes remains poorly understood. Here we present a mixed-methods investigation into the strategies individuals employ to navigate difficult psychedelic experiences and their relationship to emotional breakthrough. Qualitative analysis of accounts from psilocybin retreat participants (n = 16) informed the development of the Responses to Challenging Psychedelic Experiences Inventory (ReCiPE). In a subsequent online survey (n = 529), exploratory factor analysis of the ReCiPE revealed three primary response strategies: Acceptance and Reappraisal, Sensory Regulation and Physical Interaction, and Social Support and Disclosure. Exploratory correlation and multiple regression analyses demonstrated significant relationships between different types of challenges, response strategies and emotional breakthrough. Notably, Acceptance and Reappraisal, and Social Support and Disclosure strategies were positively associated with greater emotional breakthrough. Fear-related challenges were negatively associated with emotional breakthrough and involved fewer adaptive coping strategies. These findings elucidate the complex interplay between challenging experiences and adaptive responses in psychedelic contexts, offering insights for optimising therapeutic protocols and enhancing safety in both clinical and non-clinical settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-79931-w", "pubmed_id": "39572645", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-79931-w", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Adaptation, Psychological, Emotions, Social Support, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39572645\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3488, "title": "Psilocybin Treatment in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: a Preliminary Efficacy Study and Exploratory Investigation of Neural Correlates.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin treatment in obsessive compulsive disorder a preliminary efficacy study and exploratory investigation of neural correlates", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "This study aims to investigate the effects of oral psilocybin on OCD symptomatology and provide the first evidence of the neural mechanism that may mediate psilocybin's purported therapeutic effects on OCD. Aim 1: To investigate the effects of psilocybin on OCD symptomatology. OCD symptom severity will be assessed before treatment and 24 and 48 hours after treatment, one week after treatment, two weeks, one month, and three months after treatment. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that 0.25mg/kg of psilocybin will lead to greater symptom improvement than niacin (as the active-placebo-control agent) at the primary endpoint of 48 hours post-dosing and at all other assessment points. Aim 2: To explore the relationship between the psilocybin-induced brain connectivity changes and symptom change in OCD. Resting-state brain connectivity will be assessed before and 48 hours after treatment. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that (i) psilocybin will normalize abnormal fronto-striatal functional connectivity in patients with OCD; and (ii) normalization of these abnormalities will correlate with improvement in symptomatology after psilocybin treatment. This study will pilot a single-center, randomized, active-placebo-controlled, double-blind design to examine the clinical and neural effects on OCD, of either 0.25mg/kg of psilocybin or active placebo-control agent (niacin 250mg), given along with non-drug preparatory and follow-up support appointments to 30 study participants. The duration of the randomized study phase is from consent until two weeks after drug administration. Participants will be followed for 12 weeks (3 months) post-study drug administration. Eligible participants will be admitted as an inpatient for at least 3 nights / 4 days surrounding the initial drug administration (or more, at the option of the subject and the investigator). Participants will be randomized into active medication and active-placebo-control groups, and will be blinded as to their study condition. This admission 2 nights prior to the drug administration will allow the participant to adjust to sleeping on the unit and allow them to settle in to the research unit routine. A return for an fMRI scan (48 hours after the administration session) will be scheduled. The participants who received active-placebo-control will be offered the option to receive open-label psilocybin.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-11-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03356483", "keywords": "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin (0.25mg/kg), \"Magic Mushrooms\", Niacin (250mg), Nicotinic acid, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03356483\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Brain Imaging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3512, "title": "A Phase 2a Safety and Feasibility Study Evaluating Psilocybin (TRP-8802) Administration in Concert With Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder", "normalized_title": "a phase 2a safety and feasibility study evaluating psilocybin trp 8802 administration in concert with psychotherapy in the treatment of binge eating disorder", "authors": "TRYP Therapeutics", "abstract": "To better understand the potential benefits of psychedelics in overeating disorders, Tryp Therapeutics will conduct a safety and feasibility clinical trial using TRP8802 among individuals with Binge Eating Disorder. This is a single-center phase 2a open-label study to assess the safety and feasibility of a single dose of TRP8802 in subjects with BED. Subjects will undergo screening, preparation therapy sessions, dosing, integration therapy sessions, and follow-up for 12 weeks following the dose of TRP8802. The total participation in the study will be up to approximately 5 months. Binge eating disorder is the most common eating disorder and is associated with obesity and psychiatric comorbidities, including depression, and impulsive and compulsive disorders. Binge eating disorder is marked by severe disturbance to a person's control over their eating behaviors and high anxiety around food. Various programs using psilocybin paired with psychotherapy have shown positive effects in treating a variety of psychiatric and behavioral conditions, including cancer-related psychiatric distress, anxiety, treatment-resistant depression, and nicotine and alcohol addiction. Based on clinical precedents, relevant neuropharmacology, and mechanistic similarities, psilocybin is theorized to have the potential to be part of the treatment of overeating disorders. TRP-8802 could accomplish this by moderating overall anxiety, anxiety around food, perseveration, and repetitive and intrusive thoughts about food in people with BED. The primary objective of this study is to: 1\\. Assess the safety of a single dose of TRP8802 in participants with binge eating disorder (BED) during the TRP8802 dosing session, and through 12 weeks following dosing (i.e., Week 14).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-11-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05035927", "keywords": "Binge Eating Disorder, TRYP-0082, Psilocybin, Psychotherapy, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05035927\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 958, "title": "Knowledge, attitudes, and concerns about psilocybin and MDMA as novel therapies among U.S. healthcare professionals.", "normalized_title": "knowledge attitudes and concerns about psilocybin and mdma as novel therapies among u s healthcare professionals", "authors": "Wang E, Mathai DS, Gukasyan N, Nayak S, Garcia-Romeu A.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with substances like psilocybin and MDMA has shown promise for conditions including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psilocybin and MDMA may become approved medicines in the coming decade. This study assessed knowledge and attitudes regarding PAT among 879 U.S. healthcare professionals via anonymous online survey. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify predictors of openness to clinical use. Most participants (71.2%) were female and White (85.8%), with a mean (SD) age of 45.5 (12.7) years. Registered nurses (25.4%) and physicians (17.7%) comprised the largest professional groups. Respondents endorsed strong belief in therapeutic promise, and moderate openness to clinical use and support for legal access to both substances, with higher overall ratings for psilocybin compared to MDMA. Objective knowledge items revealed low knowledge of therapeutic uses, risks, and pharmacology. Primary concerns were lack of trained providers, financial cost, and potential contraindications. Prior psychedelic use, self-rated knowledge, younger age, and professional role predicted openness to clinical use of psilocybin and MDMA, with physicians reporting lower openness. As psychedelics continue to garner popular and scientific interest, results indicate a pressing need for additional formal training to provide balanced, evidence-based information from trusted sources.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-78736-1", "pubmed_id": "39543323", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78736-1", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Attitude of Health Personnel, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Adult, Middle Aged, Health Personnel, United States, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39543323\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Pharmacology,Observational Study,Safety,Contraindications", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 910, "title": "Associations between psychedelic use and cannabis use disorder in a nationally representative sample.", "normalized_title": "associations between psychedelic use and cannabis use disorder in a nationally representative sample", "authors": "Zech JM, Yaden DB, Jones GM.", "abstract": "BackgroundCannabis Use Disorder (CUD) is an increasingly prevalent disorder affecting millions of Americans each year. Psychedelic compounds have recently been investigated for their therapeutic potential in treating substance use disorders, yet no prior work has examined the relationship between naturalistic use of specific psychedelic compounds and rates of disordered cannabis use.MethodsUsing a nationally representative sample of U.S adults from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015 - 2019, 2021 - 2022), we used a series of survey-weighted multivariable logistic regressions to examine the association between past year disordered cannabis use and use of several classic psychedelics (i.e., LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, peyote, DMT) and non-classic psychedelics (i.e., ketamine, MDMA).Resultslifetime psilocybin use as well as past year LSD use were both associated with higher rates of past year DSM-5 CUD (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] range: 1.89 - 2.04), controlling for a variety of sociodemographic factors. These associations remained significant in the case of moderate-to-severe past year CUD (aRR range: 1.65 - 2.07). Past year LSD use also predicted three of eleven CUD symptoms among individuals with past year cannabis use (aRR range: 1.45 - 1.73).DiscussionDespite preliminary findings regarding the potential for psychedelic substances to help treat substance use disorders, our findings suggest a relationship between psychedelic use and disordered cannabis use, suggesting that certain psychedelic substances used in certain naturalistic settings are an indicator of greater risk of maladaptive cannabis use. Future directions to further disentangle these relationships are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112502", "pubmed_id": "39586127", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112502", "keywords": "Humans, Marijuana Abuse, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Health Surveys, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39586127\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 970, "title": "Preliminary Evidence of Sleep Improvements Following Psilocybin Administration, and their Involvement in Antidepressant Therapeutic Action.", "normalized_title": "preliminary evidence of sleep improvements following psilocybin administration and their involvement in antidepressant therapeutic action", "authors": "Reid MJ, Kettner H, Blanken TF, Weiss B, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Purpose of the studyPsilocybin is a rapidly-emerging treatment for depression, yet its impact on sleep is not well understood. We sought to explore the literature on sleep and psilocybin use, and explore the topic using our own primary data.FindingsWhilst clinical trials demonstrate large depressive symptom improvements, the impact of psilocybin on sleep quality or insomnia symptoms, has not been directly studied. Using our own preliminary-data we demonstrated that both depressive-symptoms and sleep-disturbances decreased significantly following psilocybin use, though sleep improvements were smaller compared to depressive symptoms. More severe sleep-disturbances at baseline were linked to lower probability of depression remission, underscoring a potential interaction between sleep and psilocybin's efficacy. Addressing sleep disturbances could enhance therapeutic outcomes in psilocybin-assisted therapy and could lead to more effective, personalized treatment-strategies. Future research should focus on populations with sleep disorders, and on examining causal-pathways of sleep physiology's impact on psilocybin efficacy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-024-01539-8", "pubmed_id": "39532819", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-024-01539-8", "keywords": "Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Adult, Female, Male, Sleep Wake Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39532819\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 204, "title": "The Effect of Psilocybe cubensis on Spatial Memory and BDNF Expression in Male Rats Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress.", "normalized_title": "the effect of psilocybe cubensis on spatial memory and bdnf expression in male rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress", "authors": "Ghaffarzadegan R, Karimi M, Hedayatjoo B, Behnoud H, Jasemi E, Mohammadi M, Roustaei S, Razmi A, Vaseghi S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-containing mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, drastically affect mental processing, cognitive functioning, and the mood state. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the Psilocybe cubensis extract on spatial memory and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The duration of CUMS was 4 weeks. Spatial learning and memory were measured using the Morris water maze apparatus. The Psilocybe cubensis extract was intraperitoneally injected (20 mg/kg) in different time periods: 5 min before training, 24 h before training, 48 h before training, 5 min after training, and 5 min before the probe test. Results showed that CUMS impaired spatial learning and memory, and decreased BDNF in the hippocampus. Psilocybe cubensis (24 and 48 h before training) restored spatial learning, while (48 h before training) restored spatial memory impairment in CUMS rats. Psilocybe cubensis (24 and 48 h before training) increased BDNF in CUMS rats. Psilocybe cubensis administrations (expect 48 h before training) impaired spatial learning and memory and decreased BDNF levels in controls. In conclusion, we suggested that Psilocybe cubensis may be beneficial for the improvement of memory deficits induced by CUMS, while the time of injection seems to be an important factor in its final effect.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2428241", "pubmed_id": "39535167", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2428241", "keywords": "Hippocampus, Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Memory Disorders, Disease Models, Animal, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Hallucinogens, Stress, Psychological, Maze Learning, Male, Spatial Memory, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39535167\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3430, "title": "PAPR: Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy + Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) for Front-line Healthcare Provider COVID-19 Related Burnout", "normalized_title": "papr psilocybin assisted psychotherapy mindfulness based stress reduction mbsr for front line healthcare provider covid 19 related burnout", "authors": "University of Utah", "abstract": "This project is an open-label randomized study looking at an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) curriculum vs. an 8-week MBSR curriculum + a group psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy intervention for frontline healthcare providers struggling with symptoms of depression and burnout associated with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Following consenting and enrollment a total of 24 participants will be randomized to receive either an 8-week MBSR curriculum or the same 8-week MBSR curriculum + a group psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy intervention. The group psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy intervention will involve 3 group preparatory sessions (2 hours each), a single 8 hour group psilocybin administration session with a 1:1 therapist to participant ratio (25mg psilocybin dose), and 3 group integration sessions (2 hours each).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-11-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05557643", "keywords": "Depression, Burnout, Professional, Psilocybin, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05557643\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 960, "title": "Mushroom Therapy: Psilocybin's Role in Treating Substance Use Disorders (P3-9.018).", "normalized_title": "mushroom therapy psilocybin s role in treating substance use disorders p3 9 018", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neurology", "publication_date": "2024-11-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1212/wnl.0000000000209686", "pubmed_id": "39401403", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39401403/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39401403\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 871, "title": "Structural insights into tryptamine psychedelics: The role of hydroxyl indole ring site in 5-HT2A receptor activation and psychedelic-like activity.", "normalized_title": "structural insights into tryptamine psychedelics the role of hydroxyl indole ring site in 5 ht2a receptor activation and psychedelic like activity", "authors": "Zhang M, Yang Y, Yang Z, Wen X, Zhang C, Xiao P, Wang Y, Sun J, Wang H, Wang X.", "abstract": "Recent advancements in the study of mushroom-derived tryptamines, particularly psilocybin and its metabolite psilocin, highlight their unique psychedelic properties and potential therapeutic applications, especially for mental health conditions like depression. This study examines how the position of the hydroxyl group on the indole ring affects the 5-HT2A receptor activity and psychedelic-like effects of psilocin analogs. Chemically synthesized psilocin (1) and its analogs bufotenine (2), 6-OH-DMT (3), and 7-OH-DMT (4) were assessed for 5-HT2A receptor agonistic activity using the Gαq-Gγ dissociation bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay and for psychedelic-like effects through the head-twitch response assay. Results show that compounds with hydroxyl group at the 4th and 5th positions exhibit significantly higher 5-HT2A agonistic and psychedelic-like activities than those with hydroxyl group at the 6th and 7th positions. Funnel metadynamics simulations revealed that psilocin (1) and bufotenine (2) have lower binding free energies, correlating with experimental data. Analysis of the simulation trajectories reveals that the formation of a hydrogen bond with residue L229 is crucial for guiding psilocin (1) and bufotenine (2) into the 5-HT2AR binding site. In contrast, analogs 3 and 4, which lack this interaction, fail to be directed into the orthosteric site. Furthermore, psilocin (1) and bufotenine (2) establish a stable salt bridge and hydrogen bond with residue D155. These interactions are more stable compared to those formed by ligands 3 and 4, contributing to the latter's poor 5-HT2AR activities. These findings underscore the critical role of the hydroxyl group position on the indole ring in modulating 5-HT2A receptor activity and the corresponding psychedelic-like effects, offering valuable insights for the development of targeted therapeutics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.117049", "pubmed_id": "39541872", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.117049", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Tryptamines, Indoles, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Molecular Structure, Structure-Activity Relationship, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, HEK293 Cells, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39541872\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 925, "title": "Advances in Psychedelic Therapeutics: Novel Prodrugs and Derivatives for Enhanced Mental Health Treatment.", "normalized_title": "advances in psychedelic therapeutics novel prodrugs and derivatives for enhanced mental health treatment", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Recent innovations in psychedelic research have led to the development of novel compounds designed to enhance the therapeutic potential of psilocin and related tryptamines. This Patent Highlight reviews three essential patents that focus on improving the stability, bioavailability, and efficacy of these compounds for treating mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. The compounds-4-pivaloyloxy-N-methyltryptammonium chloride, alkyl quaternary ammonium tryptamines, and 4-pivaloyloxy-N-methyltryptammonium derivatives-represent significant advancements in the field of psychedelic-assisted therapy. These innovations offer new hope for more reliable and effective treatments, particularly in addressing the limitations associated with traditional psychedelics. The findings from preclinical studies support the potential of these compounds to play a vital role in the treatment of mental and neurological disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00519", "pubmed_id": "39691516", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00519", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39691516\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 924, "title": "Advanced Delivery Systems and Novel Psilocin Derivatives for Enhanced Therapeutic Applications.", "normalized_title": "advanced delivery systems and novel psilocin derivatives for enhanced therapeutic applications", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds, particularly psilocybin and psilocin, have shown significant therapeutic potential in treating neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, their bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and stability challenges have limited their clinical use. This Patent Highlight reviews recent innovations in psychedelic drug delivery systems and the development of psilocin analogs aimed at improving their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Three patents-focused on controlled-release delivery systems, ester analogs, and acetal/ketal derivatives-present novel approaches to enhancing the stability, bioavailability, and efficacy of psilocin and related compounds. These advancements promise more effective treatments for conditions such as depression, chronic pain, and neurodegenerative diseases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00521", "pubmed_id": "39691529", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00521", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39691529\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 938, "title": "The Second Methylation in Psilocybin Biosynthesis Is Enabled by a Hydrogen Bonding Network Extending into the Secondary Sphere Surrounding the Methyltransferase Active Site.", "normalized_title": "the second methylation in psilocybin biosynthesis is enabled by a hydrogen bonding network extending into the secondary sphere surrounding the methyltransferase active site", "authors": "Hudspeth J, Rogge K, Wagner T, Müll M, Hoffmeister D, Rupp B, Werten S.", "abstract": "The Psilocybe cubensis SAM-dependent methyltransferase, PsiM, catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis of psilocybin. Likely evolved from monomethylating RNA methyltransferases, PsiM acquired a key amino acid exchange in the secondary sphere of the active site, M247 N, which is responsible for its capacity to dimethylate. Two variants, PsiMN247M and PsiMN247A, were generated to further examine the role of Asn247 for mono- and dimethylation in PsiM. Herein, we present the kinetic profiles of both variants and crystal structures at resolutions between 0.9 and 1.0 Å. Each variant was crystallized as a ternary complex with the non-methylated acceptor substrate, norbaeocystin and S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine, and in a second complex with the cofactor analog, sinefungin, and the monomethylated substrate, baeocystin. Consistent with the inability of the variants to catalyze a second methyl transfer, these structures reveal catalytically non-productive conformations and a high level of disorder of the methylamine group of baeocystin. Additionally, both variants exhibit destabilization in the β5-β7 sheets and a conserved β-turn of the core Rossmann fold, causing 20-fold reduced substrate binding and 2-fold lower catalytic efficiency even with norbaeocystin. Our structural and kinetic analyses of the variants suggest that Asn247 is essential to allow enough space in the active site for multiple methylations while also participating in a network of hydrogen bonds that stabilizes secondary structure elements in the immediate vicinity of the active site for optimal methylation of norbaeocystin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/cbic.202400497", "pubmed_id": "39413044", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202400497", "keywords": "Methyltransferases, Crystallography, X-Ray, Catalytic Domain, Methylation, Kinetics, Hydrogen Bonding, Models, Molecular, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39413044\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Epigenetics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 961, "title": "Prospective Preference Assessment for the Psilocybin for Enhanced Analgesia in Chronic nEuropathic PAIN (PEACE-PAIN) Trial.", "normalized_title": "prospective preference assessment for the psilocybin for enhanced analgesia in chronic neuropathic pain peace pain trial", "authors": "Lee J, Philip K, Wijeysundera DN, Clarke H, Pritlove C, Katz J, Ritvo P, Goel A, Husain MI, Ladha KS.", "abstract": "BackgroundNegative perceptions of psilocybin and challenges of participant enrollment may represent barriers to conducting a randomized controlled trial examining psilocybin for chronic neuropathic pain.AimPrior to trial initiation, we aimed to examine patient attitudes toward the trial via a prospective preference assessment.MethodsTwenty-six patients with chronic neuropathic pain participated in a prospective preference assessment comprising quantitative (survey) and qualitative (interview) components. Content analysis was used to inductively and deductively identify factors that would motivate or discourage participation in the proposed trial. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and perceptions of psilocybin were collected to explore differences in characteristics between patients who were willing and unwilling to participate.ResultsSurvey results showed that most participants (76.9%) were willing to participate in the PEACE-PAIN trial. \"Willing\" participants reported higher prior psychedelic use (75%) as compared to the \"maybe willing\" (0%) and \"not willing\" participants (0%). Interviews indicated that the top two factors that motivated participation included the need for new treatment options (31.7%) and benefits to personal pain management (31.7%). The top two discouraging factors included practical difficulties of research participation (16.7%), and adverse events associated with psilocybin (16.7%).ConclusionsThe PEACE-PAIN trial study design is supported by patient survey responses but may benefit from modifications, namely incorporating thorough discussions of the current evidence for efficacy, safety, tolerability, and approaches to address adverse effects of psilocybin. Additionally, the interest in participation by individuals with prior psychedelic use holds important methodological implications for the inclusion/exclusion criteria of the trial.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-07", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/24740527.2024.2406285", "pubmed_id": "39529994", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/24740527.2024.2406285", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39529994\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3128, "title": "Tū Wairua: Development of an Indigenous Rongoā Māori Approach to Healing with Psilocybin Containing Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "tū wairua development of an indigenous rongoā māori approach to healing with psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Hodge A, Forsyth A, Noorani T, Muthukumaraswamy S, Rolleston A, McHugh P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain fungi, has long been used by Indigenous cultures worldwide for healing and spiritual purposes. While emerging evidence points to psychedelic agents being novel avenues for the treatment of substance use disorders, the predominantly Western medical models of psychedelic-assisted therapy being developed lack Indigenous wisdom and input, raising concerns about safety, efficacy, ownership, and continuing colonial dynamics. In Aotearoa (New Zealand), the enduring impacts of colonisation on Māori include the suppression of Indigenous wisdom, even as research affirming the knowledge and practice of traditional Māori healing is on the rise. The Tū Wairua project will explore the integration of rongoā Māori (traditional Māori healing practices) with psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for addressing problematic methamphetamine use (PMU) in Māori communities. This Māori-led project is driven by kaupapa Māori methodology and rongoā Māori conceptualisations of health and informed by biomedical psychedelic science. Based at Rangiwaho Marae in Te Tairāwhiti, a community with a high Māori population and a significant burden of PMU, the project aims to develop a culturally-appropriate PAT to explore the efficacy of psilocybin in treating PMU. This research represents a shift toward health interventions that respect and extend Indigenous wisdom, addressing the unique needs of Māori communities. It also seeks to develop a skilled Māori workforce to continue these healing practices, and challenge current legislation that restricts the use of Indigenous psychedelics. In creating sustainable pathways for healing through a community-driven, culturally-resonant PAT, Tū Wairua charts new directions in Indigenous-led psychedelic science.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-11-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/93x5h", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/93x5h", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR937024\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3127, "title": "Tū Wairua: Development of an Indigenous Rongoā Māori Approach to Healing with Psilocybin Containing Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "tū wairua development of an indigenous rongoā māori approach to healing with psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Hodge A, Forsyth A, Noorani T, Muthukumaraswamy S, Rolleston A, McHugh P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain fungi, has long been used by Indigenous cultures worldwide for healing and spiritual purposes. While emerging evidence points to psychedelic agents being novel avenues for the treatment of substance use disorders, the predominantly Western medical models of psychedelic-assisted therapy being developed lack Indigenous wisdom and input, raising concerns about safety, efficacy, ownership, and continuing colonial dynamics. In Aotearoa (New Zealand), the enduring impacts of colonisation on Māori include the suppression of Indigenous wisdom, even as research affirming the knowledge and practice of traditional Māori healing is on the rise. The Tū Wairua project will explore the integration of rongoā Māori (traditional Māori healing practices) with psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for addressing problematic methamphetamine use (PMU) in Māori communities. This Māori-led project is driven by kaupapa Māori methodology and rongoā Māori conceptualisations of health and informed by biomedical psychedelic science. Based at Rangiwaho Marae in Te Tairāwhiti, a community with a high Māori population and a significant burden of PMU, the project aims to develop a culturally-appropriate PAT to explore the efficacy of psilocybin in treating PMU. This research represents a shift toward health interventions that respect and extend Indigenous wisdom, addressing the unique needs of Māori communities. It also seeks to develop a skilled Māori workforce to continue these healing practices, and challenge current legislation that restricts the use of Indigenous psychedelics. In creating sustainable pathways for healing through a community-driven, culturally-resonant PAT, Tū Wairua charts new directions in Indigenous-led psychedelic science.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-11-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/93x5h_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/93x5h_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR984269\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3108, "title": "Long-term effects of psilocybin on dynamic and effectivity connectivity of fronto-striatal-thalamic circuits", "normalized_title": "long term effects of psilocybin on dynamic and effectivity connectivity of fronto striatal thalamic circuits", "authors": "Pasquini L, Vohryzek J, Escrichs A, Sanz Perl Y, Ponce-Alvarez A, Idesis S, Girn M, Roseman L, Mitchell JM, Gazzaley A, Kringelbach M, Nutt DJ, Lyons T, Carhart-Harris RL, Deco G.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has been shown to induce fast and sustained improvements in mental well-being across various populations, yet its long-term mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Initial evidence suggests that longitudinal functional and structural brain changes implicate fronto-striatal-thalamic (FST) circuitry, a broad system involved in goal-directed behavior and motivational states. Here, we apply empirical methods and computational modeling to resting-state fMRI data from a within-subject longitudinal psilocybin trial in psychedelic-naïve healthy volunteers. We first show increases in FST dynamic activity four weeks after a full dose of psilocybin. We then proceed to mechanistically account for these increased dynamics, by showing that reduced structural constraints underlie increased FST dynamic activity post psilocybin. Further, we show that these reduced structural constraints come along with increased bottom-up and reduced top-down modulation of FST circuits. While cortical reductions in top-down modulation are linked to regional 5-HT2A receptor availability, increased information outflow via subcortical and limbic regions relate to local D2 receptor availability. Together, these findings show that increased FST flexibility weeks after psilocybin administration is linked to serotonergic-mediated decreases in top-down information flow and dopaminergic-mediated increases in bottom-up information flow. This long-term functional re-organization of FST circuits may represent a common mechanism underling the potential clinical efficacy of psilocybin across various neuropsychiatric disorders including substance abuse, major depression, and anorexia. Significance Statement Fronto-striatal-thalamic systems, which underlie motivation and reward, go through profound functional and structural changes following psilocybin administration. We leveraged longitudinal fMRI data from a within-subject psilocybin trial in psychedelic-naïve healthy participants to show that psilocybin increases fronto-striatal-thalamic dynamic activity as well as flexibility four weeks after dosing. Computational modeling revealed that this increased flexibility is mechanistically caused by reduced structural constraints on functional dynamics. Further long-term changes included increased bottom-up and reduced top-down information flow mediated by the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. This long-term functional re-organization of fronto-striatal-thalamic circuits may reflect a common mechanism underlying clinical symptoms improvements across diagnostic groups, such as increased openness, improved well-being, and reductions in anhedonia, apathy, and substance craving.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-11-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.11.06.622302", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.06.622302", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR936542\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 962, "title": "Amid magic and menace: psychiatrists' attitudes to psilocybin therapy.", "normalized_title": "amid magic and menace psychiatrists attitudes to psilocybin therapy", "authors": "Gribben A, Burke T, Harrington C, Husein A, Murnane KS, Hendricks PS, Tobin K, Ivers JH, Thuery G, Harkin A, Kelly JR.", "abstract": "ObjectivesUnderstanding variations in knowledge and attitudes of psychiatrists to psilocybin therapy is important for the collective discourse about the potential impact on clinical practice and public health in Ireland.MethodsA 28-item questionnaire was designed based on previous studies and distributed to psychiatrists in Ireland via online mailing lists and at in-person academic events.Results151 psychiatrists completed the questionnaire (73.3% were under 40 years of age, 76.0% were trainees, and 49.0% were female). In the total sample, 81.5% agreed that psilocybin therapy shows promise in the treatment of psychiatric disorders and 86.8% supported funding research, 86.8% would be willing to refer a patient if it was licensed and indicated, and 78.1% would consider the treatment for themselves, if indicated. Conversely, 6.6% agreed that psilocybin therapy was unsafe even under medical supervision, and 21.9% thought it was potentially addictive. 15.9% of the total sample reported at least one concern including, lack of robust evidence, long-term effectiveness, superiority to current interventions, potential harmful effects, cost and accessibility, and impartiality. Less than half of respondents felt knowledgeable (40.0%) and 9.9% felt adequately prepared to participate in psilocybin therapy. Consultant psychiatrists trended towards less optimism for a potential role in bipolar depression and emotionally unstable personality disorder compared to trainee psychiatrists.ConclusionOverall psychiatrists in Ireland held positive attitudes towards psilocybin therapy. However, there was a lack of knowledge evident. Addressing the knowledge gap and aligning with the best available evidence will be key if psychedelic therapy is to prevail in a clinical setting.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1017/ipm.2024.49", "pubmed_id": "39506378", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2024.49", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39506378\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Personality Change,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3669, "title": "PsilOCD: Evaluating the Effects of the 5-HT2A Agonist Psilocybin on the Neurocognitive and Clinical Correlates of Compulsivity (A Pharmacological-Challenge Feasibility Study)", "normalized_title": "psilocd evaluating the effects of the 5 ht2a agonist psilocybin on the neurocognitive and clinical correlates of compulsivity a pharmacological challenge feasibility study", "authors": "Imperial College London", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of psilocybin on cognitive inflexibility and neural plasticity in a cohort of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This mechanistic study will utilise a within-subjects design, administering up to 10mg of psilocybin to participants with OCD (DSM-5 criteria) on two separate instances spaced four weeks apart. To ensure consistency and participant safety, dosing will occur under medical supervision with psychological support from two experienced therapists. Before and after each session, participants will engage in virtual preparation and integration sessions led by their therapists. Cognitive tasks will be administered in the days following each dosing session. Additionally, acute post-dosing EEG recordings will be conducted, and blood samples will be taken after each dosing session. OCD symptoms will also be assessed seven times throughout the trial by an external blinded psychiatrist, serving as a secondary outcome. Collectively, these measures aim to evaluate changes in cognitive inflexibility, decision-making abilities, neuroplasticity (peripheral blood markers and EEG measures), inflammation (peripheral blood markers), and symptomatology following each dosing session.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-11-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06258031", "keywords": "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin (COMP360), O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06258031\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Observational Study,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 370, "title": "Masking Influences: A Systematic Review of Placebo Control and Masking in Psychedelic Studies.", "normalized_title": "masking influences a systematic review of placebo control and masking in psychedelic studies", "authors": "Barstowe A, Kajonius PJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy is becoming increasingly acknowledged as an effective therapeutic intervention for various psychiatric illnesses. However, the evaluation of masking success is rarely reported in trials. The objective of the present systematic review was to evaluate placebo-control and masking in studies exploring psychedelic-assisted therapy. Nine (k = 9) studies dating between January 2010 and March 2023 were retrieved using six databases, following strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results show that almost 78% of the studies had, at best, \"poor\" masking success. At the same time, 60% of active placebo and 75% of inactive placebo studies showed large effect sizes. In other words, masking influences, including benign unmasking, cannot be excluded. We therefore conclude that efficacy of psilocybin, Ayahuasca, or LSD is only one of the possible interpretations of large, positive changes in symptomatology for patients suffering from, for example, alcohol use disorder, anxiety with or without life-threatening disease, anxiety and/or depression with life-threatening cancer, treatment-resistant depression or major depressive disorder. We recommend care be taken to increase successful masking procedures and discuss alternative treatment designs to better control for potential masking influences.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2424272", "pubmed_id": "39503404", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2424272", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Placebo Effect, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39503404\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 369, "title": "Global Trends in Psychedelic Microdosing: Demographics, Substance Testing Behavior, and Patterns of Use.", "normalized_title": "global trends in psychedelic microdosing demographics substance testing behavior and patterns of use", "authors": "Syed OA, Petranker R, Fewster EC, Sobolenko V, Beidas Z, Husain MI, Lake S, Lucas P.", "abstract": "Despite psychedelic microdosing being a growing practice, the research on the topic is still in its infancy. While several studies have described the characteristics, motivations and practices of microdosers, the differences between individuals that only microdose and those that use both micro and macrodoses of psychedelics remain unexplored. In an online survey, we collected data of 6193 psychedelic consumers of which 2488 were microdosers of up to 11 different classical and atypical psychedelics. In comparison to respondents that use both microdoses and macrodoses, exclusive microdosers were older in age (46.4 vs. 42.0 years), had a larger proportion of females (68.4% vs. 44.7%), were non-Caucasian (25.4% vs. 14.7%), urban residents (43.9% vs. 38.5%), and had a lower average lifetime use of non-psychedelic substances (3.8 vs. 4.7 substances). Most consumers (52.5%) microdosed psychedelics multiple times a month, commonly using psilocybin (74.5%), LSD (34.4%), and ketamine (15.8%), with most users (64.6%) not testing their substances. The most common reason for microdosing was improving general wellbeing (73.0%), and psychedelics were used for treating several physical and mental health conditions. Additional analyses examined spending habits of consumers. This study adds to the growing literature on the naturalistic use of psychedelic microdosers.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2424284", "pubmed_id": "39503411", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2424284", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Substance Abuse Detection, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39503411\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Wellbeing,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 963, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Compounds for Substance Use Disorders.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds for substance use disorders", "authors": "Valdez T, Patel V, Senesombath N, Hatahet-Donovan Z, Hornick M.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have recently (re)emerged as therapeutics of high potential for multiple mental health conditions, including substance use disorders (SUDs). Despite early mid-20th century anecdotal reports and pilot studies demonstrating the possibility of these substances in efficaciously treating conditions such as alcohol and opioid use disorders, legal restrictions and social stigma have historically hindered further research into this area. Nevertheless, concurrent with the rise in SUDs and other mental health conditions, researchers have again turned their attention to these compounds, searching for differing pharmacological targets as well as more holistic treatments that might increase patient adherence and efficacy. The aim of this review is to examine the emerging evidence-based data with regards to the therapeutic treatment of SUDs with the psychedelic compounds psilocybin, ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), ayahuasca, ibogaine and peyote.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3390/ph17111484", "pubmed_id": "39598395", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17111484", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39598395\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 912, "title": "Australian psychologists' attitudes towards psychedelic-assisted therapy and training following a world-first drug down-scheduling.", "normalized_title": "australian psychologists attitudes towards psychedelic assisted therapy and training following a world first drug down scheduling", "authors": "Negrine JJ, Puljević C, Ferris J, Liknaitzky P, Perlman C, Piatkowski T.", "abstract": "IntroductionThis study explores the attitudes of psychologists towards psychedelics and psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) following the world-first regulatory changes in 2023 in Australia which permitted psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) to be used in clinical services.MethodsA purposive sample of 20 Australian psychologists was recruited using snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted which explored participants' attitudes, knowledge and concerns about PAT. Data were coded and analysed to identify and develop theme categories.ResultsMost psychologists exhibited positive attitudes towards psychedelics and their therapeutic potential, viewing them as promising for addressing chronic mental health conditions like depression. However, there was a notable concern regarding the limited evidence on efficacy and potential adverse experiences, as well as the complexity of the individualised treatment protocol. Despite enthusiasm, many psychologists had limited detailed knowledge about the interventions themselves. The need for comprehensive education and training programs, including exposure to psychedelic experiences and credible higher education institutions, was emphasised to ensure competence in administering PAT.Discussion and conclusionsPsychologists displayed notably positive attitudes towards PAT, likely reflecting both shifting perceptions of psychedelics and self-selection bias within the sample. Despite this optimism, concerns were raised about psychiatric risks and the necessity for comprehensive and reputable training and supervision. The cohort showed openness to both novel treatments and innovative training methods, underscoring the importance of enhancing educational frameworks to ensure effective implementation of PAT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/dar.13973", "pubmed_id": "39499579", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13973", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Attitude of Health Personnel, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Psychology, Adult, Middle Aged, Australia, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Psychologists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39499579\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3134, "title": "Preliminary safety and effectiveness of psilocybin-assisted therapy in adults with fibromyalgia: An open-label, pilot clinical trial", "normalized_title": "preliminary safety and effectiveness of psilocybin assisted therapy in adults with fibromyalgia an open label pilot clinical trial", "authors": "Aday JS, McAfee J, Conroy DA, Hosanagar A, Tarnal V, Weston C, Scott K, Horowitz D, Harte SE, Pouyan N, Glynos NG, Baker AK, Guss J, Davis AK, Burgess HJ, Mashour GA, Clauw DJ, Boehnke KF.", "abstract": "Fibromyalgia (FM) is the prototypical nociplastic pain condition, characterized by widespread pain and issues with cognition, mood, and sleep. Currently, there are limited treatment options available that effectively treat FM symptoms. Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) is an emerging combined drug-therapy intervention, but no studies to-date have investigated PAT for FM. Here, we report findings from an open-label, proof-of-concept trial of PAT for FM (N=5; NCT05128162). In conjunction with psychotherapy (two preparatory, four integration sessions), participants received two doses of oral psilocybin (15mg and 25mg) delivered two weeks apart. Regarding safety (primary outcome), there were transient elevations of blood pressure or heart rate during dosing which normalized by the end of treatment, with no serious adverse events. Four of five participants reported transient headaches following dosing. Compared to baseline, participants reported clinically meaningful improvements in the following secondary outcomes one month following their second psilocybin dose (reported as Cohen’s d): pain severity (d=-2.1, 95% CI[-3.7 to -0.49]), pain interference (d=-1.8, 95% CI [-3.27 to -0.24]), and sleep disturbance (d=-2.5, 95% CI [-4.21 to -0.75]). Using the Patient Global Impression of Change, one participant reported their symptoms “very much improved,” two reported “much improved,” and two reported “minimally improved.” Compared to baseline, there were improvements in the following exploratory outcomes after the intervention: FM symptoms, anxiety, and fatigue. This small open-label trial preliminarily supports that PAT is well-tolerated by people with FM, establishing a basis for larger randomized controlled trials.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-11-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/j8zb5", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/j8zb5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR935081\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 776, "title": "Preliminary safety and effectiveness of psilocybin-assisted therapy in adults with fibromyalgia: An open-label, pilot clinical trial", "normalized_title": "preliminary safety and effectiveness of psilocybin assisted therapy in adults with fibromyalgia an open label pilot clinical trial", "authors": "", "abstract": "Fibromyalgia (FM) is the prototypical nociplastic pain condition, characterized by widespread pain and issues with cognition, mood, and sleep. Currently, there are limited treatment options available that effectively treat FM symptoms. Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) is an emerging combined drug-therapy intervention, but no studies to-date have investigated PAT for FM. Here, we report findings from an open-label, proof-of-concept trial of PAT for FM (N=5; NCT05128162). In conjunction with psychotherapy (two preparatory, four integration sessions), participants received two doses of oral psilocybin (15mg and 25mg) delivered two weeks apart. Regarding safety (primary outcome), there were transient elevations of blood pressure or heart rate during dosing which normalized by the end of treatment, with no serious adverse events. Four of five participants reported transient headaches following dosing. Compared to baseline, participants reported clinically meaningful improvements in the following secondary outcomes one month following their second psilocybin dose (reported as Cohen’s d): pain severity (d=-2.1, 95% CI[-3.7 to -0.49]), pain interference (d=-1.8, 95% CI [-3.27 to -0.24]), and sleep disturbance (d=-2.5, 95% CI [-4.21 to -0.75]). Using the Patient Global Impression of Change, one participant reported their symptoms “very much improved,” two reported “much improved,” and two reported “minimally improved.” Compared to baseline, there were improvements in the following exploratory outcomes after the intervention: FM symptoms, anxiety, and fatigue. This small open-label trial preliminarily supports that PAT is well-tolerated by people with FM, establishing a basis for larger randomized controlled trials.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-11-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/j8zb5_v1", "keywords": "Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Life Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"j8zb5_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 967, "title": "Pyramidal cell types and 5-HT2A receptors are essential for psilocybin’s lasting drug action", "normalized_title": "pyramidal cell types and 5 ht2a receptors are essential for psilocybin s lasting drug action", "authors": "Shao L, Liao C, Davoudian PA, Savalia NK, Jiang Q, Wojtasiewicz C, Tan D, Nothnagel JD, Liu R, Woodburn SC, Bilash OM, Kim H, Che A, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic with therapeutic potential for treating mental illnesses 1-4. At the cellular level, psychedelics induce structural neural plasticity 5,6, exemplified by the drug-evoked growth and remodeling of dendritic spines in cortical pyramidal cells 7-9. A key question is how these cellular modifications map onto cell type-specific circuits to produce psychedelics’ behavioral actions 10. Here, we use in vivo optical imaging, chemogenetic perturbation, and cell type-specific electrophysiology to investigate the impact of psilocybin on the two main types of pyramidal cells in the mouse medial frontal cortex. We find that a single dose of psilocybin increased the density of dendritic spines in both the subcortical-projecting, pyramidal tract (PT) and intratelencephalic (IT) cell types. Behaviorally, silencing the PT neurons eliminates psilocybin’s ability to ameliorate stress-related phenotypes, whereas silencing IT neurons has no detectable effect. In PT neurons only, psilocybin boosts synaptic calcium transients and elevates firing rates acutely after administration. Targeted knockout of 5-HT2A receptors abolishes psilocybin’s effects on stress-related behavior and structural plasticity. Collectively these results identify a pyramidal cell type and the 5-HT2A receptor in the medial frontal cortex as playing essential roles for psilocybin’s long-term drug action.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-11-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.11.02.621692", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.02.621692", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR934425\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 913, "title": "Psilocybin reduces grooming in the SAPAP3 knockout mouse model of compulsive behaviour.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces grooming in the sapap3 knockout mouse model of compulsive behaviour", "authors": "Gattuso JJ, Wilson C, Hannan AJ, Renoir T.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic compound which shows promise for treating compulsive behaviours. This is particularly pertinent as compulsive disorders require research into new pharmacological treatment options as the current frontline treatments such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, require chronic administration, have significant side effects, and leave almost half of the clinical population refractory to treatment. In this study, we investigated psilocybin administration in male and female SAPAP3 knockout (KO) mice, a well-validated mouse model of obsessive compulsive and related disorders. We assessed the effects of acute psilocybin (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) administration on head twitch and locomotor behaviour as well as anxiety- and compulsive-like behaviours at multiple time-points (1, 3 and 8 days post-injection). While psilocybin did not have any effect on anxiety-like behaviours, we revealed that acute psilocybin administration led to enduring reductions in compulsive behaviour in male SAPAP3 KO mice and reduced grooming behaviour in female wild-type (WT) and SAPAP3 KO mice. We also found that psilocybin increased locomotion in WT littermates but not in SAPAP3 KO mice, suggesting in vivo serotonergic dysfunctions in KO animals. On the other hand, the typical head-twitch response following acute psilocybin (confirming its hallucinogenic-like effect at this dose) was observed in both genotypes. Our novel findings suggest that acute psilocybin may have potential to reduce compulsive-like behaviours (up to 1 week after a single injection). Our study can inform future research directions as well as supporting the utility of psilocybin as a novel treatment option for compulsive disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-11-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110202", "pubmed_id": "39489287", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110202", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Disease Models, Animal, Amidohydrolases, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Hallucinogens, Grooming, Compulsive Behavior, Anxiety, Locomotion, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39489287\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 971, "title": "Optimized psilocybin production in tryptophan catabolism-repressed fungi.", "normalized_title": "optimized psilocybin production in tryptophan catabolism repressed fungi", "authors": "Janevska S, Weiser S, Huang Y, Lin J, Hoefgen S, Jojić K, Barber AE, Schäfer T, Fricke J, Hoffmeister D, Regestein L, Valiante V, Kufs JE.", "abstract": "The high therapeutic potential of psilocybin, a prodrug of the psychotropic psilocin, holds great promise for the treatment of mental disorders such as therapy-refractory depression, alcohol use disorder and anorexia nervosa. Psilocybin has been designated a 'Breakthrough Therapy' by the US Food and Drug Administration, and therefore a sustainable production process must be established to meet future market demands. Here, we present the development of an in vivo psilocybin production chassis based on repression of l-tryptophan catabolism. We demonstrate the proof of principle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the psilocybin biosynthetic genes. Deletion of the two aminotransferase genes ARO8/9 and the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase gene BNA2 yielded a fivefold increase of psilocybin titre. We transferred this knowledge to the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans and identified functional ARO8/9 orthologs involved in fungal l-tryptophan catabolism by genome mining and cross-complementation. The double deletion mutant of A. nidulans resulted in a 10-fold increased psilocybin production. Process optimization based on respiratory activity measurements led to a final psilocybin titre of 267 mg/L in batch cultures with a space-time-yield of 3.7 mg/L/h. These results demonstrate the suitability of our engineered A. nidulans to serve as a production strain for psilocybin and other tryptamine-derived pharmaceuticals.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/1751-7915.70039", "pubmed_id": "39487767", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.70039", "keywords": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus nidulans, Transaminases, Tryptophan, Gene Deletion, Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Metabolic Engineering, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39487767\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 969, "title": "[Depression and effectiveness of psychedelics: high-dose psilocybin has shown benefits in improving symptoms.]", "normalized_title": "depression and effectiveness of psychedelics high dose psilocybin has shown benefits in improving symptoms", "authors": "Forte V, Shaughnessy AF, Kurotschka PK.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1701/4365.43590", "pubmed_id": "39550651", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1701/4365.43590", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39550651\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 966, "title": "Psilocybin reduces alcohol self-administration via selective left nucleus accumbens activation in rats.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces alcohol self administration via selective left nucleus accumbens activation in rats", "authors": "Jeanblanc J, Bordy R, Fouquet G, Jeanblanc V, Naassila M.", "abstract": "The use of psilocybin to treat alcohol use disorder is very promising, but its mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. We combined behavioural, pharmacological and gene expression analyses to decipher the mechanisms of action of psilocybin, for the first time, when injected into the brain. Male Long Evans rats underwent chronic operant ethanol self-administration before testing the effect of intraperitoneal psilocybin or directly within the nucleus accumbens core or the ventral tegmental area. Transcripts from the dopaminergic system were quantified in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Psilocybin significantly reduced (by 50%) ethanol self-administration when injected 4 h before the session either intraperitoneally (1 mg/kg) or directly within the left nucleus accumbens (0.15 μg) but not the right nucleus accumbens or the left ventral tegmental area. The effect of intraperitoneal injection of psilocybin was prevented by intra-left nucleus accumbens injection of 0.3 μg of the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin. In rats that self-administered ethanol but not in those self-administering saccharin, dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) mRNA was increased in both the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex by psilocybin, while dopamine D1 receptor mRNA was increased only in the prefrontal cortex. As in humans, psilocybin reduced ethanol self-administration in rats through the 5-HT2A receptor within the left nucleus accumbens, possibly through increased D2R expression. Our results open unexpected perspectives regarding the hemispheric lateralization of psychedelic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1093/brain/awae136", "pubmed_id": "38703387", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awae136", "keywords": "Nucleus Accumbens, Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Rats, Rats, Long-Evans, Ethanol, Receptors, Dopamine D1, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Hallucinogens, Self Administration, Alcohol Drinking, Conditioning, Operant, Male, Functional Laterality, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38703387\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 965, "title": "Enhanced visual contrast suppression during peak psilocybin effects: Psychophysical results from a pilot randomized controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "enhanced visual contrast suppression during peak psilocybin effects psychophysical results from a pilot randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Swanson LR, Jungers S, Varghese R, Cullen KR, Evans MD, Nielson JL, Schallmo MP.", "abstract": "In visual perception, an effect known as surround suppression occurs wherein the apparent contrast of a center stimulus is reduced when it is presented within a higher-contrast surrounding stimulus. Many key aspects of visual perception involve surround suppression, yet the neuromodulatory processes involved remain unclear. Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic compound known for its robust effects on visual perception, particularly texture, color, object, and motion perception. We asked whether surround suppression is altered under peak effects of psilocybin. Using a contrast-matching task with different center-surround stimulus configurations, we measured surround suppression after 25 mg of psilocybin compared with placebo (100 mg niacin). Data on harms were collected, and no serious adverse events were reported. After taking psilocybin, participants (n = 6) reported stronger surround suppression of perceived contrast compared to placebo. Furthermore, we found that the intensity of subjective psychedelic visuals induced by psilocybin correlated positively with the magnitude of surround suppression. We note the potential relevance of our findings for the field of psychiatry, given that studies have demonstrated weakened visual surround suppression in both major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Our findings are thus relevant to understanding the visual effects of psilocybin, and the potential mechanisms of visual disruption in mental health disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1167/jov.24.12.5", "pubmed_id": "39499526", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.24.12.5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Pilot Projects, Double-Blind Method, Photic Stimulation, Visual Perception, Contrast Sensitivity, Psychophysics, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39499526\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 954, "title": "Moving psychedelic-assisted therapies from promising research into routine clinical practice: Lessons from the field of implementation science.", "normalized_title": "moving psychedelic assisted therapies from promising research into routine clinical practice lessons from the field of implementation science", "authors": "Adams DR, Allen H, Nicol GE, Cabassa LJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelics (e.g., 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA], lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], psilocybin) are molecules that have the potential to produce rapid therapeutic effects when paired with psychotherapy. Randomized clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAT) have shown promising results for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance use disorders. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has acknowledged the promise of PAT, signaling potential approval of psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression by 2026. Given this timeline, implementation scientists must engage with PAT researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to think critically about bringing these promising new treatments into routine practice settings while maintaining quality and safety. This commentary aims to initiate a dialogue between implementation scientists and PAT researchers and practitioners on addressing these questions with a lens toward equity. Specifically, we discuss how the field of implementation science can support PAT stakeholders to accelerate the translational process from research into practice, focusing specifically on safety-net settings (i.e., Federally Qualified Health Centers and Veterans Affairs health systems) that serve historically marginalized populations. We use the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) Framework to illustrate five critical areas where implementation science can help move PAT from research into real-world practice. For each RE-AIM dimension, we highlight ways the field of implementation science can contribute tools (e.g., implementation strategies), methodologies (e.g., pragmatic hybrid implementation-effectiveness trials), and approaches (community-based participatory research) for establishing the safety, effectiveness, and accessibility of PAT for historically underserved communities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1093/tbm/ibae053", "pubmed_id": "39419768", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibae053", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Depression, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, United States, Psilocybin, Implementation Science", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39419768\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Veterans,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3136, "title": "Personal Psychedelic Experience as a Training Qualification for Facilitators: A Thematic Analysis of Qualitative Interviews with Psilocybin Experts", "normalized_title": "personal psychedelic experience as a training qualification for facilitators a thematic analysis of qualitative interviews with psilocybin experts", "authors": "Luoma JB, Wilson-Poe A, Pertl K, Hoffman K, Bazinet A, Stauffer C, McCarty D, Korthuis P.", "abstract": "Emerging legal frameworks in Oregon and Colorado license facilitators to support adults receiving psychedelic services. The current legal frameworks are silent regarding facilitators’ personal experience with psychedelics. An eDelphi process recruited 36 experts with at least 5 years’ experience facilitating psilocybin experiences in ceremonial settings, indigenous practices, or clinical trials. Respondents completed in-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews via secure web links. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using Thematic Analysis. Experts with a mean of 15.2 (SD13.1) years’ experience providing psilocybin services expressed the importance of first-hand experience with psychedelics as a qualification for the emerging workforce. One participant questioned the necessity of personal psychedelic experience. Experts suggested that personal experience may indirectly support high-quality care because it enhances facilitators’ personal wellbeing, and may help facilitators understand the complexity and nature of their clients’ psychedelic experiences. Novel statelegal psychedelic paradigms create a real-world opportunity to assess associations between facilitators’ personal psychedelic experience and the safety and outcomes of psychedelic services.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/dwhcu_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dwhcu_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1055707\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 551, "title": "Personal Psychedelic Experience as a Training Qualification for Facilitators: A Thematic Analysis of Qualitative Interviews with Psilocybin Experts", "normalized_title": "personal psychedelic experience as a training qualification for facilitators a thematic analysis of qualitative interviews with psilocybin experts", "authors": "", "abstract": "Emerging legal frameworks in Oregon and Colorado license facilitators to support adults receiving psychedelic services. The current legal frameworks are silent regarding facilitators’ personal experience with psychedelics. An e Delphi process recruited 36 experts with at least 5 years’ experience facilitating psilocybin experiences in ceremonial settings, indigenous practices, or clinical trials. Respondents completed in-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews via secure web links. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using Thematic Analysis. Experts with a mean of 15.2 (SD13.1) years’ experience providing psilocybin services expressed the importance of first-hand experience with psychedelics as a qualification for the emerging workforce. One participant questioned the necessity of personal psychedelic experience. Experts suggested that personal experience may indirectly support high-quality care because it enhances facilitators’ personal wellbeing, and may help facilitators understand the complexity and nature of their clients’ psychedelic experiences. Novel state legal psychedelic paradigms create a real-world opportunity to assess associations between facilitators’ personal psychedelic experience and the safety and outcomes of psychedelic services.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/dwhcu_v1", "keywords": "experts, personal experience, psychedelics, qualitative, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"dwhcu_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 371, "title": "Psilocybin for major depressive disorder: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for major depressive disorder an updated systematic review and meta analysis of randomized clinical trials", "authors": "Aghajanian S, Shafiee A, Parvizi Omran S, Rezaei Nejad A, Jafarabady K, Kohandel Gargari O, Rajai S, Mohammadi I, Bahrami Babaheidari T, Bakhtiyari M.", "abstract": "BackgroundDue to the unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of current antidepressants, research has been launched into alternative treatment approaches, such as the administration of psychedelics. Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, has been shown to exert considerable positive influence on depression symptoms through its serotonergic and glutamatergic effects. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of psilocybin in treating depression.MethodsA comprehensive search of Medline (via PubMed) and the Cochrane Library databases was conducted to identify relevant studies. Inclusion criteria were applied to select studies that investigated the therapeutic impact of psilocybin on depression. A mixed-effects multi-level model was used to estimate the overall effect size. Effectiveness over time was also investigated as a secondary analysis.ResultsThe results of the primary analysis revealed a large and clinically observable reduction (SMC: -1.24, 95%CI: -1.83 to -0.65, I2level2 = 11.39%, I2level3 = 77.67%) of depressive symptomatology in patients receiving psilocybin in addition to supportive therapy compared to baseline measurements. The decrease was also marked when compared to placebo (p-value = 0.032). The results remained significant even when a secondary analysis assessed the effect in various time intervals since the administration of psilocybin.ConclusionThis systematic review and meta-analysis substantiate the claim that psilocybin is superior in treating depression compared to established psychotherapy alone used for treating depression. This finding warrants further studies with larger sample sizes and across a longer timeframe.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241287542", "pubmed_id": "39480198", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241287542", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39480198\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3584, "title": "A Registered Clinical Trial of PEX010-Assisted Therapy for Stimulant Use Disorder: A Safety, Feasibility and Efficacy Study", "normalized_title": "a registered clinical trial of pex010 assisted therapy for stimulant use disorder a safety feasibility and efficacy study", "authors": "Filament Health Corp.", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if PEX010 is effective for the treatment of Stimulant Use Disorder in adults. The study will also assess the safety and feasibility of administering PEX010 to this population. The main questions it aims to answer are: Does PEX010 reduce stimulant use? What medical problems do participants experience when taking PEX010? Researchers will compare an active PEX010 dose containing 25 mg psilocybin to an active placebo arm, to see if PEX010 works to reduce stimulant use. Participants will: Take PEX010 or the active placebo once during the study, engage in cognitive behavioural therapy, and visit the clinic twice weekly for study intervention and follow-up assessments. In this randomized, controlled trial study participants will receive one capsule of PEX010 containing 25 mg or 1 mg of psilocybin, in conjunction with therapy. Following screening and baseline visits, participants will receive 2 preparation sessions, 1 PEX010 dosing session, 1 integration session, and 7 follow-up visits.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-10-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06666010", "keywords": "Stimulant Use Disorder, PEX010-Assisted Therapy, PEX010(01), NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06666010\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 986, "title": "A narrative exploration of psilocybin's potential in mental health.", "normalized_title": "a narrative exploration of psilocybin s potential in mental health", "authors": "Min H, Park SY, Park J, Na S, Lee HS, Kim T, Ham J, Park YT.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychoactive substance, has recently garnered attention for its high therapeutic potential in psychiatry. In this study, we investigated the multifaceted aspects of psilocybin, highlighting its chemical properties, mechanisms of action, and burgeoning role in psychiatric treatment. Furthermore, we examined the clinical applications and potential therapeutic benefits of psilocybin in the treatment of various mental health disorders, supported by accumulating clinical evidence. This review aims to deepen our understanding of the clinical impact of psilocybin, elucidate its therapeutic value, and propose directions for future research, thereby paving the way for its integration into mainstream psychiatric treatments. Psilocybin has been shown to be safe in clinical trials with manageable side effects. However, additional safety measures are required after this discussion, including dosing protocols, patient monitoring, and distress management strategies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1429373", "pubmed_id": "39540010", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1429373", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39540010\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 987, "title": "Psilocin, the Psychoactive Metabolite of Psilocybin, Modulates Select Neuroimmune Functions of Microglial Cells in a 5-HT2 Receptor-Dependent Manner.", "normalized_title": "psilocin the psychoactive metabolite of psilocybin modulates select neuroimmune functions of microglial cells in a 5 ht2 receptor dependent manner", "authors": "Wiens KR, Brooks NAH, Riar I, Greuel BK, Lindhout IA, Klegeris A.", "abstract": "Neuroinflammation that is caused by microglia, the main immune cells of the brain, contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. Psychedelics, including psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), possess certain anti-inflammatory properties and, therefore, should be considered as drug candidates for treating neuroinflammatory pathologies. When ingested, psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated to yield psilocin, which crosses the blood-brain barrier and exerts psychotropic activity by interacting with the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors (5-HT2ARs) on neurons. Since microglia express all three 5-HT2R isoforms, we hypothesized that, by interacting with these receptors, psilocin beneficially modulates select neuroimmune functions of microglia. We used microglia-like cell lines to demonstrate that psilocin, at non-toxic concentrations, did not affect the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by immune-stimulated microglial cells, but significantly inhibited their phagocytic activity, the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) production. The inhibitory activity of psilocin on the latter two functions was similar to that of two selective 5-HT2R agonists, namely, 25I-NBOH and Ro60-0175. The role of this subfamily of receptors was further demonstrated by the application of 5-HT2R antagonists cyproheptadine and risperidone. Psilocin should be considered a novel drug candidate that might be effective in treating neuroimmune disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases, where reactive microglia are significant contributors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3390/molecules29215084", "pubmed_id": "39519725", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29215084", "keywords": "Microglia, Cell Line, Animals, Humans, Mice, Nitric Oxide, Reactive Oxygen Species, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2, Hallucinogens, Phagocytosis, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39519725\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Oxidative Stress,Animal Study,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3644, "title": "Psilocybin vs Escitalopram for Major Depressive Disorder: Comparative Mechanisms", "normalized_title": "psilocybin vs escitalopram for major depressive disorder comparative mechanisms", "authors": "Imperial College London", "abstract": "This is a randomised double-blind clinical trial. The aim is to compare the efficacy and mechanisms of action of psilocybin, the primary psychoactive substance in 'magic mushrooms', with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram for major depressive disorder (MDD).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-10-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03429075", "keywords": "Depressive Disorder, Major, Psilocybin + Placebo, Psilocybin + Escitalopram, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03429075\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3100, "title": "Psilocybin Reduces Grooming in the SAPAP3 Knockout Mouse Model of Compulsive Behaviour", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces grooming in the sapap3 knockout mouse model of compulsive behaviour", "authors": "Gattuso JJ, Wilson C, Hannan AJ, Renoir T.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic compound which shows promise for treating compulsive behaviours. This is particularly pertinent as compulsive disorders require research into new pharmacological treatment options as the current frontline treatments such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, require chronic administration, have significant side effects, and leave almost half of the clinical population refractory to treatment. In this study, we investigated psilocybin administration in male and female SAPAP3 knockout (KO) mice, a well-validated mouse model of obsessive compulsive and related disorders. We assessed the effects of acute psilocybin (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) administration on head twitch and locomotor behaviour as well as anxiety- and compulsive-like behaviours at multiple time-points (1-, 3- and 8-days post-injection). While psilocybin did not have any effect on anxiety-like behaviours, we revealed for the first time that acute psilocybin administration led to enduring reductions in compulsive behaviour in male SAPAP3 KO mice and reduced grooming behaviour in female WT and SAPAP3 KO mice. We also found that psilocybin increased locomotion in wild-type littermates but not in SAPAP3 KO mice, suggesting in vivo serotonergic dysfunctions in KO animals. On the other hand, the typical head-twitch response following acute psilocybin (confirming its hallucinogenic-like effect at this dose) was observed in both genotypes. Our novel findings suggest that acute psilocybin may have potential to reduce compulsive-like behaviours (up to 1 week after a single injection). Our study can inform future research directions as well as supporting the utility of psilocybin as a novel treatment option for compulsive disorders.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.10.23.619763", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.23.619763", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR930010\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 989, "title": "Expert recommendations for Germany's integration of psychedelic-assisted therapy.", "normalized_title": "expert recommendations for germany s integration of psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Perez Rosal SR, La Torre JT, Birnkammer S, Chernoloz O, Williams MT, Faber SC.", "abstract": "As clinical trials for psychedelics move into phase III in the USA, Europe must address its lag in integrating professional education around psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) and supporting psychedelic drug research. This paper evaluates the necessary frameworks for implementing PAT in Germany, emphasizing the nation's potential leadership role within the European Union. With Australia having already approved MDMA and psilocybin for mental health indications, the Ukrainian government exploring MDMA treatment for war-related PTSD, and initial clinical trials involving MDMA and LSD with patients in Switzerland which restarted the restricted medical use of these substances around 2014, the medical authorization of psychedelics in these countries establishes precedent showcasing both the promise and challenges of researching and implementing PAT in nations where the substances were formally scheduled as illicit substances. Key challenges include establishing rigorous standards for practitioner training, accessibility, and defining regulatory oversight. This paper focuses on the development of robust infrastructure in Germany, which will support the roll out of PAT, and details ethical considerations, training protocols, and governmental roles in the formulation of treatment frameworks. This approach aims not only to guide Germany in adopting PAT but also to influence broader European policy, ensuring that patients receive ethically sound and proficient care. The findings suggest pathways for Europe to reclaim its historical lead in psychiatric and therapeutic innovation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s12909-024-06141-3", "pubmed_id": "39443907", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-06141-3", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Germany", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39443907\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 988, "title": "Critical appraisal of evidence supporting prescription of psychedelics from clinic websites in Ontario, Canada.", "normalized_title": "critical appraisal of evidence supporting prescription of psychedelics from clinic websites in ontario canada", "authors": "Kim K, Yusuf A, Sud A, Persaud N, Kirubarajan A, Moller M, Lloyd T, O'Neill B.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, including ketamine, 3,4-Methyl enedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), and psilocybin, have gained attention for their potential therapeutic role in mental health treatment. While recreational use is prohibited in Canada, medicinal exemptions can be granted. There are several psychedelic clinics in Ontario, Canada, promoting the use of psychedelics for a variety of medical indications. Our objective was to identify the indications for which psychedelics are being prescribed in Ontario clinics and assess the quality of evidence used to support these claims. Internet searches were conducted using Google and Bing to identify psychedelic clinics in Ontario. Inclusion criteria was as follow: clinics were physically located in Ontario, had a functioning website link, and demonstrated involvement of a licensed physician or nurse practitioner. Identified clinics were evaluated for their claims of effectiveness, the quality of evidence used to support these claims, and statements on psychedelic-related harms. The cited studies were appraised for quality using Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence, \"level 5\" being the lowest quality and \"level 1\" being the highest quality. Out of 200 search results, 10 psychedelic clinic websites met our inclusion criteria. These clinics advertised psychedelics for 47 medical conditions, most commonly for depression. Only 2 out of 10 clinics described potential risks associated with psychedelic use. There were 29 studies cited by these websites, majority coming from \"level 4\" evidence consisting of case-series and case-control studies. Overall, the cited evidence quality was low to moderate. Psychedelic clinics in Ontario promote a wide range of medical indications for psychedelics using primarily low to moderate \"level 4\" evidence. There is limited information shared on the potential adverse effects of psychedelics. Our study emphasizes the importance of using transparent and high-quality evidence by clinics and clinicians to ensure safe and effective use of psychedelics in mental health treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0309911", "pubmed_id": "39446753", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309911", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Evidence-Based Medicine, Internet, Ontario", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39446753\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 839, "title": "Substrate recognition by the 4-hydroxytryptamine kinase PsiK in psilocybin biosynthesis.", "normalized_title": "substrate recognition by the 4 hydroxytryptamine kinase psik in psilocybin biosynthesis", "authors": "Rogge K, Wagner TJ, Hoffmeister D, Rupp B, Werten S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the natural hallucinogen from Psilocybe (magic) mushrooms, is a highly promising drug candidate for the treatment of depression and several other mental health conditions. Biosynthesis of psilocybin from the amino acid l-tryptophan involves four strictly sequential modifications. The third of these, ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the intermediate 4-hydroxytryptamine, is catalysed by PsiK. Here we present a crystallographic analysis and a structure-based mutagenesis study of this kinase, providing insight into its mode of substrate recognition. The results of our work will support future bioengineering efforts aimed at generating variants of psilocybin with enhanced therapeutic properties.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/1873-3468.15042", "pubmed_id": "39449146", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.15042", "keywords": "Protein Kinases, Hallucinogens, Crystallography, X-Ray, Substrate Specificity, Phosphorylation, Models, Molecular, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39449146\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3333, "title": "The Afterglow Inventory (AGI) - validation of a new instrument for measuring subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics", "normalized_title": "the afterglow inventory agi validation of a new instrument for measuring subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Majic T, Schmidt TT, Gröticke A, Gasser P, Richards WA, Riemer TG, Evens R.", "abstract": "Background: Classic psychedelics such as psilocybin and LSD are anecdotally associated with the phenomenon of \"psychedelic afterglow,\" a set of predominantly pleasant, temporary psychological effects reported after the acute effects have subsided. Since post-acute effects are crucial for the therapeutic use of psychedelics, an instrument to systematically assess subacute \"afterglow\" effects is needed. Aims: To create and validate a questionnaire to quantify subacute \"afterglow\" effects of psychedelics. Methods: An international online survey was conducted in English and German. Participants who had consumed a psychedelic (N = 1,323) or another non-psychedelic substance (control group, N = 157) within the past four weeks were included. An initial list of 97 items was progressively reduced to 24 items. Results: A5-factor structure best fit the data and showed high internal consistency. The factors included 1) Vitality, 2) Transpersonal Aspects, 3) Inspiration/Creativity, 4) Interpersonal Relationships, and 5) Relationship to Nature. The final 24-item version of the Afterglow Inventory (AGI) effectively differentiated between the psychedelic group and the control group. The overall AGI score positively correlated with the intensity (r = 0.165; p < 0.001) and positive valence (r = 0.251; p < 0.001) of the acute psychedelic effects. Conclusions: The AGI is a novel scale for quantifying positive subacute (\"afterglow\") effects of psychedelics. The use of the AGI could lead to a better understanding of the interplay between acute, subacute, and long-term effects of psychedelics. Insights could also be gained into how different substances, dosages, and extra-pharmacological factors, such as psychotherapy, might influence outcomes.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/s6bzc", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/s6bzc", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR929381\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Creativity,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3123, "title": "The forgotten psychedelic: Spatiotemporal mapping of brain organisation following the administration of 2C-B and psilocybin", "normalized_title": "the forgotten psychedelic spatiotemporal mapping of brain organisation following the administration of 2c b and psilocybin", "authors": "Mallaroni P, Singleton P, Mason NL, Satterthwaite TD, Ramaekers JG.", "abstract": "As psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy gains momentum, clinical investigation of next-generation psychedelics may lead to novel compounds tailored for specific populations. 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) is a psychedelic phenethylamine reported to produce less dysphoria and subjective impairment than the psychedelic tryptamine psilocybin. Despite its popularity among recreational users and distinct pharmacodynamics, the neural correlates of 2C-B remain unexplored. Using 7T resting−state functional MRI in 22 healthy volunteers, we mapped out the acute effects of matched doses of 20 mg 2C-B, 15 mg psilocybin and placebo across spatiotemporal benchmarks of functional brain organisation. In a within-subjects, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, we evaluated the neuropharmacological and neurobehavioural correlates of an array of connectivity measures - including static (sFC) and global connectivity (gFC), dynamic connectivity variability (dFC), and spontaneous brain complexity. Compared to placebo, 2C-B and psilocybin selectively reduced intra-network sFC, while broadly increasing between-network and subcortical-cortical connectivity. Compared to psilocybin, 2C-B exhibited less pronounced reductions in between-network FC but elicited elevations in transmodal sFC. Both compounds yielded spatially divergent increases in gFC yet produced similar increases in brain complexity. Using PET density modelling, the spatial distribution of neural effects aligned with documented differences in monoaminergic transporter and serotonergic receptor binding affinity beyond 5-HT2A, highlighting the role of pharmacology in shaping functional dynamics. Lastly, we show behavioural markers of psychedelic effects are non-linearly reflected by the desynchronisation of the transmodal axis of functional brain organisation. Together, our findings highlight 2C-B as a useful new addition to the study of psychedelic neuroscience and may motivate new pharmacotherapy strategies.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.10.22.619393", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.22.619393", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR929517\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 840, "title": "Examining differences in the effects and contexts of naturalistic psilocybin use for White participants vs. Participants of Color: A longitudinal online survey study.", "normalized_title": "examining differences in the effects and contexts of naturalistic psilocybin use for white participants vs participants of color a longitudinal online survey study", "authors": "Jones G, Lowe MX, Nayak S, Sepeda N, Kettner H, Carhart-Harris R, Jackson H, Garcia-Romeu A.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin (a psychoactive compound found in \"magic mushrooms\" or \"shrooms\") has been gaining increased attention in research and popular culture as a number of clinical and observational studies have demonstrated that it may have potential for improving mental wellbeing. Relatedly, there has been a substantial uptick in naturalistic (e.g., real-world, non-clinical) psilocybin use in the United States. While a number of longitudinal studies have demonstrated that naturalistic psilocybin use is linked to positive mental health outcomes on average, few studies have examined how the effects of psilocybin and contexts for psilocybin use may differ for White populations compared to Populations of Color.ObjectiveTo examine differences in health outcomes, subjective effects, and contexts of naturalistic psilocybin use in White participants compared to Participants of Color.MethodsThis study used data from a large, online longitudinal study of individuals who planned to engage in naturalistic psilocybin use (N = 2833). We used mixed-effects models to assess whether race/ethnicity (White vs. Participant of Color) moderated associations between time (Time 2 [initial assessment point for longitudinal measures], Time 5 [2-4 weeks post-psilocybin experience, and Time 6 [2-3 months post-experience]) and outcomes related to mental health (depression, anxiety, spiritual wellbeing, cognitive flexibility, emotion regulation [expressive suppression + cognitive reappraisal]). We also used exploratory chi-squared tests to examine differences in contexts for psilocybin use as well as differences in subjective effects related to the psilocybin experience.ResultsRace/ethnicity moderated the associations between time for predicting spiritual wellbeing (beta = -1.8; 95 % CI [-3.4, -0.17]; p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.058", "pubmed_id": "39447981", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.058", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Longitudinal Studies, Mental Health, Adult, Middle Aged, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Ethnicity, Racial Groups, White", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39447981\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 711, "title": "The Afterglow Inventory (AGI) - validation of a new instrument for measuring subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics", "normalized_title": "the afterglow inventory agi validation of a new instrument for measuring subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Classic psychedelics such as psilocybin and LSD are anecdotally associated with the phenomenon of \"psychedelic afterglow,\" a set of predominantly pleasant, temporary psychological effects reported after the acute effects have subsided. Since post-acute effects are crucial for the therapeutic use of psychedelics, an instrument to systematically assess subacute \"afterglow\" effects is needed. Aims: To create and validate a questionnaire to quantify subacute \"afterglow\" effects of psychedelics. Methods: An international online survey was conducted in English and German. Participants who had consumed a psychedelic (N = 1,323) or another non-psychedelic substance (control group, N = 157) within the past four weeks were included. An initial list of 97 items was progressively reduced to 24 items. Results: A5-factor structure best fit the data and showed high internal consistency. The factors included 1) Vitality, 2) Transpersonal Aspects, 3) Inspiration/Creativity, 4) Interpersonal Relationships, and 5) Relationship to Nature. The final 24-item version of the Afterglow Inventory (AGI) effectively differentiated between the psychedelic group and the control group. The overall AGI score positively correlated with the intensity (r = 0.165; p < 0.001) and positive valence (r = 0.251; p < 0.001) of the acute psychedelic effects. Conclusions: The AGI is a novel scale for quantifying positive subacute (\"afterglow\") effects of psychedelics. The use of the AGI could lead to a better understanding of the interplay between acute, subacute, and long-term effects of psychedelics. Insights could also be gained into how different substances, dosages, and extra-pharmacological factors, such as psychotherapy, might influence outcomes.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/s6bzc_v1", "keywords": "Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Life Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Quantitative Methods, Psychometrics, Cognitive Psychology, Health Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"s6bzc_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Creativity,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3098, "title": "The serotonin 1B receptor is required for some of the behavioral effects of psilocybin in mice", "normalized_title": "the serotonin 1b receptor is required for some of the behavioral effects of psilocybin in mice", "authors": "Fleury S, Nautiyal KM.", "abstract": "Recent studies highlight the promising use of psychedelic therapies for psychiatric disorders, including depression. The persisting clinical effects of psychedelics such as psilocybin are commonly attributed to activation of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) based on its role in the acute hallucinatory effects. However, the active metabolite of psilocybin binds to many serotonin receptor subtypes, including the serotonin 1B receptor (5-HT1BR). Given the known role of 5-HT1BR in mediating depressive phenotypes and promoting neural plasticity, we hypothesized that it mediates the effects of psilocybin on neural activity and behavior. We first examined the acute neural response to psilocybin in mice lacking 5-HT1BR. We found that 5-HT1BR expression influenced brain-wide activity following psilocybin administration, measured by differences in the patterns of the immediate early gene c-Fos, across regions involved in emotional processing and cognitive function, including the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Functionally, we demonstrated that 5-HT1BR mediates some of the acute and persisting behavioral effects of psilocybin. Although there was no effect of 5-HT1BR expression on the acute head twitch response, mice lacking 5-HT1BRs had attenuated hypolocomotion to psilocybin. We also measured the persisting effects of psilocybin on anhedonia and anxiety-like behavior using transgenic and pharmacological 5-HT1BR loss-of-function models and found that 5-HT1B is involved in mediating the decreased anhedonia and reduced anxiety-like behavior. Finally, using a network analysis, we identified neural circuits through which 5-H1BR may modulate the response to psilocybin. Overall, our research implicates the 5-HT1BR, a non-hallucinogenic serotonin receptor, as a mediator of the behavioral and neural effects of psilocybin in mice.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.10.18.618582", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.18.618582", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR928116\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2997, "title": "Psilocybin reduces heroin seeking behavior and modulates inflammatory gene expression in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex of male rats.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces heroin seeking behavior and modulates inflammatory gene expression in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex of male rats", "authors": "Floris G, Dabrowski KR, Zanda MT, Daws SE.", "abstract": "Preclinical and human studies indicate psilocybin may reduce perseverant maladaptive behaviors, including nicotine and alcohol seeking. Such studies in the opioid field are lacking, though opioids are involved in >50% of overdose deaths. Psilocybin is an agonist at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR), a well-documented target for modulation of drug seeking, and evidence suggests 5-HT2AR agonists may dampen motivation for opioids. We sought to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin in mediating cessation of opioid use and maintenance of long-lasting abstinence from opioid seeking behavior in a rat model of heroin self-administration (SA). Psilocybin or 5-HT2AR antagonists ketanserin and volinanserin were administered systemically to rats prior to SA of 0.075 mg/kg/infusion of heroin, or relapse following forced abstinence. Psilocybin did not alter heroin taking, but a single exposure to 3.0 mg/kg psilocybin 4-24 h prior to a relapse test blunted cue-induced heroin seeking. Conversely, 5-HT2AR antagonists exacerbated heroin relapse. To begin to elucidate mechanisms of psilocybin, drug-naïve rats received psilocybin and/or ketanserin, and tissue was collected from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region critical for drug seeking and responsive to psilocybin, 24 h later for RNA-sequencing. 3.0 mg/kg psilocybin regulated ~2-fold more genes in the PFC than 1.0 mg/kg, including genes involved in the cytoskeleton and cytokine signaling. Ketanserin blocked >90% of psilocybin-regulated genes, including the IL-17a cytokine receptor, Il17ra. Psychedelic compounds have reported anti-inflammatory properties, and therefore we performed a gene expression array to measure chemokine/cytokine molecules in the PFC of animals that displayed psilocybin-mediated inhibition of heroin seeking. Psilocybin regulated 4 genes, including Il17a, and a subset of genes correlated with relapse behavior. Selective inhibition of PFC IL-17a was sufficient to reduce heroin relapse. We conclude that psilocybin reduces heroin relapse and highlight IL-17a signaling as a potential downstream pathway of psilocybin that also reduces heroin seeking.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-024-02788-y", "pubmed_id": "39433903", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02788-y", "keywords": "Nucleus Accumbens, Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Heroin Dependence, Fluorobenzenes, Heroin, Piperidines, Ketanserin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Self Administration, Gene Expression, Male, Drug-Seeking Behavior, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39433903\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 937, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted neurofeedback for the improvement of executive functions: a randomized semi-naturalistic-lab feasibility study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted neurofeedback for the improvement of executive functions a randomized semi naturalistic lab feasibility study", "authors": "Enriquez-Geppert S, Krc J, O'Higgins FJ, Lietz M.", "abstract": "Executive function deficits, common in psychiatric disorders, hinder daily activities and may be linked to diminished neural plasticity, affecting treatment and training responsiveness. In this pioneering study, we evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted frontal-midline theta neurofeedback (NF), a neuromodulation technique leveraging neuroplasticity, to improve executive functions (EFs). Thirty-seven eligible participants were randomized into an experimental group (n = 18) and a passive control group (n = 19). The experimental group underwent three microdose sessions and then three psilocybin-assisted NF sessions, without requiring psychological support, demonstrating the approach's feasibility. NF learning showed a statistical trend for increases in frontal-midline theta from session to session with a large effect size and non-significant but medium effect size dynamical changes within sessions. Placebo effects were consistent across groups, with no tasks-based EF improvements, but significant self-reported gains in daily EFs-working memory, shifting, monitoring and inhibition-showing medium and high effect sizes. The experimental group's significant gains in their key training goals underscored the approach's external relevance. A thorough study with regular sessions and an active control group is crucial to evaluate EFs improvement and their specificity in future. Psilocybin-enhanced NF could offer significant, lasting benefits across diagnoses, improving daily functioning. This article is part of the theme issue 'Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1098/rstb.2023.0095", "pubmed_id": "39428872", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2023.0095", "keywords": "Humans, Feasibility Studies, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Executive Function, Neurofeedback, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39428872\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Microdosing", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 865, "title": "Psychedelic-related deaths in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (1997-2022).", "normalized_title": "psychedelic related deaths in england wales and northern ireland 1997 2022", "authors": "Kopra EI, Penttinen J, Rucker JJ, Copeland CS.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic drugs are increasingly visible in society once more, but their risks and adverse effects have received less attention than perhaps they should. While fatalities associated with psychedelics appear rare, a systematic approach to characterising their aetiology is required to inform harm minimisation efforts.AimsThis study aimed to analyse prevalence and characteristics of psychedelic-related deaths in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, between 1997 and 2022.MethodsWe analysed coroner reports submitted to the National Programme on Substance Use Mortality where psychedelic serotonergic agonist drugs were involved in the death, and conducted a thematic framework analysis to explore potential factors associated with their occurrence.ResultsWe identified 28 cases where psychedelics were implicated (75 %, N = 21) or potentially implicated (25 %, N = 7) in the death; 19 of these involving psychedelic tryptamines (LSD39 %, N = 11; Psilocybin 21 %, N = 6; DMT7 %, N = 2), and 9 psychedelic phenethylamines (incl. NBOMes 18 %, N = 5). Most deaths were deemed accidental by the coroner (86 %, N = 24), including both traumatic injuries and drug toxicities; most cases involved multiple implicated drugs (68 %, N = 19); and most of the deceased were under 30 years of age (82 %, N = 23). Thematic framework analysis identified nine themes in the deaths across three categories. 'Polysubstance use' was the most common theme (82 % of cases, N = 23/28), followed by a suboptimal 'physical environment' (70 % of cases where this information was available, N = 14/20).ConclusionsThe profound and often unpredictable effects of psychedelics pose a unique profile of risks and adverse reactions. Nevertheless, psychedelic-related deaths remain very rare in comparison to other recreational drugs, and frequently involve polydrug use. Implications for harm reduction and policy are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111177", "pubmed_id": "39437962", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111177", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Tryptamines, Hallucinogens, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, England, Northern Ireland, Wales, Female, Male, Young Adult", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39437962\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3784, "title": "Aesthetic quality of psychedelic experience is linked to greater insight and improved psychological outcomes.", "normalized_title": "aesthetic quality of psychedelic experience is linked to greater insight and improved psychological outcomes", "authors": "Hooper J, Gyongyosi E, Hutchison K, Mueller R.", "abstract": "Objective: The aesthetic qualities of psychedelic experiences have long been documented, but their specific contribution to therapeutic outcomes remains unexplored. This study investigates the role of psychedelic-induced aesthetic experiences in predicting positive psychological outcomes. Methods: Using a cross-sectional naturalistic survey, participants who had recently used classic psychedelics such as psilocybin, LSD, or DMT completed measures assessing their acute experiences, including the novel Psychedelic Aesthetic Experience Questionnaire (PAEQ), the Mystical Experience Questionnaire, the Emotional Breakthrough Inventory (EBI), and the Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ). Post-experience psychological outcomes were evaluated using the Psychological Insight Scale (PIS) and general outcome measures, such as depression, anxiety, and quality of life. Results: We found significant positive correlations and predictive relationships between aesthetic experiences and emotional breakthroughs, psychological insight, mystical experiences, and general outcomes, while negative correlations and predictions were observed between aesthetic quality and challenging experiences such as fear and paranoia. Conclusions: These findings suggest that aesthetic enhancements during psychedelic sessions are associated with positive emotional engagement and cognitive shifts, which contribute to lasting psychological benefits. The inverse relationship between aesthetic quality and challenging experiences highlights the potential of optimizing the aesthetic environment during psychedelic therapy to improve therapeutic outcomes.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/u9yeg_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/u9yeg_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1025057\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3453, "title": "Neurobiological Effects of Psilocybin in Treatment Resistant Bipolar Depression: An Emotional-Processing fMRI Pilot Study", "normalized_title": "neurobiological effects of psilocybin in treatment resistant bipolar depression an emotional processing fmri pilot study", "authors": "University Health Network, Toronto", "abstract": "This study is an open-label, single-arm, proof-of-concept study, wherein treatment resistant bipolar depression (TRBD) participants will receive one 25 mg dose of oral psilocybin accompanied by preparatory, monitoring, and integration psychotherapy sessions (psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, or PAP). Using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), the findings of this study will provide data on the neurobiological mechanism of psilocybin in TRBD. The primary objective is to understand the dynamic role of amygdala activity by evaluating the neurobiological effects of a single psychedelic dose (25 mg) of oral psilocybin in individuals with a moderate to severe major depressive episode and a primary diagnosis of Bipolar II Disorder, with 2 or more failed treatment trials (i.e., treatment resistant bipolar depression \\[TRBD\\]). Neurobiological effects will be determined by evaluating the association between post-treatment right amygdala activity during the facial affect task (determined by fMRI one day after the psilocybin dose) and antidepressant effects (determined by changes in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale \\[MADRS\\] scores over time, during the one-week period post-psilocybin dose). This is a single-arm, open-label clinical trial wherein all participants will receive the same study intervention. Hypothesis: Increased right amygdala activity on fMRI with emotional stimuli one day after psilocybin treatment will be associated with greater antidepressant effects in the one-week period post-treatment in individuals with TRBD. Individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) spend a third of their lives in the midst of a depressive episode. BD is a severe and persistent mental illness with a lifetime prevalence of 2-3%. Bipolar depression remains a significant treatment challenge, with a paucity of evidence-based treatments. Only four pharmacological treatments for acute bipolar depression (cariprazine, olanzapine-fluoxetine combination, quetiapine, and lurasidone) are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Other medications often used for the treatment of BD are those primarily used to treat mania or psychosis (i.e., lithium; antipsychotics) or major depressive disorder (MDD) (i.e., antidepressants). Lamotrigine, which is recommended by international guidelines as a maintenance treatment for BD to prevent depressive recurrence, has limited efficacy for acute BD. Current medication options are also limited by adverse effects, including renal and thyroid impairment with long-term lithium therapy and weight gain and metabolic abnormalities with atypical antipsychotics. Furthermore, treatment outcomes remain poor, particularly for depressive episodes, with over one-third of patients failing to respond to two or more first-line treatments. Hence, there is a clear need for novel and efficacious treatments for BD. However, there is a limited understanding of the neurobiology of BD, which poses as a major barrier to identifying truly innovative treatments. Psilocybin is a chemical compound that naturally occurs in certain species of mushrooms, (for example, in the psilocybe genus, among others). It belongs to a class of drugs referred to as \"psychedelics\". Psilocybin is a tryptamine which is chemically similar to the neurotransmitter, serotonin, and the essential amino acid, tryptophan. It is considered a 5-hydroxytrptamineric (serotonergic) psychedelic along with other similar drugs such as dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid dieythamide (LSD). Psilocybin is a product for the pharmacologically active ingredient psilocin, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts as a potential partial agonist at serotonin 5HT2A and 5HT2c receptors in the brain. Typical effects of psilocybin include significantly altered states of consciousness, experienced through visual and auditory effects, changes in perception, distortions of time; and a range of effects including a sense of awe, novel perspectives, existential and personal insight, dramatically heightened empathy and feelings of compassion, strong emotions, and unitive experience. With proper screening and preparation, psilocybin has a safe physiological and psychological profile. Psilocybin is currently the preferred compound for use in clinical research involving 5-hydroxytrptaminergic psychedelics because it has a shorter duration of action and suffers from less notoriety and stigma than other similar drugs. Two recently completed clinical trials have assessed the effects of psilocybin on TRD in participants with BDII. The first study was a non-randomized controlled trial that demonstrated a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin with accompanying PAP led to a decrease in MADRS scores in all study participants (n=15) at the 3-week primary endpoint. The second study was a randomized controlled trial that included participants with both unipolar (n=27) and bipolar treatment-resistant depression (n=4), wherein all participants received at least one 25 mg dose of psilocybin with accompanying PAP (with the exception of one participant who dropped out of the study before receiving the study intervention). Participants had the opportunity to receive up to two additional 25 mg doses of psilocybin with accompanying PAP, if they were eligible to receive a repeat dose as per the study protocol. Both trials demonstrated that 25 mg of psilocybin resulted in a decrease of depressive symptoms in participants with treatment-resistant bipolar depression, without increased incidence of manic or hypomanic symptoms. Beyond the clinical benefits observed, psilocybin has provided several new insights into the neurobiology of depression, with dozens of additional, ongoing mechanistic studies underway. Neuroimaging studies evaluating the effects of psilocybin in treatment-resistant (unipolar) depression (TRD) have provided surprising neurobiological insights that have called into question several assumptions of mood disorders. In an open-label TRD trial evaluating the antidepressant and neurobiological effects of psilocybin, increased activity of the right amygdala was observed in response to fearful and happy faces post-treatment. Psilocybin's antidepressant effects were associated with increased right amygdala responses to negative emotional stimuli, an opposite effect to previous findings with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Wherein SSRIs mitigate negative emotions, psilocybin might allow patients to feel, confront and work through them. These findings also suggest that neurobiological targets and mechanisms required to alleviate TRD, may be different from non-resistant depression, where SSRIs are often effective by reducing amygdala response to negative stimuli. Notably, the impact of psilocybin on amygdala function varies inter-individually depending on baseline mood state. More specifically, in healthy volunteers, psilocybin has been shown to decrease amygdala response to emotional stimuli, whereas in TRD, psilocybin was associated with increased amygdala response. Evaluating the effects of psilocybin in TRBD may improve the investigator's understanding of the neurobiology of bipolar depression by dynamically evaluating altered amygdala function and associated changes in depressive symptoms over time.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-10-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06506019", "keywords": "Bipolar Depression, Psilocybin, Functional MRI, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06506019\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3320, "title": "Aesthetic quality of psychedelic experience is linked to greater insight and improved psychological outcomes.", "normalized_title": "aesthetic quality of psychedelic experience is linked to greater insight and improved psychological outcomes", "authors": "Hooper J, Gyongyosi E, Hutchison K, Mueller R.", "abstract": "Objective: The aesthetic qualities of psychedelic experiences have long been documented, but their specific contribution to therapeutic outcomes remains unexplored. This study investigates the role of psychedelic-induced aesthetic experiences in predicting positive psychological outcomes. Methods: Using a cross-sectional naturalistic survey, participants who had recently used classic psychedelics such as psilocybin, LSD, or DMT completed measures assessing their acute experiences, including the novel Psychedelic Aesthetic Experience Questionnaire (PAEQ), the Mystical Experience Questionnaire, the Emotional Breakthrough Inventory (EBI), and the Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ). Post-experience psychological outcomes were evaluated using the Psychological Insight Scale (PIS) and general outcome measures, such as depression, anxiety, and quality of life. Results: We found significant positive correlations and predictive relationships between aesthetic experiences and emotional breakthroughs, psychological insight, mystical experiences, and general outcomes, while negative correlations and predictions were observed between aesthetic quality and challenging experiences such as fear and paranoia. Conclusions: These findings suggest that aesthetic enhancements during psychedelic sessions are associated with positive emotional engagement and cognitive shifts, which contribute to lasting psychological benefits. The inverse relationship between aesthetic quality and challenging experiences highlights the potential of optimizing the aesthetic environment during psychedelic therapy to improve therapeutic outcomes.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/u9yeg", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/u9yeg", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR927055\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3319, "title": "Aesthetic quality of psychedelic experience is linked to greater insight and improved psychological outcomes.", "normalized_title": "aesthetic quality of psychedelic experience is linked to greater insight and improved psychological outcomes", "authors": "", "abstract": "Objective: The aesthetic qualities of psychedelic experiences have long been documented, but their specific contribution to therapeutic outcomes remains unexplored. This study investigates the role of psychedelic-induced aesthetic experiences in predicting positive psychological outcomes. Methods: Using a cross-sectional naturalistic survey, participants who had recently used classic psychedelics such as psilocybin, LSD, or DMT completed measures assessing their acute experiences, including the novel Psychedelic Aesthetic Experience Questionnaire (PAEQ), the Mystical Experience Questionnaire, the Emotional Breakthrough Inventory (EBI), and the Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ). Post-experience psychological outcomes were evaluated using the Psychological Insight Scale (PIS) and general outcome measures, such as depression, anxiety, and quality of life. Results: We found significant positive correlations and predictive relationships between aesthetic experiences and emotional breakthroughs, psychological insight, mystical experiences, and general outcomes, while negative correlations and predictions were observed between aesthetic quality and challenging experiences such as fear and paranoia. Conclusions: These findings suggest that aesthetic enhancements during psychedelic sessions are associated with positive emotional engagement and cognitive shifts, which contribute to lasting psychological benefits. The inverse relationship between aesthetic quality and challenging experiences highlights the potential of optimizing the aesthetic environment during psychedelic therapy to improve therapeutic outcomes.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/u9yeg_v1", "keywords": "aesthetic experience, anxiety, depression, emotion, insight, mystical experience, neuroaesthetics, observational study, perception, psychedelics, psychological outcomes, psychometric, quality of life, self-report, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Emotion, Quantitative Methods, Psychometrics, Clinical Psychology, Assessment, Psychopharmacology, Cognitive Psychology, Imagery, Health Psychology, Mental Health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"u9yeg_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 990, "title": "Effects of classical psychedelics on implicit and explicit emotional empathy and cognitive empathy: a meta-analysis of MET task.", "normalized_title": "effects of classical psychedelics on implicit and explicit emotional empathy and cognitive empathy a meta analysis of met task", "authors": "Olami A, Peled-Avron L.", "abstract": "This meta-analysis investigates the effect of classic psychedelic drugs on empathy and focuses on cognitive and emotional empathy measured using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Empathy entails the ability to understand and share the feelings of another and is a significant component of social interaction. Several studies have examined the effects of psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin and ayahuasca on empathy, yet their overall effect has not been studied so far. In this meta-analysis, we reviewed data from studies up to November 2023 with the aim of examining the effects of various psychedelic drugs on empathic abilities broadly. Our findings suggest that classical psychedelics significantly enhance explicit and implicit emotional empathy without affecting measures of cognitive empathy. The results emphasize the need to continue testing the therapeutic potential of classic psychedelic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-74810-w", "pubmed_id": "39424835", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74810-w", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Empathy, Cognition, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39424835\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Meta-Analysis,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3297, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Compounds for Substance Use Disorders", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds for substance use disorders", "authors": "Valdez T, Patel V, Senesombath D, Hatahet-Donovan Z, Hornick MG.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have recently (re)emerged as therapeutics of high potential for multiple mental health conditions, including substance use disorders (SUDs). Despite early mid-20th century anecdotal reports and pilot studies demonstrating the possibility of these substances in efficaciously treating conditions such as alcohol and opioid use disorders, legal restrictions and social stigma have historically hindered further research into this area. Nevertheless, concurrent with the rise in SUDs and other mental health conditions, researchers have again turned their attention to these compounds, searching for differing pharmacological targets as well as more holistic treatments that might increase patient adherence and efficacy. The aim of this review is to examine the emerging evidence with regards to the therapeutic treatment of SUDs with the psychedelic compounds psilocybin, ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), ayahuasca, ibogaine and peyote.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2024-10-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202410.1406.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202410.1406.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR926532\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 946, "title": "Psilocybin and the glutamatergic pathway: implications for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and the glutamatergic pathway implications for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases", "authors": "Szpręgiel I, Bysiek A.", "abstract": "In recent decades, psilocybin has gained attention as a potential drug for several mental disorders. Clinical and preclinical studies have provided evidence that psilocybin can be used as a fast-acting antidepressant. However, the exact mechanisms of action of psilocybin have not been clearly defined. Data show that psilocybin as an agonist of 5-HT2A receptors located in cortical pyramidal cells exerted a significant effect on glutamate (GLU) extracellular levels in both the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Increased GLU release from pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex results in increased activity of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons and, consequently, increased release of the GABA neurotransmitter. It seems that this mechanism appears to promote the antidepressant effects of psilocybin. By interacting with the glutamatergic pathway, psilocybin seems to participate also in the process of neuroplasticity. Therefore, the aim of this mini-review is to discuss the available literature data indicating the impact of psilocybin on glutamatergic neurotransmission and its therapeutic effects in the treatment of depression and other diseases of the nervous system.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-024-00660-y", "pubmed_id": "39412581", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-024-00660-y", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Glutamic Acid, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Mental Disorders, Synaptic Transmission, Neuronal Plasticity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39412581\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 957, "title": "Expanding the Therapeutic Horizons of Psilocybin in Mental Health.", "normalized_title": "expanding the therapeutic horizons of psilocybin in mental health", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound, has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic agent for mental health. This Patent Highlight explores the innovative approaches to harnessing psilocybin's potential across various contexts. These include clinical trials targeting severe psychiatric conditions, the integration of low-dose psilocybin into dietary products to promote general mental well-being, and the personalization of psilocybin dosing for optimal treatment of depression and anxiety. These advancements demonstrate psilocybin's versatility and potential to reshape conventional mental health treatment paradigms, mainly through personalized medicine and accessible wellness applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-14", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00488", "pubmed_id": "39563826", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00488", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39563826\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3106, "title": "Human brain changes after first psilocybin use", "normalized_title": "human brain changes after first psilocybin use", "authors": "Lyons T, Spriggs M, Kerkelä L, Rosas F, Roseman L, Mediano P, Timmermann C, Oestreich L, Pagni B, Zeifman R, Hampshire A, Trender W, Douglass H, Girn M, Godfrey K, Kettner H, Sharif F, Espasiano L, Gazzaley A, Wall M, Erritzoe D, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Psychedelics have robust effects on acute brain function and long-term behavior but whether they also cause enduring functional and anatomical brain changes is unknown. In a placebo-controlled, within-subjects, electroencephalography, and magnetic resonance imaging study in 28 healthy, entirely psychedelic-naive participants, anatomical and functional brain changes were detected from one-hour to one-month after a single high-dose (25 mg) of psilocybin. Increases in cognitive flexibility, psychological insight, and well-being were seen at one-month. Diffusion imaging done before and one-month after 25mg psilocybin revealed decreased axial diffusivity bilaterally in prefrontal-subcortical tracts that correlated with decreased brain network modularity over the same time period. Decreased modularity also correlated with improved well-being. Increased cortical signal entropy at 1- and 2-hours post-dosing predicted improved psychological well-being at one-month. Next-day psychological insight mediated the entropy to well-being relationship. All effects were exclusive to 25mg psilocybin; no effects occurred with a 1mg psilocybin ‘placebo’ dose.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.10.11.617955", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.11.617955", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR924123\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3317, "title": "A survey investigating United States federal grant submissions proposing to investigate therapeutic applications of psychedelics", "normalized_title": "a survey investigating united states federal grant submissions proposing to investigate therapeutic applications of psychedelics", "authors": "Barnett BS.", "abstract": "This study surveyed researchers to assess the contents and funding success of federal grant applications for research into therapeutic applications of psychedelics in the United States. The author emailed an anonymous survey to the corresponding authors of the 50 most-cited articles on psychedelics published after 2000 and disseminated it via Twitter. Ten researchers responded, reporting on 24 grant submissions for psilocybin, ibogaine, LSD, MDMA, and other psychedelics, all to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), from the early 1990s onward. The number of grant applications rose noticeably starting in 2006. Of all grant applications assessed,16.7% were funded, lower than the NIH’s 23.4% average funding rate for R-01 equivalent grants between 1998-2023. More specifically, while no relevant grant applications submitted prior to 2006-2010 were funded by NIH, the funding rate of applications since then, estimated at 19.05% to 22.2%, is close to the average annual NIH funding rate of 20.6 ± 1.9% for R-01 equivalent grant applications from 2006 to early 2023. Respondents generally believed applications for this line of research had a lower chance of success compared to other lines of research, although they felt the funding landscape has improved in recent years, in line with this study’s other findings.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.10.12.24315367", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.12.24315367", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR923451\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 992, "title": "Latin American adults who regularly use macrodoses of psychedelics: a cross-sectional study.", "normalized_title": "latin american adults who regularly use macrodoses of psychedelics a cross sectional study", "authors": "Véliz-García O, Domic-Siede M.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have a complex history marked by traditional use among indigenous cultures, early scientific interest, and subsequent prohibition. Despite their classification as controlled substances, recent decades have witnessed a resurgence of research into their therapeutic potential for various mental health conditions. However, most studies have focused on controlled clinical settings, leaving a significant gap in understanding how these substances are used in naturalistic contexts, particularly in Latin America. This study investigates the regular use of macrodoses of psychedelics among Latin American adults. We aimed to characterize the sociodemographic profiles, consumption practices, and subjective effects experienced by individuals who use psychedelics regularly. Data were collected via an online survey from 4,270 participants across several Latin American countries. Results indicated a diverse user base with varied motivations, predominantly psychological and spiritual well-being. The most frequently used substance was psilocybin mushrooms, with significant associations found between demographic variables and specific psychedelics used. The study provides new insights into the naturalistic use of psychedelics in Latin America, highlighting the need for informed, safe, and legal use frameworks.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-74590-3", "pubmed_id": "39397094", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74590-3", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Latin America, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39397094\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Spirituality,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 669, "title": "Characterization and Identification of an Antimicrobial Compound Psilocybin from Psychedelic Mushroom.", "normalized_title": "characterization and identification of an antimicrobial compound psilocybin from psychedelic mushroom", "authors": "Karthiyayini B, Kalyani NN, Gowdhami B, Muthuselvam M, Dharumadurai D.", "abstract": "The antimicrobial compound psilocybin possesses psychoactive properties with therapeutic applications. Psilocybin is the main component naturally present in psychedelic mushrooms and has been utilized in the treatment of depression and neurological disorders. In this study, psychedelic mushrooms were collected from Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu. They underwent solvent extraction using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Psilocybin, the primary compound, was extracted and evaluated. The extracted psilocybin was then assessed for antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal strains using the well diffusion method. Furthermore, HPTLC and LC-MS were employed for the identification of the psilocybin compound. The Rf values of psilocybin were found to be 0.73 and 0.77. Psilocybin inhibited the growth of bacterial and fungal pathogens including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida tropicalis, and Trichophyton rubrum. The bacterial culture was inhibited at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 µg/mL, whereas fungal pathogens were inhibited at 6.25 µg/mL. Thus, the findings conclude that in addition to its psychoactive properties, psilocybin could be utilized to develop antimicrobial drugs in future studies with in vivo efficacy and toxicity assays.Graphical abstract", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s12088-024-01396-2", "pubmed_id": "40655360", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01396-2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40655360\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 993, "title": "Snapshot of 5-HT2A receptor activation in the mouse brain via IP1 detection", "normalized_title": "snapshot of 5 ht2a receptor activation in the mouse brain via ip1 detection", "authors": "de la Fuente Revenga M, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "The distinct subjective effects that define psychedelics such as LSD, psilocybin or DOI as drug class are causally linked to activation of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A R). However, some aspects of 5-HT2A R pharmacology remain elusive, such as what molecular drivers differentiate psychedelic from non-psychedelic 5-HT2A R agonists. We developed an ex vivo platform to obtain snapshots of drug-mediated 5-HT2A R engagement of the canonical G q/11 pathway in native tissue. This non-radioactive methodology captures the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic events leading up to changes in inositol monophosphate (IP1 ) in the mouse brain. The specificity of this method was assessed by comparing IP1 levels in homogenates from the frontal cortex in DOI-treated wild-type and 5-HT2A R-KO animals compared to other brain regions, namely striatum and cerebellum. Furthermore, we encountered that head-twitch response (HTR) counts and IP1 in the frontal cortex were correlated. We observed that IP1 levels in frontal cortex homogenates from mice treated with LSD and lisuride vary in magnitude, consistent with LSD’s 5-HT2A R agonism and psychedelic nature, and lisuride’s lack thereof. MDMA evoked an increase of IP1 signal in the frontal cortex that were not matched by the serotonin precursor 5-HTP or the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. We attribute differences in the readout primarily to the indirect stimulation of 5-HT2A R by MDMA via serotonin release from its presynaptic terminals. This methodology enables capturing a snapshot of IP1 turnover in the mouse brain that can provide mechanistic insights in the study of psychedelics and other serotonergic agents pharmacodynamics.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.10.11.617861", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.11.617861", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR923549\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2996, "title": "Striking long-term beneficial effects of single dose psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract in the SAPAP3 rodent model of OCD-like excessive self-grooming.", "normalized_title": "striking long term beneficial effects of single dose psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract in the sapap3 rodent model of ocd like excessive self grooming", "authors": "Brownstien M, Lazar M, Botvinnik A, Shevakh C, Blakolmer K, Lerer L, Lifschytz T, Lerer B.", "abstract": "Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent disorder that causes serious disability. Available treatments leave 40% or more of people with OCD significantly symptomatic. There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Mice that carry a homozygous deletion of the SAPAP3 gene (SAPAP3 KO) manifest a phenotype of excessive self-grooming, tic-like head-body twitches and anxiety. These behaviors closely resemble pathological self-grooming behaviors observed in humans in conditions that overlap with OCD. Following a preliminary report that the tryptaminergic psychedelic, psilocybin, may reduce symptoms in patients with OCD, we undertook a randomized controlled trial of psilocybin in 50 SAPAP3 KO mice (28 male, 22 female). Mice that fulfilled inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to a single intraperitoneal injection of psilocybin (4.4 mg/kg), psychedelic mushroom extract (encompassing the same psilocybin dose) or vehicle control and were evaluated after 2, 12, and 21 days by a rater blind to treatment allocation for grooming characteristics, head-body twitches, anxiety, and other behavioral features. Mice treated with vehicle (n = 18) manifested a 118.71 ± 95.96% increase in total self-grooming (the primary outcome measure) over the 21-day observation period. In contrast, total self-grooming decreased by 14.60 ± 17.90% in mice treated with psilocybin (n = 16) and by 19.20 ± 20.05% in mice treated with psychedelic mushroom extract (n = 16) (p = 0.001 for effect of time; p = 0.0001 for time × treatment interaction). Five mice were dropped from the vehicle group because they developed skin lesions; 4 from the psilocybin group and none from the psychedelic mushroom extract group. Secondary outcome measures such as head-body twitches and anxiety all showed a significant improvement over 21 days. Notably, in mice that responded to psilocybin (n = 12) and psychedelic mushroom extract (n = 13), the beneficial effect of a single treatment persisted up to 7 weeks. Mice initially treated with vehicle and non-responsive, showed a clear and lasting therapeutic response when treated with a single dose of psilocybin or psychedelic mushroom extract and followed for a further 3 weeks. While equivalent to psilocybin in overall effect on self-grooming, psychedelic mushroom extract showed superior effects in alleviating head-body twitches and anxiety. These findings strongly justify clinical trials of psilocybin in the treatment of OCD and further studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms that underlie the long-term effects to alleviate excessive self-grooming observed in this study. Prepared with BioRender ( https://www.biorender.com/ ).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-024-02786-0", "pubmed_id": "39394457", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02786-0", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Agaricales, Disease Models, Animal, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Grooming, Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39394457\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 945, "title": "The impact of antidepressant discontinuation prior to treatment with psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "the impact of antidepressant discontinuation prior to treatment with psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Marwood L, Croal M, Mistry S, Simmons H, Tsai J, Young MB, Goodwin GM.", "abstract": "It has been suggested that the recent use and discontinuation of antidepressant drugs compromises the action of psilocybin. As evidence is only available from small or uncontrolled samples, this post hoc analysis investigated this using data from the largest, phase II, randomized controlled trial of psilocybin treatment to date. Data from 233 participants with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) who received 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg of investigational drug COMP360 psilocybin (a proprietary, pharmaceutical-grade synthetic psilocybin formulation, developed by the sponsor, Compass Pathfinder Ltd.), administered with psychological support, were compared for groups of participants who either discontinued one or more antidepressant drugs during screening or entered the trial antidepressant drug free. Measures of depression symptom severity change during the antidepressant drug discontinuation period, baseline suicidality, acute subjective psychedelic effects, and the study's primary endpoint (change in depression symptom severity between Baseline and Week 3) are described for both groups. Antidepressant drug discontinuation was not related to worsening of depression severity before Baseline. Suicidality was comparable between groups at Baseline. Psilocybin treatment efficacy and the subjective psychedelic experience did not appear to be compromised by antidepressant drug discontinuation. Thus, it does not limit the feasibility of psilocybin treatment for the future. These findings also support the overall homogeneity of our findings with psilocybin treatment as a monotherapy for TRD. The prior contradictory reports may come to appear misleading.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.10.009", "pubmed_id": "39427449", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.10.009", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Suicidal Ideation, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39427449\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3469, "title": "A Phase 1 Dose Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of MLS101 (psilocybin) in Healthy Participants", "normalized_title": "a phase 1 dose escalation study to evaluate the safety tolerability and pharmacokinetics of mls101 psilocybin in healthy participants", "authors": "MycoMedica Life Sciences PBC", "abstract": "MLS101 is being developed as a low dose psilocybin, that can be administered to treat various neurological and psychiatric conditions. The purpose of this clinical trial is to assess how safe and tolerated MLS101 is; to see how MLS101 is distributed and cleared by the body (pharmacokinetics); and to assess the psychedelic effects of MLS101 in healthy adult participants. In recent years, high-dose psilocybin has gained attention for its potential therapeutic benefits in many psychiatric indications, however existing clinical data for low psilocybin doses are limited. Microdoses are generally considered to be those absent of profound sensory and cognitive effects that would interfere with normal everyday functioning, but only a small number of prospective studies have evaluated microdoses and/or low doses in a controlled manner. As a foundational study of the therapeutic use of low doses of psilocybin, this study will evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and sensorial effects using a prospective, controlled, single ascending dose/multiple ascending doses in healthy volunteers.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-10-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06326606", "keywords": "Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, MLS101, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06326606\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 972, "title": "The Neurocircuitry of Substance Use Disorder, Treatment, and Change: A Resource for Clinical Psychiatrists.", "normalized_title": "the neurocircuitry of substance use disorder treatment and change a resource for clinical psychiatrists", "authors": "Imperio CG, Levin FR, Martinez D.", "abstract": "Substance use disorder (SUD) is common in psychiatric patients and has a negative impact on health and well-being. However, SUD often goes untreated, and there is a need for psychiatrists, of all specialties, to address this pervasive clinical problem. In this review, the authors' goal is to provide a resource that describes treatments for SUD, using neuroscience as a framework. They discuss the effect of pharmacotherapy on craving, intoxication, and withdrawal and its ability to interrupt the cycle of substance use in SUD. The neuroscience of stress is reviewed, including medications targeting neurotransmitter systems activated by alarm and fear. Neuroplasticity and promising treatments that use this mechanism, including ketamine, psilocybin, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), are discussed. The authors conclude by listing resources and practice guidelines for physicians interested in learning more about treatments for SUD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20231023", "pubmed_id": "39380375", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20231023", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Psychiatry, Neuronal Plasticity, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Psychiatrists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39380375\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Wellbeing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 858, "title": "The association between study design and antidepressant effects in psychedelic-assisted therapy: A meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "the association between study design and antidepressant effects in psychedelic assisted therapy a meta analysis", "authors": "Li JR, Chiang KT, Kao YC, Yu CL, Yang FC, Liang CS, Hsu TW.", "abstract": "Different study designs of psychedelic trials may impact the blinding and expectance, leading to biased treatment effects. This study aimed to examine the association between antidepressant efficacy and study designs in psychedelic trials. Six databases were systematically searched. Eligible trials were required to investigate the efficacy of psychedelics (psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA], and ayahuasca) in adult patients with depressive symptoms. We only considered oral psychedelic-assisted therapy without concomitant use of antidepressants. The primary outcome was the change in depressive symptoms. There were five study designs of psychedelic trials, including non-active-drug-as-placebo, active-drug-as-placebo, waitlist-as-control, fixed-order, and pre-post designs. In non-active-drug -as-placebo design, psilocybin (k = 4, Hedges' g [g] = 0.87, 95 % confidence intervals[CIs] = 0.58 to 1.16) and MDMA (k = 2, g = 0.65, 95%CIs = 0.26 to 1.05) were associated with large and medium effect sizes, respectively. In active-drug-as-placebo design, both psilocybin (k = 2, g = 0.71, 95%CIs = -0.01 to 1.43) and MDMA (k = 3, g = 0.53, 95%CIs = -0.23 to 1.28) were not statistically significant. In pre-post single-arm (k = 3, g = 2.51, 95%CIs = 1.00 to 4.02) and waitlist-as-control (k = 1, g = 2.88, 95%CIs = 1.75 to 4.00) designs, psilocybin showed a large effect size of antidepressant effect. Ayahuasca also showed a large effect size in both pre-post (k = 2, g = 1.88, 95%CIs = 1.18 to 2.57) and non-active-drug-as-placebo (k = 1, g = 1.60, 95%CIs = 0.84 to 2.36) designs. LSD was associated with a significant antidepressant effect only in non-active-drug-as-placebo design (k = 1, g = 1.49, 95%CIs = 0.80 to 2.17) but not in active-drug-as-placebo design (k = 1, g = 0.44, 95%CIs = -0.90 to 1.78). The antidepressant effects of psychedelics may be overestimated in studies with pre-post single-arm, non-active-drugs-as placebo, and waitlist-control designs. Restricted sample size, difficulty with establishing blinding for participants, and over expectancy limit the estimation of the antidepressant effect of psychedelic-assisted therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.016", "pubmed_id": "39389119", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.016", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Research Design, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39389119\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 994, "title": "Neuroprotective effects of psilocybin in a rat model of stroke.", "normalized_title": "neuroprotective effects of psilocybin in a rat model of stroke", "authors": "Yu SJ, Wu KJ, Wang YS, Bae E, Chianelli F, Bambakidis N, Wang Y.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a psychedelic 5HT2A receptor agonist found in \"magic mushrooms\". Recent studies have indicated that 5HT2A agonists, such as dimethyltryptamine, given before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), improve staircase behavior, increased BDNF expression, and reduce brain infarction in stroke rats. The objective of this study is to determine the protective effect of psilocybin in cellular and animal models of stroke.MethodsAdult male and timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. The neural protective effects of psilocybin were determined in primary rat cortical neurons and adult rats. Rats were subjected to a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion. Brain tissues were collected for histological and qRTPCR analysis.ResultsPsilocybin reduced glutamate-mediated neuronal loss in rat primary cortical neuronal cultures. Psilocybin-mediated protection in culture was antagonized by the BDNF inhibitor ANA12. Pretreatment with psilocybin reduced brain infarction and neurological deficits in stroke rats. Early post-treatment with psilocybin improved locomotor behavior, upregulated the expression of MAP2 and synaptophysin, and down-regulated the expression of IBA1 in the stroke brain. ANA12 significantly attenuated psilocybin-mediated reduction in brain infarction and improvements in locomotor behavior.ConclusionsPsilocybin reduced brain infarction and improved locomotor behavior in stroke rats; the protective mechanisms involve regulating BDNF expression. Our data support a novel therapeutic approach of psilocybin in stroke.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-07", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00903-x", "pubmed_id": "39379834", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00903-x", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Neurons, Cells, Cultured, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery, Disease Models, Animal, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Microtubule-Associated Proteins, Synaptophysin, Neuroprotective Agents, Female, Male, Stroke, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39379834\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3750, "title": "Qualitative Research on Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders: A Scoping Review Protocol", "normalized_title": "qualitative research on psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of mental health disorders a scoping review protocol", "authors": "Pincombe J, Williams M, Carruthers S, Rossell S.", "abstract": "IntroductionThere has been a surge in research into psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy over the past decade, with many studies indicating this may be an effective novel intervention for several mental health disorders. Researchers are increasingly incorporating qualitative analysis into their studies in recognition of the rich, contextual information this provides. This scoping review aims to identify the existing qualitative research on psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of mental health disorders, analyse trends in research questions and methods, and recognise opportunities for future qualitative research. Methods and AnalysisThe methodological guidelines set out in the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis (Aromataris et al., 2024) will be used to conduct the review. The review will include qualitative studies involving psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, administered in a controlled research setting, for the treatment of any mental health disorder. Microdosing studies will be excluded. PubMed, Scopus, PsycNET, and reference lists of included studies will be searched. Two reviewers will screen papers for inclusion. Data will be extracted into a table and findings will be presented in a narrative form. Relevant qualitative research will be identified, trends in the qualitative research questions and methods will be analysed, and opportunities for future qualitative research will be discussed.Ethics and DisseminationEthics approval is not required. Findings will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Key Words or PhrasesAnxiety, depression, psilocybin, psychedelic, qualitative.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/ga9p2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ga9p2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:18", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR920660\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Microdosing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3121, "title": "Qualitative Research on Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders: A Scoping Review Protocol", "normalized_title": "qualitative research on psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of mental health disorders a scoping review protocol", "authors": "", "abstract": "Introduction There has been a surge in research into psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy over the past decade, with many studies indicating this may be an effective novel intervention for several mental health disorders. Researchers are increasingly incorporating qualitative analysis into their studies in recognition of the rich, contextual information this provides. This scoping review aims to identify the existing qualitative research on psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of mental health disorders, analyse trends in research questions and methods, and recognise opportunities for future qualitative research. Methods and Analysis The methodological guidelines set out in the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis (Aromataris et al., 2024) will be used to conduct the review. The review will include qualitative studies involving psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, administered in a controlled research setting, for the treatment of any mental health disorder. Microdosing studies will be excluded. PubMed, Scopus, PsycNET, and reference lists of included studies will be searched. Two reviewers will screen papers for inclusion. Data will be extracted into a table and findings will be presented in a narrative form. Relevant qualitative research will be identified, trends in the qualitative research questions and methods will be analysed, and opportunities for future qualitative research will be discussed. Ethics and Dissemination Ethics approval is not required. Findings will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Key Words or Phrases Anxiety, depression, psilocybin, psychedelic, qualitative.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-10-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ga9p2_v1", "keywords": "anxiety, depression, IPA, novel interventions, psilocybin, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelic, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, qualitative, scoping review, thematic analysis, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"ga9p2_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Microdosing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 968, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy improves psychiatric symptoms across multiple dimensions in patients with cancer.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy improves psychiatric symptoms across multiple dimensions in patients with cancer", "authors": "Petridis PD, Grinband J, Agin-Liebes G, Kinslow CJ, Zeifman RJ, Bogenschutz MP, Griffiths RR, Ross S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) has shown promise in treating mood and anxiety disorders in patients with cancer. However, patients with cancer often suffer from more than just depression and anxiety, and so far, PAP's effect on other psychiatric symptoms remains largely unknown. To address this gap, we pooled previously unpublished data from two phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trials involving 79 participants with cancer-related distress and analyzed PAP's effect on 9 psychiatric symptom dimensions: anxiety, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, hostility, obsession-compulsion, somatization, phobia, paranoia and psychosis. PAP significantly improved anxiety, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, hostility, obsession-compulsion and somatization without inducing any lasting phobia, paranoia or psychosis. Clinical improvements were consistent between trials. Together, our findings suggest that PAP has the potential to be a comprehensive mental health treatment for patients with cancer.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s44220-024-00331-0", "pubmed_id": "41969367", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-024-00331-0", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41969367\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 995, "title": "Meta-correlation of the effect of ketamine and psilocybin induced subjective effects on therapeutic outcome.", "normalized_title": "meta correlation of the effect of ketamine and psilocybin induced subjective effects on therapeutic outcome", "authors": "Dahan JDC, Dadiomov D, Bostoen T, Dahan A.", "abstract": "There is some evidence that the subjective effects of ketamine and other psychedelics like psilocybin are crucial for their therapeutic outcomes, such as treatment of depression or substance use disorder (SUD). We performed a meta-analysis and systematic review on the correlation of subjective symptoms and dissociation versus ketamine-induced therapeutic outcomes in patients with depression or SUD. A similar analysis was conducted for psilocybin-induced therapeutic improvement. We retrieved 23 papers studying ketamine (21 on depression, 2 on SUD) in 471 patients and 8 papers studying psilocybin (6 on depression, 2 on SUD) in 183 patients. Our study demonstrated a modest role for subjective effects mediating therapeutic outcomes, with R2-values ranging from 5-10% for ketamine and for psilocybine the R2 was 24%. A greater mediating effect for psilocybin compared to ketamine was detected, particularly when restricting the analysis to depression. Additionally there is a greater mediating effect in SUD than depression, irrespective of treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s44184-024-00091-w", "pubmed_id": "39369173", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-024-00091-w", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39369173\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 973, "title": "Psilocybin reduces functional correlation and the encoding of spatial information by neurons in mouse retrosplenial cortex.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces functional correlation and the encoding of spatial information by neurons in mouse retrosplenial cortex", "authors": "Ivan VE, Tomàs-Cuesta DP, Esteves IM, Luczak A, Mohajerani M, McNaughton BL, Gruber AJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs have profound effects on perception, cognition and mood. How psychedelics affect neural signaling to produce these effects remains poorly understood. We investigated the effect of the classic psychedelic psilocybin on neural activity patterns and spatial encoding in the retrosplenial cortex of head-fixed mice navigating on a treadmill. The place specificity of neurons to distinct locations along the belt was reduced by psilocybin. Moreover, the stability of place-related activity across trials decreased. Psilocybin also reduced the functional correlation among simultaneously recorded neurons. The 5-HT2AR (serotonin 2A receptor) antagonist ketanserin blocked these effects. These data are consistent with proposals that psychedelics increase the entropy of neural signaling and provide a potential neural mechanism contributing to disorientation frequently reported by humans after taking psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/ejn.16558", "pubmed_id": "39364682", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.16558", "keywords": "Gyrus Cinguli, Neurons, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Ketanserin, Hallucinogens, Space Perception, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39364682\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 813, "title": "Exploring the biocatalysis of psilocybin and other tryptamines: Enzymatic pathways, synthetic strategies, and industrial implications.", "normalized_title": "exploring the biocatalysis of psilocybin and other tryptamines enzymatic pathways synthetic strategies and industrial implications", "authors": "Junges LH, Müller-Santos M.", "abstract": "Tryptamines play diverse roles as neurotransmitters and psychoactive compounds found in various organisms. Psilocybin, a notable tryptamine, has garnered attention for its therapeutic potential in treating mental health disorders like depression and anxiety. Despite its promising applications, current extraction methods for psilocybin are labor-intensive and economically limiting. We suggest biocatalysis as a sustainable alternative, leveraging enzymes to synthesize psilocybin and other tryptamines efficiently. By elucidating psilocybin biosynthesis pathways, researchers aim to advance synthetic methodologies and industrial applications. This review underscores the transformative potential of biocatalysis in enhancing our understanding of tryptamine biosynthesis and facilitating the production of high-purity psilocybin and other tryptamines for therapeutic and research use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/btpr.3513", "pubmed_id": "39366919", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.3513", "keywords": "Humans, Tryptamines, Biocatalysis, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39366919\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 373, "title": "Mechanisms of psilocybin on the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.", "normalized_title": "mechanisms of psilocybin on the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Choi C, Johnson DE, Chen-Li D, Rosenblat J.", "abstract": "Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that can develop after a traumatic event, causing distressing symptoms, including intrusive re-experiencing symptoms, alterations in mood and cognition, and changes in arousal and reactivity. Few treatment options exist for patients who find conventional psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy to be inaccessible, ineffective, or intolerable. We explore psilocybin as a potential treatment option for PTSD by examining the neurobiology of PTSD as well as psilocybin's mechanism of action. Based on both pharmacodynamic and psychoanalytic principles, psilocybin may be an underexplored treatment option for patients with PTSD, though further research is required.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-10-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241286771", "pubmed_id": "39360403", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241286771", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39360403\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3332, "title": "From efficacy to effectiveness: evaluating psychedelic randomised controlled trials for trustworthy evidence-based policy and practice.", "normalized_title": "from efficacy to effectiveness evaluating psychedelic randomised controlled trials for trustworthy evidence based policy and practice", "authors": "Schenberg EE.", "abstract": "The recent review of a new drug application for MDMA-assisted therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder by the United States’ Food and Drug Administration (FDA) highlighted epistemological and methodological challenges for evidence assessments. Similar challenges will also be faced in reviews of other compounds in early- and late-stage development, like psilocybin for depression. The regulatory demand for two successful phase 3 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) seems problematic, given a current lack of agreement on what constitutes “success”, particularly when psychoactive drug administration is concomitant with (psycho)therapy. These complex arrangements challenge the internal validity of estimated average treatment effect through comparison with conventional control conditions. This paper reviews the assumptions behind RCTs’ current “gold-standard” status in the hierarchy of evidence-based medicine (EBM). Recapitulating known epistemic limits of randomisation and blinding, it emphasises the urgent need to avoid the extrapolation fallacy. The resulting argument is that the degree of trustworthiness that efficacy - reported in RCTs - will reliably predict effectiveness - in target populations outside RCTs - depends on what type of psychedelic treatments will be regulated. If “stand-alone” drugs for large scale prescription and consumption, trustworthiness should be graded low. On the other hand, for regulation of drug-assisted (psycho)therapies, the degree of trustworthiness can be considered high. The reason being that these two treatment approaches are based on different causal claims with distinct external validities. Therefore, careful assessment of support factors in each is recommended to prevent detrimental consequences, from potential rejection of effective therapies up to medical reversal of eventually approved drugs.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-09-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/uxhv7", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uxhv7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR918774\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3330, "title": "From efficacy to effectiveness: evaluating psychedelic randomised controlled trials for trustworthy evidence-based policy and practice.", "normalized_title": "from efficacy to effectiveness evaluating psychedelic randomised controlled trials for trustworthy evidence based policy and practice", "authors": "Schenberg EE.", "abstract": "The recent review of a new drug application for MDMA-assisted therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder by the United States’ Food and Drug Administration (FDA) highlighted epistemological and methodological challenges for evidence assessments. Similar challenges will also be faced in reviews of other compounds in early- and late-stage development, like psilocybin for depression. The regulatory demand for two successful phase 3 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) seems problematic, given a current lack of agreement on what constitutes “success”, particularly when psychoactive drug administration is concomitant with (psycho)therapy. These complex arrangements challenge the internal validity of estimated average treatment effect through comparison with conventional control conditions. This paper reviews the assumptions behind RCTs’ current “gold-standard” status in the hierarchy of evidence-based medicine (EBM). Recapitulating known epistemic limits of randomisation and blinding, it emphasises the urgent need to avoid the extrapolation fallacy. The resulting argument is that the degree of trustworthiness that efficacy - reported in RCTs - will reliably predict effectiveness - in target populations outside RCTs - depends on what type of psychedelic treatments will be regulated. If “stand-alone” drugs for large scale prescription and consumption, trustworthiness should be graded low. On the other hand, for regulation of drug-assisted (psycho)therapies, the degree of trustworthiness can be considered high. The reason being that these two treatment approaches are based on different causal claims with distinct external validities. Therefore, careful assessment of support factors in each is recommended to prevent detrimental consequences, from potential rejection of effective therapies up to medical reversal of eventually approved drugs.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-09-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/uxhv7_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uxhv7_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1004574\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1011, "title": "Attitudes toward psychedelics and psychedelic-assisted therapy among potential mental health service users and the general population in Australia.", "normalized_title": "attitudes toward psychedelics and psychedelic assisted therapy among potential mental health service users and the general population in australia", "authors": "Nadeem Z, Parker S, McGovern H, Oestreich LK", "abstract": "Despite rapid advances in psychedelic sciences and the increasing number of countries legalizing psychedelics for the treatment of mental illnesses, the attitudes, knowledge and readiness of both mental health consumers and the general population remain largely unknown. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Australians, targeting individuals with mental illness as potential mental health service users. A sub-sample of individuals free of mental illness was also surveyed to assess attitudes in the general population. Participants completed the Attitudes on Psychedelics Questionnaire, the Basic Knowledge of Psychedelics Test and a questionnaire by Corrigan et al. to capture attitudes toward psychedelic therapy by mental health service users. Of the 502 respondents, 64.5% self-identified as having a mental illness. A significant proportion favored legalizing psychedelics for medical use (43%) and were open to their use (52.4%), yet fewer viewed their effects positively (24%) or considered them safe (33%). Most participants reported to be psychedelic naive (61%). Participants with mental illness had significantly more experience with psychedelics than participant free of mental illness (44.1% vs 29.7%). Experience, perceived knowledge and actual knowledge significantly predicted attitudes toward legalization, effects, risks and openness to psychedelics. While a large proportion of Australians are in favor of legalizing psychedelics for medical purposes, concerns about safety remain. People with self-identified mental illness, those with previous recreational psychedelic experience and those with greater knowledge of psychedelics were more likely to have positive attitudes toward psychedelics and psychedelic-assisted therapy.", "journal": "The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry", "publication_date": "2024-09-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/00048674241261779", "pubmed_id": "38907608", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38907608/", "keywords": "MDMA, Psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychedelics, treatment-resistant depression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38907608\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1000, "title": "Artificial intelligence and psychedelic medicine.", "normalized_title": "artificial intelligence and psychedelic medicine", "authors": "Sarris J, Halman A, Urokohara A, Lehrner M, Perkins D", "abstract": "Artificial intelligence (AI) and psychedelic medicines are among the most high-profile evolving disruptive innovations within mental healthcare in recent years. Although AI and psychedelics may not have historically shared any common ground, there exists the potential for these subjects to combine in generating innovative mental health treatment approaches. In order to inform our perspective, we conducted a scoping review of relevant literature up to late August 2024 via PubMed intersecting AI with psychomedical use of psychedelics. Our perspective covers the potential application of AI in psychedelic medicine for: drug discovery and clinical trial optimization (including pharmacodynamics); study design; understanding psychedelic experiences; personalization of treatments; clinical screening, delivery, and follow-up (potentially delivered via chatbots/apps); application of psychological preparation, integration, and general mental health support; its role in enhancing treatment via brain modulatory devices (including virtual reality and haptic suits); and the consideration of ethical and security safeguards. Challenges include the need for sufficient data protection and security, and a range of necessary ethical protections. Future avenues of exploration could involve directly administering psychedelics (or providing algorithm-generated effects) to inorganic AI-interfaced neural networks that may exceed human brain activity (i.e., cognitive capacity) and intelligence.", "journal": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences", "publication_date": "2024-09-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/nyas.15229", "pubmed_id": "39308441", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39308441/", "keywords": "AI, DMT, computational psychiatry, disruptive innovation, machine learning, natural language processing, psilocybin, virtual reality", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39308441\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 998, "title": "What do health professionals think about implementing psilocybin-assisted therapy in palliative care for existential distress? A World Café qualitative study.", "normalized_title": "what do health professionals think about implementing psilocybin assisted therapy in palliative care for existential distress a world café qualitative study", "authors": "Masse-Grenier M, Chang SL, Bélanger A, Stephan JF, Hébert J, Deschamps P, Plourde L, Provost F, Farzin H, Fallu JS, Dorval M, P3A Research Group.", "abstract": "ObjectivesPromising studies show that psilocybin-assisted therapy relieves existential distress in patients with serious illnesses, a difficult condition to treat with current treatment options. There is growing interest in this therapy in palliative care. Canada recently amended its laws to allow physicians to request psilocybin for end-of-life distress. However, barriers to access remain. Since implementing psilocybin-assisted therapy within palliative care depends on the attitudes of healthcare providers willing to recommend it, they should be actively engaged in the broader discussion about this treatment option. We aimed (1) to identify issues and concerns regarding the acceptability of this therapy among palliative care professionals and to discuss ways of remedying them and (2) to identify factors that may facilitate access.MethodsA qualitative study design and World Café methodology were adopted to collect data. The event was held on April 24, 2023, with 16 palliative care professionals. The data was analyzed following an inductive approach.ResultsAlthough participants were interested in psilocybin-assisted therapy, several concerns and needs were identified. Educational and certified training needs, medical legalization of psilocybin, more research, refinement of therapy protocols, reflections on the type of professionals dispensing the therapy, the treatment venue, and eligibility criteria for treatment were discussed.Significance of resultsPalliative care professionals consider psilocybin-assisted therapy a treatment of interest, but it generates several concerns. According to our results, the acceptability of the therapy and the expansion of its access seem interrelated. The development of guidelines will be essential to encourage wider therapy deployment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1017/s1478951524001494", "pubmed_id": "39379285", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1478951524001494", "keywords": "Humans, Palliative Care, Attitude of Health Personnel, Existentialism, Qualitative Research, Adult, Middle Aged, Health Personnel, Canada, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Psychological Distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39379285\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 947, "title": "Impact of psilocybin on cognitive function: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "impact of psilocybin on cognitive function a systematic review", "authors": "Meshkat S, Tello-Gerez TJ, Gholaminezhad F, Dunkley BT, Reichelt AC, Erritzoe D, Vermetten E, Zhang Y, Greenshaw A, Burback L, Winkler O, Jetly R, Mayo LM, Bhat V.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic with demonstrated preliminary clinical efficacy in a range of psychiatric disorders. Evaluating the impact of psilocybin on cognitive function is essential to unravel its potential benefits and risks. In this systematic review, we assessed psilocybin's effect on cognitive function through a comprehensive search of electronic databases from inception to January 2024, identifying 20 articles involving 2,959 participants. While 85% of studies were conducted in healthy volunteers, most of these studies (85%) used macrodoses, ranging from 45 μg/kg to 30 mg/70 kg. Various cognitive aspects were evaluated and yielded mixed results. Global cognitive function, and processing speed remained mostly unchanged in healthy individuals; However, a limited number of studies reported improvements in certain areas such as sustained attention, working memory, and executive function especially in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Emotional processing was positively modified, particularly in TRD patients. Psilocybin was observed to enhance emotional empathy without significantly altering cognitive empathy and social cognition. Cognitive flexibility and creative cognition were noted to initially decline but could potentially improve over time. Additionally, with respect to learning and memory skills, psilocybin showed promise in improving specific memory types such as semantic associations and associative learning, while its effects on episodic and verbal memory have been less pronounced compared to other cognitive enhancers. The observed mixed findings underscore the complexity of psilocybin's cognitive influence. Further research is essential to provide a clearer understanding of psilocybin's impact on cognitive domains and to guide the development of safe and effective interventions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/pcn.13741", "pubmed_id": "39354706", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13741", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cognition, Executive Function, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Cognitive Dysfunction", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39354706\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 751, "title": "From efficacy to effectiveness: evaluating psychedelic randomised controlled trials for trustworthy evidence-based policy and practice.", "normalized_title": "from efficacy to effectiveness evaluating psychedelic randomised controlled trials for trustworthy evidence based policy and practice", "authors": "", "abstract": "The recent review of a new drug application for MDMA-assisted therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder by the United States’ Food and Drug Administration (FDA) highlighted epistemological and methodological challenges for evidence assessments. Similar challenges will also be faced in reviews of other compounds in early- and late-stage development, like psilocybin for depression. The regulatory demand for two successful phase 3 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) seems problematic, given a current lack of agreement on what constitutes “success”, particularly when psychoactive drug administration is concomitant with (psycho)therapy. These complex arrangements challenge the internal validity of estimated average treatment effect through comparison with conventional control conditions. This paper reviews the assumptions behind RCTs’ current “gold-standard” status in the hierarchy of evidence-based medicine (EBM). Recapitulating known epistemic limits of randomisation and blinding, it emphasises the urgent need to avoid the extrapolation fallacy. The resulting argument is that the degree of trustworthiness that efficacy - reported in RCTs - will reliably predict effectiveness - in target populations outside RCTs - depends on what type of psychedelic treatments will be regulated. If “stand-alone” drugs for large scale prescription and consumption, trustworthiness should be graded low. On the other hand, for regulation of drug-assisted (psycho)therapies, the degree of trustworthiness can be considered high. The reason being that these two treatment approaches are based on different causal claims with distinct external validities. Therefore, careful assessment of support factors in each is recommended to prevent detrimental consequences, from potential rejection of effective therapies up to medical reversal of eventually approved drugs.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-09-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/prp2.70097", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/uxhv7_v1", "keywords": "bias, causal, EBM, EBM+, effectiveness, efficacy, evidence, extrapolation fallacy, mechanism, medical reversal, psychedelics, RCT, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Life Sciences, Theory and Philosophy of Science, Health Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"uxhv7_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3124, "title": "Psilocybin prevents habituation to familiar stimuli and preserves sensitivity to sound following repeated stimulation in mouse primary auditory cortex", "normalized_title": "psilocybin prevents habituation to familiar stimuli and preserves sensitivity to sound following repeated stimulation in mouse primary auditory cortex", "authors": "Lane CP, Tarka VM, Valentin O, Lehmann A, Hamel E, de Villers-Sidani E.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychoactive substance derived from fungi, has been utilized historically by diverse cultures for both medicinal and non-medicinal purposes, owing to its ability to elicit profound sensory and cognitive alterations and sustain long-term changes in mood and cognition. Promising results from recent clinical studies have generated a wave of interest in employing psilocybin to treat neuropsychiatric and neuro-degenerative conditions. How psychedelics cause acute perceptual effects, and how these relate to long-lasting alterations is still debated. Whereas it is thought that perceptual disturbances may be caused by disrupted flow of information between sensory and higher order areas, in vivo studies have focused mostly on the latter. In particular, there has been little study of how psilocybin affects sensory representations in primary auditory cortex (A1). We used two-photon microscopy and wide field calcium imaging to examine how psilocybin affects A1 neuron response properties in the mouse. Administration of 1 mg/kg psilocybin prevented habituation of sound-evoked responses to repeated stimuli, maintaining overall responsiveness, bandwidth, and sound-level response thresholds after repeated stimulation. This was in contrast to marked habituation of responses and narrowing of tuning in controls. We observed no effect on overall distribution of best frequencies at the cortical level, suggesting psilocybin in A1 disrupts normal sensory gating, rather than tonotopic organization. This supports models of psychedelic action in which perceptual disturbances are driven by disrupted hierarchical sensory gating. With further research, influences of psychedelics on sensory representations could be harnessed to target maladaptive sensory processing in conditions such as tinnitus. Significance Statement Despite its role in altering auditory sensory perception, the impact of psilocybin on modulating neuronal activity in the auditory cortex remains understudied. This study is the first to identify an inhibition of normal auditory habituation to repeated stimuli with single-neuron resolution. We identify a role for psilocybin in the targeted, context-dependent modulation of auditory sensory neural tuning properties, which may help to explain how disruption of hierarchical control of sensory representations leads to perceptual disturbances. With further work, this influence on sensory representations could be used to target conditions where maladaptive sensory processing leads to deleterious health outcomes.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.09.27.614985", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.27.614985", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR917832\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1016, "title": "Psilocybin increases optimistic engagement over time: computational modelling of behaviour in rats.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin increases optimistic engagement over time computational modelling of behaviour in rats", "authors": "Fisher EL, Smith R, Conn K, Corcoran AW, Milton LK, Hohwy J, Foldi CJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has shown promise as a novel pharmacological intervention for treatment of depression, where post-acute effects of psilocybin treatment have been associated with increased positive mood and decreased pessimism. Although psilocybin is proving to be effective in clinical trials for treatment of psychiatric disorders, the information processing mechanisms affected by psilocybin are not well understood. Here, we fit active inference and reinforcement learning computational models to a novel two-armed bandit reversal learning task capable of capturing engagement behaviour in rats. The model revealed that after receiving psilocybin, rats achieve more rewards through increased task engagement, mediated by modification of forgetting rates and reduced loss aversion. These findings suggest that psilocybin may afford an optimism bias that arises through altered belief updating, with translational potential for clinical populations characterised by lack of optimism.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-024-03103-7", "pubmed_id": "39349428", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-03103-7", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Reward, Reversal Learning, Computer Simulation, Male, Optimism, Psilocybin, Reinforcement, Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39349428\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1015, "title": "Beyond the numbers: reimagining healing with psychedelics for eating disorders.", "normalized_title": "beyond the numbers reimagining healing with psychedelics for eating disorders", "authors": "Lafrance A, Spriggs MJ, Gukasyan N, Peck SK", "abstract": "Psychedelic medicine is currently being evaluated for numerous mental health indications, and there is significant interest in applying these models of care to eating disorders (EDs) given the limited efficacy of available treatment models, especially for those living with anorexia nervosa. Preliminary findings across a number of studies suggest promise. In this commentary, researchers with experience in psychedelics and EDs present a rationale and considerations for the application of psychedelic medicine, including psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) for EDs. These contributions are informed by those with lived experience as well as the authors' experiences in the field. By addressing underlying psychological and transpersonal factors and improving treatment engagement, psychedelic medicine, though not without risks, may offer a valuable adjunct to existing treatments, enhancing overall outcomes for some living with an ED. This commentary also aims to provide a multi-dimensional perspective to inform the field, including with respect to the etiology of these illnesses, as psychedelic medicine becomes more accessible in naturalistic, research and clinical settings.", "journal": "Journal of eating disorders", "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-024-01111-y", "pubmed_id": "39350242", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39350242/", "keywords": "Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorders, Psilocybin treatment, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39350242\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 996, "title": "What should constitute a control condition in psychedelic drug trials?", "normalized_title": "what should constitute a control condition in psychedelic drug trials", "authors": "Colloca L, Fava M.", "abstract": "Over the past decade there has been a surge in interest in placebo-controlled trials using non-classical 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and classical psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) to treat neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the success and reliability of these trials depend on the design of the trials, the choice of control conditions, and the ability to blind both participants and researchers. When appropriate control conditions are lacking, it becomes difficult to disentangle placebo and expectation effects from medication effects. Here we explore the neurobiology of placebo and expectation effects, alongside the methodological considerations for selecting suitable control conditions in psychedelic trials. This includes examining the advantages and disadvantages of various control conditions and proposing new directions to enhance the validity of these trials and their regulatory science. By addressing these factors, we aim to improve the reliability of psychedelic research in uncovering the therapeutic benefits of psychedelics beyond placebo and expectation effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s44220-024-00321-2", "pubmed_id": "39781538", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-024-00321-2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39781538\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 914, "title": "Harnessing Pharmacogenomics in Clinical Research on Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "harnessing pharmacogenomics in clinical research on psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Halman A, Conyers R, Moore C, Khatri D, Sarris J, Perkins D.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have recently re-emerged as potential treatments for various psychiatric conditions that impose major public health costs and for which current treatment options have limited efficacy. At the same time, personalized medicine is increasingly being implemented in psychiatry to provide individualized drug dosing recommendations based on genetics. This review brings together these topics to explore the utility of pharmacogenomics (a key component of personalized medicine) in psychedelic-assisted therapies. We summarized the literature and explored the potential implications of genetic variability on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psychedelic drugs including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), ibogaine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Although existing evidence is limited, particularly concerning pharmacodynamics, studies investigating pharmacokinetics indicate that genetic variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P450, impact the intensity of acute psychedelic effects for LSD and ibogaine, and that a dose reduction for CYP2D6 poor metabolizers may be appropriate. Furthermore, based on the preclinical evidence, it can be hypothesized that CYP2D6 metabolizer status might contribute to altered acute psychedelic experiences with 5-MeO-DMT and psilocybin when combined with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. In conclusion, considering early evidence that genetic factors can influence the effects of certain psychedelics, we suggest that pharmacogenomic testing should be further investigated in clinical research. This is necessary to evaluate its utility in improving the safety and therapeutic profile of psychedelic therapies and a potential future role in personalizing psychedelic-assisted therapies, should these treatments become available.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/cpt.3459", "pubmed_id": "39345195", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.3459", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Pharmacogenetics, Precision Medicine", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39345195\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Genomics", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 866, "title": "Comparing psilocybin to metformin as neuroprotective agents against Parkinson's dementia: A systematic review of evidence and efficacy.", "normalized_title": "comparing psilocybin to metformin as neuroprotective agents against parkinson s dementia a systematic review of evidence and efficacy", "authors": "Ordovich-Clarkson RD, Jabbour M, Pelayo DA, Lara D, La Croix S, Mumman M, Stukas S, Anderson R, Meraz D, Bangura A, Anderson B, Bamrud L, Blake C.", "abstract": "Background & aimTreatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) has remained largely unchanged and focuses primarily on symptomatic relief through activation of dopaminergic pathways. Currently, there are no proven prophylactic approaches to the prevention of PD. This systematic review seeks to compare two separate compounds, metformin (MTF) and psilocybin, as potential prophylactic therapeutics against the development of PD.MethodsThe authors conducted a systematic review focusing on primary studies that test these compounds on cell and animal models to determine if they might have any neuroprotective or neuroplastic effects.ResultsThe results of this review found that MTF may halt the progression of diseases such as PD through multiple mechanisms including reduced oxidative stress at the level of the mitochondria, thereby reducing α-synuclein related damage. Psilocybin, on the other hand, may increase repair of damaged neurons through psychoplastogenic activation of serotonergic pathways, particularly 5-HT2A receptor activation, ultimately increasing the release of brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and the reduction of α-synuclein accumulation.ConclusionImplications of this study include a need for further research in off-label use of MTF as well as further research into serotonergic compounds such as psilocybin for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111155", "pubmed_id": "39357666", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111155", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Dementia, Metformin, Neuroprotective Agents, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39357666\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mitochondrial Function,Oxidative Stress,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3546, "title": "The Effects of Psilocybin on Shared Experience in Film Processing", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin on shared experience in film processing", "authors": "Western University, Canada", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether certain methods of detecting awareness in vegetative or minimally conscious patients (using neuroimaging) are sensitive to the effects of psilocybin (a psychedelic drug). One of these methods includes scanning peoples\\' brains while they watch a film. When different individuals watch a film, their brains become synchronized with each other as they watch the plot unfold. Most importantly, if a seemingly unconscious patient also shows the same brain-synchronization, it means they might actually be conscious and aware. To approach this goal, the investigators will be carrying out this trial in healthy volunteers. This will help better understand whether psilocybin may be a potential treatment for restoring awareness in these patients. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does psilocybin enhance or diminish brain synchrony during a film? * Do changes in brain synchrony reflect differences in each individual\\'s conscious experience? Participants will be asked to: * Attend two brain scanning sessions and watch a series of film clips, perform a brief mental imagery task, and listen to music - once under a placebo, and once under psilocybin. * Play a series of games that assess their cognition (memory, reasoning, planning, etc.). * Perform a series of visual illusions tasks.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-09-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06529939", "keywords": "Disorders of Consciousness, Psychedelic Experiences, Psilocybin, Placebo, NOT_YET_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06529939\",\"overall_status\":\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 999, "title": "Meditating on psychedelics. A randomized placebo-controlled study of DMT and harmine in a mindfulness retreat.", "normalized_title": "meditating on psychedelics a randomized placebo controlled study of dmt and harmine in a mindfulness retreat", "authors": "Meling D, Egger K, Aicher HD, Jareño Redondo J, Mueller J, Dornbierer J, Temperli E, Vasella EA, Caflisch L, Pfeiffer DJ, Schlomberg JT, Smallridge JW, Dornbierer DA, Scheidegger M.", "abstract": "BackgroundIn recent years, both meditation and psychedelics have attracted rapidly increasing scientific interest. While the current state of evidence suggests the promising potential of psychedelics, such as psilocybin, to enhance meditative training, it remains equivocal whether these effects are specifically bound to psilocybin or if other classical psychedelics might show synergistic effects with meditation practice. One particularly promising candidate is N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), an active ingredient of ayahuasca.AimThis study aims to investigate the effect of the psychedelic substance DMT, combined with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor harmine (DMT-harmine), on meditative states, compared to meditation with a placebo.MethodForty experienced meditators (18 females and 22 males) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study over a 3-day meditation retreat, receiving either placebo or DMT-harmine. Participants' levels of mindfulness, compassion, insight, and transcendence were assessed before, during, and after the meditation group retreat, using psychometric questionnaires.ResultsCompared to meditation with a placebo, meditators who received DMT and harmine self-attributed greater levels of mystical-type experiences, non-dual awareness, and emotional breakthrough during the acute substance effects and, when corrected for baseline differences, greater psychological insight 1 day later. Mindfulness and compassion were not significantly different in the DMT-harmine group compared to placebo. At 1-month follow-up, the meditators who received DMT and harmine rated their experience as significantly more personally meaningful, spiritually significant, and well-being-enhancing than the meditators who received placebo.ConclusionInvestigating the impact of DMT-harmine on meditators in a naturalistic mindfulness group retreat, this placebo-controlled study highlights the specific effects of psychedelics during meditation.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT05780216.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241282637", "pubmed_id": "39340164", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241282637", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Harmine, Hallucinogens, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Meditation, Double-Blind Method, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Mindfulness", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39340164\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 991, "title": "Impact of Protonation Sites on Collision-Induced Dissociation-MS/MS Using CIDMD Quantum Chemistry Modeling.", "normalized_title": "impact of protonation sites on collision induced dissociation ms ms using cidmd quantum chemistry modeling", "authors": "Lee J, Tantillo DJ, Wang LP, Fiehn O.", "abstract": "Protonation is the most frequent adduct found in positive electrospray ionization collision-induced mass spectra (CID-MS/MS). In a parallel report Lee, J. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2024, 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00760, we developed a quantum chemistry framework to predict mass spectra by collision-induced dissociation molecular dynamics (CIDMD). As different protonation sites affect fragmentation pathways of a given molecule, the accuracy of predicting tandem mass spectra by CIDMD ultimately depends on the choice of its protomers. To investigate the impact of molecular protonation sites on MS/MS spectra, we compared CIDMD-predicted spectra to all available experimental MS/MS spectra by similarity matching. We probed 10 molecules with a total of 43 protomers, the largest study to date, including organic acids (sorbic acid, citramalic acid, itaconic acid, mesaconic acid, citraconic acid, and taurine) as well as aromatic amines including uracil, aniline, bufotenine, and psilocin. We demonstrated how different protomers can converge different fragmentation pathways to the same fragment ions but also may explain the presence of different fragment ions in experimental MS/MS spectra. For the first time, we used in silico MS/MS predictions to test the impact of solvents on proton affinities, comparing the gas phase and a mixture of acetonitrile/water (1:1). We also extended applications of in silico MS/MS predictions to investigate the impact of protonation sites on the energy barriers of isomerization between protomers via proton transfer. Despite our initial hypothesis that the thermodynamically most stable protomer should give the best match to the experiment, we found only weak inverse relationships between the calculated proton affinities and corresponding entropy similarities of experimental and CIDMD-predicted MS/MS spectra. CIDMD-predicted mechanistic details of fragmentation reaction pathways revealed a clear preference for specific protomer forms for several molecules. Overall, however, proton affinity was not a good predictor corresponding to the predicted CIDMD spectra. For example, for uracil, only one protomer predicted all experimental MS/MS fragment ions, but this protomer had neither the highest proton affinity nor the best MS/MS match score. Instead of proton affinity, the transfer of protons during the electrospray process from the initial protonation site (i.e., mobile proton model) better explains the differences between the thermodynamic rationale and experimental data. Protomers that undergo fragmentation with lower energy barriers have greater contributions to experimental MS/MS spectra than their thermodynamic Boltzmann populations would suggest. Hence, in silico predictions still need to calculate MS/MS spectra for multiple protomers, as the extent of distributions cannot be readily predicted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00761", "pubmed_id": "39329341", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00761", "keywords": "Protons, Quantum Theory, Models, Chemical, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Molecular Dynamics Simulation", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39329341\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 859, "title": "Single-dose psilocybin for U.S. military Veterans with severe treatment-resistant depression - A first-in-kind open-label pilot study.", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin for u s military veterans with severe treatment resistant depression a first in kind open label pilot study", "authors": "Ellis S, Bostian C, Feng W, Fischer E, Schwartz G, Eisen K, Lean M, Conlan E, Ostacher M, Aaronson S, Suppes T.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe enduring and severe depression often suffered by Veterans causes immense suffering and is associated with high rates of suicide and disability. This is the first study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of psilocybin in Veterans with severe treatment-resistant depression (TRD).Methods15 Veterans with severe TRD (major depressive episode failing to respond to ≥5 treatments, or lasting >2 years) received 25 mg of psilocybin. Primary outcome was change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating scale (MADRS) at 3 weeks posttreatment. Response was defined s ≥ 50 % reduction in MADRS, and remission as ≤10 MADRS score. Psychedelic experience was assessed using the Five-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness scale (5D-ASC). Safety measures included assessment of suicidality and adverse events. Participants on antidepressants were tapered to avoid drug interactions.ResultsOf 15 participants, 60 % met response and 53 % met remission criteria at Week 3. At 12 weeks, 47 % maintained response, and 40 % remission. Co-morbid PTSD did not significantly influence study outcomes. The psychedelic experience reported in 5D-ASC did not correlate with response. Participants judged to need antidepressants were restarted and considered non-responders from that timepoint (n = 4). No unexpected adverse events occurred.LimitationsLimitations include the small sample size, and the uncontrolled and unblinded nature of the study.ConclusionsIn this first study on psilocybin for Veterans with severe TRD, a surprising response and remission was seen. Many Veterans had PTSD though no moderating impact of response was observed. The degree of psychedelic experience did not correlate with depression changes. Further study is warranted.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04433858.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.133", "pubmed_id": "39343309", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.133", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Pilot Projects, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Adult, Middle Aged, Veterans, United States, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39343309\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Consciousness,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Veterans,Safety,Adverse Events,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3099, "title": "Ketamine and Psilocybin Differentially Impact Sensory Learning During the Mismatch Negativity", "normalized_title": "ketamine and psilocybin differentially impact sensory learning during the mismatch negativity", "authors": "Allohverdi S, Soltanzadeh M, Schmidt A, Charlton C, Hauke D, Karvelis P, Vollenweider F, Diaconescu A.", "abstract": "Abstract Ketamine and psilocybin show potential as therapies for various mental illnesses, including major depressive disorder. However, further investigation into their neural mechanisms is required to understand their effects on the brain. By combining computational modelling with electroencephalography (EEG), we examine the effects of ketamine and psilocybin on hierarchical sensory precision-weighted prediction error (pwPE) learning in the context of the auditory mismatch negativity, an event-related potential consistently shown to be reduced under psychotomimetic interventions. We employed a Bayesian framework and re-analyzed a previously acquired EEG dataset (Schmidt et al., 2012) by modelling single-trial EEG data using the Hierarchical Gaussian Filter. Using a placebo-controlled within-subject crossover design, healthy subjects were administered either S-ketamine or psilocybin during an auditory roving paradigm of pure sinusoidal tones. Our findings elucidate distinct neural impacts of ketamine and psilocybin on sensory learning: ketamine led to a larger reduction in the effect of sensory precision compared to placebo from 207 to 316 ms peaking at 277 ms in the frontal central channels, while psilocybin showed no significant effect. Both drugs reduced the expression of belief precision between 160 to 184 ms, peaking at 172 ms. For higher-level volatility pwPEs, ketamine reduced the expression while psilocybin had null effect at 312 ms. For perception of elementary imagery, ketamine had a greater effect than psilocybin on sensory and volatility precision, while psilocybin had a greater effect on volatility pwPEs. Our findings suggest hallucinogens have distinct effects on sensory learning that could inform tailored therapies for major depression.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-09-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-4492873/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4492873/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR916682\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3592, "title": "An Open-Label Pilot Study Examining the Feasibility, Safety, and Effectiveness of Psilocybin Therapy for Depression in Bipolar II Disorder", "normalized_title": "an open label pilot study examining the feasibility safety and effectiveness of psilocybin therapy for depression in bipolar ii disorder", "authors": "University of California, San Francisco", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to determine the safety, tolerability, and feasibility of psilocybin therapy in people with Bipolar II Disorder. The primary goal of this study is to examine the safety, tolerability, and feasibility of psilocybin therapy in people with Bipolar II Disorder (BD II). Fourteen participants, ages 18 to 70 with clinically diagnosed BD II with active depression, in active outpatient mental health treatment, and who meet all other inclusion and exclusion criteria at screening will be enrolled. After baseline assessments, participants will engage in preparatory visits with trained facilitators, followed by an initial drug administration of oral psilocybin,supervised by the facilitators and a clinician who will conduct safety monitoring throughout. Participants will complete assessment and integration sessions with the facilitators subsequently in order to help process the experience. Participants who tolerated the first dosage may be asked to complete a second psilocybin dosing session, involving the same preparation, procedures, integration, and supervision as the first. Primary outcome measures will assess safety, tolerability, and feasibility of study procedures. Efficacy will be measured by change in depression as measured by the MADRS three weeks after the final psilocybin administration. Exploratory outcome measures will assess changes in sleep, quality of life, and therapeutic engagement.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-09-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05065294", "keywords": "Bipolar II Disorder, Psilocybin therapy, 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05065294\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1267, "title": "Psychedelics: From Cave Art to 21st-Century Medicine for Addiction.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics from cave art to 21st century medicine for addiction", "authors": "Vamvakopoulou IA, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic substance use in ritualistic and ceremonial settings dates back as early as 8,500 BCE. Only in recent years, from the mid-20th century, we have seen the re-emergence of psychedelics in a therapeutic setting and more specifically for the treatment of addiction. This article aims to review research over the past 40 years using classic (psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], dimethyltryptamine [DMT], mescaline) and atypical (ketamine, ibogaine, 5-MeO-DMT, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) psychedelics for the treatment of addiction.SummaryWe will start with an overview of the pharmacology and physiological and psychological properties of psychedelic substances from pre-clinical and clinical research. We will then provide an overview of evidence gathered by studies conducted in controlled research environments and naturalistic and ceremonial settings, while we identify the proposed therapeutic mechanisms of each psychedelic substance.Key messagesClassic and atypical psychedelics show promise as therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of addiction, through the improvement of psychological and physiological symptoms of dependence. A more comprehensive understanding of the ancient and present-day knowledge of the therapeutic potential of psychedelics can facilitate hope for psychedelic therapeutics in the treatment of addiction, especially for individuals who have failed other conventional treatment methods.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1159/000540062", "pubmed_id": "39321788", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000540062", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Mescaline, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Addictive, History, Ancient, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39321788\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3151, "title": "Distinct classes of antidepressants commonly act to shape pallidal structure and function in mice", "normalized_title": "distinct classes of antidepressants commonly act to shape pallidal structure and function in mice", "authors": "Abe Y, Sugiura Y, Maeda R, Taira S, Yoshida K, Ibi D, Moritoh S, Hashimoto K, Yagishita S, Tanaka KF.", "abstract": "Antidepressants including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, ketamine, and psilocybin are all effective for treating depression despite their distinct primary mechanisms. We hypothesized that these drugs may share a common mechanism that underlies their therapeutic actions. We treated mice with one of the following: escitalopram, R- / S -/ RS- ketamine, or psilocin. Additionally, groups exposed to electroconvulsive stimulation and a saline control were included. Following treatment, fixed brains underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging, and voxel-based morphometry was performed to evaluate brain-wide volumetric changes. Compared with control treatment, we observed greater volumes in the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and external globus pallidus across all antidepressant treatments, and a smaller volume in the mediodorsal thalamus. Specifically, R -ketamine, RS -ketamine, and psilocin induced more pronounced hypertrophy of the ventral pallidum, whereas selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and S -ketamine predominantly increased the volume of the external globus pallidus. Further analyses using super-resolution microscopy and imaging mass spectrometry revealed corresponding microstructural and molecular changes. Greater pallidal volume was associated with striatal medium spiny neuron terminal hypertrophy and elevated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels. Interestingly, all antidepressants were also associated with higher striatal dopamine content. Moreover, striatal vesicular GABA transporter overexpression reproduced the medium spiny neuron terminal hypertrophy and increased pallidal GABA content, and was associated with a reduction in innate anxiety. These findings indicate that despite their pharmacological diversity, antidepressant treatments lead to shared pallidum-centered structural and molecular changes. We propose that these shared changes may potentiate the striato-pallidal inhibitory circuit, thereby contributing to the overall antidepressant effect.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-09-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.09.23.614626", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.23.614626", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR914838\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 891, "title": "Single-dose psilocybin alters resting state functional networks in patients with body dysmorphic disorder.", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin alters resting state functional networks in patients with body dysmorphic disorder", "authors": "Zhu X, Zhang C, Hellerstein D, Feusner JD, Wheaton MG, Gomez GJ, Schneier F.", "abstract": "Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a severe psychiatric condition characterized by preoccupation with perceived flaws in one's appearance, which the individual views as defective or ugly. Psilocybin, a serotonin 2A receptor agonist with psychedelic properties, has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent for depression and other psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to identify subacute neural changes predicting symptomatic response to psilocybin treatment in adults with BDD. Eight adults with moderate-to-severe nondelusional BDD were administered a single oral 25 mg dose of psilocybin, accompanied by psychological support, and underwent resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging assessments 1 day before and 1 day after the dosing. Both a region of interest (ROI)-to-ROI analysis and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) were used to identify changes in resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) at day 1 after dosing that predicted treatment response at week 1, measured by change in Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Scale Modified for BDD (BDDYBOCS) score. All participants completed the dosing and follow-up assessments over 12 weeks. BDD-YBOCS scores decreased at week 1 and week 12 after dosing (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.61373/pp024r.0028", "pubmed_id": "40458078", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.61373/pp024r.0028", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40458078\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3144, "title": "Premorbid Characteristics of the SAPAP3-Mouse Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Behavior, Neuroplasticity, and Psilocybin Treatment", "normalized_title": "premorbid characteristics of the sapap3 mouse model of obsessive compulsive disorder behavior neuroplasticity and psilocybin treatment", "authors": "Lazar M, Brownstien M, Botvinnik A, Shevakh C, Shahar O, Lifschytz T, Lerer B.", "abstract": "Background SAPAP3-knockout (KO) mice develop excessive self-grooming behavior at 4-6 months of age, serving as a model for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Given that anxiety often precedes OCD diagnosis in humans, this study investigated whether juvenile SAPAP3-KO mice exhibit anxiety-like behaviors before developing the self-grooming phenotype, and whether such behaviors respond to psilocybin treatment. The study also examined four key neuroplasticity-related synaptic proteins-GAP43, PSD95, synaptophysin, and SV2A - as SAPAP3 is a postsynaptic scaffold protein that interacts with PSD95 and may affect synaptic function. Methods Two studies were conducted using male and female juvenile (10-13 weeks) SAPAP3- KO mice. Study 1 compared behavioral phenotypes between homozygous (HOM), heterozygous (HET), and wild-type (WT) mice. Study 2 evaluated a different sample of HOM and WT mice and assessed the effect of psilocybin (4.4 mg/kg) on identified behavioral differences. Both studies included comprehensive behavioral testing focused on anxiety, social interaction, and cognitive function. Additionally, levels of four synaptic proteins were measured by western blots in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum of juvenile and adult SAPAP3-KO mice. Results In both studies, juvenile HOM SAPAP3-KO mice showed significant anxiety-like behaviors compared to WT mice, spending less time in open field center, and elevated plus maze open arms. They also buried fewer marbles and found fewer buried Oreos than WT mice. Psilocybin treatment did not improve these behavioral manifestations. Analysis of synaptic proteins revealed significant increases in GAP43, synaptophysin, and SV2A across multiple brain regions in adult male HOM mice and of SV2A in the frontal cortex of HOM females compared to WT, but not in juvenile mice of either sex. Conclusions Juvenile SAPAP3-KO mice exhibit anxiety-like behaviors before developing the characteristic excessive self-grooming phenotype, paralleling the prodromal anxiety often seen in human OCD. Unlike in adult SAPAP3-KO mice, these early manifestations were not responsive to psilocybin treatment. The age-dependent increases in synaptic proteins observed in adult but not juvenile male SAPAP3-KO mice and to a lesser extent in females, may represent compensatory plasticity changes in response to the phenotype. These results provide insights into the developmental trajectory of OCD-like behaviors and associated neuroplastic adaptations. Significance Statement Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) frequently emerges during adolescence, with anxiety as a common prodromal symptom. This study investigated behavioral and molecular characteristics of juvenile SAPAP3 knockout (KO) mice, an established preclinical model of OCD, prior to manifestation of their characteristic excessive grooming phenotype. Juvenile SAPAP3 KO mice exhibited significant anxiety-like behaviors on multiple behavioral measures. While psilocybin treatment reduces OCD-like behaviors in adult SAPAP3 knockout mice, it did not ameliorate anxiety-like behaviors in juvenile mice, indicating age-dependent therapeutic effects. Notably, adult male SAPAP3 KO mice showed elevated levels of synaptic plasticity-related proteins in emotion-regulatory brain regions, whereas juvenile KO showed no such alterations. These findings demonstrate that anxiety precedes compulsive behaviors in this model and reveal age- dependent neuroplasticity changes. This developmental trajectory parallels clinical observations in OCD and provides a framework for investigating early intervention strategies.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-09-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.09.22.614317", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.22.614317", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR914309\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Emotional Processing,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1017, "title": "Psilocybin for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled studies.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for major depressive disorder a systematic review of randomized controlled studies", "authors": "Li LJ, Mo Y, Shi ZM, Huang XB, Ning YP, Wu HW, Yang XH, Zheng W.", "abstract": "ObjectivesThe purpose of this systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was to evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of psilocybin in adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodsA systematic search (up to September 14, 2023) was conducted for RCTs that examined the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of psilocybin in physically healthy adult patients with MDD. Three independent researchers extracted data from publications where the primary outcome was a change in depressive symptoms, and key secondary outcomes were changes in anxiety symptoms and suicidal ideation, discontinuation rates for any reason, and adverse drug reactions (ADRs).ResultsFive RCTs with 472 adult patients with MDD on psilocybin (n = 274) and controls (n = 198) were included. Two of the five RCTs (40%) reported mixed results, while the other three (60%) found that psilocybin had a beneficial effect on MDD treatment. Four RCTs (80%) assessing the anxiolytic effects of psilocybin for treating MDD found that psilocybin was significantly more effective than the control group in improving anxiety symptoms. Psilocybin was more effective than the control group in improving suicidal ideation in one out of five RCTs. Discontinuation rates were similar for any reason between the psilocybin group (2-13%) and the control group (4-21%) (P > 0.05). Four RCTs (80%) reported ADRs in detail. The most common ADR in both groups was headache.ConclusionPsilocybin was effective in improving depressive symptoms in over half of the included studies and reduced anxiety symptoms in patients with MDD. The long-term efficacy and safety of psilocybin for MDD treatment needs to be further investigated in large RCTs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1416420", "pubmed_id": "39376971", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1416420", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39376971\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3034, "title": "Acute psilocybin and ketanserin effects on cerebral blood flow: 5-HT2AR neuromodulation in healthy humans", "normalized_title": "acute psilocybin and ketanserin effects on cerebral blood flow 5 ht2ar neuromodulation in healthy humans", "authors": "Larsen K, Lindberg U, Ozenne B, McCulloch DE, Armand S, Madsen MK, Johansen A, Stenbæk DS, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "Psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, is a psychedelic and agonist at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) that has shown positive therapeutic effects for brain disorders such as depression. To elucidate the brain effects of psilocybin, we directly compared the acute effects of 5-HT2AR agonist (psilocybin) and antagonist (ketanserin) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a single-blind, cross-over study in 28 healthy participants. We evaluated associations between plasma psilocin level (PPL) or subjective drug intensity (SDI) and CBF. We also evaluated drug effects on internal carotid artery (ICA) diameter using time-of-flight MRI angiography. PPL and SDI were significantly negatively associated with regional and global CBF (∼11.5% at peak drug effect, p", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-09-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.09.19.24313958", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.19.24313958", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR913484\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 997, "title": "Effect of psilocybin versus escitalopram on depression symptom severity in patients with moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder: observational 6-month follow-up of a phase 2, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin versus escitalopram on depression symptom severity in patients with moderate to severe major depressive disorder observational 6 month follow up of a phase 2 double blind randomised controlled trial", "authors": "Erritzoe D, Barba T, Greenway KT, Murphy R, Martell J, Giribaldi B, Timmermann C, Murphy-Beiner A, Jones MB, Nutt D, Weiss B, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin therapy (PT) produces rapid and persistent antidepressant effects in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the long-term effects of PT have never been compared with gold-standard treatments for MDD such as pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy alone or in combination.MethodsThis is a 6-month follow-up study of a phase 2, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial involving patients with moderate-to-severe MDD. Participants were recruited from a hospital in the UK. Male or female patients with major depressive disorder (DSM-IV), moderate to severe depression (HAM-D ≥17), no MRI or SSRI contraindications, confirmed diagnosis by a GP or mental healthcare professional, aged 18-80, and competent in English were eligible. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either two 25 mg doses of the psychedelic drug psilocybin administered orally combined with psychological support ('psilocybin therapy' or PT) and book-ended by further support or a 6-week course of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram (administered daily at 10 mg for three weeks and 20 mg for the subsequent three weeks) plus matched psychological support ('escitalopram treatment' or ET). The primary outcome measure was change from baseline in the score on the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR-16) at week 6, which has been reported previously. Herein, we present results at the 6-month follow-up time point. Measures of social functioning, connectedness, and meaning in life constituted the study's secondary outcomes during follow-up. Safety in the follow-up period was not assessed. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03429075.FindingsBetween January 15th, 2019 and March 20th, 2020, 59 patients were enrolled and 30 (11 females [37%] and 19 males [63%]) were assigned to the psilocybin group and 29 (9 females [31%] and 20 males [69%]) to the escitalopram group. 25 participants in the PT group and 21 in the ET group completed the 6-month follow-up. At the 6-month follow-up, both PT and ET conditions yielded sustained improvements in depressive symptom severity. The mean between-condition difference in QIDS-SR-16 scores at 6-months was 1.51 (95% CI: -1.35, 4.38; p = 0.311). Secondary outcomes demonstrated that PT had greater mean between-condition differences in functioning (WSAS: -7.46; 95% CI: -12.4, -2.47; p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102799", "pubmed_id": "39764567", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102799", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39764567\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Contraindications", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3115, "title": "Psilocybin ameliorates neuropathic pain-like behaviour in mice and facilitates the gabapentin-mediated analgesia", "normalized_title": "psilocybin ameliorates neuropathic pain like behaviour in mice and facilitates the gabapentin mediated analgesia", "authors": "Askey T, Allen-Ross D, Lasrado R, Gilmour G, Hunt S, Tamagnini F, Ahmed M, Stephens G, Maiarú M.", "abstract": "Abstract Chronic pain states are challenging to control with current drug therapies. Here, we demonstrate that a single dose of psilocybin can produce a sustained anti-nociceptive effect in a mouse model of chronic neuropathic pain. Beyond this, the single dose of psilocybin caused a dramatic increase in the anti-nociceptive potential of gabapentin, a widely used treatment for neuropathic pain, such data are suggestive of establishment of longer lasting changes in network processing.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-09-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-5026806/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5026806/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR913343\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1001, "title": "Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response.", "normalized_title": "naturalistic psychedelic therapy the role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response", "authors": "Calder AE, Rausch B, Liechti ME, Holze F, Hasler G.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is permitted in Switzerland under its limited medical use program. Data from patients in this program represent a unique opportunity to analyze the real-world practice of PAT.AimsThis study compared the subjective effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin between patients undergoing PAT and healthy volunteers. For the patients, it also investigated the relationship between antidepressant effects and six measures of acute drug effects.MethodsWe compared data on acute psychedelic drug effects between 28 PAT patients with data from 28 healthy participants who participated in a randomized, double-blind crossover trial. All participants received varying doses of psilocybin and LSD. Subjective effects were assessed on an hourly basis during the acute drug effects, and the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ) was completed retrospectively. For patients, depressive symptoms were assessed using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS).ResultsRatings of overall drug effect and mystical experience were similar across groups. Compared with healthy controls, patients reported lower ratings of ego dissolution. Patients showed a significant decrease in MADRS scores, and the greatest predictor of antidepressant outcome was relaxation during the PAT session. We did not observe a relationship between mystical-type experiences and antidepressant effects. Most patients experienced mild adverse effects which resolved within 48 h.ConclusionPAT reduced depressive symptoms in this heterogeneous patient group. Patients may experience more challenging psychedelic effects and reduced ego dissolution. Hourly assessment of drug effects may predict clinical outcomes better than retrospectively assessed mystical experiences, and the impact of relaxation during PAT should be investigated further.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241278873", "pubmed_id": "39302087", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241278873", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Relaxation, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Mysticism, Adult, Middle Aged, Switzerland, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39302087\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 974, "title": "Low-dose psilocybin in short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks: results from an open-label phase Ib ascending dose study.", "normalized_title": "low dose psilocybin in short lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks results from an open label phase ib ascending dose study", "authors": "Rucker J, Butler M, Hambleton S, Bird C, Seynaeve M, Cheema S, Campbell-Coker K, Maggio C, Dunbar F, Lambru G, Matharu M.", "abstract": "BackgroundShort-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks (SUNHA) are trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias that feature intense and recurrent paroxysms of pain and autonomic symptoms. Many patients are left with debilitating symptoms despite best-available treatment. Psychedelics, such as the serotonin 2A partial agonist psilocybin, have shown promise in related disorders such as migraine and cluster headache. In this open-label phase Ib ascending dose study, we aimed to assess the effects of low-dose oral psilocybin with psychological support in six to 12 patients with chronic SUNHA. Study objectives were to determine effects on cognition, as well as safety, tolerability, and effects on headache severity and frequency.MethodsOral psilocybin in ascending doses of 5, 7.5, and 10 mg (one dose per session; three dosing sessions in total) were administered. Cognition was assessed via the Cambridge Neuropsychological Tests Automated Battery. Headache attacks were assessed via headache diaries and the six-item Headache Impact Test (HIT-6). Subjective dose intensity was assessed via the five-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Questionnaire (5D-ASC). The study was terminated early due to recruitment difficulties; four patients were enrolled, three of whom were study completers. Post hoc, we undertook a thematic analysis of the applicable free-text clinical trial notes from the dosing and subsequent visits (n = 22). An inductive method was employed to establish emergent themes.ResultsNo significant adverse events were recorded. We were unable to collect data as planned on cognitive function during the acute experience due to high ratings of subjective dose intensity (mean 5D-ASC scores 37.8-45.7). The impact of the headaches remained severe throughout the duration of the trial (HIT-6 mean scores 64.3-65.7). There were limited effects on headache duration and severity based on the diaries; however, mean daily attack frequency decreased by >50% in two participants at final follow-up (22.9 to 11.0 and 56.4 to 28.0, respectively). Completing participants and their clinicians recorded \"much\" (two participants) or \"minimal\" improvements (one participant) at final follow-up via the Clinical Global Impression rating scale. Thematic analysis indicated that psychological insights were key features of participants' experience; these insights included re-configured relationships to their headache pain.ConclusionThe study met with recruitment difficulties and cognition could not be assessed during the acute experience due to subjective dose intensity, likely mediated in part by expectancy effects. The clinical results provide no conclusive evidence for the use of psilocybin in SUNHA. We suggest that accounting for psychological factors in chronic SUNHA may be an important facet of treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/head.14837", "pubmed_id": "39301810", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14837", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Neuropsychological Tests, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39301810\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3528, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Patients Hospitalized for Treatment-resistant Depression: an Open-label Feasibility Study with an Experiential and Systemic Focus", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of patients hospitalized for treatment resistant depression an open label feasibility study with an experiential and systemic focus", "authors": "University Hospital, Ghent", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to determine the safety and feasibility of performing psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in patients hospitalized for treatment-resistant depression. The proposed study will assess the safety, feasibility, preliminary results and neurological aspects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of hospitalized patients with treatment-resistant depression. Screening, after signing the ICF, is done in patients newly admitted to the psychiatric service of Ghent University Hospital or patients referred for hospitalization through the outpatient clinic of the psychiatric service of Ghent University Hospital. Involved patients are hospitalized at the Anxiety, Compulsion and Mood Unit for 8 weeks. They will receive add-on treatment with psilocybin-supported psychotherapy in addition to standard treatment (daily group therapies, mainly non-verbal and activating). This consists of a preparatory phase (4 sessions of 1.5 hours before the first psilocybin session and 1 session of 1.5 hours before the second psilocybin session), the psilocybin sessions themselves (2 sessions, week 3 and week 6) and an integration phase (3 sessions of 1.5 hours after each psilocybin session). All sessions occur with the same 2 therapists throughout the entire course. Therapists are trained to provide experiential and systemic psychotherapeutic interventions. After hospitalization, weekly outpatient follow-up consultations continue until 12 weeks after the last psilocybin session. Subsequently, patients may still agree to a prospective, observational and naturalistic follow-up until 1 year after the last psilocybin session, during which they will be called monthly by a psychiatrist from the research team to inquire about current mental status and any therapies undertaken in the interim. During the study, patients are required to fill out questionnaires at regular intervals. Video-recordings will be made of certain parts of the preparation and integration sessions, for analysis with the client experience scale (EXP). The morning of each psilocybin session, female patients must provide a blood sample for a pregnancy test. The morning of each psilocybin session, all patients must provide a urine sample for toxicology screening. EEGs are also taken from patients the day before each psilocybin session, the morning of the first integration session after each psilocybin session and 12 weeks after the last psilocybin session (at the last outpatient consultation). At the start and at the end of the hospitalization phase, a semi-structured interview will be conducted with the patient to gauge expectations on the one hand and experiences on the other. Throughout the study, the patient's partner will be involved. The partner must complete a number of questionnaires at baseline and throughout the study and will have to be present at 3 EEGs. In addition, the partner will also participate in 1 preparatory session and 2 integration sessions. The partner will also be given the opportunity to spend the night of a psilocybin session with the patient in the hospital (rooming-in). At the start and at the end of the hospitalization phase, a semi-structured interview will be conducted with the partner to gauge expectations on the one hand and experiences on the other.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-09-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06378229", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Psilocybin, PEX010, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06378229\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1019, "title": "CCNP Innovations in Neuropsychopharmacology Award: The psychopharmacology of psychedelics: where the brain meets spirituality.", "normalized_title": "ccnp innovations in neuropsychopharmacology award the psychopharmacology of psychedelics where the brain meets spirituality", "authors": "Gobbi G.", "abstract": "For 3000 years, psychedelics have been used in religious contexts to enhance spiritual thinking, well-being, and a sense of community. In the last few years, a renaissance in the use of psychedelic drugs for mental disorders has occurred in Western society; consequently, a pressing scientific need to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying their actions has arisen. Psychedelics mainly bind to serotonin (5-HT) receptors, particularly 5-HT2A receptors, but may also bind to other receptors. Unlike conventional psychotropic drugs used in psychiatry, psychedelics introduce a distinctive complexity. They not only engage in receptor activation, but also exert influence over specific neural circuits, thereby facilitating transformative cognitive experiences and fostering what many have identified as a spiritual contemplation or mystical experience. This comprehensive review describes clinical studies that have examined the propensity of psychedelics to enhance spiritual, mystical, and transcendent cognitive states. This multifaceted nature, encompassing diverse components and paradigms, necessitates careful consideration during the investigation of psychedelic mechanisms of action to avoid oversimplification. The present review endeavours to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the actions of 2 principal psychedelic substances, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), with a focus on monoamine and glutamate receptor mechanisms; molecular aspects, such as neuroplasticity and epigenetics; as well as the impact of psychedelics on brain circuits, including the default mode network and the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical network. Given their distinctive and intricate mechanisms of action, psychedelics necessitate a novel conceptual framework in psychiatry, offering insight into the treatment of mental health disorders and facilitating the integration of the realms of brain, mind, and spirituality.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1503/jpn.240037", "pubmed_id": "39299781", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.240037", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Spirituality, Mental Disorders, Psychopharmacology, Awards and Prizes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39299781\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Epigenetics,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1018, "title": "Psychedelic research at a crossroads.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic research at a crossroads", "authors": "Armstrong SB, Davis AK.", "abstract": "There is an urgent need to develop better treatments for mental health conditions that affect one in every eight people in the world. To combat this concern, psychedelic drugs have been combined with psychotherapy and studied in clinical trials in the United States and Europe. Psychedelics are hallucinogenic drugs that alter brain activity and facilitate altered states of consciousness. The proposed benefits of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) include relatively short treatment times and stronger effects compared to other treatments. Although results of trials using MDMA for trauma or psilocybin for depression are promising, PAT is controversial because many questions about its safety and effectiveness are unanswered. This is evident in the recent ruling by the US Food and Drug Administration against the approval of MDMA therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder and the retraction of several papers about MDMA trials owing to unethical conduct by study therapists and data integrity, among other concerns. This field is at a crossroads, and the research community must address several obstacles to transition from exploratory trials to established, evidence-based treatments while avoiding pitfalls that can hinder advancement.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1126/science.adt1024", "pubmed_id": "39298596", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adt1024", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Drug Approval, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, United States Food and Drug Administration, United States, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39298596\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 948, "title": "Psychedelics: A review of their effects on recalled aversive memories and fear/anxiety expression in rodents.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics a review of their effects on recalled aversive memories and fear anxiety expression in rodents", "authors": "Werle I, Bertoglio LJ.", "abstract": "Threatening events and stressful experiences can lead to maladaptive memories and related behaviors. Existing treatments often fail to address these issues linked to anxiety/stress-related disorders effectively. This review identifies dose ranges associated with specific actions across various psychedelics. We examined psilocybin/psilocin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), mescaline, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), serotonin 2 A/2 C agonists (e.g., DOI) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on aversive memory extinction and reconsolidation, learned fear, anxiety, and locomotion in rodents. Nearly 400 studies published since 1957 were reviewed. Psychedelics often show biphasic effects on locomotion at doses that enhance extinction learning/retention, impair memory reconsolidation, or reduce learned fear and anxiety. Emerging evidence suggests a dissociation between their prospective benefits and locomotor effects. Under-explored aspects include sex differences, susceptibility to interference as memories age and generalize, repeated treatments, and immediate vs. delayed changes. Validating findings in traumatic-like memory and maladaptive fear/anxiety models is essential. Understanding how psychedelics modulate threat responses and post-retrieval memory processes in rodents may inform drug development and human studies, improving therapeutic approaches for related psychiatric conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105899", "pubmed_id": "39305969", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105899", "keywords": "Animals, Rodentia, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Fear, Mental Recall, Extinction, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39305969\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 465, "title": "Going Underground: Demographics, Services, and Best Practices Endorsed by Practitioners Providing Support for Naturalistic Psychedelic Use.", "normalized_title": "going underground demographics services and best practices endorsed by practitioners providing support for naturalistic psychedelic use", "authors": "Glynos NG, Baker A, Aday JS, Pouyan N, Barron J, Herberholz M, Kruger D, Boehnke KF.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) has shown preliminary efficacy for psychiatric and physical health conditions. Although some people report naturalistic psychedelic use with so-called \"underground\" practitioners, little is known about PAT that occurs outside of controlled clinical settings or perspectives of these practitioners. We conducted an anonymous online survey of individuals who reported providing psychedelic support services (e.g. trip sitting and/or preparatory/follow-up psychotherapy) in naturalistic settings. We investigated demographics, including education and licensing, details about services provided, and reported client outcomes. Among 107 participants, 40.2% held a full or in-progress license and 44.9% had not obtained a relevant graduate degree. Almost all participants reported pre-screening clients before treatment, offering preparation, integration, and trip-sitting services, and most employed a range of therapeutic modalities, centering primarily on non-directive approaches. Participants reported that clients most commonly consumed psilocybin, and treated numerous conditions, primarily aligning with indications targeted in psychedelic clinical research. Perceptions of clients' symptom changes were largely positive, although a small proportion reported worsened personality disorder symptoms. Further research delineating client and practitioner perspectives of naturalistic PAT services is warranted, and such work may shed light on the benefits and risks specific to naturalistic PAT as well as inform best practices for practitioners.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2405685", "pubmed_id": "39297183", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2405685", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39297183\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3122, "title": "Exploring U.K. cancer doctors’ attitudes toward psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for cancer-related distress", "normalized_title": "exploring u k cancer doctors attitudes toward psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for cancer related distress", "authors": "Mageean S, Daniel A, Tai S.", "abstract": "Abstract Background A diagnosis of cancer is often associated with significant psychological distress. Current approaches to cancer-related distress predominantly fall short of meeting the needs of patients. Recent investigations have shown that administering psilocybin in combination with psychotherapy might be effective at reducing distress in cancer patients. Oncologists are often ‘gatekeepers’, who oversee cancer patient care; if this intervention were to become more routinely available, it is important to understand doctors’ attitudes toward psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. Method Nine oncologists who worked across two National Health Service Trusts in England were interviewed using a semi-structured interview approach. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the interviews and guide the development of overarching themes and subthemes. Results The analysis revealed five overarching themes relating to oncologists’ experiences of cancer-related distress and attitudes towards psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy: current approaches to distress; attitudes towards psychedelics and psilocybin; quality research; service design and delivery; distress and patients from different backgrounds. Limitations: Future research should aim to explore the experiences and attitudes of other professionals, such as specialist cancer nurses, who are more likely to broach the subject of distress with cancer patients. Conclusions Oncologists are open to novel interventions for supporting patients experiencing cancer-related psychological distress. Future research should aim to address their concerns regarding the safety and potential interactions of psilocybin with anticancer treatments and should stratify trials with different patient groups, owing to the idiosyncratic nature of specific types of cancer.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-09-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-4862438/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4862438/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR911306\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Cancer Patients,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1020, "title": "Psychedelics as a potential treatment for tobacco use disorder: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as a potential treatment for tobacco use disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Spoelstra SK, Schoevers RA, Venema SD, Knegtering H.", "abstract": "IntroductionDespite considerable efforts, tobacco use disorder persists as a significant public health issue. The effectiveness of current smoking cessation therapies is limited, leading to a growing interest in alternative treatment approaches such as psychedelics.AimThe aim of this review is to evaluate the scientific evidence regarding the role of psychedelics in smoking cessation.MethodsTo identify relevant literature on psychedelics and smoking cessation, a search was conducted in four academic literature databases PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Embase. Databases were searched from their inception up to March 24, 2024.ResultsOut of the 1073 articles identified in databases, 8 publications (both clinical and non-clinical studies) met the inclusion criteria, of which a total of 4 publications originated from a single study. The majority of the studies focused on psilocybin (n = 7), for which supportive evidence was suggested for the treatment of tobacco use disorder. Additionally, research was conducted with other psychedelics for smoking cessation, such as ayahuasca, mescaline, peyote, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), lysergic acid amide (LSA) and (dimethyltryptamine (DMT), but the evidence base for these psychedelics is too small to draw definitive conclusions.ConclusionsThere is, although limited, evidence that psychedelics, in particular psilocybin, may offer a potential avenue for combating tobacco use disorder, though more research is needed to understand their effectiveness and safety fully.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s44192-024-00095-0", "pubmed_id": "39289250", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s44192-024-00095-0", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39289250\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 949, "title": "Exploring the regulatory framework of psychedelics in the US & Europe.", "normalized_title": "exploring the regulatory framework of psychedelics in the us europe", "authors": "Behera HK, Joga R, Yerram S, Karnati P, Mergu T, Gandhi K, M S, Nathiya D, Singh RP, Srivastava S, Kumar S.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drug therapy has gained prominence for its potential in treating various mental health conditions, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety. Psychedelic treatment differs from conventional psychiatric approaches in mode of action, legal status, and treatment approach. This work delves into the therapeutic potential, mechanisms, and regulatory approvals of key psychedelic substances like psilocybin, 3,4-Methyl enedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), mescaline, ketamine, and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It also provides an overview of legal aspects, and regulations surrounding psychedelics in the US & Europe, emphasizing their Schedule I classification due to potential misuse. The United States Food & Drug Administration (USFDA) closely monitors psychedelics, employing expedited pathways for evaluation. Further, recent guidance from the FDA on considerations for clinical Investigations supports the safe development of psychedelics for human welfare. European Medicines Agency (EMA) regulators focus on atypical psychedelics, addressing challenges in safety and efficacy. Marketed products, such as Spravato nasal spray, face limited distribution due to safety concerns. The call for careful regulation and legislation is essential for harnessing psychedelics' potential for therapeutic benefits and human welfare.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104242", "pubmed_id": "39305768", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104242", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Drug Approval, United States Food and Drug Administration, United States, Europe", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39305768\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1002, "title": "Less is more? A review of psilocybin microdosing.", "normalized_title": "less is more a review of psilocybin microdosing", "authors": "Savides IA, Outhoff K.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe applications of psilocybin, derived from 'magic mushrooms,' are vast, including a burgeoning practice known as microdosing, which refers to the administration of sub-hallucinogenic doses of psychedelic substances to obtain benefits without experiencing significant cognitive and perceptual distortion. However, current research is fairly new with several limitations and gaps that hinder adequate conclusions on its efficacy.AimsThis semi-structured review aimed to identify and highlight research gaps in the field of psilocybin microdosing for future research.MethodsA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses based strategy was employed, utilizing a chain of keywords and key phrases across multiple databases, augmented by a cross-sectional Google search for relevant grey literature in the form of the top 10 search results. A total of 40 studies and 8 unique websites were identified, summarized and tabulated into four distinct categories, namely non-clinical, clinical, observational and anecdotal evidence.ResultsThe majority of available evidence originates from observational studies, while non-clinical and clinical study findings remain comparatively sparse and inconsistent. Web-based findings were consistent with current research findings. Key research gaps were highlighted: the imperative for more randomized placebo-controlled trials, exploration of dose-response ranges, psychological and personality testing of participants, utilization of active placebos, greater diversity in study populations, an increase in psilocybin-exclusive microdosing studies and the refinement of animal models.ConclusionDefinitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of psilocybin microdosing remain elusive, emphasizing the need for further study. Numerous research gaps necessitate consideration for future investigations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241278769", "pubmed_id": "39282928", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241278769", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39282928\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Personality Change,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 950, "title": "New frontiers in the biosynthesis of psychoactive specialized metabolites.", "normalized_title": "new frontiers in the biosynthesis of psychoactive specialized metabolites", "authors": "Li G, Facchini PJ.", "abstract": "The recent relaxation of psychedelic drug regulations has prompted extensive clinical investigation into their potential use to treat diverse mental health conditions including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, and substance-abuse disorders. Most clinical trials have relied on a small number of known molecules found in nature, such as psilocybin, or long-known synthetic analogs of natural metabolites, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways leading to several psychedelic compounds has established an opportunity to use synthetic biology as a complement to synthetic chemistry for the preparation of novel derivatives with potentially superior pharmacological properties compared with known drugs. Herein we review the metabolic biochemistry of pathways from plants, fungi and animals that yield the medicinally important hallucinogenic specialized metabolites ibogaine, mescaline, psilocybin, lysergic acid, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). We also summarize the reconstitution of these pathways in microorganisms and comment on the integration of native and non-native enzymes to prepare novel derivatives.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102626", "pubmed_id": "39288539", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102626", "keywords": "Animals, Fungi, Plants, Hallucinogens, Biosynthetic Pathways", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39288539\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 975, "title": "Psychedelic mushroom-containing chocolate exposures: Case series.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic mushroom containing chocolate exposures case series", "authors": "Gartner HT, Wan HZ, Simmons RE, Sollee DR, Sheikh S.", "abstract": "IntroductionThe recreational use of psilocybin or psilocin-containing products, a chemical found naturally in certain mushroom species, is on the rise across the United States. Several cases of serious clinical effects related to mushroom-containing products have recently been reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The emergence of these new products and their health consequences are not yet well understood. This case series aims to characterize exposures to mushroom-containing chocolate products, including patient characteristics, clinical effects, treatment(s), and clinical outcome severity, reported to a poison center network.Material and methodsThis was a retrospective case series conducted in patients exposed to mushroom-containing chocolate products across three poison centers between January 2023 to August 2024. Patients were identified via a database search of ToxSentry®. Patients were included if they were exposed to a mushroom-containing chocolate product. Patients were excluded if they ingested an unrelated product or if there was insufficient information documented within ToxSentry®. The primary endpoint was to describe clinical outcome severity after exposure to mushroom-containing chocolate products.ResultsA query of ToxSentry® identified 164 cases; 36 cases met study criteria. The median age of patients in this case series was 17 years old. For most patients (23, 64 %), the reason for the exposure was intentional, with 20 reporting intentional abuse or misuse of the product. Common clinical effects reported included mental status changes (26, 76 %), paranoia/hallucinations (10, 28 %), dysrhythmias (7, 19 %) and gastrointestinal discomfort (6, 17 %). There was one report of seizure. Most clinical effects lasted between 3 and 24 h after ingestion (29, 81 %). Intravenous fluids (18, 50 %) and benzodiazepines (7, 19 %) were the most common treatments given. No fatalities were reported.DiscussionWhile most patients in this series experienced minor clinical effects, some developed serious effects after ingestion of a mushroom-containing chocolate product. Findings from this study further characterize the limited patient demographics, clinical effects, and outcomes published thus far. Further characterization in a larger cohort of patients could expand on our initial findings and is needed to better identify factors that may influence clinical outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.ajem.2024.09.038", "pubmed_id": "39288500", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2024.09.038", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Mushroom Poisoning, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Child, Poison Control Centers, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Chocolate", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39288500\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Case Report,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3716, "title": "Personal Psychedelic Experience as a Training Qualification for Facilitators: A Thematic Analysis of Qualitative Interviews with Psilocybin Experts.", "normalized_title": "personal psychedelic experience as a training qualification for facilitators a thematic analysis of qualitative interviews with psilocybin experts", "authors": "Wilson-Poe A, Hoffman K, Pertl K, Luoma J, Bazinet A, Stauffer C, McCarty D, Korthuis P.", "abstract": "Emerging legal frameworks in Oregon and Colorado license facilitators to support adults receiving psychedelic services. The current legal frameworks are silent regarding facilitators' personal experience with psychedelics. An e-Delphi process recruited 36 experts with at least 5 years' experience facilitating psilocybin experiences in ceremonial settings, indigenous practices, or clinical trials. Respondents completed in-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews via secure web links. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using Thematic Analysis. Experts with a mean of 15.2 (SD13.1) years' experience providing psilocybin services expressed the importance of first-hand experience with psychedelics as a qualification for the emerging workforce. One participant questioned the necessity of personal psychedelic experience. Experts suggested that personal experience may indirectly support high-quality care because it enhances facilitators' personal wellbeing, and may help facilitators understand the complexity and nature of their clients' psychedelic experiences. Novel state-legal psychedelic paradigms create a real-world opportunity to assess associations between facilitators' personal psychedelic experience and the safety and outcomes of psychedelic services.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982", "pubmed_id": "39269313", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2401982", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Qualitative Research, Adult, Middle Aged, Health Personnel, Oregon, Colorado, Female, Male, Interviews as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39269313\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1025, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy for treating anxiety, depression, and existential distress in people with life-threatening diseases.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy for treating anxiety depression and existential distress in people with life threatening diseases", "authors": "Schipper S, Nigam K, Schmid Y, Piechotta V, Ljuslin M, Beaussant Y, Schwarzer G, Boehlke C.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic-assisted therapy refers to a group of therapeutic practices involving psychedelics taken under therapeutic supervision from physicians, psychologists, and others. It has been hypothesised that psychedelic-assisted therapy may reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, and existential distress in patients facing life-threatening diseases (e.g. cancer). However, these substances are illegal in most countries and have been associated with potential risks.ObjectivesTo assess the benefits and harms of psychedelic-assisted therapy compared to placebo or active comparators (e.g. antidepressants) for treatment of anxiety, depression, and existential distress in people with life-threatening diseases.Search methodsWe searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and two trial registers on 30 March 2024. In addition, we undertook reference checking, citation searching, and contact with study authors to identify additional studies. We used no language or date restrictions.Selection criteriaWe included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), with no restrictions regarding comorbidity, sex, or ethnicity. Interventions comprised a substance-induced psychedelic experience preceded by preparatory therapeutic sessions and followed by integrative therapeutic sessions.Data collection and analysisWe used the standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane.Main resultsWe included six studies in the review, which evaluated two different interventions: psychedelic-assisted therapy with classical psychedelics (psilocybin ('magic mushrooms') and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)), and psychedelic-assisted therapy with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy'). The studies randomised 149 participants with life-threatening diseases and analysed data for 140 of them. The age range of participants was 36 to 64 years. The studies lasted between 6 and 12 months, and were conducted in outpatient settings in the USA and in Switzerland. Drug companies were not involved in study funding, but funding was provided by organisations that promote psychedelic-assisted therapy. Primary outcomes (at 1 to 12 weeks) Anxiety Psychedelic-assisted therapy using classical psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD) may result in a reduction in anxiety when compared to active placebo (or low-dose psychedelic): State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Trait, scale 20 to 80) mean difference (MD) -8.41, 95% CI -12.92 to -3.89; STAI-State (scale 20 to 80) MD -9.04, 95% CI -13.87 to -4.21; 5 studies, 122 participants; low-certainty evidence. The effect of psychedelic-assisted therapy using MDMA on anxiety, compared to placebo, is very uncertain: STAI-T MD -14.70, 95% CI -29.45 to 0.05; STAI-S MD -16.10, 95% CI -33.03 to 0.83; 1 study, 18 participants; very low certainty evidence. Depression Psychedelic-assisted therapy using classical psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD) may result in a reduction in depression when compared to active placebo (or low-dose psychedelic): Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, scale 0 to 63) MD -4.92, 95% CI -8.97 to -0.87; 4 studies, 112 participants; standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.43, 95% CI -0.79 to -0.06; 5 studies, 122 participants; low-certainty evidence. The effect of psychedelic-assisted therapy using MDMA on depression, compared to placebo, is very uncertain: BDI-II (scale: 0 to 63) MD -6.30, 95% CI -16.93 to 4.33; 1 study, 18 participants; very low certainty evidence. Existential distress Psychedelic-assisted therapy using classical psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD) compared to active placebo (or low-dose psychedelic) may result in a reduction in demoralisation, one of the most common measures of existential distress, but the evidence is very uncertain (Demoralisation Scale, 1 study, 28 participants): post treatment scores, placebo group 39.6 (SEM3.4), psilocybin group 18.8 (3.6), P ≤ 0.01). Evidence from other measures of existential distress was mixed. Existential distress was not measured in people receiving psychedelic-assisted therapy with MDMA. Secondary outcomes (at 1 to 12 weeks) Quality of life When classical psychedelics were used, one study had inconclusive results and two reported improved quality of life, but the evidence is very uncertain. MDMA did not improve quality of life measures, but the evidence is also very uncertain. Spirituality Participants receiving psychedelic-assisted therapy with classical psychedelics rated their experience as being spiritually significant (2 studies), but the evidence is very uncertain. Spirituality was not assessed in participants receiving MDMA. Adverse events No treatment-related serious adverse events or adverse events grade 3/4 were reported. Common minor to moderate adverse events for classical psychedelics were elevated blood pressure, nausea, anxiety, emotional distress, and psychotic-like symptoms (e.g. pseudo-hallucination where the participant is aware they are hallucinating); for MDMA, common minor to moderate adverse events were anxiety, dry mouth, jaw clenching, and headaches. Symptoms subsided when drug effects wore off or up to one week later. Certainty of the evidence Although all six studies had intended to blind participants, personnel, and assessors, blinding could not be achieved as this is very difficult in studies investigating psychedelics. Using GRADE criteria, we judged the certainty of evidence to be low to very low, mainly due to high risk of bias and imprecision (small sample size).Authors' conclusionsImplications for practice Psychedelic-assisted therapy with classical psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD) may be effective for treating anxiety, depression, and possibly existential distress, in people facing a life-threatening disease. Psychedelic-assisted therapy seemed to be well tolerated, with no treatment-emergent serious adverse events reported in the studies included in this review. However, the certainty of evidence is low to very low, which means that we cannot be sure about these results, and they might be changed by future research. At the time of this review (2024), psychedelic drugs are illegal in many countries. Implications for research The risk of bias due to 'unblinding' (participants being aware of which intervention they are receiving) could be reduced by measuring expectation bias, checking blinding has been maintained before cross-over, and using active placebos. More studies with larger sample sizes are needed to reduce imprecision. As the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) currently classifies psychedelics as Schedule I substances (i.e. having no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse), research involving these drugs is restricted, but is steadily increasing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd015383.pub2", "pubmed_id": "39260823", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd015383.pub2", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Placebos, Combined Modality Therapy, Depression, Anxiety, Existentialism, Psychotherapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Bias, Psychological Distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39260823\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1024, "title": "Co-administration of midazolam and psilocybin: differential effects on subjective quality versus memory of the psychedelic experience.", "normalized_title": "co administration of midazolam and psilocybin differential effects on subjective quality versus memory of the psychedelic experience", "authors": "Nicholas CR, Banks MI, Lennertz RC, Wenthur CJ, Krause BM, Riedner BA, Smith RF, Hutson PR, Sauder CJ, Dunne JD, Roseman L, Raison CL.", "abstract": "Aspects of the acute experience induced by the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin predict symptomatic relief in multiple psychiatric disorders and improved well-being in healthy participants, but whether these therapeutic effects are immediate or are based on memories of the experience is unclear. To examine this, we co-administered psilocybin (25 mg) with the amnestic benzodiazepine midazolam in 8 healthy participants and assayed the subjective quality of, and memory for, the dosing-day experience. We identified a midazolam dose that allowed a conscious psychedelic experience to occur while partially impairing memory for the experience. Furthermore, midazolam dose and memory impairment tended to associate inversely with salience, insight, and well-being induced by psilocybin. These data suggest a role for memory in therapeutically relevant behavioral effects occasioned by psilocybin. Because midazolam blocks memory by blocking cortical neural plasticity, it may also be useful for evaluating the contribution of the pro-neuroplastic properties of psychedelics to their therapeutic activity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-024-03059-8", "pubmed_id": "39266503", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-03059-8", "keywords": "Humans, Midazolam, Hallucinogens, Memory, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39266503\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Wellbeing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1023, "title": "Refractory CRPS pain treated with psilocybin: A case report.", "normalized_title": "refractory crps pain treated with psilocybin a case report", "authors": "Jevotovsky DS, Chopra H, Wing C, Spotswood CJ, Castellanos J.", "abstract": "Psilocybin shows promise as a treatment for CRPS, offering significant pain relief and functional improvement in a patient with refractory symptoms. This case highlights the need for further research into psilocybin's efficacy and optimal dosing for chronic pain management.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/ccr3.9421", "pubmed_id": "39281029", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.9421", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39281029\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 762, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Brain Cancer Related Existential Distress: A Case-Report.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for brain cancer related existential distress a case report", "authors": "Stephan JF, Karam S.", "abstract": "Introduction: Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has gained traction in palliative care as a treatment for existential distress in the last decade. Patients with brain cancer have been excluded from studies, yet they stand to benefit as much as other patients with cancer-related psychological distress. Case description: In this report, we discuss the case of a patient with end-of-life distress secondary to stage 4 astrocytoma that received PAT through Health Canada's Special Access Program. The patient had a positive response to PAT without adverse events. Discussion: Standard treatment for existential distress is often inefficacious and PAT is rarely available, especially for patients with brain cancer. We highlight the importance of making PAT more available as many patients with unresolved existential distress resort to medical assistance in dying without ever knowing of the existence of PAT. Conclusion: PAT was effective in partially alleviating the patient's existential distress. Access to PAT needs to be expanded urgently.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/jpm.2024.0277", "pubmed_id": "39264873", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2024.0277", "keywords": "Humans, Astrocytoma, Brain Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Stress, Psychological, Canada, Psilocybin, Psychological Distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39264873\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Cancer Patients,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3120, "title": "Psilocybin alters brain activity related to sensory and cognitive processing in a time-dependent manner", "normalized_title": "psilocybin alters brain activity related to sensory and cognitive processing in a time dependent manner", "authors": "Nikolic M, Mediano P, Froese T, Reydellet D, Palenicek T.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic and a novel treatment for mood disorders. Psilocybin induces dose-dependent transient (4-6 hours) usually pleasant changes in perception, cognition, and emotion by non-selectively agonizing the 5-HT2A receptors and negatively regulating serotonin reuptake, and long-term positive antidepressant effect on mood and well-being. Long-term effects are ascribed to the psychological quality of the acute experience, increase in synaptodensity and temporary (1-week) down-regulation of 5-HT2A receptors. Electroencephalography, a non-invasive neuroimaging tool, can track the acute effects of psilocybin; these include the suppression of alpha activity, decreased global connectivity, and increased brain entropy (i.e. brain signal diversity) in eyes-closed resting-state. However, few studies investigated how these modalities are affected together through the psychedelic experience. The current research aimed to evaluate the psilocybin intoxication temporal EEG profile. 20 healthy individuals (10 women) underwent oral administration of psilocybin (0.26 mg/kg ) as part of a placebo-controlled cross-over study, resting-state 5-minute eyes closed EEG was obtained at baseline and 1, 1.5, 3, 6, and 24 hours after psilocybin administration. Absolute power, relative power spectral density (PSD), power envelope global functional connectivity (GFC), Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZ), and a Complexity via State-Space Entropy Rate (CSER) were obtained together with measures of subjective intensity of experience. Absolute power decreased in alpha and beta band, but increased in delta and gamma frequencies. 24h later was observed a broadband decrease. The PSD showed a decrease in alpha occipitally between 1 and 3 hours and a decrease in beta frontally at 3 hours, but power spectra distribution stayed the same 24h later. The GFC showed decrease acutely at 1, 1.5, and 3 hours in the alpha band. LZ and showed an increase at 1 and 1.5 hours. Decomposition of CSER into functional bands shows a decrease in alpha band but increase over higher frequencies. Further, complexity over a source space showed opposing changes in the Default Mode Network (DMN) and visual network between conditions, suggesting a relationship between signal complexity, stimulus integration, and perception of self. In an exploratory attempt, we found that a change in gamma GFC in DMN correlates with oceanic boundlessness. Psychological effects of psilocybin may be wrapped in personal interpretations and history unrelated to underlying neurobiological changes, but changes to perception of self may be bound to perceived loss of boundary based on whole brain synchrony with the DMN in higher frequency bands.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-09-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.09.09.24313316", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.09.24313316", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR909013\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 553, "title": "Pharmacokinetics of Psilocybin, a Tryptamine Alkaloid in Magic Mushroom (Psilocybe cubensis): A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "pharmacokinetics of psilocybin a tryptamine alkaloid in magic mushroom psilocybe cubensis a systematic review", "authors": "Thaoboonruang N, Lohitnavy M, Lohitnavy O.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a major indole alkaloid found in magic mushrooms (Psilocybe cubensis), has recently drawn attention as a breakthrough therapy to treat major depressive disorder. This review aimed to summarize and identify knowledge gaps concerning their pharmacokinetic characteristics of psilocybin and its active metabolite, psilocin. Original studies related to pharmacokinetics of psilocybin conducted in vitro, animals, and humans were systematically collected from PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, from their inceptions to November 2023. Twenty articles were included in this work and assessed for study quality. A comprehensive review of the pharmacokinetics of psilocybin and psilocin in both animals and humans was performed. Psilocybin is considered a prodrug that is dephosphorylated to psilocin by alkaline phosphatase. Following ingestion, the peak psilocin plasma and brain levels were rapidly achieved in a dose-dependent manner. Psilocin is metabolized primarily through both Phase I and Phase II processes with the half-life of 2-3 hours. This review also identified lack of some pharmacokinetic related information and limitations of available research that may help direct future investigations to better understand the pharmacokinetics and improve study design including dose selection and dosage optimization.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2399128", "pubmed_id": "39257234", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2399128", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39257234\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 867, "title": "The immunomodulatory effects of classical psychedelics: A systematic review of preclinical studies.", "normalized_title": "the immunomodulatory effects of classical psychedelics a systematic review of preclinical studies", "authors": "Low ZXB, Ng WS, Lim ESY, Goh BH, Kumari Y.", "abstract": "Emerging evidence suggests that classical psychedelics possess immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties; however, these effects are yet to be well-established. This systematic review aims to provide a timely and comprehensive overview of the immunomodulatory effects of classical psychedelics in preclinical studies. A systematic search was conducted on six databases, including CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eligible studies targeting classical psychedelics for evaluation of their effects on inflammatory markers and immunomodulation have been included for analysis. Data was extracted from 40 out of 2822 eligible articles, and their risk of bias was assessed using the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) tool and Quality Assessment Tool for In Vitro Studies (QUIN). Studies examined 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI; n = 18); psilocybin (4-PO-DMT; n = 9); N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT; n = 8); lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; n = 6); 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT; n = 3); psilocin (4-HO-DMT; n = 3); and mescaline (n = 2). In 36 studies where inflammatory cytokine levels were measured following psychedelic administration, a decrease in at least one inflammatory cytokine was observed in 29 studies. Immune cell activity was assessed in 10 studies and findings were mixed, with an equal number of studies (n = 5 out of 10) reporting either an increase or decrease in immune cell activity. Classical psychedelics were found to alleviate pre-existing inflammation but promote inflammation when administered under normal physiological conditions. This information is anticipated to inform future clinical trials, exploring classical psychedelics' potential to alleviate inflammation in various pathologies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111139", "pubmed_id": "39251080", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111139", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Immunologic Factors, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Immunomodulation, Immunomodulating Agents", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39251080\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Safety,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 978, "title": "Psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world? Considering the importance of rituals, boundaries, and commitment.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as a tool for a more connected and sustainable world considering the importance of rituals boundaries and commitment", "authors": "Anderson K, Elf P, Isham A.", "abstract": "Despite the surge of interest in psychedelic research in the past decade, largely due to the promise of psychedelics for improving mental health outcomes, there has been comparatively little discussion about the social and environmental consequences of psychedelic drug use. While there is growing evidence to suggest psychedelics could foster a greater connection to the natural world and improve social relationships, such positive repercussions are far from guaranteed. In this commentary, we focus on LSD, psilocybin and especially MDMA, and outline three insights we came to see as crucial to creating beneficial outcomes: 1) the importance of setting and rituals, 2) the establishment of boundaries, and 3) understanding the long-term commitment required. These insights are grounded in the history of psychedelics, which is intimately intertwined with ritualised use, yet the process of commercialisation of these substances threatens to strip away important contextual factors. Creating boundaries around when, how and with whom psychedelics are used have been found to protect recreational users from harm and could also be instrumental in steering commercial interests to align with socio-environmental goals. Finally, far from being a 'quick fix' for social or environmental problems, the use of psychedelics requires sustained engagement to integrate the insights obtained. Whereas we remain optimistic about the transformative potential of psychedelics for social relationships and the environment, we also emphasise the need for a more cautious, considered approach if we are to harness the benefits and minimise the challenges of psychedelic drug use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104571", "pubmed_id": "39241438", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104571", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Ceremonial Behavior, Psilocybin, Recreational Drug Use", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39241438\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 979, "title": "Psilocybin administered following extinction sessions does not affect subsequent cocaine cue reinstatement in male and female rats and mice.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin administered following extinction sessions does not affect subsequent cocaine cue reinstatement in male and female rats and mice", "authors": "Pohořalá V, Kuchař M, Spanagel R, Bernardi RE.", "abstract": "There are currently no pharmacological treatments for cocaine use disorder. Recently there has been a great deal of interest in the potential of psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin to treat psychiatric disorders. Human studies have indicated that a single administration of psilocybin can have long-lasting effects. Few preclinical studies have examined a role for psilocybin in addiction models. The goal of the current study was to determine whether psilocybin would enhance extinction following cocaine self-administration in male and female mice and rats and thus result in an attenuation of cue-induced drug-seeking. In experiments in mice, 16 female and 19 male mice underwent 8d of cocaine self-administration (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) and extinction training. Immediately following extinction trials, mice were injected with vehicle or 1.0 mg/kg psilocybin. Following the conclusion of extinction training, mice were tested for cue-induced reinstatement. In experiments in rats, 24 female and 23 male rats underwent 15d of cocaine self-administration (0.8 mg/kg/infusion) and extinction training. Immediately following extinction trials, rats were injected with vehicle, 1.0 mg/kg psilocybin, or 2.5 mg/kg psilocybin. Following the conclusion of extinction training, rats were tested for cue-induced reinstatement. Psilocybin administered following extinction trials had no effect, as both female and male mice and rats demonstrated significant cue-induced reinstatement. These data suggest that psilocybin is ineffective at altering cocaine-seeking behavior in the paradigm and doses used in the current study. It remains to be seen whether treatment with psilocybin under different conditions may be useful in the long-standing goal of finding pharmacotherapies to treat CUD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.09.006", "pubmed_id": "39236802", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.09.006", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Cocaine-Related Disorders, Cocaine, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Hallucinogens, Self Administration, Conditioning, Operant, Cues, Sex Characteristics, Female, Male, Extinction, Psychological, Drug-Seeking Behavior, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39236802\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 977, "title": "Psychoactive substances for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychoactive substances for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders", "authors": "Zhen Z, Sun X, Yuan S, Zhang J.", "abstract": "In the contemporary landscape of psychiatric medicine, critical advancements have been noted in the utilization of psychoactive substances such as hallucinogens, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and ketamine for the treatment of severe mental health disorders. This review provides a detailed evaluation of these substances, focusing on their mechanisms of action and the profound clinical outcomes observed in controlled environments. Hallucinogens like lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin primarily target the 5-HT2A receptor agonist-2 (5-HT2AR), inducing substantial perceptual and cognitive shifts that facilitate deep psychological introspection and significant therapeutic advances, particularly in patients suffering from depression and anxiety disorders. MDMA, influencing multiple neurotransmitter systems including 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine, and norepinephrine, has been demonstrated to effectively alleviate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, enhancing patients' emotional engagement and resilience during psychotherapy. Meanwhile, ketamine, a glutamate receptor antagonist, rapidly alleviates depressive symptoms, offering a lifeline for individuals with treatment-resistant depression through its fast-acting antidepressant properties. The integration of these substances into psychiatric practice has shown promising results, fundamentally changing the therapeutic landscape for patients unresponsive to traditional treatment modalities. However, the potent effects of these agents also necessitate a cautious approach in clinical application, ensuring careful dosage control, monitoring, and risk management to prevent potential abuse and mitigate adverse effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104193", "pubmed_id": "39243659", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104193", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39243659\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 976, "title": "Fire Kasina advanced meditation produces experiences comparable to psychedelic and near-death experiences: A pilot study.", "normalized_title": "fire kasina advanced meditation produces experiences comparable to psychedelic and near death experiences a pilot study", "authors": "Woollacott M, Riddle J, Hermansson N, Sacchet MD, Ingram DM.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy studies suggest that the induction of \"mystical experiences\" combined with psycho-therapy is a possible intervention for psychiatric illness. Advanced meditation may induce powerful experiences comparable to psychedelics. We investigated effects of an intensive meditation practice called Fire Kasina. Six individuals completed a retreat, and participated in an interview in which they described their experiences. They also completed the Revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ), Hood Mystical Experience Scale (HME), and Cole's Spiritual Transformation Scale. Mean MEQ scores were 85 %, similar to prior observations of high-dose psilocybin and were stronger than moderate-dose psilocybin (t(5) = 4.41, p = 0.007, d = 1.80; W(5) = 21, p = 0.031). Mean HME scores were 93 %, exceeding levels reported for NDEs (mean 74 %) and high-dose psilocybin (mean 77 %). In qualitative analysis, experiences were described as the most intense of the individual's life, while subsequent transformational effects included substantial shifts in worldview.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-09-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.explore.2024.103056", "pubmed_id": "39244904", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2024.103056", "keywords": "Humans, Death, Hallucinogens, Meditation, Pilot Projects, Spirituality, Mysticism, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39244904\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1037, "title": "Commentary on Darke et al.: Expanded psychedelic access requires new safety monitoring systems.", "normalized_title": "commentary on darke et al expanded psychedelic access requires new safety monitoring systems", "authors": "Korthuis PT, Wilson-Poe AR, Black JC, Monte A", "abstract": "", "journal": "Addiction (Abingdon, England)", "publication_date": "2024-08-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/add.16589", "pubmed_id": "38881433", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38881433/", "keywords": "death, harm reduction, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, psychedelic epidemiology, psychedelic toxicity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38881433\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1033, "title": "Psilocybin desynchronization persists in the human brain.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin desynchronization persists in the human brain", "authors": "Rogers J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41583-024-00854-6", "pubmed_id": "39085513", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-024-00854-6", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Cortical Synchronization, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39085513\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1031, "title": "Mind over matter: the microbial mindscapes of psychedelics and the gut-brain axis.", "normalized_title": "mind over matter the microbial mindscapes of psychedelics and the gut brain axis", "authors": "Caspani G, Ruffell SGD, Tsang W, Netzband N, Rohani-Shukla C, Swann JR, Jefferies WA", "abstract": "Psychedelics have emerged as promising therapeutics for several psychiatric disorders. Hypotheses around their mechanisms have revolved around their partial agonism at the serotonin 2 A receptor, leading to enhanced neuroplasticity and brain connectivity changes that underlie positive mindset shifts. However, these accounts fail to recognise that the gut microbiota, acting via the gut-brain axis, may also have a role in mediating the positive effects of psychedelics on behaviour. In this review, we present existing evidence that the composition of the gut microbiota may be responsive to psychedelic drugs, and in turn, that the effect of psychedelics could be modulated by microbial metabolism. We discuss various alternative mechanistic models and emphasize the importance of incorporating hypotheses that address the contributions of the microbiome in future research. Awareness of the microbial contribution to psychedelic action has the potential to significantly shape clinical practice, for example, by allowing personalised psychedelic therapies based on the heterogeneity of the gut microbiota.", "journal": "Pharmacological research", "publication_date": "2024-08-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107338", "pubmed_id": "39111558", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39111558/", "keywords": "2, 3, 4-Methyl enedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), 5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), 5-methoxy-N, DMT, Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), Gut microbiota, Gut-brain axis, Ketamine, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), Personalised medicine, Precision medicine, Psilocin, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Serotonin, ayahuasca", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39111558\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Microbiome", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1028, "title": "Rapidly Trading Down Depression's 3 Pillars to 5HT3-Receptors Through ECT or Psilocybin?", "normalized_title": "rapidly trading down depression s 3 pillars to 5ht3 receptors through ect or psilocybin", "authors": "Treviranus GRS.", "abstract": "Depression astonishingly can be stopped instantly by electrotherapies or through some psychedelics like psilocybin. In explaining this, the traditional approaches to their antidepressant effects via \"reset\" models and orthosteric serotonin receptors has neglected the only serotonin channel 5HT3, which e.g. has emerged as being helpful for the neurotrophic translation for all anti-depressants and final synaptic effects. Psychedelics here are confronted with a panorama of also anti-depressant 5HT3-channels and a search for their part e.g. in the \"3 pillars\" reigning depression. Of these M1) mitochondria, parasitic organelles from a fusion between some proto-bacteria and archae, founding eukaryotes, also through 5HT3 in depression determine much of its somatic crises. Two further pillars, \"pushback\" and \"shame-link\", are clarified by the parasympathetic (PS-) conspiciously 5HT3-rich \"nasal\" pterygo-palatine ganglion (PPG): PPG-1.) Intramural \"pushbacks\" intoxicating brain's tissues, show up on MRI e.g. along branches of the peri-/subcallosal artery. The brain-draining circular chambers, by CIMURAF, are plausibly driven by the PPG (and other PS-ganglia) through their dense nitrergic grid, causing loose wrung areas creating hyperboloid stenoses where they delimit contracted sliding segments PPG-2.) Existential conflicts trigger last-resort attacks, whereby the subduing are stopped into submissive shame. This plausibly occurs via the antidromic \"Suzuki-link\" from preparatory attack-biting (V3) via the trigeminal ggl. V3-V2-crosstalk onto the PPG, which, blushing via PACAP, maybe via MCs opens the BBB causing foggy confusion. Mushrooms may have acquired psilocybin to similarly stop feeding moves of worms (C. elegans) via the >100 5HT3-like ion channels. While on MOD-1 serotonin elicits \"dwelling\", collective feeding on just one fungus, psilocin could on promote audacious \"roaming\" (protecting fungi) - channel LGC-50 learning from this. The biphasic and pervasive H2S, being a dipole, might be flushed by ECT and on the 5HT3-receptors might get worms (and us) to move.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "39378462", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39378462", "keywords": "Humans, Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3, Hallucinogens, Depressive Disorder, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39378462\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Mitochondrial Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1027, "title": "Traditional Medicine, Culture, and Psychedelic Science: New Pathways for Recovery From Substance Use Disorders.", "normalized_title": "traditional medicine culture and psychedelic science new pathways for recovery from substance use disorders", "authors": "Loizaga-Velder A, Loizaga Pazzi A.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis article provides an intercultural transdisciplinary perspective on the Indigenous roots of the resurging field of psychedelic science in the management of substance use disorders (SUDs). Ritual uses of entheogens (i.e., psychedelics of natural origin) are elaborate technologies for navigating, containing, and therapeutically directing non-ordinary states of consciousness induced by these compounds.MethodA narrative review of the literature on the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca, peyote, psilocybin-containing mushrooms, Incilius alvarius-derived 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), and iboga for the treatment of SUDs was conducted. This article also describes the application of some of these entheogens within a pilot intercultural clinical program implemented by the Yaqui tribe in Sonora, Mexico, for the treatment of SUDs and other mental health challenges.ResultsObservational research and preliminary clinical studies indicate the therapeutic potential and relative safety of these compounds in appropriate contexts, including the use of careful screening practices and complementary psychotherapeutic interventions.ConclusionsPreliminary research points to the potential therapeutic value of integrating entheogenic plant and fungi medicine with culturally attuned therapeutic strategies. Respectful intercultural dialogue across worldviews and scientific paradigms allows for the further development of new perspectives at the intersection of entheogens, addiction treatment, mental health, and traditional medicine. More interdisciplinary research is necessary in this field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.15288/jsad.23-00011", "pubmed_id": "39400118", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.23-00011", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Medicine, Traditional, Culture, Mexico, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39400118\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1026, "title": "Understanding Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy Providers' Perspective and Insights: A Qualitative Analysis.", "normalized_title": "understanding psychedelic assisted psychotherapy providers perspective and insights a qualitative analysis", "authors": "Smith CL, Sackett N, Stark BC, Dinh V, Romesburg EW, Roll J", "abstract": "There is increasing interest in the use of psychedelics for therapeutic and recreational use. Research has been hindered by federal prohibition, put in place in 1970. Despite the regulatory difficulty, research has rapidly expanded in the past decade. Multiple states and cities have drafted their own policies regarding the use of psychedelics. Assuming interest in psychedelics continues to expand; every opportunity should be explored to better understand how psychedelics may be helping or harming people. This study examined underground psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy providers' protocols and perspectives, to better inform policy and public health, as psychedelics increasingly are used in the United States. Transcripts of interviews were examined through qualitative content analysis. The following four themes were identified: (1) personal experiences and self-healing motivated sharing and promotion of the positive effects of psychedelics as an expression of altruism, (2) guides articulated consistent, yet flexible processes, (3) guides believed that the client benefit was actualized through their own intrinsic ability to heal themselves, and (4) guides expressed an overwhelming sense of dissonance regarding psychedelic legalization, not only desiring increased access and decreased risk but also expressing concern about potential negative impacts on provider flexibility, and depersonalization that could come with standardizing this field of practice. In order for current research and policy to be best informed, information must be gathered from both clinical trials and observational studies of current practice. This study identified themes within the latter to provide perspectives, practices, and insights of current underground practice, so it can be used to inform research and policy moving forward.", "journal": "Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.)", "publication_date": "2024-08-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0074", "pubmed_id": "40051684", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40051684/", "keywords": "LSD, MDMA, empathogen, psilocybin, psychedelic facilitators", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40051684\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3593, "title": "Psilocybin for Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "University of Arizona", "abstract": "This study will evaluate whether psilocybin, a hallucinogenic drug, improves symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), whether it is safely tolerated as treatment of OCD, and will investigate the mechanisms by which it works. The study seeks to improve our ability to treat and improve the lives of people who have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) by exploring the benefits of psilocybin, a mind-altering drug that changes activity in brain areas believed to be involved in OCD. Anecdotal reports and results from previous research support this idea. This two-phase study will enroll patients with symptomatic OCD who are not taking mind-altering medications or street drugs. During Phase One, neither participants nor the investigators will know which drugs or doses are administered. This information will be available if it is medically necessary to reveal which drugs and doses were administered. Five subjects in each group will receive study drug a total of four times, separated by one week. During Phase Two, participants will not know which drugs or doses they receive, but the investigators will know. All participants will receive psilocybin at some point during study participation. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of the following groups: 1. Low dose (100 µg/kg) psilocybin, 2. High dose (300 µg/kg) psilocybin, or 3. Lorazepam (1 mg), a calming medication. Lorazepam is used often for anxiety and will be used to mask which drug participants receive. Participants will spend approximately 12 hours at the research site under observation during each visit, until they are free of the mind-altering effects of the drug and are determined by the psychiatrist to be safe to go home accompanied by a responsible adult. The effects of low versus high doses, and the additive effects of repeated doses will be analyzed and will be compared to the effects of lorazepam.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-08-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03300947", "keywords": "Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD), Psilocybin 100 mcg/kg, Psilocybine, \"magic mushrooms\", Psilocybin 300 mcg/kg, Lorazepam 1 mg, Ativan, Intensol, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03300947\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,OCD,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1046, "title": "Within-subject comparison of near-death and psychedelic experiences: acute and enduring effects.", "normalized_title": "within subject comparison of near death and psychedelic experiences acute and enduring effects", "authors": "Martial C, Carhart-Harris R, Timmermann C.", "abstract": "Mystical-like states of consciousness may arise through means such as psychedelic substances, but may also occur unexpectedly during near-death experiences (NDEs). So far, research studies comparing experiences induced by serotonergic psychedelics and NDEs, along with their enduring effects, have employed between-subject designs, limiting direct comparisons. We present results from an online survey exploring the phenomenology, attribution of reality, psychological insights, and enduring effects of NDEs and psychedelic experiences (PEs) in individuals who have experienced both at some point during their lifetime. We used frequentist and Bayesian analyses to determine significant differences and overlaps (evidence for null hypotheses) between the two. Thirty-one adults reported having experienced both an NDE (i.e. NDE-C scale total score ≥27/80) and a PE (intake of lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin/mushrooms, ayahuasca, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, or mescaline). Results revealed areas of overlap between both experiences for phenomenology, attribution of reality, psychological insights, and enduring effects. A finer-grained analysis of the phenomenology revealed a significant overlap in mystical-like effects, while low-level phenomena (sensory effects) were significantly different, with NDEs displaying higher scores of disembodiment and PEs higher scores of visual imagery. This suggests psychedelics as a useful model for studying mystical-like effects induced by NDEs, while highlighting distinctions in sensory experiences.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1093/nc/niae033", "pubmed_id": "39220326", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niae033", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39220326\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1029, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy for palliative care within a home treatment setting: A case report.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy for palliative care within a home treatment setting a case report", "authors": "Federico S, Geo M, Entela M, Bachmann S, Elisa R, Silvio C, Zoë D, Louise P, Gabriel T, Joël B, Daniele Z.", "abstract": "Key clinical messageThis case study describes the feasibility and safety of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) as a home-based intervention for a patient with throat cancer experiencing significant existential distress. The patient tolerated the intervention well. This case supports the feasibility and safety of PAT for patients with life-threatening conditions in a home setting.AbstractPsychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), as it is practiced today, merges traditional psychotherapeutic techniques with the use of psychedelics such as LSD, psilocybin, or MDMA with the aim of unlocking deeper insights in patients and treating mental conditions that are resistant to other forms of therapy. The present case study describes the safety of PAT as a home-based intervention for a patient with throat cancer experiencing significant existential distress. The patient tolerated the intervention well and was asked to report on measures of anxiety, depression, and distress related to his somatic condition. The observations provided by this clinical case report align with previous findings, suggesting that PAT can be safely applied to potentially provide relief from existential distress in patients with life-threatening conditions. As this is a single-case study, generalizations should be made cautiously. Moreover, placebo effects, expectancy effects, and the natural course of the disease may influence outcomes. Future research should consider controlled trials to ascertain the efficacy and safety of such interventions in diverse settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/ccr3.9305", "pubmed_id": "39219779", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.9305", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39219779\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3326, "title": "The Birth of the Psychedelic Industry: Capitalizing on the Psychedelic Renaissance", "normalized_title": "the birth of the psychedelic industry capitalizing on the psychedelic renaissance", "authors": "Yoo M, Sakopoulos S.", "abstract": "Recent scientific findings spanning the past two decades have prompted a reevaluation of psychedelics, including psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA, as potent tools for mental health treatment. While these substances were historically associated with countercultural movements, concerns and excitement arise as they become commercialized. Based on in-depth interviews of relevant stakeholders of the scene, this study investigates the emergence of the pharmaco-psychotherapy industry and explores the ambiguity between a supposedly ‘impartial scientific community’ and ‘profit-driven pharmaceutical companies’ in the context of Western psychedelia. The paper unveils the intricate network of relationships between researchers, academics, and venture capitalists (VCs), emphasizing the dual role of VCs as financial backers and conduits for regulatory insights and industry knowledge. The study also uncovers the ethical dilemmas faced by scientists in psychedelic medicine, including their mixed interests with private investors, where transformative qualities of psychedelic experience perturb the clear-cut line between objectivity and subjectivity. In particular, researchers’ hesitancy to disclose personal experiences with these substances throughout the interviewing process reflects a shift from the ’illegality’ paradigm to ’intellectual property’ in pharmaceutical innovation. Based on the findings, we suggest a need to reconsider the ethical dynamics in scientific practices, by taking into account the economic preconditions of infrastructural designs, particularly the impact of public/private fundraisers, to whom scientists are likely to make efforts to align with their expectations.", "journal": "Authorea Preprints", "publication_date": "2024-08-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.22541/au.172496618.87990987/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.22541/au.172496618.87990987/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1199440\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Authorea Preprints\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1030, "title": "[Psychedelic and dissociative agents in psychiatry: challenges in the treatment].", "normalized_title": "psychedelic and dissociative agents in psychiatry challenges in the treatment", "authors": "Jungwirth J, Bavato F, Quednow BB.", "abstract": "With the discovery of the antidepressive effects of ketamine and the increasing withdrawal of the pharmaceutical industry from the development of new psychotropic drugs, the psychiatric research into the clinical application of hallucinogens in psychiatry has literally blossomed in the last two decades. Promising results for various treatment approaches with psychedelic agents, such lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, and dissociative agents, such as ketamine and esketamine, have raised great hopes among researchers, clinicians and patients in recent years, so that there was already talk of a new era in psychiatry. As one of the first of these substances, in December 2019 intranasal esketamine was approved in the USA and the EU for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression and Switzerland followed in 2020. Recently, psilocybin was approved in Australia, Canada and Switzerland for compassionate use in exceptional cases for the treatment of depression, while large approval studies with various psychedelic agents are currently ongoing worldwide. The medical application of psychedelic agents and ketamine/esketamine is considered to be safe; however, as with all new forms of treatment it is of crucial importance that, in addition to the hopes, the specific challenges of these new treatment approaches must also be carefully considered and assessed. Excessive expectations and an insufficient risk-benefit estimation are detrimental to the patients and the reputation of the treating physician. Although a possible paradigm shift in the care of mental health is already being discussed, this review article consciously concentrates on the possible risks of treatment and the methodological weaknesses of the studies carried out so far.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00115-024-01727-0", "pubmed_id": "39196383", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-024-01727-0", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39196383\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1003, "title": "The role of psilocybin in depressive disorders.", "normalized_title": "the role of psilocybin in depressive disorders", "authors": "Najib J.", "abstract": "Depression is a serious psychiatric disorder with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality and psilocybin with psychotherapy has emerged as a promising potential in the treatment of depressive disorders. A review of psilocybin use in patients with depressive disorders is presented.A search was conducted investigating the use of psilocybin in patients with depressive disorders and treatment resistant depression via PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar in October 2023; all publication types were permitted and limited for English-language. Keyword search terms included: \"psilocybin\" or \"psychedelics\" and \"depression\", or \"major depressive disorder\", or \"treatment-resistant depression\". Controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials utilizing psilocybin with psychological support for major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression, as well as in patients with depression and cancer related anxiety have demonstrated immediate and sustained antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. Psilocybin has a favorable safety profile and was well-tolerated in clinical trials. Psilocybin's abuse potential is low and clinical research suggests the potential of psilocybin to produce rapid and lasting antidepressant effects up to 12 months post-treatment. Psilocybin may offer a valuable contribution as an option to the currently available pharmacological and psychotherapeutic agents for patients with major depressive disorders, treatment-resistant depression as well as for patients with depression and comorbid terminal cancer. Future studies are needed to demonstrate these findings and any synergistic interaction between psilocybin and the psychological support offered to patients during sessions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/03007995.2024.2396536", "pubmed_id": "39177339", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2024.2396536", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39177339\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3329, "title": "A Cohort Based Case Series: Learnings from an Iterative Group Therapy Model to Support Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Patients with a Terminal Diagnosis", "normalized_title": "a cohort based case series learnings from an iterative group therapy model to support psilocybin assisted therapy for patients with a terminal diagnosis", "authors": "Tsang V.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11860442", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC11860442\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Case Report,Observational Study", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 314, "title": "Improving Access to Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy: Barriers, Challenges, and Recommendations", "normalized_title": "improving access to psilocybin assisted therapy barriers challenges and recommendations", "authors": "Tsang V, Roney C.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11861878", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC11861878\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3141, "title": "The phenomenology of psilocybin’s experience mediates subsequent persistent psychological effects independently of sex, previous experience or setting", "normalized_title": "the phenomenology of psilocybin s experience mediates subsequent persistent psychological effects independently of sex previous experience or setting", "authors": "Klučková T, Nikolič M, Tylš F, Viktorin V, Vejmola Č, Viktorinová M, Bravermanová A, Androvičová R, Andrashko V, Korčák J, Zach P, Hájková K, Kuchař M, Balíková M, Brunovský M, Horáček J, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "Background Recent studies have intensively explored the potential antidepressant effects of psilocybin. However, important variables such as previous experience, repeated administration, setting and sex remain underexplored. This study describes the acute psilocybin experience and long-term effects in a small sample of healthy individuals. Methods In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, 40 healthy participants (20 females, mean age 38, sd 8) received two doses of psilocybin 0.26 mg/kg per os at least 56 days apart (mean 354 days) in two study arms (EEG and fMRI). Near half of participants had experience with psychedelics. The Altered State of Consciousness Scale (ASC) and a visual analogue scale (VAS) on emotional valence of the phenomenology assessed acute phenomenology. The Persisting Effects Questionnaire (PEQ) assessed long- term effects. Venous blood samples were taken to measure serum psilocin levels. Results All results were independent of previous experience, sex, EEG or fMRI arm/setting. Acute psychedelic effects were of moderate intensity on ASC. The VAS showed mostly pleasant and fluctuating, and only one unpleasant only experience. All experiences resolved in a positive or neutral state at the end of the session. Psilocybin induced sustained positive effects on all domains of the PEQ, with negligible negative effects. Oceanic Boundlessness and Visual Restructuralization were associated with positive effects on PEQ. Contrary to expectations, Dread of Ego Dissolution, typically associated with fearful experiences, was not associated with PEQ negative outcomes. The type of experience (pleasant or mixed) did not correlate with the intensity or direction of the lasting effect; however, peak experiences culminating in a positive mood were associated with positive long- term effects. Conclusion In our sample repeated administration of psilocybin to healthy volunteers, induces positive, lasting effects. This underscores the psychological safety of psilocybin in a laboratory setting and supports its repeated use in clinical trials. In particular, challenging or anxiety-provoking experiences in controlled environments did not lead to adverse long-term outcomes. Clinical trial registration: EudraCT 2012-004579-37, https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2012-004579-37/CZ.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-08-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.08.26.24311611", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.26.24311611", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR902135\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1048, "title": "Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Discontinuation for Psilocybin Treatment and Contributions to Alcohol Addiction Relapse: A Cautionary Tale.", "normalized_title": "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation for psilocybin treatment and contributions to alcohol addiction relapse a cautionary tale", "authors": "Frye MA, Singh B, Breitinger SA, Oesterle TS.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.4088/jcp.24cr15378", "pubmed_id": "39196888", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.24cr15378", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Recurrence, Hallucinogens, Adult, Male, Psilocybin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39196888\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3075, "title": "­­­­Single-Dose Psilocybin Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder: Pharmacokinetics, Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy in an Open-Label Study", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin therapy for alcohol use disorder pharmacokinetics feasibility safety and efficacy in an open label study", "authors": "Jensen ME, Stenbæk DS, Messell CD, Poulsen ED, Varga TV, Fisher PM, Nielsen MKK, Johansen SS, Volkow ND, Knudsen GM, Fink-Jensen A.", "abstract": "Abstract Background Psilocybin, a serotonin 2A receptor agonist with psychedelic properties, shows promise as a novel treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). While current studies involve two dosing sessions, the effects a single dose have not been investigated. Aims To investigate the pharmacokinetics, feasibility, safety, and efficacy of single-dose psilocybin therapy in AUD. Methods This open-label, single-group study investigated single-dose psilocybin therapy in ten treatment-seeking adults (eight men and two women; median age 44 years) with severe AUD. The treatment involved two preparation sessions, a high-dose psilocybin session (25 mg), and two integration sessions. Pharmacokinetics were determined by noncompartmental analysis, and changes in alcohol consumption, craving and self-efficacy, were assessed with a linear mixed model. Results Notable between-participant pharmacokinetic variations were observed, with peak plasma psilocin concentrations ranging from 14-59 µg/L. Alcohol consumption significantly decreased over the 12 weeks following psilocybin administration. Heavy drinking days were reduced by 37.5 percentage points (95% CI, -61.1, -13.9, p = 0.005), and drinks per day decreased by 3.4 units (95% CI: -6.5, -0.3), p = 0.035). This was corroborated by reports of rapid and sustained reductions in craving and increases in self-efficacy. Conclusions Despite pharmacokinetic variations, a single 25 mg psilocybin dose was safe and effective in reducing alcohol consumption in AUD patients. Larger randomised, placebo-controlled, single-dose AUD trials are warranted. Funding This work was supported by The Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF19OC0058412), The Lundbeck Foundation (R-355-2020-945), The Health Foundation(21-B-0358) and The Ivan Nielsen Foundation. Clinical trial registration: NCT05347849", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-08-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-4947184/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4947184/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR899973\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 923, "title": "Classic psychedelics and the treatment for alcoholism.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics and the treatment for alcoholism", "authors": "Lodetti G, de Bitencourt RM, Rico EP.", "abstract": "Alcohol is a harmful drug, and reducing its consumption is a significant challenge for users. Furthermore, alcohol dependence is often treatment-resistant, and no completely effective treatment model is available for chemical dependence. Classic psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, and ayahuasca have been used in different clinical and pre-clinical trials, demonstrating promising pharmacotherapeutic effects in the treatment of treatment-resistant psychopathological conditions, such as addiction, especially related to alcohol dependence. In this work, we conducted a narrative review of the emerging research regarding the potential of psychedelics for alcohol use disorder treatment. Psychedelic substances have demonstrated potential for treating drug addiction, especially AUD, mostly by modulating neuroplasticity in the brain. Given that serotonergic psychedelics do not produce physical dependence or withdrawal symptoms with repeated use, they may be considered promising treatment options for managing drug use disorders. However, certain limitations could be found. Although many participants achieve positive results with only one treatment dose in clinical studies, great inter-individual variability exists in the duration of these effects. Therefore, further studies using different doses and experimental protocols should be conducted to enhance evidence about psychedelic substances.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111129", "pubmed_id": "39181308", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111129", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Alcoholism, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39181308\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 727, "title": "Identifying Three Psilocybin Use Patterns by Frequency and Quantity.", "normalized_title": "identifying three psilocybin use patterns by frequency and quantity", "authors": "Gray BA, Bolts OL, Fidler D, Prince M.", "abstract": "ObjectivePatterns of psilocybin use in nonclinical settings are not well described in the literature. Psilocybin use can involve infrequent, large (i.e., macro) doses that produce hallucinogenic effects. In addition, some people report psilocybin use at particularly small (i.e., micro), sub-perceptual doses. Given the heterogeneity in reported use metrics, we sought to determine whether there are identifiable patterns of psilocybin use based on participants' self-described typical use frequencies and quantities and to describe how demographic characteristics are associated with each pattern of use.MethodParticipants were recruited from online communities via Reddit.com. We used latent profile analysis to discern psilocybin use patterns defined by frequency and quantity of use. The analytic sample consisted of 664 participants (75.6% U.S. residents; 83.1% White; 67.2% male).ResultsThe chipper profile (18%) was associated with approximately 1 to 4 annual uses and using between 0.75 g and 1.0 g of dehydrated, psilocybin-containing mushrooms. The tripper profile (64%) was associated with approximately 2 to 6 annual uses and self-reported use quantities between 2 and 4 g. The micro-doser profile (18%) was related to substantively higher psilocybin use frequencies than the other profiles (between 2 and 4 times a week) and a lower range of preferred quantities (between 0.25 g and 0.75 g). In addition, profiles differed by certain demographic measurements, lifetime psilocybin use, and timing of psilocybin use.ConclusionsPsilocybin use in nonclinical settings is heterogeneous. We identified three profiles that differed on frequency and quantity of use and their associated demographic characteristics. Next steps are to identify factors that affect one's likelihood of experiencing particular use outcomes and to explore use variability.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.15288/jsad.23-00312", "pubmed_id": "39177101", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.23-00312", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39177101\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1049, "title": "Comparative oral monotherapy of psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ayahuasca, and escitalopram for depressive symptoms: systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "comparative oral monotherapy of psilocybin lysergic acid diethylamide 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine ayahuasca and escitalopram for depressive symptoms systematic review and bayesian network meta analysis", "authors": "Hsu TW, Tsai CK, Kao YC, Thompson T, Carvalho AF, Yang FC, Tseng PT, Hsu CW, Yu CL, Tu YK, Liang CS.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo evaluate the comparative effectiveness and acceptability of oral monotherapy using psychedelics and escitalopram in patients with depressive symptoms, considering the potential for overestimated effectiveness due to unsuccessful blinding.DesignSystematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.Data sourcesMedline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, PsycINFO, ClinicalTrial.gov, and World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from database inception to 12 October 2023.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesRandomised controlled trials on psychedelics or escitalopram in adults with depressive symptoms. Eligible randomised controlled trials of psychedelics (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (known as MDMA), lysergic acid diethylamide (known as LSD), psilocybin, or ayahuasca) required oral monotherapy with no concomitant use of antidepressants.Data extraction and synthesisThe primary outcome was change in depression, measured by the 17-item Hamilton depression rating scale. The secondary outcomes were all cause discontinuation and severe adverse events. Severe adverse events were those resulting in any of a list of negative health outcomes including, death, admission to hospital, significant or persistent incapacity, congenital birth defect or abnormality, and suicide attempt. Data were pooled using a random effects model within a Bayesian framework. To avoid estimation bias, placebo responses were distinguished between psychedelic and antidepressant trials.ResultsPlacebo response in psychedelic trials was lower than that in antidepression trials of escitalopram (mean difference -3.90 (95% credible interval -7.10 to -0.96)). Although most psychedelics were better than placebo in psychedelic trials, only high dose psilocybin was better than placebo in antidepression trials of escitalopram (mean difference 6.45 (3.19 to 9.41)). However, the effect size (standardised mean difference) of high dose psilocybin decreased from large (0.88) to small (0.31) when the reference arm changed from placebo response in the psychedelic trials to antidepressant trials. The relative effect of high dose psilocybin was larger than escitalopram at 10 mg (4.66 (95% credible interval 1.36 to 7.74)) and 20 mg (4.69 (1.64 to 7.54)). None of the interventions was associated with higher all cause discontinuation or severe adverse events than the placebo.ConclusionsOf the available psychedelic treatments for depressive symptoms, patients treated with high dose psilocybin showed better responses than those treated with placebo in the antidepressant trials, but the effect size was small.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO, CRD42023469014.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1136/bmj-2023-078607", "pubmed_id": "39168500", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078607", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Administration, Oral, Bayes Theorem, Depression, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Escitalopram", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39168500\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1022, "title": "Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Entheogens in Postoperative Cognitive Decline and Psychological Resilience.", "normalized_title": "exploring the therapeutic potential of entheogens in postoperative cognitive decline and psychological resilience", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Recent advancements in medical research have focused on the utilization of entheogens, particularly psilocybin and its related compounds, as therapeutic agents in mitigating cognitive decline and enhancing psychological resilience in patients undergoing anesthesia and sedation. This Patent Highlight integrates findings from three patent applications, each contributing unique insights into the potential applications of these substances in medical settings. The article examines the therapeutic mechanisms, proposed treatment methods, and potential clinical outcomes, offering an overview of this innovative approach to postoperative care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00412", "pubmed_id": "39291007", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00412", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39291007\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Resilience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1021, "title": "Current Trends in Psychedelic Science: Integrating Modified Lysergic Acid Derivatives and Psilocybin in Modern Medicine.", "normalized_title": "current trends in psychedelic science integrating modified lysergic acid derivatives and psilocybin in modern medicine", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "This article explores groundbreaking advancements in psychedelic research, highlighting the development of novel lysergic acid derivatives with modified LSD-like actions and innovative dosing methods based on ABCF1 gene expression for psilocybin. It also examines new strategies for treating binge eating disorder using psychedelics and techniques for neuroenhancement to enhance emotional responses. These developments offer fresh insights into the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, underscoring their significance in personalized medicine and mental health treatment. The article delves into the implications of these novel approaches, signaling a transformative phase in the application of psychedelics in clinical settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00414", "pubmed_id": "39291015", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00414", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39291015\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3723, "title": "Validation of the Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory: Standardized assessment of adverse effects in studies of psychedelics and MDMA.", "normalized_title": "validation of the swiss psychedelic side effects inventory standardized assessment of adverse effects in studies of psychedelics and mdma", "authors": "Calder AE, Hasler G.", "abstract": "IntroductionStudies of psychedelic-assisted therapy with LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, and related substances show clinical promise but inadequately assess side effects. Measuring side effects is challenging because they are not always easily differentiated from treatment effects or disease symptoms and show high heterogeneity, variable duration and impact, and sensitivity to context. A systematic questionnaire describing important characteristics of side effects of psychedelics and MDMA would greatly improve on previous methods. We aimed to create a standardized tool for recording clinically relevant side effects of psychedelics and MDMA, including their severity, duration, impact, and treatment-relatedness.MethodsWe constructed the Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory (SPSI) based on insights from previous research. It was pilot tested in 145 participants from three studies. Structured feedback from an expert panel was used to improve validity and feasibility.ResultsThe final SPSI contains 32 side effects and standardized follow-up questions about their severity, impact, treatment-relatedness, and duration. It is compatible with any study design and can be administered as an interview or self-report at any timepoint after treatment with psychedelics or MDMA.LimitationsThe SPSI omits relatively unimportant side effects for brevity's sake, though space for additional symptoms is given. Future studies are needed to confirm its validity in different contexts.ConclusionsThe SPSI is available in English and German for collecting systematic data on side effects from psychedelics and MDMA. This information is vital for improving clinical decisions, informed consent, and patient safety.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.091", "pubmed_id": "39168165", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.091", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Reproducibility of Results, Adult, Middle Aged, Switzerland, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39168165\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3268, "title": "A virtual clinical trial of psychedelics to treat patients with disorders of consciousness", "normalized_title": "a virtual clinical trial of psychedelics to treat patients with disorders of consciousness", "authors": "Alnagger NL, Cardone P, Martial C, Sanz Perl Y, Mindlin I, Sitt JD, Roseman L, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt D, Mallaroni P, Mason NL, Ramaekers JG, Bonhomme V, Laureys S, Deco G, Gosseries O, Nunez P, Annen J.", "abstract": "Disorders of consciousness (DoC), including the unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) and the minimally conscious state (MCS), have limited treatment options. Recent research suggests that psychedelic drugs, known for their complexity-enhancing properties, could be promising treatments for DoC. This study uses whole-brain computational models to explore this potential. We created individualised models for DoC patients, optimised with empirical fMRI and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data, and simulated the administration of LSD and psilocybin. We used an in-silico perturbation protocol to distinguish between different states of consciousness, including DoC, anaesthesia, and the psychedelic state, and assess the dynamical stability of the brains of DoC patients pre- and post-psychedelic simulation. Our findings indicate that LSD and psilocybin shift DoC patients' brains closer to criticality, with a greater effect in MCS patients. In UWS patients, the treatment response correlates with structural connectivity, while in MCS patients, it aligns with baseline functional connectivity. This virtual clinical trial lays a computational foundation for using psychedelics in DoC treatment and highlights the future role of computational modelling in drug discovery and personalised medicine.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-08-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.08.16.608251", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.16.608251", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR897826\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1051, "title": "Comparison between Single-Dose and Two-Dose Psilocybin Administration in the Treatment of Major Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "comparison between single dose and two dose psilocybin administration in the treatment of major depression a systematic review and meta analysis of current clinical trials", "authors": "Salvetti G, Saccenti D, Moro AS, Lamanna J, Ferro M.", "abstract": "Current pharmacological treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) are often only partially effective, with many patients experiencing no significant benefit, leading to treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Psilocybin, a classical serotonergic psychedelic, has emerged as a notable emerging treatment for such disorders. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize and discuss the most recent evidence about the therapeutic effects of single-dose and two-dose psilocybin administration on the severity of depressive symptoms, as well as compare the efficacy of these interventions among patients with a primary diagnosis of MDD or TRD. Articles were collected from EBSCOhost and PubMed following the PRISMA guidelines, yielding 425 articles with 138 duplicates. After screening 287 records, 12 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. A quantitative analysis of the studies indicates that psilocybin is highly effective in reducing depressive symptoms severity among patients with primary MDD or TRD. Both single-dose and two-dose psilocybin treatments significantly reduced depressive symptoms severity, with two-dose administration sometimes yielding more pronounced and lasting effects. However, it is unclear if this was solely due to dosage or other factors. Future research should include standardized trials comparing these dosing strategies to better inform clinical practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci14080829", "pubmed_id": "39199520", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080829", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39199520\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 980, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for existential distress: practical considerations for therapeutic application-a review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for existential distress practical considerations for therapeutic application a review", "authors": "Kim A, Halton B, Shah A, Seecof OM, Ross S.", "abstract": "Existential distress is commonly experienced by patients diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. This condition has been shown to adversely impact quality of life and is correlated with increased suicidal ideation and requests for hastened death. While palliative care teams are experienced in treating depression and anxiety, existential distress is a distinct clinical condition for which traditional medications and psychotherapy approaches demonstrate limited efficacy or duration of effect. Psychedelic drugs, including psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), in conjunction with psychotherapy have been shown to produce rapid and sustained reductions in existential and psychiatric distress and may be a promising treatment for patients facing existential distress in palliative care settings. In this narrative review article, we describe the history of psychedelic medicine including early studies and the modern wave of research over the past 20 years, which includes high quality clinical trial data. This review outlines specific considerations for therapeutic application of psilocybin including pharmacokinetics, patient selection, dosing, protocol designs, and safeguards to reduce potential adverse effects to help guide future psychedelic practitioners. With growing public interest and evolving state level policy reforms allowing access to psychedelic treatments, it is critical for palliative care providers to gain familiarity with the current state of science and the potential of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of existential distress.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21037/apm-24-35", "pubmed_id": "39168642", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-24-35", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Stress, Psychological, Existentialism, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39168642\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3428, "title": "A24-Week, Multicentre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Phase 2 Clinical Trial to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)", "normalized_title": "a24 week multicentre randomised double blind placebo controlled parallel group phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate efficacy and safety of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in adults with alcohol use disorder aud", "authors": "Clairvoyant Therapeutics", "abstract": "The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate treatment with psilocybin and psychotherapy for the treatment of people with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). The main question\\[s\\] it aims to answer are: * Does treatment with psilocybin and therapy help reduce alcohol consumption more than placebo and therapy? * Is treatment with psilocybin and therapy safe for participants? Participants will * Attend 13 study visits * Take part in therapy sessions including 2 treatment sessions with either psilocybin or placebo * Record their daily alcohol consumption on study specific device Researchers will compare psilocybin and placebo groups to see if alcohol consumption is decreased.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-08-14", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05646303", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Psilocybin, Placebo, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05646303\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3337, "title": "Prevalence and Correlates of Psychedelic Use in Poland: A Study on a Representative Sample of Polish Adults", "normalized_title": "prevalence and correlates of psychedelic use in poland a study on a representative sample of polish adults", "authors": "Holas P, Kaminska J.", "abstract": "Abstract Objective Recent years have witnessed a resurgence in research exploring the therapeutic potential of classic psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD for treating mental disorders. However, there is a limited knowledge regarding the epidemiology of classic psychedelics consumption and the factors associated with their recreational use in Poland. Methods A representative sample of Polish citizens (N=1051 adults) completed an internet-based survey encompassing demographic inquiries, evaluations of psychedelic substance consumption including motivations and contexts, subjective assessments of psychedelics experience and evaluation of attitudes towards psychodelics and psychedelic-assisted therapy. Results Our study revealed that approximately 4% to 8% of Polish individuals, equivalent to around 2 million people, have experimented with psychedelic substances at least once in their lives. Men exhibited a higher likelihood of psychedelic use compared to women, with the largest cohort of users falling within the 25-34 age bracket and residing in urban areas. The most common motivation for reaching them was curiosity. The psychedelic experience was commonly described as a mixture of pleasant and unpleasant sensations. A significant portion of participants expressed a negative attitude towards psychedelics and psychedelic-assisted therapy, but previous experience with psychodelics was associated with more positive attitudes. Conclusions In this representative sample of Poles, we found a substantial percentage of adults who recreationally used classic psychedelics, with majority of them being young men coming from big cities. More studies are needed as well as educational programs that may foster scientific research into psychedelic therapy in Poland and the attitudes of Poles toward it.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-08-14", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-4860906/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4860906/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR896775\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1053, "title": "The association between diverse psychological protocols and the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy for clinical depressive symptoms: a Bayesian meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "the association between diverse psychological protocols and the efficacy of psilocybin assisted therapy for clinical depressive symptoms a bayesian meta analysis", "authors": "Chen MH, Cheng SL, Kao YC, Tseng PT, Hsu CW, Yu CL, Yang FC, Thompson T, Hsu TW, Liang CS.", "abstract": "ObjectivePsilocybin-assisted therapy has shown promising efficacy on clinical depressive symptoms. However, diverse psychological support or psychotherapy was performed with psilocybin treatment. This study aimed to explore the association of psychological protocols with the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy for depressive symptoms.MethodFive major databases were systemic searched for clinical trials addressing psilocybin-assisted therapy for patients with clinical depressive symptoms. A Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed. The effect size was mean difference (with 95% credible interval) measured by 17-Item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.ResultsThere were 10 eligible studies including 515 adult patients with clinically diagnosed depression. The psychological protocols could be categorized into four types: (i) manualized directive psychotherapy(k=1); (ii) manualized nondirective psychological support(k=3), (iii) non-manualized nondirective psychological support(k=5); and (iv) non-manualized supportive psychotherapy(k=1). The pooled standard mean difference of psilocybin-assisted therapy was 10.08 (5.03-14.70).ConclusionCompared with manualized nondirective psychological support, the other three psychological approaches did not differ significantly. The improvement of depressive symptoms was not associated with the psychological protocols in adult patients receiving psilocybin-assisted therapy.Systemic review registrationOpen Science Framework: identifier (osf.io/3YUDV).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1439347", "pubmed_id": "39193583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1439347", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39193583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1006, "title": "Psilocybin for clinical indications: A scoping review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for clinical indications a scoping review", "authors": "Madden K, Flood B, Young Shing D, Ade-Conde M, Kashir I, Mark M, MacKillop J, Bhandari M, Adili A.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic drugs have been of interest in medicine since the early 1950s. There has recently been a resurgence of interest in psychedelics.AimsThe objective of this study is to determine the extent of the available literature on psilocybin for medical indications including the designs used, study characteristics, indications studied, doses, and authors' conclusions. We identify areas for further study where there are research gaps.MethodsWe conducted a systematic scoping review of clinical indications for psilocybin, encompassing psychiatric and medical conditions. We systematically searched Medline and Embase using keywords related to psilocybin. We reviewed titles and texts in duplicate using Covidence software. We extracted data individually in duplicate using Covidence software and a senior reviewer resolved all author conflicts. We analyzed data descriptively.ResultsWe included 193 published and 80 ongoing studies. Thirty-seven percent of included studies were systematic reviews. Only 12% of included studies were randomized controlled trials. The median number of participants was 22 with a median of 18 participants who had taken psilocybin. Thirty-eight percent of studies reported at least one potential conflict of interest. The most common indication was depression (28%). Also commonly studied were substance use (14%), mental health in life-threatening illness (9%), headaches (6%), depression and anxiety (6%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (3%), and anxiety disorders (3%).ConclusionsMost studies involving the administration of psilocybin have small sample sizes and the most common focus has been psychiatric disorders. There is a need for high-quality randomized trials on psilocybin and to expand consideration to other promising indications, such as chronic pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241269751", "pubmed_id": "39135496", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241269751", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39135496\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1005, "title": "Altered states of consciousness in Danish healthy volunteers and recreational users of psilocybin and the possible impact of setting and intention: Danish validation of the five-dimensional altered states of consciousness questionnaire.", "normalized_title": "altered states of consciousness in danish healthy volunteers and recreational users of psilocybin and the possible impact of setting and intention danish validation of the five dimensional altered states of consciousness questionnaire", "authors": "Hovmand OR, Madsen MK, Fisher PM, Stenbæk DS.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic substances reliably induce marked altered states of consciousness (ASC), which may be important for lasting effects and clinical outcomes of psychedelic intervention. Several instruments are available to measure the acute psychedelic experience, of which the Five Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Questionnaire (5D-ASC) is commonly used. The questionnaire can be scored and analyzed as having five dimensions or 11 subscales, but the two have not been evaluated with comparable factor analysis methods.MethodsThe Danish translation of the 5D-ASC was completed by one sample of healthy volunteers receiving psilocybin in a laboratory setting (N = 47) and one sample of recreative users5D-ASC of psychedelics (N = 550), who reported retrospectively through an online survey based on their most recent experience with psilocybin. We calculated internal consistency measures of Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega, conducted a confirmatory factor analysis of the previously suggested factor structures, and tested for possible associations between the 5D-ASC total scores and dose, setting, and intention. For the 11 subscales, we reported omega-sem (composite reliability) using the parameters of the fitted confirmatory factor analyses model.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis showed that the 11 subscales had a good fit to data and showed a better fit compared to the originally proposed five-dimensional solution and good internal consistencies. We further found that the 5D-ASC total scores correlated positively with the dose in the recreative sample. We found no correlations between 5D-ASC total scores and intention or setting.DiscussionWe find the Danish 5D-ASC to be a valid tool for measuring ASC among Danish-speaking individuals.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241269669", "pubmed_id": "39135498", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241269669", "keywords": "Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Hallucinogens, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Retrospective Studies, Reproducibility of Results, Intention, Consciousness, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Denmark, Female, Male, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Recreational Drug Use", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39135498\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Creativity,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1266, "title": "Ayahuasca for the treatment of alcohol use disorder.", "normalized_title": "ayahuasca for the treatment of alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Marinho EAV, Serra YA, Oliveira-Lima AJ, Marcourakis T, Berro LF.", "abstract": "For decades, psychedelics have been investigated for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Specifically, evidence suggests that psychedelics may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Several studies with classic psychedelics, including LSD and psilocybin, show promising results, with psychedelics decreasing alcohol drinking and promoting abstinence in individuals with alcohol use disorder. In the last two decades, ayahuasca has emerged as another psychedelic with therapeutic potential for alcohol use disorder. Although its use by indigenous people from South America has been reported for thousands of years, ayahuasca, an Amazonian brewed beverage used in rituals, has gained attention in recent decades due to its reported effects in the central nervous system. Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic beverage produced from the decoction of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis, plants that contain β-carbolines and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), respectively. The majority of clinical studies investigating ayahuasca for the treatment of alcohol use disorder are retrospective, and all show a significant decrease in alcohol use among ayahuasca users. Corroborating the clinical evidence, pre-clinical studies also have demonstrated that ayahuasca can block several of the abuse-related effects of alcohol. This chapter reviews the accumulating evidence from clinical and pre-clinical studies suggesting that ayahuasca may be a promising new pharmacotherapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorders, and discusses the potential mechanisms involved in these and other effects of ayahuasca.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2024.07.007", "pubmed_id": "39523057", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2024.07.007", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Banisteriopsis, Psychotria, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39523057\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3609, "title": "An Open Label Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin in Participants With Treatment-Resistant Depression (P-TRD)", "normalized_title": "an open label study of the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in participants with treatment resistant depression p trd", "authors": "Sheppard Pratt Health System", "abstract": "The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of psilocybin (25 mg) administered under supportive conditions to adult participants with severe TRD, in improving depressive symptoms.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-08-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04433858", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Psilocybin, COMP360, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04433858\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3467, "title": "PSilocybin for psYCHological and Existential Distress in PALliative Care (PSYCHED-PAL): A Multi-site, Open-label, Single Arm Phase I/II Proof-of-concept, Dose-finding, and Feasibility Clinical Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for psychological and existential distress in palliative care psyched pal a multi site open label single arm phase i ii proof of concept dose finding and feasibility clinical trial", "authors": "Ottawa Hospital Research Institute", "abstract": "The goal of this multi-centre phase I/II open-label, single-arm study is to determine the safety, feasibility, therapeutic dose, and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin microdosing to treat psychological distress among patients with advanced illness. Forty patients will receive psilocybin drug product (1-3mg per day, Mon-Fri) for 4 weeks to be administered via oral capsules by the participant. Feasibility (recruitment rate, rate of intervention and follow-up completion), safety (rate of adverse events), dosing, and preliminary efficacy (depression, anxiety, overall well-being, and global impression of change) will be measured. Patients with advanced illness report feeling a sense of hopelessness, loss of autonomy and relationships, and a lack of purpose in life. These feelings of psychological suffering have been described as \"existential distress\" and are associated with poor outcomes, including decreased medication adherence and quality of life, increased desire for hastened death and rates of suicide, and has been identified as a primary reason why individuals pursue medical assistance in dying (MAiD). Current treatments for psychological and existential suffering have low efficacy and are challenging to use in a palliative context. Pharmacological approaches for treating psychological suffering may reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, but evidence to support their efficacy in palliative care (PC) is underwhelming. Antidepressant and anxiolytic medications also take time to work and can cause serious side effects such as falls and confusion, which can be substantial deterrents for patients. Similarly, results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses have demonstrated psychotherapeutic interventions show limited benefit in a PC population. Further, psychotherapy can be time consuming and slow to work, which is not ideal for patients with limited life expectancy. Given the burden of psychological and existential distress among patients followed by PC providers, there is a need to develop scalable, brief, and rapidly effective therapeutic approaches to reduce this distress. Psychedelic medications offer an innovative, safe, complementary approach to address psychological and existential suffering in patients receiving PC. Studies from the 1950's showed serotonergic hallucinogens (\"psychedelics\") improved depression and anxiety symptoms in cancer patients. However, legislative changes restricted the use of these medications in clinical care and research. Interest in psychedelic medications has been rekindled by two recently published RCTs that studied the use of psilocybin (a mushroom-derived 5HT2A agonist) during a single psychotherapeutic session in cancer patients with anxiety and/or depression. These trials demonstrated rapid, clinically meaningful, and long-lasting reductions in depressed mood and/or anxiety symptoms and improvements in quality of life and death acceptance. There is also evidence suggesting psilocybin microdosing - taking sub-hallucinogenic doses continuously over longer time periods, rather than a one-time hallucinogenic dose - can improve mood and anxiety. The effects of microdosing, however, have not been rigorously evaluated, particularly in patients with life limiting illness. Results from recent trials are encouraging but knowledge gaps remain. First, studies to date primarily enrolled patients with localized disease who experience different distress than that of patients with advanced disease who are near the end of life. Second, it is unclear if Canadians would find psilocybin an attractive option in the context of MAiD legalization, which provides an alternative option for patients with severe psychological suffering. Third, there is no empirical research on the therapeutic effects of psilocybin microdosing, as most studies have followed macrodosing protocols. While preliminary efficacy of macrodosing has been demonstrated, there are important barriers to administering this therapy in a PC context. Previous trials had slow recruitment rates, suggesting there may be barriers related to the acceptability of psilocybin macrodosing from the perspectives of patients and families. Macrodosing requires the patient to dedicate an entire day to participating in a guided hallucinogenic experience and remain in an acute care setting where they can be closely monitored. It also requires patients to engage in preparatory sessions with monitors and a post-therapy session. In a PC context, this time commitment may not be acceptable or feasible for patients who are nearing the end of life. Additionally, macrodosing requires at least two trained moderators to guide the patient through their psychedelic experience and facilitate the pre- and post-dosing sessions. In most PC settings, it is not feasible to have clinicians dedicate two days to a single patient, thus limiting the scalability of this intervention. Psilocybin microdosing has the potential to overcome barriers to the feasibility and acceptability of macrodosing. By removing the requirement for trained moderators, minimizing the time commitment required of patients, eliminating the hallucinogenic effects of the therapy, and allowing patients to receive treatment either as an inpatient or in the community, microdosing may be a more acceptable option to patients and families and allow psychedelic therapy to be scalable across various PC settings. Psilocybin microdosing is a novel, complementary therapy that, while still unproven for patients near the end of life, has the potential to fundamentally change the way psychological and existential distress is responded to in PC, improving the lives of the 30% of patients who experience this suffering at the end of life. Objective To determine if psilocybin microdosing is a safe and feasible treatment for psychological distress among patients nearing the end of life followed by palliative care providers. All participants will receive a 4-week psilocybin microdosing intervention. The secondary objective is to examine the preliminary efficacy of psilocybin microdosing. Sample Size As this is a feasibility study, no formal sample size calculation was performed to determine the number of patients required to reach a level of precision on any study endpoint. Rather, the goal of this study is to provide estimates, along with their margins of error, of the recruitment rate and efficacy outcomes which will inform a subsequent two-arm randomized controlled trial. Participating sites see approximately 5,300 patients per year. It is anticipated that 30% will have psychological distress. Assuming a minimum of 1 in 6 patients are eligible and 15% of eligible patients will enroll, the goal is to enroll a sample of 20 participants in up to 1-year period. Statistical Analysis Analyses will adopt an intent-to-treat approach. Because the goal of this trial is to demonstrate feasibility and preliminary measures of efficacy, the main analyses will include calculation of feasibility outcomes using descriptive statistics and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), as well as effect sizes with 95% CIs for primary and secondary efficacy measures, comparing patients' 4-week follow-up assessments to baseline assessments. Participants will also be stratified based on demographic and clinical characteristics to assess trends in outcomes. Notably, there is some evidence that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in particular may attenuate the effects of psilocybin. As such, sub-analyses will evaluate outcomes in participants taking an SSRI medication versus those who are not. A sub-group analysis by setting of care (inpatient vs outpatient/community) will also be conducted. Analyses of safety data will include the mean and standard deviation of the peak effect observed (i.e. highest observed blood pressure, heart rate) and proportion of participants experiencing adverse mood and behaviour events. The incidence of delirium and serotonin syndrome will also be recorded. Details of Eligibility, Intervention Protocol, and Outcome Measures are provided elsewhere.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-08-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04754061", "keywords": "Depression, Anxiety, Distress, Emotional, Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04754061\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Cancer Patients,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3202, "title": "Effects of serotonergic psychedelics on synaptogenesis and immediate early genes expression - comparison with ketamine, fluoxetine and lithium", "normalized_title": "effects of serotonergic psychedelics on synaptogenesis and immediate early genes expression comparison with ketamine fluoxetine and lithium", "authors": "Vella Y, Syrova K, Petruskova A, Koutrouli I, Kutna V, Pala J, Nikolic M, Sichova K, Mazoch V, Jurok R, Kuchar M, Bendova Z, Palenicek T.", "abstract": "Background: Recent evidence suggests that psychedelics are able to induce rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects. The generally acknowledged explanation for these traits is the phenomenon of neuroplasticity, although exact underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Aims: This study investigates selected neuroplastic effects of psilocin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in direct comparison with ketamine, fluoxetine and lithium after acute (1 h) and/or prolonged (24 h) treatment in vitro. Methods: Rat primary cortical cultures were treated with 10 uM psilocin, 1 uM lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 90 uM N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 1 uM ketamine, 10 uM fluoxetine and 5 mM lithium. Analysis of synaptic puncta was performed; puncta of presynaptic marker synapsin I/II, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), and their co-localization (established synapse) were assessed 24 h after drug treatment. Next, expressions of immediate early genes (IEGs) encoding activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), early growth response 1 (Egr1), and neuronal PAS (Per-ArntSim) domain protein 4 (Npas4) were analysed 1 and 24 h after drug treatments. Results: Psilocin increased synaptic puncta count and induced Arc expression. The effect to promote synaptogenesis was comparable to ketamine and lithium; ketamine additionally increased PSD-95 puncta count. LSD and DMT didn't induce any significant effect. Interestingly, fluoxetine had no effect on synaptic puncta count, but upregulated Egr1 and Npas4. Conclusions: Psilocin demonstrated a significant neuroplastic effect comparable to that of ketamine and lithium, adding another piece of evidence to its profile as a promising therapeutic agent.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-08-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.08.07.606965", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.07.606965", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR892617\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1004, "title": "Letter to editor regarding \"Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis\".", "normalized_title": "letter to editor regarding psilocybin assisted therapy for depression a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Yang X, Kuang W.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-07", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116136", "pubmed_id": "39141970", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116136", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Meta-Analysis as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39141970\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3438, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Severe Alcohol Use Disorder: Feasibility, Clinical Efficacy & (Neuro)Cognitive Mechanisms", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for severe alcohol use disorder feasibility clinical efficacy neuro cognitive mechanisms", "authors": "Brugmann University Hospital", "abstract": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Severe Alcohol Use Disorder: Protocol for a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, 7-month Parallel-Group Phase II Superiority Trial A substantial proportion of patients with alcohol use disorder does not respond to available treatments, which calls for the development of new alternatives. In parallel, psilocybin-assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder has recently yielded promising preliminary results. Building on extant findings, the proposed study aims to determine the feasibility and preliminary clinical efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy as a complementary intervention during inpatient rehabilitation for severe alcohol use disorder, and to characterize associated changes in the two key neurocognitive systems identified by dual-process models of addiction. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 7-month parallel-group phase II superiority trial, 62 participants aged 21-64 years will be enrolled to undergo psilocybin-assisted therapy within the context of a 4-week inpatient rehabilitation for severe alcohol use disorder. The experimental group will receive a high dose of psilocybin (30 mg), whereas the control group will receive an active placebo dose of psilocybin, both within the context of a brief standardized psychotherapeutic intervention. The primary clinical outcome is the between-group difference in terms of the change in percentage of heavy drinking days from baseline to four weeks post-hospital discharge, whilst safety and feasibility metrics will also be reported as primary outcomes. Key secondary assessments include between-group differences in terms of changes in 1) drinking behavior parameters up to six months post-hospital discharge, 2) phosphatidyl-ethanol blood concentration, an objective biomarker of alcohol consumption, 3) symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma, and global functioning, 4) neuroplasticity and key neurocognitive mechanisms associated with addiction, 5) psychological processes and alcohol-related parameters.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-08-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06160232", "keywords": "Severe Alcohol Use Disorder, Psilocybin (high dose), Active placebo (low dose of psilocybin), RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06160232\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1054, "title": "Exploring psychedelic use in athletes and their attitudes toward psilocybin-assisted therapy in concussion recovery.", "normalized_title": "exploring psychedelic use in athletes and their attitudes toward psilocybin assisted therapy in concussion recovery", "authors": "VanderZwaag B, Garcia-Romeu A, Garcia-Barrera MA.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics are receiving growing interest among clinical researchers for their effects on mood and cognition. Psilocybin is one of the most widely studied classic psychedelics which has shown good safety and clinical benefit for major depression and substance use disorders. Athletes frequently sustain concussions and often experience myriad symptoms, including cognitive and mood issues, which can persist for weeks or months in 10%-30% of athletes. Psilocybin may be a potential symptom management option for athletes with persisting concussion symptoms.ObjectivesThis study sought to summarize athlete psychedelic use, among other substances, and to examine the willingness of the sports community to engage in or support psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for concussion recovery and management of persisting concussion symptoms.MethodsIn total, 175 (n = 85 athletes; n = 90 staff) respondents completed an online survey distributed in Canada and the United States which queried sport involvement and demographics, substance use, concussion history, and knowledge and willingness about psilocybin. The reporting of this study conforms to the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES) statement.DesignSubstance use rates were summarized across athletes and team staff members and a path analysis was used for each sample to identify predictors of willingness to use PAT (athletes) or support PAT (staff) for concussion recovery. Participants were also asked to identify perceived barriers to the implementation of PAT for sports-related concussions, and to indicate their overall willingness.ResultsPsychedelics were the third most used substance in the past year among athletes (35.8%) while regular psychedelic use was quite low in athletes (7.5%). A path analysis conducted in RStudio found that attitudes toward psilocybin and knowledge of psilocybin were significant predictors for both athletes and staff members of their willingness to use or support PAT for concussion recovery. Athletes reported likely engaging in PAT (61.2%) and staff (71.1%) reported that they would support their athletes using PAT.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that the sports community may be receptive to PAT and athletes would be willing to engage in it for concussion recovery and/or the management of persisting post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). Future research should examine the effects of psilocybin for PPCS to inform whether there is any impact while addressing concerns regarding long-term effects of psilocybin use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/20451253241264812", "pubmed_id": "39132012", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253241264812", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39132012\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Aging,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2995, "title": "Rapid, biochemical tagging of cellular activity history in vivo.", "normalized_title": "rapid biochemical tagging of cellular activity history in vivo", "authors": "Zhang R, Anguiano M, Aarrestad IK, Lin S, Chandra J, Vadde SS, Olson DE, Kim CK.", "abstract": "Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) is ubiquitous to cell signaling across biology. While existing fluorescent sensors and reporters can detect activated cells with elevated Ca2+ levels, these approaches require implants to deliver light to deep tissue, precluding their noninvasive use in freely behaving animals. Here we engineered an enzyme-catalyzed approach that rapidly and biochemically tags cells with elevated Ca2+ in vivo. Ca2+-activated split-TurboID (CaST) labels activated cells within 10 min with an exogenously delivered biotin molecule. The enzymatic signal increases with Ca2+ concentration and biotin labeling time, demonstrating that CaST is a time-gated integrator of total Ca2+ activity. Furthermore, the CaST readout can be performed immediately after activity labeling, in contrast to transcriptional reporters that require hours to produce signal. These capabilities allowed us to apply CaST to tag prefrontal cortex neurons activated by psilocybin, and to correlate the CaST signal with psilocybin-induced head-twitch responses in untethered mice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41592-024-02375-7", "pubmed_id": "39103446", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-02375-7", "keywords": "Prefrontal Cortex, Neurons, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Humans, Mice, Calcium, Biotin, Calcium Signaling, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39103446\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1055, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy and HIV-related shame.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy and hiv related shame", "authors": "Mehtani NJ, Johnson MO, Hendricks PS, Mitchell J, Anderson BT.", "abstract": "As a proposed mediator between stigma-related stressors and negative mental health outcomes, HIV-related shame has been predictive of increased rates of substance use and difficulties adhering to antiretroviral treatment among people with HIV. These downstream manifestations have ultimately impeded progress toward national goals to End the HIV Epidemic, in part due to limited success of conventional psychotherapies in addressing HIV-related shame. In a pilot clinical trial (N = 12), receipt of psilocybin-assisted group therapy was associated with a large pre-post decrease in HIV-related shame as measured by the HIV and Abuse Related Shame Inventory, with a median (IQR) change of - 5.5 (- 6.5, - 3.5) points from baseline to 3-months follow-up (Z = - 2.6, p = 0.009, r = - 0.75). A paradoxical exacerbation of sexual abuse-related shame experienced by two participants following receipt of psilocybin raises critical questions regarding the use of psilocybin therapy among patients with trauma. These preliminary findings carry potential significance for the future of HIV care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-08-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-68908-4", "pubmed_id": "39095420", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68908-4", "keywords": "Humans, HIV Infections, Pilot Projects, Shame, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Social Stigma, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39095420\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3322, "title": "Latin American adults who regularly use macrodoses of psychedelics: a cross-sectional study", "normalized_title": "latin american adults who regularly use macrodoses of psychedelics a cross sectional study", "authors": "Véliz-García O, Domic M.", "abstract": "Abstract Psychedelics have a complex history marked by traditional use among indigenous cultures, early scientific interest, and subsequent prohibition. Despite their classification as controlled substances, recent decades have witnessed a resurgence of research into their therapeutic potential for various mental health conditions. However, most studies have focused on controlled clinical settings, leaving a significant gap in understanding how these substances are used in naturalistic contexts, particularly in Latin America. This study investigates the regular use of macrodoses of psychedelics among Latin American adults. We aimed to characterize the sociodemographic profiles, consumption practices, and subjective effects experienced by individuals who use psychedelics regularly. Data were collected via an online survey from 4,270 participants across several Latin American countries. Results indicated a diverse user base with varied motivations, predominantly psychological and spiritual well-being. The most frequently used substance was psilocybin mushrooms, with significant associations found between demographic variables and specific psychedelics used. The study provides new insights into the naturalistic use of psychedelics in Latin America, highlighting the need for informed, safe, and legal use frameworks.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-07-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-4706910/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4706910/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR889998\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Spirituality,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1066, "title": "Is it now time to prepare psychiatry for a psychedelic future?", "normalized_title": "is it now time to prepare psychiatry for a psychedelic future", "authors": "Nutt D, Crome I, Young AH.", "abstract": "Australia has just rescheduled two drugs controlled under the United Nations Psychotropic Drug Conventions, psilocybin and MDMA, as treatments for treatment-resistant depression and post-traumatic stress disorder respectively. This feature explores the reasons for these developments, the opportunities and challenges they provide to psychiatry communities and how along with health systems these communities might respond to these developments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1192/bjp.2024.76", "pubmed_id": "38764044", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2024.76", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychiatry, Australia, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38764044\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1065, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: where is the psychotherapy research?", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted psychotherapy where is the psychotherapy research", "authors": "Aday JS, Horton D, Fernandes-Osterhold G, O'Donovan A, Bradley ER, Rosen RC, Woolley JD", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) has emerged as a potential treatment for a variety of mental health conditions, including substance use disorders and depression. Current models of PAP emphasize the importance of psychotherapeutic support before, during, and after ingestion of a psychedelic to maximize safety and clinical benefit. Despite this ubiquitous assumption, there has been surprisingly little empirical investigation of the \"psychotherapy\" in PAP, leaving critical questions about the necessary and sufficient components of PAP unanswered. As clinical trials for psychedelic compounds continue the transition from safety- and feasibility-testing to evaluating efficacy, the role of the accompanying psychotherapy must be better understood to enhance scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying therapeutic change, optimize clinical outcomes, and inform cost-effectiveness. The present paper first reviews the current status of psychotherapy in the PAP literature, starting with recent debates regarding \"psychotherapy\" versus \"psychological support\" and then overviewing published clinical trial psychotherapy models and putative models informed by theory. We then delineate lessons that PAP researchers can leverage from traditional psychotherapy research regarding standardizing treatments (e.g., publish treatment manuals, establish eligibility criteria for providers), identifying mechanisms of change (e.g., measure established mechanisms in psychotherapy), and optimizing clinical trial designs (e.g., consider dismantling studies, comparative efficacy trials, and cross-lagged panel designs). Throughout this review, the need for increased research into the psychotherapeutic components of treatment in PAP is underscored. PAP is a distinct, integrative, and transdisciplinary intervention. Future research designs should consider transdisciplinary research methodologies to identify best practices and inform federal guidelines for PAP administration.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2024-07-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06620-x", "pubmed_id": "38782821", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38782821/", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy models, Review", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38782821\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1059, "title": "Brain Networks, Neurotransmitters and Psychedelics: Towards a Neurochemistry of Self-Awareness.", "normalized_title": "brain networks neurotransmitters and psychedelics towards a neurochemistry of self awareness", "authors": "Mograbi DC, Rodrigues R, Bienemann B, Huntley J", "abstract": "Self-awareness can be defined as the capacity of becoming the object of one's own awareness and, increasingly, it has been the target of scientific inquiry. Self-awareness has important clinical implications, and a better understanding of the neurochemical basis of self-awareness may help clarifying causes and developing interventions for different psychopathological conditions. The current article explores the relationship between neurochemistry and self-awareness, with special attention to the effects of psychedelics. The functioning of self-related networks, such as the default-mode network and the salience network, and how these are influenced by different neurotransmitters is discussed. The impact of psychedelics on self-awareness is reviewed in relation to specific processes, such as interoception, body ownership, agency, metacognition, emotional regulation and autobiographical memory, within a framework based on predictive coding. Improved outcomes in emotional regulation and autobiographical memory have been observed in association with the use of psychedelics, suggesting higher-order self-awareness changes, which can be modulated by relaxation of priors and improved coping mechanisms linked to cognitive flexibility. Alterations in bodily self-awareness are less consistent, being potentially impacted by doses employed, differences in acute/long-term effects and the presence of clinical conditions. Future studies investigating the effects of different molecules in rebalancing connectivity between resting-state networks may lead to novel therapeutic approaches and the refinement of existing treatments.", "journal": "Current neurology and neuroscience reports", "publication_date": "2024-07-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s11910-024-01353-y", "pubmed_id": "38980658", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38980658/", "keywords": "Interoception, LSD, agency, emotional regulation, metacognition, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38980658\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1056, "title": "CURRENT STATE OF PSILOCYBIN-ASSISTED THERAPY IN MOOD DISORDERS.", "normalized_title": "current state of psilocybin assisted therapy in mood disorders", "authors": "Kaiserman A, Vanderjist L, Kornreich C.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are currently undergoing a scientific renaissance, with modern studies investigating therapeutic efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy in a range of psychiatric conditions. In particular, psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has been suggested to have positive effects on patients suffering from depression and psychiatric distress associated with life-threatening disease - contexts with growing needs for alternative treatments - in a therapeutic setting involving fewer doses and less important adverse effect compared to that of classic psychotrope administration. Psychedelics are partial agonists of the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) G protein-coupled receptors, whose activation likely mediates the acute psychoactive effects. Furthermore, psychedelics seem to induce a hyper-plastic state which allows for adaptation of inflexible pathological thinking patterns. Post-acutely, they are suggested to induce rapid, robust and sustained neuroplasticity. Eight clinical PAT trials have been conducted between January 1st 2001 and March 31st 2023 and are reviewed here. Five of them evaluate the effect on depressive symptomatology in an otherwise general population. The other three evaluate effect on depression and anxiety in patients suffering from somatic life-threatening disease. The studies reviewed here show that PAT is safe and feasible to administer in current clinical models. Preliminary efficacy shows significant improvements in depressive and anxious symptomatology which are immediate and partially sustained. One study comparing PAT to selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors showed no significant difference of efficacy between the two treatments. Preliminary results regarding efficacy of PAT on mood disorders are promising, but further research is warranted for stronger inferences, with a particular focus on larger, multicentric studies, more diverse populations and a stronger control for expectancy and unblinding.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.24869/psyd.2024.174", "pubmed_id": "39546645", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2024.174", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mood Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39546645\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1050, "title": "Psilocybin Facilitates Fear Extinction: Importance of Dose, Context, and Serotonin Receptors.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin facilitates fear extinction importance of dose context and serotonin receptors", "authors": "Woodburn SC, Levitt CM, Koester AM, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "A variety of classic psychedelics and MDMA have been shown to enhance fear extinction in rodent models. This has translational significance because a standard treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prolonged exposure therapy. However, few studies have investigated psilocybin's potential effect on fear learning paradigms. More specifically, the extents to which dose, timing of administration, and serotonin receptors may influence psilocybin's effect on fear extinction are not understood. In this study, we used a delay fear conditioning paradigm to determine the effects of psilocybin on fear extinction, extinction retention, and fear renewal in male and female mice. Psilocybin robustly enhances fear extinction when given acutely prior to testing for all doses tested. Psilocybin also exerts long-term effects to elevate extinction retention and suppress fear renewal in a novel context, although these changes were sensitive to dose. Analysis of sex differences showed that females may respond to a narrower range of doses than males. Administration of psilocybin prior to fear learning or immediately after extinction yielded no change in behavior, indicating that concurrent extinction experience is necessary for the drug's effects. Cotreatment with a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist blocked psilocybin's effects for extinction, extinction retention, and fear renewal, whereas 5-HT1A receptor antagonism attenuated only the effect on fear renewal. Collectively, these results highlight dose, context, and serotonin receptors as crucial factors in psilocybin's ability to facilitate fear extinction. The study provides preclinical evidence to support investigating psilocybin as a pharmacological adjunct for extinction-based therapy for PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00279", "pubmed_id": "39087917", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00279", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Receptors, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Fear, Conditioning, Classical, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Male, Extinction, Psychological, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39087917\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1007, "title": "Psilocybin in pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in pharmacotherapy of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Owe-Larsson M, Kamińska K, Buchalska B, Mirowska-Guzel D, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A.", "abstract": "Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic mental disease that affects approximately 2% of the population. Obsessions and compulsions are troublesome for patients and may disturb their everyday activities. The pathogenesis of this disease is still not fully elucidated, but dysfunctions of serotonin-, dopamine- and glutamate-mediated neurotransmission together with early maladaptive schemas seem of importance. Pharmacological treatment includes drugs affecting the serotoninergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic systems, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Providing that up to 40% of patients with OCD are resistant to the currently available medications, there is a need for novel and effective therapies. Recent discoveries suggest that psilocybin, a non-physically addictive psychoactive substance, may ameliorate disease symptoms. When used in appropriate doses and under strict clinical control, psilocybin appears as a valuable treatment for OCD. This narrative article provides a thorough overview of OCD's etiology, current treatment options, and the emerging evidence supporting psilocybin's efficacy in managing OCD symptoms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-024-00633-1", "pubmed_id": "39088105", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-024-00633-1", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39088105\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1070, "title": "How psilocybin affects the brain.", "normalized_title": "how psilocybin affects the brain", "authors": "O'Leary K.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/d41591-024-00055-9", "pubmed_id": "39080488", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/d41591-024-00055-9", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39080488\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3795, "title": "Embracing Change: Impermanence Acceptance Mediates Differences in Death Processing Between Ayahuasca Users and Non-users", "normalized_title": "embracing change impermanence acceptance mediates differences in death processing between ayahuasca users and non users", "authors": "david J, Berkovich-Ohana A, Dor-Ziderman Y.", "abstract": "Background: How the human psyche interacts with the theme of death is fundamental to individual and societal life, profoundly influencing cognition, affect, and behavior. Death-related psychological phenomena, such as death anxiety and acceptance, have been shown in clinical studies to be influenced by psychedelic (LSD and psilocybin) interventions. However, the literature lacks a comprehensive assessment of death-related processes in non-clinical settings, the mechanisms underlying long-term changes, and in particular, the effects of ayahuasca-a potent Amazonian psychedelic brew-on these dimensions. Methods: The present cross-sectional study addresses these issues by comprehensively investigating death processing, candidate mechanisms-of-change, and their predictors, in ayahuasca veterans (N=54) compared to non-users (N=53). For this purpose, a battery of questionnaires and behavioral measures targeting various aspects of death processing were employed. These included fear and anxiety of death, death acceptance, death-avoidant behaviors, and accessibility of death thoughts. Tested mediators included personality, ontological afterlife beliefs, trait mindfulness and the construct of impermanence awareness and acceptance. Results: The findings demonstrated lower levels of death anxiety, avoidant behavior and explicit and implicit fear-of-death, as well as greater acceptance of death, for ayahuasca veterans. Mediation analyses revealed that these group differences were not due to demographics, personality, trait mindfulness, ontological beliefs, or impermanence awareness, but rather to impermanence acceptance. Finally, within the ayahuasca group, lifetime ego dissolution experiences, but not ayahuasca intake habits, predicted degree of impermanence acceptance. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate robust and multi-dimensional differences in how death is processed by ayahuasca veterans relative to non-psychedelic users. In contrast to literature suggestions, degree of impermanence acceptance but not ontological beliefs are shown to be the underlying mechanisms-of-change. Finally, the findings support the role of acute subjective ayahuasca experiences in inducing long-term effects. Future (psychedelic and non-psychedelic) interventions can directly target impermanence acceptance for effectively managing existential terror.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-07-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/tmeb3", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/tmeb3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR887806\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Personality Change,Veterans", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3363, "title": "Embracing Change: Impermanence Acceptance Mediates Differences in Death Processing Between Ayahuasca Users and Non-users", "normalized_title": "embracing change impermanence acceptance mediates differences in death processing between ayahuasca users and non users", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: How the human psyche interacts with the theme of death is fundamental to individual and societal life, profoundly influencing cognition, affect, and behavior. Death-related psychological phenomena, such as death anxiety and acceptance, have been shown in clinical studies to be influenced by psychedelic (LSD and psilocybin) interventions. However, the literature lacks a comprehensive assessment of death-related processes in non-clinical settings, the mechanisms underlying long-term changes, and in particular, the effects of ayahuasca-a potent Amazonian psychedelic brew-on these dimensions. Methods: The present cross-sectional study addresses these issues by comprehensively investigating death processing, candidate mechanisms-of-change, and their predictors, in ayahuasca veterans (N=54) compared to non-users (N=53). For this purpose, a battery of questionnaires and behavioral measures targeting various aspects of death processing were employed. These included fear and anxiety of death, death acceptance, death-avoidant behaviors, and accessibility of death thoughts. Tested mediators included personality, ontological afterlife beliefs, trait mindfulness and the construct of impermanence awareness and acceptance. Results: The findings demonstrated lower levels of death anxiety, avoidant behavior and explicit and implicit fear-of-death, as well as greater acceptance of death, for ayahuasca veterans. Mediation analyses revealed that these group differences were not due to demographics, personality, trait mindfulness, ontological beliefs, or impermanence awareness, but rather to impermanence acceptance. Finally, within the ayahuasca group, lifetime ego dissolution experiences, but not ayahuasca intake habits, predicted degree of impermanence acceptance. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate robust and multi-dimensional differences in how death is processed by ayahuasca veterans relative to non-psychedelic users. In contrast to literature suggestions, degree of impermanence acceptance but not ontological beliefs are shown to be the underlying mechanisms-of-change. Finally, the findings support the role of acute subjective ayahuasca experiences in inducing long-term effects. Future (psychedelic and non-psychedelic) interventions can directly target impermanence acceptance for effectively managing existential terror.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-07-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/tmeb3_v1", "keywords": "ayahuasca, psychedelics, death acceptance, death anxiety, fear of death, impermanence, ego dissolution, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"tmeb3_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Personality Change,Veterans", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3450, "title": "Psilocybin for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for the treatment of major depressive disorder", "authors": "Washington University School of Medicine", "abstract": "The goal of this study is to assess the effectiveness of psilocybin for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder and potential therapeutic mechanisms. Enrolled participants will receive a single active dose of psilocybin, or a dose considered high enough to treat depression, administered orally with accompanying psychological support.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-07-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05675800", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05675800\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3165, "title": "Probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder (PsiFUND): study protocol", "normalized_title": "probing the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to psilocybin in functional neurological disorder psifund study protocol", "authors": "Butler M, Bird C, Maggio C, Durden A, Modlin N, Campbell-Coker K, Edwards M, Pick S, Millman LM, Lowery E, Bhagavan C, Kanaan R, Golder D, Mildon B, Mehta M, Rucker J, Nicholson TR.", "abstract": "Background: Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a common cause of neurological symptoms including paralysis, seizures, and movement disorders. It is often debilitating, is associated with high health and social care costs, and can have a poor prognosis. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has suggested FND is a multi-network disorder; the default mode network (DMN) may be specifically implicated. Converging evidence suggests that other variable mechanisms including dissociation, interoception, and motor agency may be differentially abnormal in people with FND. Psychedelics are currently under investigation for numerous neuropsychiatric disorders and have been shown to disrupt functional networks such as the DMN. Administering psychedelics to people with FND will help us to probe mechanistic theories of the disorder. Protocol In this open-label neuroimaging study, we will administer 25mg oral psilocybin with psychological support to people with chronic FND (target n = 24). Participants will undergo resting-state and task-based (Libet’s clock, a measure of motor agency) fMRI sequences which will be compared in a pre-post manner. Additional mechanistic outcomes including measures of interoception (heartbeat tracking task), somatisation, illness perceptions, imaginative suggestibility, and dissociation will be collected. Data on expectancy, preparedness, and subjective experience of the psychedelic experience will also be gathered. Participants will be followed up for three months following psilocybin administration. fMRI changes in networks such as the DMN will be analysed using seed-based approaches, and additional exploratory analysis of resting-state imaging will take place. Discussion The study will help us to probe the mechanisms thought to potentially underpin FND. As the first modern study of psychedelics in FND, it will also help us to understand whether psychedelic administration alongside psychological support might be safe and feasible in this patient population.", "journal": "Wellcome Open Res", "publication_date": "2024-07-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22543.1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22543.1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR886443\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Wellcome Open Res\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3119, "title": "Molecular insights into the modulation of the 5HT 2A receptor by serotonin, psilocin, and the G protein subunit Gqα", "normalized_title": "molecular insights into the modulation of the 5ht 2a receptor by serotonin psilocin and the g protein subunit gqα", "authors": "Viohl N, Zanjani AAH, Khandelia H.", "abstract": "SUMMARY The 5HT 2A receptor (5HT 2A R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that drives many neuronal functions and is one of the primary targets for psychedelic drugs, which have recently shown promise in treating mental disorders. Understanding ligand interactions and conformational transitions is essential for developing effective pharmaceuticals, but mechanistic details of 5HT 2A R activation and ligand binding modes remain poorly understood. We conducted all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations of the active and inactive forms of 5HT 2A R with psilocin and serotonin. Both serotonin and psilocin have higher binding affinities for the orthosteric binding pocket than the extended binding pocket. Active state 5HT 2A R collapses to a closed state in the absence of Gqα. We also discover a ‘partially-open’ receptor conformation that is intermediate between the active and inactive states. Our discoveries can inform the design of new pharmaceuticals that target specific receptor conformations, potentially leading to more effective treatments for mental disorders.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-07-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.07.23.604750", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.23.604750", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR886272\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1072, "title": "Psilocybin and Motor Function: A Triple-Blind, Dose-Finding Study in Healthy Participants.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and motor function a triple blind dose finding study in healthy participants", "authors": "Bhagavan C, Kanaan R, Carter O, Nielsen G, Berlowitz D, Issak S, Braat S, Zaloumis S, Attard Z, Oliver G, Mayne D, McKernon D, Roebuck G, Rucker J, Butler M, Bryson A.", "abstract": "BackgroundThere has been a resurgence of research into the potential therapeutic benefits of psychedelics for neuropsychiatric disorders. Classic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, exert complex effects on higher cognitive functions such as perception and awareness, but their impact on motor function remains unexplored. Moreover, there is a theoretical rationale for using psychedelics to promote motor retraining in certain neuropsychiatric conditions associated with motor dysfunction. This protocol paper outlines the first study to investigate the feasibility and safety of performing movement tasks during the acute effects of psilocybin in healthy participants. The findings from this study will further our understanding of the impact of psychedelics on motor function, and inform future studies that combine classic psychedelics with motor retraining in clinical populations.Methods12 healthy participants will each receive three doses of psilocybin (between 5 and 20 mg) in a randomized order, with each dose administered at least 1 week apart. Participants, the trial physiotherapists, and statisticians will remain blinded to the psilocybin dose. A battery of measures assessing motor function will be completed during the acute drug effects. In addition, measures of safety, pre- and post-dose resting-state brain activity via functional magnetic resonance imaging, and participants' subjective experience will be assessed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.prcp.20240047", "pubmed_id": "39669539", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.prcp.20240047", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39669539\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1008, "title": "Current Perspectives on the Clinical Research and Medicalization of Psychedelic Drugs for Addiction Treatments: Safety, Efficacy, Limitations and Challenges.", "normalized_title": "current perspectives on the clinical research and medicalization of psychedelic drugs for addiction treatments safety efficacy limitations and challenges", "authors": "Gomez-Escolar A, Folch-Sanchez D, Stefaniuk J, Swithenbank Z, Nisa A, Braddick F, Idrees Chaudhary N, van der Meer PB, Batalla A.", "abstract": "Mental health disorders and substance use disorders (SUDs) in particular, contribute greatly to the global burden of disease. Psychedelics, including entactogens and dissociative substances, are currently being explored for the treatment of SUDs, yet with less empirical clinical evidence than for other mental health disorders, such as depression or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this narrative review, we discuss the current clinical research evidence, therapeutic potential and safety of psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ibogaine, particularly in the context of the SUD treatment. Our aim was to provide a balanced overview of the current research and findings on potential benefits and harms of psychedelics in clinical settings for SUD treatment. We highlight the need for more clinical research in this particular treatment area and point out some limitations and challenges to be addressed in future research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-024-01101-3", "pubmed_id": "39033264", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-024-01101-3", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Biomedical Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39033264\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 940, "title": "Wood-loving magic mushrooms from Australia are saprotrophic invaders in the Northern Hemisphere.", "normalized_title": "wood loving magic mushrooms from australia are saprotrophic invaders in the northern hemisphere", "authors": "McTaggart AR, Scarlett K, Slot JC, Barlow C, Appleyard C, Gardiner DM, Fechner N, Tilden J, Hass D, Voogelbreinder S, Lording WJ, Lloyd RA, Shuey LS, Drenth A, James TY.", "abstract": "Magic mushrooms are fungi that produce psilocybin, an entheogen with long-term cultural use and a breakthrough compound for treatment of mental health disorders. Fungal populations separated by geography are candidates for allopatric speciation, yet species connectivity typically persists because there is minimal divergence at functional parts of mating compatibility genes. We studied whether connectivity is maintained across populations of a widespread species complex of magic mushrooms that has infiltrated the Northern Hemisphere from a hypothesised centre of origin in Australasia. We analysed 89 genomes of magic mushrooms to examine erosion of species connectivity in disparate populations with support from gene flow, kinship, structure, allelic diversity, and mating compatibility. We used comparative genomics and synteny to test whether the genes that produce psilocybin are under selection in natural populations of magic mushrooms. Despite phenotypic plasticity and intercontinental distribution, sexual compatibility is maintained across geographically isolated populations of magic mushrooms. Psilocybin loci have high allelic diversity and evidence of balancing selection. Australasia is the centre of origin of wood-degrading magic mushrooms and geographically separated populations are fully sexually compatible, despite minimal gene flow since differentiation from a shared ancestor. Movement of woodchips, mulch, or plants has most likely facilitated invasion of these mushrooms in the Northern Hemisphere. Citation: McTaggart AR, Scarlett K, Slot JC, Barlow C, Appleyard C, Gardiner DM, Fechner N, Tilden J, Hass D, Voogelbreinder S, Lording WJ, Lloyd RA, Shuey LS, Drenth A, James TY (2024). Wood-loving magic mushrooms from Australia are saprotrophic invaders in the Northern Hemisphere. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 14: 209-217. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2024.14.14.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3114/fuse.2024.14.14", "pubmed_id": "39830294", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2024.14.14", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39830294\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1074, "title": "Longitudinal experiences of Canadians receiving compassionate access to psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "longitudinal experiences of canadians receiving compassionate access to psilocybin assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "de la Salle S, Kettner H, Thibault Lévesque J, Garel N, Dames S, Patchett-Marble R, Rej S, Gloeckler S, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R, Greenway KT.", "abstract": "Recent clinical trials have found that the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin effectively alleviates anxiodepressive symptoms in patients with life-threatening illnesses when given in a supportive environment. These outcomes prompted Canada to establish legal pathways for therapeutic access to psilocybin, coupled with psychological support. Despite over one-hundred Canadians receiving compassionate access since 2020, there has been little examination of these 'real-world' patients. We conducted a prospective longitudinal survey which focused on Canadians who were granted Section 56 exemptions for legal psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. Surveys assessing various symptom dimensions were conducted at baseline, two weeks following the session (endpoint), and optionally one day post-session. Participant characteristics were examined using descriptive statistics, and paired sample t-tests were used to quantify changes from baseline to the two-week post-treatment endpoint. Eight participants with Section 56 exemptions (four females, Mage = 52.3 years), all with cancer diagnoses, fully completed baseline and endpoint surveys. Significant improvements in anxiety and depression symptoms, pain, fear of COVID-19, quality of life, and spiritual well-being were observed. Attitudes towards death, medical assistance in dying, and desire for hastened death remained unchanged. While most participants found the psilocybin sessions highly meaningful, if challenging, one reported a substantial decrease in well-being due to the experience. These preliminary data are amongst the first to suggest that psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy can produce psychiatric benefits in real-world patients akin to those observed in clinical trials. Limited enrollment and individual reports of negative experiences indicate the need for formal real-world evaluation programs to surveil the ongoing expansion of legal access to psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-66817-0", "pubmed_id": "39019922", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66817-0", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Longitudinal Studies, Prospective Studies, Depression, Anxiety, Psychotherapy, Quality of Life, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Canada, Female, Male, Compassionate Use Trials, Psilocybin, North American People", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39019922\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1058, "title": "Psilocybin desynchronizes the human brain.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin desynchronizes the human brain", "authors": "Siegel JS, Subramanian S, Perry D, Kay BP, Gordon EM, Laumann TO, Reneau TR, Metcalf NV, Chacko RV, Gratton C, Horan C, Krimmel SR, Shimony JS, Schweiger JA, Wong DF, Bender DA, Scheidter KM, Whiting FI, Padawer-Curry JA, Shinohara RT, Chen Y, Moser J, Yacoub E, Nelson SM, Vizioli L, Fair DA, Lenze EJ, Carhart-Harris R, Raison CL, Raichle ME, Snyder AZ, Nicol GE, Dosenbach NUF.", "abstract": "A single dose of psilocybin, a psychedelic that acutely causes distortions of space-time perception and ego dissolution, produces rapid and persistent therapeutic effects in human clinical trials1-4. In animal models, psilocybin induces neuroplasticity in cortex and hippocampus5-8. It remains unclear how human brain network changes relate to subjective and lasting effects of psychedelics. Here we tracked individual-specific brain changes with longitudinal precision functional mapping (roughly 18 magnetic resonance imaging visits per participant). Healthy adults were tracked before, during and for 3 weeks after high-dose psilocybin (25 mg) and methylphenidate (40 mg), and brought back for an additional psilocybin dose 6-12 months later. Psilocybin massively disrupted functional connectivity (FC) in cortex and subcortex, acutely causing more than threefold greater change than methylphenidate. These FC changes were driven by brain desynchronization across spatial scales (areal, global), which dissolved network distinctions by reducing correlations within and anticorrelations between networks. Psilocybin-driven FC changes were strongest in the default mode network, which is connected to the anterior hippocampus and is thought to create our sense of space, time and self. Individual differences in FC changes were strongly linked to the subjective psychedelic experience. Performing a perceptual task reduced psilocybin-driven FC changes. Psilocybin caused persistent decrease in FC between the anterior hippocampus and default mode network, lasting for weeks. Persistent reduction of hippocampal-default mode network connectivity may represent a neuroanatomical and mechanistic correlate of the proplasticity and therapeutic effects of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41586-024-07624-5", "pubmed_id": "39020167", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07624-5", "keywords": "Brain, Hippocampus, Nerve Net, Humans, Methylphenidate, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Ego, Space Perception, Time Perception, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, Default Mode Network", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39020167\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Aging,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Healthy Volunteers,Adolescents", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1076, "title": "Serotoninergic antidepressants combination in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy: a case report.", "normalized_title": "serotoninergic antidepressants combination in psilocybin assisted psychotherapy a case report", "authors": "Do A, Michaud V, Stephan JF, Moreau M, Benoît É, Bérubé FA, Bibaud-De Serres A, Taillefer A, Vincent P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has reemerged as a promising treatment for difficult-to-treat depression (DTD). Although there is limited evidence regarding interactions between psilocybin and other psychotropic drugs, clinical trials require that patients discontinue their antidepressants before study entry to isolate the benefits of psilocybin and to minimize the risk of adverse events. We present the first case of an adult patient with DTD who received psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) in combination with two serotoninergic antidepressants (duloxetine and vortioxetine). Since he displayed a partial response after the first PAP session, he agreed to discontinue duloxetine (but refused to stop vortioxetine) before the second PAP session to see if it could improve the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin. However, his anxiety and depressive symptoms worsened. Psilocybin was well-tolerated in both PAP sessions; mild headaches were the main adverse effects experienced by the patient, and there were no cardiovascular safety concerns. This case report suggests that serotoninergic antidepressants combination with psilocybin appears to be safe and that antidepressant discontinuation prior to PAP may not be necessary. Since the continuation of antidepressants during PAP has the potential to improve treatment acceptability and accessibility, future research should assess whether psilocybin can be administered concurrently with antidepressants.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1394962", "pubmed_id": "39086732", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1394962", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39086732\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Case Report,Safety,Adverse Events,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3638, "title": "Psilocybin for Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder: a Feasibility Study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment of alcohol use disorder a feasibility study", "authors": "Anders Fink-Jensen, MD, DMSci", "abstract": "The purpose of this project is to assess the feasibility and safety of administering a single dose of psilocybin to patients diagnosed with alcohol use disorder (AUD). In addition the investigators will establish the pharmacokinetic properties of the active metabolite psilocin. This is the first step in a research project that has the overall aim to evaluate the efficacy of a single administration of psilocybin as an intervention for treatment of AUD. The investigators will evaluate the feasibility and safety of administering psilocybin to 10 patients diagnosed with AUD. Following informed consent, patients will be screened for eligibility as per in- and exclusion criteria and baseline values will be recorded as per outcome measures. All patients will receive a single administration of 25 mg of psilocybin. As per safety guidelines patients will be monitored the entire dosing session by study staff familiar with the psychedelic effects of psilocybin. In addition, the patients will meet before and after the dosing session with a psychologist connected to the study for preparation and post-session debriefing, respectively. During dosing session, the investigators will collect blood plasma psilocin levels in order to establish pharmacokinetics and an estimated brain 5-HT2AR occupancy. When the effects of psilocybin subside, the investigators will ask the patients to fill out questionnaires encapsulating the psychedelic experience. One week after drug administration the patients are required to meet for an end-of-study assessment of outcome measures including adverse events.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-07-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04718792", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), Psilocybin, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04718792\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3132, "title": "Psilocybin mushrooms and public health in Brazil: a low-risk adverse event profile calls for evidence-based regulatory discussions", "normalized_title": "psilocybin mushrooms and public health in brazil a low risk adverse event profile calls for evidence based regulatory discussions", "authors": "Nogueira M, García-Hernández S, Roberto GS, Marques LZ.", "abstract": "Background Current drug policy classifies psilocybin, a substance produced by psychoactive mushrooms, as having a high potential for abuse, neglecting its therapeutic properties. We aimed to investigate if psilocybin mushrooms pose a risk to Brazilian public health compared to other toxic agents and whether evidence-based regulatory discussions are needed. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted following STROBE guidelines. Data were obtained from the Sistema de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) on adverse events reported from 2007 to 2022. Participants were categorized into three groups: drug abuse, psilocybin mushrooms, and unknown mushrooms. Clinical outcomes assessed included non-hospitalization, hospitalization, and death. Associations between variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results A total of 112,451 individuals sought medical attention for drug abuse-related adverse events. Among them, men constituted the majority (n = 79,514; 70.7%), followed by whites (n = 37,565; 33.4%) and those aged 26-35 (n = 29,163; 25.9%) (p < 0.001). Alcohol was the primary toxic agent (n = 71,824; 49.2%) (p < 0.001). The psilocybin mushroom group reported 13 adverse events, and the unknown mushroom group recorded 51 adverse events. Hospitalization rates were 19.5% (n = 21,923) for drug abuse, 46.2% (n = 6) for psilocybin mushrooms (0.02% of all hospitalizations) (99% CI: 10.6% - 81.6%), and 23.5% (n = 12) for unknown mushrooms (0.04% of hospitalizations) (99% CI: 8.3% - 38.7%). The mortality rate was 1.8% (n = 2035) for drug abuse, with no fatalities in the psilocybin or unknown mushroom groups. Most hospitalizations involved alcohol (45.0%), and deaths were mainly associated with cocaine (33.3%). Conclusion Our findings suggest that psilocybin mushrooms have a low-risk profile for adverse events, although underreporting may be a factor. This study highlights the need for evidence-based regulatory discussions to prevent arbitrary arrests and ensure safe access to psilocybin for clinical and ceremonial use.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-07-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.07.11.24310147", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.11.24310147", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR880121\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3345, "title": "Quantitative Natural Language Processing Markers of Psychoactive Drug Effects: A Pre-Registered Systematic Review", "normalized_title": "quantitative natural language processing markers of psychoactive drug effects a pre registered systematic review", "authors": "Ahuja S, Zaher F, Palaniyappan L.", "abstract": "Abstract Psychoactive substances used for recreational purposes have mind-altering effects, but systematic evaluation of these effects is largely limited to self-reports. Automated analysis of expressed language (speech and written text) using Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools can provide objective readouts of mental states. In this pre-registered systematic review, we investigate findings from the emerging field of computational linguistics in substance use with specific focus on identifying short-term effects of psychoactive drugs. From the literature identified to date, we note that all the studied drugs - stimulants, MDMA, cannabis, ketamine, and psychedelics - affect language production. Based on two or more studies per substance, we note some emerging patterns: stimulants increase verbosity; LSD reduces the lexicon; MDMA increases semantic proximity to emotional words; psilocybin increases positive sentiment; and cannabis affects speech stream acoustics. Ketamine and other drugs are understudied regarding NLP features (one or no studies). One study provided externally validated support for NLP and machine learning-based identification of MDMA intoxication. We could not undertake a meta-analysis due to the high degree of heterogeneity among outcome measures and the lack of sufficient number of studies. We identify a need for harmonised speech tasks to improve replicability and comparability, standardisation of methods for curating and analysing speech and text data, theory-driven inquiries, and the need for developing a shared Substance Use Language Corpus for data mining. The growing field of computational linguistics can be leveraged in the service of human behavioural pharmacology to study psychoactive substances through concerted efforts to achieve consistency in research methods.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-07-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-4534997/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4534997/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR879311\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Emotional Processing,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1078, "title": "Psilocybin fungi microdose treatment in major depressive disorder: a case report", "normalized_title": "psilocybin fungi microdose treatment in major depressive disorder a case report", "authors": "Zarankin M, Pellegrini MS, Zenteno F.", "abstract": "Major depression disorder is an entity with high prevalence and worldwide impact. Current treatments present a non-response rate of 15-30%, and certain adverse effects are seen like apathy syndrome and lack of emotional response. It is stated that the treatment with psilocybin fungi allows the possibility of dose reduction and suspension of classic psychotropic drugs and entails changes on an emotional and behavioral level that result benefic in patients with major depressive syndrome. We present a case of a 19 years old patient with major depressive syndrome diagnosis. Accompaniment and patient advice was made appealing to the right of autonomy, on the psilocybin microdose self-administration process, aiming to reducing health risks and potentiate probable beneficial effects, with weekly evaluations, for a period of 7 months; using clinical anamnesis, laboratory tests and the Hamilton depression scale. As a result of this intervention, a symptomatic complete remission was proven, alongside with the suspension of conventional pharmacological treatment without discontinuation symptoms and improvements at the communicational level, social interaction and general well-being. These findings support the idea that psilocybin microdose treatments are promising tools in depression treatments. Scientific studies are needed in order to certify these findings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.53680/vertex.v35i164.544", "pubmed_id": "39024488", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.53680/vertex.v35i164.544", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39024488\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Case Report,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1077, "title": "Psilocybin for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for the treatment of alzheimer s disease", "authors": "Zheng S, Ma R, Yang Y, Li G.", "abstract": "Alzheimer's disease (AD) stands as a formidable neurodegenerative ailment and a prominent contributor to dementia. The scarcity of available therapies for AD accentuates the exigency for innovative treatment modalities. Psilocybin, a psychoactive alkaloid intrinsic to hallucinogenic mushrooms, has garnered attention within the neuropsychiatric realm due to its established safety and efficacy in treating depression. Nonetheless, its potential as a therapeutic avenue for AD remains largely uncharted. This comprehensive review endeavors to encapsulate the pharmacological effects of psilocybin while elucidating the existing evidence concerning its potential mechanisms contributing to a positive impact on AD. Specifically, the active metabolite of psilocybin, psilocin, elicits its effects through the modulation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2A receptor). This modulation causes heightened neural plasticity, diminished inflammation, and improvements in cognitive functions such as creativity, cognitive flexibility, and emotional facial recognition. Noteworthy is psilocybin's promising role in mitigating anxiety and depression symptoms in AD patients. Acknowledging the attendant adverse reactions, we proffer strategies aimed at tempering or mitigating its hallucinogenic effects. Moreover, we broach the ethical and legal dimensions inherent in psilocybin's exploration for AD treatment. By traversing these avenues, We propose therapeutic potential of psilocybin in the nuanced management of Alzheimer's disease.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2024.1420601", "pubmed_id": "39050672", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1420601", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39050672\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 554, "title": "Magic of the Mushrooms: Effects of Psilocybin Decriminalization.", "normalized_title": "magic of the mushrooms effects of psilocybin decriminalization", "authors": "Bhave A.", "abstract": "In the past few years, psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in \"magic mushrooms\" (psilocybin mushrooms), has undergone decriminalization in numerous cities across the US and has been legalized in Oregon and Colorado. Proponents of psilocybin decriminalization have emphasized its therapeutic potential in treating mental health disorders. Furthermore, psilocybin mushrooms are considered the safest psychedelic option, with lower potency and a reduced risk of overdoses and emergency hospitalizations compared to other prevalent psychedelics, such as LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). We analyzed the impact of psilocybin reforms on public interest in psilocybin, as well as their cross-commodity effects on LSD and MDMA, utilizing extensive web-based search data. We observe a significant increase in psilocybin search volume and a notable reduction in search volume associated with LSD and MDMA. Our results are consistent nationwide across states, irrespective of their stance on psilocybin reforms. The shift in public interest toward psilocybin, which is considered the safest psychedelic, away from LSD and MDMA, carries positive implications for public health.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2376755", "pubmed_id": "38984875", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2376755", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38984875\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 45, "title": "Psychedelics relax predictive processing in the post-acute period by remodeling cortico-cortical feedback circuits", "normalized_title": "psychedelics relax predictive processing in the post acute period by remodeling cortico cortical feedback circuits", "authors": "West CL, Imai F, Bastos G, Hornick MA, Rachmany L, Duran A, Nadeem S, Ricci D, Rader Groves AM, Wargo JA, Van Leeuwen N, Sershen H, Yaragudri Vinod K, Peterka DS, Hamm JP.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin, LSD) have potential to treat psychiatric disorders, with therapeutic effects lasting days to weeks after a single dose. Prominent theories suggest that psychedelics have a lasting effect on hierarchical brain circuits, reducing top-down influence on information processing to facilitate an unbiased, bottom-up reassessment of the world, but direct and concrete evidence for such an effect is lacking. Here we directly tested this hypothesis in both humans and mice, assessing predictive processing in the fronto-visual system in the days after a single psychedelic exposure. Individuals who recently (", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-07-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.07.03.601959", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.03.601959", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR877954\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1052, "title": "Addressing a major interference in the quantification of psilocin in mouse plasma: Development of a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method.", "normalized_title": "addressing a major interference in the quantification of psilocin in mouse plasma development of a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method", "authors": "Khajavinia A, Michel D, Ezeaka UC, Purves RW, Laprairie RB, El-Aneed A.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a psychedelic compound found in some hallucinogenic \"magic mushrooms\". Psilocin is the active metabolite of Psilocybin, and it is the subject of several studies for the treatment of psychological disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. As such, the pharmacokinetic properties of psilocin should be evaluated to ensure its safety and efficacy as part of the drug development process. Based on the previously published studies, reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) was tested for psilocin quantification. The analysis, however, showed a major interference in mouse plasma that was not, to the best of our knowledge, reported previously. We, therefore, aimed to identify and separate the interference, using various chromatographic columns, mobile phase conditions, and mass spectrometers (MS) instruments. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system, and a quadrupole-linear ion trap equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source was used in positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Several chromatographic conditions and column chemistries, including C-18 and Phenyl-hexyl were initially tested, and failed to separate the interference. Exact mass measurement and MS/MS analysis were used to determine the structure of the interfering compound, which was confirmed to be tryptophan. Using the identified structure of the interfering compound, a fast and reliable hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-MS/MS method was developed and validated, that was capable of separating psilocin from the interference while achieving a 0.5 ng/ml lower limit of quantification (LLOQ). The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study where psilocin was orally administered to C57BL/6 mouse subjects. Psilocin concentration in all the analyzed mouse plasma samples was successfully determined.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465123", "pubmed_id": "38981146", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465123", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Liquid, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Reproducibility of Results, Male, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography, Reverse-Phase, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38981146\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1047, "title": "Mushroom poisoning of Panaeolus subbalteatus from Ningxia, northwest China, with species identification and tryptamine detection.", "normalized_title": "mushroom poisoning of panaeolus subbalteatus from ningxia northwest china with species identification and tryptamine detection", "authors": "Yao Y, Zhang YZ, Liang JQ, Liu F, Li ZF, Li HJ, Xu F.", "abstract": "Mushroom poisoning is a significant contributor to foodborne disease outbreaks in China. This study focuses on two Panaeolus subbalteatus poisoning incidents accompanied by epidemiological investigations, species identification, and toxin detection in Ningxia, northwest China. In these two poisoning incidents, some patients exhibited gastrointestinal or neurological symptoms approximately 0.5 h after ingestion of a large amount of wild mushroom. Specifically, in Case 1, one of the three patients experienced nausea, vomiting, and numbness in the throat and limbs; in Case 2, one patient reported dizziness and an abnormal sense of direction. Through morphological and phylogenetic analyses, mushroom specimens were identified as P. subbalteatus. Psilocybin and psilocin were detected in mushroom samples, and only psilocin was detected in biological samples by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry screening. The average psilocybin and psilocin contents in mushroom samples were 1532.2-1760.7 and 114.5-136.0 mg/kg (n = 3), respectively. Moreover, only psilocin was detected in blood and urine samples, with average concentrations 0.5-1.2 ng/mL (n = 3) and 2.5-3.1 ng/mL (n = 3), respectively. These findings provide technical support for managing similar incidents in the future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107849", "pubmed_id": "38971474", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107849", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Mushroom Poisoning, Tryptamines, Phylogeny, China, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38971474\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 638, "title": "Unraveling psilocybin's therapeutic potential: behavioral and neuroplasticity insights in Wistar-Kyoto and Wistar male rat models of treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "unraveling psilocybin s therapeutic potential behavioral and neuroplasticity insights in wistar kyoto and wistar male rat models of treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Kolasa M, Nikiforuk A, Korlatowicz A, Solich J, Potasiewicz A, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Bugno R, Hogendorf A, Bojarski A, Faron-Górecka A.", "abstract": "RationaleOur study aimed to unravel the unknown mechanisms behind the exceptional efficacy of Psilocybin (PSI) in treating treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Focusing on Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats with a TRD phenotype and Wistar (WIS) rats as a normative comparison, we investigated behavioral and neuroplasticity-related responses to PSI, striving to shed light on the distinctive features of its antidepressant effects.ObjectivesWe set out to assess the behavioral impact of acute and prolonged PSI administration on WKY and WIS rats, employing Novel Object Recognition (NORT), Social Interaction (SI), and Forced Swimming Test (FST). Our secondary objectives involved exploring strain-specific alterations in neuroplasticity-related parameters, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc).MethodsConducting post-acute and extended assessments after a single PSI administration, we applied behavioral tests and biochemical analyses to measure serum BDNF levels and neuroplasticity-related parameters in the prefrontal cortex. Statistical analyses were deployed to discern significant differences between the rat strains and assess the impact of PSI on behavioral and biochemical outcomes.ResultsOur findings uncovered significant behavioral disparities between WKY and WIS rats, indicating passive behavior and social withdrawal in the former. PSI demonstrated pronounced pro-social and antidepressant effects in both strains, each with its distinctive temporal trajectory. Notably, we identified strain-specific variations in BDNF-related signaling and observed the modulation of Arc expression in WKY rats.ConclusionsOur study delineated mood-related behavioral nuances between WKY and WIS rat strains, underscoring the antidepressant and pro-social properties of PSI in both groups. The distinct temporal patterns of observed changes and the identified strain-specific neuroplasticity alterations provide valuable insights into the TRD phenotype and the mechanisms underpinning the efficacy of PSI.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06644-3", "pubmed_id": "38963553", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06644-3", "keywords": "Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Rats, Inbred WKY, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Disease Models, Animal, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Cytoskeletal Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Antidepressive Agents, Behavior, Animal, Species Specificity, Neuronal Plasticity, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38963553\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1080, "title": "Engaging Mood Brain Circuits with Psilocybin (EMBRACE): a study protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled and delayed-start, neuroimaging trial in depression.", "normalized_title": "engaging mood brain circuits with psilocybin embrace a study protocol for a randomized placebo controlled and delayed start neuroimaging trial in depression", "authors": "Poulin JM, Bigford GE, Lanctôt KL, Giacobbe P, Schaffer A, Sinyor M, Rabin JS, Masellis M, Singnurkar A, Pople CB, Lipsman N, Husain MI, Rosenblat JD, Cao X, MacIntosh BJ, Nestor SM.", "abstract": "BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide across domains of health and cognition, affecting overall quality of life. Approximately one third of individuals with depression do not fully respond to treatments (e.g., conventional antidepressants, psychotherapy) and alternative strategies are needed. Recent early phase trials suggest psilocybin may be a safe and efficacious intervention with rapid-acting antidepressant properties. Psilocybin is thought to exert therapeutic benefits by altering brain network connectivity and inducing neuroplastic changes that endure for weeks post-treatment. Although early clinical results are encouraging, psilocybin's acute neurobiological effects on neuroplasticity have not been fully investigated. We aim to examine for the first time how psilocybin acutely (intraday) and subacutely (weeks) alters functional brain networks implicated in depression.MethodsFifty participants diagnosed with MDD or persistent depressive disorder (PDD) will be recruited from a tertiary mood disorders clinic and undergo 1:1 randomization into either an experimental or control arm. Participants will be given either 25 mg psilocybin or 25 mg microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) placebo for the first treatment. Three weeks later, those in the control arm will transition to receiving 25 mg psilocybin. We will investigate whether treatments are associated with changes in arterial spin labelling and blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast neuroimaging assessments at acute and subacute timepoints. Primary outcomes include testing whether psilocybin demonstrates acute changes in (1) cerebral blood flow and (2) functional brain activity in networks associated with mood regulation and depression when compared to placebo, along with changes in MADRS score over time compared to placebo. Secondary outcomes include changes across complementary clinical psychiatric, cognitive, and functional scales from baseline to final follow-up. Serum peripheral neurotrophic and inflammatory biomarkers will be collected at baseline and follow-up to examine relationships with clinical response, and neuroimaging measures.DiscussionThis study will investigate the acute and additive subacute neuroplastic effects of psilocybin on brain networks affected by depression using advanced serial neuroimaging methods. Results will improve our understanding of psilocybin's antidepressant mechanisms versus placebo response and whether biological measures of brain function can provide early predictors of treatment response.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06072898. Registered on 6 October 2023.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s13063-024-08268-6", "pubmed_id": "38956594", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-024-08268-6", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Treatment Outcome, Affect, Neuronal Plasticity, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38956594\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Inflammation", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1009, "title": "Effects of psilocybin on body weight, body composition, and metabolites in male and female mice.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on body weight body composition and metabolites in male and female mice", "authors": "Shakir J, Pedicini M, Bullock BC, Hoen PW, Macias LK, Freiman J, Pletnikov MV, Tamashiro KLK, Cordner ZA.", "abstract": "There is growing interest in the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for the treatment of a wide variety of medical problems, and even for the promotion of wellbeing among healthy individuals. Interestingly, among the many proposed indications, both obesity and anorexia nervosa (AN) have been discussed. However, the effect of psilocybin on appetitive behavior and metabolism is not well known. Here, we report the effects of psilocybin on body weight, intake and output, body composition, and metabolic function among lean male and female wild-type mice. In the days immediately following treatment, both male and female mice receiving a single intraperitoneal dose of psilocybin were consistently heavier than saline controls, with no effect of psilocybin on intake or output. Co-administration of the 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist ketanserin had no effect on this outcome. Body composition analysis revealed that psilocybin significantly increased lean and water mass among males, with a similar trend among females. A metabolic panel revealed increased creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and chloride among male and female psilocybin treated mice. Together, these findings begin to investigate the potential mechanisms of psilocybin's effects on body weight and metabolic measures. Such understanding will be critical for the safe, efficacious, and well-informed use of psilocybin in clinical and non-clinical settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-07-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114627", "pubmed_id": "38964565", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114627", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Body Weight, Ketanserin, Hallucinogens, Body Composition, Sex Characteristics, Eating, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38964565\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1087, "title": "Bridging Psilocybin-Induced Changes in the Brain's Dynamic Functional Connectome With an Individual's Subjective Experience.", "normalized_title": "bridging psilocybin induced changes in the brain s dynamic functional connectome with an individual s subjective experience", "authors": "Singleton SP, Kuceyeski A.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.05.003", "pubmed_id": "38969436", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.05.003", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Connectome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38969436\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1086, "title": "Potential Differences in Psychedelic Actions Based on Biological Sex.", "normalized_title": "potential differences in psychedelic actions based on biological sex", "authors": "Shadani S, Conn K, Andrews ZB, Foldi CJ", "abstract": "The resurgence of interest in psychedelics as treatments for psychiatric disorders necessitates a better understanding of potential sex differences in response to these substances. Sex as a biological variable (SABV) has been historically neglected in medical research, posing limits to our understanding of treatment efficacy. Human studies have provided insights into the efficacy of psychedelics across various diagnoses and aspects of cognition, yet sex-specific effects remain unclear, making it difficult to draw strong conclusions about sex-dependent differences in response to psychedelic treatments. Compounding this further, animal studies used to understand biological mechanisms of psychedelics predominantly use one sex and present mixed neurobiological and behavioral outcomes. Studies that do include both sexes often do not investigate sex differences further, which may hinder the translation of findings to the clinic. In reviewing sex differences in responses to psychedelics, we will highlight the direct interaction between estrogen (the most extensively studied steroid hormone) and the serotonin system (central to the mechanism of action of psychedelics), and the potential that estrogen-serotonin interactions may influence the efficacy of psychedelics in female participants. Estrogen influences serotonin neurotransmission by affecting its synthesis and release, as well as modulating the sensitivity and responsiveness of serotonin receptor subtypes in the brain. This could potentially influence the efficacy of psychedelics in females by modifying their therapeutic efficacy across menstrual cycles and developmental stages. Investigating this interaction in the context of psychedelic research could aid in the advancement of therapeutic outcomes, especially for conditions with sex-specific prevalence.", "journal": "Endocrinology", "publication_date": "2024-06-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1210/endocr/bqae083", "pubmed_id": "38980913", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38980913/", "keywords": "cognition, estrogen, learning, psilocybin, psychedelics, serotonin, sex differences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38980913\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1082, "title": "Your brain on shrooms - how psilocybin resets neural networks.", "normalized_title": "your brain on shrooms how psilocybin resets neural networks", "authors": "Kozlov M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/d41586-024-02275-y", "pubmed_id": "39020195", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-02275-y", "keywords": "Brain, Nerve Net, Humans, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39020195\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1081, "title": "Treating Anxiety and Depression With Psilocybin Therapy.", "normalized_title": "treating anxiety and depression with psilocybin therapy", "authors": "Hanstein AP, Felchlin C.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "39079732", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39079732", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39079732\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1079, "title": "The Black Book of Psychotropic Dosing and Monitoring.", "normalized_title": "the black book of psychotropic dosing and monitoring", "authors": "DeBattista C, Schatzberg AF.", "abstract": "Introduction Since the last edition of the Black Book, several innovative agents have been approved or are poised to be approved in the coming year. These include novel antidepressants, the first muscarine agonist for the treatment of schizophrenia, the first psychedelic which may be approved for the treatment of PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), and the first disease modifying drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Three new antidepressants have come to the market in the past 18 months. The first of those, Auvelity, the combination of bupropion and dextromethorphan, takes advantage of a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic synergism between the two drugs.85 Dextromethorphan has several pharmacodynamic properties including actions on the NMDA receptor and the Sigma 1 receptor, adding to the indirect norepinephrine agonist properties of bupropion. How Dextromethorphan is rapidly metabolized via the CYP2D6 isoenzyme to dextrophan that may have mu opioid agonist properties. The combination with bupropion, a CYP2D6 inhibitor, inhibits the metabolism of dextromethorphan allowing for more consistent therapeutic levels. The combination of dextromethorphan 45 mg twice per day and bupropion SR105 mg twice daily appears to be more effective than an equivalent dose of bupropion alone both in speeding up antidepressant response and achieving remission. However, it's not clear at this time how the combination would compare with a more typical dose of bupropion of 300-450 milligrams a day range. The phase III program for Auvelity, showed that the drug was well tolerated with the most common side effects being dizziness, headache, and dry mouth.86 Another novel antidepressant agent approved in 2023 is zuranolone (Zurzuvae). Zuranolone is an oral analog of IV brexanalone, and like brexanolone, was approved for the treatment of post-partum depression.83 The advantages of zuranolone over brexanalone are many. While brexanolone is a 60-hour intravenous infusion that must be administered in a health care facility, zuranolone is a once/day oral medication that is usually taken at home. Like brexanolone, and unlike most antidepressants, zuranolone has a short course of treatment, lasting just 14 days. Zuranolone's, as does brexanolone, is thought to act primarily as allosteric modulator of the GABA-a receptors. Despite only 14 days of treatment, zuranolone produced in depression in post-partum patients a clinically and significantly meaningful improvement at day 15 and continued to day 45 or 1 month past the end of treatment. Zuranolone is a schedule IV drug. The most common side effect in clinical trials was somnolence with 36% of participants reporting this side effect vs only 6% of those on placebo.84 Other common side effects included dizziness, diarrhea and fatigue. While the FDA declined to approve zuranolone as monotherapy or as an adjunctive treatment to standard antidepressants in major depression itself, there are positive studies in non-post-partum major depression albeit with smaller effect sizes and less consistent duration of activity. It is likely that zuranolone will continue to be studied in other depressive syndromes such as depression with anxious distress. The third \"new\" antidepressant approved late 2023 was gepirone (Exxua). Gepirone is not exactly a new or novel antidepressant and originally sought approval in the US about 20 years ago.88 There had been two positive studies of gepirone during the original NDA application but also a number of failed, negative, or non-informative studies as well. Thus, the FDA declined to originally approve the drug. However, failed and negative trials are common with antidepressants and after much internal debate, the FDA ultimately agreed to approve the drug based on the positive trials and a relatively favorable side effect profile. Gepirone, like buspirone, is a partial agonist of the 5HT1a receptor and a 5HT2 antagonist. As such, gepirone does not tend to be associated with sexual side effects, weight gain, or sedation. The most common side effects are dizziness, nausea, and insomnia which tend to improve in many patients over time. Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) continue to be the only class of agents [other than esketamine (Spravato)] approved in adjunctive treatment of resistant major depression. In addition to olanzapine (combined with fluoxetine; Symbyax), aripiprazole (Abilify), quetiapine (Seroquel), brexpiprazole (Rexulti), cariprazine (Vraylar) became the latest SGA to be approved in 2022.90 Adjunctive cariprazine at 1.5 mg daily was significantly more effective than adjunctive placebo in patients with MDD who had failed to achieve an adequate response with an antidepressant alone after 6 weeks of treatment. Interestingly, a 3 mg dose of cariprazine was less consistently effective.91 The major advantage of cariprazine over some of the other approved adjunctive SGA's is easy dosing, with the starting 1.5 mg dose being the optimal therapeutic dose for most people, and a lower metabolic side effect burden with most subjects having limited or no weight gain in short term trials. The most common side effect were akathisia/restlessness, fatigue, and nausea. Lumateperone (Caplyta) is also has positive phase III data in the adjunctive treatment of major depression and is expective file for approval in late 2024. Another recent major development in psychopharmacology is the reemergence of psychedelics in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The first of these is MDMA (phenethylamine 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of PTSD. A New Drug Application (NDA) was accepted by the FDA for MDMA in the treatment of PTSD in late 2023.87 Because the drug is being fast tracked as a \"breakthrough\" treatment by the FDA, it was expected to see approval in the summer of 2024. The phase II and III data for MDMA assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of PTSD have been quite consistent and impressive. However, independent reviews have pointed to significant deficiencies in these studies including the bias introduced because of functional unblinding; virtually all patients in psychedelic studies can guess whether they got the active drug or placebo. The functional unblinding, the lack of standardization of adjunctive psychotherapy as well as the abuse potential of MDMA, may delay an FDA approval. The typical regimen in these trials included 3 preparatory psychotherapy sessions followed by once/month dosing sessions (lasting about 8 hours) and using doses of 120-160 mg in a split dose. There were typically 3 monthly dosing sessions, each followed by 3 integrative psychotherapy sessions to help subjects process and understand their experiences during the dosing sessions. In the most recent phase 3 trials, over 70% of subjects no longer met criteria for PTDS compared to 46% of those treated with psychotherapy and placebo alone.89 The only approved medications for treating PTSD are two SSRIs, paroxetine and sertraline. These drugs effect only some dimensions of PTSD with only 20-30% achieving a remission level response with these drugs. Thus, MDMA assisted psychotherapy appears to achieve much higher levels of remission and response than has been true for the SSRIs. Since MDMA is not taken continuously, side effects from MDMA tend to be short lived. Side effects have included muscle tightness, nausea, diminished appetite, excessive sweating, feeling cold and dizziness among others. Since MDMA is currently a schedule I drug, it is likely that a rigorous Risk Evaluation Mitigation (REMs) program will be put in place and a limited number of centers and clinicians will be designated to perform MDMA assisted psychotherapy for PTSD. In addition to MDMA, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is in phase 3 trials for treating resistant depression but unlikely to be available before late 2025 at the earliest. An argument can be made that there has not been a truly novel antipsychotic since the introduction of clozapine in the US in 1990. All first-generation antipsychotics have been dopamine 2 antagonists and second-generation drugs have involved some ratio of 5HT2 antagonism to D2 blockade. In 2023, the FDA accepted the application of xenomaline/tropsium (KarXT) which may become the first muscarinic M1M4 agonist approved for the treatment of schizophrenia.82,83 Tropsium is added as a muscarine antagonist to block the peripheral cholinergic effects of a muscarine agonist. Xenomaline/tropsium appears to be effective in treating both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. In a phase 3 study of 407 patients with schizophrenia, xenomaline/tropsium at doses of xenomaline/50 mg/tropsium 20 mg twice daily up to 125 mg/30 mg twice daily was significantly more effective than placebo in treating both and negative symptoms over 5 weeks of treatment. As would be expected, the side effect profile of xenomaline/tropsium is very different that all currently available antipsychotics. There is no risk of EPS as it is not a dopamine antagonist, and xenomaline/tropsium is not associated with significant metabolic effects. The side effects are cholinergic in nature and include constipation, dry mouth, and nausea. A decision is expected in September of 2024. The year 2023 also saw the approval of the first disease modifying drug in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, lecanemab (Lequembi). While acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine have been available for decades, these drugs modestly improve cognition in Alzheimer's disease patients and do not alter the progressive course of the illness. Lecanemab is an IV monoclonal antibody that targets the removal of beta-amyloid in the brain as well proto-fibrils that are also known to be toxic to neuronal tissue. When given early in the course of the illness, patients treated with Lecanemab showed 27% less decline on some measures of cognition and function than did patients treated with a placebo over 18 months (about 1 and a half years). It is not known whether treatment for longer than 18 months would show lesser or greater decline over time. However, there are simulation studies that suggest that Lecanemab may modestly reduce the number of patients who progress to severe Alzheimer's disease and require institutional care. The standard dose is 10 mg/kg given via IV over one hour every 2 weeks for 18 months. Lecanemab is typically administered in an infusion center so that side effects can be monitored. The most serious side effects of Lecanemab are amyloid related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) that are associated with brain edema and microhemorrhages. ARIA can occur in up to 15% of patients. More common side effects are headache and nausea. While it remains to be seen how useful these new agents will be in clinical practice, they do represent an approach to treating neuropsychiatric disorders that are a notable departure from the pharmacotherapy of the past half century. It seems likely that some patients who have not been able to respond to or tolerate traditional pharmacotherapy will find hope in these new medications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.64719/pb.4493", "pubmed_id": "38993656", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.64719/pb.4493", "keywords": "Humans, Bupropion, Dextromethorphan, Psychotropic Drugs, Antidepressive Agents, Drug Monitoring, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38993656\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1071, "title": "Investigating the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin in advanced cancer patients: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "investigating the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin in advanced cancer patients a comprehensive review and meta analysis", "authors": "Bader H, Farraj H, Maghnam J, Abu Omar Y.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain species of mushrooms, is known for its effects on anxiety and depression. It has recently gained increasing interest for its potential therapeutic effects, particularly in patients with advanced cancer. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the effects of psilocybin on adult patients with advanced cancer.AimTo investigate the therapeutic effect of psilocybin in patients with advanced cancer.MethodsA comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar for articles published up to February 2023. The reference lists of the included studies were also searched to retrieve possible additional studies.ResultsA total of 7 studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review, comprising 132 participants. The results revealed significant improvements in quality of life, pain control, and anxiety relief following psilocybin-assisted therapy, specifically results on anxiety relief. Pooled effect sizes indicated statistically significant reductions in symptoms of anxiety at both 4 to 4.5 months [35.15 (95%CI: 32.28-38.01)] and 6 to 6.5 months [33.06 (95%CI: 28.73-37.40)]. Post-administration compared to baseline assessments (P < 0.05). Additionally, patients reported sustained improvements in psychological well-being and existential distress following psilocybin therapy.ConclusionThe findings provided compelling evidence for the potential benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy in improving quality of life, pain control, and anxiety relief in patients with advanced cancer.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.5306/wjco.v15.i7.908", "pubmed_id": "39071471", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v15.i7.908", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39071471\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Wellbeing,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 812, "title": "Striking Long Term Beneficial Effects of Single Dose Psilocybin and Psychedelic Mushroom Extract in the SAPAP3 Rodent Model of OCD-Like Excessive Self-Grooming", "normalized_title": "striking long term beneficial effects of single dose psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract in the sapap3 rodent model of ocd like excessive self grooming", "authors": "Brownstien M, Lazar M, Botvinnik A, Shevakh C, Blakolmer K, Lerer L, Lifschytz T, Lerer B.", "abstract": "Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent disorder that causes serious disability. Available treatments leave 40% or more of people with OCD significantly symptomatic. There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Mice that carry a homozygous deletion of the SAPAP3 gene (SAPAP3 KO) manifest a phenotype of excessive self-grooming, tic-like head-body twitches and anxiety. These behaviors closely resemble pathological self-grooming behaviors observed in humans in conditions that overlap with OCD. Following a preliminary report that the tryptaminergic psychedelic, psilocybin, may reduce symptoms in patients with OCD, we undertook a randomized controlled trial of psilocybin in 50 SAPAP3 KO mice (28 male, 22 female). Mice that fulfilled inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to a single intraperitoneal injection of psilocybin (4.4 mg/kg), psychedelic mushroom extract (encompassing the same psilocybin dose) or vehicle control and were evaluated after 2, 4 and 21 days by a rater blind to treatment allocation for grooming characteristics, head-body twitches, anxiety and other behavioral features. Mice treated with vehicle (n=18) manifested a 118.71 + 95.96 % increase in total self-grooming (the primary outcome measure) over the 21-day observation period. In contrast, total self-grooming decreased by 14.60% + 17.90% in mice treated with psilocybin (n=16) and by 19.20 + 20.05% in mice treated with psychedelic mushroom extract (n=16) (p=.001 for effect of time; p=.0001 for time X treatment interaction). 5 mice were dropped from the vehicle group because they developed skin lesions; 4 from the psilocybin group and none from the psychedelic mushroom extract group. Secondary outcome measures such as head-body twitches and anxiety all showed a significant improvement over 21 days. Notably, in mice that responded to psilocybin (n=12) and psychedelic mushroom extract (n=13), the beneficial effect of a single treatment persisted up to 7 weeks. Mice initially treated with vehicle and non-responsive, showed a clear and lasting therapeutic response when treated with a single dose of psilocybin or psychedelic mushroom extract and followed for a further 3 weeks. While equivalent to psilocybin in overall effect on self-grooming, psychedelic mushroom extract showed superior effects in alleviating head-body twitches and anxiety. These findings strongly justify clinical trials of psilocybin in the treatment of OCD and further studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms that underlie the long-term effects to alleviate excessive self-grooming observed in this study. Graphical Abstract Prepared with BioRender ( https://www.biorender.com/ )", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-06-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.06.25.600634", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.25.600634", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR875056\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2994, "title": "Rethinking Therapeutic Strategies for Anorexia Nervosa: Insights From Psychedelic Medicine and Animal Models.", "normalized_title": "rethinking therapeutic strategies for anorexia nervosa insights from psychedelic medicine and animal models", "authors": "Foldi CJ, Liknaitzky P, Williams M, Oldfield BJ.", "abstract": "Anorexia nervosa (AN) has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disease, yet available pharmacological treatments are largely ineffective due, in part, to an inadequate understanding of the neurobiological drivers that underpin the condition. The recent resurgence of research into the clinical applications of psychedelic medicine for a range of mental disorders has highlighted the potential for classical psychedelics, including psilocybin, to alleviate symptoms of AN that relate to serotonergic signaling and cognitive inflexibility. Clinical trials using psychedelics in treatment-resistant depression have shown promising outcomes, although these studies are unable to circumvent some methodological biases. The first clinical trial to use psilocybin in patients with AN commenced in 2019, necessitating a better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms through which psychedelics act. Animal models are beneficial in this respect, allowing for detailed scrutiny of brain function and behavior and the potential to study pharmacology without the confounds of expectancy and bias that are impossible to control for in patient populations. We argue that studies investigating the neurobiological effects of psychedelics in animal models, including the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rodent model, are particularly important to inform clinical applications, including the subpopulations of patients that may benefit most from psychedelic medicine. Appeared originally in Front Neurosci 2020; 14:43.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.focus.24022012", "pubmed_id": "38988467", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.24022012", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38988467\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2993, "title": "Psilocybin Therapy for Females With Anorexia Nervosa: A Phase 1, Open-Label Feasibility Study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy for females with anorexia nervosa a phase 1 open label feasibility study", "authors": "Peck SK, Shao S, Gruen T, Yang K, Babakanian A, Trim J, Finn DM, Kaye WH.", "abstract": "Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a deadly illness with no proven treatments to reverse core symptoms and no medications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Novel treatments are urgently needed to improve clinical outcomes. In this open-label feasibility study, 10 adult female participants (mean body mass index 19.7 kg m-2; s.d. 3.7) who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for AN or pAN (partial remission) were recruited to a study conducted at an academic clinical research institute. Participants received a single 25-mg dose of synthetic psilocybin in conjunction with psychological support. The primary aim was to assess safety, tolerability and feasibility at post-treatment by incidences and occurrences of adverse events (AEs) and clinically significant changes in electrocardiogram (ECG), laboratory tests, vital signs and suicidality. No clinically significant changes were observed in ECG, vital signs or suicidality. Two participants developed asymptomatic hypoglycemia at post-treatment, which resolved within 24 h. No other clinically significant changes were observed in laboratory values. All AEs were mild and transient in nature. Participants' qualitative perceptions suggest that the treatment was acceptable for most participants. Results suggest that psilocybin therapy is safe, tolerable and acceptable for female AN, which is a promising finding given physiological dangers and problems with treatment engagement. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04661514. Appeared originally in Nat Med 2023; 29:1947-1953.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.focus.24022013", "pubmed_id": "38988455", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.24022013", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38988455\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1084, "title": "Innovative and Emerging Treatments for Anorexia Nervosa.", "normalized_title": "innovative and emerging treatments for anorexia nervosa", "authors": "Downey AE, Gorrell S.", "abstract": "Unlike psychopharmacologic interventions for other psychiatric conditions, few medications have emerged as helpful in improving eating disorder cognitions and evidence-based psychotherapies fail many patients. Novel treatments are urgently needed to address anorexia nervosa (AN), which is increasingly prevalent and difficult to treat. This article provides an overview of preliminary investigations into cannabidiol, psilocybin therapy, ketamine and the ketogenic diet, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation in individuals with AN. These pilot studies underscore the need for larger clinical trials that include more participant diversity in order to rapidly translate findings to real-world clinical practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1176/appi.focus.20230041", "pubmed_id": "38988458", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20230041", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38988458\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1060, "title": "The Global Psychedelic Survey: Consumer characteristics, patterns of use, and access in primarily anglophone regions around the world.", "normalized_title": "the global psychedelic survey consumer characteristics patterns of use and access in primarily anglophone regions around the world", "authors": "Lake S, Lucas P.", "abstract": "ObjectivesDespite advancements in policies governing psychedelic substances globally, our understanding of real-world psychedelic use and its variations across international jurisdictions remains limited. We implemented the Global Psychedelic Survey (GPS) to capture information about psychedelic consumer characteristics, access, and usage patterns around the world.MethodsThe GPS was administered online in Spring 2023 to English-speaking adults (≥21 years) who use(d) psychedelics. We categorized survey responses into major catchment regions (Canada/US, Europe/UK, Australia/NZ, All Other). We used descriptive and bivariable statistics to characterize consumers' socio-demographic characteristics, psychedelic access sources, and usage patterns. We examined regional differences in psychedelic use patterns using multinomial logistic regression.ResultsWe analyzed 6379 responses from 85 countries including Canada/US (n = 4434), Europe/UK (n = 771), Australia/NZ (n = 864), and Other (n = 310). Psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA were the most used psychedelics and personal growth was the most common use motive across all catchments. There were significant regional differences in psychedelic use patterns, including types of psychedelics used (e.g., less ibogaine use in Europe/UK and Australia/NZ relative to Canada/US), frequency of use (e.g., lower frequency use in Australia/NZ relative to Canada/US), motivations for use (e.g., less therapeutic use in Europe/UK and Other relative to Canada/US), and types of dosing regimens (e.g., more \"micro\"-dosing in Canada/US).DiscussionIn this large sample of adult psychedelic consumers from regions around the world, infrequent psychedelic use centered around life enhancement was common. Respondents indicated preference for legal access via quality-controlled sources. Jurisdictional differences in access and usage patterns likely reflect region-specific regulations and traditional practices. Further research should explore opportunities to increase representation of non-White respondents in psychedelic research via translation of studies into several languages and incorporation of culturally reflective, community-based study development.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104507", "pubmed_id": "38936219", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104507", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Recreational Drug Use", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38936219\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1010, "title": "Psilocybin and 2C-B at Encoding Distort Episodic Familiarity.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and 2c b at encoding distort episodic familiarity", "authors": "Doss MK, Mallaroni P, Mason NL, Ramaekers JG.", "abstract": "BackgroundAs research on psychedelics (hallucinogenic serotonin receptor 2A agonists) progresses, it is important to delineate the reliability of supposedly unique effects across this drug class. One such effect is how psychedelics impair the formation (i.e., encoding) of hippocampal-dependent recollections (retrieval of specific details) while potentially enhancing the encoding of cortical-dependent familiarity (a feeling of knowing that a stimulus has been previously experienced).MethodsIn a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-participants study (N = 20), we tested the acute effects of 2 distinct psychedelics, psilocybin and 2C-B, on the encoding of emotional episodic memories. During acute drug effects, participants viewed negative, neutral, and positive pictures. The following day (while sober), participants completed 2 separate memory tests for these pictures.ResultsUsing computational models of memory confidence, we found trends for psilocybin and 2C-B at encoding to impair estimates of recollection that were supported by other measures/analyses. Surprisingly, psilocybin and 2C-B at encoding impaired estimates of familiarity, but these impairments were likely due to a misattribution of heightened familiarity, because both drugs at encoding selectively increased familiarity-based false alarms, especially for negative and positive stimuli. Psilocybin and 2C-B at encoding also tended to impair estimates of metamemory (understanding one's own memory) for negative and neutral memories but enhanced estimates of metamemory for positive memories, although these effects were less reliable in additional analyses.ConclusionsDespite differences in their chemistry, pharmacology, and subjective effects, both psilocybin and 2C-B distorted episodic familiarity, suggesting a common neurocognitive mechanism across psychedelics that may drive other phenomena.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.06.008", "pubmed_id": "38942147", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.06.008", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Mental Recall, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Memory, Episodic, Psilocybin, Recognition, Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38942147\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3353, "title": "Ketamine-Induced Unresponsiveness Shows a Harmonic Shift from Global to Localised Functional Organisation", "normalized_title": "ketamine induced unresponsiveness shows a harmonic shift from global to localised functional organisation", "authors": "Van Maldegem M, Vohryzek J, Atasoy S, Alnagger N, Cardone P, Bonhomme V, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Demertzi A, Jaquet O, Bahri MA, Kringelbach ML, Stamatakis EA, Luppi AI.", "abstract": "Ketamine is classified as a dissociative anaesthetic that, in sub-anaesthetic doses, can produce an altered state of consciousness characterised by dissociative symptoms, visual and auditory hallucinations, and perceptual distortions. Given the anaesthetic-like and psychedelic-like nature of this compound, it is expected to have different effects on brain dynamics in anaesthetic doses than in low, sub-anaesthetic doses. We investigated this question using connectome harmonic decomposition (CHD), a recently developed method to decompose brain activity in terms of the network organisation of the underlying human structural connectome. Previous research using this method has revealed connectome harmonic signatures of consciousness and responsiveness, with increased influence of global network structure in disorders of consciousness and propofol-induced sedation, and increased influence of localised patterns under the influence of classic psychedelics and sub-anaesthetic doses of ketamine, as compared to normal wakefulness. When we applied the CHD analytical framework to resting-state fMRI data of volunteers during ketamine-induced unresponsiveness, we found increased prevalence of localised harmonics, reminiscent of altered states of consciousness. This is different from traditional GABAergic sedation, where instead the prevalence of global rather than localised harmonics seems to increase with higher doses. In addition, we found that ketamine’s harmonic signature shows higher alignment with those seen in LSD- or psilocybin-induced psychedelic states than those seen in unconscious individuals, whether due to propofol sedation or brain injury. Together, the results indicate that ketamine-induced unresponsiveness, which does not necessarily suppress conscious experience, seems to influence the prevalence of connectome harmonics in the opposite way compared to GABAergic hypnotics. We conclude that the CHD framework offers the possibility to track alterations in conscious awareness (e.g., dreams, sensations) rather than behavioural responsiveness - a discovery made possible by ketamine’s unique property of decoupling these two facets.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-06-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.06.20.599885", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.20.599885", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR872399\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1075, "title": "Acute Effects of Hallucinogens on Functional Connectivity: Psilocybin and Salvinorin-A.", "normalized_title": "acute effects of hallucinogens on functional connectivity psilocybin and salvinorin a", "authors": "Bagdasarian FA, Hansen HD, Chen J, Yoo CH, Placzek MS, Hooker JM, Wey HY.", "abstract": "The extent of changes in functional connectivity (FC) within functional networks as a common feature across hallucinogenic drug classes is under-explored. This work utilized fMRI to assess the dissociative hallucinogens Psilocybin, a classical serotonergic psychedelic, and Salvinorin-A, a kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist, on resting-state FC in nonhuman primates. We highlight overlapping and differing influence of these substances on FC relative to the thalamus, claustrum, prefrontal cortex (PFC), default mode network (DMN), and DMN subcomponents. Analysis was conducted on a within-subject basis. Findings support the cortico-claustro-cortical network model for probing functional effects of hallucinogens regardless of serotonergic potential, with a potential key paradigm centered around the claustrum, PFC, anterior cingulate cortices (ACC), and angular gyrus relationship. Thalamo-cortical networks are implicated but appear dependent on 5-HT2AR activation. Acute desynchronization relative to the DMN for both drugs was also shown. Our findings provide a framework to understand broader mechanisms at which hallucinogens in differing classes may impact subjects regardless of the target receptor.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00245", "pubmed_id": "38916752", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00245", "keywords": "Brain, Thalamus, Prefrontal Cortex, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Animals, Macaca mulatta, Diterpenes, Clerodane, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Psilocybin, Default Mode Network", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38916752\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1035, "title": "Psilocybin: Medicine for My Soul. Relief from Emotional and Spiritual Pain as a Hospice Nurse Diagnosed with Cancer.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin medicine for my soul relief from emotional and spiritual pain as a hospice nurse diagnosed with cancer", "authors": "Clark MP.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/jpm.2024.0066", "pubmed_id": "38916613", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2024.0066", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hospice Care, Spirituality, Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38916613\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Emotional Processing,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3535, "title": "Assessing the Feasibility of a Custom Psychedelic-assisted Group Program on Mental and Physical Health in First Responders", "normalized_title": "assessing the feasibility of a custom psychedelic assisted group program on mental and physical health in first responders", "authors": "Empower Research Inc", "abstract": "This study is a two-group feasibility study of oral psilocybin combined with a 12-week group-based program, customized for firefighters. Trained facilitators will help create a trauma-informed space for the group (n = 6-8) to thrive and promote cognitive resilience. The topics covered throughout the 12 weeks include breath-work, mindfulness, self-compassion, embodiment, and Internal Family Systems work. Group 1 (control): 12-week group-based program, with a breathwork day at week 10 Group 2 (intervention): 12-week group-based program, with a 10mg dose of psilocybin (PEX010) at Week 10 Assessment timepoints: * Baseline * Mid-program (Week 6) * End of program (Week 12) * 6-month follow up All participants will undergo a 12-week, group-based program (one session per week, for 12 weeks). The first group session, as well as the Week 10 session will occur in-person. The remainder of the sessions will occur remotely. Each week, trained facilitators will help create a trauma-informed safe space for the group to thrive and promote cognitive resilience. The topics covered throughout the 12-week program include breath-work, mindfulness, self-compassion, embodiment, and Internal Family Systems work. During Week 10, participants will be provided with either psilocybin (active group) or complete a breathwork day (control group). For participants randomized to the active group, they will receive 10mg of psilocybin on Week 10. A clinician certified and trained in the therapeutic use of psilocybin will be on site for participants in the psilocybin group. During the dosing session, the clinicians will respond to whatever needs arise. This may include escorting them to the bathroom, giving them a drink of water. At least two staff (one facilitator and one clinician) will be on site during dosing days. The dose will be administered in clear capsules with approximately 500ml of water. Aside from the dose provided, the weekly session will continue as usual, with a focus on breath-work, embodiment, and gentle movement on dosing days. Psilocybin in the study comes in the form of the study drug, PYEX. PYEX is a drug substance which is a partially purified fraction of the extract of Psilocybe cubensis mushroom fruiting bodies. It is a mixture of indole alkaloids, other mushroom fruiting body components and stabilization excipients. The major indole alkaloids present include psilocybin and psilocin (dephosphorylated psilocybin). PEX010 is a capsule for oral administration and is manufactured with PYEX (12.5-14.0% psilocybin), excipients, and HPMC (hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose) capsules.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-06-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06471959", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychotherapy, Group, PEX010, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06471959\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Resilience,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1100, "title": "Race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and past year hypertension.", "normalized_title": "race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and past year hypertension", "authors": "Jones GM, Ricard JA, Nock MK.", "abstract": "BackgroundHypertension is a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly for racial and ethnic minorities who face higher rates of hypertension and worse health-related outcomes. Recent research has reported on protective associations between classic psychedelics and hypertension; however, there is a need to explore how race and ethnicity may moderate such associations.MethodsWe used data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2005-2014) to assess whether race and ethnicity moderate the associations between classic psychedelic use - specifically psilocybin - and past year hypertension.ResultsHispanic identity moderated the associations between psilocybin use and past year hypertension. Furthermore, individuals who used psilocybin and identified as Non-Hispanic White had reduced odds of hypertension (aOR: 0.83); however, these associations were not observed for any other racial or ethnic groups in our study for individuals who used psilocybin.ConclusionOverall, our results demonstrate that the associations between psychedelics and hypertension may vary by race and ethnicity. Longitudinal studies and clinical trials can further advance this research and determine whether such differences exist in causal contexts.Project registrationhttps://osf.io/xsz2p/?view_only=0bf7b56749034c18abb2a3f8d3d4bc0b.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1169686", "pubmed_id": "38979507", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1169686", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38979507\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1101, "title": "Increased reactivity of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and decreased threat responding in male rats following psilocin administration.", "normalized_title": "increased reactivity of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and decreased threat responding in male rats following psilocin administration", "authors": "Effinger DP, Hoffman JL, Mott SE, Magee SN, Quadir SG, Rollison CS, Toedt D, Echeveste Sanchez M, High MW, Hodge CW, Herman MA.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have experienced renewed interest following positive clinical effects, however the neurobiological mechanisms underlying effects remain unclear. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) plays an integral role in stress response, autonomic function, social behavior, and other affective processes. We investigated the effect of psilocin, the psychoactive metabolite of psilocybin, on PVN reactivity in Sprague Dawley rats. Psilocin increased stimulus-independent PVN activity as measured by c-Fos expression in male and female rats. Psilocin increased PVN reactivity to an aversive air-puff stimulus in males but not females. Reactivity was restored at 2- and 7-days post-injection with no group differences. Additionally, prior psilocin injection did not affect PVN reactivity following acute restraint stress. Experimental groups sub-classified by baseline threat responding indicate that increased male PVN reactivity is driven by active threat responders. These findings identify the PVN as a significant site of psychedelic drug action with implications for threat responding behavior.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-49741-9", "pubmed_id": "38909051", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49741-9", "keywords": "Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Stress, Psychological, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38909051\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1036, "title": "Effects of psilocybin on uncertain punishment learning.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on uncertain punishment learning", "authors": "Jacobs DS, Bogachuk AP, Le Moing CL, Moghaddam B.", "abstract": "Psilocybin may provide a useful treatment for mood disorders including anxiety and depression but its mechanisms of action for these effects are not well understood. While recent preclinical work has begun to assess psilocybin's role in affective behaviors through innate anxiety or fear conditioning, there is scant evidence for its role in conflict between reward and punishment. The current study was designed to determine the impact of psilocybin on the learning of reward-punishment conflict associations, as well as its effects after learning, in male and female rats. We utilized a chained schedule of reinforcement that involved execution of safe and risky reward-guided actions under uncertain punishment. Different patterns of behavioral suppression by psilocybin emerged during learning versus after learning of risky action-reward associations. Psilocybin increased behavioral suppression in female rats as punishment associations were learned. After learning, psilocybin decreased behavioral suppression in both sexes. Thus, psilocybin produces divergent effects on action suppression during approach-avoidance conflict depending on when the conflict is experienced. This observation may have implications for its therapeutic mechanism of action.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107954", "pubmed_id": "38909970", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107954", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Hallucinogens, Uncertainty, Punishment, Reward, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38909970\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 639, "title": "Hypertensive Emergency Secondary to Combining Psilocybin Mushrooms, Extended Release Dextroamphetamine-Amphetamine, and Tranylcypromine.", "normalized_title": "hypertensive emergency secondary to combining psilocybin mushrooms extended release dextroamphetamine amphetamine and tranylcypromine", "authors": "Barnett BS, Koons CJ, Van den Eynde V, Gillman PK, Bodkin JA.", "abstract": "Data on medication interactions with psychedelics are limited. Here we present what may be the first published report of a hypertensive emergency following the combination of psilocybin mushrooms with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). A42-year-old man with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder took 1 g of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms, while prescribed tranylcypromine, extended-release dextroamphetamine-amphetamine, and other medications. Approximately half an hour later, he developed severe hypertension with chest pain, palpitations, and headache. Upon hospital presentation, the electrocardiogram demonstrated ST-elevation. The patient was diagnosed with a myocardial infarction and treated with lorazepam, nitroglycerin, and aspirin. He subsequently underwent emergency cardiac catheterization, which revealed no significant cardiac abnormalities. Following overnight hospitalization, he was discharged home with no lasting physical sequelae. Though data are few, past studies suggest that classic serotonergic psychedelics (5HT-2A receptor agonists) such as dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid (LSD), and synthetic psilocybin should not produce hypertensive emergency when combined with MAOIs. We suspect phenylethylamine, found in Psilocybe cubensis and other species of psilocybin mushrooms, interacted with tranylcypromine and dextroamphetamine-amphetamine to produce this hypertensive emergency. Patients prescribed MAOIs should be warned of the potential for hypertensive emergency when consuming psilocybin mushrooms, particularly when also prescribed norepinephrine releasers such as dextroamphetamine-amphetamine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2368617", "pubmed_id": "38903003", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2368617", "keywords": "Humans, Hypertension, Dextroamphetamine, Tranylcypromine, Hallucinogens, Delayed-Action Preparations, Drug Combinations, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Drug Interactions, Adult, Male, Psilocybe, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Hypertensive Crisis, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38903003\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3184, "title": "Rapid and prolonged antidepressant and antianxiety effects of psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, ayahuasca, and 3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "normalized_title": "rapid and prolonged antidepressant and antianxiety effects of psilocybin lysergic acid diethylamide ayahuasca and 3 4 methylenedioxy methamphetamine a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Fluyau D, Kailasam VK, Revadigar N.", "abstract": "Background Hallucinogens attract research as alternatives to the commonly used medications to treat major depressive and anxiety disorders. Aims Assess hallucinogens’ efficacy for managing depressive and anxiety symptoms and evaluate their safety profiles. Method In five databases, we searched for randomized controlled trials of hallucinogens targeting depressive and anxiety symptoms. We performed a meta-analysis using a random effects model when data permitted it. The protocol of the review is registered in PROSPERO; CRD42022341325. Results Psilocybin produced a rapid and sustained reduction in depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder, severe, and in patients with life-threatening cancer. A decrease in depressive symptoms was observed with 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), primarily in patients with life-threatening cancer, autism spectrum disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. MDMA reduced social anxiety symptoms. However, MDMA’s effect size was either negligible or negative for anxiety symptoms overall. Ayahuasca reduced depressive symptoms in individuals with treatment-resistant major depressive and personality disorders. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reduced anxiety symptoms in individuals with life-threatening cancer. Psilocybin’s adverse effects were noticeable for elevated blood pressure, headaches, and panic attacks. For MDMA, elevated blood pressure, headaches, panic attacks, and feeling cold were noticeable. Conclusions Psilocybin, MDMA, ayahuasca, and LSD appear to have the potential to reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms. Adverse effects are noticed. Rigorous randomized controlled studies with larger sample sizes utilizing outcome measures instruments with better reliability and validity are warranted.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-06-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.06.17.24308787", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.17.24308787", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR869769\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Aging,Personality Change,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1062, "title": "The cyclical revival of psychedelics in psychiatric treatment.", "normalized_title": "the cyclical revival of psychedelics in psychiatric treatment", "authors": "Appiani FJ, Caroff SN.", "abstract": "There is an increasing demand for effective treatments for depression, particularly for individuals grappling with treatment-resistant depression. Over recent years, a surge of interest has focused on exploring the safety and efficacy of psilocybin as a potential treatment for depression. However, preliminary findings from phase 2 studies have been inconclusive, prompting critical examination of issues such as maintaining blinding and the role of adjunctive psychotherapy. The maintenance of double-blinding and the role of adjunctive psychotherapy introduce biases that complicate the attainment of conclusive results in clinical research. Examining historical data reveals a recurrent pattern linked to the use of psychoactive substances, which starts with an excess of optimism and ends with general addictive behaviors and a heightened risk of serious public health problems. Considering these findings, a cautious and measured approach is imperative, given that the efficacy and safety of psilocybin treatment have yet to be unequivocally established. The potential for excessive optimism among researchers is a notable concern, as unwarranted enthusiasm may inadvertently facilitate the widespread adoption of this treatment without sufficient empirical support. In navigating the complexities of depression treatment, it is necessary to strike a balance between innovation and prudence to ensure evidence-based advancement of therapeutic approaches.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/03007995.2024.2368725", "pubmed_id": "38880945", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2024.2368725", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38880945\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1034, "title": "Efficacy and safety of eight enhanced therapies for treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of RCTs.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of eight enhanced therapies for treatment resistant depression a systematic review and network meta analysis of rcts", "authors": "Guo Q, Guo L, Wang Y, Shang S.", "abstract": "BackgroundTreatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) challenges psychiatric treatment, with existing guidelines covering only a subset of augmentation strategies.MethodsA network meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines examined the efficacy and safety of TRD treatments, analyzing 72 randomized controlled trials from eight databases, assessing response and remission rates, tolerability, and safety through the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and CINeMA framework.FindingsIncluding 12,105 participants, the analysis highlighted ECT, Ketamine, Esketamine, and Psilocybin as superior first-line treatments due to their optimal balance between effectiveness and tolerability. Brexpiprazole and Quetiapine showed no significant efficacy over placebo in response rates, while Esketamine and Psilocybin exhibited lower tolerability.InterpretationThe results advocate for ECT, Ketamine, Esketamine, and Psilocybin as preferred treatments for TRD, guiding clinical practice with evidence-based recommendations for enhancing treatment outcomes. This study underscores the importance of considering both efficacy and safety in selecting augmentation strategies for TRD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116018", "pubmed_id": "38924903", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116018", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Outcome Assessment, Health Care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38924903\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3545, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin-facilitated Experience on the Psychology and Effectiveness of Professional Leaders in Religion", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin facilitated experience on the psychology and effectiveness of professional leaders in religion", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "The current protocol is a pilot study of the effects and possible utility of psilocybin-facilitated experiences for professional religious leaders.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-06-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02243813", "keywords": "Healthy, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT02243813\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1061, "title": "Developing the Open Psychedelic Evaluation Nexus consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services: An e-Delphi study.", "normalized_title": "developing the open psychedelic evaluation nexus consensus measures for assessment of supervised psilocybin services an e delphi study", "authors": "Korthuis PT, Hoffman K, Wilson-Poe AR, Luoma JB, Bazinet A, Pertl K, Morgan DL, Cook RR, Bielavitz S, Myers R, Wolf RC, McCarty D, Stauffer CS.", "abstract": "BackgroundVoter initiatives in Oregon and Colorado authorize legal frameworks for supervised psilocybin services, but no measures monitor safety or outcomes.AimsTo develop core measures of best practices.MethodsA three-phase e-Delphi process recruited 36 experts with 5 or more years' experience facilitating psilocybin experiences in various contexts (e.g., ceremonial settings, indigenous practices, clinical trials), or other pertinent psilocybin expertise. Phase I, an on-line survey with qualitative, open-ended text responses, generated potential measures to assess processes, outcomes, and structure reflecting high quality psilocybin services. In Phase II, experts used seven-point Likert scales to rate the importance and feasibility of the Phase I measures. Measures were priority ranked. Qualitative interviews and analysis in Phase III refined top-rated measures.ResultsExperts (n = 36; 53% female; 71% white; 56% heterosexual) reported currently providing psilocybin services (64%) for a mean of 15.2 [SD13.1] years, experience with indigenous psychedelic practices (67%), and/or conducting clinical trials (36%). Thematic analysis of Phase I responses yielded 55 candidate process measures (e.g., preparatory hours with client, total dose of psilocybin administered, documentation of touch/sexual boundaries), outcome measures (e.g., adverse events, well-being, anxiety/depression symptoms), and structure measures (e.g., facilitator training in trauma informed care, referral capacity for medical/psychiatric issues). In Phase II and III, experts prioritized a core set of 11 process, 11 outcome, and 17 structure measures that balanced importance and feasibility.ConclusionService providers and policy makers should consider standardizing core measures developed in this study to monitor the safety, quality, and outcomes of community-based psilocybin services.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241257839", "pubmed_id": "38888164", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241257839", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Adult, Middle Aged, Oregon, Colorado, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38888164\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 981, "title": "Evaluation of TrpM and PsiD substrate promiscuity reveals new biocatalytic capabilities.", "normalized_title": "evaluation of trpm and psid substrate promiscuity reveals new biocatalytic capabilities", "authors": "Kanis FC, Broude CN, Hellwarth EB, Gibbons WJ, Sen AK, Adams AM, Wang X, Jones JA.", "abstract": "N-methylated tryptamines, such as the hallucinogenic natural products, psilocybin and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), are gaining interest from the medical community due to their potential as next generation treatments for mental health disorders. The clinical relevance of these compounds has driven scientists to develop biosynthetic production routes to a number of tryptamine drug candidates, and efforts are ongoing to expand and further develop these biosynthetic capabilities. To that end, we have further characterized the substrate preferences of two enzymes involved in tryptamine biosynthesis: TrpM, a tryptophan N-methyltransferase from Psilocybe serbica, and PsiD, the gateway decarboxylase of the psilocybin biosynthesis pathway. Here, we show that TrpM can N-methylate the non-native amino acid substrate, 4-hydroxytryptophan, a key intermediate in the Escherichia coli-based recombinant psilocybin biosynthesis pathway. However, the ability to incorporate TrpM into a functional psilocybin biosynthesis pathway was thwarted by PsiD's inability to use N,N-dimethyl-4-hydroxytryptophan as substrate, under the culturing conditions tested, despite demonstrating activity on N-methylated and 4-hydroxylated tryptophan derivatives individually. Taken together, this work expands upon the known substrates for TrpM and PsiD, further increasing the diversity of tryptamine biosynthetic products.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/btpr.3492", "pubmed_id": "38888046", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.3492", "keywords": "Escherichia coli, Tryptamines, Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases, Methyltransferases, Substrate Specificity, Biocatalysis, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38888046\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3462, "title": "Psilocybin as a Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa: A Pilot Study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a treatment for anorexia nervosa a pilot study", "authors": "Imperial College London", "abstract": "The primary aim of this study is to assess the acceptability and efficacy of treating anorexia nervosa with psilocybin. The secondary aim of this study is to use Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Electroencephalography (EEG) to examine the neuronal underpinnings of treatment with psilocybin in this patient group. Anorexia nervosa is the most fatal of all psychiatric conditions. With the current paucity of effective pharmacological and psychological treatments, and fewer than half of those diagnosed making a full recovery, there is a great need for new treatment avenues to be explored. For this study, we will recruit patients who have a primary diagnosis of anorexia nervosa as defined by DSM-V criteria, which has been established by their specialist ED team to have been present for at least 3 years, and who have found other forms of treatment ineffective. Over a period of 6 weeks, participants who are deemed eligible at screening will partake in 8 study visits, including three psilocybin dosing sessions with varying doses. The maximum dose of psilocybin a participant will receive in a single session is 25 mg. Across these 8 visits, there will also be 2 MRI scans, up to 5 EEG recordings and a range of psychological measures (questionnaires and interviews). There will be a follow-up period of 12 months following the final study visit.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-06-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04505189", "keywords": "Anorexia Nervosa, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04505189\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1107, "title": "Licit use of illicit drugs for treating depression: the pill and the process.", "normalized_title": "licit use of illicit drugs for treating depression the pill and the process", "authors": "Torrado Pacheco A, Moghaddam B.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, MDMA, and ketamine have emerged as potentially effective treatments for rapid amelioration of the symptoms of mood and related psychiatric disorders. All clinical data collected so far with regard to psilocybin or MDMA, which have reported positive outcomes for treating depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and drug or alcohol use disorders, have involved clinician-assisted intervention. While the case for ketamine is assumed to be different, the first report of the successful use of ketamine in psychiatry for treating depression was in combination with psychotherapy, and an emerging literature suggests that the subjective state of individual experiences with ketamine predicts clinical outcome. This Review will focus on (a) a brief review of the literature, showing that the context or the process of drug administration has been an integrative component of published work; (b) the importance of clinical trials to compare the efficacy of the drug (\"pill\") as a stand-alone treatment versus drug in combination with clinician-assisted psychological support (\"process\"); and (c) suggestions for future approaches in animal models that take into account the role of systems and behavioral neuroscience in explaining a potential role for context, experience, and expectancy in drug effect.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1172/jci180217", "pubmed_id": "40047885", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1172/jci180217", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Depression, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40047885\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1106, "title": "A Plea for Nuance: Should People with a Family History of Bipolar Disorder Be Excluded from Clinical Trials of Psilocybin Therapy?", "normalized_title": "a plea for nuance should people with a family history of bipolar disorder be excluded from clinical trials of psilocybin therapy", "authors": "Downey AE, Bradley ER, Lerche AS, O'Donovan A, Krystal AD, Woolley J.", "abstract": "BackgroundAs the field of psychedelic therapy grows, it is vital to consider who can safely engage with psilocybin therapy. In most modern clinical trials of psilocybin therapy, individuals with a family history of bipolar disorder (BD) have been excluded from participation because of their genetic predisposition for developing BD.ReviewCase studies and survey data shed light on the risks of psilocybin therapy among those with a family history of BD in the absence of data from modern clinical trials. We review existing evidence that could inform risk stratification for these individuals, including genetic proximity to the affected relative, BD type, age at onset in the relative, and participant age. Hypothesizing that the risk of developing BD may predict the risk of developing serious adverse events when engaging with psilocybin therapy, we propose a risk stratification tool to be utilized when determining the relative risks of psilocybin therapy to those with a family history of BD in the context of clinical trials.ConclusionBalancing the need for effective treatments against the potential for serious adverse events in those undergoing psilocybin therapy with a family history of BD, we argue for caution in psychedelic clinical trials but not outright exclusion of these individuals. Our risk stratification tool allows for more nuanced inclusion and exclusion criteria.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0051", "pubmed_id": "40051581", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0051", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40051581\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1105, "title": "Impact of Psilocybin on Peripheral Cytokine Production.", "normalized_title": "impact of psilocybin on peripheral cytokine production", "authors": "DiRenzo D, Barrett FS, Perin J, Darrah E, Christopher-Stine L, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a psychedelic drug with potential therapeutic effects in patients with mood and substance use disorders. Little is known about its impact on the immune system.MethodsMultiplex immunoassay pro-inflammatory cytokine panels (Meso-Scale Discovery, Rockville, MD) were used to examine the serum from participants in three separate randomized controlled clinical trials (randomized controlled trials [RCTs]) wherein a range of doses of psilocybin were administered (methods reported previously). Participants represented a range of clinical histories including those with no-known health problems/long-term meditation practice (n = 35), depression (n = 25), anxiety, and cancer (various types; n = 31). Linear mixed models with random effects for each participant were fit to determine relative cytokine levels both immediately before and at various time points after psilocybin administration, adjusted for multiple comparisons. Serum extracted during a waitlist, where applicable, was not included.ResultsSera from 91 participants were included from our three prior RCTs. In our linear models of pooled data, sera collected ≤1-week postpsilocybin revealed increased levels of interleukin (IL)-8 (β = 0.164, 95% confidence interval [0.10 to 0.23]; p = 0.042). At ≥4-week time points compared to baseline, there were no changes in cytokine levels. In our linear models of individual studies, no changes in cytokine levels at each time point were observed.ConclusionThis preliminary study suggests that a transient increase in cytokine production ≤1-week postpsilocybin may be found, although not consistently across patient populations. More broadly, peripheral cytokine production is possibly altered by psilocybin administration. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01988311.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0039", "pubmed_id": "40051582", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0039", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40051582\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 88, "title": "Comparing Cannabis Use Motivations and Dependence Across Regular Cannabis Users Who Have or Have Not Recently Used Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "comparing cannabis use motivations and dependence across regular cannabis users who have or have not recently used psilocybin", "authors": "Stanger MK, Soffer HO, Bryan AD, Skrzynski CJ.", "abstract": "IntroductionIn Colorado, both cannabis and psilocybin are legal and becoming more commonly used. However, there is almost no research detailing the public health concerns regarding negative outcomes (e.g., dependence) of cannabis and psilocybin co-use and motives that may perpetuate these negative outcomes (e.g., coping, boredom).MethodsUsing data from a larger observational study on cannabis and metabolic processes, regular cannabis users (use ≥7 times/month; n = 97, 35.1% female, 89.7% WHITE) who used psilocybin in the past 3 months (n = 34) were compared with those who had not used psilocybin in the past 3 months (n = 63) on cannabis dependence as measured by the Marijuana Dependence Scale and endorsement of 12 cannabis motives from the Comprehensive Marijuana Motives Questionnaire. Correlations between motives and dependence were also examined and compared across groups.ResultsFindings revealed that individuals who had recently used psilocybin had greater cannabis dependence scores than those who had not used recently [F (1, 95) = 5.53, p = 0.02], and more strongly endorsed that their cannabis use was motivated by enjoyment [F (1, 91) = 4.31, p = 0.04], boredom [F (1, 91) = 9.10, p < 0.01], and availability [F (1, 91) = 9.46, p < 0.01]. Correlations between dependence scores and coping and boredom motives were also significantly positive for both groups (all p values", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/can.2024.0059", "pubmed_id": "38885938", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2024.0059", "keywords": "Humans, Marijuana Abuse, Hallucinogens, Motivation, Adolescent, Adult, Colorado, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Marijuana Use", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-06-30 22:38:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38885938\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3338, "title": "Increased 5-HT2A receptor signalling efficacy differentiates serotonergic psychedelics from non-psychedelics", "normalized_title": "increased 5 ht2a receptor signalling efficacy differentiates serotonergic psychedelics from non psychedelics", "authors": "Ippolito A, Vasudevan S, Hurley S, Gilmour G, Westhorpe F, Churchill G, Sharp T.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Background and Purpose Serotonergic psychedelic drugs are under renewed investigation for the potential treatment of several psychiatric disorders. While all serotonergic psychedelics have 5-HT2A receptor activity, the explanation for why some 5-HT2A receptor agonists are not psychedelic is unknown. To address this question, we investigated the 5-HT2A receptor signalling bias and efficacy of a panel of psychedelics and non-psychedelics. Experimental Approach G -coupled (Ca 2+ and IP) and β-arrestin2 signalling effects of eight chemically diverse psychedelics (psilocin, 5-MeO-DMT, LSD, mescaline, 25B-NBOMe and DOI) and non-psychedelics (lisuride and TBG) were characterised using SH-SY5Y cells expressing recombinant human 5-HT2A receptors. Measurements of signalling efficacy and bias were derived from dose-responses curves for each agonist, compared to 5-HT. Follow-up experiments sought to confirm the generality of findings using rat C6 cells expressing endogenous 5-HT2A receptors. Key Results In SH-SY5Y cells, all psychedelics were partial agonists at both 5-HT2A receptor signalling pathways and none showed significant signalling bias. In comparison, in SH-SY5Y cells the non-psychedelics lisuride and TBG were not distinguishable from psychedelics in terms of biased agonist properties, but both exhibited the lowest 5-HT2A receptor signalling efficacy of all drugs tested, a result confirmed in C6 cells. Conclusion and Implications In summary, all psychedelics tested were unbiased, partial 5-HT2A receptor agonists. Importantly, the non-psychedelics lisuride and TBG were discriminated from psychedelics, not through biased signalling but rather by relatively low efficacy. Thus, 5-HT2A receptor signalling efficacy and not bias provides a possible explanation for why some 5-HT2A receptor agonists are not psychedelic.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-06-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.06.13.594677", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.13.594677", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR868508\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1063, "title": "Is microdosing a placebo? A rapid review of low-dose LSD and psilocybin research.", "normalized_title": "is microdosing a placebo a rapid review of low dose lsd and psilocybin research", "authors": "Polito V, Liknaitzky P.", "abstract": "Some recent research and commentary have suggested that most or all the effects reported by people who microdose psychedelics may be explained by expectations or placebo effects. In this rapid review, we aimed to evaluate the strength of evidence for a placebo explanation of the reported effects of microdosing. We conducted a PubMed search for all studies investigating psychedelic microdosing with controlled doses and a placebo comparator. We identified 19 placebo-controlled microdosing studies and summarised all positive and null findings across this literature. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials. The reviewed papers indicated that microdosing with LSD and psilocybin leads to changes in neurobiology, physiology, subjective experience, affect, and cognition relative to placebo. We evaluate methodological gaps and challenges in microdosing research and suggest eight reasons why current claims that microdosing is predominately a placebo are premature and possibly wrong: (1) there have been only a small number of controlled studies; (2) studies have had small sample sizes; (3) there is evidence of dose-dependent effects; (4) studies have only investigated the effects of a small number of doses; (5) the doses investigated may have been too small; (6) studies have looked only at non-clinical populations; (7) studies so far have been susceptible to selection bias; and (8) the measured impact of expectancy is small. Considering the available evidence, we conclude that it is not yet possible to determine whether microdosing is a placebo.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241254831", "pubmed_id": "38877715", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241254831", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Placebo Effect, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38877715\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3130, "title": "Co-administration of midazolam and psilocybin: Differential effects on subjective quality versus memory of the psychedelic experience", "normalized_title": "co administration of midazolam and psilocybin differential effects on subjective quality versus memory of the psychedelic experience", "authors": "Nicholas CR, Banks MI, Lennertz RL, Wenthur CJ, Krause BM, Riedner BA, Smith RF, Hutson PR, Sauder CJ, Dunne JD, Roseman L, Raison CL.", "abstract": "Aspects of the acute experience induced by the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin predict symptomatic relief in multiple psychiatric disorders and improved well-being in healthy participants, but whether these therapeutic effects are immediate or are based on memories of the experience is unclear. To examine this, we co-administered psilocybin (25 mg) with the amnestic benzodiazepine midazolam in 8 healthy participants and assayed the subjective quality of, and memory for, the dosing-day experience. We identified a midazolam dose that allowed a conscious psychedelic experience to occur while partially impairing memory for the experience. Furthermore, midazolam dose and memory impairment tended to associate inversely with salience, insight, and well-being induced by psilocybin. These data suggest a role for memory in therapeutically relevant behavioral effects occasioned by psilocybin. Because midazolam blocks memory by blocking cortical neural plasticity, it may also be useful for evaluating the contribution of the pro-neuroplastic properties of psychedelics to their therapeutic activity.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-06-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.06.13.598878", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.13.598878", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR867616\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Wellbeing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1088, "title": "Effects of psilocin and psilocybin on human 5-HT4 serotonin receptors in atrial preparations of transgenic mice and humans.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocin and psilocybin on human 5 ht4 serotonin receptors in atrial preparations of transgenic mice and humans", "authors": "Neumann J, Dimov K, Azatsian K, Hofmann B, Gergs U.", "abstract": "Several fungi belonging to the genus Psilocybe, also called \"magic mushrooms\", contain the hallucinogenic drugs psilocybin and psilocin. They are chemically related to serotonin (5-HT). In addition to being abused as drugs, they are now also being discussed or used as a treatment option for depression. Here, we hypothesized that psilocybin and psilocin may act also on cardiac serotonin receptors and studied them in vitro in atrial preparations of our transgenic mouse model with cardiac myocytes-specific overexpression of the human 5-HT4 receptor (5-HT4-TG) as well as in human atrial preparations. Both psilocybin and psilocin enhanced the force of contraction in isolated left atrial preparations from 5-HT4-TG, increased the beating rate in isolated spontaneously beating right atrial preparations from 5-HT4-TG and augmented the force of contraction in the human atrial preparations. The inotropic and chronotropic effects of psilocybin and psilocin at 10 µM were smaller than that of 1 µM 5-HT on the left and right atria from 5-HT4-TG, respectively. Psilocybin and psilocin were inactive in WT. In the human atrial preparations, inhibition of the phosphodiesterase III by cilostamide was necessary to unmask the positive inotropic effects of psilocybin or psilocin. The effects of 10 µM psilocybin and psilocin were abrogated by 10 µM tropisetron or by 1 µM GR125487, a more selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonist. In summary, we demonstrated that psilocin and psilocybin act as agonists on cardiac 5-HT4 receptors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.06.006", "pubmed_id": "38876450", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.06.006", "keywords": "Heart Atria, Myocytes, Cardiac, Animals, Mice, Transgenic, Humans, Mice, Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4, Hallucinogens, Heart Rate, Myocardial Contraction, Female, Male, Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38876450\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1110, "title": "Unlocking the healing power of psilocybin: an overview of the role of psilocybin therapy in major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and substance use disorder.", "normalized_title": "unlocking the healing power of psilocybin an overview of the role of psilocybin therapy in major depressive disorder obsessive compulsive disorder and substance use disorder", "authors": "Szafoni S, Gręblowski P, Grabowska K, Więckiewicz G.", "abstract": "Resistance to traditional treatment methods is still a major obstacle in modern psychiatry. As a result, several studies are currently being conducted to find effective alternatives to traditional therapies. One of these alternatives is psilocybin, a psychedelic substance that has been tested in clinical trials as an adjunct to psychotherapy. These studies focus on patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorder (SUD), particularly alcohol and nicotine dependence. This article looks at the current understanding of psilocybin, including data from clinical trials conducted, psilocybin's mechanism of action, its safety and the level of risk associated with it.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1406888", "pubmed_id": "38919636", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1406888", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38919636\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 763, "title": "Neural mechanisms of psychedelic visual imagery.", "normalized_title": "neural mechanisms of psychedelic visual imagery", "authors": "Stoliker D, Preller KH, Novelli L, Anticevic A, Egan GF, Vollenweider FX, Razi A.", "abstract": "Visual alterations under classic psychedelics can include rich phenomenological accounts of eyes-closed imagery. Preclinical evidence suggests agonism of the 5-HT2A receptor may reduce synaptic gain to produce psychedelic-induced imagery. However, this has not been investigated in humans. To infer the directed connectivity changes to visual connectivity underlying psychedelic visual imagery in healthy adults, a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was performed, and dynamic causal modelling was applied to the resting state eyes-closed functional MRI scans of 24 subjects after administration of 0.2 mg/kg of the serotonergic psychedelic drug, psilocybin (magic mushrooms), or placebo. The effective connectivity model included the early visual area, fusiform gyrus, intraparietal sulcus, and inferior frontal gyrus. We observed a pattern of increased self-inhibition of both early visual and higher visual-association regions under psilocybin that was consistent with preclinical findings. We also observed a pattern of reduced inhibition from visual-association regions to earlier visual areas that indicated top-down connectivity is enhanced during visual imagery. The results were analysed with behavioural measures taken immediately after the scans, suggesting psilocybin-induced decreased sensitivity to neural inputs is associated with the perception of eyes-closed visual imagery. The findings inform our basic and clinical understanding of visual perception. They reveal neural mechanisms that, by affecting balance, may increase the impact of top-down feedback connectivity on perception, which could contribute to the visual imagery seen with eyes-closed during psychedelic experiences.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-024-02632-3", "pubmed_id": "38862674", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02632-3", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Imagination, Visual Perception, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38862674\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3791, "title": "Who believes psychedelic-assisted therapies work? Risky cannabis use and other factors are associated with positive treatment-outcome expectancies", "normalized_title": "who believes psychedelic assisted therapies work risky cannabis use and other factors are associated with positive treatment outcome expectancies", "authors": "Petrovitch D, Mitchell SM, Van Allen J, Littlefield AK.", "abstract": "Introduction: Treatment-outcome expectancies are an individual’s beliefs about how a medical or psychological intervention will affect them and others. These response expectancies represent serious potential confounds to clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapies for a variety of conditions because of difficulties associated with blinding psychedelic trials. On the other hand, expectancies also represent opportunities for practitioners to promote desired clinical outcomes. Therefore, a stronger understanding of factors associated with positive treatment-outcome expectancies for psychedelics could be useful to both scientists and clinicians. Method: The present study examined treatment-outcome expectancies for psychedelic-assisted therapies with psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) among undergraduates (73% female, 81% White, 30% Hispanic, and 22% psychedelic-experienced; Mage = 19.95 years, median = 19.0, SD = 3.14). A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to test the hypothesis that riskier alcohol, cannabis, and other substance use would be associated with more positive treatment-outcome expectancies. Results: Consistent with our hypothesis, riskier cannabis use was significantly associated with more positive expectancies. However, neither riskier drinking nor other drug use were significant predictors. Prior engagement with psychedelic-related media and exposure to other peoples’ psychedelic experiences also predicted treatment-outcome expectancies. Conclusion: Individuals with riskier cannabis use may hold stronger beliefs in the transdiagnostic effectiveness of psychedelic-assisted therapies. This suggests that clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted interventions for cannabis use disorder may be particularly vulnerable to expectancy-related confounds. Psychedelic-therapy practitioners treating patients with risky cannabis use may consider patients’ beliefs in the effectiveness of psychedelics when discussing treatment options and delivering psychedelic interventions.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-06-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/adnpg", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/adnpg", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR865245\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3445, "title": "A Multi-centre, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled, Randomised, Phase II Clinical Trial for Psilocybin-assisted Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "a multi centre double blinded placebo controlled randomised phase ii clinical trial for psilocybin assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder", "authors": "University of Sydney", "abstract": "To explore the effectiveness of psilocybin-assisted therapy on reducing alcohol consumption in a double-blind, randomised, phase II clinical trial. New strategies for treating Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) are urgently needed. Recent evidence has shown promising results for psychedelic-assisted therapies, particularly psilocybin, which has demonstrated efficacy in reducing alcohol consumption and improving psychological well-being. This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of psilocybin-assisted therapy compared to a control (niacin) in reducing heavy drinking days (HDD) per week among individuals with AUD. Primary Objective To conduct a double-blind, randomised controlled trial with 90 participants diagnosed with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). The primary aim is to compare the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy (two sessions of psilocybin, 25 mg per dosing session) versus control (niacin 250mg) and therapy in reducing alcohol consumption, specifically measuring the number of heavy drinking days (HDD) per week. Secondary Objectives To compare the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy versus control in improving the characteristics of AUD and addressing common comorbidities associated with AUD, including depression and anxiety. Study Design The trial will employ a double-blind, randomised, controlled design. A sample of 90 individuals with AUD will undergo 14 weeks of treatment, which includes 12 therapy sessions and 2 dosing sessions with either psilocybin (25 mg) or control (niacin 250mg). Participants will be assessed for changes in alcohol consumption patterns and improvements in symptoms of depression and anxiety.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-06-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06444243", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Alcohol Dependence, Depression, Anxiety, Psilocybin, Niacin, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06444243\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3355, "title": "Who believes psychedelic-assisted therapies work? Risky cannabis use and other factors are associated with positive treatment-outcome expectancies", "normalized_title": "who believes psychedelic assisted therapies work risky cannabis use and other factors are associated with positive treatment outcome expectancies", "authors": "", "abstract": "Introduction: Treatment-outcome expectancies are an individual’s beliefs about how a medical or psychological intervention will affect them and others. These response expectancies represent serious potential confounds to clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapies for a variety of conditions because of difficulties associated with blinding psychedelic trials. On the other hand, expectancies also represent opportunities for practitioners to promote desired clinical outcomes. Therefore, a stronger understanding of factors associated with positive treatment-outcome expectancies for psychedelics could be useful to both scientists and clinicians. Method: The present study examined treatment-outcome expectancies for psychedelic-assisted therapies with psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) among undergraduates (73% female, 81% White, 30% Hispanic, and 22% psychedelic-experienced; Mage = 19.95 years, median = 19.0, SD = 3.14). A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to test the hypothesis that riskier alcohol, cannabis, and other substance use would be associated with more positive treatment-outcome expectancies. Results: Consistent with our hypothesis, riskier cannabis use was significantly associated with more positive expectancies. However, neither riskier drinking nor other drug use were significant predictors. Prior engagement with psychedelic-related media and exposure to other peoples’ psychedelic experiences also predicted treatment-outcome expectancies. Conclusion: Individuals with riskier cannabis use may hold stronger beliefs in the transdiagnostic effectiveness of psychedelic-assisted therapies. This suggests that clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted interventions for cannabis use disorder may be particularly vulnerable to expectancy-related confounds. Psychedelic-therapy practitioners treating patients with risky cannabis use may consider patients’ beliefs in the effectiveness of psychedelics when discussing treatment options and delivering psychedelic interventions.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-06-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/adnpg_v1", "keywords": "cannabis use disorder, internal validity, placebo effects, psychedelic-assisted therapy, treatment-outcome expectancy, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Clinical Decision Making, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Depressive Disorders, Therapy, Psychotherapy, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"adnpg_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3787, "title": "5-MeO-DMT in the complete resolution of the consequences of chronic, severe sexual abuse in early childhood-a retrospective case study", "normalized_title": "5 meo dmt in the complete resolution of the consequences of chronic severe sexual abuse in early childhood a retrospective case study", "authors": "Turkia M.", "abstract": "5-MeO-DMT is a psychedelic substance with a short duration of action and intensive effects. Its therapeutic efficacy and practicality may significantly surpass those of classical psychedelics such as ayahuasca and LSD. This retrospective ethnographic inquiry features a woman in her mid-thirties who witnessed her mother's violent suicide and its bloody aftermath at the age of three. Before and after that, her childhood was characterized by domestic violence and sexual abuse perpetrated by several members of her family and extended family. In her twenties and thirties, she dated a member of the local mafia with the intention of asking him to kill her father, who had been the main perpetrator of the sexual abuse and violence. This plan was eventually not carried out, but it reflected her deep bitterness and wrath. A process initiated in her early thirties involving four 5-MeO-DMT sessions and a few additional sessions with psilocybin and ayahuasca in the course of two years completely resolved her symptoms related to the abuses, to the extent that she could rebuild a functional relationship with her father and feel love and compassion towards him. This outcome, i.e., the complete reversal of her attitude and emotions towards her father, appeared highly unusual. For the last three years, the outcome had remained stable. The article also presents the perspective of a female facilitator of this treatment process. The article contributes to a better understanding of the use of 5-MeO-DMT in severe traumatization as well as exemplifies the possible positive contributions of actors who are not medical professionals in resolving deep collective traumatization in societies.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-06-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/bvk2f", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/bvk2f", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR864360\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3341, "title": "Validation of the Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory: Standardized assessment of adverse effects in studies of psychedelics and MDMA", "normalized_title": "validation of the swiss psychedelic side effects inventory standardized assessment of adverse effects in studies of psychedelics and mdma", "authors": "Calder A, Hasler G.", "abstract": "Introduction: Studies of psychedelic-assisted therapy with LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, and related substances show clinical promise but inadequately assess side effects. Measuring side effects is challenging because they are not always easily differentiated from treatment effects or disease symptoms and show high heterogeneity, variable duration and impact, and sensitivity to context. A systematic questionnaire describing important characteristics of side effects of psychedelics and MDMA would greatly improve on previous methods. We aimed to create a standardized tool for recording clinically relevant side effects of psychedelics and MDMA, including their severity, duration, impact, and treatment-relatedness. Methods: We constructed the Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory (SPSI) based on insights from previous research. It was pilot tested in 145 participants from three studies. Structured feedback from an expert panel was used to improve validity and feasibility. Results: The final SPSI contains 32 side effects and standardized follow-up questions about their severity, impact, treatment-relatedness, and duration. It is compatible with any study design and can be administered as an interview or self-report at any timepoint after treatment with psychedelics or MDMA.Limitations: The SPSI omits relatively unimportant side effects for brevity’s sake, though space for additional symptoms is given. Future studies are needed to confirm its validity in different contexts. Conclusions: The SPSI is available in English and German for collecting systematic data on side effects from psychedelics and MDMA. This information is vital for improving clinical decisions, informed consent, and patient safety.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-06-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/um2cy", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/um2cy", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR864350\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3340, "title": "5-MeO-DMT in the complete resolution of the consequences of chronic, severe sexual abuse in early childhood-a retrospective case study", "normalized_title": "5 meo dmt in the complete resolution of the consequences of chronic severe sexual abuse in early childhood a retrospective case study", "authors": "", "abstract": "5-MeO-DMT is a psychedelic substance with a short duration of action and intensive effects. Its therapeutic efficacy and practicality may significantly surpass those of classical psychedelics such as ayahuasca and LSD. This retrospective ethnographic inquiry features a woman in her mid-thirties who witnessed her mother's violent suicide and its bloody aftermath at the age of three. Before and after that, her childhood was characterized by domestic violence and sexual abuse perpetrated by several members of her family and extended family. In her twenties and thirties, she dated a member of the local mafia with the intention of asking him to kill her father, who had been the main perpetrator of the sexual abuse and violence. This plan was eventually not carried out, but it reflected her deep bitterness and wrath. A process initiated in her early thirties involving four 5-MeO-DMT sessions and a few additional sessions with psilocybin and ayahuasca in the course of two years completely resolved her symptoms related to the abuses, to the extent that she could rebuild a functional relationship with her father and feel love and compassion towards him. This outcome, i.e., the complete reversal of her attitude and emotions towards her father, appeared highly unusual. For the last three years, the outcome had remained stable. The article also presents the perspective of a female facilitator of this treatment process. The article contributes to a better understanding of the use of 5-MeO-DMT in severe traumatization as well as exemplifies the possible positive contributions of actors who are not medical professionals in resolving deep collective traumatization in societies.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-06-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/bvk2f_v1", "keywords": "5-MeO-DMT, ayahuasca, bufo, childhood sexual abuse, C-PTSD, domestic violence, nonduality, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychedelic therapy, PTSD, rape, reactivation, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Developmental Psychology, Early Childhood, Forensic and Legal Psychology, Social and Personality Psychology, Violence and Aggression, Sexuality, Clinical Psychology, Trauma and Stress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"bvk2f_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Personality Change,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 956, "title": "Validation of the Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory: Standardized assessment of adverse effects in studies of psychedelics and MDMA", "normalized_title": "validation of the swiss psychedelic side effects inventory standardized assessment of adverse effects in studies of psychedelics and mdma", "authors": "", "abstract": "Introduction: Studies of psychedelic-assisted therapy with LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, and related substances show clinical promise but inadequately assess side effects. Measuring side effects is challenging because they are not always easily differentiated from treatment effects or disease symptoms and show high heterogeneity, variable duration and impact, and sensitivity to context. A systematic questionnaire describing important characteristics of side effects of psychedelics and MDMA would greatly improve on previous methods. We aimed to create a standardized tool for recording clinically relevant side effects of psychedelics and MDMA, including their severity, duration, impact, and treatment-relatedness. Methods: We constructed the Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory (SPSI) based on insights from previous research. It was pilot tested in 145 participants from three studies. Structured feedback from an expert panel was used to improve validity and feasibility. Results: The final SPSI contains 32 side effects and standardized follow-up questions about their severity, impact, treatment-relatedness, and duration. It is compatible with any study design and can be administered as an interview or self-report at any timepoint after treatment with psychedelics or MDMA. Limitations: The SPSI omits relatively unimportant side effects for brevity’s sake, though space for additional symptoms is given. Future studies are needed to confirm its validity in different contexts. Conclusions: The SPSI is available in English and German for collecting systematic data on side effects from psychedelics and MDMA. This information is vital for improving clinical decisions, informed consent, and patient safety.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-06-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/um2cy_v1", "keywords": "adverse effects, MDMA, psychedelics, safety, side effects, Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory (SPSI), Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"um2cy_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1089, "title": "The effects of psilocybin on cognition and emotional processing in healthy adults and adults with depression: a systematic literature review.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin on cognition and emotional processing in healthy adults and adults with depression a systematic literature review", "authors": "Ramos L, Vicente SG.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin, a naturally occurring serotonergic agonist in some mushroom species, has shown promise as a novel, fast-acting pharmacotherapy seeking to overcome the limitations of conventional first-line antidepressants. Studying psilocybin effects on cognition and emotional processing may help to clarify the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of psilocybin and may also support studies with people suffering from depression. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature regarding the effects of psilocybin on these two key areas in both healthy and depressed populations.MethodA systematic search was performed on 29 January 2024, in the PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases. After duplicates removal, study selection was conducted considering pre-specified criteria. Data extraction was then performed. The quality assessment of the studies was carried out using the Cochrane Collaboration tools for randomized (RoB 2.0) and non-randomized (ROBINS-I) controlled trials.ResultsTwenty articles were included, with 18 targeting healthy adults and two adults with depression. Results point to impairments within attentional and inhibitory processes, and improvements in the domains of creativity and social cognition in healthy individuals. In the population with depression, only cognitive flexibility and emotional recognition were affected, both being enhanced. The comparison of outcomes from both populations proved limited.ConclusionsPsilocybin acutely alters several cognitive domains, with a localized rather than global focus, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, the significant methodological constraints call for further research, in the context of depression and with standardized protocols, with longitudinal studies also imperative.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/13803395.2024.2363343", "pubmed_id": "38842300", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2024.2363343", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Emotions, Cognition, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38842300\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 843, "title": "Crafting effective regulatory policies for psychedelics: What can be learned from the case of cannabis?", "normalized_title": "crafting effective regulatory policies for psychedelics what can be learned from the case of cannabis", "authors": "Andrews CM, Hall W, Humphreys K, Marsden J.", "abstract": "The turn of the century brought a resurgence of interest in psychedelics as a treatment for addiction and other psychiatric conditions, accompanied by extensive positive media attention and private equity investment. Government regulatory bodies in Australia, Israel, Canada and the United States now permit use of psychedelics for medical purposes. In the United States, citizen action and corporate financing have led to petitions and ballot initiatives to legalize psilocybin and other psychedelics for medical and recreational use. Given this momentum, policymakers must grapple with important questions that define whether and how psychedelics are made available to the public, as well as how companies produce and promote them. The current push to broaden the production, sale, and use of psychedelics bears many parallels to the movement to legalize cannabis in the United States and other nations-most notably, the use of poorly-evidenced therapeutic claims to create a de facto recreational market via the health care system. Experience with cannabis highlights the value of debating the question of legalization for nonmedical use as such rather than misrepresenting it as a medical issue. The lessons of cannabis policy also suggest a need to challenge hyping of psychedelic research findings; to promote rigorous clinical research on dosing and potency; to minimize the influence of for-profit industry in shaping policies to their economic advantage; and to coordinate federal, state, and local governments to regulate the manufacture, sale and distribution of psychedelic drugs (regardless of whether they are legalized for medical and/or recreational use).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/add.16575", "pubmed_id": "38845381", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16575", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabis, Hallucinogens, Legislation, Drug, Drug and Narcotic Control, Health Policy, Canada, United States, Australia, Medical Marijuana, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38845381\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1111, "title": "Study protocol for \"Psilocybin in patients with fibromyalgia: brain biomarkers of action\".", "normalized_title": "study protocol for psilocybin in patients with fibromyalgia brain biomarkers of action", "authors": "Bornemann J, Close JB, Ahmad K, Barba T, Godfrey K, Macdonald L, Erritzoe D, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "BackgroundChronic pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Fibromyalgia is a particularly debilitating form of widespread chronic pain. Fibromyalgia remains poorly understood, and treatment options are limited or moderately effective at best. Here, we present a protocol for a mechanistic study investigating the effects of psychedelic-assisted-therapy in a fibromyalgia population. The principal focus of this trial is the central mechanism(s) of psilocybin-therapy i.e., in the brain and on associated mental schemata, primarily captured by electroencephalography (EEG) recordings of the acute psychedelic state, plus pre and post Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).MethodsTwenty participants with fibromyalgia will complete 8 study visits over 8 weeks. This will include two dosing sessions where participants will receive psilocybin at least once, with doses varying up to 25mg. Our primary outcomes are 1) Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZc) recorded acutely using EEG, and the 2) the (Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ) measured at baseline and primary endpoint. Secondary outcomes will aim to capture broad aspects of the pain experience and related features through neuroimaging, self-report measures, behavioural paradigms, and qualitative interviews. Pain Symptomatology will be measured using the Brief Pain Inventory Interference Subscale (BPI-IS), physical and mental health-related function will be measured using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Further neurobiological investigations will include functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (changes from baseline to primary endpoint), and acute changes in pre- vs post-acute spontaneous brain activity - plus event-related potential functional plasticity markers, captured via EEG.DiscussionThe results of this study will provide valuable insight into the brain mechanisms involved in the action of psilocybin-therapy for fibromyalgia with potential implications for the therapeutic action of psychedelic-therapy more broadly. It will also deliver essential data to inform the design of a potential subsequent RCT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1320780", "pubmed_id": "38983371", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1320780", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38983371\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 964, "title": "The molecular structure, vibrational spectra, solvation effect, non-covalent interactions investigations of psilocin.", "normalized_title": "the molecular structure vibrational spectra solvation effect non covalent interactions investigations of psilocin", "authors": "Holikulov U, Kazachenko AS, Issaoui N, Kazachenko AS, Raja M, Al-Dossary OM, Xiang Z.", "abstract": "Psilocin, or 4-HO-DMT (or 3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-ol), is a psychoactive alkaloid substance from the tryptamine family, isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms. This substance is being studied by various research groups because it has a clear therapeutic effect in certain dosages. In this work, the study of the structure and properties of psilocin was carried using theoretical methods: the effects of polar solvents (acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, water, and tetrahydrofuran) on the structural parameters, spectroscopic properties (Raman, IR, and UV-Vis), frontier molecular orbital (FMO), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface, and nonlinear optical parameters (NLO). Theoretical calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level by the density functional theory (DFT) method. IEFPCM was used to account for solvent effects. The types and nature of non-covalent interactions (NCI) between psilocin and solvent molecules were determined using Atoms in Molecules (AIM), the reduced density gradient method (RDG), the electron localization function (ELF), and the localization orbital locator (LOL). Experimental and calculated FT-IR, FT-Raman, and UV-Vis spectra were compared and found to be in good agreement.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.saa.2024.124600", "pubmed_id": "38852303", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2024.124600", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38852303\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1113, "title": "Effect of oral tryptamines on the gut microbiome of rats-a preliminary study.", "normalized_title": "effect of oral tryptamines on the gut microbiome of rats a preliminary study", "authors": "Xu M, Kiss AJ, Jones JA, McMurray MS, Shi H.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin and related tryptamines have come into the spotlight in recent years as potential therapeutics for depression. Research on the mechanisms of these effects has historically focused on the direct effects of these drugs on neural processes. However, in addition to such neural effects, alterations in peripheral physiology may also contribute to their therapeutic effects. In particular, substantial support exists for a gut microbiome-mediated pathway for the antidepressant efficacy of other drug classes, but no prior studies have determined the effects of tryptamines on microbiota.MethodsTo address this gap, in this preliminary study, male Long Evans rats were treated with varying dosages of oral psilocybin (0.2 or 2 mg/kg), norbaeocystin (0.25 or 2.52 mg/kg), or vehicle and their fecal samples were collected 1 week and 3 weeks after exposure for microbiome analysis using integrated 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing to determine gut microbiome composition.ResultsWe found that although treatment with neither psilocybin nor norbaeocystin significantly affected overall microbiome diversity, it did cause significant dose- and time-dependent changes in bacterial abundance at the phylum level, including increases in Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteria, and decreases in Proteobacteria.Conclusion and implicationsThese preliminary findings support the idea that psilocybin and other tryptamines may act on the gut microbiome in a dose- and time-dependent manner, potentially identifying a novel peripheral mechanism for their antidepressant activity. The results from this preliminary study also suggest that norbaeocystin may warrant further investigation as a potential antidepressant, given the similarity of its effects to psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.7717/peerj.17517", "pubmed_id": "38846751", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17517", "keywords": "Feces, Animals, Rats, Rats, Long-Evans, Tryptamines, Antidepressive Agents, Administration, Oral, Male, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38846751\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Microbiome", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1112, "title": "A scoping review of the effects of mushroom and fungus extracts in rodent models of depression and tests of antidepressant activity.", "normalized_title": "a scoping review of the effects of mushroom and fungus extracts in rodent models of depression and tests of antidepressant activity", "authors": "Wang CK, Kim G, Aleksandrova LR, Panenka WJ, Barr AM.", "abstract": "One of the most important developments in psychopharmacology in the past decade has been the emergence of novel treatments for mood disorders, such as psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Psilocybin is most commonly found in different species of mushroom; however, the literature on mushroom and fungus extracts with potential antidepressant activity extends well beyond just psilocybin-containing mushrooms, and includes both psychedelic and non-psychedelic species. In the current review, we systematically review the preclinical literature on mushroom and fungus extracts, and their effects of animal models of depression and tests of antidepressant activity. The PICO structure, PRISMA checklist and the Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of intervention were used to guide the search strategy. A scoping search was conducted in electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, Embase and Web of Science. The literature search identified 50 relevant and suitable published studies. These included 19 different species of mushrooms, as well as seven different species of other fungi. Nearly all studies reported antidepressant-like effects of treatment with extracts. Treatments were most commonly delivered orally, in both acute and chronically administered studies to predominantly male rodents. Multiple animal models of depression were used, the most common being unpredictable chronic mild stress, while the tail suspension test and forced swim test were most frequently used as standalone antidepressant screens. Details on each experiment with mushroom and fungus species are discussed in detail, while an evaluation is provided of the strengths and weaknesses of these studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2024.1387158", "pubmed_id": "38887548", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1387158", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38887548\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1012, "title": "Pharmacological and behavioural effects of tryptamines present in psilocybin-containing mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "pharmacological and behavioural effects of tryptamines present in psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Rakoczy RJ, Runge GN, Sen AK, Sandoval O, Wells HG, Nguyen Q, Roberts BR, Sciortino JH, Gibbons WJ, Friedberg LM, Jones JA, McMurray MS.", "abstract": "Background and purposeDemand for new antidepressants has resulted in a re-evaluation of the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs. Several tryptamines found in psilocybin-containing \"magic\" mushrooms share chemical similarities with psilocybin. Early work suggests they may share biological targets. However, few studies have explored their pharmacological and behavioural effects.Experimental approachWe compared baeocystin, norbaeocystin and aeruginascin with psilocybin to determine if they are metabolized by the same enzymes, similarly penetrate the blood-brain barrier, serve as ligands for similar receptors and modulate behaviour in rodents similarly. We also assessed the stability and optimal storage and handling conditions for each compound.Key resultsIn vitro enzyme kinetics assays found that all compounds had nearly identical rates of dephosphorylation via alkaline phosphatase and metabolism by monoamine oxidase. Further, we found that only the dephosphorylated products of baeocystin and norbaeocystin crossed a blood-brain barrier mimetic to a similar degree as the dephosphorylated form of psilocybin, psilocin. The dephosphorylated form of norbaeocystin was found to activate the 5-HT2A receptor with similar efficacy to psilocin and norpsilocin in in vitro cell imaging assays. Behaviourally, only psilocybin induced head twitch responses in rats, a marker of 5-HT2A-mediated psychedelic effects and hallucinogenic potential. However, like psilocybin, norbaeocystin improved outcomes in the forced swim test. All compounds caused minimal changes to metrics of renal and hepatic health, suggesting innocuous safety profiles.Conclusions and implicationsCollectively, this work suggests that other naturally occurring tryptamines, especially norbaeocystin, may share overlapping therapeutic potential with psilocybin, but without causing hallucinations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-06-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/bph.16466", "pubmed_id": "38825326", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.16466", "keywords": "Blood-Brain Barrier, Animals, Humans, Mice, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Agaricales, Tryptamines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38825326\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Aging,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1124, "title": "Psilocybin in Bipolar II Study Provides Preliminary Data on Safety.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in bipolar ii study provides preliminary data on safety", "authors": "Yaden DB, Gukasyan N, Nayak SM.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4680", "pubmed_id": "38055240", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4680", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Bipolar Disorder, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38055240\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1123, "title": "Single-Dose Synthetic Psilocybin With Psychotherapy for Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Type II Major Depressive Episodes: A Nonrandomized Open-Label Trial.", "normalized_title": "single dose synthetic psilocybin with psychotherapy for treatment resistant bipolar type ii major depressive episodes a nonrandomized open label trial", "authors": "Aaronson ST, van der Vaart A, Miller T, LaPratt J, Swartz K, Shoultz A, Lauterbach M, Sackeim HA, Suppes T.", "abstract": "ImportanceBipolar II disorder (BDII) is a debilitating condition frequently associated with difficult-to-treat depressive episodes. Psilocybin has evidence for rapid-acting antidepressant effects but has not been investigated in bipolar depression.ObjectiveTo establish the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in patients with BDII in a current depressive episode.Design, setting, and participantsThis was a 12-week, open-label nonrandomized open-label trial conducted at Sheppard Pratt Hospital. Participants aged 18 to 65 years with BDII, a current depressive episode longer than 3 months, and documented insufficient benefit with at least 2 pharmacologic treatments during the current episode were invited to participate. Of 70 approached, 19 met inclusion criteria and were enrolled. The trial was conducted between April 14, 2021, and January 5, 2023.InterventionsA single dose of synthetic psilocybin, 25 mg, was administered. Psychotropic medications were discontinued at least 2 weeks prior to dosing. Therapists met with patients for 3 sessions during pretreatment, during the 8-hour dosing day, and for 3 integration sessions posttreatment.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome measure was change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating scale (MADRS) at 3 weeks posttreatment. Secondary measures included MADRS scores 12 weeks posttreatment, the self-rated Quick Inventory of Depression Symptoms-Self Rating (QIDS-SR), and the self-rated Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire-Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF), each completed at baseline and all subsequent visits. Safety measures included the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) completed at each visit.ResultsOf the 15 participants in this study (6 male and 9 female; mean [SD] age, 37.8 [11.6] years), all had lower scores at week 3, with a mean (SD) change of -24.00 (9.23) points on the MADRS, (Cohen d = 4.08; 95% CI, -29.11 to -18.89; P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4685", "pubmed_id": "38055270", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4685", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Bipolar Disorder, Psychotherapy, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38055270\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1121, "title": "Psilocybin for dementia prevention? The potential role of psilocybin to alter mechanisms associated with major depression and neurodegenerative diseases", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for dementia prevention the potential role of psilocybin to alter mechanisms associated with major depression and neurodegenerative diseases", "authors": "Haniff Z, Bocharova M, Mantingh T, Rucker J, Velayudhan L, Taylor D, Young A, Aarsland D, Vernon A, Thuret S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11847495", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC11847495\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1120, "title": "Treating Bipolar Depression Using Psilocybin-Validity Threats Regarding Efficacy and Safety.", "normalized_title": "treating bipolar depression using psilocybin validity threats regarding efficacy and safety", "authors": "Fried EI, Cristea IA, Naudet F.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0420", "pubmed_id": "38598200", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0420", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Reproducibility of Results, Bipolar Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38598200\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1119, "title": "Treating Bipolar Depression Using Psilocybin-Validity Threats Regarding Efficacy and Safety-Reply.", "normalized_title": "treating bipolar depression using psilocybin validity threats regarding efficacy and safety reply", "authors": "Aaronson ST, van der Vaart A, Sackeim HA.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0423", "pubmed_id": "38598225", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0423", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Reproducibility of Results, Bipolar Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38598225\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1103, "title": "At the Forefront: Social Workers' Role in Psilocybin Treatment for Depression and Substance Misuse.", "normalized_title": "at the forefront social workers role in psilocybin treatment for depression and substance misuse", "authors": "Parker C, Wood BM.", "abstract": "This article underscores the critical role of social workers in harnessing the potential therapeutic benefits of psilocybin for treating major depressive disorder (MDD) and substance use disorder (SUD). Contemporary treatments for MDD often have side effects, and the success rate for SUD treatments remains low. The pervasiveness of MDD, combined with the challenges in treating SUD, highlights a need for innovative treatments. This article provides an overview of the resurgence of literature over the past two decades that illuminates the therapeutic promise of psilocybin for mental health treatment; clinical trials elucidate the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy in mitigating MDD and demonstrate great promise in reducing SUD symptoms. The long-lasting posttreatment effect emphasizes its potential as a novel treatment modality. Furthermore, psilocybin's recognition as a \"breakthrough therapy\" by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the accelerating pace of psychedelic reform bills indicate growing acceptance and interest in its therapeutic capacities. Psilocybin-assisted therapy emerges as a potent treatment option, showcasing remarkable effectiveness even after a single dose. Recommendations and pathways for social workers to be involved in psilocybin-assisted therapy investigation, advocacy, and implementation are provided.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1093/sw/swae019", "pubmed_id": "38697188", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swae019", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Professional Role, Social Work, United States, Social Workers, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38697188\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 726, "title": "Psilocybin reduces heroin seeking behavior and modulates inflammatory gene expression in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex of male rats", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces heroin seeking behavior and modulates inflammatory gene expression in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex of male rats", "authors": "Floris G, Dabrowski KR, Zanda MT, Daws SE.", "abstract": "Preclinical and human studies indicate psilocybin may reduce perseverant maladaptive behaviors, including nicotine and alcohol seeking. Such studies in the opioid field are lacking, though opioids are involved in more >50% of overdose deaths. Psilocybin is an agonist at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A R), a well-documented target for modulation of drug seeking, and evidence suggests 5-HT2A R agonists may dampen motivation for opioids. We sought to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin in mediating cessation of opioid use and maintenance of long-lasting abstinence from opioid seeking behavior in a rat model of heroin self-administration (SA). Psilocybin or 5-HT2A R antagonists ketanserin and volinanserin were administered systemically to rats prior to SA of 0.075 mg/kg/infusion of heroin, or relapse following forced abstinence. Psilocybin did not alter heroin taking, but a single exposure to 3.0 mg/kg psilocybin 4-24 hours prior to a relapse test blunted cue-induced heroin seeking. Conversely, 5-HT2A R antagonists exacerbated heroin relapse. To begin to elucidate mechanisms of psilocybin, drug-naïve rats received psilocybin and/or ketanserin, and tissue was collected from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region critical for drug seeking and responsive to psilocybin, 24 hours later for RNA-sequencing. 3.0 mg/kg psilocybin regulated ∼2-fold more genes in the PFC than 1.0 mg/kg, including genes involved in the cytoskeleton and cytokine signaling. Ketanserin blocked >90% of psilocybin-regulated genes, including the IL-17a cytokine receptor, Il17ra. Psychedelic compounds have reported anti-inflammatory properties, and therefore we performed a gene expression array to measure chemokine/cytokine molecules in the PFC of animals that displayed psilocybin-mediated inhibition of heroin seeking. Psilocybin regulated 4 genes, including Il17a, and a subset of genes correlated with relapse behavior. Selective inhibition of PFC IL-17a was sufficient to reduce heroin relapse. We conclude that psilocybin reduces heroin relapse and highlight IL-17a signaling as a potential downstream pathway of psilocybin that also reduces heroin seeking.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.05.28.596205", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.28.596205", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR860490\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1128, "title": "Time-resolved coupling between connectome harmonics and subjective experience under the psychedelic DMT", "normalized_title": "time resolved coupling between connectome harmonics and subjective experience under the psychedelic dmt", "authors": "Vohryzek J, Luppi A, Atasoy S, Deco G, Timmermann C, Carhart-Harris RL, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Exploring the intricate relationship between brain's structure and function, and how this affects subjective experience is a fundamental pursuit in neuroscience. Psychedelic substances offer a unique insight into the influences of specific neurotransmitter systems on perception, cognition and consciousness. Specifically, their impact on brain function propagates across the structural connectome, a network of white matter pathways linking different regions. To comprehensively grasp the effects of psychedelic compounds on brain function, we used a theoretically rigorous framework known as connectome harmonic decomposition. This framework provides a robust method to characterize how brain function intricately depends on the organized network structure of the human connectome. We show that the connectome harmonic repertoire under DMT is reshaped in line with other reported psychedelic compounds; psilocybin, LSD and ketamine. Furthermore, we show that the repertoire entropy of connectome harmonics increases under DMT, as with those other psychedelics. Importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that measures of energy spectrum difference and repertoire entropy of connectome harmonics indexes the intensity of subjective experience of the participants in a time-resolved manner reflecting close coupling between connectome harmonics and subjective experience.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.05.30.596410", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.30.596410", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR860621\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1064, "title": "Protocols and practices in psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for depression: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "protocols and practices in psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for depression a systematic review", "authors": "Chisamore N, Johnson D, Chen MJQ, Offman H, Chen-Li D, Kaczmarek ES, Doyle Z, McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is a promising treatment option for depression, with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) providing preliminary support for its safety and efficacy. However, there is a lack of consistency across existing treatment protocols and psychotherapeutic approaches. The objective of this review is to summarize and compare current psychotherapy methods of PAP in treating depression and distress in life-threatening illnesses. We sought to comprehensively summarize published psychotherapy protocols from clinical trials to provide insights for future practices.MethodsA systematic search of four databases (Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL) for data relating to psychotherapy protocols was conducted by two independent reviewers.ResultsIn total, our search identified 1869 articles; after removing duplicates, we screened 1107 articles. We included 70 articles in the full-text review and determined that 28 were eligible for the final review. All protocols include sessions before (preparatory) and after (integration) the psychedelic dosing session with supportive monitoring. However, there was substantial variability and inconsistencies in all other aspects of therapy protocols (e.g., duration and number of sessions, model of therapy). Additionally, significant limitations were identified in the frequent need for more clarity in the description of therapeutic approaches.ConclusionIn published clinical trials, PAP has consisted of preparation, supportive dosing, and integration sessions. Beyond this basic framework, significant heterogeneity and lack of clarity were identified in reported psychotherapy protocols, meaning a validated and universally agreed upon protocol for PAP currently does not exist. Future studies should more clearly define and report psychotherapeutic components to identify the safest and most efficacious approaches to PAP.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.051", "pubmed_id": "38850581", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.051", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Clinical Protocols, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38850581\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1090, "title": "Psilocybin decreases neural responsiveness and increases functional connectivity while preserving pure-tone frequency selectivity in mouse auditory cortex.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin decreases neural responsiveness and increases functional connectivity while preserving pure tone frequency selectivity in mouse auditory cortex", "authors": "Brockett AT, Francis NA.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic believed to have therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric conditions. Despite well-documented prevalence of perceptual alterations, hallucinations, and synesthesia associated with psychedelic experiences, little is known about how psilocybin affects sensory cortex or alters the activity of neurons in awake animals. To investigate, we conducted two-photon imaging experiments in auditory cortex of awake mice and collected video of free-roaming mouse behavior, both at baseline and during psilocybin treatment. In comparison with pre-dose neural activity, a 2 mg/kg ip dose of psilocybin initially increased the amplitude of neural responses to sound. Thirty minutes post-dose, behavioral activity and neural response amplitudes decreased, yet functional connectivity increased. In contrast, control mice given intraperitoneal saline injections showed no significant changes in either neural or behavioral activity across conditions. Notably, neuronal stimulus selectivity remained stable during psilocybin treatment, for both tonotopic cortical maps and single-cell pure-tone frequency tuning curves. Our results mirror similar findings regarding the effects of serotonergic psychedelics in visual cortex and suggest that psilocybin modulates the balance of intrinsic versus stimulus-driven influences on neural activity in auditory cortex.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recent studies have shown promising therapeutic potential for psychedelics in treating neuropsychiatric conditions. Musical experience during psilocybin-assisted therapy is predictive of treatment outcome, yet little is known about how psilocybin affects auditory processing. Here, we conducted two-photon imaging experiments in auditory cortex of awake mice that received a dose of psilocybin. Our results suggest that psilocybin modulates the roles of intrinsic neural activity versus stimulus-driven influences on auditory perception.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1152/jn.00124.2024", "pubmed_id": "38810366", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00124.2024", "keywords": "Auditory Cortex, Neurons, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Hallucinogens, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Perception, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38810366\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1130, "title": "Therapeutic Psilocybin's Adverse Effects Mostly Resolved Within 2 Days.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic psilocybin s adverse effects mostly resolved within 2 days", "authors": "Harris E", "abstract": "", "journal": "JAMA", "publication_date": "2024-05-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1001/jama.2024.6733", "pubmed_id": "38700847", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38700847/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38700847\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1129, "title": "Medical Uses and Adverse Effects of Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "medical uses and adverse effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Ghaznavi S, Bernardez LM, Stern TA.", "abstract": "The Psychiatric Consultation Service at Massachusetts General Hospital sees medical and surgical inpatients with comorbid psychiatric symptoms and conditions. During their twice-weekly rounds, Dr Stern and other members of the Consultation Service discuss diagnosis and management of hospitalized patients with complex medical or surgical problems who also demonstrate psychiatric symptoms or conditions. These discussions have given rise to rounds repors that will prove useful for clinicians practicing at the interface of medicine and psychiatry.Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2024;26(3):23f03652. Author affiliations are listed at the end of this article.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.4088/pcc.23f03652", "pubmed_id": "38815272", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.23f03652", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38815272\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1114, "title": "Long-COVID symptoms improved after MDMA and psilocybin therapy: A case report.", "normalized_title": "long covid symptoms improved after mdma and psilocybin therapy a case report", "authors": "Chopra H, Furnish T, Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Jevotovsky DS, Castellanos J.", "abstract": "Key clinical messageLong-COVID syndrome lacks effective holistic treatment options. We present a case of a 41-year-old fully vaccinated female with Long-COVID syndrome who obtained significant symptomatic relief after self-medicating with psilocybin and MDMA.AbstractLong-COVID, a syndrome persisting after the acute phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), lacks effective holistic treatment options. We present a case of a 41-year-old fully vaccinated female with Long-COVID syndrome who obtained significant symptomatic relief by self-prescribing psilocybin and MDMA. Future research is needed to assess safety and efficacy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1002/ccr3.8791", "pubmed_id": "38813452", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.8791", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38813452\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3788, "title": "Resetting the Hippocampal Buffer: A Neurocognitive Account of Psychedelic Therapy for Anxiety-Related Psychopathology", "normalized_title": "resetting the hippocampal buffer a neurocognitive account of psychedelic therapy for anxiety related psychopathology", "authors": "McGovern H, Wellman N, Hutchinson B, Oestreich LKL, Cooper SE, Fonzo G, Doss M.", "abstract": "Psychedelics (hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonists such as psilocybin) are gaining recognition for their potential to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety-related psychopathology. Despite early promising results, the mechanisms by which psychedelic therapy alleviates anxiety are not well understood. Here, we review neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying anxiety-related psychopathology and the impact of psychedelics on these mechanisms. This review culminates in a novel neurocognitive model of how psychedelics promote long-term anxiolysis. We conceptualize anxiety-related psychopathology as a case in which anxiety-related contextual information provided by the hippocampus entrains the amygdala and salience network to bias processing toward anxiety-related information that “refills” the hippocampus and perpetuates this cycle, due to 5-HT2A expression on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Psychedelics acutely free cortical networks from hippocampal-dependent contextual constraints in part through 5-HT2A expression on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively, while the intrinsic plasticity of the hippocampus and/or psychedelic-mediated plasticity allows for a “resetting of the hippocampal buffer.” As the acute effects wane, increased cortical plasticity may enable the hippocampus to adaptively integrate novel information into a contextual frame that is less biased or constrained by prior aversive conditioning, thus promoting an overall reduction in anxious thoughts and appraisals. We end by discussing potential challenges of psychedelic therapy for anxiety, including that psychedelics can acutely increase anxiety, and suggest directions for future research to determine the optimal treatment paths informed by cognitive neuroscience.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/y8sb7", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/y8sb7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR858231\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3343, "title": "Resetting the Hippocampal Buffer: A Neurocognitive Account of Psychedelic Therapy for Anxiety-Related Psychopathology", "normalized_title": "resetting the hippocampal buffer a neurocognitive account of psychedelic therapy for anxiety related psychopathology", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psychedelics (hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonists such as psilocybin) are gaining recognition for their potential to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety-related psychopathology. Despite early promising results, the mechanisms by which psychedelic therapy alleviates anxiety are not well understood. Here, we review neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying anxiety-related psychopathology and the impact of psychedelics on these mechanisms. This review culminates in a novel neurocognitive model of how psychedelics promote long-term anxiolysis. We conceptualize anxiety-related psychopathology as a case in which anxiety-related contextual information provided by the hippocampus entrains the amygdala and salience network to bias processing toward anxiety-related information that “refills” the hippocampus and perpetuates this cycle, due to 5-HT2A expression on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Psychedelics acutely free cortical networks from hippocampal-dependent contextual constraints in part through 5-HT2A expression on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively, while the intrinsic plasticity of the hippocampus and/or psychedelic-mediated plasticity allows for a “resetting of the hippocampal buffer.” As the acute effects wane, increased cortical plasticity may enable the hippocampus to adaptively integrate novel information into a contextual frame that is less biased or constrained by prior aversive conditioning, thus promoting an overall reduction in anxious thoughts and appraisals. We end by discussing potential challenges of psychedelic therapy for anxiety, including that psychedelics can acutely increase anxiety, and suggest directions for future research to determine the optimal treatment paths informed by cognitive neuroscience.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/y8sb7_v1", "keywords": "anxiety, clinical neuroscience, hippocampus, psychedelics, psychedelic therapy, Psychiatry, Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"y8sb7_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 819, "title": "Classification of psychedelics and psychoactive drugs based on brain-wide imaging of cellular c-Fos expression", "normalized_title": "classification of psychedelics and psychoactive drugs based on brain wide imaging of cellular c fos expression", "authors": "Aboharb F, Davoudian PA, Shao L, Liao C, Rzepka GN, Wojtasiewicz C, Indajang J, Dibbs M, Rondeau J, Sherwood AM, Kaye AP, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA are psychoactive compounds that exert behavioral effects with distinguishable but also overlapping features. The growing interest in using these compounds as therapeutics necessitates preclinical assays that can accurately screen psychedelics and related analogs. We posit that a promising approach may be to measure drug action on markers of neural plasticity in native brain tissues. We therefore developed a pipeline for drug classification using light sheet fluorescence microscopy of immediate early gene expression at cellular resolution followed by machine learning. We tested male and female mice with a panel of drugs, including psilocybin, ketamine, 5-MeO-DMT, 6-fluoro-DET, MDMA, acute fluoxetine, chronic fluoxetine, and vehicle. In one-versus-rest classification, the exact drug was identified with 67% accuracy, significantly above the chance level of 12.5%. In one-versus-one classifications, psilocybin was discriminated from 5-MeO-DMT, ketamine, MDMA, or acute fluoxetine with >95% accuracy. We used Shapley additive explanation to pinpoint the brain regions driving the machine learning predictions. Our results support a novel approach for characterizing and validating psychoactive drugs with psychedelic properties.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.05.23.590306", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.23.590306", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR858281\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3277, "title": "On serotonin, psychedelics, entactogens and psychoplastogens in depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and related disorders.", "normalized_title": "on serotonin psychedelics entactogens and psychoplastogens in depression anxiety post traumatic stress and related disorders", "authors": "Hoyer D.", "abstract": "There is controversy about a causal role of serotonin (5-HT) in depression, some arguing that there is no proof for impaired brain 5-HT function in depressed patients. Major depressive disorder comes with multiple endophenotypes; not surprisingly classical antidepressants (tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, SSRIs, SNRIs) are not universally effective. Most antidepressants target the 5-HT system, partially if not exclusively, but treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a major issue. The most recent and heavily investigated class of potential rapid acting antidepressant, anxiolytic, and/or anti PTSD drugs, namely psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca, etc..) or entactogens (MDMA, ibogaine), all target the 5-HT system, at least in part. Phase II / III clinical trials support psychedelics- and/or MDMA-assisted psychotherapy as a new class of rapid acting treatments for GAD, MDD, TRD, PTSD, and other disorders. Psilocybin and MDMA have FDA breakthrough status for TRD/MDD and PTSD, respectively, whereas LSD just received FDA breakthrough status for GAD. All psychedelics act as 5-HT2A receptor agonists, although LSD, DMT, psilocybin may also target other 5-HT and/or dopamine receptors. Psychedelics produce rapid onset and long-lasting antidepressant effects after one or two administrations. They all promote synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Neuroinflammation plays a major role in anxiety, depression, PTSD. Interestingly, psychedelic-induced 5-HT2A receptor agonism has profound anti-(neuro)inflammatory effects. Altogether, the 5-HT system plays an essential, but not unique role in MDD and related disorders. MDD, TRD and PTSD may be considered as biochemical, neurological and immune conditions, given the emerging role of neuroplasticity and neuroinflammation, which until recently, have been overlooked.", "journal": "Authorea Preprints", "publication_date": "2024-05-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.22541/au.171648613.31141136/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.22541/au.171648613.31141136/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR857433\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Authorea Preprints\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 939, "title": "Narrative review of the potential for psychedelics to treat Prolonged Grief Disorder.", "normalized_title": "narrative review of the potential for psychedelics to treat prolonged grief disorder", "authors": "Ehrenkranz R, Agrawal M, Penberthy JK, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) is distinct from yet related to non-pathologic grief, depression, addiction, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with a prevalence of up to 10% in bereaved populations. Hallmarks of PGD include functional impairment a year or more post-bereavement and intense yearning for the deceased. Current treatments for PGD are typically psychological rather than psychopharmacological, and more treatment options are needed. Psychedelics such as psilocybin and MDMA may be a promising treatment avenue for PGD. Randomized clinical trials demonstrated the efficacy of psilocybin in reducing symptom severity in depression and MDMA in reducing PTSD symptomatology. Furthermore, psychedelics often produce subjective effects (such as transcendence, mystical experiences, and a sense of oneness) that may be uniquely relevant to the existential distress experienced in PGD. No randomized clinical trials have thus far been conducted on the safety and efficacy of psychedelics for PGD. Initial research, including survey-based studies and an open-label trial, has begun to shed light on the possible benefits of psychedelics in the alleviation of grief. While the evidence from these studies is preliminary, it suggests a consistent trend towards the effectiveness of psychedelics in grief reduction. Conducting a randomized clinical trial would be an appropriate next step to explore the potential efficacy of using psychedelics to treat PGD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/09540261.2024.2357668", "pubmed_id": "39980217", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2024.2357668", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Grief, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39980217\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1091, "title": "Efficacy and safety of psilocybin on treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psilocybin on treatment resistant depression a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Fang Q, Chan VKY, Chan SSM, Jiao Y, Wang J, Li X.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115960", "pubmed_id": "38781672", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115960", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38781672\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1132, "title": "Effect of MDMA-assisted therapy on mood and anxiety symptoms in advanced-stage cancer (EMMAC): study protocol for a double-blind, randomised controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "effect of mdma assisted therapy on mood and anxiety symptoms in advanced stage cancer emmac study protocol for a double blind randomised controlled trial", "authors": "Bhagavan C, Glue P, Evans W, Reynolds L, Turner T, King C, Russell BR, Morunga E, Mills JL, Layton G, Menkes DB.", "abstract": "BackgroundSymptoms of anxiety and depression are common in patients with terminal illness and multiple challenges exist with timely and effective care in this population. Several centres have reported that one dose of the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin, combined with therapeutic support, improves these symptoms for up to 6 months in this patient group. Drawing upon related therapeutic mechanisms, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy may have the potential to achieve similar, positive mental health outcomes in this group. Preliminary evidence also supports the tolerability of MDMA-assisted therapy for anxiety and depression in advanced-stage cancer.MethodsUp to 32 participants with advanced-stage cancer and associated depression and anxiety will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio into one of two blinded parallel treatment arms. The intervention group will receive 120 mg (+ 60 mg optional supplemental dose) MDMA-assisted therapy. The psychoactive control group will receive 20 mg oral (+ 10 mg optional supplemental dose) methylphenidate-assisted therapy. For each medication-assisted therapy session, participants will undergo two 90-min therapeutic support sessions in the week preceding, and one 90-min support session the day after the experimental session. A battery of measures (mood, anxiety, quality of life, mystical experience, spiritual wellbeing, attitudes towards death, personality traits, holistic health and wellbeing, connectedness, demoralisation, expectations, qualitative data and safety measures) will be assessed at baseline and through to the end of the protocol. Participants will be followed up until either 12 months post-randomisation or death, whichever occurs first.DiscussionThis study will examine the effect of MDMA-assisted therapy on symptoms of anxiety and depression in advanced-stage cancer. Potential therapeutic implications include establishing the safety and effectiveness of a novel treatment that may relieve mental suffering in patients with life-threatening illness.Trial registrationTrial registered on Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry.Registration numberACTRN12619001334190p. Date registered: 30/09/2019. URL: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=378153&showOriginal=true&isReview=true.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s13063-024-08174-x", "pubmed_id": "38773523", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-024-08174-x", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Hallucinogens, Neoplasm Staging, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Affect, Anxiety, Time Factors, Quality of Life, Male, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38773523\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1092, "title": "Psychedelic therapy in depression and substance use disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy in depression and substance use disorders", "authors": "Korkmaz ND, Cikrikcili U, Akan M, Yucesan E.", "abstract": "Psychoactive substances obtained from botanicals have been applied for a wide variety of purposes in the rituals of different cultures for thousands of years. Classical psychedelics from N,N'-dimethyltryptamine, psilocybin, mescaline and various lysergamides cause specific alterations in perception, emotion and cognition by acting through serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation. Lysergic acid diethylamide, the first famous breakthrough in the field, was discovered by chance by Albert Hoffman in the Zurich Sandoz laboratory in 1943, and studies on its psychoactive effects began to take place in the literature. Studies in this area were blocked after the legislation controlling the use and research of psychedelic drugs came into force in 1967, but since the 1990s, it has started to be a matter of scientific curiosity again by various research groups. In particular, with the crucial reports of psychotherapy-assisted psilocybin applications for life-threatening cancer-related anxiety and depression, a new avenues have been opened in the treatment of psychiatric diseases such as treatment-resistant depression and substance addictions. An increasing number of studies show that psychedelics have a very promising potential in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases where the desired efficiency cannot be achieved with conventional treatment methods. In this context, we discuss psychedelic therapy, encompassing its historical development, therapeutic applications and potential treatment effects-especially in depression, trauma disorders and substance use disorders-within the framework of ethical considerations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/ejn.16421", "pubmed_id": "38773750", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.16421", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38773750\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1039, "title": "A retrospective study of the characteristics and toxicology of cases of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)- and psilocybin-related death in Australia.", "normalized_title": "a retrospective study of the characteristics and toxicology of cases of lysergic acid diethylamide lsd and psilocybin related death in australia", "authors": "Darke S, Duflou J, Peacock A, Farrell M, Hall W, Lappin J.", "abstract": "Background and aimsLysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are used as recreational drugs, and there is renewed interest in their clinical use. The current study aimed to (1) determine the circumstances of death and case characteristics of LSD- and psilocybin-related death in Australia, 2000-23; and (2) determine the toxicological profile and major autopsy findings of these cases.MethodsThis was a retrospective exploratory study of all cases of LSD- and psilocybin-related death in Australia, 2000-23, retrieved from the National Coronial Information System.ResultsA total of 43 cases were identified: 33 LSD and 10 psilocybin. The median ages were 24 years [interquartile range (IQR) = 13, range = 16-53] (LSD) and 26 years (IQR = 18.5, range = 20-58) (psilocybin), and fewer than five cases were female. The most common circumstance of death among both groups was traumatic accident (LSD36.4%, psilocybin 40.0%). There were 12 cases of self-harm, all of which involved LSD, all by physical means. In a fifth, death was attributed to multiple drug toxicity (LSD18.2%, psilocybin 20.0%). In one case, death was attributed solely to LSD toxicity, while in a further two cases death was attributed to a cardiovascular event following LSD consumption (one LSD only, one multiple drug toxicity). In four psilocybin cases, the cause of death was undetermined. The most common clinical presentation was severe agitation (LSD27.3%, psilocybin 20.0%). Median blood concentrations were LSD0.8 μg/l (IQR = 1.7, range = 0.1-3), psilocin 20 μg/l (IQR = 53.5, range = 6-83). LSD was the only drug present in 25.0% of LSD cases and psilocybin in 20.0% of psilocybin cases. Pre-existing organ pathology was uncommon.ConclusionsLysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)- and psilocybin-related death in Australia from 2000 to 2023 was primarily due to traumatic injury, whether through accident or self-harm. Cases of acute toxic reactions that were attributed solely to LSD were rare.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/add.16518", "pubmed_id": "38771189", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16518", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cause of Death, Retrospective Studies, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Australia, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38771189\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 953, "title": "A Case Report of Psilocybin-induced Psychosis in a Predisposed Patient.", "normalized_title": "a case report of psilocybin induced psychosis in a predisposed patient", "authors": "Morris SL.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is gaining popularity as research shows potential benefits to those with anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions. Individuals with risk factors for psychosis are typically excluded from such studies, limiting the empiric research of the risks and benefits in vulnerable populations. In the real-world setting, many individuals who seek treatment with psilocybin will have comorbid psychiatric conditions and other factors that predispose them to psychosis. We report a case of a patient with multiple predisposing risk factors, including a history of depression, personality disorder traits, and cannabis use, who experienced a psychotic episode with catatonic features and suicidality after several months of heavy psilocybin use. A review of similar previously published case reports demonstrates a pattern of psilocybin-induced psychosis occurring primarily in individuals with predisposing factors who have consumed either high or repeated doses of the drug. This case report furthers this pattern, which serves as both a warning that psilocybin use is not without risks and reassurance for researchers using much lower doses to treat mental illness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.9758/cpn.24.1180", "pubmed_id": "39420616", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.24.1180", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39420616\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Personality Change,Review Article,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1102, "title": "The influence of psilocybin on subconscious and conscious emotional learning.", "normalized_title": "the influence of psilocybin on subconscious and conscious emotional learning", "authors": "Casanova AF, Ort A, Smallridge JW, Preller KH, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics hold promise as a treatment modality for various psychiatric disorders and are currently applied in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. We investigated the learning effects of the serotonin receptor agonist psilocybin in a probabilistic cue-reward task with emotional cues in the form of neutral or fearful faces, presented either consciously or subconsciously. This study represents the first investigation into reinforcement learning with psilocybin. Across different dosages, psilocybin preserved learning effects and was statistically noninferior compared to placebo, while suggesting a higher exploratory behavior. Notably, the 20 mg group exhibited significantly better learning rates against the placebo group. Psilocybin induced inferior results with subconscious cues compared to placebo, and better results with conscious neutral cues in some conditions. These findings suggest that modulating serotonin signaling in the brain with psilocybin sufficiently preservers reinforcement learning.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.isci.2024.110034", "pubmed_id": "38883812", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.110034", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38883812\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1038, "title": "Stutterers' experiences on classic psychedelics: A preliminary self-report study.", "normalized_title": "stutterers experiences on classic psychedelics a preliminary self report study", "authors": "Jackson ES, Goldway N, Gerlach-Houck H, Gold ND.", "abstract": "Stuttering poses challenges to social, occupational, and educational aspects of life. Traditional behavioral therapies can be helpful but effects are often limited. Pharmaceutical treatments have been explored but there are no FDA-approved treatments for stuttering. Interest has grown in the potential use of classic psychedelics, including psilocybin and LSD, which have shown effectiveness in treating disorders with similar symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression, PTSD). The potential effects of psychedelics on stuttering have not been explored. We conducted a preliminary investigation of self-identified stutterers who report their experiences taking classic psychedelics on the online messaging forum, Reddit. We qualitatively analyzed 114 publicly available posts, extracting meaningful units and assigning descriptor codes inductively. We then deductively organized responses into an established framework of psychedelics which includes behavioral, emotional, cognitive, belief-based, and social effects. These effects were subsequently grouped under organizing themes (positive, negative, neutral). Descriptive statistics revealed that the majority of users (74.0%) reported positive overall short-term effects particularly related to behavioral and emotional change (e.g., reduced stuttering and anxiety), but negative (9.6%), mixed (positive and negative; 4.8%), and neutral overall experiences (11.6%) were also reported. The results support the possibility that psychedelics may impact stuttering, but caution must be applied in their interpretation given the entirely uncontrolled research setting and potential adverse health effects of psychedelics as reported elsewhere. While these results do not encourage the use of psychedelics by stutterers, they suggest that future work could examine the impact of psychedelics on stuttering under supervised and in clinically controlled settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106062", "pubmed_id": "38833909", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106062", "keywords": "Humans, Stuttering, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Adult, Female, Male, Self Report, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38833909\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Eating Disorders,Aging,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3753, "title": "Methodological issues undermine evidence about adverse effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy", "normalized_title": "methodological issues undermine evidence about adverse effects of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Marinis J, Clarke ST, Bedi G.", "abstract": "Methodological issues undermine evidence about adverse effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/4bk2p", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4bk2p", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR854631\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3142, "title": "Methodological issues undermine evidence about adverse effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy", "normalized_title": "methodological issues undermine evidence about adverse effects of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "", "abstract": "Methodological issues undermine evidence about adverse effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/4bk2p_v1", "keywords": "adverse effects, psilocybin, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"4bk2p_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3118, "title": "Psilocybin increases optimistic engagement over time: computational modelling of behavior in rats", "normalized_title": "psilocybin increases optimistic engagement over time computational modelling of behavior in rats", "authors": "Fisher EL, Smith R, Corcoran AW, Milton LK, Conn K, Hohwy J, Foldi CJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has shown promise as a novel pharmacological intervention for treatment of depression, where post-acute effects of psilocybin treatment have been associated with increased positive mood and decreased pessimism. Although psilocybin is proving to be effective in clinical trials for treatment of psychiatric disorders, the information processing mechanisms affected by psilocybin are not well understood. Here, we fit computational models of underlying decision-making mechanisms to behaviour in rats. The model revealed that rats treated with psilocybin achieve more rewards through increased task engagement, mediated by modification of forgetting rates and reduced loss aversion. These findings suggest that psilocybin may afford an optimism bias that arises through altered belief updating, with translational potential for clinical populations characterised by lack of optimism.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.05.16.594614", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.16.594614", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR853997\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1104, "title": "RE104: Synthesis and Activity of a Novel Serotonergic Psychedelic Prodrug of 4-Hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine.", "normalized_title": "re104 synthesis and activity of a novel serotonergic psychedelic prodrug of 4 hydroxy n n diisopropyltryptamine", "authors": "Bryson N, Alexander R, Asnis-Alibozek A, Ehlers MD.", "abstract": "Results from randomized clinical trials of psilocybin in depressive disorders highlight the therapeutic potential of serotonergic psychedelic compounds in mental health disorders. The synthetic 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist 4-hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (4-OH-DiPT) is structurally similar to psilocin but is reported to have a shorter duration (2-3 h) of psychedelic effects, suggesting the potential for psilocybin-like therapeutic activity with reduced clinical resource burden. Here, we describe the preclinical and translational characterization of RE104, a 4-OH-DiPT prodrug comprising a glutarate moiety designed to cleave rapidly in situ and thus provide reasonable bioavailability of the active drug. Plasma concentration of 4-HO-DiPT over time in PK experiments in rats was correlated with head-twitch intensity. The half-life of 4-OH-DiPT was 40 min after subcutaneous administration of RE104 in rats. In a forced swim test, a single dose of RE104 (1 mg/kg) significantly reduced mean immobility time at 1 week compared with vehicle (P < 0.001), confirming translational antidepressant potential. Taken together, these data with RE104 show that the glutarate ester can act as an efficient prodrug strategy for 4-HO-DiPT, a unique short-duration psychedelic with potential in depressive disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00058", "pubmed_id": "38758589", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00058", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Tryptamines, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Prodrugs, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38758589\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 686, "title": "Minorities' Diminished Psychedelic Returns: Income and Educations Impact on Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians.", "normalized_title": "minorities diminished psychedelic returns income and educations impact on whites blacks hispanics and asians", "authors": "Vina SM.", "abstract": "Growing evidence suggests that the race and ethnic minority population may experience fewer protective effects of psychedelics on mental health. The minority diminished psychedelic returns theory proposes that racism, manifested in socioeconomic inequality, could partially account for the smaller health gains observed. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether socioeconomic inequality reduces the impact of psychedelics on health outcomes for minority populations. Additionally, despite having higher socioeconomic status, it remains unclear whether psychedelic use among minorities is associated with the same level of health benefits as observed in non-Hispanic whites. This study utilizes data from the National Survey of Drug Use (N = 2008 to 2019), which involved 458,372 participants aged 18 and above. The objective is to examine the impact of various psychedelics (MDMA, psilocybin, DMT, ayahuasca, peyote/mescaline, and LSD), as well as lifetime classic psychedelics use (LCPU), on psychological distress in the past month, taking into account socioeconomic factors (education level and family income) and race/ethnic differences (White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian). The analysis employed a series of nested ordinary least-square regression models using Stata 18. The results indicate that, after controlling for socioeconomic status, there is no association between Black and Hispanic psychedelic use and distress. However, white psychedelic use remains associated with lower levels of distress. Additionally, despite having higher levels of education and income, psychedelic use among minority groups does not appear to be linked to reduced stress. In fact, for Asians with higher education and income, certain psychedelic use is associated with increased distress.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s40615-024-02023-y", "pubmed_id": "38753105", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-024-02023-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Minority Groups, Socioeconomic Factors, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Educational Status, Income, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psychological Distress, Ethnicity, Hispanic or Latino, Black or African American, Asian, White", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38753105\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3725, "title": "Structural characterization and comparative analysis of polymorphic forms of psilocin (4-hy-droxy-N,N-di-methyl-tryptamine).", "normalized_title": "structural characterization and comparative analysis of polymorphic forms of psilocin 4 hy droxy n n di methyl tryptamine", "authors": "Zeller M, Parent S, Schultheiss N.", "abstract": "The title compound, C12H16N2O, is a hy-droxy-substituted mono-amine alkaloid, and the primary metabolite of the naturally occurring psychedelic compound psilocybin. Crystalline forms of psilocin are known, but their characterization by single-crystal structure analysis is limited. Herein, two anhydrous polymorphic forms (I and II) of psilocin are described. The crystal structure of polymorphic Form I, in space group P21/c, was first reported in 1974. Along with the redeterm-ination to modern standards and unambiguous location of the acidic H atom and variable-temperature single-crystal unit-cell determinations for Form I, the Form II polymorph of the title compound, which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, is described for the first time. The psilocin mol-ecules are present in both forms in their phenol-amine tautomeric forms (not resolved in the 1974 report). The mol-ecules in Forms I and II, however, feature different conformations of their N,N-dimethyl ethyl-ene substituent, with the N-C-C-C link in Form I being trans and in Form II being gauche, allowing the latter to bend back to the hydroxyl group of the same mol-ecule, leading to the formation of a strong intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl moiety and ethyl-amino-nitro-gen group. In the extended structure of Form II, the mol-ecules form one-dimensional strands through N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds from the indole group to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl moiety of an adjacent mol-ecule. Form II exhibits whole-mol-ecule disorder due to a pseudo-mirror operation, with an occupancy ratio of 0.689 (5):0.311 (5) for the two components. In contrast, Form I does not feature intra-molecular hydrogen bonds but forms a layered structure through inter-molecular N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1107/s2056989024004201", "pubmed_id": "38845717", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1107/s2056989024004201", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:41", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38845717\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1137, "title": "Alterations in brain network connectivity and subjective experience induced by psychedelics: a scoping review.", "normalized_title": "alterations in brain network connectivity and subjective experience induced by psychedelics a scoping review", "authors": "Yu Z, Burback L, Winkler O, Xu L, Dennett L, Vermetten E, Greenshaw A, Li XM, Milne M, Wang F, Cao B, Winship IR, Zhang Y, Chan AW.", "abstract": "Intense interest surrounds current research on psychedelics, particularly regarding their potential in treating mental health disorders. Various studies suggest a link between the subjective effects produced by psychedelics and their therapeutic efficacy. Neuroimaging evidence indicates an association of changes in brain functional connectivity with the subjective effects of psychedelics. We conducted a review focusing on psychedelics and brain functional connectivity. The review focused on four psychedelic drugs: ayahuasca, psilocybin and LSD, and the entactogen MDMA. We conducted searches in databases of MEDLINE, Embase, APA PsycInfo and Scopus from inception to Jun 2023 by keywords related to functional connectivity and psychedelics. Using the PRISMA framework, we selected 24 articles from an initial pool of 492 for analysis. This scoping review and analysis investigated the effects of psychedelics on subjective experiences and brain functional connectivity in healthy individuals. The studies quantified subjective effects through psychometric scales, revealing significant experiences of altered consciousness, mood elevation, and mystical experiences induced by psychedelics. Neuroimaging results indicated alterations in the functional connectivity of psychedelics, with consistent findings across substances of decreased connectivity within the default mode network and increased sensory and thalamocortical connectivity. Correlations between these neurophysiological changes and subjective experiences were noted, suggesting a brain network basis of the psychedelics' neuropsychological impact. While the result of the review provides a potential neural mechanism of the subjective effects of psychedelics, direct clinical evidence is needed to advance their clinical outcomes. Our research serves as a foundation for further exploration of the therapeutic potential of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1386321", "pubmed_id": "38807690", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1386321", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38807690\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3350, "title": "Psychedelics Use and the Risk of Reduced Formal Mental Health Care", "normalized_title": "psychedelics use and the risk of reduced formal mental health care", "authors": "Viña S.", "abstract": "Abstract Background: Due to increasing cultural and legal acceptance of psychedelics, there is a need to understand their potential influence on formal mental health care. This paper examines the connection between psychedelics, distress, and treatment utilization. Are psychedelic users less likely to use formal mental health care? Methods This study tests the relationship between psychedelics use (MDMA, Psilocybin, DMT, Ayahuasca, Peyote/Mescaline, and LSD) on stigma, psychological distress (K6), and formal mental health care use (medication, outpatient, and any use). This project also tests the impact of one measure of classic psychedelics (LCPU) use on distress and care. This project uses pooled data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (2010 to 2018) (N=458,372). Results The analysis involved conducting a series of nested logistic regression models in Stata 18. The results provided evidence of an independent association between psychedelics use and a decreased likelihood of using mental health medication, outpatient treatment, and any formal mental health care. Additionally, the interaction terms revealed that as distress levels increase, psychedelics users are even less inclined to seek formal mental health care compared to non-psychedelic users. Conclusion Overall, the results suggest psychedelic users are less likely to use formal mental health care, even when they are particularly distress, indicating a heightened societal risk of self-medication as these drugs become more widely available.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-05-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-4378944/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4378944/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR852229\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 952, "title": "Clinical Research Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Adolescents Aged 16 to 17 Years: Rationale Balanced With Caution.", "normalized_title": "clinical research trials of psychedelic assisted therapy in adolescents aged 16 to 17 years rationale balanced with caution", "authors": "Jeffrey JK, Weintraub MJ, Grob CS.", "abstract": "Youth today are burdened by significant mental health challenges. In 2022, 25% of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years experienced a mental illness, with 20% experiencing a depressive episode, 12.5% reporting serious thoughts of suicide, and 17% meeting criteria for a substance use disorder.1 Close to 5% of adolescents experience posttraumatic stress disorder.2 Impairing psychiatric symptoms remain present in upwards of 40% of adolescents after receiving existing mental health services,3 so it is necessary to identify additional and more effective treatment options. We propose there is an acceptable benefit-to-risk calculation that supports trialing classic serotonergic psychedelics (eg, psilocybin) and phenethylamine compounds with empathogenic and entactogenic range of effects (eg, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) in combination with psychotherapy among select adolescents aged 16 to 17 years. Specifically, we propose testing these treatments among adolescents aged 16 to 17 years who are experiencing treatment-resistant manifestations of psychiatric disorders (ie, multiple failed trials of current evidence-based treatments) or psychiatric disorders that are in line with the current evidence base for adults as determined, for example, by the breakthrough designation of the US Food and Drug Administration for a particular psychedelic medicine (eg, psilocybin for major depressive disorder, MDMA for posttraumatic stress disorder).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jaac.2024.03.021", "pubmed_id": "38734406", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2024.03.021", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Combined Modality Therapy, Psychotherapy, Adolescent, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38734406\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3534, "title": "An Open-Label Investigation of the Effects of Sub-Perceptual Repeat Dosing of Psilocybin on the Behavioural and Cognitive Symptoms of Fragile X Syndrome in Adult Patients", "normalized_title": "an open label investigation of the effects of sub perceptual repeat dosing of psilocybin on the behavioural and cognitive symptoms of fragile x syndrome in adult patients", "authors": "Nova Mentis Life Science Corp", "abstract": "Diverse symptomatology makes Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) difficult to treat, and currently there are no approved prevention or treatment methods for FXS. Current therapies, including pharmaceutical and behavioural interventions, offer a patchwork of solutions that have limited efficacy and high toxicity. The current study aims to examine psilocybin as a safe treatment alternative with the ability to improve markers of cognition, communication, mood, behavior as well as markers of neuroinflammation, serotonin levels in exosomes, and neuroplasticity at sub-hallucinogenic doses (microdosing). The overall objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of low-dose psilocybin as a therapeutic option for individuals living with FXS and to improve diagnostic parameters of FXS, as well as therapeutic responses with the use of biomarkers. A total of 10 subjects who meet all the inclusion criteria and does not meet any of the exclusion criteria will be enrolled into the study. Any subjects prematurely terminated from the study will be replaced to ensure 10 subjects complete the study. A study coordinator will contact referring clinicians, caregivers, and subjects to pre-screen for initial eligibility. Those deemed eligible will be invited for an in-person screening along with the participating caregiver. The screening visit will be approximately two hours long and will consist of informed consent, diagnostic interview, physical examination, drugs of abuse test (DOA), ECG, medical/treatment history review, and demographic forms. A pregnancy test will be performed on females of child-bearing during screening, baseline, and end-of-study visits. All eligible subjects will enter the treatment arm of the study. Subjects and caregivers will return to the clinic for a baseline visit within three weeks of their screening completion. Baseline visit will include saliva/buccal swab collection, and clinician and self-report assessments for subjects and caregivers. These assessments will include the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Third Edition (VABS-3), Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale (CGI-I), Visual Analog Scale-Treatment Satisfaction (VAS-TS), the Anxiety, Depression and Mood Scale (ADAMS), and the Systematic Assessment For Treatment Emergent Events (SAFTEE). Digital assessments may also be performed at the baseline visit or at home at the discretion of the qualified investigator. Digital assessments will include the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery Modified for Intellectual Disabilities (NIH-TCB), the Trail Making Test (TMT), and the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). The study drug will be dispensed in blister packs to monitor adherence and improve subject compliance. Blister packs will be prepared and distributed at each subsequent visit. Subjects will return to the clinic for study visits on day 8, 15, 22, and 28 (study end date). Subjects and caregivers will complete the assessments described above. Subjects will provide additional saliva/buccal swab samples at day 15 and day 28.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-05-07", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05832255", "keywords": "Fragile X Syndrome, Behavior, Cognitive Dysfunction, Psilocybin, 1.5 mg, SUSPENDED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05832255\",\"overall_status\":\"SUSPENDED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Microdosing,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1115, "title": "Structural pharmacology and therapeutic potential of 5-methoxytryptamines.", "normalized_title": "structural pharmacology and therapeutic potential of 5 methoxytryptamines", "authors": "Warren AL, Lankri D, Cunningham MJ, Serrano IC, Parise LF, Kruegel AC, Duggan P, Zilberg G, Capper MJ, Havel V, Russo SJ, Sames D, Wacker D.", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin show potential for the treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. These compounds are thought to mediate their hallucinogenic and therapeutic effects through the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) receptor 5-HT2A (ref. 4). However, 5-HT1A also plays a part in the behavioural effects of tryptamine hallucinogens5, particularly 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), a psychedelic found in the toxin of Colorado River toads6. Although 5-HT1A is a validated therapeutic target7,8, little is known about how psychedelics engage 5-HT1A and which effects are mediated by this receptor. Here we map the molecular underpinnings of 5-MeO-DMT pharmacology through five cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of 5-HT1A, systematic medicinal chemistry, receptor mutagenesis and mouse behaviour. Structure-activity relationship analyses of 5-methoxytryptamines at both 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A enable the characterization of molecular determinants of 5-HT1A signalling potency, efficacy and selectivity. Moreover, we contrast the structural interactions and in vitro pharmacology of 5-MeO-DMT and analogues to the pan-serotonergic agonist LSD and clinically used 5-HT1A agonists. We show that a 5-HT1A-selective 5-MeO-DMT analogue is devoid of hallucinogenic-like effects while retaining anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like activity in socially defeated animals. Our studies uncover molecular aspects of 5-HT1A-targeted psychedelics and therapeutics, which may facilitate the future development of new medications for neuropsychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-07", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41586-024-07403-2", "pubmed_id": "38720072", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07403-2", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Mice, Methoxydimethyltryptamines, 5-Methoxytryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Cryoelectron Microscopy, Structure-Activity Relationship, Models, Molecular, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38720072\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1109, "title": "Advancements in Psychoactive Alkaloid Delivery, Neuroenhancement, and Psychedelic Therapies: Exploring the Frontiers of Modern Pharmacology.", "normalized_title": "advancements in psychoactive alkaloid delivery neuroenhancement and psychedelic therapies exploring the frontiers of modern pharmacology", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "This Patent Highlight explores advancements in pharmacology, focusing on the novel delivery and application of psychoactive substances. It highlights the development of transdermal formulations for psychoactive alkaloids, neuroenhancement techniques to augment emotional responses, and the intravenous infusion of psilocybin or psilocin for various therapeutic purposes. Additionally, it delves into the characterization and potential uses of crystalline forms of tryptamine derivatives. These innovations signify significant progress in drug delivery systems, neurostimulation methods, and the therapeutic use of psychedelic compounds, potentially revolutionizing the treatment of psychological and neurological disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-07", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00181", "pubmed_id": "38894903", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00181", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38894903\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3632, "title": "Mechanisms Supporting Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial", "normalized_title": "mechanisms supporting psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for alcohol use disorder a randomized controlled clinical trial", "authors": "University of Calgary", "abstract": "The aim of this study is to determine if a single dose of psilocybin administered with motivational enhancement therapy (MET) can reduce heavy drinking in patients with an alcohol use disorder (AUD). The primary objective of this study is to determine if psilocybin administered with a standardized psychotherapeutic intervention, motivational enhancement therapy (MET), can reduce heavy drinking in a patient population with an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Patients with an AUD will be randomly allocated to either a high dose (25mg; active treatment) or a low dose (1mg; active control) psilocybin arm. All participants will receive 5 sessions of MET, starting at 24hrs post-dosing. Heavy drinking will be assessed as percent heavy drinking days using the Time Line Follow Back (TLFB) at baseline and 1-, 4-, and 12-weeks post-dosing. A total of 128 male and female patients between the ages of 22-65 with a moderate to severe AUD diagnosis will be recruited from the community. Participants will undergo a thorough screening procedure and eligible participants will be randomly allocated to the high (N=64) or low (N=64) psilocybin doses. All participants will complete a baseline session consisting of clinical, behavioral, and neuroimaging measures. Following the single dosing session, participants will complete 5 weekly MET sessions. Neuroimaging measures will be assessed again at 1-week post-doing. Clinical and behavioral outcomes will be measured at 1-, 4-, and 12-weeks post-dosing", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-05-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05995769", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Alcoholism, Psilocybin, magic mushrooms, PEX010, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05995769\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1093, "title": "What is needed for the roll-out of psychedelic treatments?", "normalized_title": "what is needed for the roll out of psychedelic treatments", "authors": "Xenakis SN, Shannon SM.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThe pace of psychedelic treatments continues to increase. Regulation and coherent clinical guidance have not been established. A philosophical divide limits effective resolution of a practice delivery quandary: is this primarily a pharmacological or psychotherapeutic intervention?Recent findingsLykos (formerly MAPS) has submitted its new drug application (NDA) request to the FDA for 3-4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD and is expecting a response by the summer of 2024. Australia endorsed psilocybin and MDMA for regulated use in 2023. Multiple phase II and III clinical trials are also being conducted in the United States and Europe to study the use of psilocybin. Currently, Colorado and Oregon have legalized psilocybin in different manners. In Colorado, plants containing psilocybin, ibogaine, dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and mescaline (other than peyote) are now legal to possess, share and cultivate. Guidelines for regulated treatment with psilocybin containing mushrooms are in process with service delivery to begin early in 2025. In Oregon, clients must complete a preparation session with a licensed facilitator before consuming psilocybin products at a licensed service center. A prescription is not required. It is expected that other states will follow suit with a ballot measure likely in Massachusetts this year. Additionally, in the United States, the DEA, state boards, pharmaceutical distributors, and professional liability carriers all share mounting concerns about the in-home use of compounded ketamine used as a psychedelic therapeutic via remote prescribing.SummaryPsychedelic treatments are rapidly entering the mainstream of medical care delivery in the United States. Clinical guidelines are urgently needed to ensure well tolerated practice and coherent regulation. The delivery of this guidance is limited by a core philosophical disagreement. Resolution of this conflict will be needed to deliver coherent clinical guidelines. Current research and clinical experience provide a solid foundation for practical clinical guidance and the introduction of psychedelics into healthcare.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1097/yco.0000000000000946", "pubmed_id": "38726805", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000946", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38726805\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 641, "title": "Psychedelic Experiences Increase Mind Perception but do not Change Atheist-Believer Status: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic experiences increase mind perception but do not change atheist believer status a prospective longitudinal study", "authors": "Nayak SM, White SH, Hilbert SN, Lowe MX, Jackson H, Griffiths RR, Garcia-Romeu A, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "Recent studies suggest psychedelic use may be associated with changes in a variety of beliefs or belief-like states, including increased 1) mind perception, 2) non-naturalistic beliefs, and 3) Atheist-Believer status (e.g. believer, agnostic, or nonbeliever). We conducted a prospective longitudinal study among participants (N = 657) who planned to have a psilocybin experience outside a laboratory setting. We asked participants about their beliefs concerning mind perception of various entities, specific metaphysical positions, and Atheist-Believer status both before (and after their experience. Replicating previous findings, we observed increases in mind perception across a variety of living and non-living targets (e.g. plants, rocks). However, we found little to no change in metaphysical beliefs (e.g. dualism) or Atheist-Believer status. Taken together, these findings contrast with those from cross-sectional studies that psilocybin experiences result in changes to Atheist-Believer status and non-naturalistic beliefs but support the relevance of mind perception and mentalization.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2346130", "pubmed_id": "38715376", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2346130", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Longitudinal Studies, Prospective Studies, Perception, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38715376\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3129, "title": "Psilocybin facilitates fear extinction: importance of dose, context, and serotonin receptors", "normalized_title": "psilocybin facilitates fear extinction importance of dose context and serotonin receptors", "authors": "Woodburn SC, Levitt CM, Koester AM, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT A variety of classic psychedelics and MDMA have been shown to enhance fear extinction in rodent models. This has translational significance because a standard treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prolonged exposure therapy. However, few studies have investigated psilocybin’s potential effect in fear learning paradigms. More specifically, the extents to which dose, timing of administration, and serotonin receptors may influence psilocybin’s effect on fear extinction are not understood. In this study, we used an auditory delay fear conditioning paradigm to determine the effects of psilocybin on fear extinction, extinction retention, and fear renewal in male and female mice. Psilocybin robustly enhances fear extinction when given acutely prior to testing for all doses tested. Psilocybin exerts long-term effects to elevate extinction retention and suppress fear renewal in a novel context, though these changes were sensitive to dose. Administration of psilocybin prior to fear learning or immediately after extinction yielded no change in behavior, indicating that concurrent extinction experience is necessary for the drug’s effects. Co-treatment with a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist blocked psilocybin’s effects for extinction, extinction retention and fear renewal, whereas 5-HT1A receptor antagonism attenuated only the effect on fear renewal. Collectively, these results highlight dose, context, and serotonin receptors as crucial factors in psilocybin’s ability to facilitate fear extinction. The study provides preclinical evidence to support investigating psilocybin as a pharmacological adjunct for extinction-based therapy for PTSD.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.05.04.592469", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.04.592469", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR848036\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3311, "title": "Effects of Classical Psychedelics on Implicit and Explicit Emotional Empathy and Cognitive Empathy: A Meta-analysis of MET task", "normalized_title": "effects of classical psychedelics on implicit and explicit emotional empathy and cognitive empathy a meta analysis of met task", "authors": "Olami A, Peled-Avron L.", "abstract": "This meta-analysis investigates the effect of classic psychedelic drugs on empathy and focuses on cognitive and emotional empathy measured using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Empathy entails the ability to understand and share the feelings of another and is a significant component of social interaction. Several studies have examined the effects of psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin and ayahuasca on empathy, yet their overall effect has not been studied so far. In this meta analysis, we reviewed data from studies up to November 2023 with the aim of examining the effects of various psychedelic drugs on empathic abilities broadly. Our findings suggest that classical psychedelics significantly enhance explicit and implicit emotional empathy without affecting measures of cognitive empathy. The results emphasize the need to continue testing the therapeutic potential of classic psychedelic drugs.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-05-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.05.02.592231", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.02.592231", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR848109\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Meta-Analysis,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1139, "title": "EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: Efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "expression of concern efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-05-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1136/bmj.q1025", "pubmed_id": "38704154", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q1025", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38704154\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2992, "title": "PSYCHEDELIC PSILOCYBIN-ASSISTED THERAPY REDUCES DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADULTS WITH CANCER AND DEPRESSION.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic psilocybin assisted therapy reduces depressive symptoms in adults with cancer and depression", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "38740403", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38740403", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38740403\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1152, "title": "Altered States and Social Bonds: Effects of MDMA and Serotonergic Psychedelics on Social Behavior as a Mechanism Underlying Substance-Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "altered states and social bonds effects of mdma and serotonergic psychedelics on social behavior as a mechanism underlying substance assisted therapy", "authors": "Schmid Y, Bershad AK", "abstract": "There has been renewed interest in the use of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and serotonergic psychedelics in the treatment of multiple psychiatric disorders. Many of these compounds are known to produce prosocial effects, but how these effects relate to therapeutic efficacy and the extent to which prosocial effects are unique to a particular drug class is unknown. In this article, we present a narrative overview and compare evidence for the prosocial effects of MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics to elucidate shared mechanisms that may underlie the therapeutic process. We discuss 4 categories of prosocial effects: altered self-image, responses to social reward, responses to negative social input, and social neuroplasticity. While both categories of drugs alter self-perception, MDMA may do so in a way that is less related to the experience of mystical-type states than serotonergic psychedelics. In the case of social reward, evidence supports the ability of MDMA to enhance responses and suggests that serotonergic psychedelics may also do so, but more research is needed in this area. Both drug classes consistently dampen reactivity to negative social stimuli. Finally, preclinical evidence supports the ability of both drug classes to induce social neuroplasticity, promoting adaptive rewiring of neural circuits, which may be helpful in trauma processing. While both MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics produce prosocial effects, they differ in the mechanisms through which they do this. These differences affect the types of psychosocial interventions that may work best with each compound.", "journal": "Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging", "publication_date": "2024-04-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.001", "pubmed_id": "38341085", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38341085/", "keywords": "3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Psychedelics, Social behavior, Social processing", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38341085\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Mystical Experience,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1151, "title": "The effect of psychedelics on the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "the effect of psychedelics on the level of brain derived neurotrophic factor a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Shafiee A, Arabzadeh Bahri R, Rafiei MA, Esmaeilpur Abianeh F, Razmara P, Jafarabady K, Amini MJ", "abstract": "Recent interest in the potential therapeutic effects of psychedelics has led to investigations into their influence on molecular signaling pathways within the brain. Integrated review and analysis of different studies in this field. A systematic search was conducted across international databases including Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed from inception to 9 July 2023. Eligibility criteria encompassed published and peer-reviewed studies evaluating changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels after psychedelic consumption. A total of nine studies were included in our study. The meta-analysis demonstrated significantly higher BDNF levels in psychedelic consumers compared to healthy controls, with a pooled standardized mean difference of 0.26 (95% CI: 0.10-0.42, = 38.51%, More precisely, the documented rise in BDNF levels indicates a neurobiological mechanism by which psychedelics could enhance synaptic plasticity and foster the growth of neurons. Given the limited data available on this topic, the conclusions remain uncertain. Consequently, we highly recommend additional research with more extensive sample sizes to yield more reliable evidence in this field.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2024-04-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241234247", "pubmed_id": "38385351", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38385351/", "keywords": "BDNF, LSD, MDMA, Psychedelics, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38385351\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1146, "title": "Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy: A meta-analysis and systematic review.", "normalized_title": "safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy a meta analysis and systematic review", "authors": "Romeo B, Kervadec E, Fauvel B, Strika-Bruneau L, Amirouche A, Verroust V, Piolino P, Benyamina A", "abstract": "Psychotherapies assisted by psychedelic substances have shown promising results in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate safety data in human subjects. We carried out a search on MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO databases between 2000 and 2022. Standardized mean differences between different dose ranges and between acute and subacute phases were calculated for cardiovascular data after psychedelic administration. Risk differences were calculated for serious adverse events and common side effects. Thirty studies were included in this meta-analysis. There were only nine serious adverse events for over 1000 administrations of psychedelic substances (one during the acute phase and 8 during the post-acute phase). There were no suicide attempts during the acute phase and 3 participants engaged in self-harm during the post-acute phase. There was an increased risk for elevated heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure for all dose range categories, as well as an increased risk of nausea during the acute phase. Other common side effects included headaches, anxiety, and decreased concentration or appetite. This meta-analysis demonstrates that psychedelics are well-tolerated, with a low risk of emerging serious adverse events in a controlled setting with appropriate inclusion criteria.", "journal": "Psychiatry research", "publication_date": "2024-04-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115880", "pubmed_id": "38579460", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38579460/", "keywords": "Adverse events, LSD, Meta-analysis, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Side effects", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38579460\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1143, "title": "Psilocybin for depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for depression", "authors": "De Giorgi R, Ede R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1136/bmj.q798", "pubmed_id": "38692675", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q798", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38692675\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1142, "title": "Efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Metaxa AM, Clarke M.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo determine the efficacy of psilocybin as an antidepressant compared with placebo or non-psychoactive drugs.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesFive electronic databases of published literature (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, Science Citation Index and Conference Proceedings Citation Index, and PsycInfo) and four databases of unpublished and international literature (ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, and PsycEXTRA), and handsearching of reference lists, conference proceedings, and abstracts.Data synthesis and study qualityInformation on potential treatment effect moderators was extracted, including depression type (primary or secondary), previous use of psychedelics, psilocybin dosage, type of outcome measure (clinician rated or self-reported), and personal characteristics (eg, age, sex). Data were synthesised using a random effects meta-analysis model, and observed heterogeneity and the effect of covariates were investigated with subgroup analyses and metaregression. Hedges’ g was used as a measure of treatment effect size, to account for small sample effects and substantial differences between the included studies’ sample sizes. Study quality was appraised using Cochrane’s Risk of Bias 2 tool, and the quality of the aggregated evidence was evaluated using GRADE guidelines.Eligibility criteriaRandomised trials in which psilocybin was administered as a standalone treatment for adults with clinically significant symptoms of depression and change in symptoms was measured using a validated clinician rated or self-report scale. Studies with directive psychotherapy were included if the psychotherapeutic component was present in both experimental and control conditions. Participants with depression regardless of comorbidities (eg, cancer) were eligible.ResultsMeta-analysis on 436 participants (228 female participants), average age 36-60 years, from seven of the nine included studies showed a significant benefit of psilocybin (Hedges’ g=0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46 to 0.86, P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1136/bmj-2023-078084", "pubmed_id": "38692686", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078084", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38692686\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1141, "title": "New perspective on sustained antidepressant effect: focus on neurexins regulating synaptic plasticity.", "normalized_title": "new perspective on sustained antidepressant effect focus on neurexins regulating synaptic plasticity", "authors": "Ruan Y, Yuan R, He J, Jiang Y, Chu S, Chen N.", "abstract": "Depression is highly prevalent globally, however, currently available medications face challenges such as low response rates and short duration of efficacy. Additionally, depression mostly accompany other psychiatric disorders, further progressing to major depressive disorder without long-term effective management. Thus, sustained antidepressant strategies are urgently needed. Recently, ketamine and psilocybin gained attention as potential sustained antidepressants. Review of recent studies highlights that synaptic plasticity changes as key events of downstream long-lasting changes in sustained antidepressant effect. This underscores the significance of synaptic plasticity in sustained antidepressant effect. Moreover, neurexins, key molecules involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, act as critical links between synaptic plasticity and sustained antidepressant effects, involving mechanisms including protein level, selective splicing, epigenetics, astrocytes, positional redistribution and protein structure. Based on the regulation of synaptic plasticity by neurexins, several drugs with potential for sustained antidepressant effect are also discussed. Focusing on neurexins in regulating synaptic plasticity promises much for further understanding underlying mechanisms of sustained antidepressant and the next step in new drug development. This research represents a highly promising future research direction.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41420-024-01974-9", "pubmed_id": "38693106", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-024-01974-9", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38693106\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1136, "title": "Structural characterization and comparative analysis of polymorphic forms of psilocin (4-hy­droxy-N,N-di­methyl­tryptamine)", "normalized_title": "structural characterization and comparative analysis of polymorphic forms of psilocin 4 hy droxy n n di methyl tryptamine", "authors": "Zeller M, Parent S, Schultheiss N.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11151301", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC11151301\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1067, "title": "Content analysis of Reddit posts about coadministration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and psilocybin mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "content analysis of reddit posts about coadministration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and psilocybin mushrooms", "authors": "Sakai K, Bradley ER, Zamaria JA, Agin-Liebes G, Kelley DP, Fish A, Martini V, Ferris MC, Morton E, Michalak EE, O'Donovan A, Woolley JD.", "abstract": "RationaleTreatments with the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin are being investigated for multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. Because many patients with these disorders use selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), understanding interactions between psilocybin and SSRIs is critical for evaluating the safety, efficacy, and scalability of psilocybin-based treatments. Current knowledge about these interactions is limited, as most clinical psilocybin research has prohibited concomittant SSRI use.ObjectivesWe aimed to explore potential interactions between psilocybin and SSRIs by characterizing peoples' real-world experiences using psilocybin mushrooms and SSRIs together.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search of Reddit for posts describing psilocybin mushroom and SSRI coadministration. We identified 443 eligible posts and applied qualitative content analysis to each.Results8% of posts reported negative physical or psychological effects resulting from coadministration. These included 13 reports that may reflect serotonin toxicity, and 1 concerning for a psychotic/manic episode. 54% of posts described reduced intensity of the acute psilocybin experience, but 39% reported unchanged intensity with SSRI coadministration.ConclusionsPsilocybin's interactions with SSRIs are likely complex and may depend on multiple factors. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate whether psilocybin treatments are reliably safe and effective in the setting of SSRI use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06585-x", "pubmed_id": "38687360", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06585-x", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Drug Interactions, Psilocybin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38687360\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1158, "title": "In vitro and in vivo metabolism of psilocybin's active metabolite psilocin.", "normalized_title": "in vitro and in vivo metabolism of psilocybin s active metabolite psilocin", "authors": "Thomann J, Kolaczynska KE, Stoeckmann OV, Rudin D, Vizeli P, Hoener MC, Pryce CR, Vollenweider FX, Liechti ME, Duthaler U.", "abstract": "In vivo, psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated to psilocin which induces psychedelic effects by interacting with the 5-HT2A receptor. Psilocin primarily undergoes glucuronidation or conversion to 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (4-HIAA). Herein, we investigated psilocybin's metabolic pathways in vitro and in vivo, conducting a thorough analysis of the enzymes involved. Metabolism studies were performed using human liver microsomes (HLM), cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, monoamine oxidase (MAO), and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). In vivo, metabolism was examined using male C57BL/6J mice and human plasma samples. Approximately 29% of psilocin was metabolized by HLM, while recombinant CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes metabolized nearly 100% and 40% of psilocin, respectively. Notably, 4-HIAA and 4-hydroxytryptophol (4-HTP) were detected with HLM but not with recombinant CYPs. MAO-A transformed psilocin into minimal amounts of 4-HIAA and 4-HTP. 4-HTP was only present in vitro. Neither 4-HIAA nor 4-HTP showed relevant interactions at assessed 5-HT receptors. In contrast to in vivo data, UGT1A10 did not extensively metabolize psilocin in vitro. Furthermore, two putative metabolites were observed. N-methyl-4-hydroxytryptamine (norpsilocin) was identified in vitro (CYP2D6) and in mice, while an oxidized metabolite was detected in vitro (CYP2D6) and in humans. However, the CYP2D6 genotype did not influence psilocin plasma concentrations in the investigated study population. In conclusion, MAO-A, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 are involved in psilocin's metabolism. The discovery of putative norpsilocin in mice and oxidized psilocin in humans further unravels psilocin's metabolism. Despite limitations in replicating phase II metabolism in vitro, these findings hold significance for studying drug-drug interactions and advancing research on psilocybin as a therapeutic agent.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2024.1391689", "pubmed_id": "38741590", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1391689", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38741590\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1116, "title": "In the new era of psychedelic assisted therapy: A systematic review of study methodology in randomized controlled trials.", "normalized_title": "in the new era of psychedelic assisted therapy a systematic review of study methodology in randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Soliman PS, Curley DE, Capone C, Eaton E, Haass-Koffler CL.", "abstract": "Recent years have seen a resurgence in randomized, placebo controlled trials (RCTs) utilizing non-classical psychedelics (e.g. 3,4-methyl enedioxy methamphetamine [MDMA]), and classical psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], and N,N-dimethyltryptamine [DMT/ayahuasca]) in conjunction with assisted therapy (AT) for psychiatric disorders. A notable methodological challenge in psychedelic AT, however, is the complexity of blinding procedures. The lack of efficacious blinding can introduce considerable response bias, reduce internal validity, and compromise participant retention. This systematic review examines design and blinding techniques in RCTs utilizing psychedelics and placebo for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this work is to identify factors that may inform future RTC design for conducting psychedelics research. We conducted a systematic review of PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Psycinfo, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection to examine: (1) placebo selection, (2) study design, and (3) integrity of blinding measures. Sixteen publications were identified as meeting the criteria for a systematic review. Our findings suggest that traditional placebo administration is insufficient to control for expectancy confounds. Consequently, experimental methodology that limits personnel unblinding and the use of an active placebo are important considerations when designing prospective clinical studies involving psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-024-06598-6", "pubmed_id": "38683460", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-024-06598-6", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Mental Disorders, Research Design, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38683460\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1144, "title": "Psilocybin promotes neuroplasticity and induces rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in mice.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin promotes neuroplasticity and induces rapid and sustained antidepressant like effects in mice", "authors": "Zhao X, Du Y, Yao Y, Dai W, Yin Y, Wang G, Li Y, Zhang L.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin offers new hope for treating mood disorders due to its rapid and sustained antidepressant effects, as standard medications require weeks or months to exert their effects. However, the mechanisms underlying this action of psilocybin have not been identified.AimsTo investigate whether psilocybin has rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in mice and investigate whether its potential mechanisms of action are related to promoted neuroplasticity.MethodsWe first examined the antidepressant-like effects of psilocybin in normal mice by the forced swimming test and in chronic corticosterone (CORT)-exposed mice by the sucrose preference test and novelty-suppressed feeding test. Furthermore, to explore the role of neuroplasticity in mediating the antidepressant-like effects of psilocybin, we measured structural neuroplasticity and neuroplasticity-associated protein levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus.ResultsWe observed that a single dose of psilocybin had rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in both healthy mice and chronic CORT-exposed mice. Moreover, psilocybin ameliorated chronic CORT exposure-induced inhibition of neuroplasticity in the PFC and hippocampus, including by increasing neuroplasticity (total number of dendritic branches and dendritic spine density), synaptic protein (p-GluA1, PSD95 and synapsin-1) levels, BDNF-mTOR signalling pathway activation (BDNF, TrkB and mTOR levels), and promoting neurogenesis (number of DCX-positive cells).ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that psilocybin elicits robust, rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects which is accompanied by the promotion of neuroplasticity in the PFC and hippocampus.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241249436", "pubmed_id": "38680011", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241249436", "keywords": "Hippocampus, Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Disease Models, Animal, Corticosterone, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Antidepressive Agents, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Neuronal Plasticity, Male, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases, Psilocybin, Doublecortin Protein", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38680011\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1159, "title": "Review of Psilocybin Use for Depression among Cancer Patients after Approval in Oregon.", "normalized_title": "review of psilocybin use for depression among cancer patients after approval in oregon", "authors": "Bellman V.", "abstract": "Despite the legalization of psilocybin therapy for depression in terminal illnesses such as advanced cancer through Oregon's Measure 109 in 2020, significant challenges have impeded its implementation. This review synthesizes the empirical data supporting the utilization of psilocybin therapy for addressing cancer-related depression, including an evaluation of its purported benefits and potential adverse effects. It provides a comprehensive examination of therapeutic strategies, dosing regimens, and barriers to ensuring responsible and equitable access. Salient issues explored include the development of ethical protocols, integration within healthcare systems, ensuring statewide availability, resolving legal ambiguities, and defining clinical standards. Oregon's pioneering role serves as a case study, highlighting the necessity of addressing regulatory, logistical, and ethical obstacles to ensure the establishment of rigorous and equitable psilocybin care models.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3390/cancers16091702", "pubmed_id": "38730654", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16091702", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38730654\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1013, "title": "Psilocybin restrains activity-based anorexia in female rats by enhancing cognitive flexibility: contributions from 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin restrains activity based anorexia in female rats by enhancing cognitive flexibility contributions from 5 ht1a and 5 ht2a receptor mechanisms", "authors": "Conn K, Milton LK, Huang K, Munguba H, Ruuska J, Lemus MB, Greaves E, Homman-Ludiye J, Oldfield BJ, Foldi CJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has shown promise for alleviating symptoms of depression and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN), a condition that is characterised by persistent cognitive inflexibility. Considering that enhanced cognitive flexibility after psilocybin treatment is reported to occur in individuals with depression, it is plausible that psilocybin could improve symptoms of AN by breaking down cognitive inflexibility. A mechanistic understanding of the actions of psilocybin is required to tailor the clinical application of psilocybin to individuals most likely to respond with positive outcomes. This can only be achieved using incisive neurobiological approaches in animal models. Here, we use the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rat model and comprehensively assess aspects of reinforcement learning to show that psilocybin (post-acutely) improves body weight maintenance in female rats and facilitates cognitive flexibility, specifically via improved adaptation to the initial reversal of reward contingencies. Further, we reveal the involvement of signalling through the serotonin (5-HT) 1 A and 5-HT2A receptor subtypes in specific aspects of learning, demonstrating that 5-HT1A antagonism negates the cognitive enhancing effects of psilocybin. Moreover, we show that psilocybin elicits a transient increase and decrease in cortical transcription of these receptors (Htr2a and Htr1a, respectively), and a further reduction in the abundance of Htr2a transcripts in rats exposed to the ABA model. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that psilocybin could ameliorate cognitive inflexibility in the context of AN and highlight a need to better understand the therapeutic mechanisms independent of 5-HT2A receptor binding.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-024-02575-9", "pubmed_id": "38678087", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02575-9", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Disease Models, Animal, Body Weight, Anorexia, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Cognition, Reward, Anorexia Nervosa, Female, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38678087\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3564, "title": "Acute Dose-dependent Effects of DMT in Healthy Subjects: A Placebo-controlled Cross-over Study", "normalized_title": "acute dose dependent effects of dmt in healthy subjects a placebo controlled cross over study", "authors": "University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland", "abstract": "N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a psychoactive substance with similar effects such as LSD or psilocybin. However, DMT is less well characterized than the latter substances. The present study is a modern randomized cross-over trial, investigating different continuous intravenous DMT dose rates over a broad dose range. Thus, different doses will be tested and related to subjective and autonomic effects. N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a naturally-occurring psychedelic substance widely used in recreational and spiritual settings (Ayahuasca). DMT is considered a tool to induce an altered state of consciousness of interest in psychological and psychiatric research. DMT is rapidly metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO) A. Therefore, it is inactive when administered orally and has a very short duration of action when administered parenterally (\\", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-04-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05384678", "keywords": "Healthy, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (54 mg), N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (108 mg), N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (162 mg), N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (216 mg), Placebo, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (108 mg) + dose titration, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05384678\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1161, "title": "The 'PSILAUT' protocol: an experimental medicine study of autistic differences in the function of brain serotonin targets of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "the psilaut protocol an experimental medicine study of autistic differences in the function of brain serotonin targets of psilocybin", "authors": "Whelan TP, Daly E, Puts NA, Smith P, Allison C, Baron-Cohen S, Malievskaia E, Murphy DGM, McAlonan GM.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe underlying neurobiology of the complex autism phenotype remains obscure, although accumulating evidence implicates the serotonin system and especially the 5HT2A receptor. However, previous research has largely relied upon association or correlation studies to link differences in serotonin targets to autism. To directly establish that serotonergic signalling is involved in a candidate brain function our approach is to change it and observe a shift in that function. We will use psilocybin as a pharmacological probe of the serotonin system in vivo. We will directly test the hypothesis that serotonergic targets of psilocybin - principally, but not exclusively, 5HT2A receptor pathways-function differently in autistic and non-autistic adults.MethodsThe 'PSILAUT' \"shiftability\" study is a case-control study autistic and non-autistic adults. How neural responses 'shift' in response to low doses (2 mg and 5 mg) of psilocybin compared to placebo will be examined using multimodal techniques including functional MRI and EEG. Each participant will attend on up to three separate visits with drug or placebo administration in a double-blind and randomized order.ResultsThis study will provide the first direct evidence that the serotonin targets of psilocybin function differently in the autistic and non-autistic brain. We will also examine individual differences in serotonin system function.ConclusionsThis work will inform our understanding of the neurobiology of autism as well as decisions about future clinical trials of psilocybin and/or related compounds including stratification approaches.Trial registrationNCT05651126.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s12888-024-05768-2", "pubmed_id": "38658877", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05768-2", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Electroencephalography, Case-Control Studies, Double-Blind Method, Autistic Disorder, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38658877\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Adolescents", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1160, "title": "Genetic regulation of L-tryptophan metabolism in Psilocybe mexicana supports psilocybin biosynthesis.", "normalized_title": "genetic regulation of l tryptophan metabolism in psilocybe mexicana supports psilocybin biosynthesis", "authors": "Seibold PS, Dörner S, Fricke J, Schäfer T, Beemelmanns C, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "BackgroundAlthough Basidiomycota produce pharmaceutically and ecologically relevant natural products, knowledge of how they coordinate their primary and secondary metabolism is virtually non-existent. Upon transition from vegetative mycelium to carpophore formation, mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe use L-tryptophan to supply the biosynthesis of the psychedelic tryptamine alkaloid psilocybin with the scaffold, leading to a strongly increased demand for this particular amino acid as this alkaloid may account for up to 2% of the dry mass. Using Psilocybe mexicana as our model and relying on genetic, transcriptomic, and biochemical methods, this study investigated if L-tryptophan biosynthesis and degradation in P. mexicana correlate with natural product formation.ResultsA comparative transcriptomic approach of gene expression in P. mexicana psilocybin non-producing vegetative mycelium versus producing carpophores identified the upregulation of L-tryptophan biosynthesis genes. The shikimate pathway genes trpE1, trpD, and trpB (encoding anthranilate synthase, anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase, and L-tryptophan synthase, respectively) were upregulated in carpophores. In contrast, genes idoA and iasA, encoding indole-2,3-dioxygenase and indole-3-acetaldehyde synthase, i.e., gateway enzymes for L-tryptophan-consuming pathways, were massively downregulated. Subsequently, IasA was heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized in vitro. This enzyme represents the first characterized microbial L-tryptophan-preferring acetaldehyde synthase. A comparison of transcriptomic data collected in this study with prior data of Psilocybe cubensis showed species-specific differences in how L-tryptophan metabolism genes are regulated, despite the close taxonomic relationship.ConclusionsThe upregulated L-tryptophan biosynthesis genes and, oppositely, the concomitant downregulated genes encoding L-tryptophan-consuming enzymes reflect a well-adjusted cellular system to route this amino acid toward psilocybin production. Our study has pilot character beyond the genus Psilocybe and provides, for the first time, insight in the coordination of mushroom primary and secondary metabolism.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-24", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s40694-024-00173-6", "pubmed_id": "38664850", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-024-00173-6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38664850\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,In Vitro Study,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3362, "title": "Do undergraduates’ views of psychedelics relate to the context for psychedelic use?", "normalized_title": "do undergraduates views of psychedelics relate to the context for psychedelic use", "authors": "Petrovitch D, Van Allen J, Mitchell SM, Littlefield AK.", "abstract": "Background. Psychedelic drug policy is beginning to change, both in the U.S. and internationally. However, psychedelic use is not homogeneous, as there are multiple unique contexts for use, including clinical therapies, naturalistic use, and microdosing. There are notable differences between these contexts regarding emerging evidence for therapeutic efficacy, user safety, likely future legality, and other important characteristics. We compared psychedelic-naïve undergraduates’ views (expectancies, perceptions of benefits, and perceptions of harms) of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) across each context, assessed via multiple item pools. Methods. Item-level data were analyzed using non-parametric methods, correcting for multiple comparisons. Participants were 277 psychedelic-naïve undergraduates (75.81% female; 81.95% White; 76.17% non-Hispanic), with a mean age of approximately 19.50 years (SD = 2.01). Results. Only 19 out of 79 omnibus tests assessing views of psychedelics across contexts were statistically significant; when participants’ views of psychedelics were context dependent, they generally had the most positive views of clinical contexts, then microdosing, and, lastly, naturalistic contexts. Conclusion. This indicates that psychedelic-naïve undergraduates make limited distinctions between contexts for psychedelic use, suggesting that a) researchers should define the type of use they intend to study as explicitly as possible when surveying psychedelic-naïve populations and b) in the U.S., psychedelic-naïve undergraduates may benefit from education about differences between contexts, especially considering their potential to impact public policy. Future work should extend these findings to undergraduates (i.e., potential voters) from different U.S. states and international countries to better understand emerging policy phenomena surrounding psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-04-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/xnu5c", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xnu5c", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR843121\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3334, "title": "300 Psilocybin-induced changes in neural reactivity to alcohol and emotional cues in patients with alcohol use disorder: An fMRI pilot study", "normalized_title": "300 psilocybin induced changes in neural reactivity to alcohol and emotional cues in patients with alcohol use disorder an fmri pilot study", "authors": "Pagni B, Petridis P, Podrebarac S, Grinband J, Claus E, Bogenschutz M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11033768", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC11033768\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1162, "title": "Psilocybin therapy and anorexia nervosa: a narrative review of safety considerations for researchers and clinicians.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy and anorexia nervosa a narrative review of safety considerations for researchers and clinicians", "authors": "Downey AE, Chaphekar AV, Woolley J, Raymond-Flesch M.", "abstract": "BackgroundClinical trials using psilocybin therapy to treat anorexia nervosa (AN) are currently underway. The safety and tolerability of psilocybin is of utmost importance in individuals with AN who may present unique medical vulnerabilities. The purpose of this review is to describe how the common physiologic adverse effects of psilocybin may impact medical complications experienced by individuals with AN in clinical trials of psilocybin therapy.Main bodyThe physiologic underpinnings of common adverse effects following psilocybin administration are described, including tachycardia, hypertension, electrocardiogram changes, nausea, headache, and lightheadedness. These anticipated physiologic changes are described in relation to the common medical correlates seen in individuals with AN. Risk mitigation strategies for each adverse effect are proposed.ConclusionEarly evidence suggests that psilocybin therapy is well-tolerated in individuals with AN. Understanding the unique medical complications of AN, and how they may be impacted by common physiologic adverse effects of psilocybin administration, leads to tailored risk mitigation strategies to enhance safety and tolerability of this novel intervention.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s40337-024-01005-z", "pubmed_id": "38659049", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01005-z", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38659049\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 527, "title": "Do undergraduates’ views of psychedelics relate to the context for psychedelic use?", "normalized_title": "do undergraduates views of psychedelics relate to the context for psychedelic use", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background. Psychedelic drug policy is beginning to change, both in the U.S. and internationally. However, psychedelic use is not homogeneous, as there are multiple unique contexts for use, including clinical therapies, naturalistic use, and microdosing. There are notable differences between these contexts regarding emerging evidence for therapeutic efficacy, user safety, likely future legality, and other important characteristics. We compared psychedelic-naïve undergraduates’ views (expectancies, perceptions of benefits, and perceptions of harms) of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) across each context, assessed via multiple item pools. Methods. Item-level data were analyzed using non-parametric methods, correcting for multiple comparisons. Participants were 277 psychedelic-naïve undergraduates (75.81% female; 81.95% White; 76.17% non-Hispanic), with a mean age of approximately 19.50 years (SD = 2.01). Results. Only 19 out of 79 omnibus tests assessing views of psychedelics across contexts were statistically significant; when participants’ views of psychedelics were context dependent, they generally had the most positive views of clinical contexts, then microdosing, and, lastly, naturalistic contexts. Conclusion. This indicates that psychedelic-naïve undergraduates make limited distinctions between contexts for psychedelic use, suggesting that a) researchers should define the type of use they intend to study as explicitly as possible when surveying psychedelic-naïve populations and b) in the U.S., psychedelic-naïve undergraduates may benefit from education about differences between contexts, especially considering their potential to impact public policy. Future work should extend these findings to undergraduates (i.e., potential voters) from different U.S. states and international countries to better understand emerging policy phenomena surrounding psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-04-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/xnu5c_v1", "keywords": "expectancies, microdosing, naturalistic psychedelic use, perceptions of benefits, psychedelic-assisted therapy, risk perceptions, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Substance Abuse and Addiction", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"xnu5c_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Microdosing,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1163, "title": "Author Correction: Psilocybin enhances insightfulness in meditation: a perspective on the global topology of brain imaging during meditation.", "normalized_title": "author correction psilocybin enhances insightfulness in meditation a perspective on the global topology of brain imaging during meditation", "authors": "Singer B, Meling D, Hirsch-Hoffmann M, Michels L, Kometer M, Smigielski L, Dornbierer D, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX, Scheidegger M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-59897-5", "pubmed_id": "38654063", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59897-5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38654063\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3366, "title": "The selective 5-HT2A receptor agonist LPH-5 induces persistent and robust antidepressant-like effects in rodents", "normalized_title": "the selective 5 ht2a receptor agonist lph 5 induces persistent and robust antidepressant like effects in rodents", "authors": "Jensen AA, Cecchi CR, Hibicke M, Bach AH, Kaadt E, Märcher-Rørsted E, Nichols CD, Elfving B, Kristensen JL.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has over the last decade emerged as a promising treatment strategy for mental health disease, and the therapeutic potential in classical psychedelics such as psilocybin, LSD and 5-MeO-DMT is presently being pursued in a plethora of clinical trials. However, the resurgent interest in the drugs as therapeutics has also prompted a search for novel agents with more specific pharmacological activities than the rather promiscuous classical psychedelics. Here we present the results of an elaborate preclinical characterization of one such compound, LPH-5 [( S )-3-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidine]. LPH-5 was found to be a potent partial agonist at the 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2A R) and to exhibit pronounced selectivity for this receptor over the related 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors in a range of functional assays. LPH-5 (0.375 - 12.0 mg/kg, i.p. ) dose-dependently induced head-twitch responses (HTR) in Sprague Dawley rats, with substantial 5-HT2A R engagement being observed at 0.5-1.0 mg/kg. Acute administration of LPH-5 (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) induced robust antidepressant-like effects in Flinders Sensitive Line rats and adrenocorticotropic hormone-treated Sprague Dawley rats, and LPH-5 (0.3 and 1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) induced significant effects in a recently developed Wistar Kyoto rat model proposed to reflect the long-term antidepressant-like effects produced by psychedelics in humans. In conclusion, selective 5-HT2A R activation, as mediated here by LPH- 5, seems to hold antidepressant potential, suggesting that this activity component is key for the beneficial effects of classical psychedelics. Hence, we propose that LPH-5 and other 5-HT2A R- selective agonists could hold potential as therapeutics in psychiatric disease as a new generation of psychedelic-derived antidepressant.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-04-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.04.19.590212", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.19.590212", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR841168\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3140, "title": "Psilocybin reduces functional connectivity and the encoding of spatial information by neurons in mouse retrosplenial cortex", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces functional connectivity and the encoding of spatial information by neurons in mouse retrosplenial cortex", "authors": "Ivan V, Tomas-Cuesta D, Esteves I, Luczak A, Mohajerani M, McNaughton B, Gruber A.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs have profound effects on perception, cognition, and mood. How psychedelics affect neural signaling to produce these effects remains poorly understood. We investigated the effect of the classic psychedelic psilocybin on neural activity patterns and spatial encoding in the retrosplenial cortex of head-fixed mice navigating on a treadmill. The place specificity of neurons to distinct locations along the belt was reduced by psilocybin. Moreover, the stability of place-related activity across trials decreased. Psilocybin also reduced the functional connectivity among simultaneously recorded neurons. The 5-HT2AR (serotonin 2A receptor) antagonist ketanserin blocked the majority of these effects. These data are consistent with proposals that psychedelics increase the entropy of neural signaling, and provide a potential neural mechanism contributing to disorientation frequently reported by humans after taking psychedelics.", "journal": "Authorea Preprints", "publication_date": "2024-04-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.22541/au.171378690.00112411/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.22541/au.171378690.00112411/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR841741\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Authorea Preprints\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1138, "title": "Discovery and Structure-Activity Relationships of 2,5-Dimethoxyphenylpiperidines as Selective Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor Agonists.", "normalized_title": "discovery and structure activity relationships of 2 5 dimethoxyphenylpiperidines as selective serotonin 5 ht2a receptor agonists", "authors": "M Ro Rsted E, Jensen AA, Smits G, Frydenvang K, Kristensen JL.", "abstract": "Classical psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) are showing promising results in clinical trials for a range of psychiatric indications, including depression, anxiety, and substance abuse disorder. These compounds are characterized by broad pharmacological activity profiles, and while the acute mind-altering effects can be ascribed to their shared agonist activity at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR), their apparent persistent therapeutic effects are yet to be decidedly linked to activity at this receptor. We report herein the discovery of 2,5-dimethoxyphenylpiperidines as a novel class of selective 5-HT2AR agonists and detail the structure-activity investigations leading to the identification of LPH-5 [analogue (S)-11] as a selective 5-HT2AR agonist with desirable drug-like properties.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00082", "pubmed_id": "38648420", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00082", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Rats, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Piperidines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Structure-Activity Relationship, Drug Discovery, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38648420\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1068, "title": "Visual hallucinations originating in the retinofugal pathway under clinical and psychedelic conditions.", "normalized_title": "visual hallucinations originating in the retinofugal pathway under clinical and psychedelic conditions", "authors": "Tipado Z, Kuypers KPC, Sorger B, Ramaekers JG.", "abstract": "Psychedelics like LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) and psilocybin are known to modulate perceptual modalities due to the activation of mostly serotonin receptors in specific cortical (e.g., visual cortex) and subcortical (e.g., thalamus) regions of the brain. In the visual domain, these psychedelic modulations often result in peculiar disturbances of viewed objects and light and sometimes even in hallucinations of non-existent environments, objects, and creatures. Although the underlying processes are poorly understood, research conducted over the past twenty years on the subjective experience of psychedelics details theories that attempt to explain these perceptual alterations due to a disruption of communication between cortical and subcortical regions. However, rare medical conditions in the visual system like Charles Bonnet syndrome that cause perceptual distortions may shed new light on the additional importance of the retinofugal pathway in psychedelic subjective experiences. Interneurons in the retina called amacrine cells could be the first site of visual psychedelic modulation and aid in disrupting the hierarchical structure of how humans perceive visual information. This paper presents an understanding of how the retinofugal pathway communicates and modulates visual information in psychedelic and clinical conditions. Therefore, we elucidate a new theory of psychedelic modulation in the retinofugal pathway.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.04.011", "pubmed_id": "38648694", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.04.011", "keywords": "Visual Pathways, Animals, Humans, Hallucinations, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Charles Bonnet Syndrome", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38648694\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3434, "title": "The Effect of Psilocybin on MDD Symptom Severity and Synaptic Density - A Single Dose Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo- Controlled Phase 2 Positron Emission Tomography Study", "normalized_title": "the effect of psilocybin on mdd symptom severity and synaptic density a single dose randomized double blind placebo controlled phase 2 positron emission tomography study", "authors": "Section for Affective Disorders; Northern Stockholm Psychiatry", "abstract": "PROTOCOL SYNOPSIS Title The effect of psilocybin on Major depressive disorder (MDD) symptom severity and synaptic density - a single dose randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled phase 2b positron emission tomography study Study Code PSIPET Name of Sponsor SLSO Organisationsnr: 232100-0016 Sponsor representative: Andreas Carlborg Norra Stockholms Psykiatri Vårdvägen 3 112 19 Stockholm Sweden Medical Monitor Inspira Medical AB Phase of Study Phase 2b Sample Size 30 randomized Name of Investigational Product (IP) Psilocybin, 3-\\[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl\\]-1H-indol-4-yl\\] dihydrogen phosphate Name of Active Placebo Niacin EudraCT 2020-002790-94 Description of IP and Active Placebo PSIPET Protocol 5 200821 Page 14 Study Intervention Name: Psilocybin (active drug product) Niacin (active placebo product) Dosage formulation: One active capsule contains 25 mg of psilocybin One active placebo capsule contains 100 mg of niacin Capsule: Size 2 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), opaque Size 2 HPMC, opaque Unit dose strength: 25 mg 100 mg Route of Administration: Oral (solid dose) Oral (solid dose) Dosing instructions: One capsule administered with water One capsule administered with water Packaging and Labeling: Study Intervention will be provided in a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle. Each bottle will contain one capsule (psilocybin or niacin) and will be labeled as required per Swedish requirement for blinded study. Study Description and Overview Thirty participants (males and females) ages 20 to 65 inclusive, who, at Screening, meet ICD-10 criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), have a current depressive episode of at least 30-day duration, have a Screening Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score \\>= 22 and meet all other inclusion/exclusion criteria will be randomized with a 1-to-1 allocation under double-blind conditions to receive a single 25 mg oral dose of psilocybin or a single 100 mg oral dose of niacin. Niacin will serve as an active placebo control that provides an acute physiological response (flushing) that is intended to aid in blinding of intervention allocation. All randomized participants will be included in the Full Analysis Set (FAS) population used in analyzing primary and secondary study endpoints. Only participants who meet depressive symptom severity criteria at web screening (MADRS self-rating (MADRS-S) score \\> =19) and who do not show an unacceptably large degree of symptom improvement between the web screening and in-person screening (indexed by change in MADRS-S (improvement) 30% (MADRS representing web screening will be approximated to MADRS-S + 3) will be eligible for randomization. This is to minimize the risk for spontaneous remission before dosing. Participants deemed eligible following successful completion of all screening assessments including a structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination will be determined as eligible. Eligible participants at Baseline will submit cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), submit blood samples, be examined with positron emission tomography (PET) and the radioligand \\[11C\\]UCB-J and receive one preparation session (see further below) to be eligible for randomization on Dosing (Day 0) to receive either psilocybin or niacin active-placebo. They will complete follow-up visits, including outcome measures assessments, on study Day 1, 8, 15, 42 and 365 (within corresponding visit windows). At day 15 the sampling of CSF, blood and \\[11C\\]UCB-J PET will be repeated. PSIPET Protocol 5 200821 Page 15 After day 42, all participants will be given follow-up visits at Norra Stockholms Psykiatri for up to one year after dosing, to study dedicated physicians or nurses at a frequency determined by the health care professional. If needed to reach/stay in remission, the participants will be provided antidepressant treatment in accordance with the regional guidelines for antidepressant treatment (https://psykiatristod.se/regionala-vardprogram/ depression). At least monthly the participants will be asked to provide on-line symptom rating data (via 1177.se). At the 365-day visit, symptoms will be evaluated using MADRS, Clinical Global Impression Improvement (CGI-I) and Severity (CGI-S) scales. After completing the study (one year or withdrawal), participants will be subject to standard care, including referral in accordance with regional guidelines. The study outcome measures will be used to assess depressive symptoms, clinical global functioning, functional disability, anxiety symptoms and health-related quality of life. Safety outcome measures will be collected at all assessment time points from the time of consent through the end of study. To enhance participant safety, the current study proposes to test psilocybin within a \"set and setting\" (SaS) protocol similar to the protocol that has been used in all modern studies of psilocybin in both diseased and normal healthy populations. The SaS protocol for this study includes: 1) a preparation with session Facilitators (licensed psychologists) prior to dosing; 2) administration of study medications in an aesthetically neutral room under the supervision of two Facilitators who are present throughout the session (with the exception of short, temporary allowances for facilitator breaks; e.g. bathroom breaks); and 3) three post-dose integration sessions during which participants are encouraged to discuss their intervention experience with the Facilitators. To evaluate the Facilitators' adherence to the study manual, and the role of Facilitators' and participants' in-session behaviors for treatment outcome, all five sessions in the trial with Facilitators present will be recorded. The SaS will be identical for those randomized to psilocybin or niacin active placebo. Study Duration The planned maximum study duration for each participant will be approximately one year, with variation primarily dependent on the length of the screening period, the number of days between baseline and dosing, and the visit windows provided for each post-dose assessment. For each participant, the study will be divided into two phases: Phase A or treatment phase (day 0 to and including day 42), and phase B or follow-up phase (day 43 -365). The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a single 25 mg oral dose of psilocybin for major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to an active placebo (niacin) in otherwise medically-healthy participants between the ages of 20 and 65, assessed as the difference between groups in changes in depressive symptoms. Primary Outcome Measure Change in blinded rater MADRS total score from Baseline to Day 8.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-04-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04630964", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Depression, Psilocybin, Niacin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04630964\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1165, "title": "Effects of psilocybin, psychedelic mushroom extract and 5-hydroxytryptophan on brain immediate early gene expression: Interaction with serotonergic receptor modulators.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin psychedelic mushroom extract and 5 hydroxytryptophan on brain immediate early gene expression interaction with serotonergic receptor modulators", "authors": "Lerer E, Botvinnik A, Shahar O, Grad M, Blakolmer K, Shomron N, Lotan A, Lerer B, Lifschytz T.", "abstract": "Background: Immediate early genes (IEGs) are rapidly activated and initiate diverse cellular processes including neuroplasticity. We report the effect of psilocybin (PSIL), PSIL-containing psychedelic mushroom extract (PME) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) on expression of the IEGs, cfos, egr1, and egr2 in mouse somatosensory cortex (SSC). Methods: In our initial experiment, male C57Bl/6j mice were injected with PSIL4.4 mg/kg or 5-HTP200 mg/kg, alone or immediately preceded by serotonergic receptor modulators. IEG mRNA expression 1 hour later was determined by real time qPCR. In a replication study a group of mice treated with PME was added. Results: In our initial experiment, PSIL but not 5-HTP significantly increased expression of all three IEGs. No correlation was observed between the head twitch response (HTR) induced by PSIL and its effect on the IEGs. The serotonergic receptor modulators did not significantly alter PSIL-induced IEG expression, with the exception of the 5-HT2C antagonist (RS102221), which significantly enhanced PSIL-induced egr2 expression. 5-HTP did not affect IEG expression. In our replication experiment, PSIL and PME upregulated levels of egr1 and cfos while the upregulation of egr2 was not significant. Conclusions: We have shown that PSIL and PME but not 5-HTP (at a dose sufficient to induce HTR), induced a significant increase in cfos and egr1 expression in mouse SSC. Our findings suggest that egr1 and cfos expression may be associated with psychedelic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2024.1391412", "pubmed_id": "38698823", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1391412", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38698823\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1164, "title": "Palliative care patients' attitudes and openness towards psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for existential distress.", "normalized_title": "palliative care patients attitudes and openness towards psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for existential distress", "authors": "Wang JR, Mendez Araque SJ, Micciche G, McMillan A, Coughlin E, Mattiola R, English D, Kaliebe K.", "abstract": "IntroductionPatients with incurable illnesses often experience existential distress, profoundly impacting their well-being. Current medical approaches have limitations in addressing these burdens. Psilocybin, a promising psychedelic compound, may offer therapeutic benefits. This pilot survey study aimed to investigate the attitudes and openness toward psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAT) among patients with incurable illnesses. The objective is to assess patients' attitudes toward PAT and identify potential barriers and concerns, including exploring the association between beliefs in psilocybin's therapeutic benefits and interest in receiving this treatment.MethodsThe survey study was conducted at the Tampa General Hospital Palliative Care Outpatient office in the United States. Participants were 32 English-fluent patients, aged 18 or older, with incurable illnesses. The survey included demographic questions, a validated tool to measure existential distress, and questions about knowledge and concerns regarding psilocybin. Attitudes toward PAT and interest in its future use were assessed using Likert scale responses.ResultsAmong the 31 analyzed participants, 51.6% expressed interest in future psilocybin treatment, while 32.3% did not indicate interest. Belief in the psilocybin's therapeutic benefits for stress and anxiety significantly correlated with interest in use. Concerns included risk of psychosis, lack of trained providers, and potential for exploitation. No demographic factors were associated with interest or levels of distress.ConclusionsThis pilot study provides insights into the attitudes and concerns toward PAT among patients with incurable illnesses. Over half of participants expressed interest. However, concerns regarding its use were identified, with patients' concern for the risk of exploitation associated with PAT as an especially novel concern documented in this patient population. This highlighted the need for further education of risks and benefits or PAT by trained clinicians and rigorous training of clinicians with the establishment of safeguards against exploitation. Further research is necessary to explore the potential benefits of PAT and related non-psilocybin psychedelic compounds in addressing existential distress among patients with incurable illnesses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1301960", "pubmed_id": "38699449", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1301960", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38699449\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Observational Study,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1040, "title": "Emerging drugs in phase II and III clinical development for the treatment of alcohol use disorder.", "normalized_title": "emerging drugs in phase ii and iii clinical development for the treatment of alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Köhne S, Hillemacher T, Glahn A, Bach P.", "abstract": "IntroductionAlcohol Use Disorder (AUD) poses an ongoing significant global health burden. AUD is highly prevalent and affects not only the individuals with AUD, but also their communities and society at large. Even though pharmacotherapy is an integral part of AUD treatment, the few available substances show limited efficacy and limited clinical impact. Thus, there is a need for new innovative pharmacotherapeutic approaches.Areas coveredThis paper provides a comprehensive review of drugs approved for the treatment of AUD as well as those currently in phase II and III development. Data from recent clinical trials has been reviewed and supplemented by additional literature based on a systematic search of the PubMed database and clinical trials registries. Compounds discussed include disulfiram, naltrexone, nalmefene, acamprosat, baclofen, sodium oxybate, doxazosin, varenicline, zonisamide, gabapentin, apremilast, ibudilast, ivermectin, tolcapone, mifepristone, suvorexant, ketamine, psilocybin, semaglutide, oxytocin and cannabidiol.Expert opinionEven though the majority of the discussed compounds lack sufficient evidence to support their efficacy, multiple promising new treatment options are currently under investigation. Future research has to consider specific phenotypes and subgroups of AUD as well as a possible enhancement of the effects of psychotherapy through combination with pharmacotherapy. Practitioners should be encouraged to use available compounds to support existing therapeutic regimens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/14728214.2024.2342951", "pubmed_id": "38606899", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14728214.2024.2342951", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Alcoholism, Alcohol Deterrents, Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic, Drug Development", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38606899\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1166, "title": "Psychological flexibility as a mechanism of change in psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depression: results from an exploratory placebo-controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "psychological flexibility as a mechanism of change in psilocybin assisted therapy for major depression results from an exploratory placebo controlled trial", "authors": "Sloshower J, Zeifman RJ, Guss J, Krause R, Safi-Aghdam H, Pathania S, Pittman B, D'Souza DC.", "abstract": "Several phase II studies have demonstrated that psilocybin-assisted therapy shows therapeutic potential across a spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions, including major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the mechanisms underlying its often persisting beneficial effects remain unclear. Observational research suggests that improvements in psychological flexibility may mediate therapeutic effects. However, no psychedelic trials to date have substantiated this finding in a clinical sample. In an exploratory placebo-controlled, within-subject, fixed-order study, individuals with moderate to severe MDD were administered placebo (n = 19) followed by psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg) (n = 15) 4 weeks later. Dosing sessions were embedded within a manualized psychotherapy that incorporated principles of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Depression severity, psychological flexibility, mindfulness, and values-congruent living were measured over a 16-weeks study period. Psychological flexibility, several facets of mindfulness, and values-congruent living significantly improved following psilocybin and were maintained through week 16. Additionally, improvements in psychological flexibility and experiential acceptance were strongly associated with reductions in depression severity following psilocybin. These findings support the theoretical premise of integrating psilocybin treatment with psychotherapeutic platforms that target psychological flexibility and add to emerging evidence that increasing psychological flexibility may be an important putative mechanism of change in psilocybin-assisted therapy for MDD and potentially, other mental health conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-58318-x", "pubmed_id": "38632313", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58318-x", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38632313\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Psychological Flexibility,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 982, "title": "Trips Through the Skin: Reviewing Cutaneous Drug Reactions to Psychedelics and Hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "trips through the skin reviewing cutaneous drug reactions to psychedelics and hallucinogens", "authors": "Rahman SM, Salem Y, Hussain A.", "abstract": "Although psychedelic and hallucinogenic substances have gained popularity for therapeutic use, their dermatologic adverse effects are poorly characterized. This review characterizes the cutaneous reactions associated with psychedelic and hallucinogenic drugs. A review of PubMed and Scopus was conducted from the inception of databases to August 31, 2023. Search terms included drug names and classes (cannabis, MDMA, ecstasy, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, psychedelics, hallucinogens, peyote, marijuana, lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD, ketamine, dimethyltryptamine, DMT, phencyclidine, PCP, dextromethorphan, psilocybin, and ayahuasca), and dermatosis terms (dermatitis, contact dermatitis, drug eruption, skin reaction, and urticaria). Studies were included if there was an association with a psychedelic or hallucinogenic and any cutaneous reaction; studies without both components were excluded. Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria, describing reactions to cannabis (10 studies), MDMA (5 studies), ketamine (4 studies), and psilocybin (3 studies). Forty total patients were included. Among cannabis-related reactions, the most common reaction was type I hypersensitivity by topical exposure (n = 21). Three patients reported type IV hypersensitivity reactions to contact with cannabis or cannabis-derived oils, all of whom experienced vesicular contact dermatitis. Two additional patients presented with an erythema-multiforme-like reaction and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis after systemic administration, respectively. MDMA was associated with acneiform eruptions (2 cases), an urticarial eruption, a guttate psoriasis-like reaction, a fixed drug eruption, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (1 case). Four patients reported type I hypersensitivity reactions to ketamine. Four patients reported vesicular eruptions, cyanosis, or widespread jaundice to psilocybin. Of the cases, 8 patients had cutaneous reactions that resolved with drug cessation, 10 resolved with cessation plus treatment, and resolution in 7 cases was not reported. Zero studies were found describing other psychedelic or hallucinogenic compounds. Further research is required to characterize reactions and treatments linked to the variety of extant psychedelics and hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/derm.2023.0292", "pubmed_id": "38634840", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/derm.2023.0292", "keywords": "Skin, Humans, Drug Eruptions, Ketamine, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38634840\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1094, "title": "A taxonomy of regulatory and policy matters relevant to psychedelic-assisted therapy in Australia.", "normalized_title": "a taxonomy of regulatory and policy matters relevant to psychedelic assisted therapy in australia", "authors": "Hatfield SP, Thornton NL, Greenstien K, Glozier N.", "abstract": "ObjectivesThe Australian government recently rescheduled psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine for limited clinical uses. This change has raised various regulatory concerns and challenges for the field of psychedelic-assisted therapy. To provide clarity, we aimed to comprehensively catalogue the matters relating to psychedelic-assisted therapy that are or could be regulated.MethodsWe conducted a desktop review of the literature and current regulatory sources, semi-structured interviews with professionals who had expertise in fields relating to psychedelic-assisted therapy and a framework analysis to generate a taxonomy of relevant regulatory matters. In relation to each matter, we further identified what type of regulation (if any) currently applies to that matter, any uncertainty as to how the matter should be addressed in clinical practice in the context of current regulation and whether there are conflicting views as to how the matter could or should be further regulated.ResultsThe taxonomy is structured into six main regulatory domains, three of which have a substantial proportion of matters with uncertainty or conflicting views: Service Establishment, Practitioner, and Treatment Delivery. Key examples of such matters include the location of services and facilities required, which professionals are eligible to become psychedelic therapists, and with what qualifications and experience. Matters in the remaining three domains, Patient Evaluation, Drug Supply and Service Oversight, appear by comparison relatively settled, with regulation either well-established or thought unnecessary.ConclusionsThe taxonomy provides a roadmap for health services establishing and implementing a psychedelic-assisted therapy program, or for government and other policymakers when determining areas that may require further regulation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/00048674241240597", "pubmed_id": "38628079", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674241240597", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Health Policy, Australia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38628079\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3331, "title": "A dual-receptor model of serotonergic psychedelics", "normalized_title": "a dual receptor model of serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Juliani A, Chelu V, Graesser L, Safron A.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics have been identified as promising next-generation therapeutic agents in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. While their efficacy has been increasingly validated, the mechanism by which they exert a therapeutic effect is still debated. A popular theoretical account is that excessive 5-HT2a agonism disrupts cortical dynamics, relaxing the precision of maladaptive high-level beliefs and making them more malleable and open to revision. We extend this perspective by developing a simple energy-based model of cortical dynamics based on predictive processing which incorporates effects of neuromodulation. Using this model, we propose and simulate hypothetical computational mechanisms for both 5-HT2a and 5-HT1a agonism. Results from our model are able to account for a number of existing empirical observations concerning serotonergic psychedelics effects on cognition and affect. Using the findings of our model, we provide a theoretically-grounded hypothesis for the clinical success of LSD, psilocybin, and DMT, as well as identify the design space of biased 5-HT1a agonist psychedelics such as 5-MeO-DMT as potentially fruitful in the development of more effective and tolerable psychotherapeutic agents in the future.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-04-14", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.04.12.589282", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.12.589282", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR838073\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1145, "title": "Psychedelics and the 'inner healer': Myth or mechanism?", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and the inner healer myth or mechanism", "authors": "Peill J, Marguilho M, Erritzoe D, Barba T, Greenway KT, Rosas F, Timmermann C, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "BackgroundReference to an intrinsic healing mechanism or an 'inner healer' is commonplace amongst psychedelic drug-using cultures. The 'inner healer' refers to the belief that psychedelic compounds, plants or concoctions have an intrinsically regenerative action on the mind and brain, analogous to intrinsic healing mechanisms within the physical body, for example, after sickness or injury.AimsHere, we sought to test and critique this idea by devising a single subjective rating item pertaining to perceived 'inner healing' effects.MethodsThe item was issued to 59 patients after a single high (25 mg, n = 30) or 'placebo' (1 mg, n = 29) dose of psilocybin in a double-blind randomised controlled trial of psilocybin for depression.ResultsInner healer scores were higher after the high versus placebo dose of psilocybin (t = 3.88, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241239206", "pubmed_id": "38605658", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241239206", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38605658\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1167, "title": "The Promise of Therapeutic Psilocybin: An Evaluation of the 134 Clinical Trials, 54 Potential Indications, and 0 Marketing Approvals on ClinicalTrials.gov.", "normalized_title": "the promise of therapeutic psilocybin an evaluation of the 134 clinical trials 54 potential indications and 0 marketing approvals on clinicaltrials gov", "authors": "Norring SA, Spigarelli MG.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin, a tryptamine psychedelic, has been touted in the media both historically and recently as a potential game-changing mental health therapeutic. ClinicalTrials.gov has over one hundred and thirty psilocybin clinical trials listed covering the last twenty years. The single most important aspect of any therapeutic is to gain approval for marketing and thus enter the real-world phase of development. A typical new chemical entity progresses from inception to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in approximately 12 years and seeks approval for a single indication.MethodsAn observational study was conducted with the available information on the ClinicalTrials.gov site to observe the extent of progress made demonstrating the clinical utility of psilocybin.ResultsThe results showed 134 psilocybin trials typically unblinded studies of 10-20 participants, recruited over years at a single site. Additionally, there have been only three advanced trials (1 Phase 2/3 and 2 Phase 3) submitted, and only in the last two years.DiscussionThe hundreds of psilocybin clinical trials initiated over the past twenty years comprising a myriad of potential indications may actually be slowing this potential game-changing mental health therapeutic agent's approval and is costing excessive amounts of capital. To fully evaluate the actual potential of psilocybin, purposeful clinical trials need to be designed well, executed efficiently, and analyzed utilizing sequential and statistically valid processes for each potential indication. This will require a change from the current exploratory forays to defined, well-funded, sequential pharmaceutical development practices, including adequate and appropriate blinding of studies, statistical design to determine the number of participants and more importantly, professional expertise in conducting multicenter trials. Unfortunately, these results demonstrate little real progress towards FDA approval of psilocybin and a field with no clear direction forward.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.2147/dddt.s443177", "pubmed_id": "38618282", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s443177", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Research Design, Marketing, United States, Psilocybin, Drug Development", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38618282\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1133, "title": "Psilocybin induces acute anxiety and changes in amygdalar phosphopeptides independently from the 5-HT2A receptor.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces acute anxiety and changes in amygdalar phosphopeptides independently from the 5 ht2a receptor", "authors": "Harari R, Chatterjee I, Getselter D, Elliott E.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, and its metabolite psilocin, induces psychedelic effects through activation of the 5-HT2A receptor. Psilocybin has been proposed as a treatment for depression and anxiety but sometimes induces anxiety in humans. An understanding of mechanisms underlying the anxiety response will help to better develop therapeutic prospects of psychedelics. In the current study, psilocybin induced an acute increase in anxiety in behavioral paradigms in mice. Importantly, pharmacological blocking of the 5-HT2A receptor attenuates psilocybin-induced head twitch response, a behavioral proxy for the psychedelic response, but does not rescue psilocybin's effect on anxiety-related behavior. Phosphopeptide analysis in the amygdala uncovered signal transduction pathways that are dependent or independent of the 5-HT2A receptor. Furthermore, presynaptic proteins are specifically involved in psilocybin-induced acute anxiety. These insights into how psilocybin may induce short-term anxiety are important for understanding how psilocybin may best be used in the clinical framework.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.isci.2024.109686", "pubmed_id": "38660396", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109686", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38660396\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1118, "title": "Mechanisms of therapeutic change after psychedelic treatment in OCD.", "normalized_title": "mechanisms of therapeutic change after psychedelic treatment in ocd", "authors": "Maloney G, Ching T, Kichuk SA, Pittenger C, Kelmendi B.", "abstract": "Novel treatments are required for the 30-50% of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who remain resistant to first-line pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments. Recent pilot data suggest benefit from psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) and from imagery rescripting (ImRs). We explore psychological mechanisms of change underpinning both interventions that appear to allow for reprocessing of negative emotions and core beliefs associated with past aversive events. A next critical step in PAP is the development of psychotherapeutic frameworks grounded in theory. We propose that basing PAP on an ImRs framework may provide synergistic benefits in symptom reduction, modification of core beliefs, and value-based living.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115907", "pubmed_id": "38615521", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115907", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin, Imagery, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38615521\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3724, "title": "Psilocybin for dementia prevention? The potential role of psilocybin to alter mechanisms associated with major depression and neurodegenerative diseases.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for dementia prevention the potential role of psilocybin to alter mechanisms associated with major depression and neurodegenerative diseases", "authors": "Haniff ZR, Bocharova M, Mantingh T, Rucker JJ, Velayudhan L, Taylor DM, Young AH, Aarsland D, Vernon AC, Thuret S.", "abstract": "Major depression is an established risk factor for subsequent dementia, and depression in late life may also represent a prodromal state of dementia. Considering current challenges in the clinical development of disease modifying therapies for dementia, the focus of research is shifting towards prevention and modification of risk factors to alter the neurodegenerative disease trajectory. Understanding mechanistic commonalities underlying affective symptoms and cognitive decline may reveal biomarkers to aid early identification of those at risk of progressing to dementia during the preclinical phase of disease, thus allowing for timely intervention. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is a phenomenon that describes the birth of new neurons in the dentate gyrus throughout life and it is associated with spatial learning, memory and mood regulation. Microglia are innate immune system macrophages in the central nervous system that carefully regulate AHN via multiple mechanisms. Disruption in AHN is associated with both dementia and major depression and microgliosis is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that psychedelics promote neuroplasticity, including neurogenesis, and may also be immunomodulatory. In this context, psilocybin, a serotonergic agonist with rapid-acting antidepressant properties has the potential to ameliorate intersecting pathophysiological processes relevant for both major depression and neurodegenerative diseases. In this narrative review, we focus on the evidence base for the effects of psilocybin on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial form and function; which may suggest that psilocybin has the potential to modulate multiple mechanisms of action, and may have implications in altering the progression from major depression to dementia in those at risk.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108641", "pubmed_id": "38583670", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108641", "keywords": "Hippocampus, Microglia, Animals, Humans, Dementia, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Neurogenesis, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:41", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38583670\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1095, "title": "Dynamic Functional Hyperconnectivity After Psilocybin Intake Is Primarily Associated With Oceanic Boundlessness.", "normalized_title": "dynamic functional hyperconnectivity after psilocybin intake is primarily associated with oceanic boundlessness", "authors": "Mortaheb S, Fort LD, Mason NL, Mallaroni P, Ramaekers JG, Demertzi A.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a widely studied psychedelic substance that leads to the psychedelic state, a specific altered state of consciousness. To date, the relationship between the psychedelic state's neurobiological and experiential patterns remains undercharacterized because they are often analyzed separately. We investigated the relationship between neurobiological and experiential patterns after psilocybin by focusing on the link between dynamic cerebral connectivity and retrospective questionnaire assessment.MethodsHealthy participants were randomized to receive either psilocybin (n = 22) or placebo (n = 27) and scanned for 6 minutes in an eyes-open resting state during the peak subjective drug effect (102 minutes posttreatment) in ultrahigh field 7T magnetic resonance imaging. The 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale was administered 360 minutes after drug intake.ResultsUnder psilocybin, there were alterations across all dimensions of the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale and widespread increases in averaged brain functional connectivity. Time-varying functional connectivity analysis unveiled a recurrent hyperconnected pattern characterized by low blood oxygen level-dependent signal amplitude, suggesting heightened cortical arousal. In terms of neuroexperiential links, canonical correlation analysis showed higher transition probabilities to the hyperconnected pattern with feelings of oceanic boundlessness and secondly with visionary restructuralization.ConclusionsPsilocybin generates profound alterations at both the brain and the experiential levels. We suggest that the brain's tendency to enter a hyperconnected-hyperarousal pattern under psilocybin represents the potential to entertain variant mental associations. These findings illuminate the intricate interplay between brain dynamics and subjective experience under psilocybin, thereby providing insights into the neurophysiology and neuroexperiential qualities of the psychedelic state.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.04.001", "pubmed_id": "38588855", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.04.001", "keywords": "Brain, Nerve Net, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Consciousness, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Connectome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38588855\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3001, "title": "Cultivation, chemistry, and genome of Psilocybe zapotecorum.", "normalized_title": "cultivation chemistry and genome of psilocybe zapotecorum", "authors": "Miller DR, Jacobs JT, Rockefeller A, Singer H, Bollinger IM, Conway J, Slot JC, Cliffel DE.", "abstract": "Psilocybe zapotecorum is a strongly blue-bruising psilocybin mushroom used by indigenous groups in southeastern Mexico and beyond. While this species has a rich history of ceremonial use, research into its chemistry and genetics has been limited. Herein, we report on mushroom morphology, cultivation parameters, chemical profile, and the full genome sequence of P. zapotecorum. First, we detail growth and cloning methods that are simple, and reproducible. In combination with high resolution microscopic analysis, the strain was identified by DNA barcoding, confirming the field identification. Full genome sequencing reveals the architecture of the psilocybin gene cluster in P. zapotecorum, and can serve as a reference genome for Psilocybe clade I. Characterization of the tryptamine profile revealed a psilocybin concentration of 17.9 ± 1.7 mg/g, with a range of 10.6-25.7 mg/g (n = 7), and similar tryptamines (psilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, norpsilocin, aeruginascin, and 4-HO-tryptamine) in lesser concentrations for a combined tryptamine concentration of 22.5 ± 3.2 mg/g. These results show P. zapotecorum to be a potent and chemically variable Psilocybe mushroom. Chemical profiling, genetic analysis, and cultivation assist in demystifying these mushrooms. As clinical studies with psilocybin gain traction, understanding the diversity of Psilocybe expands the conversation beyond the molecule.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2023.00332", "pubmed_id": "41836496", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00332", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"41836496\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3726, "title": "[Psychedelic psychiatry].", "normalized_title": "psychedelic psychiatry", "authors": "López E, Yngwe H, Beckman M, Tiger M, Hieronymus F, Lundberg J.", "abstract": "In the last 20 years there has been an increased interest in research on psychedelic compounds for treatment of psychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety and substance use disorders. Despite existing treatments being efficacious for many patients, this is not the case for up to a third of the patients with depression. Additionally, treatments are often long and associated with side effects. This review focuses on the psychedelic compound psilocybin, a serotonin-2A-receptor agonist that has been seen to reduce depression and anxiety in patients after administration of only a single dose, with effects lasting several weeks. Recent findings from phase II studies suggest that psilocybin treatment for depression is safe and efficacious. A phase III study is currently recruiting. Whether psychedelics will become a part of standard healthcare remains to be seen, but findings do give rise to cautious optimism.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "38572715", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38572715", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:41", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38572715\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3610, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial Comparing One Versus Two Psychedelic Doses of Psilocybin (PSI-1V2)", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for treatment resistant depression a randomized phase ii clinical trial comparing one versus two psychedelic doses of psilocybin psi 1v2", "authors": "University Health Network, Toronto", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to see if one or two doses of psilocybin is more effective in relieving depressive symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Researchers also want to know if a second dose of psilocybin is safe and well-tolerated. This study will see if psilocybin is effective, safe, and well-tolerated by tracking changes in depressive symptoms, suicidality, and side effects. This study will also see if a second dose of psilocybin has an effect on quality of life, functioning, cognition (thinking, reasoning, remembering), and how long depressive symptoms improve (or worsen) after psilocybin is administered. During the past decade, there has been increased interest in the use of psilocybin as a novel treatment for mental health disorders, including treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Recent studies have suggested that psilocybin has the potential to relieve depressive symptoms when combined with psychotherapy (i.e., psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy \\[PAP\\]). Each psilocybin dosing session requires the use of extensive resources, including two specialized therapists supporting the patient for 6-8 hours per dosing session. If two doses of psilocybin prove to be more effective than a single dose of psilocybin in relieving depressive symptoms, then two doses should be the standard intervention for future trials and clinical application. However, if a second dose of psilocybin does not offer increased anti-depressant benefit from the first dose, then a second dose of psilocybin would only increase the risk of adverse side effects and cost of treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine whether a second dose of psilocybin provides better efficacy, safety and tolerability than a single dose. The investigators hypothesize that two doses of psilocybin will be more beneficial compared to a single dose, and that there will be no significant difference between the groups (one dose versus two doses) in safety or tolerability. The primary objective of assessing antidepressant efficacy will be evaluated by the change in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) between baseline and Week 8. Safety and tolerability will be assessed using standardized adverse effects monitoring, in addition to close participant monitoring during the dosing day (e.g., blood pressure changes, dissociative and psychotomimetic effects, treatment-emergent manic symptoms, and suicidality). Secondary objectives include evaluating the effects of one versus two psilocybin doses on suicidality, quality of life, functioning, cognition, and duration of clinical benefits during the six month observational follow-up period. Exploratory objectives include evaluating predictors of response, such as static and dynamic clinical factors and expectancy effects, and cost-effectiveness of one versus two psilocybin doses.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-04-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06341426", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Depression, Treatment-Resistant Depression, Mood Disorders, Single Psychedelic Dose Psilocybin, Two Psychedelic Doses Psilocybin, RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06341426\",\"overall_status\":\"RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1134, "title": "Psilocybin pulse regimen reduces cluster headache attack frequency in the blinded extension phase of a randomized controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin pulse regimen reduces cluster headache attack frequency in the blinded extension phase of a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Schindler EAD, Sewell RA, Gottschalk CH, Flynn LT, Zhu Y, Pittman BP, Cozzi NV, D'Souza DC.", "abstract": "BackgroundIn a recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we observed a nonsignificant reduction of attack frequency in cluster headache after pulse administration of psilocybin (10 mg/70 kg, 3 doses, 5 days apart each). We carried out a blinded extension phase to consider the safety and efficacy of repeating the pulse regimen.MethodsEligible participants returned to receive a psilocybin pulse at least 6 months after their first round of study participation. Participants kept headache diaries starting two weeks before and continuing through eight weeks after the first drug session. Ten participants completed the extension phase and all ten were included in the final analysis.ResultsIn the three weeks after the start of the pulse, cluster attack frequency was significantly reduced from baseline (18.4 [95% confidence interval 8.4 to 28.4] to 9.8 [4.3 to 15.2] attacks/week; p = 0.013, d' = 0.97). A reduction of approximately 50% was seen regardless of individual response to psilocybin in the first round. Psilocybin was well-tolerated without any unexpected or serious adverse events.DiscussionThis study shows a significant reduction in cluster attack frequency in a repeat round of pulse psilocybin administration and suggests that prior response may not predict the effect of repeated treatment. To gauge the full potential of psilocybin as a viable medicine in cluster headache, future work should investigate the safety and therapeutic efficacy in larger, more representative samples over a longer time period, including repeating the treatment.Clinical trials registrationNCT02981173.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-04-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jns.2024.122993", "pubmed_id": "38581739", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2024.122993", "keywords": "Humans, Cluster Headache, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38581739\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2006, "title": "Inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme activity by alkaloid psilocin from magic mushrooms: potential for drug interactions", "normalized_title": "inhibition of cytochrome p450 3a4 enzyme activity by alkaloid psilocin from magic mushrooms potential for drug interactions", "authors": "Wilson Lavonne, Babumon Muthiramalil T., Irvine William, Morrison Isaac, Foster Kimberly, Delgoda Rupika", "abstract": "", "journal": "Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics", "publication_date": "2024-03-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100829", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100829", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100829\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1186, "title": "Evidence versus expectancy: the development of psilocybin therapy.", "normalized_title": "evidence versus expectancy the development of psilocybin therapy", "authors": "Rucker JJ.", "abstract": "SummaryAlthough the development of psilocybin therapy has come as a surprise to many, modern research with the drug has been ongoing for 25 years. Psilocybin therapy is composed of psilocybin dosing sessions embedded within a wider process of psychoeducation, psychological support and integration. Early phase clinical trial evidence is promising, particularly for treatment-resistant depression. However, masking probably fails and expectancy effects may be a part of the mechanism of change. Disambiguating between drug and expectancy effects is a necessary part of the development process, yet this is difficult if masking fails. Hitherto, masking and expectancy have not been routinely measured in psilocybin or other medication trials. Doing so represents an opportunity for research and may influence psychiatry more widely. In this opinion piece I summarise the clinical development process of psilocybin therapy thus far, discussing the hope, the hype, the challenges and the opportunities along the way.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1192/bjb.2023.28", "pubmed_id": "37246405", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2023.28", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37246405\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1184, "title": "Longitudinal associations between psychedelic use and meditation practices in the United States and the United Kingdom.", "normalized_title": "longitudinal associations between psychedelic use and meditation practices in the united states and the united kingdom", "authors": "Simonsson O, Osika W, Stenfors CUD, Goldberg SB, Honk L, Hendricks PS", "abstract": "Previous research has proposed that there may be potential synergies between psychedelic and meditation interventions, but there are still knowledge gaps that merit further investigation. Using a longitudinal observational research design with samples representative of the US and UK adult population with regard to sex, age, and ethnicity ( = 9732), we investigated potential associations between self-reported psychedelic use and meditation practice. The follow-up survey was completed by 7667 respondents (79% retention rate), with 100 respondents reporting psychedelic use during the 2-month study period (1.3% of follow-up respondents). In covariate-adjusted regression models, psychedelic use during the study period was associated with greater increases in the number of days of mindfulness meditation practice in the past week ( = 0.40, = 0.004). Among those who reported psychedelic use during the study period, covariate-adjusted regression models revealed that the subjective experience of insight during respondents' most intense psychedelic experience in that period was also associated with greater increases in the number of days of mindfulness and loving-kindness or compassion meditation practice in the past week ( = 0.42, = 0.021; = 0.38, = 0.017). Notably, more days of loving-kindness or compassion meditation practice in the past week at baseline was associated with less severe subjective feelings of death or dying during respondents' most intense psychedelic experience in the study period ( = -0.29, = 0.037). Psychedelic use might lead to greater engagement with meditation practices such as mindfulness meditation, while meditation practices such as loving-kindness or compassion medication might buffer against certain challenging experiences associated with psychedelic use.", "journal": "Psychological medicine", "publication_date": "2024-03-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1017/s0033291723003082", "pubmed_id": "37859627", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37859627/", "keywords": "compassion, meditation, mindfulness, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37859627\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1174, "title": "Magic mushroom and zebrafish: A new recipe?", "normalized_title": "magic mushroom and zebrafish a new recipe", "authors": "Gerlai R", "abstract": "", "journal": "Lab animal", "publication_date": "2024-03-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41684-024-01350-1", "pubmed_id": "38467873", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38467873/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:13", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38467873\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1173, "title": "The unique neural signature of your trip: Functional connectome fingerprints of subjective psilocybin experience.", "normalized_title": "the unique neural signature of your trip functional connectome fingerprints of subjective psilocybin experience", "authors": "Tolle HM, Farah JC, Mallaroni P, Mason NL, Ramaekers JG, Amico E.", "abstract": "The emerging neuroscientific frontier of brain fingerprinting has recently established that human functional connectomes (FCs) exhibit fingerprint-like idiosyncratic features, which map onto heterogeneously distributed behavioral traits. Here, we harness brain-fingerprinting tools to extract FC features that predict subjective drug experience induced by the psychedelic psilocybin. Specifically, in neuroimaging data of healthy volunteers under the acute influence of psilocybin or a placebo, we show that, post psilocybin administration, FCs become more idiosyncratic owing to greater intersubject dissimilarity. Moreover, whereas in placebo subjects idiosyncratic features are primarily found in the frontoparietal network, in psilocybin subjects they concentrate in the default mode network (DMN). Crucially, isolating the latter revealed an FC pattern that predicts subjective psilocybin experience and is characterized by reduced within-DMN and DMN-limbic connectivity, as well as increased connectivity between the DMN and attentional systems. Overall, these results contribute to bridging the gap between psilocybin-mediated effects on brain and behavior, while demonstrating the value of a brain-fingerprinting approach to pharmacological neuroimaging.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1162/netn_a_00349", "pubmed_id": "38562294", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00349", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38562294\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1172, "title": "Acute Adverse Effects of Therapeutic Doses of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "acute adverse effects of therapeutic doses of psilocybin a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Yerubandi A, Thomas JE, Bhuiya NMMA, Harrington C, Villa Zapata L, Caballero J.", "abstract": "ImportancePsilocybin has been studied in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. Clinical studies have mainly focused on efficacy, with systematic reviews showing favorable efficacy; however, none have primarily focused on psilocybin safety.ObjectiveTo evaluate the acute adverse effects of psilocybin at therapeutic doses in the treatment of depression and anxiety.Data sourcesMEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for publications available between 1966 and November 30, 2023.Study selectionRandomized, double-blind clinical trials that reported adverse effects of psilocybin in patients treated for depression and anxiety were screened.Data extraction and synthesisData were independently extracted by 2 authors and verified by 2 additional authors following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline. The inverse variance method with the Hartung-Knapp adjustment for the random-effects model was used, with a continuity correction of 0.5 for studies with 0 cell frequencies. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by sequentially removing 1 study at a time to assess the robustness of the results.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was considered as the adverse effects of psilocybin at high and moderate (ie, therapeutic) dose regimens and compared with placebo, low-dose psilocybin, or other comparator in the treatment of depression and/or anxiety.ResultsSix studies met the inclusion criteria with a total sample of 528 participants (approximately 51% female; median age 39.8 years; IQR, 39.8-41.2). Seven adverse effects were reported in multiple studies and included in the analysis. Among these, headache (relative risk [RR], 1.99; 95% CI1.06-3.74), nausea (RR, 8.85; 95% CI, 5.68-13.79), anxiety (RR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.11-4.64), dizziness (RR, 5.81; 95% CI, 1.02-33.03), and elevated blood pressure (RR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.15- 4.53) were statistically significant. Psilocybin use was not associated with risk of paranoia and transient thought disorder.Conclusions and relevanceIn this meta-analysis, the acute adverse effect profile of therapeutic single-dose psilocybin appeared to be tolerable and resolved within 48 hours. However, future studies need to more actively evaluate the appropriate management of adverse effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.5960", "pubmed_id": "38598236", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.5960", "keywords": "Humans, Dizziness, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Adult, Female, Male, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38598236\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1171, "title": "The potential of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in the treatment of alcohol use disorder: A first look at therapeutic mechanisms of action.", "normalized_title": "the potential of 5 methoxy n n dimethyltryptamine in the treatment of alcohol use disorder a first look at therapeutic mechanisms of action", "authors": "Tap SC.", "abstract": "Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide with high economic costs. Current treatment options show modest efficacy and relapse rates are high. Furthermore, there are increases in the treatment gap and few new medications have been approved in the past 20 years. Recently, psychedelic-assisted therapy with psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide has garnered significant attention in the treatment of AUD. Yet, they require significant amounts of therapist input due to prolonged subjective effects (~4-12 h) leading to high costs and impeding implementation. Accordingly, there is an increasing interest in the rapid and short-acting psychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). This paper offers a first look at potential therapeutic mechanisms for AUD by reviewing the current literature on 5-MeO-DMT. Primarily, 5-MeO-DMT is able to induce mystical experiences and ego-dissolution together with increases in psychological flexibility and mindfulness. This could decrease AUD symptoms through the alleviation of psychiatric mood-related comorbidities consistent with the negative reinforcement and self-medication paradigms. In addition, preliminary evidence indicates that 5-MeO-DMT modulates neural oscillations that might subserve ego-dissolution (increases in gamma), psychological flexibility and mindfulness (increases in theta), and the reorganization of executive control networks (increases in coherence across frequencies) that could improve emotion regulation and inhibition. Finally, animal studies show that 5-MeO-DMT is characterized by neuroplasticity, anti-inflammation, 5-HT2A receptor agonism, and downregulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 with clinical implications for AUD and psychiatric mood-related comorbidities. The paper concludes with several recommendations for future research to establish the purported therapeutic mechanisms of action.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1111/adb.13386", "pubmed_id": "38600715", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.13386", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Alcoholism, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Methoxydimethyltryptamines, Hallucinogens, Alcohol Drinking", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38600715\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Psychological Flexibility,Review Article,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1170, "title": "The psychedelic call: analysis of Australian Poisons Information Centre calls associated with classic psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic call analysis of australian poisons information centre calls associated with classic psychedelics", "authors": "Wilkes R, Roberts DM, Liknaitzky P, Brett J.", "abstract": "IntroductionThe global use of certain classical psychedelics has increased in recent years, but little is known about their spectrum of toxicity within Australia. We aim to describe calls to New South Wales Poisons Information Centre relating to exposures to classical psychedelics including lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, ayahuasca, mescaline and ibogaine.MethodsThis is a retrospective observational study of calls to New South Wales Poisons Information Centre between January 2014 and December 2022. We identified exposures to classical psychedelics within New South Wales Poisons Information Centre database and measured the annual number of exposures, source of call (hospital, health care worker, member of the public), co-ingested substances, clinical features and advice given.ResultsThere were 737 calls related to relevant psychedelic exposures; 352 (47.8 per cent) to lysergic acid diethylamide, 347 (47.0 per cent) to psilocybin, 28 (3.8 per cent) to N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 4 (0.5 per cent) to ayahuasca, 4 (0.5 per cent) to mescaline and 2 (0.3 per cent) to ibogaine. Cases were predominantly male (77.2 per cent) and aged between 20 and 74 years (65.6 per cent). Psychedelic calls more than doubled from 45 in 2014 to 105 in 2022 and 625 (85 per cent) of all calls were either from or referred to hospital. Co-ingestion of psychedelics with another substance occurred in 249 (33.8 per cent) of calls and the most frequent clinical features related to single substance psychedelic exposures were hallucinations (27.6 per cent), gastrointestinal symptoms (21.7 per cent) and tachycardia (18.1 per cent). Seizures occurred in 2.9 per cent of single substance psychedelic exposures.DiscussionIncreasing incidence of psychedelic exposure calls, including those reporting significant toxicity, likely reflects increasing community use. This may in part be driven by increasing interest in psychedelic assisted psychotherapy trials subsequently increasing public awareness.ConclusionRelatively high poisoning severity contrasts with safety within clinical trials of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy that may relate to the uncontrolled nature of community use which is mitigated within clinical trial environments. Education about safe use may be useful.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/15563650.2024.2346612", "pubmed_id": "38753585", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2024.2346612", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Child, Poison Control Centers, New South Wales, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38753585\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Adolescents,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1108, "title": "Spectral signatures of psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and ketamine in healthy volunteers and persons with major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "spectral signatures of psilocybin lysergic acid diethylamide lsd and ketamine in healthy volunteers and persons with major depressive disorder and treatment resistant depression a systematic review", "authors": "Le GH, Wong S, Badulescu S, Au H, Di Vincenzo JD, Gill H, Phan L, Rhee TG, Ho R, Teopiz KM, Kwan ATH, Rosenblat JD, Mansur RB, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "BackgroundElectrophysiologic measures provide an opportunity to inform mechanistic models and possibly biomarker prediction of response. Serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) (i.e., psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)) and ketamine represent new investigational and established treatments in mood disorders respectively. There is a need to better characterize the mechanism of action of these agents.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review investigating the spectral signatures of psilocybin, LSD, and ketamine in persons with major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), and healthy controls.ResultsKetamine and SPs are associated with increased theta power in persons with depression. Ketamine and SPs are also associated with decreased spectral power in the alpha, beta and delta bands in healthy controls and persons with depression. When administered with SPs, theta power was increased in persons with MDD when administered with SPs. Ketamine is associated with increased gamma band power in both healthy controls and persons with MDD.LimitationsThe studies included in our review were heterogeneous in their patient population, exposure, dosing of treatment and devices used to evaluate EEG and MEG signatures. Our results were extracted entirely from persons who were either healthy volunteers or persons with MDD or TRD.ConclusionsExtant literature evaluating EEG and MEG spectral signatures indicate that ketamine and SPs have reproducible effects in keeping with disease models of network connectivity. Future research vistas should evaluate whether observed spectral signatures can guide further discovery of therapeutics within the psychedelic and dissociative classes of agents, and its prediction capability in persons treated for depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.165", "pubmed_id": "38570038", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.165", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38570038\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1188, "title": "Use of Prescribed and Non-Prescribed Treatments for Cluster Headache in a Swedish Cohort.", "normalized_title": "use of prescribed and non prescribed treatments for cluster headache in a swedish cohort", "authors": "Smedfors G, Jennysdotter Olofsgård F, Steinberg A, Waldenlind E, Ran C, Belin AC.", "abstract": "BackgroundCluster headache (CH) is a debilitating condition, but current therapies leave CH patients in pain. The extent of this problem in Sweden is unknown.MethodsAn anonymized questionnaire was sent to 479 Swedish CH patients to investigate patterns and perceived effects of treatments.ResultsThree hundred fourteen answers were analyzed. The population was representative regarding age of onset and sex. Less than half (46%) were satisfied with their abortive treatments, 19% terminated functioning abortive treatments due to side effects. Additionally, 17% of chronic CH patients had not tried the first-line preventive drug verapamil. A small subset had tried illicit substances to treat their CH (0-8% depending on substance). Notably, psilocybin was reported effective as an abortive treatment by 100% (n = 8), and with some level of effect as a preventive treatment by 92% (n = 12). For verapamil, some level of preventive effect was reported among 68% (n = 85).ConclusionsOur descriptive data illustrate that many Swedish CH patients are undertreated, lack functional therapies, and experience side effects. Further studies are warranted to search for new treatment strategies as well as a revision of current treatment guidelines with the aim of reducing patient disease burden to the greatest extent possible.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-30", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci14040348", "pubmed_id": "38672000", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040348", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38672000\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Observational Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1190, "title": "Methyl transfer in psilocybin biosynthesis.", "normalized_title": "methyl transfer in psilocybin biosynthesis", "authors": "Hudspeth J, Rogge K, Dörner S, Müll M, Hoffmeister D, Rupp B, Werten S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the natural hallucinogen produced by Psilocybe (\"magic\") mushrooms, holds great promise for the treatment of depression and several other mental health conditions. The final step in the psilocybin biosynthetic pathway, dimethylation of the tryptophan-derived intermediate norbaeocystin, is catalysed by PsiM. Here we present atomic resolution (0.9 Å) crystal structures of PsiM trapped at various stages of its reaction cycle, providing detailed insight into the SAM-dependent methylation mechanism. Structural and phylogenetic analyses suggest that PsiM derives from epitranscriptomic N6-methyladenosine writers of the METTL16 family, which is further supported by the observation that bound substrates physicochemically mimic RNA. Inherent limitations of the ancestral monomethyltransferase scaffold hamper the efficiency of psilocybin assembly and leave PsiM incapable of catalysing trimethylation to aeruginascin. The results of our study will support bioengineering efforts aiming to create novel variants of psilocybin with improved therapeutic properties.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-46997-z", "pubmed_id": "38548735", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46997-z", "keywords": "Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Phylogeny, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38548735\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1147, "title": "Efficacy and safety of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Yao Y, Guo D, Lu TS, Liu FL, Huang SH, Diao MQ, Li SX, Zhang XJ, Kosten TR, Shi J, Bao YP, Lu L, Han Y.", "abstract": "We aim to systematically review and meta-analyze the effectiveness and safety of psychedelics [psilocybin, ayahuasca (active component DMT), LSD and MDMA] in treating symptoms of various mental disorders. Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and PubMed were searched up to February 2024 and 126 articles were finally included. Results showed that psilocybin has the largest number of articles on treating mood disorders (N = 28), followed by ayahuasca (N = 7) and LSD (N = 6). Overall, psychedelics have therapeutic effects on mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Specifically, psilocybin (Hedges' g = -1.49, 95% CI [-1.67, -1.30]) showed the strongest therapeutic effect among four psychedelics, followed by ayahuasca (Hedges' g = -1.34, 95% CI [-1.86, -0.82]), MDMA (Hedges' g = -0.83, 95% CI [-1.33, -0.32]), and LSD (Hedges' g = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.03, -0.27]). A small amount of evidence also supports psychedelics improving tobacco addiction, eating disorders, sleep disorders, borderline personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder. The most common adverse event with psychedelics was headache. Nearly a third of the articles reported that no participants reported lasting adverse effects. Our analyses suggest that psychedelics reduce negative mood, and have potential efficacy in other mental disorders, such as substance-use disorders and PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115886", "pubmed_id": "38574699", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115886", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38574699\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,Headache / Migraine,Personality Change,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1192, "title": "Psilocybin enhances insightfulness in meditation: a perspective on the global topology of brain imaging during meditation.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin enhances insightfulness in meditation a perspective on the global topology of brain imaging during meditation", "authors": "Singer B, Meling D, Hirsch-Hoffmann M, Michels L, Kometer M, Smigielski L, Dornbierer D, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX, Scheidegger M.", "abstract": "In this study, for the first time, we explored a dataset of functional magnetic resonance images collected during focused attention and open monitoring meditation before and after a five-day psilocybin-assisted meditation retreat using a recently established approach, based on the Mapper algorithm from topological data analysis. After generating subject-specific maps for two groups (psilocybin vs. placebo, 18 subjects/group) of experienced meditators, organizational principles were uncovered using graph topological tools, including the optimal transport (OT) distance, a geometrically rich measure of similarity between brain activity patterns. This revealed characteristics of the topology (i.e. shape) in space (i.e. abstract space of voxels) and time dimension of whole-brain activity patterns during different styles of meditation and psilocybin-induced alterations. Most interestingly, we found that (psilocybin-induced) positive derealization, which fosters insightfulness specifically when accompanied by enhanced open-monitoring meditation, was linked to the OT distance between open-monitoring and resting state. Our findings suggest that enhanced meta-awareness through meditation practice in experienced meditators combined with potential psilocybin-induced positive alterations in perception mediate insightfulness. Together, these findings provide a novel perspective on meditation and psychedelics that may reveal potential novel brain markers for positive synergistic effects between mindfulness practices and psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-55726-x", "pubmed_id": "38531905", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55726-x", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Meditation, Brain Mapping, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38531905\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1148, "title": "Effects of discontinuation of serotonergic antidepressants prior to psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram for major depression.", "normalized_title": "effects of discontinuation of serotonergic antidepressants prior to psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram for major depression", "authors": "Erritzoe D, Barba T, Spriggs MJ, Rosas FE, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "BackgroundThere is growing evidence for the therapeutic effects of the psychedelic drug psilocybin for major depression. However, due to the lack of safety data on combining psilocybin with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and concerns that there may be a negative interaction on efficacy, participants enrolling in psychedelic trials are usually required to discontinue SNRI/SNRIs prior to enrolling.AimsUsing data from a recent clinical trial examining the comparative efficacy the psychedelic drug psilocybin (P) combined with approximately 20 h of psychological support to a 6-week (daily) course of the SSRI escitalopram plus matched psychological support for major depressive disorder, we explored the effects of discontinuing SSRI/SNRIs prior to study enrolment on study outcomes.MethodsExploratory post hoc analyses using linear mixed effects model were performed to investigate the discontinuation effect on various validated depression symptom severity scales and well-being. The impact of SSRI/SNRIs discontinuation on the acute psychedelic experience was also explored.Results/outcomesIn the psilocybin group, there was a reduced treatment effect on all outcome measures for SSRI/SNRIs discontinuers compared with unmedicated patients at trial entry. However, no effects of discontinuation on measures of the acute psychedelic experience were found.ConclusionDiscontinuation of SSRI/SNRIs before psilocybin might diminish response to treatment; however, as we did not test SSRI/SNRI continuation in our trial, we cannot infer such causation. Moreover, the exploratory nature of the analyses makes them hypothesis generating, and not confirmatory. A controlled trial of SSRI/SNRI discontinuation versus continuation prior to psilocybin is urgently required.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811241237870", "pubmed_id": "38520045", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241237870", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Drug Therapy, Combination, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Escitalopram, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38520045\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3697, "title": "A Pilot Study of Psilocybin Enhanced Group Psychotherapy in Patients With Cancer", "normalized_title": "a pilot study of psilocybin enhanced group psychotherapy in patients with cancer", "authors": "University of Utah", "abstract": "This pilot project is an open-label trial that will offer psilocybin in a group format to assess the feasibility of offering psilocybin therapy in a group setting with a decreased therapist to subject ratio. Study intervention will involve a group of six patients with one therapist per subject for a 1:1 ratio, thus significantly reducing the total number of therapist hours per subject compared to standard individual therapy protocols. Two groups of six will be treated on this trial. After the enrollment and treatment of the first group of six patients, accrual will be placed on hold to ensure subject safety. If stopping rules are not met (Section 11), the next group of six patients will be enrolled and treated on study. The study intervention will include a total of seven group therapy sessions including three 2-hour preparatory sessions, one 8-hour psilocybin session, and one two-hour integration session. The group therapy sessions will occur on a weekly basis, followed one week later by the psilocybin session. The first integration group session will occur 1-2 days following the psilocybin session.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-03-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04522804", "keywords": "Cancer, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04522804\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1194, "title": "Ethical considerations for psychedelic-assisted therapy in military clinical settings.", "normalized_title": "ethical considerations for psychedelic assisted therapy in military clinical settings", "authors": "Hoener S, Wolfgang A, Nissan D, Howe E.", "abstract": "Psychedelic treatments, particularly 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies, have recently seen renewed interest in their clinical potential to treat various mental health conditions. Clinical trials for both MDMA-assisted and psilocybin-assisted therapies have shown to be highly efficacious for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. Recent research trials for psychedelic-assisted therapies (PAT) have demonstrated that although they are resource-intensive, their effects are rapid-acting, durable and cost-effective. These results have generated enthusiasm among researchers seeking to investigate psychedelic therapies in active-duty service members of the US military, particularly those with treatment refractory mental health conditions. At the same time, psychedelics remain in early stages of clinical investigation, have not yet achieved regulatory approval for general clinical use and may confer unique psychological and neurobiological effects that could raise novel ethical considerations when treating active-duty service members. Should psychedelics achieve regulatory approval, military relevant considerations may include issues of access to these treatments, appropriate procedures for informed consent, confidentiality standards, and possible unanticipated mental health risks and other psychological sequelae. A service member's deployability, as well as their ability to return to full military duty following PAT, may also be of unique concern. The authors argue that MDMA-assisted therapy currently represents a promising treatment that should be more rapidly investigated as a clinical therapy for service members while still taking a measured approach that accounts for the many military-specific uncertainties that remain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1136/jme-2023-108943", "pubmed_id": "37253556", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2023-108943", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Military Personnel, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37253556\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1195, "title": "Five New Species of Gymnopilus from Xizang Autonomous Region of China and Surrounding Areas.", "normalized_title": "five new species of gymnopilus from xizang autonomous region of china and surrounding areas", "authors": "Yang WQ, Li JX, He MQ, Wang SH, Zhu XY, Phurbu D, Yun JM, Zhao RL.", "abstract": "The species of Gymnopilus (Hymenogastraceae, Agricales) are commonly recognized as wood-decaying fungi. Certain members of this genus have been identified as psilocybin-producing mushrooms. Gymnopilus exhibits a diverse range and has a global distribution. In this study, a total of seventy-eight specimens were gathered from ten provinces in China. A comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted, employing gene sequences including ITS, nrLSU, nrSSU, rpb1, rpb2, and tef1-α. Additionally, morphological examinations were also carried out. The phylogenetic topology of Gymnopilus from this study generally agreed with previous studies and facilitated the identification of all those specimens. As a result, eleven species, including five newly discovered ones named Gy. gyirongensis, Gy. variisporus, Gy. tomentosiceps, Gy. tenuibasidialis, and Gy. aurantipileatus, were recognized. Significantly, four of the five newly identified species are native to the Xizang Autonomous Region, emphasizing their specialization in this distinctive habitat. This research contributes to our comprehension of Gymnopilus diversity and lays the groundwork for the conservation and sustainable utilization of Gymnopilus resources.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3390/jof10030220", "pubmed_id": "38535228", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10030220", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38535228\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1196, "title": "Safety pharmacology of acute psilocybin administration in healthy participants.", "normalized_title": "safety pharmacology of acute psilocybin administration in healthy participants", "authors": "Straumann I, Holze F, Becker AM, Ley L, Halter N, Liechti ME.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is being studied for its therapeutic potential in various mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and addiction. Initial studies suggested that psilocybin is generally safe when used under controlled conditions, but more research is needed to better understand its safety profile. We report safety pharmacology data from a pooled analysis of three randomized crossover studies that included 85 healthy participants and 113 single-dose administrations of psilocybin. Single oral doses included 15 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, and 30 mg psilocybin dihydrate. We investigated subjective effects, blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, acute and subacute adverse effects, reports of flashbacks, and liver and kidney function before and after the studies. The 20, 25, and 30 mg doses of psilocybin produced stronger effects than the 15 mg dose. Psilocybin at all doses induced higher \"good drug effects\" than \"bad drug effects.\" Only the 25 and 30 mg doses increased anxiety. Psilocybin elevated autonomic effects only moderately. Tachycardia (>100 beats/min) was observed with 7% of all psilocybin administrations. Body temperature >38° was reached in 7%, 9%, 17%, and 32% of the participants with the 15, 20, 25, and 30 mg doses, respectively. Kidney and liver function parameters were unaltered at the end of the study. Five participants (6%) reported transient flashback phenomena. No serious adverse reactions occurred. These findings suggest that a single administration of psilocybin is safe with regard to acute psychological and physical harm in healthy participants in a controlled research setting.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104060", "pubmed_id": "40656108", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104060", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40656108\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2007, "title": "Problems of Qualification of Trafficking in Plants and Plant Parts Containing Psychoactive Substances and Mushrooms Containing Psilocybin and (or) Psilocin", "normalized_title": "problems of qualification of trafficking in plants and plant parts containing psychoactive substances and mushrooms containing psilocybin and or psilocin", "authors": "Kulikov Aleksandr V., Zheleznyak Ilya Yu.", "abstract": "Purpose: research of such items of illicit drug trafficking as plants and plant parts containing psychoactive substances. Methodology: study and analysis of judicial practice of higher courts and scientific research of natural science specialists; formal legal and technical legal methods. Conclusions: there is a lack of due attention to the problem of selling narcotic plants and their parts, as well as narcotic mushrooms using information and telecommunication networks (including the Internet); the question is raised about the selection of mushrooms containing psilocybin and (or) psilocin from the List of plants containing psychoactive substances, since mushrooms are not plants. Scientific and practical significance: the authors propose the dispositions of art. 228, part 1 art. 228.1, art. 229.1 and art. 231 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the dispositions of the relevant articles of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, after the words ‘...or their parts containing narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances’, add the words ‘mushrooms containing psilocybin and (or) psilocin’. Also part 2 of art. 228 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation should be supplemented with the words: ‘Acquisition of items specified in Part 1 of this article using the media or electronic or information and telecommunication networks (including the Internet)’, which in general will make it possible to suppress their illegal trafficking.", "journal": "Drug control", "publication_date": "2024-03-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.18572/2072-4160-2024-1-23-26", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.18572/2072-4160-2024-1-23-26", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.18572/2072-4160-2024-1-23-26\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1199, "title": "The therapeutic alliance between study participants and intervention facilitators is associated with acute effects and clinical outcomes in a psilocybin-assisted therapy trial for major depressive disorder.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic alliance between study participants and intervention facilitators is associated with acute effects and clinical outcomes in a psilocybin assisted therapy trial for major depressive disorder", "authors": "Levin AW, Lancelotta R, Sepeda ND, Gukasyan N, Nayak S, Wagener TL, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR, Davis AK.", "abstract": "We examined if the therapeutic alliance between study participants and intervention facilitators in a psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) trial changed over time and whether there were relationships between alliance, acute psilocybin experiences, and depression outcomes. In a randomized, waiting list-controlled clinical trial for major depressive disorder in adults (N = 24), participants were randomized to an immediate (N = 13) or delayed (N = 11) condition with two oral doses of psilocybin (20mg/70kg and 30mg/70kg). Ratings of therapeutic alliance significantly increased from the final preparation session to one-week post-intervention (p =.03, d =.43). A stronger total alliance at the final preparation session predicted depression scores at 4 weeks (r = -.65, p =.002), 6 months (r = -.47, p =.036), and 12 months (r = -.54, p =.014) post-intervention. A stronger total alliance in the final preparation session was correlated with higher peak ratings of mystical experiences (r =.49, p =.027) and psychological insight (r =.52, p =.040), and peak ratings of mystical experience and psychological insight were correlated with depression scores at 4 weeks (r = -.45, p =.030 for mystical; r = -.75, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0300501", "pubmed_id": "38483940", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300501", "keywords": "Humans, Treatment Outcome, Adult, Psilocybin, Therapeutic Alliance, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38483940\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1198, "title": "UK medical students' self-reported knowledge and harm assessment of psychedelics and their application in clinical research: a cross-sectional study.", "normalized_title": "uk medical students self reported knowledge and harm assessment of psychedelics and their application in clinical research a cross sectional study", "authors": "Song-Smith C, Jacobs E, Rucker J, Saint M, Cooke J, Schlosser M.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo capture UK medical students' self-reported knowledge and harm assessment of psychedelics and to explore the factors associated with support for changing the legal status of psychedelics to facilitate further clinical research.DesignCross-sectional, anonymous online survey of UK medical students using a non-random sampling method.SettingUK medical schools recognised by the General Medical Council.Participants132 medical students who had spent an average of 3.8 years (SD=1.4; range: 1-6) in medical school.ResultsMost students (83%) reported that they were aware of psychedelic research and only four participants (3%) said that they were not interested in learning more about this type of research. Although medical students' harm assessment of psychedelics closely aligned with that of experts, only 17% of students felt well-educated on psychedelic research. Teachings on psychedelics were only rarely encountered in their curriculum (psilocybin: 14.1 (SD=19.9), scale: 0 (never) to 100 (very often)). Time spent at medical schools was not associated with more knowledge about psychedelics (r=0.12, p=0.129). On average, this sample of medical students showed strong support for changing the legal status of psychedelics to facilitate further research into their potential clinical applications (psilocybin: 80.2 (SD=24.8), scale: 0 (strongly oppose) to 100 (strongly support)). Regression modelling indicated that greater knowledge of psychedelics (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083595", "pubmed_id": "38485474", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083595", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Students, Medical, Self Report, United Kingdom, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38485474\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1202, "title": "The Mystical Experience Questionnaire 4-Item and Challenging Experience Questionnaire 7-Item.", "normalized_title": "the mystical experience questionnaire 4 item and challenging experience questionnaire 7 item", "authors": "Strickland JC, Garcia-Romeu A, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ-30) and Challenging Effects Questionnaire (CEQ) are two of the most widely used, validated instruments to probe subjective effects of psychedelic drugs. However, these assessments are lengthy and can be a burden to study participants or patients if administered during acute psychedelic effects, after resolution of psychedelic effects when participants are often fatigued, or in studies with multiple other assessments. The development of briefer measures can advance research and patient assessment.Methods and materialsThis study developed and assessed the validity of brief versions of the MEQ-30 and CEQ (MEQ-4 and CEQ-7) using data collected online from individuals reporting psychedelic use with therapeutic intent in nonstudy settings (N = 1160). Respondents completed full and brief versions as well as mood questionnaires indexing mental health symptoms before their psychedelic experience and now.ResultsFull and brief version total scores showed strong correspondence for the MEQ (r = 0.89) and CEQ (r = 0.90). Brief versions also showed strong correspondence to full-scale subscale scores. MEQ and CEQ scores were higher for classic psychedelics (e.g., lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin) than for 3,4-Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine in this sample with both full and brief versions, consistent with previous full-version findings showing drug and dose-related differences using the MEQ. Also consistent with prior findings, higher mystical experience scores on both full and brief MEQ versions were associated with greater reductions in depression and anxiety, whereas challenging experiences on both full and brief CEQ versions showed limited association with changes in mental health variables.ConclusionThe notably strong association of brief scales with full versions combined with associations with therapeutic outcomes provide initial support for the MEQ-4 and CEQ-7. These findings, combined with substantial reductions in participant/patient burden, support the use of the MEQ-4 and CEQ-7 for a wide variety of research and patient treatment settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0046", "pubmed_id": "40051759", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0046", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40051759\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1200, "title": "Preadministration of Lorazepam Reduces Efficacy and Longevity of Antidepressant-Like Effect from a Psychedelic.", "normalized_title": "preadministration of lorazepam reduces efficacy and longevity of antidepressant like effect from a psychedelic", "authors": "Hibicke M, Billac G, Nichols CD.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsychedelics such as psilocybin have been shown to have persistent antidepressant effects, but with considerable individual variability in optimal dosing. Intravenous (IV) dosing is rapid onset and quickly titrated, possibly preceded by an anxiolytic for patient comfort. We explored the viability of IV psilocin with and without preadministration of lorazepam for possible future inpatient therapeutic utility.MethodsMale Wistar-Kyoto rats were given saline (S), psilocin (P), or psilocin and lorazepam (P+L). Saline was given intraperitoneally (IP), psilocin was given IV to a second group, and lorazepam was given IP, then psilocin was given IV30 min later to a final group. Rats were tested in the forced swim test (FST) 3 and 14 weeks after injection.ResultsP rats were more active than S rats at both time points. P + L rats were more active in the FST than S rats at 3, but not 14, weeks. P + L rats were less active than P rats at 14 weeks, and less active than themselves at 3 weeks. S rats' behavior was not different at 3 and 14 weeks. Similarly, P rats behaved the same at both time points.ConclusionsIV psilocin persistently decreased immobility in the FST, but lorazepam reduced psilocin's antidepressant-like efficacy and longevity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0037", "pubmed_id": "40051761", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0037", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40051761\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Longevity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1203, "title": "Scoping Review: The Role of Psychedelics in the Management of Chronic Pain.", "normalized_title": "scoping review the role of psychedelics in the management of chronic pain", "authors": "Robinson CL, Fonseca ACG, Diejomaoh EM, D'Souza RS, Schatman ME, Orhurhu V, Emerick T.", "abstract": "IntroductionAmid a lack of effective chronic pain treatments, psychedelics have gained attention as a potential solution, although their Schedule 1 classification poses challenges. Psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, have gained popularity as alternatives and adjuncts for chronic pain treatment. Studies suggest that they may modulate pain processing through agonism primarily at the serotonin receptor, 5-HT2A. One of the first of its nature, we present an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered scoping review primarily focusing on evaluating psychedelics for chronic pain conditions such as cluster headache, phantom limb pain, and fibromyalgia.MethodsIn accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we used an AI-powered comprehensive search strategy utilizing the ChatGPT4.0 Bing chat to search Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and Google Scholar for articles addressing chronic pain. The query was performed on June 1, 2023, focusing on psychedelics for chronic, non-cancer pain including headache disorders. Inclusion criteria were English-only, peer-reviewed articles involving human participants >18 years, focusing on chronic pain conditions (eg, phantom limb pain and cluster headache), using LSD, 2.5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B), N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), psilocybin, or mescaline. Exclusion criteria were reviews, editorials, and opinion articles and studies focusing on tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabis and/or ketamine.ResultsA total of 186 unique database entries were retrieved, of which nine studies were included in the scoping review. These included four case reports/series, an open-label study, a cohort study, two online surveys, and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. They comprised three studies addressing phantom limb pain, four addressing cluster headaches, and two addressing fibromyalgia, spinal cord injury, complex regional pain syndrome, and lumbar radiculopathy.ConclusionPsychedelics may have potential in alleviating pain symptoms secondary to a multitude of chronic pain conditions. However, further randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are needed to further explore and evaluate the role of psychedelics in chronic, non-cancer pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.2147/jpr.s439348", "pubmed_id": "38496341", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.s439348", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38496341\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1207, "title": "Neuroimaging features of psilocybin-induced toxic-metabolic encephalopathy in an adolescent.", "normalized_title": "neuroimaging features of psilocybin induced toxic metabolic encephalopathy in an adolescent", "authors": "Ho C, Crawford JR.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1136/bcr-2024-259721", "pubmed_id": "38442973", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2024-259721", "keywords": "Humans, Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Adolescent, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38442973\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1206, "title": "Where do the symptoms come from in depression? Topography and dynamics matter.", "normalized_title": "where do the symptoms come from in depression topography and dynamics matter", "authors": "Çatal Y, Northoff G.", "abstract": "This scientific commentary refers to 'Brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression', by Vohryzek et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcae049).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcae067", "pubmed_id": "38515441", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcae067", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38515441\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1208, "title": "A Systematic Review of the Neurocognitive Effects of Psychedelics in Healthy Populations: Implications for Depressive Disorders and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.", "normalized_title": "a systematic review of the neurocognitive effects of psychedelics in healthy populations implications for depressive disorders and post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Velit-Salazar MR, Shiroma PR, Cherian E.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis study aims to provide an overview of pharmacological trials that examine the neurocognitive effects of psychedelics among healthy individuals and patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodsThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) was used as a guide to structure and report the findings for this review. A literature search included the MEDLINE database up until December 2022. We included randomized or open-label human studies of MDMA, psilocybin, mescaline, LSD, DMT, or cannabis reporting non-emotionally charged neurocognitive outcomes (\"cold cognition\") measured through validated neuropsychological tests.ResultsA total of 43 full-text papers on MDMA (15), cannabis (12), LSD (6), psilocybin (9), DMT/ayahuasca (1), and mescaline (0) were included, mostly on healthy subjects. A single article on MDMA's effects on cognition in subjects with PTSD was included; there were no studies on psychedelics and neurocognition in MDD. Most of the studies on healthy subjects reported detrimental or neutral effects on cognition during the peak effect of psychedelics with a few exceptions (e.g., MDMA improved psychomotor function). Performance on the type of neurocognitive dimension (e.g., attention, memory, executive function, psychomotor) varies by type of psychedelic, dosage, and cognitive testing.ConclusionsSmall samples and a lack of uniformed methods across studies preclude unequivocal conclusions on whether psychedelics enhance, decrease, or have no significant effect on cognitive performance. It is foreseen that psychedelics will soon become an available treatment for various psychiatric disorders. The acute and long-term effects on cognition caused by psychedelics should be assessed in future studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-03-02", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3390/brainsci14030248", "pubmed_id": "38539636", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030248", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38539636\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1211, "title": "Screening and confirmation of psilocin, mitragynine, phencyclidine, ketamine and ketamine metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.", "normalized_title": "screening and confirmation of psilocin mitragynine phencyclidine ketamine and ketamine metabolites by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry", "authors": "Wood ME, Brown GJ, Karschner EL, Seither JZ, Brown JT, Knittel JL, Walterscheid JP.", "abstract": "A safe and productive workplace requires a sober workforce, free from substances that impair judgment and concentration. Although drug monitoring programs already exist, the scope and loopholes of standard workplace testing panels are well known, allowing other substances to remain a source of risk. Therefore, a high-throughput urine screening method for psilocin, mitragynine, phencyclidine, ketamine, norketamine and dehydronorketamine was developed and validated in conjunction with a urine and blood confirmation method. There are analytical challenges to overcome with psilocin and mitragynine, particularly when it comes to drug stability and unambiguous identification in authentic specimens. Screening and confirmation methods were validated according to the American National Standards Institute/Academy Standards Board (ANSI/ASB) Standard 036, Standard Practices for Method Validation in Forensic Toxicology. An automated liquid handling system equipped with dispersive pipette extraction tips was utilized for preparing screening samples, whereas an offline solid-phase extraction method was used for confirmation sample preparation. Both methods utilized liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to achieve limits of detection between 1-5 ng/mL for the screening method and 1 ng/mL for the confirmation method. Automation allows for faster throughput and enhanced quality assurance, which improves turnaround time. Compared to previous in-house methods, specimen volumes were substantially decreased for both blood and urine, which is an advantage when volume is limited. This screening technique is well suited for evaluating large numbers of specimens from those employed in safety-sensitive workforce positions. This method can be utilized by workplace drug testing, human performance and postmortem laboratories seeking robust qualitative screening and confirmation methods for analytes that have traditionally been challenging to routinely analyze.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1093/jat/bkae002", "pubmed_id": "38287693", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkae002", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids, Phencyclidine, Chromatography, Liquid, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38287693\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1210, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians-Historical Perspective and Overview.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy a primer for primary care clinicians historical perspective and overview", "authors": "Tabaac BJ, Shinozuka K, Arenas A, Beutler BD, Cherian K, Evans VD, Fasano C, Muir OS.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic drugs have recently emerged as plausibly effective pharmacological agents for the management of depression, anxiety, and other neuropsychiatric conditions, including those that are treatment-resistent. The latter half of the 20th century marked a revolution in the treatment of mental illnesses, exemplified by the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other pharmacological agents. Nevertheless, mental illness remains a major public health crisis, affecting nearly one billion individuals worldwide.Areas of uncertaintyBecause of the decades-long status of several psychedelics as Schedule I drugs, there have not been very many large, double-blind, randomized controlled trials of psychedelics. Owing to small sample sizes, there may be rare yet serious adverse events that have not been reported in the clinical trials thus far.Therapeutic advancesEsketamine, a dissociative hallucinogen drug, was approved for the management of major depressive disorder by the Food and Drug Administration in 2019. As of January 2024, two Phase III trials of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a synthetic drug that inhibits the serotonin transporter, have been completed; the results indicate that MDMA is superior to existing pharmacological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder. A phase III trial of psilocybin, a naturally occurring serotonin receptor partial agonist, is currently underway. The following series details the current state of research in psychedelic therapeutics, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N-N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and ayahuasca, psilocybin, ibogaine, MDMA, and ketamine.LimitationsWhile initial clinical trials of psychedelics for depression were very promising, trials of psilocybin with larger sample sizes (100+ participants) suggest that its remission rate is 25%-29%. This is about the same as the remission rate of antidepressants, which is roughly 30% according to the landmark STAR*D trial.ConclusionsPsychedelic drugs and structural derivatives offer a great deal of promise for the management of a wide range of psychiatric morbidities. It is imperative that clinicians become familiar with these novel agents and learn how to integrate psychedelic therapy with the rest of their care through open communication and referral.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1097/mjt.0000000000001727", "pubmed_id": "38518266", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/mjt.0000000000001727", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Primary Health Care, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38518266\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthcare Workers,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1209, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians-Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy a primer for primary care clinicians psilocybin", "authors": "Tabaac BJ, Shinozuka K, Arenas A, Beutler BD, Cherian K, Evans VD, Fasano C, Muir OS.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe primary psychoactive drug in magic mushrooms, psilocybin, induces profound alterations in consciousness through the 5-HT2A receptor. This review consolidates current research findings to elucidate the pharmacology, safety profile, and clinical applications of psilocybin.Areas of uncertaintyDespite initial concerns that psilocybin could cause psychosis, contemporary research has demonstrated that psilocybin is generally safe. The most common adverse effects are nausea and headache, yet both tend to be transient. Serious adverse events can generally be avoided in controlled settings such as clinical trials. However, in the largest clinical trial to date, there were a total of 7 reported cases of suicidal ideation, up to 12 weeks after receiving a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin. That being said, all 7 cases did not respond to the treatment. Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may blunt the hallucinogenic qualities of psilocybin, preliminary research suggests that they may enhance its antidepressant effects.Therapeutic advancesIn clinical trials, psilocybin has shown promise for treating major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Initial studies indicated that 42%-57% of patients underwent remission after psilocybin-assisted therapy, which suggests that psilocybin is more effective than existing antidepressant medications. Clinical data have also demonstrated that psilocybin can manage substance use disorders and end-of-life anxiety with clinical outcomes that are sustained for months and sometimes years after 1 or 2 doses.LimitationsHowever, larger Phase II trials with more than 100 depressed participants have shown a much smaller remission rate of 25%-29%, though these studies still observed that psilocybin causes a significant reduction in depressive symptoms.ConclusionsAside from ketamine, psilocybin is the most clinically well-researched psychedelic drug, with trials that have enrolled hundreds of participants and multiple therapeutic applications. Phase III trials will determine whether psilocybin lives up to the promise that it showed in previous clinical trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1097/mjt.0000000000001724", "pubmed_id": "38518269", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/mjt.0000000000001724", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Primary Health Care, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38518269\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1201, "title": "American Psychiatrists' Opinions About Classic Hallucinogens and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications: A7-Year Follow-Up Survey.", "normalized_title": "american psychiatrists opinions about classic hallucinogens and their potential therapeutic applications a7 year follow up survey", "authors": "Barnett BS, Arakelian M, Beebe D, Ontko J, Riegal C, Siu WO, Weleff J, Pope HG", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, may eventually be approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treatment-resistant depression. However, we are aware of only one published national survey of American psychiatrists regarding their opinions about hallucinogens and hallucinogen-assisted therapy, conducted by our group in 2016. Here, we report a repeat survey, using virtually identical methods, assessing whether American psychiatrists display greater optimism about the therapeutic use of hallucinogens in 2022-23. We e-mailed our survey instrument to 1,000 randomly selected American Psychiatric Association members-250 resident-fellows and 750 attending psychiatrists-in late 2022 and early 2023. We calculated descriptive statistics and used a non-parametric trend test to compare the current survey responses with those from 2016. We also constructed a multivariate logistic regression model to assess attributes of respondents that predicted moderate/strong agreement with plans to incorporate hallucinogen-assisted therapy into their own practice. The response rate was 13.1% ( = 131). Respondents were demographically similar to the 2016 respondents. A majority moderately/strongly believed that hallucinogens show promise in treating psychiatric conditions (80.9%) and substance use disorders (SUDs) (60.8%). Large majorities also moderately/strongly supported research into hallucinogens' therapeutic potential for psychiatric conditions (93.9%) and SUDs (88.6%), as well as federal funding of associated clinical trials (84.7% and 80.9%, respectively). Comparisons to 2016 showed significantly increased optimism regarding the therapeutic promise of hallucinogens and decreased concern about risks, with 50.4% of respondents reporting moderate/strong intentions to incorporate hallucinogen-assisted therapy into their practice. Our data reveal a striking positive shift in attitudes toward the therapeutic potential of hallucinogens among American psychiatrists since 2016, with a majority of responding psychiatrists planning to incorporate hallucinogen-assisted therapy into their practice if regulatory approval is granted.", "journal": "Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.)", "publication_date": "2024-02-29", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0036", "pubmed_id": "40051760", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40051760/", "keywords": "hallucinogen, psychedelic assisted therapy, psychedelics, psychiatrist, survey", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40051760\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1217, "title": "Psilocybin and the Development of Serotonin Toxicity.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and the development of serotonin toxicity", "authors": "Amarnani AD, Free MF, Baweja R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.4088/pcc.23cr03648", "pubmed_id": "38442068", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.23cr03648", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38442068\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1237, "title": "A Neuroanatomic and Pathophysiologic Framework for Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.", "normalized_title": "a neuroanatomic and pathophysiologic framework for novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Norred MA, Zuschlag ZD, Hamner MB.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder inflicting high degrees of symptomatic and socioeconomic burdens. The development of PTSD results from a cascade of events with contributions from multiple processes and the underlying pathophysiology is complex, involving neurotransmitters, neurocircuitry, and neuroanatomical pathways. Presently, only two medications are US FDA-approved for the treatment of PTSD, both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). However, the complex underlying pathophysiology suggests a number of alternative pathways and mechanisms that may be targets for potential drug development. Indeed, investigations and drug development are proceeding in a number of these alternative, non-serotonergic pathways in an effort to improve the management of PTSD. In this manuscript, the authors introduce novel and emerging treatments for PTSD, including drugs in various stages of development and clinical testing (BI1358894, BNC-210, PRAX-114, JZP-150, LU AG06466, NYV-783, PH-94B, SRX246, TNX-102), established agents and known compounds being investigated for their utility in PTSD (brexpiprazole, cannabidiol, doxasoin, ganaxolone, intranasal neuropeptide Y, intranasal oxytocin, tianeptine oxalate, verucerfont), and emerging psychedelic interventions (ketamine, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy), with an aim to examine and integrate these agents into the underlying pathophysiological frameworks of trauma-related disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-27", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s40265-023-01983-5", "pubmed_id": "38413493", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-023-01983-5", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38413493\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1135, "title": "Predicting the outcome of psilocybin treatment for depression from baseline fMRI functional connectivity.", "normalized_title": "predicting the outcome of psilocybin treatment for depression from baseline fmri functional connectivity", "authors": "Copa D, Erritzoe D, Giribaldi B, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Tagliazucchi E.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic drug under assessment as a potential therapy for treatment-resistant and major depression. Heterogeneous treatment responses raise interest in predicting the outcome from baseline data.MethodsA machine learning pipeline was implemented to investigate baseline resting-state functional connectivity measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as a predictor of symptom severity in psilocybin monotherapy for treatment-resistant depression (16 patients administered two 5 mg capsules followed by 25 mg, separated by one week). Generalizability was tested in a sample of 22 patients who participated in a psilocybin vs. escitalopram trial for moderate-to-severe major depression (two separate doses of 25 mg of psilocybin 3 weeks apart plus 6 weeks of daily placebo vs. two separate doses of 1 mg of psilocybin 3 weeks apart plus 6 weeks of daily oral escitalopram). The analysis was repeated using both samples combined.ResultsFunctional connectivity of visual, default mode and executive networks predicted early symptom improvement, while the salience network predicted responders up to 24 weeks after treatment (accuracy≈0.9). Generalization performance was borderline significant. Consistent results were obtained from the combined sample analysis. Fronto-occipital and fronto-temporal coupling predicted early and late symptom reduction, respectively.LimitationsThe number of participants and differences between the two datasets limit the generalizability of the findings, while the lack of a placebo arm limits their specificity.ConclusionsBaseline neurophysiological measurements can predict the outcome of psilocybin treatment for depression. Future research based on larger datasets should strive to assess the generalizability of these predictions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.089", "pubmed_id": "38423367", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.089", "keywords": "Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Depression, Psilocybin, Escitalopram, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38423367\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 594, "title": "Are \"mystical experiences\" essential for antidepressant actions of ketamine and the classic psychedelics?", "normalized_title": "are mystical experiences essential for antidepressant actions of ketamine and the classic psychedelics", "authors": "Hashimoto K.", "abstract": "The growing interest in the rapid and sustained antidepressant effects of the dissociative anesthetic ketamine and classic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, is remarkable. However, both ketamine and psychedelics are known to induce acute mystical experiences; ketamine can cause dissociative symptoms such as out-of-body experience, while psychedelics typically bring about hallucinogenic experiences, like a profound sense of unity with the universe or nature. The role of these mystical experiences in enhancing the antidepressant outcomes for patients with depression is currently an area of ongoing investigation and debate. Clinical studies have shown that the dissociative symptoms following the administration of ketamine or (S)-ketamine (esketamine) are not directly linked to their antidepressant properties. In contrast, the antidepressant potential of (R)-ketamine (arketamine), thought to lack dissociative side effects, has yet to be conclusively proven in large-scale clinical trials. Moreover, although the activation of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor is crucial for the hallucinogenic effects of psychedelics in humans, its precise role in their antidepressant action is still under discussion. This article explores the importance of mystical experiences in enhancing the antidepressant efficacy of both ketamine and classic psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-26", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s00406-024-01770-7", "pubmed_id": "38411629", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-024-01770-7", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Dissociative Disorders, Mysticism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38411629\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1149, "title": "Psilocybin Exposures Reported to U.S. Poison Centers: National Trends Over a Decade.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin exposures reported to u s poison centers national trends over a decade", "authors": "Farah R, Kerns AF, Murray AC, Holstege CP.", "abstract": "PurposeWe describe trends in psilocybin exposures among adolescents and young adults as reported to US poison centers over the past decade.MethodsWe queried the National Poison Data System for cases involving psilocybin during January 1, 2013-December 31, 2022. Persons aged 13-25 years were included. We examined exposures to psilocybin by demographics, clinical effects, level of care, and medical outcome.ResultsDuring the 10-year study period, 4,055 psilocybin-involved exposures were reported among adolescents and young adults, 2,667 (65.8%) being single substance exposures. Most single substance cases received medical attention (adolescents: 75.3% [n = 1,176], young adults: 72.1% [n = 797]). We did not find significant change in the number of cases during 2013-2018. Cases started increasing in 2019. In 2022, cases more than tripled among adolescents and more than doubled among young adults, compared to 2018 (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.01.027", "pubmed_id": "38416101", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.01.027", "keywords": "Humans, Poisons, Databases, Factual, Adolescent, Poison Control Centers, United States, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38416101\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3282, "title": "The Temporal Trajectory of the Psychedelic Mushroom Experience Mimics the Narrative Arc of the Hero’s Journey", "normalized_title": "the temporal trajectory of the psychedelic mushroom experience mimics the narrative arc of the hero s journey", "authors": "Brouwer A, Brown JK, Erowid E, Erowid F, Thyssen S, Raison CL, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Abstract Psychedelic therapy has the potential to become a revolutionary and transdiagnostic mental health treatment, yielding enduring benefits that are often attributed to the experiences that coincide with peak psychedelic effects. However, there may be an underrecognized temporal structure to this process that helps explain why psychedelic and related altered states of consciousness can have a initially distressing but ultimately a distress-resolving effect. Here we present a qualitative analysis of the self-reported ‘comeup’ or onset phase, and ‘comedown’ or falling phase, of the psychedelic experience. Focusing on psilocybin or psilocybin-containing mushrooms, we show that the comeup is more often characterized by negatively valenced feeling states, while the comedown phase is more often characterized by positively valenced feeling states of the sort often observed following recovery from illness or adversity. In this way, the temporal trajectory of the psychedelic experience could be seen to mimic the narrative arc of the monomythical ‘Hero’s Journey’.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-02-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3941205/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3941205/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR810141\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1189, "title": "Deciphering psilocybin: Cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects, and mechanistic insights.", "normalized_title": "deciphering psilocybin cytotoxicity anti inflammatory effects and mechanistic insights", "authors": "Laabi S, LeMmon C, Vogel C, Chacon M, Jimenez VM.", "abstract": "A decade of clinical research has indicated psilocybin's effectiveness in treating various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and substance abuse. The correlation between increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and the severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms, along with the known anti-inflammatory potential of some psychedelics, suggests an immunomodulatory role for psilocybin. This study aims to understand the mechanism of action of psilocybin by investigating the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of psilocybin and psilocin on both resting and LPS-activated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. The study evaluated the cytotoxicity of psilocybin and psilocin using an LDH assay across various doses and assessed their impact on cytokine production in RAW264.7 cells, measuring cytokine expression via ELISA. Different doses, including those above and below the LC50, were used in both pre-treatment and post-treatment approaches. The LDH assay revealed that psilocybin is almost twice as cytotoxic as psilocin, with an LC50 of 12 ng/ml and 28 ng/ml, respectively. In resting macrophages, both psilocybin and psilocin triggered significant release of TNF- α after 4 h, with the lowest doses inducing higher levels of the cytokine than the highest doses. IL-10 expression in resting cells was only triggered by the highest dose of psilocin in the 4-hour incubation group. In LPS-stimulated cells, psilocin reduced TNF- α levels more than psilocybin in pre-treatment and post-treatment, with no significant effects on IL-10 in pre-treatment. Psilocin, but not psilocybin, induced a significant increase of IL-10 in post-treatment, leading to the conclusion that psilocin, but not psilocybin, exerts anti-inflammatory effects on classically activated macrophages.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-22", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111753", "pubmed_id": "38401463", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111753", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Lipopolysaccharides, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Interleukin-10, Cytokines, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38401463\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3280, "title": "Prefrontal Electrophysiological Biomarkers and Mechanism-Based Drug Effects in a Rat Model of Alcohol Addiction", "normalized_title": "prefrontal electrophysiological biomarkers and mechanism based drug effects in a rat model of alcohol addiction", "authors": "Habelt B, Afanasenkau D, Schwarz C, Domanegg K, Kuchar M, Werner C, Minev IR, Spanagel R, Meinhardt MW, Bernhardt N.", "abstract": "Abstract Current treatments for alcohol use disorder (AUD) show large heterogeneity in response and thus limited effectiveness and high relapse rates. A precision medicine approach with biomarkers responsive to new treatments is warranted to overcome this limitation. Promising biomarkers relate to prefrontal control mechanisms that are severely disturbed in AUD. This results in reduced inhibitory control of compulsive behavior and, eventually, relapse. We reasoned here that prefrontal dysfunction, which underlies vulnerability to relapse, is evidenced by altered neuroelectric signatures and should be restored by pharmacological interventions that specifically target prefrontal dysfunction. To test this, we applied our recently developed biocompatible neuroprosthesis to measure prefrontal neural function in a well-established rat model of alcohol addiction and relapse. We monitored neural oscillations and event-related potentials in awake alcohol-dependent rats during abstinence and following treatment with psilocybin or LY379268, agonists of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2), that are known to reduce prefrontal dysfunction and relapse. Electrophysiological impairments in alcohol-dependent rats are reduced amplitudes of P1N1 and N1P2 components and attenuated event-related oscillatory activity. Psilocybin and LY379268 were able to restore these impairments. Furthermore, alcohol-dependent animals displayed a dominance in higher beta frequencies indicative of a state of hyperarousal that is prone to relapse, which particularly psilocybin was able to counteract. In summary, we provide prefrontal markers indicative of relapse and treatment response, especially for psychedelic drugs.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-02-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3905152/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3905152/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR809495\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1193, "title": "Synthesis and bioactivity of psilocybin analogues containing a stable carbon-phosphorus bond.", "normalized_title": "synthesis and bioactivity of psilocybin analogues containing a stable carbon phosphorus bond", "authors": "Vandevelde M, Simoens A, Vandekerckhove B, Stevens C.", "abstract": "Psilocybin analogues have been synthesized comprising a non-hydrolysable P-C bond to evaluate the biological activity and the selectivity towards 5-HT2AR, 5-HT2BR and the TNAP receptor. No activity was observed towards the phosphatase, however all compounds showed good binding affinity for 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2BR and one compound showed a higher selectivity towards 5-HT2AR than psilocin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-20", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1039/d4md00043a", "pubmed_id": "38516602", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d4md00043a", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38516602\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1220, "title": "The effect of psilocybin on empathy and prosocial behavior: a proposed mechanism for enduring antidepressant effects.", "normalized_title": "the effect of psilocybin on empathy and prosocial behavior a proposed mechanism for enduring antidepressant effects", "authors": "Bhatt KV, Weissman CR.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic shown to have enduring antidepressant effects. Currently, the mechanism for its enduring effects is not well understood. Empathy and prosocial behavior may be important for understanding the therapeutic benefit of psilocybin. In this article we review the effect of psilocybin on empathy and prosocial behavior. Moreover, we propose that psilocybin may induce a positive feedback loop involving empathy and prosocial behavior which helps explain the observed, enduring antidepressant effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s44184-023-00053-8", "pubmed_id": "38609500", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-023-00053-8", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38609500\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1150, "title": "Expectancy Effects in Psychedelic Trials.", "normalized_title": "expectancy effects in psychedelic trials", "authors": "Szigeti B, Heifets BD.", "abstract": "Clinical trials of psychedelic compounds like psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltrptamine (DMT) have forced a reconsideration of how nondrug factors, such as participant expectations, are measured and controlled in mental health research. As doses of these profoundly psychoactive substances increase, so does the difficulty in concealing the treatment condition in the classic double-blind, placebo-controlled trial design. As widespread public enthusiasm for the promise of psychedelic therapy grows, so do questions regarding whether and how much trial results are biased by positive expectancy. First, we review the key concepts related to expectancy and its measurement. Then, we review expectancy effects that have been reported in both micro- and macrodose psychedelic trials from the modern era. Finally, we consider expectancy as a discrete physiological process that can be independent of, or even interact with, the drug effect. Expectancy effects can be harnessed to improve treatment outcomes and can also be actively managed in controlled studies to enhance the rigor and generalizability of future psychedelic trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.004", "pubmed_id": "38387698", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.004", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Placebo Effect, Clinical Trials as Topic, Anticipation, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38387698\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1096, "title": "Effect of chemically synthesized psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract on molecular and metabolic profiles in mouse brain.", "normalized_title": "effect of chemically synthesized psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract on molecular and metabolic profiles in mouse brain", "authors": "Shahar O, Botvinnik A, Shwartz A, Lerer E, Golding P, Buko A, Hamid E, Kahn D, Guralnick M, Blakolmer K, Wolf G, Lotan A, Lerer L, Lerer B, Lifschytz T.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring, tryptamine alkaloid prodrug, is currently being investigated for the treatment of a range of psychiatric disorders. Preclinical reports suggest that the biological effects of psilocybin-containing mushroom extract or \"full spectrum\" (psychedelic) mushroom extract (PME), may differ from those of chemically synthesized psilocybin (PSIL). We compared the effects of PME to those of PSIL on the head twitch response (HTR), neuroplasticity-related synaptic proteins and frontal cortex metabolomic profiles in male C57Bl/6j mice. HTR measurement showed similar effects of PSIL and PME over 20 min. Brain specimens (frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum) were assayed for the synaptic proteins, GAP43, PSD95, synaptophysin and SV2A, using western blots. These proteins may serve as indicators of synaptic plasticity. Three days after treatment, there was minimal increase in synaptic proteins. After 11 days, PSIL and PME significantly increased GAP43 in the frontal cortex (p = 0.019; p = 0.039 respectively) and hippocampus (p = 0.015; p = 0.027) and synaptophysin in the hippocampus (p = 0.041; p = 0.05) and amygdala (p = 0.035; p = 0.004). PSIL increased SV2A in the amygdala (p = 0.036) and PME did so in the hippocampus (p = 0.014). In the striatum, synaptophysin was increased by PME only (p = 0.023). There were no significant effects of PSIL or PME on PSD95 in any brain area when these were analyzed separately. Nested analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant increase in each of the 4 proteins over all brain areas for PME versus vehicle control, while significant PSIL effects were observed only in the hippocampus and amygdala and were limited to PSD95 and SV2A. Metabolomic analyses of the pre-frontal cortex were performed by untargeted polar metabolomics utilizing capillary electrophoresis - Fourier transform mass spectrometry (CE-FTMS) and showed a differential metabolic separation between PME and vehicle groups. The purines guanosine, hypoxanthine and inosine, associated with oxidative stress and energy production pathways, showed a progressive decline from VEH to PSIL to PME. In conclusion, our synaptic protein findings suggest that PME has a more potent and prolonged effect on synaptic plasticity than PSIL. Our metabolomics data support a gradient of effects from inert vehicle via chemical psilocybin to PME further supporting differential effects. Further studies are needed to confirm and extend these findings and to identify the molecules that may be responsible for the enhanced effects of PME as compared to psilocybin alone.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-024-02477-w", "pubmed_id": "38378926", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02477-w", "keywords": "Brain, Frontal Lobe, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Neuronal Plasticity, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38378926\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Oxidative Stress,Animal Study,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1221, "title": "Development of a digital intervention for psychedelic preparation (DIPP).", "normalized_title": "development of a digital intervention for psychedelic preparation dipp", "authors": "McAlpine RG, Sacchet MD, Simonsson O, Khan M, Krajnovic K, Morometescu L, Kamboj SK.", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances induce profound alterations in consciousness. Careful preparation is therefore essential to limit adverse reactions, enhance therapeutic benefits, and maintain user safety. This paper describes the development of a self-directed, digital intervention for psychedelic preparation. Drawing on elements from the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) framework for developing complex interventions, the design was informed by a four-factor model of psychedelic preparedness, using a person-centred approach. Our mixed-methods investigation consisted of two studies. The first involved interviews with 19 participants who had previously attended a 'high-dose' psilocybin retreat, systematically exploring their preparation behaviours and perspectives on the proposed intervention. The second study engaged 28 attendees of an ongoing psilocybin retreat in co-design workshops, refining the intervention protocol using insights from the initial interviews. The outcome is a co-produced 21-day digital course (Digital Intervention for Psychedelic Preparation (DIPP)), that is organised into four modules: Knowledge-Expectation, Psychophysical-Readiness, Safety-Planning, and Intention-Preparation. Fundamental components of the course include daily meditation practice, supplementary exercises tied to the weekly modules, and mood tracking. DIPP provides a comprehensive and scalable solution to enhance psychedelic preparedness, aligning with the broader shift towards digital mental health interventions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-54642-4", "pubmed_id": "38374177", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54642-4", "keywords": "Humans, Pentamidine, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Consciousness, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38374177\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1117, "title": "The Intersection of Mental Health and Sexual and Gender Minority Identities for Older Adults Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "the intersection of mental health and sexual and gender minority identities for older adults living with human immunodeficiency virus a narrative review", "authors": "Agor D, Knettel BA, Daici K, Meanley S.", "abstract": "The transition of HIV into a chronic illness has brought to the forefront the pressing need to address the complex web of social determinants of HIV outcomes. A structured literature search and narrative review of studies describing intervention strategies for mental health among sexual/gender minority (SGM) older adults living with HIV (OALWH) published in the last decade identified 2 studies for inclusion. This narrative review identifies age-sensitive and culturally adapted therapies, mindfulness and meditation-based stress reduction, group therapy, digital mental health resources, and psilocybin-assisted group therapy as emerging intervention models tailored to meet the unique needs of SGM OALWH.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.cnur.2024.01.005", "pubmed_id": "38670693", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2024.01.005", "keywords": "Humans, HIV Infections, Mental Health, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Sexual and Gender Minorities", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38670693\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Review Article,Older Adults", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1222, "title": "Corrigendum: Safety, feasibility, tolerability, and clinical effects of repeated psilocybin dosing combined with non-directive support in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: protocol for a randomized, waitlist-controlled trial with blinded ratings.", "normalized_title": "corrigendum safety feasibility tolerability and clinical effects of repeated psilocybin dosing combined with non directive support in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder protocol for a randomized waitlist controlled trial with blinded ratings", "authors": "Ching THW, Amoroso L, Bohner C, D'Amico E, Eilbott J, Entezar T, Fitzpatrick M, Fram G, Grazioplene R, Hokanson J, Jankovsky A, Kichuk SA, Martins B, Patel P, Schaer H, Shnayder S, Witherow C, Pittenger C, Kelmendi B.", "abstract": "[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278823.].", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1372373", "pubmed_id": "38435972", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1372373", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38435972\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1227, "title": "Multimodal Neuroimaging of the Effect of Serotonergic Psychedelics on the Brain.", "normalized_title": "multimodal neuroimaging of the effect of serotonergic psychedelics on the brain", "authors": "Frautschi PC, Singh AP, Stowe NA, Yu JJ.", "abstract": "The neurobiological mechanisms underpinning psychiatric disorders such as treatment-resistant major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders, remain unknown. Psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, have emerged as potential therapies for these disorders because of their hypothesized ability to induce neuroplastic effects and alter functional networks in the brain. Yet, the mechanisms underpinning the neurobiological treatment response remain obscure. Quantitative neuroimaging is uniquely positioned to provide insight into the neurobiological mechanisms of these emerging therapies and quantify the patient treatment response. This review aims to synthesize our current state-of-the-art understanding of the functional changes occurring in the brain following psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, or N,N-dimethyltryptamine administration in human participants with fMRI and PET. We further aim to disseminate our understanding of psychedelic compounds as they relate to neuroimaging with the goal of improved diagnostics and treatment of neuropsychiatric illness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-14", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3174/ajnr.a8118", "pubmed_id": "38360790", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a8118", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38360790\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1225, "title": "Efficacy and acceptability of psilocybin for primary or secondary depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and acceptability of psilocybin for primary or secondary depression a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Fang S, Yang X, Zhang W.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin is a classic psychedelics, which has been shown to have antidepressant effects by many studies in recent years. In this study, we aim to evaluate the efficacy, acceptability and tolerability of psilocybin in the treatment of primary (major depressive disorder) or secondary (experiencing distress related to life-threatening diagnoses and terminal illness) depression.MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov for clinical trials of psilocybin for depression (updated to 4 October, 2023). Effect size Hedges' g was used as an indicator of efficacy, and other outcomes included response rate, drop-out rate, and adverse events.ResultsA total of 10 studies were finally included in systematic review. 8 studies were included in the meta-analysis, involving a total of 524 adult patients, and produced a large effect size in favor of psilocybin (Hedge's g =-0.89, 95% CI -1.25~-0.53, I² = 70.19%, P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-14", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1359088", "pubmed_id": "38426002", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1359088", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38426002\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1224, "title": "Brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Vohryzek J, Cabral J, Lord LD, Fernandes HM, Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Deco G, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Psilocybin therapy for depression has started to show promise, yet the underlying causal mechanisms are not currently known. Here, we leveraged the differential outcome in responders and non-responders to psilocybin (10 and 25 mg, 7 days apart) therapy for depression-to gain new insights into regions and networks implicated in the restoration of healthy brain dynamics. We used large-scale brain modelling to fit the spatiotemporal brain dynamics at rest in both responders and non-responders before treatment. Dynamic sensitivity analysis of systematic perturbation of these models enabled us to identify specific brain regions implicated in a transition from a depressive brain state to a healthy one. Binarizing the sample into treatment responders (>50% reduction in depressive symptoms) versus non-responders enabled us to identify a subset of regions implicated in this change. Interestingly, these regions correlate with in vivo density maps of serotonin receptors 5-hydroxytryptamine 2a and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1a, which psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, has an appreciable affinity for, and where it acts as a full-to-partial agonist. Serotonergic transmission has long been associated with depression, and our findings provide causal mechanistic evidence for the role of brain regions in the recovery from depression via psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-14", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcae049", "pubmed_id": "38515439", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcae049", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38515439\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1205, "title": "New evidence for flexible psilocybin dosing in patients with treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "new evidence for flexible psilocybin dosing in patients with treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Aaronson ST, Kozak Z.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has demonstrated efficacy for treating depression; however, psychiatrically complex patients have been excluded from trials. A recent clinical trial by Rosenblat at al.1 demonstrates feasibility of a flexible dosing schedule of psilocybin in individuals with severely treatment-resistant depression (TRD), including those with co-morbid conditions or bipolar II disorder (BPII), potentially expanding the current treatment paradigm.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.medj.2024.01.014", "pubmed_id": "38359837", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2024.01.014", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38359837\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1204, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment resistant depression: A randomized clinical trial evaluating repeated doses of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for treatment resistant depression a randomized clinical trial evaluating repeated doses of psilocybin", "authors": "Rosenblat JD, Meshkat S, Doyle Z, Kaczmarek E, Brudner RM, Kratiuk K, Mansur RB, Schulz-Quach C, Sethi R, Abate A, Ali S, Bawks J, Blainey MG, Brietzke E, Cronin V, Danilewitz J, Dhawan S, Di Fonzo A, Di Fonzo M, Drzadzewski P, Dunlop W, Fiszter H, Gomes FA, Grewal S, Leon-Carlyle M, McCallum M, Mofidi N, Offman H, Riva-Cambrin J, Schmidt J, Smolkin M, Quinn JM, Zumrova A, Marlborough M, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) has been associated with antidepressant effects. Trials to date have typically excluded participants with complex presentations. Our aim was to determine the feasibility of PAP in a complex population, including high levels of treatment resistance in major depressive and bipolar disorder and patients with baseline suicidality and significant comorbidity. We also evaluated flexible repeated doses over a 6-month period.MethodsAdults with treatment-resistant depression as part of major depressive or bipolar II disorder without psychosis or a substance use disorder were eligible to participate. Subjects were randomized to immediate treatment or waitlist control, with all eventually receiving PAP. Participants had one, two, or three psilocybin sessions with a fixed dose of 25 mg. Each dose was accompanied by preparation and integration psychotherapy sessions. Acceptability, safety, tolerability, and efficacy were evaluated (this study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05029466).FindingsParticipants were randomized to immediate treatment (n = 16) or delayed treatment (n = 14). 29/30 were retained to the week-2 primary endpoint. Adverse events were transient, with no serious adverse events. Greater reductions in depression severity as measured by the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) were observed in the immediate treatment arm compared to the waitlist period arm with a large hedge's g effect size of 1.07 (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.medj.2024.01.005", "pubmed_id": "38359838", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2024.01.005", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Psychotherapy, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38359838\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1191, "title": "Natural Product Synthesis in the 21st Century: Beyond the Mountain Top.", "normalized_title": "natural product synthesis in the 21st century beyond the mountain top", "authors": "Shenvi RA.", "abstract": "Research into natural products emerged from humanity's curiosity about the nature of matter and its role in the materia medica of diverse civilizations. Plants and fungi, in particular, supplied materials that altered behavior, perception, and well-being profoundly. Many active principles remain well-known today: strychnine, morphine, psilocybin, ephedrine. The potential to circumvent the constraints of natural supply and explore the properties of these materials led to the field of natural product synthesis. This research delivered new molecules with new properties, but also led to fundamental insights into the chemistry of the nonmetal elements H, C, N, O, P, S, Se, and their combinations, i.e., organic chemistry. It also led to a potent culture focused on bigger molecules and races to the finish line, perhaps at the expense of actionable next steps. About 20 years ago, the field began to contract in the United States. Research that focused solely on chemical reaction development, especially catalysis, filled the void. After all, new reactions and mechanistic insight could be immediately implemented by the chemistry community, so it became hard to justify the lengthy procurement of a complex molecule that sat in the freezer unused. This shift coincided with a divestment of natural product portfolios by pharmaceutical companies and an emphasis in academic organic chemistry on applications-driven research, perhaps at the expense of more fundamental science. However, as bioassays and the tools of chemical biology become widespread, synthesis finds a new and powerful ally that allows us to better deliver on the premise of the field. And the hard-won insights of complex synthesis can be better encoded digitally, mined by data science, and applied to new challenges, as chemists perturb and even surpass the properties of complex natural products. The 21st century promises powerful developments, both in fundamental organic chemistry and at the interface of synthesis and biology, if the community of scientists fosters its growth. This essay tries to contextualize natural product synthesis for a broad audience, looks ahead to its transformation in the coming years, and expects the future to be bright.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-13", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acscentsci.3c01518", "pubmed_id": "38559299", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.3c01518", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38559299\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1197, "title": "Pioneering Methods in Brain Optimization and Mental Health Treatment.", "normalized_title": "pioneering methods in brain optimization and mental health treatment", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "This Patent Highlight explores ground-breaking advancements in neurostimulation, psychedelic therapy, and brain function optimization from recent innovations. It examines methods for altering brain states through AI-driven non-invasive neurostimulation, potentially contributing to personalized brain therapy. The publication also delves into the therapeutic potential of N-isopropyl tryptamines and tryptamine derivatives. Furthermore, it discusses the therapeutic applications of psilocybin and psilocin crystalline forms in mental health and central nervous system disorders. By comparing and contrasting these diverse approaches, this work highlights their mechanistic insights, therapeutic implications, and contributions to the evolving fields of neuroscience and mental health.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-12", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00058", "pubmed_id": "38505858", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00058", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38505858\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1228, "title": "The Effects of Psychedelics on Neuronal Physiology.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psychedelics on neuronal physiology", "authors": "Hatzipantelis CJ, Olson DE", "abstract": "Psychedelics are quite unique among drugs that impact the central nervous system, as a single administration of a psychedelic can both rapidly alter subjective experience in profound ways and produce sustained effects on circuits relevant to mood, fear, reward, and cognitive flexibility. These remarkable properties are a direct result of psychedelics interacting with several key neuroreceptors distributed across the brain. Stimulation of these receptors activates a variety of signaling cascades that ultimately culminate in changes in neuronal structure and function. Here, we describe the effects of psychedelics on neuronal physiology, highlighting their acute effects on serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission as well as their long-lasting effects on structural and functional neuroplasticity in the cortex. We propose that the neurobiological changes leading to the acute and sustained effects of psychedelics might be distinct, which could provide opportunities for engineering compounds with optimized safety and efficacy profiles.", "journal": "Annual review of physiology", "publication_date": "2024-02-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1146/annurev-physiol-042022-020923", "pubmed_id": "37931171", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37931171/", "keywords": "5-HT2A receptor, DMT, LSD, hallucinogen, neuroplasticity, psilocybin, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37931171\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1226, "title": "Psilocybin induces dose-dependent changes in functional network organization in rat cortex", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces dose dependent changes in functional network organization in rat cortex", "authors": "Silverstein BH, Kolbman N, Nelson A, Liu T, Guzzo P, Gilligan J, Lee U, Mashour GA, Vanini G, Pal D.", "abstract": "Psilocybin produces an altered state of consciousness in humans and is associated with complex spatiotemporal changes in brain networks. Given the emphasis on rodent models for mechanistic studies, there is a need for characterization of the effect of psilocybin on brain-wide network dynamics. Previous rodent studies of psychedelics, using electroencephalogram, have primarily been done with sparse electrode arrays that offered limited spatial resolution precluding network level analysis, and have been restricted to lower gamma frequencies. Therefore, in the study, we used electroencephalographic recordings from 27 sites (electrodes) across rat cortex ( n =6 male, 6 female) to characterize the effect of psilocybin (0.1 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg delivered over an hour) on network organization as inferred through changes in node degree (index of network density) and connection strength (weighted phase-lag index). The removal of aperiodic component from the electroencephalogram localized the primary oscillatory changes to theta (4-10 Hz), medium gamma (70-110 Hz), and high gamma (110-150 Hz) bands, which were used for the network analysis. Additionally, we determined the concurrent changes in theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling. We report that psilocybin, in a dose-dependent manner, 1) disrupted theta-gamma coupling [ p", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-02-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.02.09.579718", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.09.579718", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR804295\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 764, "title": "Psychedelic Microdosing among Young Adults from Southern California.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic microdosing among young adults from southern california", "authors": "Harlow AF, Hendricks PS, Leventhal AM, Barrington-Trimis JL.", "abstract": "Despite common depictions in the media, there is little scientific evidence on microdosing psychedelic drugs. We assessed awareness, prevalence, and dosing practices of microdosing psychedelic drugs among young adults 18-22 years old from Southern California (2018-2019). We examined whether sociodemographic factors, personality traits, mental health, or other substance use behaviors were correlated with having ever microdosed. Among 2,396 participants, 293 (12%) had heard of microdosing and 74 (3%) ever microdosed. Among those who had heard of microdosing, 79% correctly defined microdosing as taking an amount of a psychedelic much lower than a standard dose, whereas 15% misperceived microdosing as a standard psychedelic dose. Psilocybin was the most common drug ever microdosed (70%), followed by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, 57%). Among those who ever microdosed, ~18% reported using psychoactive doses far higher than would be generally considered a microdose. White race, male/masculine gender identity, bisexual identity, past 6-month other drug use, greater attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, mindfulness, and sensation-seeking were positively associated with having ever microdosed in multivariable models. Young adult microdosing merits further attention from scientific and public health professionals to help prevent misperceptions and potential adverse consequences as well as explore its potential therapeutic applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2313684", "pubmed_id": "38341607", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2313684", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adolescent, California, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38341607\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Microdosing,Personality Change,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3498, "title": "Repeat Dosing of Psilocybin in Headache Disorders", "normalized_title": "repeat dosing of psilocybin in headache disorders", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "In seeking to understand the capacity for psilocybin to reduce migraine headache burden, this study will investigate single and repeated dosing of psilocybin up to two doses. In seeking to identify an underlying mechanism in psilocybin's effects, neuroinflammatory markers for migraine headache will be measured. Migraine headache is a common medical condition and a top cause of disability worldwide. Treatment options for migraine headache are many and varied, though an approximated 10% of migraineurs is refractory to medication and thus, there is a need to develop alternative treatments. There is anecdotal evidence supporting lasting therapeutic effects after limited dosing of psilocybin and related compounds in headache disorders. The cause of this unique effect remains unknown, though the drug class has demonstrable anti-inflammatory activity, a biological process relevant to migraine and other headache disorders. In seeking to understand the capacity for psilocybin to reduce migraine headache burden, this study will investigate single and repeated dosing of psilocybin up to two doses. In seeking to identify an underlying mechanism in psilocybin's effects, neuroinflammatory markers for migraine headache will be measured. The results from this study will serve in the development of larger investigations seeking to understand the effects of psilocybin and related compounds in headache disorders.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-02-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04218539", "keywords": "Migraine Headache, Psilocybin, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04218539\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Biomarkers,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3727, "title": "Development and psychometric validation of a novel scale for measuring 'psychedelic preparedness'.", "normalized_title": "development and psychometric validation of a novel scale for measuring psychedelic preparedness", "authors": "McAlpine RG, Blackburne G, Kamboj SK.", "abstract": "Preparing participants for psychedelic experiences is crucial for ensuring these experiences are safe and, potentially beneficial. However, there is currently no validated measure to assess the extent to which participants are well-prepared for such experiences. Our study aimed to address this gap by developing, validating, and testing the Psychedelic Preparedness Scale (PPS). Using a novel iterative Delphi-focus group methodology ('DelFo'), followed by qualitative pre-test interviews, we incorporated the perspectives of expert clinicians/researchers and of psychedelic users to generate items for the scale. Psychometric validation of the PPS was carried out in two large online samples of psychedelic users (N = 516; N = 716), and the scale was also administered to a group of participants before and after a 5-7-day psilocybin retreat (N = 46). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis identified four factors from the 20-item PPS: Knowledge-Expectations, Intention-Preparation, Psychophysical-Readiness, and Support-Planning. The PPS demonstrated excellent reliability (ω = 0.954) and evidence supporting convergent, divergent and discriminant validity was also obtained. Significant differences between those scoring high and low (on psychedelic preparedness) before the psychedelic experience were found on measures of mental health/wellbeing outcomes assessed after the experience, suggesting that the scale has predictive utility. By prospectively measuring modifiable pre-treatment preparatory behaviours and attitudes using the PPS, it may be possible to determine whether a participant has generated the appropriate mental 'set' and is therefore likely to benefit from a psychedelic experience, or at least, less likely to be harmed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-07", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-53829-z", "pubmed_id": "38332334", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53829-z", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Reproducibility of Results, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:41", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38332334\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Observational Study,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1233, "title": "Effects of DMT on mental health outcomes in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "effects of dmt on mental health outcomes in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Timmermann C, Zeifman RJ, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, is being increasingly researched in clinical studies for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The relatively lengthy duration of oral psilocybin's acute effects (4-6 h) may have pragmatic and cost-effectiveness limitations. Here, we explored the effects of intravenous (IV) N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a closely related, but faster-acting psychedelic intervention, on mental health outcomes in healthy volunteers. Data is reported from two separate analyses: (1) A comparison of mental health-related variables 1 week after 7, 14, 18, and 20 mg of IV DMT versus IV saline placebo (n = 13) and, (2) A prospective dataset assessing effects before versus 2 weeks after 20 mg of IV DMT (n = 17). Mental health outcomes included measures of depression severity (QIDS-SR16), trait anxiety (STAI-T), Neuroticism (NEO-FFI), wellbeing (WHO-5), meaning in life (MLQ), optimism (LOT-R), and gratitude (GQ-6). In both the prospective and placebo-controlled datasets, significant improvements in scores of depression were found 1-2 weeks after DMT administration. Significant reductions in trait Neuroticism were only found for the placebo-controlled sample. Finally, changes in depression and trait anxiety correlated with acute peak experiences (assessed via 'Oceanic Boundlessness'). While the use of two separate cohorts in pooled analysis limits the generalizability of these correlational findings, these results suggest that DMT may reduce depressive symptomatology by inducing peak experiences. The short half-life of IV DMT and its potential for flexible dosing via controlled infusions makes it an appealing candidate for psychedelic medicine. Further research in clinical samples is needed to corroborate the therapeutic potential of DMT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-53363-y", "pubmed_id": "38326357", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53363-y", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Hallucinogens, Prospective Studies, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, Outcome Assessment, Health Care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38326357\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1232, "title": "Psilocybin-induced changes in neural reactivity to alcohol and emotional cues in patients with alcohol use disorder: an fMRI pilot study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced changes in neural reactivity to alcohol and emotional cues in patients with alcohol use disorder an fmri pilot study", "authors": "Pagni BA, Petridis PD, Podrebarac SK, Grinband J, Claus ED, Bogenschutz MP.", "abstract": "This pilot study investigated psilocybin-induced changes in neural reactivity to alcohol and emotional cues in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Participants were recruited from a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigating psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for the treatment of AUD (NCT02061293). Eleven adult patients completed task-based blood oxygen dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approximately 3 days before and 2 days after receiving 25 mg of psilocybin (n = 5) or 50 mg of diphenhydramine (n = 6). Visual alcohol and emotionally valanced (positive, negative, or neutral) stimuli were presented in block design. Across both alcohol and emotional cues, psilocybin increased activity in the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and left caudate, and decreased activity in the insular, motor, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices, and cerebellum. Unique to negative cues, psilocybin increased supramarginal gyrus activity; unique to positive cues, psilocybin increased right hippocampus activity and decreased left hippocampus activity. Greater PFC and caudate engagement and concomitant insula, motor, and cerebellar disengagement suggests enhanced goal-directed action, improved emotional regulation, and diminished craving. The robust changes in brain activity observed in this pilot study warrant larger neuroimaging studies to elucidate neural mechanisms of PAT.Trial registration: NCT02061293.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-52967-8", "pubmed_id": "38326432", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52967-8", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Alcoholism, Ethanol, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pilot Projects, Cues, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38326432\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1231, "title": "Psychedelics and sexual functioning: a mixed-methods study.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and sexual functioning a mixed methods study", "authors": "Barba T, Kettner H, Radu C, Peill JM, Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B.", "abstract": "Do psychedelics affect sexual functioning postacutely? Anecdotal and qualitative evidence suggests they do, but this has never been formally tested. While sexual functioning and satisfaction are generally regarded as an important aspect of human wellbeing, sexual dysfunction is a common symptom of mental health disorders. It is also a common side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a first line treatment for depression. The aim of the present paper was to investigate the post-acute effects of psychedelics on self-reported sexual functioning, combining data from two independent studies, one large and naturalistic and the other a smaller but controlled clinical trial. Naturalistic use of psychedelics was associated with improvements in several facets of sexual functioning and satisfaction, including improved pleasure and communication during sex, satisfaction with one's partner and physical appearance. Convergent results were found in a controlled trial of psilocybin therapy versus an SSRI, escitalopram, for depression. In this trial, patients treated with psilocybin reported positive changes in sexual functioning after treatment, while patients treated with escitalopram did not. Despite focusing on different populations and settings, this is the first research study to quantitively investigate the effects of psychedelics on sexual functioning. Results imply a potential positive effect on post-acute sexual functioning and highlight the need for more research on this.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-49817-4", "pubmed_id": "38326446", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49817-4", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Sexual Behavior, Psilocybin, Escitalopram, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38326446\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1153, "title": "National and regional trends in seizures of shrooms (psilocybin) in the United States, 2017-2022.", "normalized_title": "national and regional trends in seizures of shrooms psilocybin in the united states 2017 2022", "authors": "Palamar JJ, Fitzgerald ND, Carr TH, Rutherford C, Keyes KM, Cottler LB.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin, the principle psychoactive component in \"shrooms\", is regaining acceptance in therapeutic settings, leading to media coverage of medical benefits associated with use. Possession is also becoming increasingly decriminalized throughout the United States. There is a lack of data on prevalence of shroom use, but trends in law enforcement seizure data can provide one indicator of shroom availability in US communities. We determined whether seizures of shrooms have shifted between 2017 and 2022.MethodsThis study examined national and regional trends in counts and total weight of shroom seizures reported to High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas in the US between 2017 and 2022 (N=4526).ResultsThere were 402 seizures in 2017 compared to 1396 in 2022 with the plurality occurring in the Midwest (36.0%), followed by the West (33.5%). Between 2017 Quarter 1 (Q1) and 2022 Quarter 4 (Q4), the number of seizures increased by 368.9% (AQPC=7.0; 95 CI: 5.9-8.1) and there were significant increases in all four regions. In terms of weight, 226.0kg was seized in 2017 vs. 844.0kg in 2022, and the greatest total weight in seizures was in the West (1864.2kg, 42.6%), followed by the South (1831.9kg, 41.8%). Between 2017 Q1 and 2022 Q4, the total weight seized in the US increased by 2749.7% (AQPC=6.2, 95% CI: 0.3-12.4) and there were significant increases in all four regions.ConclusionsSeizures of shrooms have increased, suggesting that availability may be escalating; thus, increases in prevention efforts and harm reduction education are warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111086", "pubmed_id": "38326175", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111086", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38326175\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1235, "title": "Patient perspectives and experiences with psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression: a qualitative study.", "normalized_title": "patient perspectives and experiences with psilocybin treatment for treatment resistant depression a qualitative study", "authors": "Breeksema JJ, Niemeijer A, Krediet E, Karsten T, Kamphuis J, Vermetten E, van den Brink W, Schoevers R.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is the most researched classic psychedelic for Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD). While optimizing set and setting are considered essential for efficacy and safety, patient perspectives on these aspects have rarely been investigated. To address this knowledge gap, the current paper explored the experiences of 11 TRD patients (8 women, 3 men) participating in a double-blind randomized clinical trial with a single session of oral (1, 10 or 25 mg) psilocybin treatment. After qualitative analysis, three major themes were identified: (1) challenges with trust-building and expectation management; (2) navigating the experience; and (3) the need for a more comprehensive treatment. Subthemes of the first theme include a general distrust in mental healthcare, trust in study therapists, limited time for preparation, and managing expectations. The second theme included the following subthemes: trusting to surrender, profound and overwhelming experiences, and music as a guide. The third theme addressed a desire for multiple psilocybin sessions, and challenges with sensemaking. Patients' perspectives provided important insights into potential optimization of psilocybin treatment of TRD, including individualized preparation, investment in trust-building, offering additional psilocybin sessions, providing access to sustained (psycho)therapy with trusted therapists, and personalizing treatment approaches, which may also enhance real-world adaption of these treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-53188-9", "pubmed_id": "38316896", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53188-9", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Music, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38316896\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Aging,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1175, "title": "Strong Bipartisan Support for Controlled Psilocybin Use as Treatment or Enhancement in a Representative Sample of US Americans: Need for Caution in Public Policy Persists.", "normalized_title": "strong bipartisan support for controlled psilocybin use as treatment or enhancement in a representative sample of us americans need for caution in public policy persists", "authors": "Sandbrink JD, Johnson K, Gill M, Yaden DB, Savulescu J, Hannikainen IR, Earp BD.", "abstract": "The psychedelic psilocybin has shown promise both as treatment for psychiatric conditions and as a means of improving well-being in healthy individuals. In some jurisdictions (e.g., Oregon, USA), psilocybin use for both purposes is or will soon be allowed and yet, public attitudes toward this shift are understudied. We asked a nationally representative sample of 795 US Americans to evaluate the moral status of psilocybin use in an appropriately licensed setting for either treatment of a psychiatric condition or well-being enhancement. Showing strong bipartisan support, participants rated the individual's decision as morally positive in both contexts. These results can inform effective policy-making decisions around supervised psilocybin use, given robust public attitudes as elicited in the context of an innovative regulatory model. We did not explore attitudes to psilocybin use in unsupervised or non-licensed community or social settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/21507740.2024.2303154", "pubmed_id": "38315212", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2024.2303154", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Decision Making, Mental Disorders, Public Policy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38315212\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 844, "title": "A Systematic Review of Interventions for Demoralization in Patients with Chronic Diseases.", "normalized_title": "a systematic review of interventions for demoralization in patients with chronic diseases", "authors": "Dong L, Li L, Wu Y, Zhao X, Zhong H, Cheng X, Liu L, Cheng C, Ouyang M, Tao L.", "abstract": "BackgroundDemoralization, a significant mental health concern in patients with chronic diseases, can have a large impact on physical symptom burden and quality of life. The present review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for demoralization among patients with chronic diseases.MethodPubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched. Research on providing interventions to patients with chronic diseases that included quantitative data on demoralization was then systematically reviewed.ResultsFourteen studies were included, most of which considered demoralization as a secondary outcome. Interventions included evidence-based meaning-centered psychotherapy, dignity therapy, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, and others. Ten studies used randomized controlled designs. Six of these investigated evidence-based meaning-centered therapy, and four investigated dignity therapy, showing the best empirical support for these intervention types. Most studies showed significant impacts on demoralization in patients with chronic diseases.ConclusionThis systematic review provides insights into potential psychological interventions for reducing demoralization in patients with chronic diseases. Randomized controlled designs and adequately powered samples, with demoralization as the primary outcome, are needed to more clearly evaluate its effectiveness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1007/s12529-024-10262-w", "pubmed_id": "38316668", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-024-10262-w", "keywords": "Humans, Chronic Disease, Psychotherapy, Quality of Life", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38316668\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 673, "title": "Psilocybin-enhanced fear extinction linked to bidirectional modulation of cortical ensembles", "normalized_title": "psilocybin enhanced fear extinction linked to bidirectional modulation of cortical ensembles", "authors": "Rogers SA, Heller EA, Corder G.", "abstract": "The serotonin 2 receptor (5HT2R) agonist psilocybin displays rapid and persistent therapeutic efficacy across neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by cognitive inflexibility. However, the impact of psilocybin on patterns of neural activity underlying sustained changes in behavioral flexibility has not been characterized. To test the hypothesis that psilocybin enhances behavioral flexibility by altering activity in cortical neural ensembles, we performed longitudinal single-cell calcium imaging in the retrosplenial cortex across a five-day trace fear learning and extinction assay. A single dose of psilocybin induced ensemble turnover between fear learning and extinction days while oppositely modulating activity in fearand extinctionactive neurons. The acute suppression of fear-active neurons and delayed recruitment of extinction-active neurons were predictive of psilocybin-enhanced fear extinction. A computational model revealed that acute inhibition of fear-active neurons by psilocybin is sufficient to explain its neural and behavioral effects days later. These results align with our hypothesis and introduce a new mechanism involving the suppression of fear-active populations in the retrosplenial cortex.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-02-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.02.04.578811", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.04.578811", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR800731\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3518, "title": "A Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Psilocybin for Opioid Use Disorder in Patients on Methadone Maintenance With Ongoing Opioid Use", "normalized_title": "a randomized double blind study of psilocybin for opioid use disorder in patients on methadone maintenance with ongoing opioid use", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This study will investigate whether psilocybin administered under supportive conditions can reduce illicit opioid use and improve quality of life in individuals with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) in Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) who are concurrently using other opioids illicitly. This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial will investigate whether 2 doses of psilocybin administered under supportive conditions can reduce illicit opioid use (assessed by self-report and urine toxicology) and improve quality of life as measured by World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) in individuals with OUD in MMT who are concurrently using other opioids illicitly. In addition, the investigators will investigate secondary outcomes including whether psilocybin under supportive conditions improves mood, reduces use of tobacco and other non-opioid drugs, improves chronic pain and sleep. Ninety-two participants aged 21-70 who meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for OUD, are enrolled in a MMT program for at least 3 months, and have urine toxicology positive for methadone and another opioid will be recruited from the community and complete all study procedures. Participants will be randomized to an active group or control group (46 per group). Participants will undergo a total of 2 dosing sessions (whether psilocybin or placebo). The active group will receive 40mg psilocybin first. All participants will receive a second dosing session at three months. The active group will be further randomized, with half receiving 40mg psilocybin, and half receiving placebo at three months to test a secondary hypothesis that two doses of psilocybin are more effective in treating OUD than a single dose.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-02-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05242029", "keywords": "Opioid Use Disorder, Placebo, Psilocybin, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05242029\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1236, "title": "Effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the human heart.", "normalized_title": "effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the human heart", "authors": "Neumann J, Dhein S, Kirchhefer U, Hofmann B, Gergs U.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic drugs are used because they have effects on the central nervous system. Their hallucinogenic effects probably occur via stimulation of serotonin receptors, namely, 5-HT2A-serotonin receptors in the brain. However, a close study reveals that they also act on the heart, possibly increasing the force of contraction and beating rate and may lead to arrhythmias. Here, we will review the inotropic and chronotropic actions of bufotenin, psilocin, psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ergotamine, ergometrine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in the human heart.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-02-01", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2024.1334218", "pubmed_id": "38370480", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1334218", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38370480\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1247, "title": "The development of psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression: an update.", "normalized_title": "the development of psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression an update", "authors": "Borissova A, Rucker JJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic drug that has attracted increasing research interest over the past 10 years as a possible treatment for mood, anxiety and related conditions. Initial phase 2 clinical trials of psilocybin given alongside psychological support for major depression and treatment-resistant depression (TRD) demonstrated encouraging signs of basic safety, further confirmed by a large study in groups of healthy volunteers. The first international multi-centre randomised controlled trial was published in 2022, with signs of efficacy for the 25 mg dose condition in people with TRD when compared with an active placebo. Phase 3 trials in TRD are scheduled to start in 2023. Early evidence suggests that single doses of psilocybin given with psychological support induce rapid improvement in depressive symptoms that endure for some weeks. We therefore provide a timely update to psychiatrists on what psilocybin therapy is, what it is not, and the current state of the evidence-base.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1192/bjb.2023.25", "pubmed_id": "37357767", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2023.25", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37357767\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1245, "title": "The impact of psychedelics on patients with alcohol use disorder: a systematic review with meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "the impact of psychedelics on patients with alcohol use disorder a systematic review with meta analysis", "authors": "Sicignano D, Hernandez AV, Schiff B, Elmahy N, White CM", "abstract": "Critique the available systematic review and de novo assessment of the role of psychedelics in the treatment of alcohol use disorder. A systematic literature search of PubMed was completed from 1960 to 9/9/2023. We pooled randomized controlled trials comparing psychedelics to control therapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. At the first recorded follow-up, LSD [ = 3, Odds Ratio (OR) 1.99 (95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.10 to 3.61)] and any psychedelic [ = 4, OR2.16 (95%CI: 1.26 to 3.69)] enhanced the odds of patients achieving abstinence or a substantial reduction in drinking alcohol versus placebo in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. When the inclusion criteria were relaxed to include controlled trials without double-blinding or placebo control, LSD [ = 5, OR1.79 (95%CI: 1.36 to 2.34)] and any psychedelic therapy [ = 6, OR1.89 (95%CI: 1.42 to 2.50)] still enhanced the odds of patients achieving abstinence or a substantial reduction in drinking alcohol. Four of 6 trials had high risk of bias and other methodological issues. One trial found an instance of suicidal ideation as well as transient increases in blood pressure that requires further exploration before the balance of benefits to harms can be determined. The use of psychedelics to treat alcohol use disorder is promising, but the weaknesses in the literature base preclude making definitive statements about its value. Future trials with greater methodological rigor are needed.", "journal": "Current medical research and opinion", "publication_date": "2024-01-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/03007995.2023.2296968", "pubmed_id": "38111216", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38111216/", "keywords": "LSD, alcohol use disorder, meta-analysis, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38111216\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1239, "title": "Letter to the Editor: Will Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy Reduce the Incidence of Medical Assistance in Dying?", "normalized_title": "letter to the editor will psilocybin assisted therapy reduce the incidence of medical assistance in dying", "authors": "Cho M, Rosenbaum D, Schneider E, Hales S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1089/jpm.2023.0668", "pubmed_id": "38301164", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2023.0668", "keywords": "Humans, Suicide, Assisted, Incidence, Medical Assistance, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38301164\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1176, "title": "Psychedelics for alzheimer's disease-related dementia: Unveiling therapeutic possibilities and pathways.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for alzheimer s disease related dementia unveiling therapeutic possibilities and pathways", "authors": "Sinha JK, Trisal A, Ghosh S, Gupta S, Singh KK, Han SS, Mahapatra M, Abomughaid MM, Abomughayedh AM, Almutary AG, Iqbal D, Bhaskar R, Mishra PC, Jha SK, Jha NK, Singh AK.", "abstract": "Psychedelics have traditionally been used for spiritual and recreational purposes, but recent developments in psychotherapy have highlighted their potential as therapeutic agents. These compounds, which act as potent 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) agonists, have been recognized for their ability to enhance neural plasticity through the activation of the serotoninergic and glutamatergic systems. However, the implications of these findings for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly dementia, have not been fully explored. In recent years, studies have revealed the modulatory and beneficial effects of psychedelics in the context of dementia, specifically Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related dementia, which lacks a definitive cure. Psychedelics such as N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and Psilocybin have shown potential in mitigating the effects of this debilitating disease. These compounds not only target neurotransmitter imbalances but also act at the molecular level to modulate signalling pathways in AD, including the brain-derived neurotrophic factor signalling pathway and the subsequent activation of mammalian target of rapamycin and other autophagy regulators. Therefore, the controlled and dose-dependent administration of psychedelics represents a novel therapeutic intervention worth exploring and considering for the development of drugs for the treatment of AD-related dementia. In this article, we critically examined the literature that sheds light on the therapeutic possibilities and pathways of psychedelics for AD-related dementia. While this emerging field of research holds great promise, further studies are necessary to elucidate the long-term safety, efficacy, and optimal treatment protocols. Ultimately, the integration of psychedelics into the current treatment paradigm may provide a transformative approach for addressing the unmet needs of individuals living with AD-related dementia and their caregivers.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.arr.2024.102211", "pubmed_id": "38307424", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2024.102211", "keywords": "Humans, Alzheimer Disease, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38307424\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1154, "title": "Serotonergic Psychedelics: A Comparative Review of Efficacy, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Binding Profile.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics a comparative review of efficacy safety pharmacokinetics and binding profile", "authors": "Holze F, Singh N, Liechti ME, D'Souza DC.", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds, including psilocybin, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), DMT (N,N -dimethyltryptamine), and 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), all of which are serotonin 2A receptor agonists, are being investigated as potential treatments. This review aims to summarize the current clinical research on these 4 compounds and mescaline to guide future research. Their mechanism(s) of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety were reviewed. While evidence for therapeutic indications, with the exception of psilocybin for depression, is still relatively scarce, we noted no differences in psychedelic effects beyond effect duration. Therefore, it remains unclear whether different receptor profiles contribute to the therapeutic potential of these compounds. More research is needed to differentiate these compounds in order to inform which compounds might be best for different therapeutic uses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.01.007", "pubmed_id": "38301886", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.01.007", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38301886\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1140, "title": "Psychedelic psilocybin-assisted therapy reduces depressive symptoms in adults with cancer and depression.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic psilocybin assisted therapy reduces depressive symptoms in adults with cancer and depression", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-31", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "38309742", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38309742", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Depression, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38309742\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1281, "title": "Set and setting predict psychopathology, wellbeing and meaningfulness of psychedelic experiences: a correlational study.", "normalized_title": "set and setting predict psychopathology wellbeing and meaningfulness of psychedelic experiences a correlational study", "authors": "Borkel LF, Rojas-Hernández J, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Santana Del Pino Á, Quintana-Hernández DJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundIn psychedelic therapy, the importance of set and setting is a fundamental but under-researched assumption. The aim of this study is to correlate variables of set (psychedelic use motivation) and setting (psychedelic use location and type of companion) with psychopathology, wellbeing and personality variables.Research design and methodsA sample of 1022 participants of the Spanish-speaking population was collected through an online survey. A novel instrument, the Psychedelic Use Scale (PUS), was developed to measure substance use variables of LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, DMT, 5-Meo-DMT, ketamine, Salvia divinorum, ibogaine and MDMA. Various personality, well-being and psychopathology instruments were implemented to measure outcome variables.ResultsGrowth motivations, natural settings and presence of significant others predicted less psychopathology, greater wellbeing and meaningfulness of psychedelic experiences, whereas problematic motivations predicted greater psychopathology, lower wellbeing and did not predict meaningfulness of psychedelic experiences.ConclusionsBased on these results, we suggest experimental hypotheses for future clinical trials and longitudinal studies with potential clinical implications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2023.2295997", "pubmed_id": "38108102", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2023.2295997", "keywords": "Humans, Salvia, Substance-Related Disorders, Mescaline, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38108102\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1249, "title": "The Impact of Psilocybin on High Glucose/Lipid-Induced Changes in INS-1 Cell Viability and Dedifferentiation.", "normalized_title": "the impact of psilocybin on high glucose lipid induced changes in ins 1 cell viability and dedifferentiation", "authors": "Gojani EG, Wang B, Li DP, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I.", "abstract": "Serotonin emerges as a pivotal factor influencing the growth and functionality of β-cells. Psilocybin, a natural compound derived from mushrooms of the Psilocybe genus, exerts agonistic effects on the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors, thereby mimicking serotonin's behavior. This study investigates the potential impacts of psilocybin on β-cell viability, dedifferentiation, and function using an in vitro system. The INS-1 832/13 Rat Insulinoma cell line underwent psilocybin pretreatment, followed by exposure to high glucose-high lipid (HG-HL) conditions for specific time periods. After being harvested from treated cells, total transcript and cellular protein were utilized for further investigation. Our findings implied that psilocybin administration effectively mitigates HG-HL-stimulated β-cell loss, potentially mediated through the modulation of apoptotic biomarkers, which is possibly related to the mitigation of TXNIP, STAT-1, and STAT-3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, psilocybin exhibits the capacity to modulate the expression of key genes associated with β-cell dedifferentiation, including Pou5f1 and Nanog, indicating its potential in attenuating β-cell dedifferentiation. This research lays the groundwork for further exploration into the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in Type II diabetes intervention.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-28", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3390/genes15020183", "pubmed_id": "38397173", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15020183", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Serotonin, Glucose, Lipids, Cell Cycle Proteins, Cell Survival, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38397173\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1250, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for severe alcohol use disorder: protocol for a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 7-month parallel-group phase II superiority trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for severe alcohol use disorder protocol for a double blind randomized placebo controlled 7 month parallel group phase ii superiority trial", "authors": "Vanderijst L, Hever F, Buot A, Dauré C, Benoit J, Hanak C, Veeser J, Morgiève M, Campanella S, Kornreich C, Mallet L, Leys C, Noël X.", "abstract": "BackgroundA significant number of individuals with alcohol use disorder remain unresponsive to currently available treatments, which calls for the development of new alternatives. In parallel, psilocybin-assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder has recently yielded promising preliminary results. Building on extant findings, the proposed study is set to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary clinical efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy when incorporated as an auxiliary intervention during inpatient rehabilitation for severe alcohol use disorder. Moreover, it intends to pinpoint the modifications in the two core neurocognitive systems underscored by dual-process models of addiction.MethodsIn this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 7-month parallel-group phase II superiority trial, 62 participants aged 21-64 years will be enrolled to undergo psilocybin-assisted therapy as part of a 4-week inpatient rehabilitation for severe alcohol use disorder. The experimental group will receive a high dose of psilocybin (30 mg), whereas the control group will receive an active placebo dose of psilocybin (5 mg), both within the context of a brief standardized psychotherapeutic intervention drawing from key elements of acceptance and commitment therapy. The primary clinical outcome is the between-group difference regarding the change in percentage of heavy drinking days from baseline to four weeks posthospital discharge, while safety and feasibility metrics will also be reported as primary outcomes. Key secondary assessments include between-group differences in terms of changes in (1) drinking behavior parameters up to six months posthospital discharge, (2) symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma, and global functioning, (3) neuroplasticity and key neurocognitive mechanisms associated with addiction, and (4) psychological processes and alcohol-related parameters.DiscussionThe discussion outlines issues that might arise from our design.Trial registrationEudraCT 2022-002369-14 and NCT06160232.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-25", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s12888-024-05502-y", "pubmed_id": "38279085", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05502-y", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Alcohol Drinking, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Psilocybin, Equivalence Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38279085\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3706, "title": "Comparative Acute Effects of LSD, Psilocybin and Mescaline in a Random-Order Placebo-Controlled Cross-Over Study in Healthy Subjects", "normalized_title": "comparative acute effects of lsd psilocybin and mescaline in a random order placebo controlled cross over study in healthy subjects", "authors": "University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland", "abstract": "LSD, psilocybin and mescaline are widely used for recreational and ethnomedical purposes. All three substances are thought to induce prototypical psychedelic effects primarily via stimulation of the 5-HT2A receptor. However, there are differences in the substances' molecular structures and receptor activation profiles which may induce differential subjective effects. To date, there are no modern studies comparing LSD, psilocybin and mescaline directly within the same clinical study and research subjects using validated psychometric tools. Therefore, the LPM-Study compares the acute effects of LSD, psilocybin, mescaline and placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-period cross-over design with four treatment conditions: 1) 100 μg LSD, 2) 20 mg psilocybin, 3) 300 or 500 mg mescaline, and 4) placebo. LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), psilocybin (the active substance in \"magic mushrooms\") and mescaline (the active substance in Peyote and San Pedro cacti) are serotonergic hallucinogens widely used for recreational and/or ethnomedical purposes. LSD, psilocybin and mescaline are thought to induce prototypical psychedelic effects primarily via stimulation of the 5-HT2A receptor. However, there are differences in their molecular structures (LSD: ergoline, psilocybin: tryptamine; mescaline: phenethylamine)and receptor activation profiles which may induce different subjective effects. To date, there are no modern studies comparing these three substances directly within the same clinical study and research subjects using validated psychometric tools. Therefore, the LPM-Study compares the acute effects of LSD, psilocybin, mescaline and placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-period cross-over design with four treatment conditions: 1) 100 μg LSD, 2) 20 mg psilocybin, 3) 300 or 500 mg mescaline, and 4) placebo. The main objective of this study is to determine whether LSD, psilocybin and mescaline produce qualitatively similar subjective alterations of mind and associated brain activity patterns despite their unique receptor activation profiles. The study investigates psychological (psychometry), physiological and neuronal (magnetic resonance imaging) variables. The LPM-Study provides insight into the acute effects profiles of three serotonergic hallucinogens. It will enhance the understanding of psychedelic-induced altered states of consciousness in humans and will be relevant for the fields of psychiatry, psychology, and forensic toxicology.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-01-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04227756", "keywords": "Healthy, LSD, Psilocybin, Mescaline, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04227756\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Toxicity", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3492, "title": "The Effects of Psilocybin on Self-Focus and Self-Related Processing in Treatment Resistant MDD", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin on self focus and self related processing in treatment resistant mdd", "authors": "Massachusetts General Hospital", "abstract": "This open-label fMRI study will assess the effects of a single dose of psilocybin on rumination and the neural correlates of rumination in individuals with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-01-23", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05381974", "keywords": "Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05381974\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1240, "title": "Social acceptability of psilocybin-assisted therapy for existential distress at the end of life: A population-based survey.", "normalized_title": "social acceptability of psilocybin assisted therapy for existential distress at the end of life a population based survey", "authors": "Plourde L, Chang SL, Farzin H, Gagnon P, Hébert J, Foxman R, Deschamps P, Provost F, Masse-Grenier M, Stephan JF, Cheung K, Joly Y, Fallu JS, Dorval M, P3A Study Group.", "abstract": "BackgroundInternationally, there is a growing interest in the potential benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy to treat existential distress at the end of life. However, the social acceptability of this therapy is not yet well known.AimThis study assesses the social acceptability of the medical use of psilocybin to treat existential distress at the end of life.DesignAn online survey was conducted in Canada between November 23 and December 4, 2022. The questionnaire included items pertaining to perceptions, attitudes and concerns towards psilocybin-assisted therapy to treat existential distress at the end of life.ParticipantsThe sample (n = 2800) was stratified by province, age and sex. Participants were adults from four provinces of Canada: Québec, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia.ResultsOverall, 79.3% considered psilocybin-assisted therapy a reasonable medical choice for a patient suffering from existential distress at the end of life, 84.8% agreed that the public health system should cover the costs of the intervention and 63.3% would welcome the legalisation of psilocybin for medical purposes. Previous psilocybin use (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02692163231222430", "pubmed_id": "38253521", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02692163231222430", "keywords": "Humans, Death, Palliative Care, Terminal Care, Adult, Alberta, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38253521\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1122, "title": "Assessing expectancy and suggestibility in a trial of escitalopram v. psilocybin for depression.", "normalized_title": "assessing expectancy and suggestibility in a trial of escitalopram v psilocybin for depression", "authors": "Szigeti B, Weiss B, Rosas FE, Erritzoe D, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "BackgroundTo investigate the association between pre-trial expectancy, suggestibility, and response to treatment in a trial of escitalopram and investigational drug, COMP360, psilocybin, in the treatment of major depressive disorder (ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03429075).MethodsWe used data (n = 55) from our recent double-blind, parallel-group, randomized head-to-head comparison trial of escitalopram and investigational drug, COMP360, psilocybin. Mixed linear models were used to investigate the association between pre-treatment efficacy-related expectations, as well as baseline trait suggestibility and absorption, and therapeutic response to both escitalopram and COMP360 psilocybin.ResultsPatients had significantly higher expectancy for psilocybin relative to escitalopram; however, expectancy for escitalopram was associated with improved therapeutic outcomes to escitalopram, expectancy for psilocybin was not predictive of response to psilocybin. Separately, we found that pre-treatment trait suggestibility was associated with therapeutic response in the psilocybin arm, but not in the escitalopram arm.ConclusionsOverall, our results suggest that psychedelic therapy may be less vulnerable to expectancy biases than previously suspected. The relationship between baseline trait suggestibility and response to psilocybin therapy implies that highly suggestible individuals may be primed for response to this treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-21", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1017/s0033291723003653", "pubmed_id": "38247730", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291723003653", "keywords": "Humans, Citalopram, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Suggestion, Double-Blind Method, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Anticipation, Psychological, Psilocybin, Escitalopram, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38247730\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3125, "title": "Psilocybin biphasically modulates cortical and behavioral activity in mice", "normalized_title": "psilocybin biphasically modulates cortical and behavioral activity in mice", "authors": "Brockett AT, Francis NA.", "abstract": "SUMMARY Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic believed to have therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric conditions. Despite well-documented prevalence of perceptual alterations, hallucinations, and synesthesia associated with psychedelic experiences, little is known about how psilocybin affects sensory cortex or alters the activity of neurons in awake animals. To investigate, we conducted 2-photon imaging experiments in auditory cortex of awake mice and video analysis of mouse behavior, both at baseline and during psilocybin treatment. We found biphasic effects of psilocybin on behavioral and cortical activity. A2 mg/kg dose of psilocybin initially increased behavioral activity and neural responses to sound. 30 minutes post-dose, mice became behaviorally hypoactive and cortical responses to sound decreased, while neural response variance and noise correlations increased. In contrast, neuronal selectivity for auditory stimuli remained stable during psilocybin treatment. Our results suggest that psilocybin modulates the role of intrinsic versus stimulus-driven activity in sensory cortex, while preserving fundamental sensory processing. Graphical Abstract. Summary of psilocybin’s effect on auditory cortical responses to sound in mice. 30 minutes after injecting the inert vehicle saline, typical auditory responses occur within a relatively narrow range of possible amplitudes, i.e., each neuron’s response variance is weakly correlated with a neighboring neuron’s response variance. In contrast, 30 minutes after injecting 2 mg/kg of psilocybin, population response variance becomes more correlated between individual neurons, and the range of response amplitudes increases. These findings suggest that psilocybin modulates the role of intrinsic versus stimulus-driven neural activity in sensory perception, which may serve as a basis for auditory hallucination at the level of neuronal micro-circuits.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-01-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.01.18.576229", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.18.576229", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR790246\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1252, "title": "Trauma-Informed Care in Psychedelic Therapy Research: A Qualitative Literature Review of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy Interventions in PTSD and Psychedelic Therapy Across Conditions.", "normalized_title": "trauma informed care in psychedelic therapy research a qualitative literature review of evidence based psychotherapy interventions in ptsd and psychedelic therapy across conditions", "authors": "Modlin NL, Creed M, Sarang M, Maggio C, Rucker JJ, Williamson V.", "abstract": "IntroductionPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with significant patient burden. While pharmacotherapies and evidence-based psychotherapy interventions (EBPI) are effective, studies consistently highlight inadequate outcomes and high treatment dropout. Psychedelic therapy (PT) has shown preliminary promise across difficult-to-treat conditions, including MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD, however trials of classical psychedelics in PTSD are lacking. Understanding patients' experiences of EBPI could help promote safety in PT.AimTo systematically review qualitative research on patients' subjective experience of EBPI for PTSD, and of PT, and examine areas of overlap and divergence between them.MethodsSystematic literature searches for studies published between 2010 and 2023 were conducted on OVID, PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycInfo. Included were original studies in English that presented qualitative data of patient experiences of EBPI in PTSD, or PT for any indication. Extracted data from included studies were analysed using thematic synthesis. Syntheses were completed separately for EBPI and PT, before similarities and differences between the therapies were identified.Results40 research articles were included for review: 26 studies on EBPI for PTSD, and 14 studies on PT. EBPI studied were CBT, EMDR, CPT and PE. Psychedelic compounds studied were psilocybin, ibogaine, LSD, MDMA and ketamine, for treatment of substance use disorders, anxiety relating to physical illness, depression, and PTSD. Core themes from patient experiences of EBPI: 1) patient burden in PTSD treatment; 2) readiness; 3) key mechanisms of change; 4) psychological safety and trust. Themes identified in the review of PT: 1) indirect trauma processing; 2) reorganisation of self-narratives via processes of relatedness and identification; 3) key treatment characteristics.ConclusionThis study suggests overlap between patients' experience of EBPI and PT in terms of key mechanisms of change, the importance of psychological safety and readiness to engage in treatment. Trauma-informed care paradigms and practices may improve safety and acceptability of PT research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-19", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.2147/ndt.s432537", "pubmed_id": "38268571", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s432537", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38268571\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3499, "title": "Psilocybin in Patients With Fibromyalgia: EEG-measured Brain Biomarkers of Action", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in patients with fibromyalgia eeg measured brain biomarkers of action", "authors": "Imperial College London", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to assess brain activity under Psilocybin in a cohort of people with fibromyalgia. This mechanistic (Non-CTIMP) study will utilise a within-subjects design to examine a candidate brain biomarker of increased plasticity under Psilocybin. Up to 25mg of Psilocybin will be administered under standardised conditions on two occasions, separated by four weeks with in-dosing EEG recordings. The primary end-point will take place 8 weeks from the first dosing session after which patients will be remotely monitored monthly for 6 months.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-01-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05548075", "keywords": "Fibromyalgia, Psilocybin, O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Therapeutic support, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05548075\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[]}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1272, "title": "Older adults in psychedelic-assisted therapy trials: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "older adults in psychedelic assisted therapy trials a systematic review", "authors": "Bouchet L, Sager Z, Yrondi A, Nigam KB, Anderson BT, Ross S, Petridis PD, Beaussant Y.", "abstract": "BackgroundGrowing clinical interest in psychedelic-assisted therapies has led to a second wave of research involving psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other substances. Data suggests that these compounds have the potential to treat mental health conditions that are especially prevalent in older adults such as depression, anxiety, existential distress, and posttraumatic stress disorder.AimsThe goal of this study was to quantify the prevalence of older adults enrolled in psychedelic clinical trials and explore safety data in this population.MethodsA systematic review was conducted following the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. Search criteria included all trials published in English using psychedelic substances to treat psychiatric conditions, including addiction as well as existential distress related to serious illness. Articles were identified from literature searches on PubMed, EBSCO, and EMBASE.Results4376 manuscripts were identified, of which 505 qualified for further review, with 36 eventually meeting eligibility criteria. Of the 1400 patients enrolled in the 36 studies, only 19 were identified as 65 or older, representing less than 1.4% of all trial participants. For 10 of these 19 older adults, detailed safety data was obtained. No serious adverse events (AEs) occurred in any older adults and only transient mild-to-moderate AEs related to anxiety, gastrointestinal upset, and hypertension were reported during the psychedelic dosing sessions.ConclusionsWhile existing data in older adults is limited, it suggests that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can be safe and well tolerated in older adults. Therefore, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy should be more rigorously investigated for the treatment of psychiatric conditions in this population.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-18", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231215420", "pubmed_id": "38240068", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231215420", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Aged, Clinical Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38240068\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Aging,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Older Adults,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1178, "title": "Psilocybe cubensis extract potently prevents fear memory recall and freezing behavior in short- but not long-term in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder.", "normalized_title": "psilocybe cubensis extract potently prevents fear memory recall and freezing behavior in short but not long term in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Ghofrani-Jahromi Z, Nouri-Darehno S, Rahimi-Danesh M, Talaee N, Jasemi E, Razmi A, Vaseghi S.", "abstract": "Psilocybe cubensis is a species of psilocybin mushroom (magic mushroom) of moderate potency whose principal active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. Recent studies have shown the significant procognitive and mood-enhancer effects of Psilocybe cubensis. However, evidence is so limited, especially in preclinical studies. We aimed to investigate the effect of Psilocybe cubensis extract on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like behavior, pain perception, locomotor activity, and anxiety in a rat model of PTSD. Male rats were exposed to three consecutive shocks (0.8 mA, 3 s interval) paired with three sounds broadcasted 3 s before delivering shocks (75 dB, 3 s). After 1, 3, or 21 days, freezing rate was measured in the fear-conditioning apparatus. Open filed test and hot plate were used to assess locomotor activity and anxiety, and pain subthreshold, respectively. Psilocybe cubensis was injected intraperitoneal at the dose of 25 mg/kg (single administration) before (pretrain) or after (posttrain) shocks, or before the test (pretest). Results showed psilocybin potently alleviated PTSD symptom is short- but not long-term after the induction of PTSD. Psilocybe cubensis decreased locomotor activity only in a short period after administration. Psilocybe cubensis also increased pain subthreshold and decreased anxiety. In conclusion, Psilocybe cubensis effects on PTSD-like behavior and locomotor activity seem to be remained in short-term, while Psilocybe cubensis effects on pain subthreshold and anxiety remained long-term. This is the first study evaluating the effect of Psilocybe cubensis on PTSD-like behavior in rats in three different time protocols (1, 3, and 21 days after fear conditioning). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1037/bne0000579", "pubmed_id": "38236234", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000579", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Disease Models, Animal, Anxiety, Fear, Mental Recall, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38236234\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Chronic Pain,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1177, "title": "A comparison between psilocybin and esketamine in treatment-resistant depression using number needed to treat (NNT): A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "a comparison between psilocybin and esketamine in treatment resistant depression using number needed to treat nnt a systematic review", "authors": "Wong S, Kwan ATH, Teopiz KM, Le GH, Meshkat S, Ho R, d'Andrea G, Cao B, Di Vincenzo JD, Rosenblat JD, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "BackgroundInadequate outcomes with monoamine-based treatments in depressive disorders are common and provide the impetus for mechanistically-novel treatments. Esketamine is a proven treatment recently approved for adults with Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) while psilocybin is an investigational treatment. Translation of the clinical meaningfulness for these foregoing agents in adults with TRD is required. Herein we evaluate the Number Needed to Treat (NNT) and Harm (NNH) of esketamine and psilocybin in adults with TRD.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, comparing the clinical efficacy of oral psilocybin to the co-commencement of intranasal esketamine with an oral antidepressant in adults with TRD.Results25 mg psilocybin had a significant reduction in depressive symptoms at 21-days post-dose, the NNT was 5 [95 % CI = 3.1, 18.5]. Psilocybin-induced nausea had a significant NNH = 5. Fixed-dosed esketamine at 56 mg and 84 mg had a significant effect at 28-days post-dose, (NNT of 7 [95 % CI56mg = 3.5, 46.7], [95 % CI84mg = 3.6, 142.2]). Esketamine-induced headache, nausea, dizziness, and dissociation had NNHs", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-17", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.142", "pubmed_id": "38244804", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.142", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38244804\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Headache / Migraine,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1179, "title": "High-resolution tracking of unconfined zebrafish behavior reveals stimulatory and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "high resolution tracking of unconfined zebrafish behavior reveals stimulatory and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Braun D, Rosenberg AM, Rabaniam E, Haruvi R, Malamud D, Barbara R, Aiznkot T, Levavi-Sivan B, Kawashima T.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics are emerging therapeutics for psychiatric disorders, yet their underlying mechanisms of action in the brain remain largely elusive. Here, we developed a wide-field behavioral tracking system for larval zebrafish and investigated the effects of psilocybin, a psychedelic serotonin receptor agonist. Machine learning analyses of precise body kinematics identified latent behavioral states reflecting spontaneous exploration, visually-driven rapid swimming, and irregular swim patterns following stress exposure. Using this method, we found that acute psilocybin treatment has two behavioral effects: [i] facilitation of spontaneous exploration (\"stimulatory\") and [ii] prevention of irregular swim patterns following stress exposure (\"anxiolytic\"). These effects differed from the effect of acute SSRI treatment and were rather similar to the effect of ketamine treatment. Neural activity imaging in the dorsal raphe nucleus suggested that psilocybin inhibits serotonergic neurons by activating local GABAergic neurons, consistent with psychedelic-induced suppression of serotonergic neurons in mammals. These findings pave the way for using larval zebrafish to elucidate neural mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of serotonergic psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-16", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-023-02391-7", "pubmed_id": "38233467", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02391-7", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Zebrafish, Ketamine, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Anxiety, Larva, Swimming, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Serotonergic Neurons, GABAergic Neurons, Dorsal Raphe Nucleus, Psilocybin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38233467\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1254, "title": "Modern Psychedelic Microdosing Research on Mental Health: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "modern psychedelic microdosing research on mental health a systematic review", "authors": "Lo DF, Zia H, Rajkumar P, Thakur A, O'Donnell H.", "abstract": "Objective: To investigate the relationship between psychedelic microdosing and its effects on mental health, aiming to understand if microdosing can improve mental well-being.Data Sources: PubMed and Scopus were searched on December 25, 2022, using search terms related to psychedelics, microdosing, and mental health. The inclusion criteria focused on studies published between January 1, 2012, and November 30, 2022. There were no language restrictions for the initial search; however, for the study selection, only articles in English were considered.Study Selection: A total of 45 articles were initially identified. After removing duplicates, 27 unique articles were screened based on their titles and abstracts, resulting in 19 articles included in the final review. The studies were selected based on their relevance to the relationship between mental health and psychedelic microdosing.Data Extraction: The extracted data from the selected studies included sample sizes, demographics, survey designs, and qualitative and quantitative analyses related to the outcomes of individuals with mental health issues who also engaged in psychedelic microdosing. The QualSyst Quality Assessment Checklist was used to assess the methodological rigor and quality of each study. The data extraction process involved systematically reviewing each article and summarizing key findings related to the impact of microdosing on mental health.Results: The review revealed that microdosing psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin, showed potential benefits on mental health. Users reported positive effects, including improved mood, increased focus, and better daily function. However, there were also challenges reported, such as physiologic discomfort and increased anxiety. Some studies observed that positive expectations about microdosing led to positive outcomes. The studies varied in design, with some being observational, others placebo-controlled, and some relying on self-reported data.Conclusions: There is a growing body of evidence suggesting a positive correlation between psychedelic microdosing and improved mental well-being. However, due to the limited number of controlled studies and the small sample sizes in some of the studies, the causal relationship between microdosing and mental health improvement remains uncertain. The review calls for further research with double-blind experiments, control groups, and larger sample sizes that represent the general population to better understand the potential benefits and risks of psychedelic microdosing on mental health.Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2024;26(1):23r03581.Author affiliations are listed at the end of this article.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-15", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.4088/pcc.23r03581", "pubmed_id": "38228068", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.23r03581", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Mental Health, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38228068\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 916, "title": "Validation of the Danish Translation of the Revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) and Possible Impact of Setting, Dose and Intention.", "normalized_title": "validation of the danish translation of the revised mystical experience questionnaire meq30 and possible impact of setting dose and intention", "authors": "Hovmand OR, Ebbesen Jensen M, Søgaard Juul T, Korsbak Madsen M, MacDonald Fisher P, Siggaard Stenbæk D.", "abstract": "Research suggests positive changes in both well-being and psychiatric symptoms following a psychedelic experience. One explanation may be the ability of psychedelic compounds to occasion mystical-type experiences. The Revised Mystical Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ30) is designed to assess the intensity and quality of such experiences. We examined the validity, reliability, and factor structure of a Danish translation of the MEQ30 in one sample of healthy volunteers receiving psilocybin in a laboratory setting (N = 47) and two samples of recreative users of psychedelics, in which MEQ30 was reported retrospectively through an online survey based on their most recent experience with psilocybin (N = 834) or their most memorable experience with any psychedelic (N = 500). We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis of the previously suggested factor structures, calculated alpha and omega, and tested the associations between MEQ30 total score and setting, intention and dose. We found excellent internal reliability estimates across all samples, and confirmatory factor analysis showed that a four-factor structure, had the best, fair fit to the data. We further found that the MEQ30 total score was correlated with dose and a spiritual/religious intention, but not with setting. The Danish MEQ30 seems to be a valid tool for accessing mystical-type experiences among Danish-speaking individuals.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-14", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2302186", "pubmed_id": "38225795", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2302186", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Reproducibility of Results, Intention, Psychometrics, Mysticism, Translations, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Denmark, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38225795\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Creativity,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3145, "title": "MicroRNAs underlying the antidepressant effect of psilocybin - Establishing an nCounter pipeline for microRNA-quantification in the pig brain", "normalized_title": "micrornas underlying the antidepressant effect of psilocybin establishing an ncounter pipeline for microrna quantification in the pig brain", "authors": "Kaadt E, Søkilde R, Hansen H, Raval N, Lundgaard L, Just J, Knudsen G, Elfving B.", "abstract": "Abstract Novel treatment strategies are needed to overcome some of the current challenges related to treatment resistance and treatment latency within the psychiatric field. Recently, psilocybin has shown promise as a novel treatment of major depressive disorder. A single dose of psilocybin is associated with lasting changes in personality and mood. In parallel, various studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are regulated after antidepressive interventions. Here, pigs were used to study the transcriptional profiles of miRNAs in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP), 1 day and 1 week after a single dose of psilocybin. A streamlined process was developed to adapt the Nanostring nCounter technology, specifically the Human v3b miRNA Assay panel, for compatibility with pig tissue samples. The mirmachine tool was used to select miRNAs with complete human-pig sequence conservation to make a conservative reannotation of pig microRNAs. Furthermore, different normalization strategies were employed. Utilizing this pipeline, dysregulation of 12 miRNAs in the PFC and 2 miRNAs in the HIP was ∂identified 1 day after psilocybin administration. Seven days after psilocybin administration, only 4 dysregulated miRNAs were observed in the HIP. Among the 18 identified miRNAs, 9 have previously been linked to depression. Notably, miR-212-3p and miR-107 displayed robust acute regulation across all four normalization strategies in the PFC. The two miRNAs are known to exert anti-inflammatory effects, mirroring previously reported effects of psilocybin. These results suggest that psilocybin may exert its acute and sustained molecular effects through the regulation of specific miRNAs in core brain areas of depression.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-01-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3787179/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3787179/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR786762\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Personality Change,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1242, "title": "Synthetic surprise as the foundation of the psychedelic experience.", "normalized_title": "synthetic surprise as the foundation of the psychedelic experience", "authors": "De Filippo R, Schmitz D.", "abstract": "Psychedelic agents, such as LSD and psilocybin, induce marked alterations in consciousness via activation of the 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2ARs). We hypothesize that psychedelics enforce a state of synthetic surprise through the biased activation of the 5-HTRs system. This idea is informed by recent insights into the role of 5-HT in signaling surprise. The effects on consciousness, explained by the cognitive penetrability of perception, can be described within the predictive coding framework where surprise corresponds to prediction error, the mismatch between predictions and actual sensory input. Crucially, the precision afforded to the prediction error determines its effect on priors, enabling a dynamic interaction between top-down expectations and incoming sensory data. By integrating recent findings on predictive coding circuitry and 5-HT2ARs transcriptomic data, we propose a biological implementation with emphasis on the role of inhibitory interneurons. Implications arise for the clinical use of psychedelics, which may rely primarily on their inherent capacity to induce surprise in order to disrupt maladaptive patterns.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105538", "pubmed_id": "38220035", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105538", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Consciousness, Signal Transduction", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38220035\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Drug Interactions,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1212, "title": "Microdosing psychedelics and the risk of cardiac fibrosis and valvulopathy: Comparison to known cardiotoxins.", "normalized_title": "microdosing psychedelics and the risk of cardiac fibrosis and valvulopathy comparison to known cardiotoxins", "authors": "Rouaud A, Calder AE, Hasler G.", "abstract": "Though microdosing psychedelics has become increasingly popular, its long-term effects on cardiac health remain unknown. Microdosing most commonly involves ingesting sub-threshold doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, or other psychedelic drugs 2-4 times a week for at least several weeks, but potentially months or years. Concerningly, both LSD and psilocybin share structural similarities with medications which raise the risk of cardiac fibrosis and valvulopathy when taken regularly, including methysergide, pergolide, and fenfluramine. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, which is also reportedly used for microdosing, is likewise associated with heart valve damage when taken chronically. In this review, we evaluate the evidence that microdosing LSD, psilocybin, and other psychedelics for several months or more could raise the risk of cardiac fibrosis. We discuss the relationship between drug-induced cardiac fibrosis and the 5-HT2B receptor, and we make recommendations for evaluating the safety of microdosing psychedelics in future studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-11", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231225609", "pubmed_id": "38214279", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231225609", "keywords": "Humans, Fibrosis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cardiotoxins, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38214279\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3752, "title": "Enhanced visual contrast suppression during peak psilocybin effects: A psychophysical study", "normalized_title": "enhanced visual contrast suppression during peak psilocybin effects a psychophysical study", "authors": "Swanson L, Jungers S, Varghese R, Cullen KR, Evans MD, Nielson J, Schallmo M.", "abstract": "In visual perception, an effect known as surround suppression occurs wherein the apparent contrast of a center stimulus is reduced when it is presented within a higher-contrast surrounding stimulus. Many key aspects of visual perception involve surround suppression, yet the neuromodulatory processes involved remain unclear. Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic compound known for its robust effects on visual perception, particularly texture, color, object, and motion perception. We asked whether surround suppression is altered under peak effects of psilocybin. Using a contrast-matching task with different center-surround stimulus configurations, we measured surround suppression after 25 mg of psilocybin compared with placebo (100 mg niacin). After taking psilocybin, participants (n = 6) reported stronger surround suppression of perceived contrast compared to placebo. Furthermore, we found that the intensity of subjective ‘psychedelic visuals’ induced by psilocybin correlated positively with the magnitude of surround suppression. We note the potential impact of our findings for the field of psychiatry, given that recent studies have demonstrated weakened visual surround suppression in patients with major depressive disorder, for which psilocybin has recently been identified as a breakthrough therapy. Our finding is thus relevant to understanding the visual effects of psilocybin, and the potential mechanisms of psychedelic therapies for mental health disorders.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-01-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/5rm62", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5rm62", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR786871\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3139, "title": "Enhanced visual contrast suppression during peak psilocybin effects: A psychophysical study", "normalized_title": "enhanced visual contrast suppression during peak psilocybin effects a psychophysical study", "authors": "", "abstract": "In visual perception, an effect known as surround suppression occurs wherein the apparent contrast of a center stimulus is reduced when it is presented within a higher-contrast surrounding stimulus. Many key aspects of visual perception involve surround suppression, yet the neuromodulatory processes involved remain unclear. Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic compound known for its robust effects on visual perception, particularly texture, color, object, and motion perception. We asked whether surround suppression is altered under peak effects of psilocybin. Using a contrast-matching task with different center-surround stimulus configurations, we measured surround suppression after 25 mg of psilocybin compared with placebo (100 mg niacin). After taking psilocybin, participants (n = 6) reported stronger surround suppression of perceived contrast compared to placebo. Furthermore, we found that the intensity of subjective ‘psychedelic visuals’ induced by psilocybin correlated positively with the magnitude of surround suppression. We note the potential impact of our findings for the field of psychiatry, given that recent studies have demonstrated weakened visual surround suppression in patients with major depressive disorder, for which psilocybin has recently been identified as a breakthrough therapy. Our finding is thus relevant to understanding the visual effects of psilocybin, and the potential mechanisms of psychedelic therapies for mental health disorders.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2024-01-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/5rm62_v1", "keywords": "context effects, hallucinogenic, illusion, perception, psilocybin, psychedelic, surround suppression, visual, Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"5rm62_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1257, "title": "Knowledge gaps in psychedelic medicalisation: Clinical studies and regulatory aspects.", "normalized_title": "knowledge gaps in psychedelic medicalisation clinical studies and regulatory aspects", "authors": "E-Wen McCulloch D, Liechti ME, Kuypers KP, Nutt D, Lundberg J, Stenbæk DS, Goodwin GM, Gründer G, Butlen-Ducuing F, Haberkamp M, Thirstrup S, Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs including psilocybin and LSD are undergoing clinical trials for a range of psychiatric and neurological conditions, and have particularly shown substantial promise in phase 2 studies of depression. In this article we outline key knowledge gaps that may be imperative for a successful implementation of psychedelic drugs as medicines as identified by members of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology at the New Frontiers Meeting in Nice (2023). Key themes include pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterisation, comparisons between psychedelics, the relation between the duration of subjective effects and therapeutic outcomes, polypharmacology, and the impact of psychological support. We conclude with a perspective from the European Medicines Agency and Heath Technology Assessors on the most pressing requirements for medical implementation in Europe.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2024.103938", "pubmed_id": "40656112", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2024.103938", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40656112\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1243, "title": "Do the therapeutic effects of psilocybin involve actions in the gut?", "normalized_title": "do the therapeutic effects of psilocybin involve actions in the gut", "authors": "Reed F, Foldi CJ.", "abstract": "The psychedelic compound psilocybin has recently emerged as a therapeutic intervention for various mental health conditions. Psilocybin is a potent agonist of serotonin (5-HT) receptors (5-HTRs), which are expressed in the brain and throughout peripheral tissues, with particularly high expression in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, no studies have investigated the possibility that peripheral actions of psilocybin may contribute to improvements in mental health outcomes. This is despite strong evidence for disturbed gut-brain signalling in conditions in which psilocybin is being tested clinically. In this Opinion, we highlight the likely actions of psychedelics in the gut and provide initial support for the premise that peripheral actions may be involved in rapid and long-term therapeutic effects. A greater understanding of all sites and modes of action will guide more targeted approaches to drug development.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.tips.2023.12.007", "pubmed_id": "38216431", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2023.12.007", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38216431\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1213, "title": "Antidepressant-like effects of psychedelics in a chronic despair mouse model: is the 5-HT2A receptor the unique player?", "normalized_title": "antidepressant like effects of psychedelics in a chronic despair mouse model is the 5 ht2a receptor the unique player", "authors": "Sekssaoui M, Bockaert J, Marin P, Bécamel C.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most disabling psychiatric disorders in the world. First-line treatments such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) still have many limitations, including a resistance to treatment in 30% of patients and a delayed clinical benefit that is observed only after several weeks of treatment. Increasing clinical evidence indicates that the acute administration of psychedelic agonists of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR), such as psilocybin, to patients with MDD induce fast antidepressant effects, which persist up to five weeks after the treatment. However, the involvement of the 5-HT2AR in these antidepressant effects remains controversial. Furthermore, whether the hallucinogenic properties of 5-HT2AR agonists are mandatory to their antidepressant activity is still an open question. Here, we addressed these issues by investigating the effect of two psychedelics of different chemical families, DOI and psilocybin, and a non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2AR agonist, lisuride, in a chronic despair mouse model exhibiting a robust depressive-like phenotype. We show that a single injection of each drug to wild type mice induces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in the novelty-suppressed feeding, sucrose preference and forced swim tests, which last up to 15 days. DOI and lisuride administration did not produce antidepressant-like effects in 5-HT2A-/- mice, whereas psilocybin was still effective. Moreover, neither 5-HT1AR blockade nor dopamine D1 or D2 receptor blockade affected the antidepressant-like effects of psilocybin in 5-HT2A-/- mice. Collectively, these findings indicate that 5-HT2AR agonists can produce antidepressant-like effects independently of hallucinogenic properties through mechanisms involving or not involving the receptor.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-10", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-024-01794-6", "pubmed_id": "38212441", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-024-01794-6", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Mice, Serotonin, Lisuride, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38212441\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1259, "title": "Rapid-acting antidepressant drugs modulate affective bias in rats.", "normalized_title": "rapid acting antidepressant drugs modulate affective bias in rats", "authors": "Hinchcliffe JK, Stuart SA, Wood CM, Bartlett J, Kamenish K, Arban R, Thomas CW, Selimbeyoglu A, Hurley S, Hengerer B, Gilmour G, Robinson ESJ.", "abstract": "How rapid-acting antidepressants (RAADs), such as ketamine, induce immediate and sustained improvements in mood in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) is poorly understood. A core feature of MDD is the prevalence of cognitive processing biases associated with negative affective states, and the alleviation of negative affective biases may be an index of response to drug treatment. Here, we used an affective bias behavioral test in rats, based on an associative learning task, to investigate the effects of RAADs. To generate an affective bias, animals learned to associate two different digging substrates with a food reward in the presence or absence of an affective state manipulation. A choice between the two reward-associated digging substrates was used to quantify the affective bias generated. Acute treatment with the RAADs ketamine, scopolamine, or psilocybin selectively attenuated a negative affective bias in the affective bias test. Low, but not high, doses of ketamine and psilocybin reversed the valence of the negative affective bias 24 hours after RAAD treatment. Only treatment with psilocybin, but not ketamine or scopolamine, led to a positive affective bias that was dependent on new learning and memory formation. The relearning effects of ketamine were dependent on protein synthesis localized to the rat medial prefrontal cortex and could be modulated by cue reactivation, consistent with experience-dependent neural plasticity. These findings suggest a neuropsychological mechanism that may explain both the acute and sustained effects of RAADs, potentially linking their effects on neural plasticity with affective bias modulation in a rodent model.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1126/scitranslmed.adi2403", "pubmed_id": "38198569", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adi2403", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Rats, Ketamine, Scopolamine, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin, Bias, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38198569\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1258, "title": "Aesthetic chills mitigate maladaptive cognition in depression.", "normalized_title": "aesthetic chills mitigate maladaptive cognition in depression", "authors": "Schoeller F, Jain A, Adrien V, Maes P, Reggente N.", "abstract": "BackgroundDepression is a major global health challenge, affecting over 300 million people worldwide. Current pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions have limited efficacy, underscoring the need for novel approaches. Emerging evidence suggests that peak emotional experiences characterized by awe, transcendence, and meaning hold promise for rapidly shifting maladaptive cognitive patterns in depression. Aesthetic chills, a peak positive emotion characterized by physical sensations such as shivers and goosebumps, may influence reward-related neural pathways and hold promise for modifying core maladaptive beliefs rooted in early adverse experiences.MethodsWe enrolled 96 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder. A validated database of multimedia known to elicit chills responses (ChillsDB) was used for stimulus presentation. Participants' emotional responses were assessed using the Emotional Breakthrough Inventory (EBI), while shifts in self-schema were measured via the Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YSPQ).ResultsThe study found that chill-inducing stimuli have the potential to positively influence the core schema of individuals with depression, impacting areas of self-related beliefs. The associated phenomenology triggered by chills appears to share similarities with the altered states of consciousness induced by psychedelic substances like psilocybin.ConclusionsThese preliminary results suggest that the biological processes involved in aesthetic chills could be harnessed as a non-pharmacological intervention for depression. However, further investigation is necessary to comprehensively understand the neurophysiological responses to chills and to evaluate the practicality, effectiveness, and safety of utilizing aesthetic chills as a preventive measure in mental health care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-09", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1186/s12888-023-05476-3", "pubmed_id": "38200491", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05476-3", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Cognition, Esthetics, Databases, Factual, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38200491\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1261, "title": "Safety, feasibility, tolerability, and clinical effects of repeated psilocybin dosing combined with non-directive support in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: protocol for a randomized, waitlist-controlled trial with blinded ratings.", "normalized_title": "safety feasibility tolerability and clinical effects of repeated psilocybin dosing combined with non directive support in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder protocol for a randomized waitlist controlled trial with blinded ratings", "authors": "Ching THW, Amoroso L, Bohner C, D'Amico E, Eilbott J, Entezar T, Fitzpatrick M, Fram G, Grazioplene R, Hokanson J, Kichuk SA, Martins B, Patel P, Schaer H, Shnayder S, Witherow C, Pittenger C, Kelmendi B.", "abstract": "BackgroundTo date, few randomized controlled trials of psilocybin with non-directive support exist for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Results and participant feedback from an interim analysis of an ongoing single-dose trial (NCT03356483) converged on the possibility of administering a higher fixed dose and/or more doses of psilocybin in future trials for presumably greater benefits.ObjectivesThis trial aims to evaluate the safety, feasibility, tolerability, and clinical effects of two doses of psilocybin paired with non-directive support in the treatment of OCD. This trial also seeks to examine whether two doses of psilocybin lead to greater OCD symptom reduction than a single dose, and to elucidate psychological mechanisms underlying the effects of psilocybin on OCD.DesignA randomized (1:1), waitlist-controlled design with blinded ratings will be used to examine the effects of two doses of oral psilocybin paired with non-directive support vs. waitlist control on OCD symptoms. An adaptive dose selection strategy will be implemented (i.e., first dose: 25 mg; second dose: 25 or 30 mg).Methods and analysisThis single-site trial will enroll 30 adult participants with treatment-refractory OCD. Aside from safety, feasibility, and tolerability metrics, primary outcomes include OCD symptoms assessed on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale - Second Edition (Y-BOCS-II). A blinded independent rater will assess primary outcomes at baseline and the primary endpoint at the end of the second dosing week. Participants will be followed up to 12 months post-second dosing. Participants randomized to waitlist will be rescreened after 7 weeks post-randomization, and begin their delayed treatment phase thereafter if still eligible.EthicsWritten informed consent will be obtained from participants. The institutional review board has approved this trial (protocol v. 1.7; HIC #2000032623).DiscussionThis study seeks to advance our ability to treat refractory OCD, and catalyze future research seeking to optimize the process of psilocybin treatment for OCD through understanding relevant psychological mechanisms.Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05370911.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278823", "pubmed_id": "38264632", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278823", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38264632\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1255, "title": "Phylogenomics of the psychoactive mushroom genus Psilocybe and evolution of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster.", "normalized_title": "phylogenomics of the psychoactive mushroom genus psilocybe and evolution of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster", "authors": "Bradshaw AJ, Ramírez-Cruz V, Awan AR, Furci G, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Dentinger BTM.", "abstract": "Psychoactive mushrooms in the genus Psilocybe have immense cultural value and have been used for centuries in Mesoamerica. Despite the recent surge of interest in these mushrooms due to the psychotherapeutic potential of their natural alkaloid psilocybin, their phylogeny and taxonomy remain substantially incomplete. Moreover, the recent elucidation of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster is known for only five of ~165 species of Psilocybe, four of which belong to only one of two major clades. We set out to improve the phylogeny of Psilocybe using shotgun sequencing of fungarium specimens, from which we obtained 71 metagenomes including from 23 types, and conducting phylogenomic analysis of 2,983 single-copy gene families to generate a fully supported phylogeny. Molecular clock analysis suggests the stem lineage of Psilocybe arose ~67 mya and diversified ~56 mya. We also show that psilocybin biosynthesis first arose in Psilocybe, with 4 to 5 possible horizontal transfers to other mushrooms between 40 and 9 mya. Moreover, predicted orthologs of the psilocybin biosynthetic genes revealed two distinct gene orders within the biosynthetic gene cluster that corresponds to a deep split within the genus, possibly a signature of two independent acquisitions of the cluster within Psilocybe.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-08", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2311245121", "pubmed_id": "38194448", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2311245121", "keywords": "Agaricales, Phylogeny, Multigene Family, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38194448\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1262, "title": "In vivo validation of psilacetin as a prodrug yielding modestly lower peripheral psilocin exposure than psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "in vivo validation of psilacetin as a prodrug yielding modestly lower peripheral psilocin exposure than psilocybin", "authors": "Jones NT, Wagner L, Hahn MCP, Scarlett CO, Wenthur CJ.", "abstract": "IntroductionThe use of the psychedelic compound psilocybin in conjunction with psychotherapy has shown promising results in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, though the underlying mechanisms supporting these effects remain unclear. Psilocybin is a Schedule I substance that is dephosphorylated in vivo to form an active metabolite, psilocin. Psilacetin, also known as O-acetylpsilocin or 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-AcO-DMT), is an unscheduled compound that has long been suggested as an alternative psilocin prodrug, though direct in vivo support for this hypothesis has thus far been lacking.MethodsThis study employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to assess the time-course and plasma concentrations of psilocin following the intraperitoneal (IP) administration of psilacetin fumarate or psilocybin to male and female C57Bl6/J mice.ResultsDirect comparisons of the time courses for psilocin exposure arising from psilocybin and psilacetin found that psilocybin led to 10-25% higher psilocin concentrations than psilacetin at 15-min post-injection. The half-life of psilocin remained approximately 30 min, irrespective of whether it came from psilocybin or psilacetin. Overall, the relative amount of psilocin exposure from psilacetin fumarate was found to be approximately 70% of that from psilocybin.DiscussionThese findings provide the first direct support for the long-standing assumption in the field that psilacetin functions as a prodrug for psilocin in vivo. In addition, these results indicate that psilacetin fumarate results in lower peripheral psilocin exposure than psilocybin when dosed on an equimolar basis. Thoughtful substitution of psilocybin with psilacetin fumarate appears to be a viable approach for conducting mechanistic psychedelic research in C57Bl6/J mice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-07", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1303365", "pubmed_id": "38264637", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1303365", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38264637\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1253, "title": "Psychedelic-like Activity of Norpsilocin Analogues.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic like activity of norpsilocin analogues", "authors": "Sherwood AM, Burkhartzmeyer EK, Williamson SE, Baumann MH, Glatfelter GC.", "abstract": "Primary metabolites of mushroom tryptamines, psilocybin and baeocystin (i.e., psilocin and norpsilocin), exhibit potent agonist activity at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A) in vitro but differ in their 5-HT2A-mediated effects in vivo. In particular, psilocin produces centrally mediated psychedelic effects in vivo, whereas norpsilocin, differing only by the loss of an N-methyl group, is devoid of psychedelic-like effects. These observations suggest that the secondary methylamine group in norpsilocin impacts its central nervous system (CNS) bioavailability but not its receptor pharmacodynamics. To test this hypothesis, eight norpsilocin derivatives were synthesized with varied secondary alkyl-, allyl-, and benzylamine groups, primarily aiming to increase their lipophilicity and brain permeability. Structure-activity relationships for the norpsilocin analogues were evaluated using the mouse head-twitch response (HTR) as a proxy for CNS-mediated psychedelic-like effects. HTR studies revealed that extending the N-methyl group of norpsilocin by a single methyl group, to give the corresponding secondary N-ethyl analogue (4-HO-NET), was sufficient to produce psilocin-like activity (median effective dose or ED50 = 1.4 mg/kg). Notably, N-allyl, N-propyl, N-isopropyl, and N-benzyl derivatives also induced psilocin-like HTR activity (ED50 = 1.1-3.2 mg/kg), with variable maximum effects (26-77 total HTR events). By contrast, adding bulkier tert-butyl or cyclohexyl groups in the same position did not elicit psilocin-like HTRs. Pharmacological assessments of the tryptamine series in vitro demonstrated interactions with multiple serotonin receptor subtypes, including 5-HT2A, and other CNS signaling proteins (e.g., sigma receptors). Overall, our data highlight key structural requirements for CNS-mediated psychedelic-like effects of norpsilocin analogues.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-07", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00610", "pubmed_id": "38189238", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00610", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Mice, Serotonin, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38189238\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3076, "title": "Psilocybin Promotes Cell-Type-Specific Changes in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Revealed by Single-Nucleus RNA-seq", "normalized_title": "psilocybin promotes cell type specific changes in the orbitofrontal cortex revealed by single nucleus rna seq", "authors": "Huang Z, Wei X, Wang Y, Tian J, Dong J, Liang B, Lu L, Zhang W.", "abstract": "Recent clinical breakthroughs hold great promise for the application of psilocybin in the treatments of psychological disorders, such as depression, addiction, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psilocybin is a psychedelic whose metabolite, psilocin, is a 5-HT2A receptor agonist. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms for the effects of psilocybin on the brain are not fully illustrated, and cell type-specific and circuit effects of psilocybin are not fully understood. Here, we combined single-nucleus RNA-seq with functional assays to study the long-term effects of psilocybin on the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a brain region vulnerable to psychological disorders such as depression. We showed that a single dose of psilocybin induced long-term genetic and functional changes in neurons of the OFC, and excitatory and inhibitory neurons collectively reduced circuit activity of the brain region. Knockdown of 5-HT2A receptor in deep layer excitatory neurons abated psilocybin-induced functional changes and the anti-depressant effect. Together, these results showed the cell type-specific mechanisms of psilocybin and shed light on the brain region difference in the effect of psychedelics.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-01-06", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.01.07.573163", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.07.573163", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR783465\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1097, "title": "Neural Mechanisms of Resting-State Networks and the Amygdala Underlying the Cognitive and Emotional Effects of Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "neural mechanisms of resting state networks and the amygdala underlying the cognitive and emotional effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Stoliker D, Novelli L, Vollenweider FX, Egan GF, Preller KH, Razi A.", "abstract": "BackgroundSerotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, alter perceptual and cognitive systems that are functionally integrated with the amygdala. These changes can alter cognition and emotions that are hypothesized to contribute to their therapeutic utility. However, the neural mechanisms of cognitive and subcortical systems altered by psychedelics are not well understood.MethodsWe used resting-state functional magnetic resonance images collected during a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 24 healthy adults under 0.2 mg/kg psilocybin to estimate the directed (i.e., effective) changes between the amygdala and 3 large-scale resting-state networks involved in cognition. These networks are the default mode network, the salience network, and the central executive network.ResultsWe found a pattern of decreased top-down effective connectivity from these resting-state networks to the amygdala. Effective connectivity decreased within the default mode network and salience network but increased within the central executive network. These changes in effective connectivity were statistically associated with behavioral measures of altered cognition and emotion under the influence of psilocybin.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that temporary amygdala signal attenuation is associated with mechanistic changes to resting-state network connectivity. These changes are significant for altered cognition and perception and suggest targets for research investigating the efficacy of psychedelic therapy for internalizing psychiatric disorders. More broadly, our study suggests the value of quantifying the brain's hierarchical organization using effective connectivity to identify important mechanisms for basic cognitive function and how they are integrated to give rise to subjective experiences.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-05", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.01.002", "pubmed_id": "38185235", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.01.002", "keywords": "Amygdala, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Cognition, Rest, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Connectome, Psilocybin, Default Mode Network", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38185235\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3623, "title": "Safety and Tolerability of Psilocybin in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder", "normalized_title": "safety and tolerability of psilocybin in post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and potential efficacy of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity in a sample of individuals with PTSD. The proposed Phase I study aims to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and potential efficacy of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy to reduce PTSD severity in a sample of individuals with PTSD. A sample of up to 30 individuals with PTSD will be recruited. All participants will receive the intervention, which will consist of three psilocybin sessions with an interval of approximately 2 weeks between each session. A3+3 Phase I trial design will be used to evaluate a range of possible dose sequences with doses ranging from 15 mg up to 45 mg. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy endpoints will be evaluated 2 weeks following each psilocybin session and at 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2024-01-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05562973", "keywords": "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Psilocybin, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05562973\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3066, "title": "Behavioural Investigations of Psilocybin in Animals 1962-2021: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "behavioural investigations of psilocybin in animals 1962 2021 a scoping review", "authors": "Shore R, Dobson K, Thomson N, Barnim N, Bergman H, Rideout K, McKeown S, Olmstead MC, Goldie C, Dumont E.", "abstract": "Background and Aims Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug that may hold promise for a wide range of human health conditions, yet the identification of therapeutic processes and mechanisms of action remains exploratory. We conducted a scoping review on pre-clinical behavioural investigations of psilocybin in non-human animals to help determine the behavioural effects of psilocybin in non-human animals, to identify studies completed, behavioural tests employed, and what dosing modalities had been studied. Methods A librarian-conducted literature search was performed using predefined key terms and search criteria and additional searching was conducted by reviewers, using electronic databases, grey literature sources, and reference lists of relevant articles or reviews. The final search updated occurred in October, 2021. Studies were reviewed, screened and selected against an a priori protocol using Covidence software by multiple reviewers with results plotted across the Research Domains Criteria construct. Results From 4124 records identified by database searching, 260 publications were subjected to full-text review with 77 studies included in this scoping review, published between 1962-2021. The preponderance of studies (n=64) investigated behavioural outcomes in rodents. Only 43 studies (55.8%) reported on housing conditions, and seventeen studies (22.1%) failed to report sample size. All studies reported behavioural outcomes following drug administration, with fifty-one studies (66.2%) using psilocybin, thirty studies (42.9%) psilocin, four studies (5.2%) administering whole mushroom extracts (WME), and a further eight studies investigating both psilocybin and psilocin and one study reporting the effects of both psilocin and WME. One hundred and thirty distinct behavioural investigations using fifty different behavioral paradigms were identified. Few adverse events were reported, and even exceedingly high doses were apparently well tolerated. Conclusion With seventy-seven publications spanning close to sixty years, there is huge variation in study design and quality. Overall psilocybin presents a unique and strong safety profile with no evidence of biological toxicity, is characterized by unique time and dose-dependent effects, and its pattern of drug action is significantly context and training-sensitive. Data suggest putative effects of psilocybin include acute arousal, dose-dependent sedation, reductions in fear conditioning at low doses, reduced aggression, improved valence, acute disruption of working memory, the rescuing of deficits from chronic stress, and improved learning when combined with repeated environmental exposure after resolution of drug effect.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2024-01-04", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1101/2024.01.04.574146", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.04.574146", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR782675\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3174, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Severe Alcohol Use Disorder: Protocol for a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, 7-month Parallel-Group Phase II Superiority Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for severe alcohol use disorder protocol for a double blind randomized placebo controlled 7 month parallel group phase ii superiority trial", "authors": "Vanderijst L, Hever F, Buot A, Dauré C, Benoit J, Hanak C, Veeser J, Morgiève M, Campanella S, Kornreich C, Mallet L, Leys C, Noël X.", "abstract": "Background: A significant number of individuals with alcohol use disorder remain unresponsive to currently available treatments, which calls for the development of new alternatives. In parallel, psilocybin-assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder has recently yielded promising preliminary results. Building on extant findings, the proposed study is set to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary clinical efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy when incorporated as an auxiliary intervention during inpatient rehabilitation for severe alcohol use disorder. Moreover, it intends to pinpoint the modifications in the two core neurocognitive systems underscored by dual-process models of addiction. Methods:: In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 7-month parallel-group phase II superiority trial, 62 participants aged 21-64 years will be enrolled to undergo psilocybin-assisted therapy as part of a 4-week inpatient rehabilitation for severe alcohol use disorder. The experimental group will receive a high dose of psilocybin (30 mg), whereas the control group will receive an active placebo dose of psilocybin (5 mg), both within the context of a brief standardized psychotherapeutic intervention drawing from key elements of acceptance and commitment therapy. The primary clinical outcome is the between-group difference regarding the change in percentage of heavy drinking days from baseline to four weeks posthospital discharge, while safety and feasibility metrics will also be reported as primary outcomes. Key secondary assessments include between-group differences in terms of changes in 1) drinking behavior parameters up to six months posthospital discharge, 2) symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma, and global functioning, 3) neuroplasticity and key neurocognitive mechanisms associated with addiction, and 4) psychological processes and alcohol-related parameters. Discussion: The discussion outlines issues that might arise from our design. Trial registration: EudraCT 2022-002369-14 and NCT06160232", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2024-01-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3829237/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3829237/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR782504\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1223, "title": "Effect of a single psilocybin treatment on Fos protein expression in male rat brain.", "normalized_title": "effect of a single psilocybin treatment on fos protein expression in male rat brain", "authors": "Funk D, Araujo J, Slassi M, Lanthier J, Atkinson J, Feng D, Lau W, Lê A, Higgins GA.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has received attention as a treatment for depression, stress disorders and drug and alcohol addiction. To help determine the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects, here we examined acute effects of a range of behaviourally relevant psilocybin doses (0.1-3 mg/kg SC) on regional expression of Fos, the protein product of the immediate early gene, c-fos in brain areas involved in stress, reward and motivation in male rats. We also determined the cellular phenotypes activated by psilocybin, in a co-labeling analysis with NeuN, a marker of mature neurons, or Olig1, a marker of oligodendrocytes. In adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, psilocybin increased Fos expression dose dependently in several brain regions, including the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, central and basolateral amygdala and locus coeruleus. These effects were most marked in the central amygdala. Double labeling experiments showed that Fos was expressed in both neurons and oligodendrocytes. These results extend previous research by determining Fos expression in multiple brain areas at a wider psilocybin dose range, and the cellular phenotypes expressing Fos. The data also highlight the amygdala, especially the central nucleus, a key brain region involved in emotional processing and learning and interconnected with other brain areas involved in stress, reward and addiction, as a potentially important locus for the therapeutic effects of psilocybin. Overall, the present findings suggest that the central amygdala may be an important site through which the initial brain activation induced by psilocybin is translated into neuroplastic changes, locally and in other regions that underlie its extended therapeutic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2024-01-03", "publication_year": 2024, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.01.001", "pubmed_id": "38184069", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.01.001", "keywords": "Brain, Locus Coeruleus, Amygdala, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38184069\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Emotional Processing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2008, "title": "Pharmacological characterization of psilocin affinity towards different 5-HT receptors and receptor regulation after psilocybin administration in pigs", "normalized_title": "pharmacological characterization of psilocin affinity towards different 5 ht receptors and receptor regulation after psilocybin administration in pigs", "authors": "Kolesnik E., Navarro M. López, Raval N.R., Ozenne B., Hansen H.D.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuroscience Applied", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2024.105133", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2024.105133", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.nsa.2024.105133\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1297, "title": "Menstrual Changes and Reversal of Amenorrhea Induced by Classic Psychedelics: A Case Series.", "normalized_title": "menstrual changes and reversal of amenorrhea induced by classic psychedelics a case series", "authors": "Gukasyan N, Narayan SK", "abstract": "There has been little research on the effects of psychedelics on menstrual and reproductive function, though anecdotal evidence suggests that these compounds may have striking effects on menstrual function in at least a subset of users. Social media and word of mouth were used to seek out individuals who had a history of changes in menstrual function following psychedelic use. Case histories were elicited from three respondents following informed consent. A literature search on the effects of classic psychedelics and related compounds was completed. Three women ranging from 27 to 34 years of age were interviewed and reported three distinct phenomena following the use of classic psychedelics: 1) resumption of menses following amenorrhea, 2) early onset of menses, in particular when psychedelics were used in the mid to late luteal period, and 3) improved menstrual regularity in a woman with irregular cycles who was eventually diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome. The mechanisms behind these effects remain unclear, though they may be mediated via direct or indirect effects of 5-HT agonism on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Although phenomena related to menstrual and reproductive function have been largely overlooked in the psychedelic literature to date, these effects may have therapeutic utility and warrant further study.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2157350", "pubmed_id": "36682064", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36682064/", "keywords": "LSD, menstruation, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychoneuroendocrinology, reproductive health, serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36682064\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1291, "title": "Potential Benefits of Psilocybin for Lupus Pain: A Case Report.", "normalized_title": "potential benefits of psilocybin for lupus pain a case report", "authors": "Gonzales SAB, Alexopoulos C, Arkfeld DG.", "abstract": "IntroductionOutcomes of treatment for patients with Lupus have shown overall improvement and benefit from the more aggressive use of immunosuppressants and biological agents through a treat-to-target approach. However, chronic musculoskeletal pain can be refractory to treatment despite the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and other analgesic agents, leading to patient dissatisfaction. The concept of new neural pathways from psilocybin usage has been proposed in a variety of pain syndromes; however, it is not trialed for patients with Lupus pain.Case presentationThe patient was a 67-year-old male with positive anti-dsDNA antibody Lupus with a predominance of chronic polyarticular joint pain treated with hydroxychloroquine and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs without pain relief. Pain dramatically improved after a one-time macro-dosing of 6 grams of Psilocybin cubensis in Oregon, which he expected would only provide a sense of enlightenment. After 12 months, he continued without debilitating joint pain.ConclusionThe serotonin-2A receptor's activation triggers an array of neurophysiological reactions that disrupt the functional connections in areas of the brain that are associated with chronic pain. These neuroplastic effects can generate healthy connections, resulting in long-lasting pain relief. However, this is a process that has not been fully analyzed. While there is anecdotal evidence to suggest the therapeutic benefits for autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, there is no specific research that explores its use for lupus-related pain. Since this is the first case that shows the benefit of psilocybin in a patient with Lupus, further studies on macro-dosing psilocybin to treat Lupus pain are warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.2174/1573397119666230904150750", "pubmed_id": "37670693", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1573397119666230904150750", "keywords": "Humans, Arthralgia, Pain, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Antibodies, Antinuclear, Treatment Outcome, Aged, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37670693\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biological Age,Case Report,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1289, "title": "When the Trial Ends: The Case for Post-Trial Provisions in Clinical Psychedelic Research.", "normalized_title": "when the trial ends the case for post trial provisions in clinical psychedelic research", "authors": "Jacobs E, Murphy-Beiner A, Rouiller I, Nutt D, Spriggs MJ", "abstract": "The ethical value-and to some scholars, necessity-of providing trial patients with post-trial access (PTA) to an investigational drug has been subject to significant attention in the field of research ethics. Although no consensus has emerged, it seems clear that, in some trial contexts, various factors make PTA particularly appropriate. We outline the atypical aspects of psychedelic clinical trials that support the case for introducing the provision of PTA within research in this field, including the broader legal status of psychedelics, the nature of the researcher-therapist/participant relationship, and the extended time-frame of the full therapeutic process. As is increasingly understood, the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is driven as much by extrapharmacological elements and the cultural therapeutic container as by the drug itself. As such, we also advocate for a refocusing of attention from post-trial access to a broader concept encompassing other elements of post-trial care. We provide an overview of some of the potential post-trial care provisions that may be appropriate in psychedelic clinical trials. Although the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki calls on researchers, sponsors, and governments to make provisions for post-trial access, such provision may feel impracticable or out-of-reach within psychedelic trials that are already constrained by a high resource demand and significant bureaucratic burden. We show how conceiving of post-trial provision as an integral site of the research process, and an appropriate destination for research funding, will serve to develop the infrastructure necessary for the post-legalisation psychedelic medicine ecosystem.", "journal": "Neuroethics", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s12152-023-09536-z", "pubmed_id": "37942467", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37942467/", "keywords": "Clinical trials, Post-trial access, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Research ethics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37942467\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1286, "title": "Psilocybin and Other Classic Psychedelics in Depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and other classic psychedelics in depression", "authors": "Nutt DJ, Peill JM, Weiss B, Godfrey K, Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and ketamine are returning to clinical research and intervention across several disorders including the treatment of depression. This chapter focusses on psychedelics that specifically target the 5-HT2A receptor such as psilocybin and DMT. These produce plasma-concentration related psychological effects such as hallucinations and out of body experiences, insightful and emotional breakthroughs as well as mystical-type experiences. When coupled with psychological support, effects can produce a rapid improvement in mood among people with depression that can last for months. In this chapter, we summarise the scientific studies to date that explore the use of psychedelics in depressed individuals, highlighting key clinical, psychological and neuroimaging features of psychedelics that may account for their therapeutic effects. These include alterations in brain entropy that disrupt fixed negative ruminations, a period of post-treatment increased cognitive flexibility, and changes in self-referential psychological processes. Finally, we propose that the brain mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of serotonergic psychedelics might be distinct from those underlying classical serotonin reuptake-blocking antidepressants.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2023_451", "pubmed_id": "37955822", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2023_451", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37955822\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1283, "title": "Psychedelia: The interplay of music and psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "psychedelia the interplay of music and psychedelics", "authors": "Jerotic K, Vuust P, Kringelbach ML", "abstract": "Music and psychedelics have been intertwined throughout the existence of Homo sapiens, from the early shamanic rituals of the Americas and Africa to the modern use of psychedelic-assisted therapy for a variety of mental health conditions. Across such settings, music has been highly prized for its ability to guide the psychedelic experience. Here, we examine the interplay between music and psychedelics, starting by describing their association with the brain's functional hierarchy that is relied upon for music perception and its psychedelic-induced manipulation, as well as an exploration of the limited research on their mechanistic neural overlap. We explore music's role in Western psychedelic therapy and the use of music in indigenous psychedelic rituals, with a specific focus on ayahuasca and the Santo Daime Church. Furthermore, we explore work relating to the evolution and onset of music and psychedelic use. Finally, we consider music's potential to lead to altered states of consciousness in the absence of psychedelics as well as the development of psychedelic music. Here, we provide an overview of several perspectives on the interaction between psychedelic use and music-a topic with growing interest given increasing excitement relating to the therapeutic efficacy of psychedelic interventions.", "journal": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/nyas.15082", "pubmed_id": "37983198", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37983198/", "keywords": "DMT, LSD, ayahuasca, music, psilocybin, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37983198\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1282, "title": "IUPHAR-review: The integration of classic psychedelics into current substance use disorder treatment models.", "normalized_title": "iuphar review the integration of classic psychedelics into current substance use disorder treatment models", "authors": "Yaden DB, Berghella AP, Hendricks PS, Yaden ME, Levine M, Rohde JS, Nayak S, Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A", "abstract": "Substance use disorders (SUDs) have an enormous impact on public health. With classic psychedelic-assisted therapies showing initial promise in treating multiple SUDs, it is possible that these treatments will become legally available options for patients with SUDs in the future. This article highlights how classic psychedelic-assisted therapies might be integrated into current clinical practice. We first describe contemporary evidence-based treatments for SUDs and highlight how classic psychedelic-assisted therapies might fit within each treatment. We suggest that classic psychedelic-assisted therapies can be integrated into most mainstream evidence-based SUD treatments that are currently used in clinical settings, indicating broad compatibility of classic psychedelics with contemporary SUD treatment paradigms.", "journal": "Pharmacological research", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106998", "pubmed_id": "38029805", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38029805/", "keywords": "Medication Assisted Treatment, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Substance Use Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38029805\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1279, "title": "Longitudinal associations between psychedelic use and unusual visual experiences in the United States and the United Kingdom.", "normalized_title": "longitudinal associations between psychedelic use and unusual visual experiences in the united states and the united kingdom", "authors": "Simonsson O, Hendricks PS, Stenfors CU, Goldberg SB, Honk L, Osika W", "abstract": "Whereas findings from case reports and cross-sectional studies suggest that naturalistic psychedelic use may be associated with unusual visual experiences that occur after the acute pharmacological effects have subsided, such findings need to be replicated in longitudinal studies to better understand potential cause-and-effect relationships. To investigate longitudinal associations between naturalistic psychedelic use and unusual visual experiences. Using a longitudinal observational research design with samples representative of the US and UK adult populations with regard to sex, age, and ethnicity ( = 9732), we investigated the relationship between psychedelic use during the 2-month study period and changes in past-week unusual visual experiences. The follow-up survey was completed by 79% of respondents ( = 7667), with 100 respondents reporting psychedelic use during the 2-month study period (1.3% of those who responded at follow-up). In covariate-adjusted regression models, the results showed that, as hypothesized, psychedelic use during the 2-month study period was associated with greater increases in unusual visual experiences. Notably, there was an interaction between lifetime psychedelic use and psychedelic use during the study period on unusual visual experiences such that those who used psychedelics for the first time reported greater increases in unusual visual experiences. Psychedelic use may elicit unusual visual experiences that occur after the acute pharmacological effects have subsided, especially among those who have not used psychedelics previously. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to further elucidate these relationships.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231218931", "pubmed_id": "38140891", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38140891/", "keywords": "HPPD, LSD, Psychedelics, mescaline, psilocybin, risks, visual", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38140891\"}", "topic_tags": "Case Report,Observational Study,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1278, "title": "Misinterpretations and Omissions: A Critical Response to Goodwin and Colleagues' Commentary on Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "misinterpretations and omissions a critical response to goodwin and colleagues commentary on psilocybin assisted therapy", "authors": "O'Donnell KC, Anderson BT, Barrett FS, Bogenschutz MP, Grob CS, Hendricks PS, Kelmendi B, Nayak SM, Nicholas CR, Paleos CA, Stauffer CS, Gukasyan N.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20230661", "pubmed_id": "38161295", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230661", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38161295\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1277, "title": "Is Poorly Assisted Psilocybin Treatment an Increasing Risk?", "normalized_title": "is poorly assisted psilocybin treatment an increasing risk", "authors": "Schenberg EE, King F, da Fonseca JE, Roseman L.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20230664", "pubmed_id": "38161296", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230664", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38161296\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1276, "title": "Psilocybin Without Psychotherapy: A Cart Without a Horse?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin without psychotherapy a cart without a horse", "authors": "Earleywine M, De Leo J, Bhayana D, Rajanna B, Scott K.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20230572", "pubmed_id": "38161299", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230572", "keywords": "Animals, Horses, Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38161299\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1275, "title": "Psychological Support for Psilocybin Treatment: Reply to Letters on Our Commentary.", "normalized_title": "psychological support for psilocybin treatment reply to letters on our commentary", "authors": "Goodwin GM, Malievskaia E, Fonzo GA, Nemeroff CB.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20230905", "pubmed_id": "38161302", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230905", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Counseling, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38161302\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1274, "title": "The safety of supported psilocybin use in Oregon.", "normalized_title": "the safety of supported psilocybin use in oregon", "authors": "Smith WR, Sisti DA, Appelbaum PS.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41591-023-02727-4", "pubmed_id": "38238619", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02727-4", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Oregon, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38238619\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1273, "title": "CCH attack frequency reduction after psilocybin correlates with hypothalamic functional connectivity.", "normalized_title": "cch attack frequency reduction after psilocybin correlates with hypothalamic functional connectivity", "authors": "Madsen MK, Petersen AS, Stenbaek DS, Sørensen IM, Schiønning H, Fjeld T, Nykjaer CH, Larsen SMU, Grzywacz M, Mathiesen T, Klausen IL, Overgaard-Hansen O, Brendstrup-Brix K, Linnet K, Johansen SS, Fisher PM, Jensen RH, Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility and prophylactic effect of psilocybin as well as its effects on hypothalamic functional connectivity (FC) in patients with chronic cluster headache (CCH).BackgroundCCH is an excruciating and difficult-to-treat disorder with incompletely understood pathophysiology, although hypothalamic dysfunction has been implicated. Psilocybin may have beneficial prophylactic effects, but clinical evidence is limited.MethodsIn this small open-label clinical trial, 10 patients with CCH were included and maintained headache diaries for 10 weeks. Patients received three doses of peroral psilocybin (0.14 mg/kg) on the first day of weeks five, six, and seven. The first 4 weeks served as baseline and the last 4 weeks as follow-up. Hypothalamic FC was determined using functional magnetic resonance imaging the day before the first psilocybin dose and 1 week after the last dose.ResultsThe treatment was well tolerated. Attack frequency was reduced by mean (standard deviation) 31% (31) from baseline to follow-up (pFWER = 0.008). One patient experienced 21 weeks of complete remission. Changes in hypothalamic-diencephalic FC correlated negatively with a percent change in attack frequency (pFWER = 0.03, R = -0.81), implicating this neural pathway in treatment response.ConclusionOur results indicate that psilocybin may have prophylactic potential and implicates the hypothalamus in possible treatment response. Further clinical studies are warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/head.14656", "pubmed_id": "38238974", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14656", "keywords": "Hypothalamus, Neural Pathways, Humans, Cluster Headache, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38238974\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1271, "title": "The Psychedelic Future of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic future of post traumatic stress disorder treatment", "authors": "Zaretsky TG, Jagodnik KM, Barsic R, Antonio JH, Bonanno PA, MacLeod C, Pierce C, Carney H, Morrison MT, Saylor C, Danias G, Lepow L, Yehuda R.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can occur following exposure to a traumatic experience. An estimated 12 million U.S. adults are presently affected by this disorder. Current treatments include psychological therapies (e.g., exposure-based interventions) and pharmacological treatments (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)). However, a significant proportion of patients receiving standard-of-care therapies for PTSD remain symptomatic, and new approaches for this and other trauma-related mental health conditions are greatly needed. Psychedelic compounds that alter cognition, perception, and mood are currently being examined for their efficacy in treating PTSD despite their current status as Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)- scheduled substances. Initial clinical trials have demonstrated the potential value of psychedelicassisted therapy to treat PTSD and other psychiatric disorders. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the state of the science of PTSD clinical care, including current treatments and their shortcomings. We review clinical studies of psychedelic interventions to treat PTSD, trauma-related disorders, and common comorbidities. The classic psychedelics psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and DMT-containing ayahuasca, as well as the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and the dissociative anesthetic ketamine, are reviewed. For each drug, we present the history of use, psychological and somatic effects, pharmacology, and safety profile. The rationale and proposed mechanisms for use in treating PTSD and traumarelated disorders are discussed. This review concludes with an in-depth consideration of future directions for the psychiatric applications of psychedelics to maximize therapeutic benefit and minimize risk in individuals and communities impacted by trauma-related conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.2174/1570159x22666231027111147", "pubmed_id": "38284341", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x22666231027111147", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38284341\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1270, "title": "Valuing the Acute Subjective Experience.", "normalized_title": "valuing the acute subjective experience", "authors": "Cheung K, Earp BD, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, including psilocybin, and other consciousness-altering compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), currently are being scientifically investigated for their potential therapeutic uses, with a primary focus on measurable outcomes: for example, alleviation of symptoms or increases in self-reported well-being. Accordingly, much recent discussion about the possible value of these substances has turned on estimates of the magnitude and duration of persisting positive effects in comparison to harms. However, many have described the value of a psychedelic experience with little or no reference to such therapeutic benefits, instead seeming to find the experience valuable in its own right. How can we make sense of such testimony? Could a psychedelic experience be valuable even if there were no persisting beneficial effects? If so, how? Using the concept of psychological richness, combined with insights from the philosophy of aesthetics and the enhancement literature, this essay explores potential sources of value in the acute subjective experience, apart from the value derived from persisting beneficial effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1353/pbm.2024.a919717", "pubmed_id": "38662070", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919717", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Consciousness, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38662070\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1269, "title": "[Up-to-Date on clinical and preclinical studies of psilocybin therapy].", "normalized_title": "up to date on clinical and preclinical studies of psilocybin therapy", "authors": "Ibi D.", "abstract": "Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) poses a significant global health burden, with 30-40% patients developing resistance to standard clinical antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. In 2016, Carhart-Harris and colleagues reported that psilocybin, the hallucinogenic compound derived from magic mushrooms, exhibits rapid and enduring antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Subsequent clinical studies have found the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in MDD, depressive episode in bipolar disorder, anorexia, and drug addiction. In 2018 and 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration designated psilocybin as a \"breakthrough medicine\" for treatment-resistant depression and MDD, respectively. Notably, the side effects of psilocybin are limited to transient and mild issues, such as headache and fatigue, suggesting its safety. In 2023, we published a review on the role of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the antidepressant effects of serotonergic psychedelics (Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi, Volume 158, Issue 3, Page 229-232). Here, we present our study alongside the latest clinical and preclinical research on the antidepressant effects of psilocybin and provide an overview of the potential and issues related to psilocybin therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1254/fpj.24007", "pubmed_id": "38945903", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1254/fpj.24007", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38945903\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1268, "title": "Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Psychedelics in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD).", "normalized_title": "efficacy safety and tolerability of psychedelics in treatment resistant depression trd", "authors": "Olivier B, Olivier JDA.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder, associated with substantial burden and large economical costs. Notwithstanding various conventional antidepressant treatment options, a large portion of depressed people (ca. 30%) fails to respond to first-line treatment, resulting in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Although non-response to multiple antidepressant interventions is a common outcome, a consensus definition of TRD is not yet available. In practice, TRD is applied when two or more successive treatments with different antidepressants are not working. The last decade's intense research into new medicines for TRD has led to two developments, using typical or serotonergic (psilocybin, ayahuasca) and atypical (glutamatergic) psychedelics (ketamine, esketamine). Both approaches, although via different entrance mechanism, exhibit a fast onset but also long-lasting antidepressant effect far beyond the biological presence of the drug in the body, strongly indicating that downstream mechanisms activated by signaling cascades in the brain are involved. The present chapter describes the clinical development of psilocybin and esketamine for TRD and discusses the problems involved in the use of a proper placebo because of the psychotomimetic (psilocybin) or dissociative (ketamine) effects that interfere with performing \"blind\" studies. Nevertheless, intranasal esketamine was developed and approved for TRD, whereas psilocybin has shown positive results. Adverse effects and tolerability of both drugs in the dose ranges used are generally acceptable. The emergence of anti-TRD medicines for treatment of a very severe disease is a breakthrough in psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/978-981-97-4402-2_3", "pubmed_id": "39261423", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4402-2_3", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39261423\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1265, "title": "Theorizing that Psychedelic Assisted Therapy May Play a Role in the Treatment of Trauma-Induced Personality Disorders.", "normalized_title": "theorizing that psychedelic assisted therapy may play a role in the treatment of trauma induced personality disorders", "authors": "Martire G, Sipple D, Baron D, Gold MS, Lewandowski KU, Dennen CA, Sharafshah A, Elman I, Thanos PK, Modestino EJ, Badgaiyan RD, Pinhasov A, Bowirrat A, Makale M, Roy AK, Sunder K, Murphy KT, Mahajan S, Mahajan Y, Levin C, Blum K", "abstract": "Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) share overlapping neurobiological mechanisms particularly reward deficiency and stress-like anti-reward processes. And so, BPD may be reclassified as a \"traumatic personality stress disorder\" (TPSD) with ensuing common therapeutic strategies that may stabilize dopaminergic reward function such as psychedelic-assisted therapy. Integrated therapeutic strategies may be further supported by genetic studies aimed at assessing similarities between the two therapeutic entities. In this perspective we theorize that psychedelic assisted therapy (PAT) may play a role in the treatment of trauma induced personality disorders. This study identifies PAT as a pathway for treating both BPD and PTSD, proposing that reframing BPD as TPSD could lead to more effective, personalized interventions, ultimately improving the quality of life for those affected by trauma. Such a reclassification might also mitigate stigma, enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms, and optimize therapeutic interventions for a broader range of diagnostic categories characterized by anhedonia, negative affective states, hypervigilance, and dissociation.", "journal": "Journal of addiction psychiatry", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "39634920", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39634920/", "keywords": "Borderline personality disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psilocybin, Psychedelic assisted therapy, Trauma", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39634920\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1234, "title": "Keeping the promise: a critique of the current state of microdosing research.", "normalized_title": "keeping the promise a critique of the current state of microdosing research", "authors": "Petranker R, Anderson T, Fewster EC, Aberman Y, Hazan M, Gaffrey M, Seli P", "abstract": "The practice of taking small, sub-hallucinogenic doses of psychedelics, known as microdosing, has exploded in popularity over the last decade. Users claim benefits ranging from improved mood and enhanced creativity to an increased sense of meaning and connectedness in life. While research on microdosing is still lagging behind the shift in public opinion, several papers have been published in the last five years which attempted to assess the effects of microdosing. This review paper aimed to critically analyze the research practices used in the recent wave of microdosing research: We reviewed 15 papers published before the closing date of this review in March 2022. Our review concludes that it is premature to draw any conclusions about the efficacy or safety of microdosing since the research quality cannot be considered confirmatory. We propose some potential causes for the current state of the literature and some suggestions for how these causes may be ameliorated.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1217102", "pubmed_id": "38374976", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38374976/", "keywords": "LSD, microdosing, psilocybin, psychedelics, review", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38374976\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Creativity,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1219, "title": "Psychedelic substitution: altered substance use patterns following psychedelic use in a global survey.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic substitution altered substance use patterns following psychedelic use in a global survey", "authors": "Glynos NG, Aday JS, Kruger D, Boehnke KF, Lake S, Lucas P", "abstract": "Recent research suggests that psychedelics may have potential for the treatment of various substance use disorders. However, most studies to date have been limited by small sample sizes and neglecting to include non-North American and European populations. We conducted a global, cross-sectional online survey of adults (n = 5,268, 47.2% women) self-reporting past or current psychedelic use and investigated whether psychedelic use was associated with changes in use of other substances. Nearly three-quarters (70.9%; n = 3,737/5,268) reported ceasing or decreasing use of one or more non-psychedelic substances after naturalistic psychedelic use. Among those with previous use, 60.6% (n = 2,634/4,344) decreased alcohol use, 55.7% (n = 1,223/2,197) decreased antidepressant use, and 54.2% (n = 767/1,415) decreased use of cocaine/crack. Over a quarter of the sample indicated that their decrease in substance use persisted for 26 weeks or more following use of a psychedelic. Factors associated with decreased use included a motivation to either decrease one's substance use or self-treat a medical condition. Importantly, 19.8% of respondents also reported increased or initiated use of one or more other substances after psychedelic use, with illicit opioids (14.7%; n = 86/584) and cannabis (13.3%; n = 540/4,064) having the highest proportions. Factors associated with increased substance use included having a higher income and residing in Canada or the US. Although limited by cross-sectional study design, this large observational study will help inform future studies aiming to investigate the relationship between substance use patterns and psychedelic use.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1349565", "pubmed_id": "38455520", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38455520/", "keywords": "MDMA, SUD, psilocybin, psychedelics, substance use, survey", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38455520\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1187, "title": "Commentary: Evidence-Informed Recommendation to Achieve Approximate Parity in the Allowed Number of Doses for Common Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "commentary evidence informed recommendation to achieve approximate parity in the allowed number of doses for common psychedelics", "authors": "Thomas KL, Jesse R, Mehtani NJ, Mitchell JM, Anderson BT", "abstract": "In recent years, policymakers have proposed and implemented regulatory changes promoting the deprioritization, decriminalization, or state-level legalization of one or more psychedelic substances, usually referencing data from clinical trials as reasons to support liberalizing drug control policies. As psychedelic policies continue to be drafted, personal possession limits may be considered for inclusion in those regulations. If \"allowable amount\" limits are to be written into law to set personal possession limits, then such amounts should be more consistently related to psychedelic doses found to be safe and efficacious in clinical trials, existing data on moderate-high doses commonly used in various naturalistic settings, and the few studies that estimate psychedelic dose equivalence based on the intensity of subjective effects. In this commentary, we provide an evidence-informed table of typical moderate-high doses for seven commonly used psychedelic substances. These estimates of comparable moderate-high doses can be used to inform \"allowable amount\" values for psychedelic substances. When such limits are written into legislation, the adoption of evidence-informed comparable limits akin to those presented here would be an important first step toward ensuring greater parity and consistency in drug policy, relative to limits that have little or no scientific basis.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2201244", "pubmed_id": "37061961", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37061961/", "keywords": "5-MeO-DMT, DMT, LSD, MDMA, ayahuasca, ibogaine, mescaline, policy, psilocybin, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37061961\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1131, "title": "Attitudes of European psychiatrists on psychedelics: a qualitative study.", "normalized_title": "attitudes of european psychiatrists on psychedelics a qualitative study", "authors": "Žuljević MF, Breški N, Kaliterna M, Hren D", "abstract": "It is important to understand how mental health practitioners view recent findings on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) as there is potential this treatment may be incorporated into clinical practice. The aim of our study was to explore how psychiatrists who are not involved in psychedelic research and who are located in the European region perceive psychedelics and PAP. We conducted online semi-structured interviews with 12 psychiatry specialists and psychiatry trainees from 8 European countries. Data were analyzed using a general inductive approach informed by codebook thematic analysis. Based on the interviews, we developed four main themes and 14 sub-themes, including (1) Psychedelics hold potential, (2) Psychedelics are dangerous, (3) Future of psychedelics is uncertain, and (4) Psychiatry is ambivalent toward psychedelics. Our respondents-psychiatrists acknowledged the potential of PAP but remained cautious and did not yet perceive its evidence base as robust enough. Education on psychedelics is lacking in medical and psychiatric training and should be improved to facilitate the involvement of mental health experts in decision-making on PAP.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1411234", "pubmed_id": "38855648", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38855648/", "keywords": "psychedelics, MDMA, attitudes, psilocybin, psychedelic therapy, psychiatrists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38855648\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1073, "title": "Revisiting psychiatry's relationship with spirituality.", "normalized_title": "revisiting psychiatry s relationship with spirituality", "authors": "DeBonis K", "abstract": "", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1441922", "pubmed_id": "39091453", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39091453/", "keywords": "MDMA, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychopathology, spirituality", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39091453\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1057, "title": "[The nursing role in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy].", "normalized_title": "the nursing role in psychedelic assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Amberger C, Szczesniak L", "abstract": "In this article, we aim to highlight the specific role of nurses in the interdisciplinary model of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. We argue that the plural competencies of our profession are at the heart of future issues in psychiatry and the use of psychedelics.", "journal": "Revue de l'infirmiere", "publication_date": "2023-12-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.revinf.2024.07.014", "pubmed_id": "39209402", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39209402/", "keywords": "LSD, conscience, consciousness, nursing role, psilocybin, psilocybine, psychedelics, psychotherapy, psychothérapie, psychédélique, rôle infirmier", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:36", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"39209402\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1264, "title": "Amygdala response to emotional faces following acute administration of psilocybin in healthy individuals.", "normalized_title": "amygdala response to emotional faces following acute administration of psilocybin in healthy individuals", "authors": "Armand S, Larsen K, Madsen MK, Ozenne B, Preller KH, Knudsen GM, Stenbæk DS, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "The serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin acutely induces changes in emotional states. However, it remains unresolved whether psilocybin acutely modulates amygdala reactivity to emotions, a brain region critically involved in emotion processing. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined in 26 healthy individuals whether amygdala responses to angry, fearful and neutral faces differ between acute exposure to psilocybin and at baseline. We also evaluated whether plasma psilocin levels (PPL) and subjective drug intensity (SDI) during psilocybin are related to amygdala responses to the emotional faces. We found that amygdala response to angry faces was significantly reduced during exposure to psilocybin as compared to baseline (mean difference = -0.54, PFWER = 0.03), whereas no significant changes in amygdala responses to fearful or neutral faces were observed. We further found that the amygdala response to fearful faces was significantly negatively associated with SDI (slope = -0.13, PFWER = 0.04), whereas no significant association with PPL was observed. Our findings indicate that psilocybin attenuates amygdala reactivity to angry faces and that a more intense subjective psilocybin response (SDI) is associated with attenuated amygdala reactivity to fearful faces, in accordance with previously reported results. Future studies should investigate whether exposure to psilocybin acutely changes emotion processing in individuals with depression and whether such changes are related to therapeutic outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2023.103934", "pubmed_id": "40656071", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2023.103934", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40656071\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1300, "title": "Public Interest in Psilocybin and Psychedelic Therapy in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Google Trends Analysis.", "normalized_title": "public interest in psilocybin and psychedelic therapy in the context of the covid 19 pandemic google trends analysis", "authors": "Danias G, Appel J.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic substances have demonstrated promise in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Significant media coverage has been dedicated to psychedelic medicine, but it is unclear whether the public associates psilocybin with its potential therapeutic benefits. The COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in depression, anxiety, and substance abuse in the general population.ObjectiveThis study attempts to link increases in interest in these disorders with increases in interest in psilocybin using Google Trends.MethodsWeekly interest-over-time Google Trends data for 4 years, from the week of March 11, 2018, to the week of March 6, 2022, were obtained for the following terms: \"psilocybin,\" \"psychedelic therapy,\" \"cannabis,\" \"cocaine,\" \"antidepressant,\" \"depression,\" \"anxiety,\" and \"addiction.\" Important psilocybin-related news and the declaration of the pandemic were noted. Trends data for each of the queried terms were plotted, and multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the slope of the prepandemic and postpandemic data with 95% CIs. Nonparametric Tau-U analysis was performed correcting for baseline trends. Results from this test were used to make inferences about the pre- and postpandemic trends and inferences about the change in overall level of searches between the 2 groups.ResultsTau values for prepandemic data were significant for stable trends, all ranging -0.4 to 0.4. Tau values for postpandemic data showed positive trends for \"psilocybin,\" \"psychedelic therapy,\" and \"antidepressant.\" All other trends remained stable in the range of -0.4 to 0.4. When comparing Tau values for pre- and postpandemic data, overall increases in relative search volume (RSV) were seen for \"psilocybin,\" \"psychedelic therapy,\" and \"anxiety,\" and overall decreases in RSV were seen for \"depression,\" \"addiction,\" and \"cocaine.\" Overall RSVs for \"cannabis\" and \"antidepressant\" remained stable as Tau values ranged between -0.4 and 0.4. In the immediate aftermath of the declaration of the pandemic, drop-offs in interest were seen for all terms except for \"anxiety\" and \"cannabis.\" After the initial shock of a global pandemic, \"psilocybin\" and \"psychedelic therapy\" groups demonstrated increases in interest trends and overall RSV.ConclusionsThese data suggest that overall interest in \"psilocybin\" and \"psychedelic therapy\" increased at higher rates and to higher levels after than before the declaration of the pandemic. This is consistent with our hypothesis that interest increased for these treatments after the pandemic as incidence of depression, anxiety, and addiction increased. However, there may be other drivers of interest for these topics, since interest in antidepressants-the typical pharmacologic treatments for depression and anxiety-followed the expected pattern of drop-off and accelerated interest back to prepandemic levels. Interest in \"psilocybin\" and \"psychedelic therapy\" may have also been partially driven by popular culture hype and novelty, explaining why interest increased at a higher rate post pandemic and continued to grow, surpassing prior interest.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.2196/43850", "pubmed_id": "38064635", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/43850", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38064635\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3164, "title": "Engaging Mood Brain Circuits with Psilocybin (EMBRACE): a study protocol for a randomized, proof-of-principle, placebo-controlled and crossover, neuroimaging trial in depression", "normalized_title": "engaging mood brain circuits with psilocybin embrace a study protocol for a randomized proof of principle placebo controlled and crossover neuroimaging trial in depression", "authors": "Poulin JM, Bigford GE, Lanctot KL, Giacobbe P, Schaffer A, Sinyor M, Rabin JS, Masellis M, Singnurkar A, Pople CB, Lipsman N, MacIntosh BJ, Nestor SM.", "abstract": "Abstract Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide across domains of health and cognition, affecting overall quality of life. Approximately one third of individuals with depression do not fully respond to treatments (e.g., conventional antidepressants, psychotherapy) and alternative strategies are needed. Recent early phase trials suggest psilocybin may be a safe and efficacious intervention with rapid-acting antidepressant properties. Psilocybin is thought to exert therapeutic benefits by altering brain network connectivity and inducing neuroplastic changes that endure for weeks post-treatment. Although early clinical results are encouraging, psilocybin’s acute neurobiological effects on neuroplasticity have not been fully investigated. We aim to examine for the first time how psilocybin acutely (intraday) and subacutely (weeks) alters functional brain networks implicated in depression. Methods: Thirty-six participants diagnosed with MDD or Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) will be recruited from a tertiary mood disorders clinic and undergo 1:1 randomization into either an experimental or control arm. Participants will be given either 25 mg psilocybin or active placebo (100 mg niacin) for the first treatment. Three weeks later, those in the control arm will cross over and all participants will receive 25 mg psilocybin. We will investigate whether treatments are associated with changes in arterial spin labelling and blood oxygenation level dependent contrast neuroimaging assessments at acute and subacute timepoints. Primary outcomes include testing whether psilocybin demonstrates acute changes in 1) cerebral blood flow and 2) functional brain activity in networks associated with mood regulation and depression when compared to placebo. Secondary outcomes include changes in MADRS score over time compared to placebo, and changes across complementary clinical psychiatric, cognitive, and functional scales from baseline to final follow-up. Serum peripheral neurotrophic and inflammatory biomarkers will be collected at baseline to examine relationships with clinical response, and neuroimaging measures. Discussion: This study will investigate the acute and additive subacute neuroplastic effects of psilocybin on brain networks affected by depression using advanced serial neuroimaging methods. Results will improve our understanding of psilocybin’s antidepressant mechanisms versus placebo response and whether biological measures of brain function can provide early predictors of treatment response. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06072898. Registered on 6 October 2023.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2023-12-27", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3474764/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3474764/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR779931\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1244, "title": "Established sensitization of ethanol-induced locomotor activity is not reversed by psilocybin or the 5-HT2A receptor agonist TCB-2 in male DBA/2J mice.", "normalized_title": "established sensitization of ethanol induced locomotor activity is not reversed by psilocybin or the 5 ht2a receptor agonist tcb 2 in male dba 2j mice", "authors": "Fletcher PJ, Li Z, Ji XD, Lê AD.", "abstract": "RationalePsychedelic drugs, which share in common 5-HT2A receptor agonist activity, have shown promise in treating alcohol-use disorders (AUDs). Repeated exposure to ethanol (EtOH) induces molecular and behavioural changes reflective of neuroadaptations that may contribute to addiction. Psychedelic drugs can induce neuroplasticity also, raising the possibility that their potential clinical effects in AUD may involve an action to reverse or offset effects of long-term changes induced by EtOH. This possibility was examined by investigating whether psilocybin, or the 5-HT2A receptor agonist TCB-2, counteracted established sensitization of EtOH-induced locomotor activity.MethodsMale DBA/2J mice received repeated injections of 2.2 g/kg EtOH to induce a sensitized locomotor activity response. In two experiments separate groups of mice were then injected with psilocybin (0, 0.3 and 1 kg/kg) or TCB-2 (0, 1 and 3 mg/kg) on 5 consecutive days. Next, mice were challenged with 1.8 g/kg EtOH and locomotor activity measured for 15 min.ResultsRelative to naïve controls, previously sensitized mice showed enhanced locomotor activity to the challenge dose. Despite reducing locomotor activity in their own right psilocybin and TCB-2 did not alter the strength of this sensitized response.ConclusionPsilocybin and TCB-2 at behaviourally effective doses did not reverse sensitization of EtOH-induced activity. This suggests that mechanisms involved in mediating short-term reductions in EtOH intake by psilocybin or TCB-2 may not involve a capacity of these drugs to offset enduring changes in behaviour and any underlying neural adaptations induced by repeated intermittent exposure to EtOH.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173703", "pubmed_id": "38154589", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173703", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred DBA, Mice, Ethanol, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Motor Activity, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38154589\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3780, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians - Part I. Historical Perspective and Overview", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy a primer for primary care clinicians part i historical perspective and overview", "authors": "Tabaac BJ, Shinozuka K, Arenas A, Beutler BD, Cherian K, Evans VD, Fasano C, Muir OS.", "abstract": "Background: Psychedelic drugs have recently emerged as plausibly effective pharmacological agents for the management of depression, anxiety, and other neuropsychiatric conditions, including conditions that have not benefited from prior interventions. The latter half of the twentieth century marked a revolution in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and psychosis, exemplified by the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, dopamine antagonists, and other pharmacological agents. Nevertheless, mental illness remains a major public health crisis, affecting nearly one billion individuals worldwide. Areas of Uncertainty: Due to the recency of the resurgence in psychedelic research, there are still only a small number of large, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials of psychedelics in psychiatric populations. While initial clinical trials of psychedelics for depression were very promising, trials of psilocybin with larger sample sizes (100+ participants) seem to suggest that it may not be more effective than antidepressants.Therapeutic Advances: Esketamine, a dissociative hallucinogen drug, was approved for the management of major depressive disorder by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2019. As of December 2023, two Phase III trials of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a synthetic drug that inhibits the serotonin transporter, have been completed; the results indicate that MDMA is superior to existing pharmacological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder. A phase III trial of psilocybin, a naturally occurring serotonin receptor partial agonist, is currently underway. The following series details the current state of research in psychedelic therapeutics, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N-N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and ayahuasca, psilocybin, ibogaine, MDMA, and ketamine. Conclusions: Psychedelic drugs and structural derivatives offer a great deal of promise for the management of a wide range of psychiatric morbidities. It is imperative that clinicians become familiar with these novel agents and learn how to implement psychedelic therapeutics as part of a patient-centered care paradigm.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-12-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/byms6", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/byms6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:21", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR779328\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3751, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians - Part IV. Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy a primer for primary care clinicians part iv psilocybin", "authors": "Tabaac BJ, Shinozuka K, Arenas A, Beutler BD, Cherian K, Evans VD, Fasano C, Muir OS.", "abstract": "Background: The primary psychoactive drug in magic mushrooms, psilocybin induces profound alterations in consciousness through its action at the 5-HT2A receptor. This comprehensive review consolidates current research findings to elucidate the pharmacology, safety profile, and clinical applications of psilocybin.Areas of Uncertainty: Despite initial concerns that psilocybin could cause long-lasting mental health problems such as psychosis, contemporary research has demonstrated that psilocybin is psychologically and physiologically safe. Adverse psychiatric outcomes can generally be avoided in controlled settings such as clinical trials. However, considerations regarding optimal dosing, therapeutic protocols, and integration strategies for psychedelic experiences remain imperative for the responsible clinical implementation of psilocybin-assisted therapy. Therapeutic Advances: In clinical trials, psilocybin has shown promise for treating major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Initial studies indicated that 42-57% of patients underwent remission after psilocybin-assisted therapy, which suggests that psilocybin is more effective than existing antidepressant medications. However, larger Phase II trials with more than 100 participants have shown a much smaller remission rate of 25-29%, though these studies still observed that psilocybin causes a significant reduction in depressive symptoms. Clinical data has also demonstrated that psilocybin can manage substance use disorders and end-of-life anxiety. Conclusion: Psilocybin is the most clinically well-researched psychedelic drug, with trials that have enrolled hundreds of participants and therapeutic applications that span multiple psychiatric conditions. Phase III trials, which have already commenced, will determine whether psilocybin lives up to the promise that it showed in previous clinical trials.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-12-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/a8xwk", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/a8xwk", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:18", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR779326\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3572, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy in the Management of Anxiety Associated With Stage IV Melanoma.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in the management of anxiety associated with stage iv melanoma", "authors": "Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies", "abstract": "This study is to find out about whether two sessions of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy are safe and will help people who are anxious as a result of having stage IV melanoma and will involve two sessions of psychotherapy combined with either 4 or 25 mg psilocybin. The study will measure anxiety, depression, quality of life and spirituality before and after psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, natural killer cells (a type of immune cell) will be counted from blood samples taken the day after psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, and people will keep daily diaries reporting on how anxious they feel for each day in the study. Melanoma is a cancer arising from pigment-producing cells, or melanocytes. These cells are chiefly located in the skin, but they can also be found in other parts of the body, including eyes, ears and GI tract. A diagnosis of stage IV melanoma can create great stress and anxiety for an individual and his or her caregivers. Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy- N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine) is a psychedelic (hallucinogenic) compound found in certain species of mushrooms that can produce spiritual or mystical experiences and that has been used in psychotherapy prior to being made illegal. This study will be a randomized, active-placebo controlled pilot study of the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a means of managing anxiety in association with stage IV melanoma. This study will examine whether two sessions of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy scheduled seen to 14 days apart will reduce anxiety, improve quality of life and be safe in people with stage IV melanoma. Subjects in this study will have a 66% chance of receiving the full dose of 25 mg psilocybin and a 33% of receiving 4 mg psilocybin. The first dose is expected to change how people feel, think and see the world, while the lower dose is expected to have only slight effects. Each subject will receive these conditions at random, as if by coin-toss. The researchers, including the therapists, and the subject will not know whether they are assigned to get 25 or 4 mg psilocybin. The entire study can last up to three and a half months (14 weeks) but the main part of the study lasts six weeks. After the researchers determine that a person with stage IV melanoma and anxiety can be in the study, there will be two introductory psychotherapy sessions with the therapist-investigators. They will prepare the participant for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. The subject will have a day-long psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy session after introductory sessions, and he or she will remain overnight at the clinic. There will be a psychotherapy follow-up scheduled the day after each psilocybin-assisted session to help people work with the psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, and there will be a psychotherapy session in between the first and second psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy sessions. Two weeks after the second psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy session, subjects will return for another follow-up visit. The subjects will answer questions or fill out questionnaires about anxiety, depression, quality of life, spirituality and sense of self at the start of the study, two weeks after the second psilocybin-assisted session and at least once during the study. Subjects will have blood draws to assess liver function before each psilocybin-assisted session and they will have a blood draw to assess natural killer (NK) cells the day after each psilocybin-assisted session. On the day after each psilocybin-assisted session, subjects will also complete a questionnaire about their experiences during the psilocybin-assisted session. Two weeks after the second experimental psilocybin-assisted session, subjects will learn if they got the full or active placebo dose of psilocybin. Any of the three subjects who receive the active placebo dose can take part in an \"open-label\" study phase that will last another six weeks. The open-label phase will be nearly identical to those used in the first study phase except that there will be one, and not two, introductory psychotherapy sessions, and the subject and therapists will know that the subject will be receiving 25 mg psilocybin. People who got the full dose of 25 mg psilocybin will not take part in the open-label study phase. If they are well enough to do so, subjects who received the full dose of psilocybin will have anxiety, depression, quality of life and spirituality measured again two months after the second experimental session. Subjects who received active placebo psilocybin will have anxiety, depression, quality of life and spirituality measured two months after the second open-label psilocybin-assisted session.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-12-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00979693", "keywords": "Anxiety, Stage IV Melanoma, psilocybin, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT00979693\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Aging,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Safety,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3293, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians - Part I. Historical Perspective and Overview", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy a primer for primary care clinicians part i historical perspective and overview", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Psychedelic drugs have recently emerged as plausibly effective pharmacological agents for the management of depression, anxiety, and other neuropsychiatric conditions, including conditions that have not benefited from prior interventions. The latter half of the twentieth century marked a revolution in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and psychosis, exemplified by the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, dopamine antagonists, and other pharmacological agents. Nevertheless, mental illness remains a major public health crisis, affecting nearly one billion individuals worldwide. Areas of Uncertainty: Due to the recency of the resurgence in psychedelic research, there are still only a small number of large, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials of psychedelics in psychiatric populations. While initial clinical trials of psychedelics for depression were very promising, trials of psilocybin with larger sample sizes (100+ participants) seem to suggest that it may not be more effective than antidepressants. Therapeutic Advances: Esketamine, a dissociative hallucinogen drug, was approved for the management of major depressive disorder by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2019. As of December 2023, two Phase III trials of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a synthetic drug that inhibits the serotonin transporter, have been completed; the results indicate that MDMA is superior to existing pharmacological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder. A phase III trial of psilocybin, a naturally occurring serotonin receptor partial agonist, is currently underway. The following series details the current state of research in psychedelic therapeutics, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N-N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and ayahuasca, psilocybin, ibogaine, MDMA, and ketamine. Conclusions: Psychedelic drugs and structural derivatives offer a great deal of promise for the management of a wide range of psychiatric morbidities. It is imperative that clinicians become familiar with these novel agents and learn how to implement psychedelic therapeutics as part of a patient-centered care paradigm.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-12-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/byms6_v1", "keywords": "Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"byms6_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3133, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians - Part IV. Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy a primer for primary care clinicians part iv psilocybin", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: The primary psychoactive drug in magic mushrooms, psilocybin induces profound alterations in consciousness through its action at the 5-HT2A receptor. This comprehensive review consolidates current research findings to elucidate the pharmacology, safety profile, and clinical applications of psilocybin. Areas of Uncertainty: Despite initial concerns that psilocybin could cause long-lasting mental health problems such as psychosis, contemporary research has demonstrated that psilocybin is psychologically and physiologically safe. Adverse psychiatric outcomes can generally be avoided in controlled settings such as clinical trials. However, considerations regarding optimal dosing, therapeutic protocols, and integration strategies for psychedelic experiences remain imperative for the responsible clinical implementation of psilocybin-assisted therapy. Therapeutic Advances: In clinical trials, psilocybin has shown promise for treating major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Initial studies indicated that 42-57% of patients underwent remission after psilocybin-assisted therapy, which suggests that psilocybin is more effective than existing antidepressant medications. However, larger Phase II trials with more than 100 participants have shown a much smaller remission rate of 25-29%, though these studies still observed that psilocybin causes a significant reduction in depressive symptoms. Clinical data has also demonstrated that psilocybin can manage substance use disorders and end-of-life anxiety. Conclusion: Psilocybin is the most clinically well-researched psychedelic drug, with trials that have enrolled hundreds of participants and therapeutic applications that span multiple psychiatric conditions. Phase III trials, which have already commenced, will determine whether psilocybin lives up to the promise that it showed in previous clinical trials.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-12-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/a8xwk_v1", "keywords": "Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"a8xwk_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1324, "title": "Potential use of psilocybin drugs in the treatment of depression.", "normalized_title": "potential use of psilocybin drugs in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Śladowska K, Kawalec P, Brzostek T, Pilc A.", "abstract": "IntroductionDepression is a common disabling psychiatric disorder, which - in extreme cases - may lead to suicide if untreated or inadequately treated. Despite the availability of various treatments for depression, including pharmacotherapy, there is still a need to search for new agents with higher effectiveness and faster onset of action, especially for patients with treatment-resistant depression.Areas coveredA substance that has attracted considerable attention for nearly a decade is psilocybin, a natural psychedelic found in psilocybin mushrooms. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of psilocybin in the treatment of depression, based on pivotal randomized clinical trials. Moreover, we used findings from observational studies regarding recreational use. We also looked at ongoing clinical trials and discussed the registration status and clinical potential of the drug.Expert opinionClinical phase I-II trials published to date reported promising results for psilocybin in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression, in a relatively short time after administration. However, before psilocybin is approved for use and administered to patients with depression, the results of large ongoing phase III clinical trials are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety and to change the way it is perceived by physicians and patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/14728214.2023.2264180", "pubmed_id": "37817501", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14728214.2023.2264180", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Depression, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37817501\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1301, "title": "Molecular and Medical Aspects of Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "molecular and medical aspects of psychedelics", "authors": "Wojtas A, Gołembiowska K.", "abstract": "Psychedelics belong to the oldest psychoactive drugs. They arouse recent interest due to their therapeutic applications in the treatment of major depressive disorder, substance use disorder, end-of-life anxiety,= and anxiety symptoms, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In this review, the current state of preclinical research on the mechanism of action, neurotoxicity, and behavioral impact of psychedelics is summarized. The effect of selective 5-HT2A receptor agonists, 25I- and 25B-NBOMe, after acute and repeated administration is characterized and compared with the effects of a less selective drug, psilocybin. The data show a significant effect of NBOMes on glutamatergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission in the frontal cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. The increases in extracellular levels of neurotransmitters were not dose-dependent, which most likely resulted from the stimulation of the 5-HT2A receptor and subsequent activation of the 5-HT2C receptors. This effect was also observed in the wet dog shake test and locomotor activity. Chronic administration of NBOMes elicited rapid development of tolerance, genotoxicity, and activation of microglia. Acute treatment with psilocybin affected monoaminergic and aminoacidic neurotransmitters in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus but not in the amygdala. Psilocybin exhibited anxiolytic properties resulting from intensification of GABAergic neurotransmission. The data indicate that NBOMes as selective 5-HT2A agonists exert a significant effect on neurotransmission and behavior of rats while also inducing oxidative DNA damage. In contrast to NBOMes, the effects induced by psilocybin suggest a broader therapeutic index of this drug.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/ijms25010241", "pubmed_id": "38203411", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010241", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Neurotransmitter Agents, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38203411\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1215, "title": "Quantification of psilocin in human whole blood using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).", "normalized_title": "quantification of psilocin in human whole blood using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry lc ms ms", "authors": "Gomonit MM, Skillman B, Swortwood MJ.", "abstract": "There has been burgeoning interest in psilocybin-use for the treatment of various neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Psilocybin is mistakenly perceived as the principal pharmacologically active compound due to its high concentrations found in magic mushrooms; however, it is the prodrug of psilocin. Despite the expanding body of clinical research seeking to understand the pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic properties of psilocin, and its role in inducing dramatic changes to cognitive function, there has not been a corresponding increase in the development of sensitive analytical methods that can quantify psilocin in different biological fluids. Existing analytical methods have been developed using plasma, serum, and urine as the matrix of choice, but with the unknown blood-to-plasma ratio of psilocin, any pharmacokinetic conclusions drawn solely on plasma data may be misleading. Thus, the main objective of this study is to develop the first analytical method that utilizes SPE and LC-MS/MS to quantify psilocin in human whole blood. The SPE procedure yielded a high recovery efficiency (≥89%) with minimal matrix effects. The method was validated according to ANSI/ASB036 guidelines. Linearity was between 0.7-200 ng/mL and encompassed previously reported ranges found in plasma/serum. Bias, within- and between-run precision for all quality controls met ANSI/ASB036 acceptability criteria. Endogenous/exogenous interferences and carryover were negligible. Psilocin stability was assessed at 4°C over 48 h and was considered stable. Although a proof-of-concept study will need to be performed to characterize the method, this analytical workflow was able to detect and quantify psilocin in human whole blood at low limits of quantification.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/1556-4029.15454", "pubmed_id": "38140718", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15454", "keywords": "Humans, Chromatography, Liquid, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38140718\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1214, "title": "Safety and tolerability of inhaled N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (BMND01 candidate): A phase I clinical trial.", "normalized_title": "safety and tolerability of inhaled n n dimethyltryptamine bmnd01 candidate a phase i clinical trial", "authors": "Falchi-Carvalho M, Wießner I, Silva SRB, O Maia L, Barros H, Laborde S, Arichelle F, Tullman S, Silva-Costa N, Assunção A, Almeida R, Pantrigo ÉJ, Bolcont R, Costa-Macedo JV, Arcoverde E, Galvão-Coelho N, Araujo DB, Palhano-Fontes F.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are being increasingly examined for their therapeutic potential in mood disorders. While the acute effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) last over several hours, inhaled N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) effects last around 10 min, which might provide a cost- and time-effective alternative to the clinical application of oral psychedelics. We aimed at investigating the safety and tolerability of inhaled DMT (BMND01 candidate). We recruited 27 healthy volunteers to receive a first, lower dose and a second, higher dose (5/20 mg, 7.5/30 mg, 10/40 mg, 12.5/50 mg, or 15/60 mg) of inhaled DMT in an open-label, single-ascending, fixed-order, dose-response study design. We investigated subjective experiences (intensity, valence, and phenomenology), physiological effects (blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation, body temperature), biochemical markers (liver, kidney, and metabolic functions), and adverse events during the acute and post-acute effects of DMT. DMT dose-dependently increased intensity, valence and perceptual ratings. There was a mild, transient, and self-limited increase in blood pressure and heart rate. There were no changes in safety blood biomarkers and no serious adverse events. DMT dose-dependently enhanced subjective experiences and positive valence. Inhaled DMT might be an efficient, non-invasive, safe route of administration, which might simplify the clinical use of this substance. This is the first clinical trial to test the effects of inhaled DMT (BMND01 candidate).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.12.006", "pubmed_id": "38141403", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.12.006", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Blood Pressure, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38141403\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1302, "title": "Limbic System Response to Psilocybin and Ketamine Administration in Rats: A Neurochemical and Behavioral Study.", "normalized_title": "limbic system response to psilocybin and ketamine administration in rats a neurochemical and behavioral study", "authors": "Wojtas A, Bysiek A, Wawrzczak-Bargiela A, Maćkowiak M, Gołembiowska K.", "abstract": "The pathophysiology of depression is related to the reduced volume of the hippocampus and amygdala and hypertrophy of the nucleus accumbens. The mechanism of these changes is not well understood; however, clinical studies have shown that the administration of the fast-acting antidepressant ketamine reversed the decrease in hippocampus and amygdala volume in depressed patients, and the magnitude of this effect correlated with the reduction in depressive symptoms. In the present study, we attempted to find out whether the psychedelic substance psilocybin affects neurotransmission in the limbic system in comparison to ketamine. Psilocybin and ketamine increased the release of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the nucleus accumbens of naive rats as demonstrated using microdialysis. Both drugs influenced glutamate and GABA release in the nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and amygdala and increased ACh levels in the hippocampus. The changes in D2, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor density in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus were observed as a long-lasting effect. A marked anxiolytic effect of psilocybin in the acute phase and 24 h post-treatment was shown in the open field test. These data provide the neurobiological background for psilocybin's effect on stress, anxiety and structural changes in the limbic system and translate into the antidepressant effect of psilocybin in depressed patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/ijms25010100", "pubmed_id": "38203271", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010100", "keywords": "Limbic System, Animals, Humans, Rats, Ketamine, Glutamic Acid, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38203271\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1280, "title": "Is there credible evidence to assert psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression?", "normalized_title": "is there credible evidence to assert psilocybin assisted therapy for depression", "authors": "Nogueira GN, Vasconcelos MMA, Souza FGM, Bisol LW.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.11.003", "pubmed_id": "38128153", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.11.003", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38128153\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 917, "title": "Unveiling the Psychedelic Journey: An Appraisal of Psilocybin as a Profound Antidepressant Therapy.", "normalized_title": "unveiling the psychedelic journey an appraisal of psilocybin as a profound antidepressant therapy", "authors": "Shah FI, Shehzadi S, Akram F, Haq IU, Javed B, Sabir S, Kazim Y, Ashfaq S.", "abstract": "Depression, a global health concern with significant implications for suicide rates, remains challenging to treat effectively with conventional pharmacological options. The existing pharmaceutical interventions for these illnesses need daily dosing, are accompanied by various adverse effects, and may exhibit limited efficacy in certain cases. However, hope emerges from an unlikely source-Psilocybin, a natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms. Recently, this enigmatic compound has garnered attention for its potential therapeutic benefits in addressing various mental health issues, including depression. Psilocybin alters mood, cognition, and perception by acting on a particular subtype of serotonin receptors in the brain. It's feasible that these shifts in consciousness will promote healing development, offering a novel approach to depression management. This comprehensive review explores psilocybin, derived from specific mushrooms, and its implications in the treatment of depression. The study examines new perspectives and therapeutic possibilities surrounding psilocybin, addressing existing gaps in academic literature. It delves into its biosynthesis, unique mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, and anti-depressive effects. By uncovering the potential of this mind-altering substance, the review aims to advance psychiatric care, offering hope to those globally affected by depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s12033-023-00994-7", "pubmed_id": "38117395", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-023-00994-7", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38117395\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1180, "title": "Endocrinology-informed neuroimaging in eating disorders: GLP1, orexins, and psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "endocrinology informed neuroimaging in eating disorders glp1 orexins and psilocybin", "authors": "Steward T.", "abstract": "The neurobiology of eating disorders [EDs; anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED)] remains poorly understood. Here, I describe how neuroimaging, accompanied by peripheral endocrine measures, can provide insights into the neurobiological drivers of eating disorders. Orexins/hypocretins, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists, and psilocybin are highlighted as avenues for investigation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.molmed.2023.12.001", "pubmed_id": "38123380", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2023.12.001", "keywords": "Humans, Binge-Eating Disorder, Neuroimaging, Orexins, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Psilocybin, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38123380\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1241, "title": "Determination of psilocybin and psilocin content in multiple Psilocybe cubensis mushroom strains using liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry.", "normalized_title": "determination of psilocybin and psilocin content in multiple psilocybe cubensis mushroom strains using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry", "authors": "Goff R, Smith M, Islam S, Sisley S, Ferguson J, Kuzdzal S, Badal S, Kumar AB, Sreenivasan U, Schug KA.", "abstract": "A method for clinical potency determination of psilocybin and psilocin in hallucinogenic mushroom species Psilocybe cubensis was developed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Five strains of dried, intact mushrooms were obtained and analyzed: Blue Meanie, Creeper, B-Plus, Texas Yellow, and Thai Cubensis. An extraction protocol was developed; this included an evaluation of sample milling technique, extraction solvents, and recovery/stability. Reversed phase chromatography on fused-core particle phases was developed for the determination of the two analytes using internal standard calibration with deuterated isotopologues of each analyte. The separation takes less than 5 min. Matrix effects were investigated by comparing signal response of calibration samples in neat solution and several mushroom matrices; no significant matrix effects were observed. The limit of detection for psilocybin was 1.5 ng/mL (1.5 pg on-column; 300 ng/g mushroom) and for psilocin was 0.15 ng/mL (0.15 pg on-column; 30 ng/g mushroom) using a Shimadzu LCMS-8050 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Assessment of the accuracy and precision of the method indicated percent error and RSD were", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.aca.2023.342161", "pubmed_id": "38220293", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2023.342161", "keywords": "Agaricales, Chromatography, Liquid, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38220293\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1183, "title": "Acceptability of psilocybin-assisted group therapy in patients with cancer and major depressive disorder: Qualitative analysis.", "normalized_title": "acceptability of psilocybin assisted group therapy in patients with cancer and major depressive disorder qualitative analysis", "authors": "Beaussant Y, Tarbi E, Nigam K, Miner S, Sager Z, Sanders JJ, Ljuslin M, Guérin B, Thambi P, Tulsky JA, Agrawal M.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe present study explored the acceptability of psilocybin-assisted group therapy from the perspective of patients with cancer and depression who participated in a clinical trial assessing the safety and efficacy of this novel intervention.MethodsGuided by the conceptual framework of acceptability, the authors conducted semi-structured interviews with participants of the psilocybin trial. Data were analyzed using template and thematic analyses.ResultsParticipants' (n = 28) perspectives on the acceptability of the group and simultaneous sessions was generally positive, both in terms of safety and efficacy: first, the groups contributed to increase participants' sense of safety and preparedness as they were engaging in the therapy; and second, the groups fostered a sense of connection and of belonging, which served to enrich and deepen the meaning of participants' experience, ultimately opening a dimension of self-transcendence and compassion. Other subthemes related to factors influencing the acceptability of the group approach included: 1) the importance of the therapeutic framework, 2) the complementary value of individual sessions, 3) disruptive factors related to the group and/or simultaneous setting, and 4) opportunities and challenges related to group size and how to structure interactions.ConclusionsThis study enhances understanding of what promotes acceptability of the psilocybin-assisted therapy group model for the treatment of MDD in cancer patients.Plain language summaryWe conducted exit interviews with participants of a phase 2 trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) conducted in a community cancer center, to assess the acceptability of a novel psilocybin delivery model combining simultaneous individual therapy and group sessions. Our findings support the acceptability of this intervention and suggest that in addition to being feasible, it might also enhance participants' perceived safety and efficacy compared to uniquely individual or group delivery models of PAT. Our analysis highlights critical factors conditioning acceptability and suggests new ways PAT may be scaled and integrated into cancer care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1002/cncr.35024", "pubmed_id": "38105653", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.35024", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, Group, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38105653\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Aging,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1182, "title": "Innovations in group-based psilocybin-assisted therapy of major depression in patients with cancer.", "normalized_title": "innovations in group based psilocybin assisted therapy of major depression in patients with cancer", "authors": "Thrul J, Kozak Z, Carducci MA, Garcia-Romeu A, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1002/cncr.35127", "pubmed_id": "38105654", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.35127", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Depression, Anxiety, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38105654\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1181, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted group therapy in patients with cancer diagnosed with a major depressive disorder.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted group therapy in patients with cancer diagnosed with a major depressive disorder", "authors": "Agrawal M, Richards W, Beaussant Y, Shnayder S, Ameli R, Roddy K, Stevens N, Richards B, Schor N, Honstein H, Jenkins B, Bates M, Thambi P.", "abstract": "BackgroundDepression is common in patients with cancer and is associated with lower treatment adherence and reduced quality of life. Antidepressants and psychotherapy have limited success in improving depression among patients with cancer. This study explored the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy in patients with cancer and major depressive disorder.MethodsThis phase 2, open-label trial enrolled patients with curable and noncurable cancer and major depressive disorder at a single community oncology practice site. A single 25-mg dose of psilocybin was administered simultaneously to cohorts of three to four participants with individual (4.25 hours in 1:1 therapist-to-patient ratio) and group therapeutic support (3.75 hours) before, during, and after psilocybin administration. Outcomes included depression severity, anxiety, pain, demoralization, and disability.ResultsThirty participants completed the study. No psilocybin-related serious adverse events occurred; treatment-related adverse events (e.g., nausea, headache) were generally mild and expected. There were no laboratory or electrocardiogram abnormalities. No suicidality was reported. Efficacy was suggested with a robust reduction in depression severity scores from baseline to posttreatment of 19.1 points (95% CI, 22.3 to -16.0; p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1002/cncr.35010", "pubmed_id": "38105655", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.35010", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Antidepressive Agents, Psychotherapy, Group, Quality of Life, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38105655\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3549, "title": "Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin for the Treatment of Headache Disorders", "normalized_title": "safety and efficacy of psilocybin for the treatment of headache disorders", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of an oral psilocybin pulse regimen in cluster headache. Subjects will be randomized to receive oral placebo, low dose psilocybin, or high dose psilocybin in three experimental sessions, each separated by 5 days. Subjects will maintain a headache diary prior to, during, and after the pulse regimen in order to document headache frequency and intensity before, during, and after the pulse regimen. After at least 6 months from the last experimental session, subjects may be invited for a second round, in which they will be randomized to receive either low dose or high dose psilocybin.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-12-14", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02981173", "keywords": "Cluster Headache, 0.143 mg/kg Psilocybin or 10 mg Psilocybin, 0.0143 mg/kg Psilocybin or 1 mg Psilocybin, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT02981173\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1305, "title": "Psilocybin and Eugenol Reduce Inflammation in Human 3D EpiIntestinal Tissue.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and eugenol reduce inflammation in human 3d epiintestinal tissue", "authors": "Robinson GI, Li D, Wang B, Rahman T, Gerasymchuk M, Hudson D, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I.", "abstract": "Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), by contributing to tissue damage and exacerbating the immune response. The investigation of serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2A) ligands and transient receptor potential (TRP) channel ligands is of significant interest due to their potential to modulate key inflammatory pathways, mitigate the pathological effects of inflammation, and offer new avenues for therapeutic interventions in IBD. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory effects of 5-HT2A ligands, including psilocybin, 4-AcO-DMT, and ketanserin, in combination with TRP channel ligands, including capsaicin, curcumin, and eugenol, on the inflammatory response induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ in human 3D EpiIntestinal tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess the expression of pro-inflammatory markers TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and GM-CSF. Our results show that psilocybin, 4-AcO-DMT, and eugenol significantly reduce TNF-α and IFN-γ levels, while capsaicin and curcumin decrease these markers to a lesser extent. Psilocybin effectively lowers IL-6 and IL-8 levels, but curcumin, capsaicin, and 4-AcO-DMT have limited effects on these markers. In addition, psilocybin can significantly decrease MCP-1 and GM-CSF levels. While ketanserin lowers IL-6 and GM-CSF levels, there are no effects seen on TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-8, or MCP-1. Although synergistic effects between 5-HT2A and TRP channel ligands are minimal in this study, the results provide further evidence of the anti-inflammatory effects of psilocybin and eugenol. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of action and the feasibility of using these compounds as anti-inflammatory therapies for conditions like IBD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-14", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/life13122345", "pubmed_id": "38137946", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122345", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38137946\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1263, "title": "Knowledge gaps in psychedelic medicalisation: Preclinical and neuroimaging mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "knowledge gaps in psychedelic medicalisation preclinical and neuroimaging mechanisms", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Lopez JP, Dalla C, Castrén E, Erritzoe D, Frokjaer VG, Lundberg J, Preller KH, Fisher PM, Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "Classical psychedelic drugs, e.g., psilocybin and LSD, stimulate the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) and have recently been intensely investigated for their clinical effects in various brain disorders. At the ECNP \"New Frontiers meeting\" in March 2023, scientific experts in psychedelics met to identify key knowledge gaps in the mechanism of action of psychedelics as investigated using preclinical models and clinical neuroimaging. Key themes included the development of appropriate behavioural models for measuring acute and persisting effects, dose optimisation, molecular mechanisms of action, sex differences, and the acute and persisting effects of psychedelics on neurotransmitter release and functional brain activity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-14", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2023.103929", "pubmed_id": "40656118", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2023.103929", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40656118\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1306, "title": "Psilocybin-induced default mode network hypoconnectivity is blunted in alcohol-dependent rats.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced default mode network hypoconnectivity is blunted in alcohol dependent rats", "authors": "Reinwald JR, Schmitz CN, Skorodumov I, Kuchar M, Weber-Fahr W, Spanagel R, Meinhardt MW.", "abstract": "Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) adversely affects the lives of millions of people, but still lacks effective treatment options. Recent advancements in psychedelic research suggest psilocybin to be potentially efficacious for AUD. However, major knowledge gaps remain regarding (1) psilocybin's general mode of action and (2) AUD-specific alterations of responsivity to psilocybin treatment in the brain that are crucial for treatment development. Here, we conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover pharmaco-fMRI study on psilocybin effects using a translational approach with healthy rats and a rat model of alcohol relapse. Psilocybin effects were quantified with resting-state functional connectivity using data-driven whole-brain global brain connectivity, network-based statistics, graph theory, hypothesis-driven Default Mode Network (DMN)-specific connectivity, and entropy analyses. Results demonstrate that psilocybin induced an acute wide-spread decrease in different functional connectivity domains together with a distinct increase of connectivity between serotonergic core regions and cortical areas. We could further provide translational evidence for psilocybin-induced DMN hypoconnectivity reported in humans. Psilocybin showed an AUD-specific blunting of DMN hypoconnectivity, which strongly correlated to the alcohol relapse intensity and was mainly driven by medial prefrontal regions. In conclusion, our results provide translational validity for acute psilocybin-induced neural effects in the rodent brain. Furthermore, alcohol relapse severity was negatively correlated with neural responsivity to psilocybin treatment. Our data suggest that a clinical standard dose of psilocybin may not be sufficient to treat severe AUD cases; a finding that should be considered for future clinical trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-023-02690-1", "pubmed_id": "38097569", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-023-02690-1", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Rats, Alcoholism, Recurrence, Ethanol, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psilocybin, Default Mode Network", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38097569\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Aging,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3152, "title": "Psilocybin prevents activity-based anorexia in female rats by enhancing cognitive flexibility: contributions from 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor mechanisms", "normalized_title": "psilocybin prevents activity based anorexia in female rats by enhancing cognitive flexibility contributions from 5 ht1a and 5 ht2a receptor mechanisms", "authors": "Conn K, Milton L, Huang K, Munguba H, Ruuska J, Lemus M, Greaves E, Homman-Ludiye J, Oldfield B, Foldi C.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has shown promise for alleviating symptoms of depression and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN), a condition that is characterised by persistent cognitive inflexibility. Considering that enhanced cognitive flexibility after psilocybin treatment is reported to occur in individuals with depression, it is plausible that psilocybin could improve symptoms of AN by breaking down cognitive inflexibility. A mechanistic understanding of the actions of psilocybin is required to tailor the clinical application of psilocybin to individuals most likely to respond with positive outcomes. This can only be achieved using incisive neurobiological approaches in animal models. Here, we use the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rat model and comprehensively assess aspects of reinforcement learning to show that psilocybin (post-acutely) improves body weight maintenance in female rats and facilitates cognitive flexibility, specifically via improved adaptation to the initial reversal of reward contingencies. Further, we reveal the involvement of signalling through the serotonin (5-HT) 1A and 5-HT2A receptor subtypes in specific aspects of learning, demonstrating that 5-HT1A antagonism negates the cognitive enhancing effects of psilocybin. Moreover, we show that psilocybin elicits a transient increase and decrease in cortical transcription of these receptors ( Htr2a and Htr1a, respectively), and a further reduction in the abundance of Htr2a transcripts in rats exposed to the ABA model. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that psilocybin could ameliorate cognitive inflexibility in the context of AN and highlight a need to better understand the therapeutic mechanisms independent of 5-HT2A receptor binding.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-12-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.12.12.571374", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.12.12.571374", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR773743\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1315, "title": "Double-Blind Comparison of the Two Hallucinogens Dextromethorphan and Psilocybin: Experience-Dependent and Enduring Psychological Effects in Healthy Volunteers.", "normalized_title": "double blind comparison of the two hallucinogens dextromethorphan and psilocybin experience dependent and enduring psychological effects in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Mathai DS, Hilbert S, Sepeda ND, Strickland JC, Griffiths RR, Garcia-Romeu A.", "abstract": "RationaleN-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated dissociatives and serotonergic hallucinogens are being increasingly used in therapeutic interventions that involve nonordinary states of consciousness and may represent a unique mental health paradigm wherein pharmacologically induced experiences are conducive to psychological well-being.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to further understand how the phenomenological and health-promoting effects of high-dose dextromethorphan (DXM) compared to psilocybin in the same participants when administered under experimental conditions that are typical of therapeutic psychedelic trials.MethodsSingle, acute oral doses of DXM (400 mg/70 kg), psilocybin (10, 20, 30 mg/70 kg), and inactive placebo were administered under double-blind and psychologically supportive conditions to 20 healthy participants with histories of hallucinogen use. Ratings of personal meaning, spiritual significance, psychological challenge, and psychological insight attributed to acute drug experiences were assessed 7 h (at session end) and 1 week after each drug administration. Persisting psychological effects were assessed 1 week after each drug administration.ResultsHigh-dose DXM and psilocybin produced similar increases over placebo in ratings of drug experience that was predictive of psychological benefit at 1 week, even when expectancy effects were minimized. These effects tended to favor psilocybin in a dose-dependent manner and were limited by poor physical tolerability for DXM.ConclusionsThis analysis suggests the utility of exploring clinical applications of dissociatives that occur within the supportive contexts that are characteristic of psychedelic research and that prioritize the optimization of psychologically valuable drug experiences. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02033707).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0035", "pubmed_id": "38152462", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0035", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38152462\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1309, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Rationale and Treatment Development.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with major depressive disorder rationale and treatment development", "authors": "Weintraub MJ, Jeffrey JK, Grob CS, Ichinose MC, Bergman RL, Cooper ZD, Miklowitz DJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent studies suggest that one to two administrations of psilocybin have acute antidepressant effects for people with major depressive disorder. These data on psilocybin have generated considerable enthusiasm, but little empirical attention has been paid to the therapy that adjoins psilocybin treatment (psychedelic-assisted therapy, or PAT).Materials and methodsIn this study, we present the initial protocol and plans to empirically test the psychosocial therapy that adjoins psilocybin treatment with the goal of optimizing this therapeutic approach for adults with major depressive disorder. The psychotherapy is based on the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), an evidence-based treatment for major depressive disorder. Participants will be 30 adults with a history of major depressive disorder and current, active depressive symptoms. Following psychiatric and medical safety evaluations, eligible participants will be enrolled in a 12-session CBT that includes classic PAT safety elements (termed psilocybin-assisted CBT; PA-CBT). Following the third and sixth PA-CBT sessions, participants will engage in two psilocybin drug administration sessions (10 and 25 mg, respectively). Participants will provide feedback about the PA-CBT and complete measures of mood symptoms, psychosocial functioning, cognitive schemas, and affective experiences immediately following each drug administration session, at the completion of PA-CBT, and 3 months following treatment completion.ConclusionsThe trial will provide preliminary data on the feasibility, safety, acceptability, and psychosocial effects of PA-CBT. Results will inform randomized clinical trials to test the effects of PA-CBT for patients with depression and other mental health conditions, as well as hypotheses concerning mediating mechanisms at the cognitive and affective levels. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05227612.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0018", "pubmed_id": "40046861", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0018", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40046861\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1308, "title": "A Systematic Review of Reporting Practices in Psychedelic Clinical Trials: Psychological Support, Therapy, and Psychosocial Interventions.", "normalized_title": "a systematic review of reporting practices in psychedelic clinical trials psychological support therapy and psychosocial interventions", "authors": "Brennan W, Kelman AR, Belser AB.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic-assisted therapy has gained significant attention in recent years. However, there is a lack of empirical clarity on the role of psychosocial interventions (PIs) in clinical trials of psychedelic treatment due in part to deficiencies in reporting practices found in the existing literature. These PI include non-drug support or interventions provided by psychotherapists or facilitators during all phases of treatment, sometimes called \"psychological support,\" \"monitoring,\" \"psychedelic-assisted therapy,\" or \"psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.\" A brief review of recent research, historical studies, safety considerations, and participant perspectives suggests that PI has a substantive and critical impact on treatment outcomes.MethodsThis systematic review examines the reporting practices on PI in published clinical trial results. The review employs a search of PubMed/Medline and PSYCinfo databases to identify relevant articles. It includes quantitative clinical studies treating patients with psychiatric indications using classic psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca) or empathogenic drugs (MDMA) since 2000. The analytic approach follows a modified version of assessment items based on CONSORT extension statement and TIDieR checklist.ResultsThirty-three published psychedelic clinical trials met criteria. The review reveals that many published reports on psychedelic clinical trials did not report basic aspects of the intervention: 33% did not report the number of sessions, 45% did not report the duration of sessions, 42% did not report provider credentials, 52% did not report whether their intervention used a therapy manual, 64% did not reference a manual that was available to readers, and 82% did not report that they assessed treatment fidelity. A comparison with non-psychedelic trials shows that psychedelic trial reports underreport on key items related to PI.DiscussionThe study highlights the problems of underreporting and the importance of improving reporting practices regarding PI in psychedelic clinical trials to enhance research standardization and improve treatment outcomes. Recommendations for improving reporting practices are provided.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0007", "pubmed_id": "40046864", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0007", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40046864\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1307, "title": "Psilocybin for Opioid Use Disorder in Two Adults Stabilized on Buprenorphine: A Technical Report on Study Modifications and Preliminary Findings.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for opioid use disorder in two adults stabilized on buprenorphine a technical report on study modifications and preliminary findings", "authors": "Nicholas CR, Horton DM, Malicki J, Baltes A, Hutson PR, Brown RT.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin has demonstrated promising clinical outcomes for nicotine and alcohol use disorders, yet its potential clinical utility in the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) remains unreported in modern literature. This technical report presents methodological considerations and preliminary data from a safety-feasibility trial examining the interaction between psilocybin and buprenorphine in two adults diagnosed with OUD.ProceduresTwo adults meeting eligibility criteria for long-term stabilization of buprenorphine/naloxone (≥6 months) enrolled and underwent two psilocybin dosing sessions in a supportive setting. Preliminary data pertaining to the safety, clinical outcomes, and subjective effects of psilocybin were collected.Main findingsTwo participants received psilocybin and completed all study visits. Feasibility considerations were identified, including limitations in provider-based recruitment strategies, participant accessibility, flexibility of the study schedule, and initial eligibility criteria. There were no serious adverse events or significant baseline changes on measures of opioid craving or withdrawal, and the subjective effects associated with psilocybin were consistent with previous studies.Principal conclusionsCoadministration of psilocybin and buprenorphine was safely tolerated and did not demonstrate contraindicating effects vis-à-vis effectiveness of buprenorphine or the subjective effects of psilocybin. Challenges in feasibility led to modifications in the sample population and eligibility criteria and strategies to improve accessibility, minimize burden, and enhance overall generalizability.clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT05242029.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0012", "pubmed_id": "40046866", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0012", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40046866\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Safety,Adverse Events,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2009, "title": "CHIẾT XUẤT PSILOCIN TỪ NẤM THỨC THẦN LÀM NGUYÊN LIỆU THIẾT LẬP CHUẨN", "normalized_title": "chiết xuất psilocin từ nấm thức thần làm nguyên liệu thiết lập chuẩn", "authors": "Trần Nguyên Hà, Đặng Đức Khanh, Phạm Đức Trọng, Nguyễn Xuân Trường", "abstract": "Nghiên cứu đã xây dựng thành công phương pháp chiết xuất, phân lập và nhận dạng psilocin từ nấm Thức thần để làm nguyên liệu thiết lập chuẩn thứ cấp, phục vụ công tác giám định tư pháp về ma túy. Phương pháp sử dụng nhiệt để khử photphat, chuyển psilocybin thành psilocin. Kĩ thuật chiết pha lỏng và phân lập bằng sắc kí cột được sử dụng để thu psilocin tinh khiết. Sản phẩm từ việc ứng dụng phương pháp được khẳng định bằng quang phổ hồng ngoại, phổ khối lượng và đạt độ tinh khiết 96,38% bằng sắc kí lỏng theo phương pháp chuẩn hóa diện tích pic.", "journal": "Tạp chí Y học Quân sự", "publication_date": "2023-12-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.59459/1859-1655/jmm.282", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.59459/1859-1655/jmm.282", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.59459/1859-1655/jmm.282\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1311, "title": "Drugs for depressionr.", "normalized_title": "drugs for depressionr", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": "The Medical letter on drugs and therapeutics", "publication_date": "2023-12-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.58347/tml.2023.1691a", "pubmed_id": "38133585", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38133585/", "keywords": "Abilify, Aplenzin, Auvelity, Buspar, Celexa, Cymbalta, Deplin, Effexor, Emsam, Exxua, Fetzima, Forfivo, L-methylfolate, Lexapro, Marplan, Nardil, Norpramin, PamelorZurzuvae, Parnate, Paxil, Pristiq, Prozac, Remeron, SNRIs, SSRIs, Seroquel, Spravato, St. John’s wort, Symbyax, Trintellix, Viibryd, Wellbutrin, Zoloft, Zulresso, Zurzuvae, adverse effects, amitriptyline, amoxapine, antipsychotics, aripiprazole, brexanolone, bupropion, buspirone, citalopram, cognitive behavioral therapy, deep brain stimulation, depression, desipramine, desvenlafaxine, dextromethorphan, dosage, drug interactions, duloxetine, efficacy, electroconvulsive therapy, escitalopram, esketamine, fluoxetine, gepirone, imipramine, isocarboxazid, ketamine, lactation, levomilnacipran, lithium, mirtazapine, nefazodone, nortriptyline, olanzapine, paroxetine, phenelzine, pregnancy, psilocybin, quetiapine, safety, selegiline, sertraline, transcranial magnetic stimulation, tranylcypromine, trazodone, tricyclic antidepressants, triiodothyronine, venlafaxine, vilazodone, vortioxetine, zuranolone", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38133585\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1238, "title": "The effect of casing and gypsum on the yield and psychoactive tryptamine content of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer.", "normalized_title": "the effect of casing and gypsum on the yield and psychoactive tryptamine content of psilocybe cubensis earle singer", "authors": "Foster K, Morrison I, Tyler M, Delgoda R.", "abstract": "Psychedelic fungi have experienced a surge in interest in recent years. Most notably, the fungal secondary metabolite psilocybin has shown tremendous promise in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. The mushroom species that produce this molecule are poorly understood. Here we sought to examine for the first time, the response of a psilocybin-producing species Psilocybe cubensis to casing (peat moss and vermiculite) and supplementation with gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate), two common practices in commercial mushroom cultivation. Mycelial samples of genetically authenticated P. cubensis were used to inoculate popcorn grain bags. The fully colonized bags of popcorn grain (0.15 kg) were transferred to bins of 0.85 kg pasteurized horse manure, with or without 1 cm thick layer of casing and/or 5 % gypsum. Our results indicate that the use of a casing layer significantly increases the biological efficiency (161.5 %), by approximately four fold, in comparison to control (40.5 %), albeit with a slight delay (∼2 days) for obtaining fruiting bodies and a somewhat reduced total tryptamine content (0.85 %) as gauged by High Performance Liquid Chromatography measurements. Supplementation with both casing and gypsum, however, appears to promote maximal yields (896.6 g/kg of dried substrate), with a biological efficiency of 89.6 %, while also maintaining high total tryptamine expressions (0.95 %). These findings, revealing methods for maximizing yield of harvest and expressions of psychoactive tryptamines, may prove useful for both home growers and commercial cultivators of this species, and ultimately support the growth of a robust industry with high quality natural products.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.funbio.2023.12.001", "pubmed_id": "38341264", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2023.12.001", "keywords": "Animals, Horses, Humans, Agaricales, Calcium Sulfate, Tryptamines, Vocalization, Animal, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38341264\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3342, "title": "Statistical diversity distinguishes global states of consciousness", "normalized_title": "statistical diversity distinguishes global states of consciousness", "authors": "Starkey J, Carhart-Harris RL, Pigorini A, Nobili L, Barrett AB.", "abstract": "Application of complexity measures to neurophysiological time series has seen increased use in recent years to identify neural correlates of global states of consciousness. Lempel-Ziv complexity is currently the de-facto complexity measure used in these investigations. However, by simply counting the number of patterns, this measure theoretically takes its maximum value for data that are completely random. Recently, a measure of ‘statistical complexity’ - which calculates the diversity of statistical interactions - has been devised which aims to account for and remove randomness seen in data. It was recently found that this measure decreases during anaesthesia in fruit flies. This paper investigates this statistical complexity measure on human neurophysiology data from different stages of sleep, and from individuals under the effects of three psychedelic substances: ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin. Results indicate that statistical complexity: (i) differentiates the different stages of sleep analogously to Lempel-Ziv complexity; (ii) increases relative to placebo for all three psychedelic substances. Thus, statistical complexity is a useful alternative measure for investigating the complexity of neural activity associated with different states of consciousness.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-12-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.12.05.570101", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.12.05.570101", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR770814\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1312, "title": "Group psychedelic therapy: empirical estimates of cost-savings and improved access.", "normalized_title": "group psychedelic therapy empirical estimates of cost savings and improved access", "authors": "Marseille E, Stauffer CS, Agrawal M, Thambi P, Roddy K, Mithoefer M, Bertozzi SM, Kahn JG.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo compare group and individual psychedelic-assisted therapy in terms of clinician time, costs and patient access.MethodsUsing 2023 data from two group therapy trial sites, one using 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and one using psilocybin to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), we compared overall variable costs, clinician costs and clinician time required by therapy protocols utilizing groups versus individual patient therapy. Using published literature, we estimated the prevalence of adults with PTSD and MDD eligible for treatment with psychedelic therapy and projected the savings in time and cost required to treat these prevalent cases.ResultsGroup therapy saved 50.9% of clinician costs for MDMA-PTSD and 34.7% for psilocybin-MDD, or $3,467 and $981 per patient, respectively. To treat all eligible PTSD and MDD patients in the U.S. in 10 years with group therapy, 6,711 fewer full-time equivalent (FTE) clinicians for MDMA-PTSD and 1,159 fewer for FTE clinicians for psilocybin-MDD would be needed, saving up to $10.3 billion and $2.0 billion respectively, discounted at 3% annually.ConclusionAdopting group therapy protocols where feasible would significantly reduce the cost of psychedelic-assisted therapies. By enhancing the number of patients served per clinician, group therapy could also ameliorate the anticipated shortage of appropriately trained clinicians, thereby accelerating access to these promising new therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-12-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1293243", "pubmed_id": "38125286", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1293243", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38125286\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1322, "title": "Preclinical models of treatment-resistant depression: challenges and perspectives.", "normalized_title": "preclinical models of treatment resistant depression challenges and perspectives", "authors": "Kolasa M, Faron-Górecka A", "abstract": "Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a subgroup of major depressive disorder in which the use of classical antidepressant treatments fails to achieve satisfactory treatment results. Although there are various definitions and grading models for TRD, common criteria for assessing TRD have still not been established. However, a common feature of any TRD model is the lack of response to at least two attempts at antidepressant pharmacotherapy. The causes of TRD are not known; nevertheless, it is estimated that even 60% of TRD patients are so-called pseudo-TRD patients, in which multiple biological factors, e.g., gender, age, and hormonal disturbances are concomitant with depression and involved in antidepressant drug resistance. Whereas the phenomenon of TRD is a complex disorder difficult to diagnose and successfully treat, the search for new treatment strategies is a significant challenge of modern pharmacology. It seems that despite the complexity of the TRD phenomenon, some useful animal models of TRD meet the construct, the face, and the predictive validity criteria. Based on the literature and our own experiences, we will discuss the utility of animals exposed to the stress paradigm (chronic mild stress, CMS), and the Wistar Kyoto rat strain representing an endogenous model of TRD. In this review, we will focus on reviewing research on existing and novel therapies for TRD, including ketamine, deep brain stimulation (DBS), and psychedelic drugs in the context of preclinical studies in representative animal models of TRD.", "journal": "Pharmacological reports: PR", "publication_date": "2023-11-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-023-00542-9", "pubmed_id": "37882914", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37882914/", "keywords": "Animal models, Chronic mild stress, DBS, Ketamine, Psilocybin, Treatment-resistant depression, Wistar Kyoto rats", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37882914\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1320, "title": "Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities.", "normalized_title": "mindfulness meditation and psychedelics potential synergies and commonalities", "authors": "Holas P, Kamińska J", "abstract": "There has been increasing scientific and clinical interest in studying psychedelic and meditation-based interventions in recent years, both in the context of improving mental health and as tools for understanding the mind. Several authors suggest neurophysiological and phenomenological parallels and overlaps between psychedelic and meditative states and suggest synergistic effects of both methods. Both psychedelic-assisted therapy and meditation training in the form of mindfulness-based interventions have been experimentally validated with moderate to large effects as alternative treatments for a variety of mental health problems, including depression, addictions, and anxiety disorders. Both demonstrated significant post-acute and long-term decreases in clinical symptoms and enhancements in well-being in healthy participants, in addition. Postulated shared salutogenic mechanisms, include, among others the ability to alter self-consciousness, present-moment awareness and antidepressant action via corresponding neuromodulatory effects. These shared mechanisms between mindfulness training and psychedelic intervention have led to scientists theorizing, and recently demonstrating, positive synergistic effects when both are used in combination. Research findings suggest that these two approaches can complement each other, enhancing the positive effects of both interventions. However, more theoretical accounts and methodologically sound research are needed before they can be extended into clinical practice. The current review aims to discuss the theoretical rationale of combining psychedelics with mindfulness training, including the predictive coding framework as well as research findings regarding synergies and commonalities between mindfulness training and psychedelic intervention. In addition, suggestions how to combine the two modalities are provided.", "journal": "Pharmacological reports: PR", "publication_date": "2023-11-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-023-00551-8", "pubmed_id": "37926796", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37926796/", "keywords": "Decentering, Meditation, Mindfulness, Mindfulness-based interventions, Mystical experiences, Predictive coding, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37926796\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1317, "title": "Psilocybin therapy to reduce depression following a terminal diagnosis.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy to reduce depression following a terminal diagnosis", "authors": "Boudreau E, Orlowski K.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1097/01.jaa.0000994952.07847.2d", "pubmed_id": "37989175", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0000994952.07847.2d", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37989175\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1316, "title": "Psilocybin's Erasure of EGO.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s erasure of ego", "authors": "Ahlskog G.", "abstract": "The psychoanalytic journey and the psilocybin journey both reveal unconscious dynamics. In this article a psychoanalyst discusses his own psilocybin journey. Similarities and differences between these journeys are discussed. Possibilities are offered for a dialogue in which psilocybin may contribute to psychoanalytic understanding and psychoanalysis may contribute to the understanding of psychedelic sessions. Patients may benefit from this cross-fertilization.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1521/prev.2023.110.4.457", "pubmed_id": "38117518", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1521/prev.2023.110.4.457", "keywords": "Humans, Ego, Psychoanalysis, Psilocybin, Psychotherapists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38117518\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1313, "title": "Domestication through clandestine cultivation constrained genetic diversity in magic mushrooms relative to naturalized populations.", "normalized_title": "domestication through clandestine cultivation constrained genetic diversity in magic mushrooms relative to naturalized populations", "authors": "McTaggart AR, McLaughlin S, Slot JC, McKernan K, Appleyard C, Bartlett TL, Weinert M, Barlow C, Warne LN, Shuey LS, Drenth A, James TY.", "abstract": "Fungi that are edible or fermentative were domesticated through selective cultivation of their desired traits. Domestication is often associated with inbreeding or selfing, which may fix traits other than those under selection, and causes an overall decrease in heterozygosity. A hallucinogenic mushroom, Psilocybe cubensis, was domesticated from its niche in livestock dung for production of psilocybin. It has caused accidental poisonings since the 1940s in Australia, which is a population hypothesized to be introduced from an unknown center of origin. We sequenced genomes of 38 isolates from Australia and compared them with 86 genomes of commercially available cultivars to determine (1) whether P. cubensis was introduced to Australia, and (2) how domestication has impacted commercial cultivars. Our analyses of genome-wide SNPs and single-copy orthologs showed that the Australian population is naturalized, having recovered its effective population size after a bottleneck when it was introduced, and it has maintained relatively high genetic diversity based on measures of nucleotide and allelic diversity. In contrast, domesticated cultivars generally have low effective population sizes and hallmarks of selfing and clonal propagation, including low genetic diversity, low heterozygosity, high linkage disequilibrium, and low allelic diversity of mating-compatibility genes. Analyses of kinship show that most cultivars are founded from related populations. Alleles in the psilocybin gene cluster are identical across most cultivars of P. cubensis with low diversity across coding sequence; however, unique allelic diversity in Australia and some cultivars may translate to differences in biosynthesis of psilocybin and its analogs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.059", "pubmed_id": "38052161", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.059", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Australia, Genetic Variation, Psilocybe, Psilocybin, Domestication", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38052161\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1310, "title": "Development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS-MS method to quantify psilocin in authentic oral fluid samples.", "normalized_title": "development and validation of a sensitive lc ms ms method to quantify psilocin in authentic oral fluid samples", "authors": "Cardoso MS, da Cunha KF, Silva IG, Fiorentin TR, de Campos EG, Costa JL.", "abstract": "Psilocin is an active substance and a dephosphorylated product of psilocybin formed after the ingestion of mushrooms. The low stability caused by the quick oxidation of this analyte requires sensitive methods for its determination in biological matrices. In this work, we described the development, optimization and validation of a method for the quantification of psilocin in authentic oral fluid samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Liquid-liquid extraction was performed using 100 µL of oral fluid samples collected with a Quantisal™ device and t-butyl methyl ether as the extraction solvent. The method showed acceptable performance, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.05 ng/mL, and the calibration model was achieved between 0.05 and 10 ng/mL. Bias and imprecision results were below -14.2% and 10.7%, respectively. Ionization suppression/enhancement was lower than -30.5%, and recovery was >54.5%. Dilution integrity bias was", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1093/jat/bkad064", "pubmed_id": "37642343", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkad064", "keywords": "Humans, Chromatography, Liquid, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37642343\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1304, "title": "Intravenous psilocybin attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of chronic pain.", "normalized_title": "intravenous psilocybin attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of chronic pain", "authors": "Kolbman N, Liu T, Guzzo P, Gilligan J, Mashour GA, Vanini G, Pal D.", "abstract": "There is a renewed interest in psychedelic drugs as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In particular, psilocybin has shown promise for the treatment of refractory depression1 and major depressive disorder2, and has also been explored as a treatment for tobacco and alcohol abuse3,4. However, despite suggestive evidence5,6, there has been no systematic study to investigate the effectiveness of psilocybin in attenuating indices of chronic pain. To address this gap, we investigated the effect of psilocybin on mechanical hypersensitivity and thermal hyperalgesia in a well-established rat model of formalin-induced, centralized chronic pain7,8 and demonstrate that a single intravenous bolus administration of psilocybin can attenuate mechanical hypersensitivity for 28 days.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.016", "pubmed_id": "38113836", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.016", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Rats, Formaldehyde, Hallucinogens, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38113836\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1260, "title": "Serotonin 2A Receptor (5-HT2AR) Agonists: Psychedelics and Non-Hallucinogenic Analogues as Emerging Antidepressants.", "normalized_title": "serotonin 2a receptor 5 ht2ar agonists psychedelics and non hallucinogenic analogues as emerging antidepressants", "authors": "Duan W, Cao D, Wang S, Cheng J.", "abstract": "Psychedelics make up a group of psychoactive compounds that induce hallucinogenic effects by activating the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR). Clinical trials have demonstrated the traditional psychedelic substances like psilocybin as a class of rapid-acting and long-lasting antidepressants. However, there is a pressing need for rationally designed 5-HT2AR agonists that possess optimal pharmacological profiles in order to fully reveal the therapeutic potential of these agonists and identify safer drug candidates devoid of hallucinogenic effects. This Perspective provides an overview of the structure-activity relationships of existing 5-HT2AR agonists based on their chemical classifications and discusses recent advancements in understanding their molecular pharmacology at a structural level. The encouraging clinical outcomes of psychedelics in depression treatment have sparked drug discovery endeavors aimed at developing novel 5-HT2AR agonists with improved subtype selectivity and signaling bias properties, which could serve as safer and potentially nonhallucinogenic antidepressants. These efforts can be significantly expedited through the utilization of structure-based methods and functional selectivity-directed screening.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00375", "pubmed_id": "38033123", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00375", "keywords": "Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38033123\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1127, "title": "Current Understanding on Psilocybin for Major Depressive Disorder: A Review Focusing on Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "current understanding on psilocybin for major depressive disorder a review focusing on clinical trials", "authors": "Wang SM, Kim S, Choi WS, Lim HK, Woo YS, Pae CU, Bahk WM.", "abstract": "Previous studies suggested effectiveness of psilocybin in the field of mental health. FDA designated psilocybin as a \"breakthrough therapy\" for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in 2018. This paper provided a review of psilocybin's potential role in treatment of depression by focusing on published clinical trials. Studies showed that psilocybin, an agonist on 5-HT2A receptors, manifests antidepressant and anxiolytic effects by increasing glutamate transmission, reducing brain inflammation, decreasing default mode network activity. In terms of clinical trials, eleven studies (six open-label and five double blinded randomized clinical trials [DB-RCTs]) trials exploring psilocybin's impact on depression were found. Among open-label studies, a pilot study on TRD patients demonstrated significant reductions in depressive symptoms after two psilocybin sessions. Psilocybin also improved cognitive bias associated with depression. Extension studies confirmed sustained improvements and high remission rates. Among five DB-RCTs, two showed that psilocybin led to significant reductions in anxiety and depression in cancer patients, and the improvements sustained for over six months. In MDD, psilocybin showed rapid reductions in depression, with higher remission rates compared to escitalopram in a DB-RCT. Another DB-RCT showed that psilocybin induced higher decrease in depression around 6 hours after their administrations than placebo. The last DB-RCT showed that in patients with TRD, a single dose of psilocybin 25 mg, but not psilocybin 10 mg, resulted in superior antidepressant effect than psilocybin 1 mg. Overall, psilocybin showed promise in treating depression and anxiety, with notable safety profiles. Further research should explore optimal dosages and long-term effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.9758/cpn.23.1134", "pubmed_id": "38627070", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.23.1134", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38627070\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3629, "title": "A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy in Treating Severe Depression Among Adults With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).", "normalized_title": "a randomized double blind placebo controlled study to evaluate the safety tolerability and efficacy of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in treating severe depression among adults with post traumatic stress disorder ptsd", "authors": "Apex Labs Ltd.", "abstract": "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that may develop in people who have been exposed to a traumatic event, including actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. Exposure to a traumatic event is defined as directly experiencing the event, learning about the event, or repeated exposure to details of the event. PTSD is often accompanied by other psychiatric and physical comorbidities, both of which are associated with elevated healthcare costs. Depression, psychosis and suicide rates are consistently reported in greater proportion of PTSD patients. Despite the overwhelming impact of PTSD and comorbid depression, there is a shortfall of effective treatments with few side effects that target the broad range of symptoms, including depression. Psilocybin has been studied for the treatment of depression, anxiety, tobacco and alcohol use disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, end of life depression and anxiety, demonstrating safety and efficacy for a variety of indications, with no significant adverse events occurring during the course of treatment and follow-up. Notably, in a participant group distinguished by long-standing, moderate to severe major depressive disorder, two doses of psilocybin-assisted therapy were found to be as effective in antidepressant effects as 6 weeks of daily escitalopram, a commonly used SSRI. Promising results found in these studies have led to psilocybin recently receiving breakthrough designation from the US FDA for its potential therapeutic effect in the treatment of depression. Based on previous research, psilocybin has demonstrated a favorable safety profile and has shown preliminary efficacy against depression as well as other symptoms that typically affect patients with PTSD. Unlike traditional SSRIs which are associated with treatment-resistance and addiction, psilocybin requires few doses to improve a wide-range of symptoms and has not been linked with physical dependence. Furthermore, the effect of other psychedelics can vary greatly and may potentially exacerbate existing conditions.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-11-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06141876", "keywords": "Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, APEX-002-A02, psilocybin, Placebo, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06141876\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1331, "title": "Exploring Psilocybe spp. mycelium and fruiting body chemistry for potential therapeutic compounds.", "normalized_title": "exploring psilocybe spp mycelium and fruiting body chemistry for potential therapeutic compounds", "authors": "Waldbillig A, Baranova M, Neumann S, Andrade J, Sidhu S.", "abstract": "Psilocybe mushrooms, otherwise known as \"magic\" mushrooms, owe their psychedelic effect to psilocin, a serotonin subtype 2A (5-HT2A) receptor agonist and metabolite of psilocybin, the primary indole alkaloid found in Psilocybe species. Metabolomics is an advanced fingerprinting tool that can be utilized to identify the differences among fungal life stages that may otherwise be unaccounted for. In this study, by using targeted and untargeted (metabolomic) multivariate analysis, we demonstrate that the chemical composition of Psilocybe differs among mycelia, grain mycelia, and fruiting bodies. The preferential accumulation of psilocybin, baeocystin, tryptophan, ergothioneine, and phenylethylamine in fruiting bodies differentiated them from mycelia; however, the levels of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (α-GPC), N-acetylglucosamine, and trimethylglycine were found to be proportionally higher in mycelia than in fruiting bodies based on Pareto-scaled data. Considering the wealth of compounds with therapeutic potential that have been isolated from various fungal genera, it would be pertinent to study the compounds found in Psilocybe mycelia as potential naturally derived therapeutic targets.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/ffunb.2023.1295223", "pubmed_id": "38094868", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/ffunb.2023.1295223", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38094868\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1041, "title": "Psilocybin as a lead candidate molecule in preclinical therapeutic studies of psychiatric disorders: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a lead candidate molecule in preclinical therapeutic studies of psychiatric disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Gattuso JJ, Wilson C, Hannan AJ, Renoir T.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is the main psychoactive compound found in hallucinogenic/magic mushrooms and can bind to both serotonergic and tropomyosin receptor kinase b (TrkB) receptors. Psilocybin has begun to show efficacy for a range of neuropsychiatric conditions, including treatment-resistant depression and anxiety disorders; however, neurobiological mechanisms are still being elucidated. Clinical research has found that psilocybin can alter functional connectivity patterns in human brains, which is often associated with therapeutic outcomes. However, preclinical research affords the opportunity to assess the potential cellular mechanisms by which psilocybin may exert its therapeutic effects. Preclinical rodent models can also facilitate a more tightly controlled experimental context and minimise placebo effects. Furthermore, where there is a rationale, preclinical researchers can investigate psilocybin administration in neuropsychiatric conditions that have not yet been researched clinically. As a result, we have systematically reviewed the knowledge base, identifying 82 preclinical studies which were screened based on specific criteria. This resulted in the exclusion of 44 articles, with 34 articles being included in the main review and another 2 articles included as Supporting Information materials. We found that psilocybin shows promise as a lead candidate molecule for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions, albeit showing the most efficacy for depression. We discuss the experimental findings, and identify possible mechanisms whereby psilocybin could invoke therapeutic changes. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the between-study heterogeneity and possible future research avenues. Our review suggests that preclinical rodent models can provide valid and translatable tools for researching novel psilocybin-induced molecular and cellular mechanisms, and therapeutic outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/jnc.16017", "pubmed_id": "38019032", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.16017", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38019032\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1332, "title": "[Feeling unwell after eating a piece of chocolate].", "normalized_title": "feeling unwell after eating a piece of chocolate", "authors": "van der Schuur-Saleem R, Visser E, Robben H, Zwols M, den Besten-Berthololee D.", "abstract": "BackgroundSince 2006 chocolate containing psilocin is circulating in The Netherlands. Psilocin is a psychoactive substance derived from psychedelic mushrooms and known to be hard drugs. Consuming psilocin can cause symptoms such as hallucinations, fear and panic attacks and sympathomimetic effects. These effects can last for approximately 6 hours.Case descriptionA man presented to the ED after eating a piece of chocolate. He was complaining of agitation, dizziness, a dry mouth and nausea. He was hypertensive and had wide light-responsive pupils. An analysis of the chocolate in the hospital pharmacy laboratory indicated the presence of psilocin.ConclusionsFood, like chocolate, can contain toxic ingredients that are not mentioned on the ingredients lists. Therefore, in unexplained symptoms, it could be useful to exclude an intoxication with polluted food.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "38175555", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38175555", "keywords": "Humans, Dizziness, Emotions, Fear, Food, Male, Psilocybin, Chocolate", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38175555\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1155, "title": "A Brief Historical Overview of Psychedelic Research.", "normalized_title": "a brief historical overview of psychedelic research", "authors": "Geyer MA.", "abstract": "Classical serotonergic psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide or the naturally occurring compounds psilocybin and mescaline produce profound changes in mood, thought, intuition, sensory perception, the experience of time and space, and even the experience of self. Research examining psychedelic compounds has had a complex and turbulent evolution. Many cultures throughout the world have used psychedelic plants not only for mystical, ritualistic, or divinatory purposes but also for curing illnesses. Much of the genesis and progress of modern investigations into the effects and underlying mechanisms of action of psychedelics have been intertwined with studies of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Early hypotheses that serotonergic systems mediate psychedelic effects were supported initially by preclinical animal studies and subsequently confirmed by pharmacological studies in healthy humans. The use of psychedelic compounds as putative psychotomimetics that reproduce some features of naturally occurring psychotic disorders met with some limited success. More recent studies are exploring psychedelics as potential psychotherapeutic agents. Recent indications that even 1 or 2 psychedelic treatments produce robust and sustained reductions in clinical symptoms in a variety of psychiatric disorders have prompted an enormous resurgence of interest in the nature and mechanisms contributing to their effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.11.003", "pubmed_id": "38000715", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.11.003", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38000715\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3781, "title": "Development of a Digital Intervention for Psychedelic Preparation (DIPP): a theory- and person-centred approach", "normalized_title": "development of a digital intervention for psychedelic preparation dipp a theory and person centred approach", "authors": "McAlpine R, Krajnović K, Khan M, Morometescu L, Simonsson O, Sacchet M, Kamboj S.", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances induce profound alterations in consciousness. Careful preparation is therefore essential to limit adverse reactions, enhance therapeutic benefits, and maintain user safety. This paper describes the development of a self-directed, digital intervention for psychedelic preparation. Drawing on elements from the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) framework for developing complex interventions, the design was informed by a four-factor model of psychedelic preparedness, using a person-centred approach. Our mixed-methods investigation consisted of two studies. The first involved interviews with 19 participants who had previously attended a ‘high-dose’ psilocybin retreat, systematically exploring their preparation behaviours and perspectives on the proposed intervention. The second study engaged 28 attendees of an ongoing psilocybin retreat in co-design workshops, refining the intervention protocol using insights from the initial interviews. The outcome is a co-produced 21-day digital course (Digital Intervention for Psychedelic Preparation (DIPP)), that is organised into four modules: Knowledge-Expectation, Psychophysical-Readiness, Safety-Planning, and Intention-Preparation. Fundamental components of the course include daily meditation practice, supplementary exercises tied to the weekly modules, and mood tracking. DIPP provides a comprehensive and scalable solution to enhance psychedelic preparedness, aligning with the broader shift towards digital mental health interventions.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-11-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/9ev27", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9ev27", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:21", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR764166\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3304, "title": "Development of a Digital Intervention for Psychedelic Preparation (DIPP): a theory- and person-centred approach", "normalized_title": "development of a digital intervention for psychedelic preparation dipp a theory and person centred approach", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances induce profound alterations in consciousness. Careful preparation is therefore essential to limit adverse reactions, enhance therapeutic benefits, and maintain user safety. This paper describes the development of a self-directed, digital intervention for psychedelic preparation. Drawing on elements from the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) framework for developing complex interventions, the design was informed by a four-factor model of psychedelic preparedness, using a person-centred approach. Our mixed-methods investigation consisted of two studies. The first involved interviews with 19 participants who had previously attended a ‘high-dose’ psilocybin retreat, systematically exploring their preparation behaviours and perspectives on the proposed intervention. The second study engaged 28 attendees of an ongoing psilocybin retreat in co-design workshops, refining the intervention protocol using insights from the initial interviews. The outcome is a co-produced 21-day digital course (Digital Intervention for Psychedelic Preparation (DIPP)), that is organised into four modules: Knowledge-Expectation, Psychophysical-Readiness, Safety-Planning, and Intention-Preparation. Fundamental components of the course include daily meditation practice, supplementary exercises tied to the weekly modules, and mood tracking. DIPP provides a comprehensive and scalable solution to enhance psychedelic preparedness, aligning with the broader shift towards digital mental health interventions.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-11-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/9ev27_v1", "keywords": "co-design, digital intervention, meditation, preparedness, psilocybin, psychedelic, psychedelic therapy, qualitative, Psychiatry, Life Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"9ev27_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1333, "title": "Biological studies of clavine alkaloids targeting CNS receptors.", "normalized_title": "biological studies of clavine alkaloids targeting cns receptors", "authors": "Tasker NR, Pazur EJ, Wipf P.", "abstract": "In contrast to well established psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, ergot alkaloids of the clavine subclass have not been thoroughly investigated, in spite of their broad occurrence in nature and their well-established potent physiological effects. This study presents the current knowledge on the biological properties of clavine alkaloids, draws comparisons to the pharmacology of ergolines and related psychedelics, and demonstrates opportunities to develop novel structure-activity relationship (SAR) profiles. The latter could usher in a new stage of medicinal chemistry studies that enable an expansion of the currently structurally limited portfolio of psychedelic therapeutics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-20", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1286941", "pubmed_id": "38076698", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1286941", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38076698\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1284, "title": "Drug-drug interactions involving classic psychedelics: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "drug drug interactions involving classic psychedelics a systematic review", "authors": "Halman A, Kong G, Sarris J, Perkins D.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), are potent psychoactive substances that have been studied for their physiological and psychological effects. However, our understanding of the potential interactions and outcomes when using these substances in combination with other drugs is limited. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on drug-drug interactions between classic psychedelics and other drugs in humans. We conducted a thorough literature search using multiple databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and other sources to supplement our search for relevant studies. A total of 7102 records were screened, and studies involving human data describing potential interactions (as well as the lack thereof) between classic psychedelics and other drugs were included. In total, we identified 52 studies from 36 reports published before September 2, 2023, encompassing 32 studies on LSD, 10 on psilocybin, 4 on mescaline, 3 on DMT, 2 on 5-MeO-DMT and 1 on ayahuasca. These studies provide insights into the interactions between classic psychedelics and a range of drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilisers, recreational drugs and others. The findings revealed various effects when psychedelics were combined with other drugs, including both attenuated and potentiated effects, as well as instances where no changes were observed. Except for a few case reports, no serious adverse drug events were described in the included studies. An in-depth discussion of the results is presented, along with an exploration of the potential molecular pathways that underlie the observed effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231211219", "pubmed_id": "37982394", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231211219", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Drug Interactions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37982394\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1251, "title": "Novel Psilocin Prodrugs with Altered Pharmacological Properties as Candidate Therapies for Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders.", "normalized_title": "novel psilocin prodrugs with altered pharmacological properties as candidate therapies for treatment resistant anxiety disorders", "authors": "Raithatha SA, Hagel JM, Matinkhoo K, Yu L, Press D, Cook SG, Sharma G, Dhananjaya D, Jensen G, Lee JB, Cai C, Gallant J, Bains J, Tucker JE, Facchini PJ.", "abstract": "The psychedelic prodrug psilocybin has shown therapeutic benefits for the treatment of numerous psychiatric conditions. Despite positive clinical end points targeting depression and anxiety, concerns regarding the duration of the psychedelic experience produced by psilocybin, associated with enduring systemic exposure to the active metabolite psilocin, pose a barrier to its therapeutic application. Our objective was to create a novel prodrug of psilocin with similar therapeutic benefits but a reduced duration of psychedelic effects compared with psilocybin. Here, we report the synthesis and functional screening of 28 new chemical entities. Our strategy was to introduce a diversity of cleavable groups at the 4-hydroxy position of the core indole moiety to modulate metabolic processing. We identified several novel prodrugs of psilocin with altered pharmacokinetic profiles and reduced pharmacological exposure compared with psilocybin. These candidate prodrugs have the potential to maintain the long-term benefits of psilocybin therapy while attenuating the duration of psychedelic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01225", "pubmed_id": "37983270", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01225", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Prodrugs, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37983270\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3274, "title": "Wood-loving magic mushrooms from Australia are saprotrophic invaders in the northern hemisphere", "normalized_title": "wood loving magic mushrooms from australia are saprotrophic invaders in the northern hemisphere", "authors": "McTaggart A, Scarlett K, Slot J, Barlow C, Appleyard C, Gardiner D, Fechner N, Tilden J, Hass D, Voogelbreinder S, Lording W, Lloyd R, Shuey L, Drenth A, James T.", "abstract": "Magic mushrooms are fungi that produce psilocybin, a compound with breakthrough status for treatment of mental health disorders. Wood-degrading species of Psilocybe, such as P. subaeruginosa and relatives, have high concentrations of psilocybin but are discouraged for clinical production due to a temporary paralytic side effect known as Wood Lover’s Paralysis, the cause of which is unknown. We studied P. subaeruginosa over its partial distribution in Australia based on genomic analyses of 89 isolates to investigate population structure and species boundaries, examine allelic diversity at psilocybin loci, and test its centre of origin. Psilocybe subaeruginosa is structured by geography in Australia, but geographically separated populations are fully sexually compatible. Allelic diversity among populations, such as at mating compatibility loci, is likely a result of genetic drift and minimal gene flow since differentiation from a shared ancestor. Movement of woodchips, mulch, or plants has most likely spread genotypes of P. subaeruginosa locally within Australia and to the northern hemisphere. Species from the northern hemisphere, namely P. azurescens and P. cyanescens, clustered among Australian populations, indicating shared ancestry and supporting a hypothesis these taxa are conspecific with P. subaeruginosa. We identified high allelic diversity in genes of the psilocybin metabolic pathway and haplotypes of P. subaeruginosa with either one or two putatively functional paralogs of psiH, however the functionality of this gene duplication is yet to be determined. Our study provides insights into the evolutionary history and species boundaries of P. subaeruginosa, which has a centre of origin in Australasia.", "journal": "Authorea Preprints", "publication_date": "2023-11-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.22541/au.170019739.91075425/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.22541/au.170019739.91075425/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR761560\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Authorea Preprints\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Adverse Events,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1285, "title": "Assessment of the acute subjective psychedelic experience: A review of patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research on classical psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "assessment of the acute subjective psychedelic experience a review of patient reported outcome measures in clinical research on classical psychedelics", "authors": "Hovmand OR, Poulsen ED, Arnfred S.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe classical psychedelics psilocybin, peyote, ayahuasca/ N, N-dimethyltryptamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide can temporarily produce altered states of consciousness, characterized by changes in sensory perception, thought, mood, and the sense of self-reality and meaning. It is important to have reliable instruments for quantifying these altered states in trials, due to a plausible link between the acute subjective experience and treatment outcome.MethodsWe conducted a review of outcome measures applied in research on classical psychedelics to assess one or more dimensions of the acute subjective psychedelic experience. Three relevant databases were searched electronically. Two reviewers independently conducted article selection and data extraction regarding the instruments, dimensions, geography, population, and psychedelic substance investigated in the included studies. We identified the five most utilized instruments for the most recent 6 years, as well as the five most utilized instruments for each psychedelic.ResultsWe included 93 papers, which reported on 93 unique trials and utilized 17 different rating scales. Of these, the most utilized were the Five-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Questionnaire, visual analog or Likert scales specially developed for the trials, the Hallucinogen Rating Scale, the States of Consciousness Questionnaire, and the Abnormer Psychischer Zustand.DiscussionConsiderable variability was found in the instruments utilized in clinical trials on classical psychedelics. We advise and encourage the development of a core outcome set for psychedelic research to enable altered state comparisons across compounds, participants, and settings. We further advise that instruments be designed to assess the \"setting\" of a psychedelic experience.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-15", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231200019", "pubmed_id": "37969069", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231200019", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Patient Reported Outcome Measures", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37969069\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1229, "title": "Antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activities and acute toxicity evaluation of the Psilocybe cubensis mushroom in experimental models in mice.", "normalized_title": "antidepressant and anxiolytic like activities and acute toxicity evaluation of the psilocybe cubensis mushroom in experimental models in mice", "authors": "Hernandez-Leon A, Escamilla-Orozco RI, Tabal-Robles AR, Martínez-Vargas D, Romero-Bautista L, Escamilla-Soto G, González-Romero OS, Torres-Valencia M, González-Trujano ME.", "abstract": "Ethnopharmacology relevanceCentral nervous system (CNS) diseases can be diverse and usually present with comorbidity, as in the case of depression and anxiety. Despite alternatives like Psilocybe mushrooms for mental health there is no basic research to evidence their CNS benefits.Aim of the studyTo evaluate the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects, as well as the acute toxicity of P. cubensis mushroom.Material and methodsFirst, the acute toxicity (LD50) of P. cubensis (2000 mg/kg) was determined after the esophageal (p.o.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) route of administration. The rota-rod test and electroencephalogram (EEG) were included to assess CNS toxicity in free moving mice. Anxiolytic (ambulatory or exploratory and rearing behaviors) and antidepressant behavioral responses were assayed in the open-field, plus-maze, and forced swimming test, respectively, after administration of 1000 mg/kg, p.o., of the whole P. cubensis mushroom or the polar aqueous (AQ) or methanolic (MeOH) extractions (1, 10, and/or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) in comparison to the reference drugs buspirone (4 mg/kg, i.p.), fluoxetine and/or imipramine (10 mg/kg, s.c. and i.p., respectively). A chemical analysis of the AQ and MeOH extractions was performed to detect psilocybin and/or psilocin by using UHPLC.ResultsNeurotoxic effects of P. cubensis mushroom administered at high doses were absent in mice assessed in the rota-rod test or for EEG activity. A LD50 > 2000 mg/kg was calculated by p.o. or i.p. administration. While significant and/or dose-response antidepressant-like effects were produced with the whole P. cubensis mushroom, p.o., and after parenteral administration of the AQ or MeOH extractions resembling the effects of the reference drugs. Behavioral responses were associated with an anxiolytic-like effect in the open-field as corroborated in the plus-maze tests. The presence of psilocybin and psilocin was mainly characterized in the AQ extraction.ConclusionOur results provide preclinical evidence of the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of the P. cubensis mushroom without producing neurotoxicity after enteral or parenteral administration, where psilocybin and psilocin were identified mainly after AQ extraction. This study reinforces the benefits of the P. cubensis mushroom in mental health and therapy for anxiety and depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-14", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2023.117415", "pubmed_id": "37977425", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.117415", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Agaricales, Methanol, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Antidepressive Agents, Behavior, Animal, Models, Theoretical, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37977425\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 919, "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Four Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies for Adults with Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of four psychedelic assisted therapies for adults with symptoms of depression anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Bahji A, Lunsky I, Gutierrez G, Vazquez G.", "abstract": "There has been a resurgence in psychedelic research for managing psychiatric conditions in recent years. This study aimed to present a comprehensive review of the current state of the field by applying a systematic search strategy for articles on the effectiveness and tolerability of four psychedelic-assisted therapies (psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA], and ayahuasca) for adults with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Psychometric scores and adverse events were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis models with Hedges' g bias-corrected standardized mean differences (g) and rate ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Bias evaluation followed PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines. Eighteen studies were identified, which suggested that psychedelic therapies were well tolerated and presented a large effect size for the management of depression symptoms in a transdiagnostic population with psilocybin (g = -1.92, 95% CI, -2.73 to -1.11) and MDMA (g = -0.71; 95% CI, -1.39 to -0.03). These are promising results that complement the current literature. However, evidence certainty was low to very low due to methodological limitations, small sample size, blinding, study heterogeneity, and publication bias. These results also highlight the need for more adequately powered studies exploring these novel therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-14", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2278586", "pubmed_id": "37968944", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2278586", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37968944\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Aging,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3364, "title": "Aesthetic Chills Mitigate Maladaptive Cognition In Depression", "normalized_title": "aesthetic chills mitigate maladaptive cognition in depression", "authors": "Schoeller F, Jain A, Adrien V, Maes P, Reggente N.", "abstract": "Background: Depression is a major global health challenge, affecting over 300 million people worldwide. Current pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions have limited efficacy, underscoring the need for novel approaches. Emerging evidence suggests that peak emotional experiences characterized by awe, transcendence, and meaning hold promise for rapidly shifting maladaptive cognitive patterns in depression. Aesthetic chills, a peak positive emotion characterized by physical sensations such as shivers and goosebumps, may influence reward-related neural pathways and hold promise for modifying core maladaptive beliefs rooted in early adverse experiences. Methods We enrolled 96 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder. A validated database of multimedia known to elicit chills responses (ChillsDB) was used for stimulus presentation. Participants' emotional responses were assessed using the Emotional Breakthrough Inventory (EBI), while shifts in self-schema were measured via the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ). Results The study found that chill-inducing stimuli have the potential to positively influence the core schema of individuals with depression, impacting areas of self-related beliefs. The associated phenomenology triggered by chills appears to share similarities with the altered states of consciousness induced by psychedelic substances like psilocybin. Conclusions These preliminary results suggest that the biological processes involved in aesthetic chills could be harnessed as a non-pharmacological intervention for depression. However, further investigation is necessary to comprehensively understand the neurophysiological responses to chills and to evaluate the practicality, effectiveness, and safety of utilizing aesthetic chills as a preventive measure in mental health care.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2023-11-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3582420/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3582420/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR759273\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1335, "title": "Epidemiology of classic psychedelic substances: results from a Norwegian internet convenience sample.", "normalized_title": "epidemiology of classic psychedelic substances results from a norwegian internet convenience sample", "authors": "Kvam TM, Uthaug MV, Andersen KAA, Refsum BB, Tunstad PA, Stewart LH, Jacobsen HB, Grønnerød C.", "abstract": "ObjectiveIn recent years, there has been a renewed interest in investigating the use of classic psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of mental disorders and substance use disorders. However, knowledge about the epidemiology of classic psychedelics in the Nordic countries is limited.MethodsWe recruited adult, Norwegian participants who have had a memorable experience after taking a classic psychedelic substance. They filled in an anonymous internet survey with 119 items covering matters related to recreational use of psychedelics using a secure, web-based application. Data are presented by using descriptive statistics (frequencies, means, and standard deviations).ResultsWe recruited 841 participants, 770 (72% male; 88% 45 years or younger) of which were included in the data analysis. The intentions behind taking the psychedelic substance were mainly recreational (46.1%) or therapeutic (42.3%). Most participants reported that their most memorable experience was with psilocybin. As in modern era clinical trials, most participants were well-prepared before, did processing during, and did integration work after the experience, whereas only a minority were supported by a therapist. Self-perceived symptoms of various mental disorders and substance use disorders were prevalent in the sample. Most subjects reported improvements in their condition. Although adverse reactions were usually mild and short-lived, 4.2% lasted for 1 year or more. Persisting flashbacks were present for a year or more among 2.9% of the participants.ConclusionIn this cross-sectional sample of Norwegian, self-selecting adults, we shed light on what characterizes the most memorable experience with a classic psychedelic substance, including short- and long-term risks and benefits. For the most part, the psychedelic experience led to improvements in self-perceived symptoms of mental disorders and substance use disorders. However, a small subset experienced persisting adverse reactions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1287196", "pubmed_id": "38025484", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1287196", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38025484\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1334, "title": "Psychedelic Drugs or Hallucinogens: Exploring Their Medicinal Potential.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drugs or hallucinogens exploring their medicinal potential", "authors": "Raj P, Rauniyar S, Sapkale B.", "abstract": "Serotonergic hallucinogens also referred to as psychedelics, are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perception, mood, and cognitive processes. These substances, historically intertwined with religious and cultural rituals, offer profound effects that extend beyond mere hallucinations to profoundly altered states of consciousness. Notable compounds like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, potent in their action on serotonin receptors, play pivotal roles in influencing brain functions. Despite societal misconceptions that have overshadowed their potential, contemporary research increasingly recognizes their therapeutic value. These substances have shown promise in treating neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety, leveraging their influence on neuroplasticity. Furthermore, they exhibit therapeutic potential across various conditions, challenging conventional treatment methodologies. Compared to substances like alcohol, traditional psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin emerge as relatively safer substances. The modern revival of scientific interest in psychedelics necessitates a renewed perspective, viewing them not just as recreational entities but as potent therapeutic tools. Harnessing their actual value mandates rigorous scientific investigations and a receptive societal discourse. A re-evaluation of their classification following international criteria is necessary in light of this increasing understanding. Hallucinogens or psychedelic drugs, if used correctly, can potentially be potential treatments for mental illness, signalling a paradigm shift from traditional techniques. To dispel myths and use their therapeutic advantages, embracing this potential necessitates thorough scientific investigation together with an open societal discourse.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.48719", "pubmed_id": "38094517", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.48719", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38094517\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1287, "title": "The psychedelic effects of cannabis: A review of the literature.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic effects of cannabis a review of the literature", "authors": "Wolinsky D, Barrett FS, Vandrey R.", "abstract": "Cannabis and classic psychedelics are controlled substances with emerging evidence of efficacy in the treatment of a variety of psychiatric illnesses. Cannabis has largely not been regarded as having psychedelic effects in contemporary literature, despite many examples of historical use along with classic psychedelics to attain altered states of consciousness. Research into the \"psychedelic\" effects of cannabis, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in particular, could prove helpful for assessing potential therapeutic indications and elucidating the mechanism of action of both cannabis and classic psychedelics. This review aggregates and evaluates the literature assessing the capacity of cannabis to yield the perceptual changes, aversiveness, and mystical experiences more typically associated with classic psychedelics such as psilocybin. This review also provides a brief contrast of neuroimaging findings associated with the acute effects of cannabis and psychedelics. The available evidence suggests that high-THC cannabis may be able to elicit psychedelic effects, but that these effects may not have been observed in recent controlled research studies due to the doses, set, and settings commonly used. Research is needed to investigate the effects of high doses of THC in the context utilized in therapeutic studies of psychedelics aimed to occasion psychedelic and/or therapeutic experiences. If cannabis can reliably generate psychedelic experiences under these conditions, high-THC dose cannabis treatments should be explored as potential adjunctive treatments for psychiatric disorders and be considered as an active comparator in clinical trials involving traditional psychedelic medications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231209194", "pubmed_id": "37947321", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231209194", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabis, Hallucinogens, Consciousness, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37947321\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Aging,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3680, "title": "The Safety and Efficacy Of Psilocybin as an Adjunctive Therapy in Participants With Treatment Resistant Depression", "normalized_title": "the safety and efficacy of psilocybin as an adjunctive therapy in participants with treatment resistant depression", "authors": "COMPASS Pathways", "abstract": "The Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin as an Adjunctive Therapy in Participants with Treatment-Resistant Depression A recent open label study of the effects of psilocybin in participants with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) showed rapid significant decrease of depressive symptoms after treatment with psilocybin coupled with psychological support. Over 40% of participants sustained response at 3 months. In this study, the aim is to explore effectiveness of 25 mg of psilocybin as an adjunctive therapy in participants with TRD.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-11-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04739865", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Psilocybin, COMP360, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04739865\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3351, "title": "The entropic heart: Tracking the psychedelic state via heart rate dynamics", "normalized_title": "the entropic heart tracking the psychedelic state via heart rate dynamics", "authors": "Rosas FE, Mediano PA, Timmermann C, Luppi AI, Candia-Rivera D, Abbasi-Asl R, Gazzaley A, Kringelbach ML, Muthukumaraswamy S, Bor D, Garfinkel S, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "A growing body of work shows that autonomic signals provide a privileged evidence-stream to capture various aspects of subjective and neural states. This work investigates the potential for autonomic markers to track the effects of psychedelics - potent psychoactive drugs with important scientific and clinical value. For this purpose, we introduce a novel Bayesian framework to estimate the entropy of heart rate dynamics under psychedelics. We also calculate Bayesian estimates of mean heart rate and heart rate variability, and investigate how these measures relate to subjective reports and neural effects. Results on datasets covering four drugs - lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), dimethyltryptamine (DMT), psilocybin, and sub-anaesthetic doses of the dissociative agent ketamine - show consistent increases in mean heart rate, high-frequency heart rate variability, and heart rate entropy during the psychedelic experience. Moreover, these effects have predictive power over various dimensions of the psychedelic experience. Changes in heart rate entropy were found to be correlated with increases in brain entropy, while other autonomic markers were not. Overall, our results show that a cost-efficient autonomic measure has the potential to reveal surprising detail about subjective and brain states, opening up a range of new research avenues to explore in both basic and clinical neuroscience.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-11-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.11.07.566008", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.11.07.566008", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR756922\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1288, "title": "Synergistic psychedelic - NMDAR modulator treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "synergistic psychedelic nmdar modulator treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders", "authors": "Heresco-Levy U, Lerer B.", "abstract": "Modern research data suggest a therapeutic role for serotonergic psychedelics in depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders, although psychotomimetic effects may limit their widespread utilization. Serotonergic psychedelics enhance neuroplasticity via serotonin 2 A receptors (5HT2AR) activation and complex serotonergic-glutamatergic interactions involving the ionotropic glutamate receptors, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) channel antagonists, i.e. ketamine, and glycine modulatory site full and partial agonists, i.e., D-serine (DSR) and D-cycloserine (DCS), share some of these mechanisms of action and have neuroplastic and antidepressant effects. Moreover, procognitive effects have been reported for DSR and DCS and 5HT2AR-NMDAR interactions modulate neuronal excitability in prefrontal cortex and represent a target for new antipsychotics. We hypothesize that the synchronous administration of a psychedelic and a NMDAR modulator may increase the therapeutic impact of each of the treatment components and allow for dose adjustments and improved safety. We propose to initially focus research on the acute concurrent administration of psilocybin and DSR or DCS in depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-023-02312-8", "pubmed_id": "37945694", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02312-8", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Ketamine, Cycloserine, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Neuronal Plasticity, Drug Synergism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37945694\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1319, "title": "Interaction of hallucinogenic rapid-acting antidepressants with mGlu2/3 receptor ligands as a window for more effective therapies.", "normalized_title": "interaction of hallucinogenic rapid acting antidepressants with mglu2 3 receptor ligands as a window for more effective therapies", "authors": "Chruścicka-Smaga B, Machaczka A, Szewczyk B, Pilc A.", "abstract": "The desire to find a gold-standard therapy for depression is still ongoing. Developing one universal and effective pharmacotherapy remains troublesome due to the high complexity and variety of symptoms. Over the last decades, the understanding of the mechanism of pathophysiology of depression and its key consequences for brain functioning have undergone significant changes, referring to the monoaminergic theory of the disease. After the breakthrough discovery of ketamine, research began to focus on the modulation of glutamatergic transmission as a new pharmacological target. Glutamate is a crucial player in mechanisms of a novel class of antidepressants, including hallucinogens such as ketamine. The role of glutamatergic transmission is also suggested in the antidepressant (AD) action of scopolamine and psilocybin. Despite fast, robust, and sustained AD action hallucinogens belonging to a group of rapid-acting antidepressants (RAA) exert significant undesired effects, which hamper their use in the clinic. Thus, the synergistic action of more than one substance in lower doses instead of monotherapy may alleviate the likelihood of adverse effects while improving therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we explore AD-like behavioral, synaptic, and molecular action of RAAs such as ketamine, scopolamine, and psilocybin, in combination with mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-023-00547-4", "pubmed_id": "37932583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-023-00547-4", "keywords": "Ketamine, Scopolamine, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37932583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1318, "title": "The possible place for psychedelics in pharmacotherapy of mental disorders.", "normalized_title": "the possible place for psychedelics in pharmacotherapy of mental disorders", "authors": "Wojtas A.", "abstract": "Since its emergence in the 1960s, the serotonergic theory of depression bore fruit in the discovery of a plethora of antidepressant drugs affecting the lives of millions of patients. While crucial in the history of drug development, recent studies undermine the effectiveness of currently used antidepressant drugs in comparison to placebo, emphasizing the long time it takes to initiate the therapeutic response and numerous adverse effects. Thus, the scope of contemporary pharmacological research shifts from drugs affecting the serotonin system to rapid-acting antidepressant drugs. The prototypical representative of the aforementioned class is ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist capable of alleviating the symptoms of depression shortly after the drug administration. This discovery led to a paradigm shift, focusing on amino-acidic neurotransmitters and growth factors. Alas, the drug is not perfect, as its therapeutic effect diminishes circa 2 weeks after administration. Furthermore, it is not devoid of some severe side effects. However, there seems to be another, more efficient, and safer way to target the glutamatergic system. Hallucinogenic agonists of the 5-HT2A receptor, commonly known as psychedelics, are nowadays being reconsidered in clinical practice, shedding their infamous 1970s stigma. More and more clinical studies prove their clinical efficacy and rapid onset after a single administration while bearing fewer side effects. This review focuses on the current state-of-the-art literature and most recent clinical studies concerning the use of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of mental disorders. Specifically, the antidepressant potential of LSD, psilocybin, DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT will be discussed, together with a brief summary of other possible applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-023-00550-9", "pubmed_id": "37934320", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-023-00550-9", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37934320\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1299, "title": "Present and future of metabolic and metabolomics studies focused on classical psychedelics in humans.", "normalized_title": "present and future of metabolic and metabolomics studies focused on classical psychedelics in humans", "authors": "Madrid-Gambin F, Fabregat-Safont D, Gomez-Gomez A, Olesti E, Mason NL, Ramaekers JG, Pozo OJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are classical hallucinogen drugs that induce a marked altered state of consciousness. In recent years, there has been renewed attention to the possible use of classical psychedelics for the treatment of certain mental health disorders. However, further investigation to better understand their biological effects in humans, their mechanism of action, and their metabolism in humans is needed when considering the development of future novel therapeutic approaches. Both metabolic and metabolomics studies may help for these purposes. On one hand, metabolic studies aim to determine the main metabolites of the drug. On the other hand, the application of metabolomics in human psychedelics studies can help to further understand the biological processes underlying the psychedelic state and the mechanisms of action underlying their therapeutic potential. This review presents the state of the art of metabolic and metabolomic studies after lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and β-carboline alkaloids (ayahuasca brew), 5-methoxy-DMT and psilocybin administrations in humans. We first describe the characteristics of the published research. Afterward, we reviewed the main results obtained by both metabolic and metabolomics (if available) studies in classical psychedelics and we found out that metabolic and metabolomics studies in psychedelics progress at two different speeds. Thus, whereas the main metabolites for classical psychedelics have been robustly established, the main metabolic alterations induced by psychedelics need to be explored. The integration of metabolomics and pharmacokinetics for investigating the molecular interaction between psychedelics and multiple targets may open new avenues in understanding the therapeutic role of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115775", "pubmed_id": "37944438", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115775", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37944438\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Review Article,Drug Interactions,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1125, "title": "Psilocybin does not induce the vulnerability marker HSP70 in neurons susceptible to Olney's lesions.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin does not induce the vulnerability marker hsp70 in neurons susceptible to olney s lesions", "authors": "Iorgu AM, Vasilescu AN, Pfeiffer N, Spanagel R, Mallien AS, Inta D, Gass P.", "abstract": "S-ketamine, a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, and psilocybin, a 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (serotonin) 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonist, are reported as effective rapid-acting antidepressants. Both compounds increase glutamate signalling and evoke cortical hyperexcitation. S-ketamine induces neurotoxicity especially in the retrosplenial cortex (Olney's lesions). Whether psilocybin produces similar neurotoxic effects has so far not been investigated. We performed an immunohistochemical whole-brain mapping for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in rats treated with psilocybin, S-ketamine, and MK-801. In contrast to S-ketamine- and MK-801-treated animals, we did not detect any HSP70-positive neurons in retrosplenial cortex of rats treated with psilocybin. Our results suggest that psilocybin might be safer for clinical use compared to S-ketamine regarding neuronal damage.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s00406-023-01699-3", "pubmed_id": "37934233", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-023-01699-3", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Neurons, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Ketamine, Dizocilpine Maleate, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Male, HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37934233\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1337, "title": "LSD and psilocybin for chronic nociplastic pain: A narrative review of the literature supporting the use of classic psychedelic agents in chronic pain.", "normalized_title": "lsd and psilocybin for chronic nociplastic pain a narrative review of the literature supporting the use of classic psychedelic agents in chronic pain", "authors": "Van Der Walt J, Parker R.", "abstract": "Healthcare providers face the challenging task of managing patients who suffer from chronic nociplastic pain conditions. Pain is a multidimensional experience, and the current approach to managing people in chronic pain often fails to meet the needs of these patients. Novel ways of treating people who suffer from chronic nociplastic pain with classic psychedelic agents may offer a new lens through which to approach their pain. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are both serotonergic agents with a long history of use in treating people with chronic pain and mental health disorders. The new wave of research into psychedelics for major depressive disorder provides an opportunity to investigate and understand the potential for incorporating these drugs into chronic pain management pathways. This narrative review presents healthcare workers with a framework to understand the method of action of these drugs in chronic nociplastic pain pathways and a brief history into their use. We conducted an online search using Pubmed with keywords 'chronic pain' AND/OR 'psilocybin' AND/OR 'lysergic acid diethylamide' AND/OR 'psychedelics' with no date limit applied. We identified further articles that contained information on the neuroscience of psychedelics and the serotonergic system using Google Scholar. During the final stages of writing the article, the latest publications on psychedelics and chronic pain in leading pain journals were again included to update the information.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.7196/samj.2023.v113i11.814", "pubmed_id": "38525640", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7196/samj.2023.v113i11.814", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, South Africa, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38525640\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 983, "title": "Mystical and Affective Aspects of Psychedelic Use in a Naturalistic Setting: A Linguistic Analysis of Online Experience Reports.", "normalized_title": "mystical and affective aspects of psychedelic use in a naturalistic setting a linguistic analysis of online experience reports", "authors": "Žuljević MF, Mijatović A, Marušić SL, Kudrjavets G, Buljan I, Hren D.", "abstract": "Analyzing online retrospective experience reports of psychedelic use can provide valuable insight into their acute subjective effects. Such reports are unexplored in relation to mystical states, which are thought to be a therapeutic mechanism within psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. We created a set of words that, when encountered in an experience report, indicate the occurrence of mystical elements within the experience. We used the Shroomery.org website to retrieve 7317 publicly available retrospective psychedelic experience reports of psychedelic use, primarily of psilocybin, and have a designated experience intensity level self-assessed by the text authors during submission of the report. We counted the mystical language words using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software and additionally performed sentiment analysis of all reports. We found that the occurrence of mystical language grew with increased self-reported experience intensity. We also found that negative sentiment increased, and positive sentiment decreased as self-reported psychedelic experience intensity increased. These two findings raise the question of whether mystical experiences can co-exist with challenging elements within the psychedelic experience, a consideration for future qualitative studies. We present a new mystical language dictionary measure for further use and expansion, with some suggestions on how it can be used in future studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-02", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2274382", "pubmed_id": "37921118", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2274382", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Affect, Mysticism, Linguistics, Internet, Self Report, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37921118\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1339, "title": "A \"Magic Mushroom\" Multi-Product Sesquiterpene Synthase.", "normalized_title": "a magic mushroom multi product sesquiterpene synthase", "authors": "Schäfer E, Seibold PS, Bartram S, Trottmann F, Haensch VG, Gressler M, Chadeayne AR, Hertweck C, O'Connor SE, Hoffmeister D", "abstract": "Psilocybe \"magic mushrooms\" are chemically well understood for their psychotropic tryptamines. However, the diversity of their other specialized metabolites, in particular terpenoids, has largely remained an open question. Yet, knowledge on the natural product background is critical to understand if other compounds modulate the psychotropic pharmacological effects. CubA, the single clade II sesquiterpene synthase of P. cubensis, was heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and characterized in vitro, complemented by in vivo product formation assays in Aspergillus niger as a heterologous host. Extensive GC-MS analyses proved a function as multi-product synthase and, depending on the reaction conditions, cubebol, β-copaene, δ-cadinene, and germacrene D were detected as the major products of CubA. In addition, mature P. cubensis carpophores were analysed chromatographically which led to the detection of β-copaene and δ-cadinene. Enzymes closely related to CubA are encoded in the genomes of various Psilocybe species. Therefore, our results provide insight into the metabolic capacity of the entire genus.", "journal": "Chembiochem: a European journal of chemical biology", "publication_date": "2023-11-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1002/cbic.202300511", "pubmed_id": "37614035", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37614035/", "keywords": "Psilocybe, biosynthesis, enzyme, sesquiterpene, terpene synthase", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37614035\"}", "topic_tags": "In Vitro Study,Genomics", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1321, "title": "Psychedelic renaissance: Revitalized potential therapies for psychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic renaissance revitalized potential therapies for psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Rhee TG, Davoudian PA, Sanacora G, Wilkinson ST.", "abstract": "Psychiatric disorders represent the largest cause of disability worldwide. Global interests in psychedelic substances as potentially therapeutic agents for psychiatric disorders has recently re-emerged. Here, we review progress in the development of psychedelic compounds that have potential therapeutic effects as well as the safety concerns. We include psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the entactogen 3,4-methyl-enedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA). We also review the potential interactive effects these compounds can have with psychotherapeutic approaches. We provide a cutting-edge review of active and recently completed clinical trials based on the published literature (from MEDLINE), published abstracts at citable conferences, clinical trials from the US Clinical Trials registry (clinicaltrials.gov) and media press releases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103818", "pubmed_id": "37925136", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103818", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37925136\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1169, "title": "Cultivation, chemistry, and genome of Psilocybe zapotecorum", "normalized_title": "cultivation chemistry and genome of psilocybe zapotecorum", "authors": "Miller DR, Jacobs JT, Rockefeller A, Singer H, Bollinger IM, Conway J, Slot JC, Cliffel DE.", "abstract": "Psilocybe zapotecorum is a strongly blue-bruising psilocybin mushroom used by indigenous groups in southeastern Mexico and beyond. While this species has a rich history of ceremonial use, research into its chemistry and genetics have been limited. Herein, we detail mushroom morphology and report on cultivation parameters, chemical profile, and the full genome sequence of P. zapotecorum. First, growth and cloning methods are detailed that are simple, and reproducible. In combination with high resolution microscopic analysis, the strain was barcoded, confirming species-level identification. Full genome sequencing reveals the architecture of the psilocybin gene cluster in P. zapotecorum, and can serve as a reference genome for Psilocybe Clade I. Characterization of the tryptamine profile revealed a psilocybin concentration of 17.9±1.7 mg/g, with a range of 10.6-25.7 mg/g (n=7), and similar tryptamines (psilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, norpsilocin, aeruginascin, 4-HO-tryptamine, and tryptamine) in lesser concentrations for a combined tryptamine concentration of 22.5±3.2 mg/g. These results show P. zapotecorum to be a potent - and variable - Psilocybe mushroom. Chemical profiling, genetic analysis, and cultivation assist in demystifying these mushrooms. As clinical studies with psilocybin gain traction, understanding the diversity of psilocybin mushrooms will assure that psilocybin therapy does not become synonymous with psilocybin mushrooms.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-11-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.11.01.564784", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.11.01.564784", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR752679\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 765, "title": "The remarkable reimagining of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "the remarkable reimagining of psilocybin", "authors": "Filer CN.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-11-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/14786419.2023.2272285", "pubmed_id": "37919964", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2023.2272285", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37919964\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3162, "title": "Acute effects of psilocybin on the dynamics of gaze fixations during visual aesthetic perception", "normalized_title": "acute effects of psilocybin on the dynamics of gaze fixations during visual aesthetic perception", "authors": "Muller S, Cavanna F, de la Fuente L, Bruno N, D’Amelio TA, Pallavicini C, Tagliazucchi E.", "abstract": "Rationale Serotonergic psychedelics are remarkable for their capacity to induce variable yet reproducible modifications to human consciousness The most salient acute effects of these compounds include perceptual alterations, predominantly in the visual domain, yet to date these alterations have been mostly documented only by subjective reports. Objectives We used eye-tracking to quantify the effects of low vs. high doses of psilocybin mushrooms on the eye movements that underlie the exploration of complex visual stimuli, focusing on the particular case of aesthetic perception. Results Following a double-blind placebo-controlled design under semi-naturalistic conditions, we demonstrated that high doses of psilocybin result in a more local visual exploration of paintings, and thus in a less entropic fixation probability distribution. Participants reported heightened emotional response and state of flow under the high dose condition. Conclusions These findings are consistent with an effect of psilocybin on gaze fixation mediated by altered perception of low-level visual information, such as textures, shapes and colors. Our work also highlights the possibility of investigating psychedelics by addressing their effect on behavior under complex naturalistic conditions, which contributes to maintaining subject engagement while also increasing the ecological validity of the findings.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.10.27.564413", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.10.27.564413", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR752096\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Consciousness,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1341, "title": "[Psychedelics and treatment of mental disorders: A survey of attitudes and knowledge among psychiatrists, general practitioners and psychologists in Iceland].", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and treatment of mental disorders a survey of attitudes and knowledge among psychiatrists general practitioners and psychologists in iceland", "authors": "Olafsson RP, Kvaran K, Ketilsdottir K, Hallgrimsdottir K, Sigurdsson EL, Sigurdsson E.", "abstract": "IntroductionInterest in the use of psychedelics has increased following reports of their possible therapeutic potential. However, little is known about the knowledge of and attitudes towards the substances among health care professional who provide treatment for mental disorders in Iceland. An online survey was therefore conducted among members of the Icelandic associations of psychiatrists, general practitioners and psychologists.MethodsRespondents were 256 in total, including 177 psychologists, 38 psychiatrists and 41 general practitioners that provided information on their background, type of work, knowledge of and attitude towards different types of psychedelic substances and their views on optimal service delivery if psychedelics were approved by licencing authorities and used for treatment.ResultsAround half of psychiatrists reported having received questions about treatment with psychedelics in their clinical work, compared to only 14,6% of general practitioners and 17,5% of psychologists. The majority of respondents had little, or no knowledge of the substances targeted in the survey. A majority also expressed negative attitudes towards treatment with psilocybin mushrooms, but was positive towards ongoing scientific research and felt that such a treatment should be prescribed and provided by psychiatrists. Moreover, the majority view was that psilocybin treatment should be provided in specialised clinics or psychiatric units in a hospital setting. Scientific articles on the topic, discussions with colleagues and information in the media were identified as having had most influence on respondents´ attitudes towards psychedelics. Most respondents were interested in further education on psychedelics.ConclusionsRespondents among these three professions felt that the time has not yet come to use psychedelics in the treatment of mental disorders in Iceland but thought more education on psychedelics, their potential efficacy and adverse health effects is important given the increased interest in psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.17992/lbl.2023.11.766", "pubmed_id": "37909445", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.17992/lbl.2023.11.766", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry, Iceland, General Practitioners, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37909445\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1340, "title": "[Determination of amanita peptide and tryptamine toxins in wild mushrooms by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].", "normalized_title": "determination of amanita peptide and tryptamine toxins in wild mushrooms by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry", "authors": "Liu LQ, Chen JZ, Fu WS, Tang CY.", "abstract": "The discovery and identification of mushroom toxins has long been an important area in the fields of toxicology and food safety. Mushrooms are widely favored for their culinary and medicinal value; however, the presence of potentially lethal toxins in some species poses a substantial challenge in ensuring their safe consumption. Therefore, the development of a robust and sensitive analytical method is necessary for accurately identifying the risks associated with mushroom consumption. The study of mushroom toxins, which are characterized by their diversity and substantial variations in chemical structures, present a considerable challenge for achieving precise and high-throughput analysis. To address this issue, the present study employed a robust approach combining a solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification technique with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to establish an analytical method for the detection and quantification of five amatoxins and two tryptamines (psilocybin and bufotenine) present in some mushrooms. Several optimization procedures were undertaken, including optimizing the chromatographic conditions, mass spectrometric parameters, and sample extraction and purification. The procedure involved the extraction of dry mushroom powder with methanol containing 0.3% formic acid, followed by purification using a strong cation exchange cartridge (SCX). The analytes were separated on a T3 chromatographic column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) using mobile phases of acetonitrile and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution containing 0.1% formic acid. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was employed for data acquisition. Amatoxins were quantified using matrix-matched standard calibration curves, whereas isotopic internal standards were used to quantify tryptamine. The results showed that all seven toxins exhibited good linearities (r2>0.99) within the optimized concentration range. The limits of detection (LODs) for bufotenine, psilocybin, and amatoxins were determined as 2.0, 5.0, and 10 μg/kg, respectively, while the limits of quantification (LOQs) were determined as 5.0, 10, and 20 μg/kg, respectively. The LOD and LOQ values further underscore the ability of the method to detect minute quantities of toxins, making it particularly well suited for screening food samples for potential contamination. Using dried shiitake mushroom powder as the matrix, the recoveries of the two tryptamines ranged from 80.6% to 117%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 1.73% to 5.98%, while the recoveries of amatoxins ranged from 71.8% to 115%, with RSDs varying from 2.14% to 9.92% at the three concentration levels. The consistent and satisfactory recoveries of amatoxins and tryptamines demonstrated the ability of this method to accurately quantify the target analytes even in a complex matrix. Comparison with the results of supplementary test method recognized by State Administration for Market Regulation for food (BJS202008) demonstrated comparable results, indicating no significant differences (p>0.05) in amatoxin contents. The newly developed method is rapid, accurate, precise, meets the required standards, and is suitable for the detection of seven toxins in wild mushrooms. As part of the application of this method, a comprehensive investigation of the distribution of toxins in wild mushrooms from Fujian Province was undertaken. In this study, 59 wild mushroom samples from nine cities were collected in the Fujian province. Species identification was conducted using rDNA-internal transcribed space (rDNA-ITS) molecular barcode technology, which revealed the presence of toxins in the two samples. Notably, one specimen named Amanita fuligineoides contained α-amanitin, β-amanitin, and phalloidin in quantities of 607, 377, and 69.0 mg/kg, respectively. Additionally, another sample, identified as Tricholomataceae, had a psilocybin concentration of 12.6 mg/kg.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3724/sp.j.1123.2023.07013", "pubmed_id": "37968816", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1123.2023.07013", "keywords": "Amanita, Tryptamines, Formates, Bufotenin, DNA, Ribosomal, Mycotoxins, Powders, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37968816\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1338, "title": "Beliefs and Perceived Barriers Regarding Psychedelic-assisted Therapy in a Pilot Study of Service Members and Veterans With a History of Traumatic Brain Injury.", "normalized_title": "beliefs and perceived barriers regarding psychedelic assisted therapy in a pilot study of service members and veterans with a history of traumatic brain injury", "authors": "Gray JC, Murphy M, Carter SE, Johnson MW, Wolfgang AS, Roy MJ, Maples-Keller JL.", "abstract": "IntroductionPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are common in service members and veterans, and the response to currently available treatments is often modest at best. Recent studies suggest potential benefit with psychedelic-assisted therapies (PATs), particularly 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted therapy for PTSD and psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression. This study examined beliefs and perceived barriers regarding PAT among service members and veterans to inform the delivery of these treatments if they are approved by the FDA.Materials and methodsTwenty-one service members and veterans (67% male, 81% White, and 43% active duty) with a history of traumatic brain injury and co-occurring cognitive and psychological symptoms completed a measure assessing baseline knowledge and views of PAT, read a brief psychoeducation regarding PAT, and then responded to questions related to their beliefs and perceived barriers to PAT.ResultsBefore psychoeducation, participants reported a neutral view of psychedelic drugs (M = 2.76; range: 1-5), PAT (M = 3.33), and interest in PAT (M = 3.10). After psychoeducation, participants reported a significantly more positive view of psychedelic drugs (M = 3.24, P =.014) and interest in PAT (M = 3.67, P =.016). Overall, participants indicated that they would support PAT availability in medical settings if proven beneficial (M = 4.52; 5 = \"agree strongly\") and they would support a loved one engaging in PAT (M = 4.29). The most frequently reported health concerns were concern of long-term effects (43%), fear of losing their mind (33%), fear of personality changes (33%), and fear of traumatic brain injury complications (24%). The most frequently endorsed barriers were time commitment, transportation, financial concerns, work, and childcare (33%-19%), with 48% reporting no barriers.ConclusionsThis is the first study to explore beliefs and perceived barriers regarding PAT among service members and veterans. These results indicate that military populations may be interested in PAT, particularly if psychoeducation and outreach regarding these treatments occurred. If FDA approved, it will be important to facilitate command support and address logistical barriers to ensure appropriate access within military contexts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1093/milmed/usac400", "pubmed_id": "36564939", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usac400", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Pilot Projects, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Military Personnel, Veterans, Female, Male, Brain Injuries, Traumatic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36564939\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Aging,Personality Change,Veterans", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1336, "title": "Beyond the 5-HT2A Receptor: Classic and Nonclassic Targets in Psychedelic Drug Action.", "normalized_title": "beyond the 5 ht2a receptor classic and nonclassic targets in psychedelic drug action", "authors": "Cameron LP, Benetatos J, Lewis V, Bonniwell EM, Jaster AM, Moliner R, Castrén E, McCorvy JD, Palner M, Aguilar-Valles A.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, have garnered significant attention in recent years for their potential therapeutic effects and unique mechanisms of action. These compounds exert their primary effects through activating serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, found predominantly in cortical regions. By interacting with these receptors, serotonergic psychedelics induce alterations in perception, cognition, and emotions, leading to the characteristic psychedelic experience. One of the most crucial aspects of serotonergic psychedelics is their ability to promote neuroplasticity, the formation of new neural connections, and rewire neuronal networks. This neuroplasticity is believed to underlie their therapeutic potential for various mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. In this mini-review, we will discuss how the 5-HT2A receptor activation is just one facet of the complex mechanisms of action of serotonergic psychedelics. They also interact with other serotonin receptor subtypes, such as 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors, and with neurotrophin receptors (e.g., tropomyosin receptor kinase B). These interactions contribute to the complexity of their effects on perception, mood, and cognition. Moreover, as psychedelic research advances, there is an increasing interest in developing nonhallucinogenic derivatives of these drugs to create safer and more targeted medications for psychiatric disorders by removing the hallucinogenic properties while retaining the potential therapeutic benefits. These nonhallucinogenic derivatives would offer patients therapeutic advantages without the intense psychedelic experience, potentially reducing the risks of adverse reactions. Finally, we discuss the potential of psychedelics as substrates for post-translational modification of proteins as part of their mechanism of action.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.1384-23.2023", "pubmed_id": "37940583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1384-23.2023", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37940583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1290, "title": "The revival of the psychedelic experience scale: Revealing its extended-mystical, visual, and distressing experiential spectrum with LSD and psilocybin studies.", "normalized_title": "the revival of the psychedelic experience scale revealing its extended mystical visual and distressing experiential spectrum with lsd and psilocybin studies", "authors": "Stocker K, Hartmann M, Ley L, Becker AM, Holze F, Liechti ME.", "abstract": "BackgroundResearch with the Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire/Scale (PES) focuses on questions relating to mystical experience (Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ)). The psychometric potential of the non-MEQ items of the PES remains largely unexplored.AimsWe investigated whether the PES also yields subscales besides the MEQ30 subscales.MethodsData from 239 PES measurements (140 healthy participants) from six studies with moderate to high doses of lysergic acid diethylamide and/or psilocybin were included. New subscales (with items other than MEQ30) were created and validated as follows: (1) theoretical derivation of candidate items; (2) removal of items with rare experiences; (3) exploratory factor analysis; and (4) confirmatory factor analysis. Correlations of subscales within the PES and between the PES and the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Scale (5D-ASC) were performed. In addition, a cluster analysis using all items (except rare experiences) was performed.ResultsThe reliability of the four original factors of the MEQ30 was confirmed and four additional factors for the non-MEQ items were revealed: paradoxicality, connectedness, visual experience, and distressing experience. The first two additional factors were strongly correlated with the MEQ30 mystical subscale. Adding the new subscales to the MEQ30 subscales increased the explained variance with the 5D-ASC. The cluster analysis confirmed our main results and provided additional insights for future psychedelic psychometrics.ConclusionThe study yields a new validated 6-factor structure for extended mystical experience (MEQ40: MEQ30 + Paradoxicality + Connectedness) and covers psychedelic experience as a whole more comprehensively than has hitherto been possible within a single questionnaire (PES48). The entire PES (PES100) can also be used for further future psychedelic-psychometric research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231199112", "pubmed_id": "37905369", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231199112", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Reproducibility of Results, Consciousness, Mysticism, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37905369\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1069, "title": "The Tolerability and Safety of Psilocybin in Psychiatric and Substance-Dependence Conditions: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "the tolerability and safety of psilocybin in psychiatric and substance dependence conditions a systematic review", "authors": "Kaminski D, Reinert JP.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThe objective of this systematic review is to determine the tolerability and safety of psilocybin in a variety of psychiatric and substance-dependence conditions.Data sourcesA systematic review was conducted using Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Central, and Web of Science through September 2023 using the following terminology: \"psilocybin\" AND \"mental-disease\" OR \"substance-dependence\" AND \"disease-therapy,\" in addition to other synonymous key words.Study selection and data extractionLiterature reporting acute effects and safety data following the use of psilocybin as the pharmacologic intervention in a clinical trial in adult patients with a psychiatric or substance-dependence condition were included. Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 studies were ultimately included in this review.Data synthesisThe most common treatment-emergent adverse effects reported were transient nausea and headache. Transient anxiety was reported as a frequent psychiatric effect, and 3 participants received a benzodiazepine for refractory anxiety during the psilocybin session. Psilocybin demonstrated modest increases in blood pressure and heart rate, and 1 participant received an antihypertensive for sustained hypertension during the psilocybin session. No cases of psilocybin-induced psychosis or Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder were reported.Relevance to patient care and clinical practiceTreatment resistance remains a concern for psychiatric patients and novel therapies are needed to help alleviate the burden of morbidity and mortality. Psilocybin demonstrates promising acute and long-term safety that may allow for its use in psychiatric or substance-dependence conditions as an alternative to standards of care or in treatment-resistant patients.ConclusionsPsilocybin has demonstrated tolerability and safety in recent literature that has investigated its therapeutic potential in a variety of psychiatric or substance-dependence conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/10600280231205645", "pubmed_id": "37902038", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280231205645", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37902038\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1354, "title": "A Comprehensive Review of the Current Status of the Cellular Neurobiology of Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "a comprehensive review of the current status of the cellular neurobiology of psychedelics", "authors": "Banushi B, Polito V", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances have gained significant attention in recent years for their potential therapeutic effects on various psychiatric disorders. This review delves into the intricate cellular neurobiology of psychedelics, emphasizing their potential therapeutic applications in addressing the global burden of mental illness. It focuses on contemporary research into the pharmacological and molecular mechanisms underlying these substances, particularly the role of 5-HT2A receptor signaling and the promotion of plasticity through the TrkB-BDNF pathway. The review also discusses how psychedelics affect various receptors and pathways and explores their potential as anti-inflammatory agents. Overall, this research represents a significant development in biomedical sciences with the potential to transform mental health treatments.", "journal": "Biology", "publication_date": "2023-10-27", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/biology12111380", "pubmed_id": "37997979", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37997979/", "keywords": "5-HT2A, BDNF, LSD, TrkB, hallucinogen, neuroplasticity, psilocybin, psychedelic therapy, psychedelics, serotonergic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37997979\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3798, "title": "A protocol for a scoping review of psychedelic interventions to alleviate psychological suffering in populations coping with end-of-life issues", "normalized_title": "a protocol for a scoping review of psychedelic interventions to alleviate psychological suffering in populations coping with end of life issues", "authors": "Kratina S, Lo C, Schwartz R, Strike C, Jopling S, Nayfeh A, Rush B.", "abstract": "ABSTRACTBackground: Psychedelic substances are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential to ease psychological suffering linked to end-of-life issues. However, amid renewed scientific and public interest, policy remains restrictive. Existing reviews have made progress in synthesizing the results of studies of psychedelic interventions, especially psilocybin, and particularly with regard to their outcomes related to anxiety and depression, long-term effects and safety. Despite this progress, there has been a wide range of both substances and therapeutic approaches in the use of psychedelic interventions in end-of-life populations, of which there has been a paucity of research undertaken to learn from this variety. Aim: The aim of this scoping review is to comprehensively explore the literature on the range of therapeutic psychedelic interventions that have been reported in populations coping with life-threatening illness and the end-of-life. Methods: We will follow Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) framework for scoping reviews while incorporating updated methodological guidance. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline will be used to organize the search and identification of research focusing on psychedelic interventions, psychological suffering, and end-of-life issues. Data extracted from selected studies will cover intervention details, participant characteristics, measured outcomes, theorised mechanisms, and sociocultural contextual factors.Contribution: The insights gained from this review will be used to inform discussions about the role of psychedelic interventions in populations coping with end-of-life concerns.Ethics and Dissemination: This scoping review does not require ethics approval. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conferences as well as shared with stakeholders.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/4gfyd", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4gfyd", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR749041\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3369, "title": "A protocol for a scoping review of psychedelic interventions to alleviate psychological suffering in populations coping with end-of-life issues", "normalized_title": "a protocol for a scoping review of psychedelic interventions to alleviate psychological suffering in populations coping with end of life issues", "authors": "", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Background: Psychedelic substances are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential to ease psychological suffering linked to end-of-life issues. However, amid renewed scientific and public interest, policy remains restrictive. Existing reviews have made progress in synthesizing the results of studies of psychedelic interventions, especially psilocybin, and particularly with regard to their outcomes related to anxiety and depression, long-term effects and safety. Despite this progress, there has been a wide range of both substances and therapeutic approaches in the use of psychedelic interventions in end-of-life populations, of which there has been a paucity of research undertaken to learn from this variety. Aim: The aim of this scoping review is to comprehensively explore the literature on the range of therapeutic psychedelic interventions that have been reported in populations coping with life-threatening illness and the end-of-life. Methods: We will follow Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) framework for scoping reviews while incorporating updated methodological guidance. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline will be used to organize the search and identification of research focusing on psychedelic interventions, psychological suffering, and end-of-life issues. Data extracted from selected studies will cover intervention details, participant characteristics, measured outcomes, theorised mechanisms, and sociocultural contextual factors. Contribution: The insights gained from this review will be used to inform discussions about the role of psychedelic interventions in populations coping with end-of-life concerns. Ethics and Dissemination: This scoping review does not require ethics approval. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conferences as well as shared with stakeholders.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/4gfyd_v1", "keywords": "end of life, existential distress, life-threatening illness, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychedelics, psychological suffering, scoping review protocol, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"4gfyd_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2991, "title": "Ethopharmacological evaluation of antidepressant-like effect of serotonergic psychedelics in C57BL/6J male mice.", "normalized_title": "ethopharmacological evaluation of antidepressant like effect of serotonergic psychedelics in c57bl 6j male mice", "authors": "Takaba R, Ibi D, Yoshida K, Hosomi E, Kawase R, Kitagawa H, Goto H, Achiwa M, Mizutani K, Maeda K, González-Maeso J, Kitagaki S, Hiramatsu M.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and DOI exert a hallucinatory effect through serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2A) activation. Recent studies have revealed that serotonergic psychedelics have therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive and anxiety-related disorders. However, the involvement of 5-HT2A in mediating the therapeutic effects of these drugs remains unclear. In this study, we ethopharmacologically analyzed the role of 5-HT2A in the occurrence of anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocin, an active metabolite of psilocybin, DOI, and TCB-2 in mice 24 h post-treatment. Mice with acute intraperitoneal psychedelic treatment exhibited significantly shorter immobility times in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail-suspension test (TST) than vehicle-treated control mice. These effects were eliminated by pretreatment with volinanserin, a 5-HT2A antagonist. Surprisingly, the decreasing immobility time in the FST in response to acute psilocin treatment was sustained for at least three weeks. In the novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT), the latency to feed, an indicator of anxiety-like behavior, was decreased by acute administration of psilocin; however, pretreatment with volinanserin did not diminish this effect. In contrast, DOI and TCB-2 did not affect the NSFT performance in mice. Furthermore, psilocin, DOI, and TCB-2 treatment did not affect the spontaneous locomotor activity or head-twitch response, a hallucination-like behavior in rodents. These results suggest that 5-HT2A contributes to the antidepressant effects of serotonergic psychedelics rather than anxiolytic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-23", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s00210-023-02778-x", "pubmed_id": "37874338", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02778-x", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Amphetamines, Methylamines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Motor Activity, Swimming, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37874338\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1323, "title": "Cardiovascular safety of psychedelic medicine: current status and future directions.", "normalized_title": "cardiovascular safety of psychedelic medicine current status and future directions", "authors": "Wsół A.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are powerful psychoactive substances that alter perception and mood processes. Their effectiveness in the treatment of psychiatric diseases was known before their prohibition. An increasing number of recent studies, due to the indisputable resurgence of serotonergic hallucinogens, have shown their efficacy in alleviating depression, anxiety, substance abuse therapies, and existential distress treatment in patients facing life-threatening illness. Psychedelics are generally considered to be physiologically safe with low toxicity and low addictive potential. However, their agonism at serotonergic receptors should be considered in the context of possible serotonin-related cardiotoxicity (5-HT2A/2B and 5-HT4 receptors), influence on platelet aggregation (5-HT2A receptor), and their proarrhythmic potential. The use of psychedelics has also been associated with significant sympathomimetic effects in both experimental and clinical studies. Therefore, the present review aims to provide a critical discussion of the cardiovascular safety of psilocybin, d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine, ayahuasca, and mescaline, based on the results of experimental research and clinical trials in humans. Experimental studies provide inconsistent information on the potential cardiovascular effects and toxicity of psychedelics. Data from clinical trials point to the relative cardiovascular safety of psychedelic-assisted therapies in the population of \"healthy\" volunteers. However, there is insufficient evidence from therapies carried out with microdoses of psychedelics, and there is still a lack of data on the safety of psychedelics in the population of patients with cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the exact determination of the cardiovascular safety of psychedelic therapies (especially long-term therapies) requires further research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-23", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s43440-023-00539-4", "pubmed_id": "37874530", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-023-00539-4", "keywords": "Humans, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37874530\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3094, "title": "Pharmacological and behavioral effects of tryptamines present in psilocybin-containing mushrooms", "normalized_title": "pharmacological and behavioral effects of tryptamines present in psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Rakoczy RJ, Runge GN, Sen AK, Sandoval O, Nguyen Q, Roberts BR, Sciortino JH, Gibbons WJ, Friedberg LM, Andrew Jones J, McMurray MS.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Demand for more efficacious antidepressants, particularly those with a rapid onset of action, has resulted in a reevaluation of psychedelic drugs for their therapeutic potential. Several tryptamines found in psilocybin-containing ‘magic’ mushrooms share chemical similarities with psilocybin, and early work suggests they may also share receptor targets. However, few studies have explored their pharmacological and behavioral effects. To accomplish this, we compared baeocystin, norbaeocystin, and aeruginascin with psilocybin to determine if they are metabolized by the same enzymes, penetrate the blood brain barrier, serve as ligands for similar centrally located receptors, and modulate behavior in rodents similarly. We first assessed the stability and optimal storage and handling conditions for each compound. In vitro enzyme kinetics assays then found that all compounds shared nearly identical rates of dephosphorylation via alkaline phosphatase and metabolism by monoamine oxidase. Further, we found that only the dephosphorylated products of baeocystin and norbaeocystin could cross a blood brain barrier mimetic to a similar degree as the dephosphorylated form of psilocybin, psilocin. Behaviorally, only psilocybin was found to induce head twitch responses in rats, a marker of 5HT2A agonism and indicator of the compound’s hallucinogenic potential. However, like psilocybin, norbaeocystin was also found to improve outcomes in the forced swim test. All compounds were found to cause minimal changes to metrics of renal and hepatic health, suggesting innocuous safety profiles. Collectively, this work suggests that other naturally-occurring tryptamines, especially norbaeocystin, may share the same therapeutic potential as psilocybin, but without causing hallucinations. HIGHLIGHTS Baeocystin, norbaeocystin, and aeruginascin may have similar therapeutic value to psilocybin, but are understudied Compound stability varied widely, with dephosphorylated forms showing lowest stability Rates of metabolism by alkaline phosphatase and monoamine oxidase were similar across compounds Blood brain barrier penetration was limited to dephosphorylated forms of psilocybin, baeocystin, and norbaeocystin Rat behavioral testing suggested norbaeocystin may have therapeutic utility similar to psilocybin, without causing hallucinations", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.10.19.563138", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.10.19.563138", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR746275\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 642, "title": "Effects of psilocybin, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist TCB-2, and the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 on visual attention in male mice in the continuous performance test.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin the 5 ht2a receptor agonist tcb 2 and the 5 ht2a receptor antagonist m100907 on visual attention in male mice in the continuous performance test", "authors": "Rahbarnia A, Li Z, Fletcher PJ.", "abstract": "RationaleNeuropsychiatric disorders such as depression are characterized in part by attention deficits. Attention is modulated by the serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter system. The 5-HT2A agonist and hallucinogen psilocybin (PSI) is a promising treatment for disorders characterized by attention changes. However, few studies have investigated PSI's direct effect on attention.ObjectiveUsing the rodent continuous performance task (CPT), we assessed PSI's effect on attention. We also evaluated the impact of 5-HT2A receptor agonist TCB-2 and antagonist M100907 for comparative purposes.MethodsIn the CPT, mice learned to distinguish visual targets from non-targets for milkshake reward. Performance was then tested following injections of PSI (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg), TCB-2 (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg), or M100907 (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg). Subsequently, drug effects were then evaluated using a more difficult CPT with variable stimulus durations. Mice were then tested on the CPT following repeated PSI injections. Drug effects on locomotor activity were also measured.ResultsIn the CPT, all three drugs reduced hit and false alarm rate and induced conservative responding. PSI also reduced target discrimination. These effects were seen primarily at doses that also significantly reduced locomotor activity. No drug effects were seen on the more difficult CPT or following repeated PSI injections.ConclusionsPsilocybin, TCB-2, and M100907 impaired performance of the CPT. However, this may be in part due to drug-induced locomotor changes. The results provide little support for the idea that psilocybin alters visual attention, or that 5-HT2A receptors modulate this process.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-023-06474-9", "pubmed_id": "37855864", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-023-06474-9", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Methylamines, Fluorobenzenes, Piperidines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Psychomotor Performance, Attention, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37855864\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1343, "title": "Acute but not long-lasting antidepressant-like effect of psilocybin in differential reinforcement of low-rate 72 schedule in rats.", "normalized_title": "acute but not long lasting antidepressant like effect of psilocybin in differential reinforcement of low rate 72 schedule in rats", "authors": "Malikowska-Racia N, Koniewski M, Golebiowska J, Popik P.", "abstract": "BackgroundIn clinical studies, psychedelics including psilocybin and D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) demonstrate rapid and persistent antidepressant effects. Since the effective treatment with psychedelics is usually provided with psychotherapy, it is debatable whether their prolonged efficacy can be observed in infrahuman species. Preclinical reports on psychedelics' effects most often address their acute actions, and different tests and models provide inconsistent results. The goal of this study was to examine whether the treatment with psilocybin and/or LSD would demonstrate immediate and/or sustained antidepressant-like effects in the differential reinforcement of low-rate responding (DRL) schedule in rats. In contrast to the antidepressant screening tools, the DRL 72s test is known to detect antidepressants with high predictive validity as it differentiates clinically effective antidepressants from other psychoactive drugs in non-stressed animals.MethodsAdult male Sprague Dawley rats were injected over three consecutive days with psilocybin (1 mg/kg), LSD (0.08 mg/kg), or saline and then tested in DRL 72s for the following 4 weeks.ResultsTreatment with psilocybin but not LSD demonstrated an immediate antidepressant-like effect, manifested as an increased number of reinforced presses and response efficiency. By contrast, neither of the drugs showed a long-term (up to 4 weeks following administration) antidepressant-like effect.ConclusionsUsing DRL 72s schedule of reinforcement, we demonstrated the acute antidepressant-like effect of psilocybin but not of LSD, and failed to detect their persistent antidepressant-like efficacy. The present study suggests that the detection of long-lasting antidepressant-like activity in rats could be challenging and may require entirely novel behavioral methods.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-15", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231205692", "pubmed_id": "37842884", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231205692", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Reinforcement Schedule, Male, Psilocybin, Reinforcement, Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37842884\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1218, "title": "Psilocybin, an Effective Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder in Adults - A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin an effective treatment for major depressive disorder in adults a systematic review", "authors": "Watford T, Masood N.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a classical psychedelic which has been utilised for healing purposes for millenia. However, with its classification as a Schedule I substance, research into this compound is scarce with few FDA-approved clinical studies. Despite this, profound findings into its antidepressant effects (largely through its action on 5-HT1a receptors) in mental illnesses such as major depressive disorder have rapidly increased interest back into their potential therapeutic benefits. This systematic review provides an analysis of the studies examining the clinical use of psilocybin for major depressive disorder. In total 6 studies were selected, including 319 participants, with half being randomised controlled trials and half open label trials. In every study psychological support was included as an integral part of the treatment. It was found that every study significantly favoured the use of psilocybin in reducing depressive symptoms, with few side effects. This gives psilocybin an advantage over commonly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which carry more risk and cause more adverse effects. This drug therefore shows promise for being used as a clinical treatment for major depressive disorder, however future research should develop a paradigm for its use, with the timing of sessions and type of psychological support specified to allow for more precise analysis of the clinical effects of the drug. Additionally, more studies into its clinical efficacy are needed for appropriate detection of any publication bias. With this, psilocybin could prove to be revolutionary in treating depression and become an alternative medication to SSRIs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-15", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.9758/cpn.23.1120", "pubmed_id": "38247407", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.23.1120", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38247407\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3159, "title": "Shame, guilt and psychedelic experience: Results from a prospective, longitudinal survey of real-world psilocybin use", "normalized_title": "shame guilt and psychedelic experience results from a prospective longitudinal survey of real world psilocybin use", "authors": "Mathai DS, Roberts DE, Nayak SM, Sepeda ND, Lehrner A, Johnson M, Lowe MX, Jackson H, Garcia-Romeu A.", "abstract": "Introduction: The classic psychedelic psilocybin has attracted special interest across clinical and non-clinical settings as a potential tool for mental health. However, despite increasing attention to challenging psychedelic experiences, few studies have explored the relevance of emotionally painful, shame-related processes with psychedelic use. Methods: This prospective, longitudinal study involved sequential, automated, web-based surveys that collected data from 679 adults planning to use psilocybin in naturalistic settings at timepoints before and after psilocybin use. State and trait shame and feelings of guilt were collected using validated measures and assessed alongside other measurements of psychological health. Results: Participants were primarily college-educated, White individuals residing in the United States with a prior history of psilocybin use; mean age = 38.9-41 years. Most users (89.7%) described their experience of psilocybin as positive, though acute feelings of shame or guilt were commonly reported (i.e., 68.2% of users) and difficult to predict. Ratings of participant ability to constructively work through these feelings predicted wellbeing 2-4 weeks after psilocybin use. Psilocybin on average produced a small but significant decrease in trait shame that was maintained 2-3 months after use (Cohen’s dz = 0.37; adjusted p", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/hm6jn", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hm6jn", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR742379\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3158, "title": "Shame, guilt and psychedelic experience: Results from a prospective, longitudinal survey of real-world psilocybin use", "normalized_title": "shame guilt and psychedelic experience results from a prospective longitudinal survey of real world psilocybin use", "authors": "Mathai DS, Roberts DE, Nayak SM, Sepeda ND, Lehrner A, Johnson M, Lowe MX, Jackson H, Garcia-Romeu A.", "abstract": "Introduction: The classic psychedelic psilocybin has attracted special interest across clinical and non-clinical settings as a potential tool for mental health. However, despite increasing attention to challenging psychedelic experiences, few studies have explored the relevance of emotionally painful, shame-related processes with psychedelic use. Methods: This prospective, longitudinal study involved sequential, automated, web-based surveys that collected data from 679 adults planning to use psilocybin in naturalistic settings at timepoints before and after psilocybin use. State and trait shame and feelings of guilt were collected using validated measures and assessed alongside other measurements of psychological health. Results: Participants were primarily college-educated, White individuals residing in the United States with a prior history of psilocybin use; mean age = 38.9-41 years. Most users (89.7%) described their experience of psilocybin as positive, though acute feelings of shame or guilt were commonly reported (i.e., 68.2% of users) and difficult to predict. Ratings of participant ability to constructively work through these feelings predicted wellbeing 2-4 weeks after psilocybin use. Psilocybin on average produced a small but significant decrease in trait shame that was maintained 2-3 months after use (Cohen’s dz = 0.37; adjusted p", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/hm6jn_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hm6jn_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1036093\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1356, "title": "Psilocybin-induced changes in cerebral blood flow are associated with acute and baseline inter-individual differences.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced changes in cerebral blood flow are associated with acute and baseline inter individual differences", "authors": "Rieser NM, Gubser LP, Moujaes F, Duerler P, Lewis CR, Michels L, Vollenweider FX, Preller KH.", "abstract": "Research into the use of psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders is a growing field. Nevertheless, robust brain-behavior relationships linking psilocybin-induced brain changes to subjective drug-induced effects have not been established. Furthermore, it is unclear if the acute neural effects are dependent on individual heterogeneity in baseline characteristics. To address this, we assessed the effects of three oral doses of psilocybin vs. placebo on cerebral blood flow (CBF) using arterial spin labeling in healthy participants (N = 70; n = 31, 0.16 mg/kg; n = 10, 0.2 mg/kg; n = 29, 0.215 mg/kg). First, we quantified psilocybin-induced changes in relative and absolute CBF. Second, in an exploratory analysis, we assessed whether individual baseline characteristics and subjective psychedelic experience are associated with changes in CBF. Psychological and neurobiological baseline characteristics correlated with the psilocybin-induced reduction in relative CBF and the psilocybin-induced subjective experience. Furthermore, the psilocybin-induced subjective experience was associated with acute changes in relative and absolute CBF. The results demonstrated that inter-individual heterogeneity in the neural response to psilocybin is associated with baseline characteristics and shed light on the mechanisms underlying the psychedelic-induced altered state. Overall, these findings help guide the search for biomarkers, paving the way for a personalized medicine approach within the framework of psychedelic-assisted therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-44153-z", "pubmed_id": "37838755", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44153-z", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Individuality, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37838755\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 823, "title": "Shame, guilt and psychedelic experience: Results from a prospective, longitudinal survey of real-world psilocybin use", "normalized_title": "shame guilt and psychedelic experience results from a prospective longitudinal survey of real world psilocybin use", "authors": "", "abstract": "Introduction: The classic psychedelic psilocybin has attracted special interest across clinical and non-clinical settings as a potential tool for mental health. However, despite increasing attention to challenging psychedelic experiences, few studies have explored the relevance of emotionally painful, shame-related processes with psychedelic use. Methods: This prospective, longitudinal study involved sequential, automated, web-based surveys that collected data from 679 adults planning to use psilocybin in naturalistic settings at timepoints before and after psilocybin use. State and trait shame and feelings of guilt were collected using validated measures and assessed alongside other measurements of psychological health. Results: Participants were primarily college-educated, White individuals residing in the United States with a prior history of psilocybin use; mean age = 38.9-41 years. Most users (89.7%) described their experience of psilocybin as positive, though acute feelings of shame or guilt were commonly reported (i.e., 68.2% of users) and difficult to predict. Ratings of participant ability to constructively work through these feelings predicted wellbeing 2-4 weeks after psilocybin use. Psilocybin on average produced a small but significant decrease in trait shame that was maintained 2-3 months after use (Cohen’s dz = 0.37; adjusted p", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/hm6jn_v1", "keywords": "breakthrough, challenging, guilt, psilocybin, psychedelics, shame, therapy, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"hm6jn_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3619, "title": "Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin for the Treatment of Headache Disorders: Sub-Study II", "normalized_title": "safety and efficacy of psilocybin for the treatment of headache disorders sub study ii", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of oral psilocybin in post-traumatic headache. Subjects will be randomized to receive placebo, low dose psilocybin, or high dose psilocybin on two separate test days approximately 14 days apart. Subjects will maintain a headache diary prior to, during, and after the treatments in order to document headache frequency and intensity, as well as associated symptoms. Blood samples will be drawn at various timepoints to measure levels of inflammatory peptides.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-10-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03806985", "keywords": "Post-Traumatic Headache, Placebo oral capsule, Low Dose Psilocybin, High Dose Psilocybin, TERMINATED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03806985\",\"overall_status\":\"TERMINATED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3569, "title": "Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin for the Treatment of Headache Disorders: Sub-Study I", "normalized_title": "safety and efficacy of psilocybin for the treatment of headache disorders sub study i", "authors": "Yale University", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of oral psilocybin in migraine headache. Subjects will each receive a dose of placebo and a dose of psilocybin approximately 14 days apart. Subjects will be randomized to the order of treatment and they will be randomized to receive either low or high dose psilocybin. Subjects will maintain a headache diary prior to, during, and after the treatments in order to document headache frequency and intensity, as well as associated symptoms. This preliminary study will inform on the basic effects of psilocybin in migraine headache and inform on the design of larger, more definitive studies. The number of arms reflects the design of the enhanced blinding method. The final enrollment number reflects the number of subjects participating in study procedures.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-10-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03341689", "keywords": "Migraine Headache, High Dose Psilocybin, Low Dose Psilocybin, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03341689\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 984, "title": "Novel treatments for anorexia nervosa: Insights from neuroplasticity research.", "normalized_title": "novel treatments for anorexia nervosa insights from neuroplasticity research", "authors": "Keeler JL, Kan C, Treasure J, Himmerich H.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTreatment for anorexia nervosa (AN) remains challenging; there are no approved psychopharmacological interventions and psychotherapeutic strategies have variable efficacy. The investigation of evidence-based treatments has so far been compounded by an underdeveloped understanding into the neurobiological changes associated with the acute stages of AN. There is converging evidence of deficiencies in neuroplasticity in AN.MethodThis paper provides an overview of neuroimaging, neuropsychological, molecular and qualitative findings relating to neuroplasticity in AN, translating these findings to the identification of novel biological and psychotherapeutic strategies.ResultsNovel psychopharmacological approaches that may ameliorate deficiencies in neuroplasticity include medications such as ketamine, psilocybin and human recombinant leptin. Anti-inflammatory medications and brain-derived neurotrophic factor mimetics may emerge as potential treatments following further research. Psychotherapeutic strategies that may target neuroplastic deficiencies, as well as having wider effects on identity, include imagery rescripting, memory specificity training, cognitive remediation therapy, exposure therapies, narrative therapies, cultural interventions (e.g. music and arts therapies) and yoga/mindfulness-based interventions.ConclusionsTreatments specifically targeted towards mitigating the neurobiological sequalae of AN are warranted, and emerging neurobiological and neuropsychological research utilising longitudinal designs and large sample sizes, as well as initial feasibility studies, are necessitated to bolster translational efforts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1002/erv.3039", "pubmed_id": "37823233", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.3039", "keywords": "Humans, Anorexia Nervosa, Psychotherapy, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37823233\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Aging,Inflammation", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3758, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted neurofeedback for the improvement of executive functions: a randomised semi-naturalistic-lab feasibility study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted neurofeedback for the improvement of executive functions a randomised semi naturalistic lab feasibility study", "authors": "Enriquez-Geppert S, Krc J, O'Higgins F, Lietz MP.", "abstract": "Executive function deficits, common in psychiatric disorders, hinder daily activities and may be linked to diminished neural plasticity, affecting treatment and training responsiveness. In this pioneering study, we evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted frontal-midline theta neurofeedback (NF), a neuromodulation technique leveraging neuroplasticity, to improve executive functions (EFs). 37 eligible participants were randomised into an experimental (n=18) and a passive control group (n=19). The experimental group underwent three microdose sessions and then three psilocybin-assisted NF sessions, without requiring psychological support, demonstrating the approach’s feasibility. NF learning showed a statistical trend with large effect size for increases in frontal-midline theta from session-to-session with a large effect size, and non-significant but medium effect size dynamical changes within sessions. Placebo effects were consistent across groups, with no tasks-based EFs improvements, but significant self-reported gains in daily EFs -working memory, shifting, monitoring and inhibition- showing medium and high effect sizes. The experimental group’s significant gains in their key training goals underscored the approach’s external relevance. A thorough study with regular sessions and an active control group is crucial to evaluate EFs improvement and their specificity in future. Psilocybin-enhanced NF could offer significant, lasting benefits across diagnoses, improving daily functioning.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/jqasf", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jqasf", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR741032\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Aging,Microdosing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3173, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted neurofeedback for the improvement of executive functions: a randomised semi-naturalistic-lab feasibility study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted neurofeedback for the improvement of executive functions a randomised semi naturalistic lab feasibility study", "authors": "", "abstract": "Executive function deficits, common in psychiatric disorders, hinder daily activities and may be linked to diminished neural plasticity, affecting treatment and training responsiveness. In this pioneering study, we evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted frontal-midline theta neurofeedback (NF), a neuromodulation technique leveraging neuroplasticity, to improve executive functions (EFs). 37 eligible participants were randomised into an experimental (n=18) and a passive control group (n=19). The experimental group underwent three microdose sessions and then three psilocybin-assisted NF sessions, without requiring psychological support, demonstrating the approach’s feasibility. NF learning showed a statistical trend with large effect size for increases in frontal-midline theta from session-to-session with a large effect size, and non-significant but medium effect size dynamical changes within sessions. Placebo effects were consistent across groups, with no tasks-based EFs improvements, but significant self-reported gains in daily EFs -working memory, shifting, monitoring and inhibition- showing medium and high effect sizes. The experimental group’s significant gains in their key training goals underscored the approach’s external relevance. A thorough study with regular sessions and an active control group is crucial to evaluate EFs improvement and their specificity in future. Psilocybin-enhanced NF could offer significant, lasting benefits across diagnoses, improving daily functioning.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/jqasf_v1", "keywords": "Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Cognitive Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"jqasf_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Aging,Microdosing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1342, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for depression a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Haikazian S, Chen-Li DCJ, Johnson DE, Fancy F, Levinta A, Husain MI, Mansur RB, McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD.", "abstract": "The aim of this review was to determine the effect of psilocybin on depressive symptoms in patients diagnosed with life-threatening illnesses or major depressive disorder. Systematic searches were conducted to search for randomized clinical trials and open-label trials that evaluated depression symptoms after psilocybin therapy. Data was pooled using a random-effects model. The primary outcome was the standardized mean difference (SMD) in depression severity, determined by calculating the change in depression ratings from baseline to the primary endpoint in the psilocybin arm versus the control arm. The literature search yielded 1734 studies, and 13 studies (n = 686) were included in either qualitative and/or quantitative analyses. The meta-analysis included 9 studies (pooled n = 596) and yielded a large effect size in favour of psilocybin (SMD = -0.78; p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115531", "pubmed_id": "37844352", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115531", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37844352\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 985, "title": "Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin for Treating Psychological Distress among Survivors of Adverse Childhood Experiences: Evidence on Acceptability and Potential Efficacy of Psilocybin Use.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of psilocybin for treating psychological distress among survivors of adverse childhood experiences evidence on acceptability and potential efficacy of psilocybin use", "authors": "Card KG, Grewal A, Closson K, Martin G, Baracaldo L, Allison S, Kruger DJ, Walsh Z.", "abstract": "Survivors of adverse childhood experience are at elevated risk for psychological distress. In recent years, renewed interest in psychedelic medicine has highlighted the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for those who have experienced childhood adversity. However, recreational psilocybin use remains illegal and access to approved therapies is difficult. Such use provides an opportunity to explore the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for psychological distress among people with adverse childhood experiences. Therefore, we conducted an online survey to assess interest in, acceptability of, and experiences with psilocybin. We further explored whether the association between Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACEQ) scores and psychological distress was lower among those who had used psilocybin in the past three months. Results showed high levels of interest in and acceptability of psilocybin that did not differ across ACEQ scores. Results also showed that the effect of adverse childhood experiences on psychological distress was lower for people who had recently used psilocybin (p =.019). Taken together, these findings suggest that psilocybin therapy may be potentially acceptable and may feasibly help in supporting survivors of adverse childhood experiences with particularly strong benefits to those with more severe childhood adversity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2268640", "pubmed_id": "37815125", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2268640", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Stress, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Adverse Childhood Experiences, Psychological Distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37815125\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3188, "title": "Synergistic, Multi-level Understanding of Psychedelics: Three Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Their Pharmacology, Neuroimaging and Phenomenology", "normalized_title": "synergistic multi level understanding of psychedelics three systematic reviews and meta analyses of their pharmacology neuroimaging and phenomenology", "authors": "Shinozuka K, Jerotic K, Mediano P, Zhao AT, Preller KH, Carhart-Harris R, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics induce altered states of consciousness and have shown potential for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and addiction. Yet their modes of action are not fully understood. Here, we provide a novel, synergistic understanding of psychedelics arising from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of three hierarchical levels of analysis: 1) subjective experience (phenomenology), 2) neuroimaging and 3) molecular pharmacology. Phenomenologically, medium and high doses of LSD yield significantly higher ratings of visionary restructuralisation than psilocybin on the 5-dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Scale. Our neuroimaging results reveal that, in general, psychedelics significantly strengthen between-network functional connectivity (FC) while significantly diminishing within-network FC. Pharmacologically, LSD induces significantly more inositol phosphate formation at the 5-HT2A receptor than DMT and psilocin, yet there are no significant between-drug differences in the selectivity of psychedelics for the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, or D2 receptors, relative to the 5-HT1A receptor. Our meta-analyses link DMT, LSD, and psilocybin to specific neural fingerprints at each level of analysis. The results show a highly non-linear relationship between these fingerprints. Overall, our analysis highlighted the high heterogeneity and risk of bias in the literature. This suggests an urgent need for standardising experimental procedures and analysis techniques, as well as for more research on the emergence between different levels of psychedelic effects.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-10-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.10.06.561183", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.10.06.561183", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR738055\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1360, "title": "An open-label pilot trial assessing tolerability and feasibility of LSD microdosing in patients with major depressive disorder (LSDDEP1).", "normalized_title": "an open label pilot trial assessing tolerability and feasibility of lsd microdosing in patients with major depressive disorder lsddep1", "authors": "Donegan CJ, Daldegan-Bueno D, Sumner R, Menkes D, Evans W, Hoeh N, Sundram F, Reynolds L, Ponton R, Cavadino A, Smith T, Roop P, Allen N, Abeysinghe B, Svirskis D, Forsyth A, Bansal M, Muthukumaraswamy S.", "abstract": "BackgroundGlobally, an estimated 260 million people suffer from depression [1], and there is a clear need for the development of new, alternative antidepressant therapies. In light of problems with the tolerability and efficacy of available treatments [2], a global trend is emerging for patients to self-treat depression with microdoses of psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin [3]. Beyond anecdotal reports from those who self-medicate in this way, few clinical trials have evaluated this practice. In our recently published phase 1 study in healthy volunteers [4], we determined that LSD microdosing was relatively safe and well tolerated in that cohort. Furthermore, the data demonstrated that conducting such microdosing trials is broadly feasible, with excellent adherence and compliance to the regimen observed. In this open-label pilot trial of patients with major depressive disorder (LSDDEP1), we will test the tolerability and feasibility of an 8-week regimen of LSD microdosing in this patient group prior to a larger subsequent randomised controlled trial (LSDDEP2).MethodsTwenty patients meeting the DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder will receive an 8-week LSD microdosing treatment regimen. The treatment protocol will use a sublingual formulation of LSD (MB-22001) delivered twice per week under a titration schedule using a dose of 5-15 µg. Tolerability will be assessed by quantifying the percentage of participants who withdraw from the trial due to adverse events attributable to the treatment regimen, while feasibility will be assessed by quantifying the percentage of attended clinic visits once enrolled. To determine whether there is any antidepressant response to the LSD microdosing regimen, MADRS scores will be assessed at baseline and 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after the commencement of the regimen.DiscussionThe results of LSDDEP1 will provide valuable information regarding the tolerability and feasibility of a proposed LSD microdosing regimen in patients with MDD. Such information is critically important to optimise trial design prior to commencing a subsequent and more resource-intensive randomised controlled trial.Trial registrationANZCTR, ACTRN12623000486628. Registered on 12 May 2023.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-04", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1186/s40814-023-01399-8", "pubmed_id": "37798662", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-023-01399-8", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37798662\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1359, "title": "Predicting the Intensity of Psychedelic-Induced Mystical and Challenging Experience in a Healthy Population: An Exploratory Post-Hoc Analysis.", "normalized_title": "predicting the intensity of psychedelic induced mystical and challenging experience in a healthy population an exploratory post hoc analysis", "authors": "Ko K, Carter B, Cleare AJ, Rucker JJ.", "abstract": "IntroductionIn psychedelic therapy, mystical as well as challenging experience may influence therapeutic outcome. However, predictors of such experience have not been sufficiently established. Determining predictors of their intensity is, therefore, potentially beneficial in targeting psilocybin therapy for depression.MethodsIn a post hoc data analysis of a Phase 1, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-groups clinical trial, dosage, personality traits, affect, and individual data were analysed as possible clinical predictors. Eighty-nine healthy volunteers were randomised to receive a single dose of placebo, 10 mg of psilocybin, or 25 mg of psilocybin. ANOVA was used to analyse the relationship between dosage and mystical and/or challenging experience, and correlation analysis for all other variables.ResultsThe intensity of both mystical and challenging experience was strongly associated with higher dosage. Age was negatively correlated with intensity of challenging experience. Correlation between identified personality traits and either mystical or challenging experience was minimal, with the exception of positive correlation between neuroticism and challenging experience at higher dose. Neither positive nor negative affect indicated correlation with the intensity of either type of experience.DiscussionA limitation of this study is its post hoc, exploratory design; recommendations for further research are provided.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-04", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.2147/ndt.s426193", "pubmed_id": "37818448", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s426193", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37818448\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Personality Change,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1344, "title": "Functional imaging studies of acute administration of classic psychedelics, ketamine, and MDMA: Methodological limitations and convergent results.", "normalized_title": "functional imaging studies of acute administration of classic psychedelics ketamine and mdma methodological limitations and convergent results", "authors": "Linguiti S, Vogel JW, Sydnor VJ, Pines A, Wellman N, Basbaum A, Eickhoff CR, Eickhoff SB, Edwards RR, Larsen B, McKinstry-Wu A, Scott JC, Roalf DR, Sharma V, Strain EC, Corder G, Dworkin RH, Satterthwaite TD.", "abstract": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly used to non-invasively study the acute impact of psychedelics on the human brain. While fMRI is a promising tool for measuring brain function in response to psychedelics, it also has known methodological challenges. We conducted a systematic review of fMRI studies examining acute responses to experimentally administered psychedelics in order to identify convergent findings and characterize heterogeneity in the literature. We reviewed 91 full-text papers; these studies were notable for substantial heterogeneity in design, task, dosage, drug timing, and statistical approach. Data recycling was common, with 51 unique samples across 91 studies. Fifty-seven studies (54%) did not meet contemporary standards for Type I error correction or control of motion artifact. Psilocybin and LSD were consistently reported to moderate the connectivity architecture of the sensorimotor-association cortical axis. Studies also consistently reported that ketamine administration increased activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Moving forward, use of best practices such as pre-registration, standardized image processing and statistical testing, and data sharing will be important in this rapidly developing field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-10-04", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105421", "pubmed_id": "37802267", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105421", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37802267\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3300, "title": "Psilocybin kann offenbar Depressionen lindern.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin kann offenbar depressionen lindern", "authors": "Müller T.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s15006-023-3025-6", "pubmed_id": "37758991", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s15006-023-3025-6", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37758991\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2010, "title": "CROSS-SPECIES EVIDENCE FOR PSILOCIN-INDUCED VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS: RATS PERCEIVE QUALITATIVELY SIMILAR CHANGES AS HUMANS", "normalized_title": "cross species evidence for psilocin induced visual hallucinations rats perceive qualitatively similar changes as humans", "authors": "Vejmola Cestmir, Syrová Kateřina, Šíchová Klára, Koudelka Vlastimil, Hubený Jan, Kluckova Tereza, Nikolic Marek, Kelemen Eduard, Páleníček Tomáš", "abstract": "", "journal": "IBRO Neuroscience Reports", "publication_date": "2023-09-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.08.1471", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.08.1471", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.08.1471\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1368, "title": "Exploring the Potential Utility of Psychedelic Therapy for Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.", "normalized_title": "exploring the potential utility of psychedelic therapy for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis", "authors": "Gold ND, Mallard AJ, Hermann JC, Zeifman RJ, Pagni BA, Bogenschutz MP, Ross S", "abstract": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an aggressive, terminal neurodegenerative disease that causes death of motor neurons and has an average survival time of 3-4 years. ALS is the most common motor neuron degenerative disease and is increasing in prevalence. There is a pressing need for more effective ALS treatments as available pharmacotherapies do not reverse disease progression or provide substantial clinical benefit. Furthermore, despite psychological distress being highly prevalent in ALS patients, psychological treatments remain understudied. Psychedelics (i.e., serotonergic psychedelics and related compounds like ketamine) have seen a resurgence of research into therapeutic applications for treating a multitude of neuropsychiatric conditions, including psychiatric and existential distress in life-threatening illnesses. We conducted a narrative review to examine the potential of psychedelic assisted-psychotherapy (PAP) to alleviate psychiatric and psychospiritual distress in ALS. We also discussed the safety of using psychedelics in this population and proposed putative neurobiological mechanisms that may therapeutically intervene on ALS neuropathology. PAP has the potential to treat psychological dimensions and may also intervene on neuropathological dimensions of ALS. Robust improvements in psychiatric and psychospiritual distress from PAP in other populations provide a strong rationale for utilizing this therapy to treat ALS-related psychiatric and existential distress. Furthermore, relevant neuroprotective properties of psychedelics warrant future preclinical trials to investigate this area in ALS models. PAP has the potential to serve as an effective treatment in ALS. Given the lack of effective treatment options, researchers should rigorously explore this therapy for ALS in future trials.", "journal": "Journal of palliative medicine", "publication_date": "2023-09-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/jpm.2022.0604", "pubmed_id": "37167080", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37167080/", "keywords": "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ketamine, neurodegenerative, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37167080\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1362, "title": "Use of Psychedelics for Pain: A Scoping Review.", "normalized_title": "use of psychedelics for pain a scoping review", "authors": "Goel A, Rai Y, Sivadas S, Diep C, Clarke H, Shanthanna H, Ladha KS.", "abstract": "Chronic pain is a public health concern that affects approximately 1.5 billion people globally. Conventional therapeutic agents including opioid and non-opioid analgesics have been associated with adverse side effects, issues with addiction, and ineffective analgesia. Novel agents repurposed to treat pain via different mechanisms are needed to fill the therapeutic gap in chronic pain management. Psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin (the active ingredient in psychedelic mushrooms) are thought to alter pain perception through direct serotonin receptor agonism, anti-inflammatory effects, and synaptic remodeling. This scoping review was conducted to identify human studies in which psychedelic agents were used for the treatment of pain. Twenty-one articles that assessed the effects of psychedelics in treating various pain states were included. The present scarcity of clinical trials and small sample sizes limit their application for clinical use. Overall, psychedelics appear to show promise for analgesia in patients with certain headache disorders and cancer pain diagnoses. Future studies must aim to examine the combined effects of psychotherapy and psychedelics on chronic pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1097/aln.0000000000004673", "pubmed_id": "37698433", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000004673", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Analgesia, Pain Perception, Pain Management, Chronic Pain, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37698433\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Adverse Events,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3728, "title": "Neuroimaging in psychedelic drug development: past, present, and future.", "normalized_title": "neuroimaging in psychedelic drug development past present and future", "authors": "Wall MB, Harding R, Zafar R, Rabiner EA, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "Psychedelic therapy (PT) is an emerging paradigm with great transdiagnostic potential for treating psychiatric disorders, including depression, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, and potentially others. 'Classic' serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which have a key locus of action at the 5-HT2A receptor, form the main focus of this movement, but substances including ketamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ibogaine also hold promise. The modern phase of development of these treatment modalities in the early 21st century has occurred concurrently with the wider use of advanced human neuroscientific research methods; principally neuroimaging. This can potentially enable assessment of drug and therapy brain effects with greater precision and quantification than any previous novel development in psychiatric pharmacology. We outline the major trends in existing data and suggest the modern development of PT has benefitted greatly from the use of neuroimaging. Important gaps in existing knowledge are identified, namely: the relationship between acute drug effects and longer-term (clinically-relevant) effects, the precise characterisation of effects at the 5-HT2A receptor and relationships with functional/clinical effects, and the possible impact of these compounds on neuroplasticity. A road-map for future research is laid out, outlining clinical studies which will directly address these three questions, principally using combined Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) methods, plus other adjunct techniques. Multimodal (PET/MRI) studies using modern PET techniques such as the 5-HT2A-selective ligand [11 C]Cimbi-36 (and other ligands sensitive to neuroplasticity changes) alongside MRI measures of brain function would provide a 'molecular-functional-clinical bridge' in understanding. Such results would help to resolve some of these questions and provide a firmer foundation for the ongoing development of PT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-023-02271-0", "pubmed_id": "37759038", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02271-0", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Neuroimaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37759038\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3667, "title": "Effects and Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin in Alcohol Dependence", "normalized_title": "effects and therapeutic potential of psilocybin in alcohol dependence", "authors": "University of New Mexico", "abstract": "This trial is an open-label pilot study (N = 10) designed to assess the effects of psilocybin in alcohol dependent participants, demonstrate the feasibility of the integrated behavioral/pharmacologic intervention, and provide preliminary outcome and safety data. Participants will receive psilocybin orally in two all-day administration sessions, conducted in a secure outpatient psychiatric setting, in a dose range that has been well-tolerated in recent studies. Psilocybin administration will occur in the context of a behavioral intervention including a total of 12 sessions over 12 weeks, incorporating Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET (Miller, Zweben et al. 1992; Miller 1995), based on Motivational Interviewing (Miller and Rollnick 2002)) with booster sessions, as well as preparation before and debriefing after the psilocybin administration sessions. The MET will incorporate attention to spirituality as well as drinking behavior as a primary subject of change. Drinking outcomes and changes in several potential mediators of treatment effect, including motivation, self-efficacy, craving, depression, anxiety, and spiritual dimensions of the experience, will be measured during treatment and for 24 weeks after the end of treatment. The investigators hypothesize that drinking will decrease following the psilocybin sessions, and that increases in motivation, self-efficacy, and spirituality (primary contrast 12 weeks vs. baseline) will be observed among study participants.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-09-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01534494", "keywords": "Alcohol Dependence, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT01534494\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1369, "title": "A suite of engineered mice for interrogating psychedelic drug actions", "normalized_title": "a suite of engineered mice for interrogating psychedelic drug actions", "authors": "Chiu Y, Deutch AY, Wang W, Schmitz GP, Huang KL, Kocak DD, Llorach P, Bowyer K, Liu B, Sciaky N, Hua K, Chen C, Mott SE, Niehaus J, DiBerto JF, English J, Walsh JJ, Scherrer G, Herman MA, Wu Z, Wetsel WC, Roth BL.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Psychedelic drugs like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin have emerged as potentially transformative therapeutics for many neuropsychiatric diseases, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, migraine, and cluster headaches. LSD and psilocybin exert their psychedelic effects via activation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (HTR2A). Here we provide a suite of engineered mice useful for clarifying the role of HTR2A and HTR2A-expressing neurons in psychedelic drug actions. We first generated Htr2a -EGFP-CT-IRES-CreERT2 mice (CT:C-terminus) to independently identify both HTR2A-EGFP-CT receptors and HTR2A-containing cells thereby providing a detailed anatomical map of HTR2A and identifying cell types that express HTR2A. We also generated a humanized Htr2a mouse line and an additional constitutive Htr2A -Cre mouse line. Psychedelics induced a variety of known behavioral changes in our mice validating their utility for behavioral studies. Finally, electrophysiology studies revealed that extracellular 5-HT elicited a HTR2A-mediated robust increase in firing of genetically-identified pyramidal neurons--consistent with a plasma membrane localization and mode of action. These mouse lines represent invaluable tools for elucidating the molecular, cellular, pharmacological, physiological, behavioral, and other actions of psychedelic drugs in vivo.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-09-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.09.25.559347", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.25.559347", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR730960\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1314, "title": "Perceptions of psychedelic-assisted therapy among Black Americans.", "normalized_title": "perceptions of psychedelic assisted therapy among black americans", "authors": "Carter S, Packard G, Coghlan C, George JR, Brown AJ, Ching THW, Julian J, Maples-Keller JL.", "abstract": "The present study investigated differences in perceptions of psychedelic-assisted therapy between Black and White Americans, as well as factors that may influence these perceptions. A final sample of 294 adults (42% female, 44% Black/African American or Mixed Race (of Black/African ancestry), 56% White American; Mage = 36.3 years) completed an online survey which assessed baseline knowledge and views of psychedelic-assisted therapy. Participants were then provided brief psychoeducation related to MDMA and psilocybin-assisted therapy. After psychoeducation, participants were queried on their perceptions of psychedelic-assisted therapy and factors potentially influencing these perceptions, including trauma history, current depressive and PTSD symptoms, perceived stress, and perceived barriers to psychological treatments. Psychoeducation had a positive impact on both level of interest and positivity of views of psychedelic-assisted therapy across groups. Black American participants reported more positive views of psychedelic-assisted therapy than White participants following psychoeducation. Greater depression and PTSD symptom severity was associated with greater baseline interest in Black and White Americans and there was significant interactions in predicting baseline view and interest, such that Black participants who reported greater depression symptom severity were more interested and had more positive views of PAT. Despite historical exclusion from psychedelic clinical trials and experiences of unethical treatment in research, Black Americans demonstrate more positive views of psychedelic therapy, and Black Americans more in need of novel mental health care demonstrate more interest and more positive views. Our findings demonstrate that the onus for diversification of psychedelic research samples is on research groups. These findings also provide an impetus for the psychedelic research community to rebuild trust in psychedelic research among Black Americans, conduct outreach, and provide culturally attuned psychedelic-assisted interventions that are accessible to Black Americans.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.xjmad.2023.100023", "pubmed_id": "40656968", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xjmad.2023.100023", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40656968\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1185, "title": "Psilocybin analog 4-OH-DiPT enhances fear extinction and GABAergic inhibition of principal neurons in the basolateral amygdala.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin analog 4 oh dipt enhances fear extinction and gabaergic inhibition of principal neurons in the basolateral amygdala", "authors": "Kelly TJ, Bonniwell EM, Mu L, Liu X, Hu Y, Friedman V, Yu H, Su W, McCorvy JD, Liu QS.", "abstract": "Psychedelics such as psilocybin show great promise for the treatment of depression and PTSD, but their long duration of action poses practical limitations for patient access. 4-OH-DiPT is a fast-acting and shorter-lasting derivative of psilocybin. Here we characterized the pharmacological profile of 4-OH-DiPT and examined its impact on fear extinction learning as well as a potential mechanism of action. First, we profiled 4-OH-DiPT at all 12 human 5-HT GPCRs. 4-OH-DiPT showed strongest agonist activity at all three 5-HT2A/2B/2C receptors with near full agonist activity at 5-HT2A. Notably, 4-OH-DiPT had comparable activity at mouse and human 5-HT2A/2B/2C receptors. In a fear extinction paradigm, 4-OH-DiPT significantly reduced freezing responses to conditioned cues in a dose-dependent manner with a greater potency in female mice than male mice. Female mice that received 4-OH-DiPT before extinction training had reduced avoidance behaviors several days later in the light dark box, elevated plus maze and novelty-suppressed feeding test compared to controls, while male mice did not show significant differences. 4-OH-DiPT produced robust increases in spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in basolateral amygdala (BLA) principal neurons and action potential firing in BLA interneurons in a 5-HT2A-dependent manner. RNAscope demonstrates that Htr2a mRNA is expressed predominantly in BLA GABA interneurons, Htr2c mRNA is expressed in both GABA interneurons and principal neurons, while Htr2b mRNA is absent in the BLA. Our findings suggest that 4-OH-DiPT activates BLA interneurons via the 5-HT2A receptor to enhance GABAergic inhibition of BLA principal neurons, which provides a potential mechanism for suppressing learned fear.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-023-01744-8", "pubmed_id": "37752222", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01744-8", "keywords": "Neurons, Animals, Humans, Mice, Serotonin, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, RNA, Messenger, Fear, Female, Male, Extinction, Psychological, Basolateral Nuclear Complex, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37752222\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3150, "title": "Limbic System Response to Psilocybin and Ketamine Administration in Rats: A Neurochemical and Behavioral Study", "normalized_title": "limbic system response to psilocybin and ketamine administration in rats a neurochemical and behavioral study", "authors": "Wojtas A, Bysiek A, Wawrzczak-Bargiela A, Maćkowiak M, Gołembiowska K.", "abstract": "Pathophysiology of depression is related with reduced volume of the hippocampus and amygdala and hypertrophy of the nucleus accumbens. The mechanism of these changes is not well under-stood, but clinical studies have shown that administration of the fast-acting antidepressant keta-mine reversed the decrease in hippocampus and amygdala volume in depressed patients, and the magnitude of this effect correlated with the reduction of depressive symptoms. In the present study, we attempted to find out whether the psychedelic substance psilocybin affects neurotransmission in the limbic system in comparison to ketamine. Psilocybin and ketamine increased the release of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the nucleus accumbens of naive rats as demonstrated using microdialysis. Both drugs influenced glutamate and GABA release in the nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and amygdala and increased ACh levels in the hippocampus. The changes in D2, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor density in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus was observed as a long-lasting effect. A marked anxiolytic effect of psilocybin in acute phase and 24 h post-treatment was shown in the open field test. These data provide the neurobiological background for psilocybin effect on stress, anxiety and structural changes in the limbic system and translate into antidepres-sant effect of psilocybin in depressed patients.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2023-09-24", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202309.1649.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1649.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR730140\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 959, "title": "Psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonism: neuronal signatures and altered neurovascular coupling.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic 5 ht2a receptor agonism neuronal signatures and altered neurovascular coupling", "authors": "Padawer-Curry JA, Krentzman OJ, Kuo C, Wang X, Bice AR, Nicol GE, Snyder AZ, Siegel JS, McCall JG, Bauer AQ.", "abstract": "Psychedelics hold therapeutic promise for mood disorders due to rapid, sustained results. Human neuroimaging studies have reported dramatic serotonin-2A receptor-(5-HT2AR)-dependent changes in functional brain reorganization that presumably reflect neuromodulation. However, the potent vasoactive effects of serotonin have been overlooked. We found psilocybin-mediated alterations to fMRI-HRFs in humans, suggesting potentially altered NVC. To assess the neuronal, hemodynamic, and neurovascular coupling (NVC) effects of the psychedelic 5-HT2AR agonist, 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), wide-field optical imaging (WFOI) was used in awake Thy1-jRGECO1a mice during stimulus-evoked and resting-state conditions. While DOI partially altered tasked-based NVC, more pronounced NVC alterations occurred under resting-state conditions and were strongest in association regions. Further, calcium and hemodynamic activity reported different accounts of RSFC changes under DOI. Co-administration of DOI and the 5-HT2AR antagonist, MDL100907, reversed many of these effects. Dissociation between neuronal and hemodynamic signals emphasizes a need to consider neurovascular effects of psychedelics when interpreting blood-oxygenation-dependent neuroimaging measures.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-09-23", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.09.23.559145", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.23.559145", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR730039\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1370, "title": "Manic episode following psilocybin use in a man with bipolar II disorder: a case report.", "normalized_title": "manic episode following psilocybin use in a man with bipolar ii disorder a case report", "authors": "Halim HJ, Burk BG, Fargason RE, Birur B.", "abstract": "There has been an increase in research on the topic of psychedelic substances and their effects as treatment options in neuropsychiatric conditions. Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug that has recently garnered increased interest as an effective treatment modality for treatment-resistant depression, depression associated with terminal conditions, certain substance use disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, sparse data exist as to the effects that psilocybin might have on patients at risk for mania, in large part secondary to the exclusion of this patient population from studies due to the concern for inducing mania or worsening illness course. We describe a case of a 21-year-old male with a recent diagnosis of bipolar II disorder who developed a manic episode following the ingestion of psilocybin in the form of hallucinogenic mushrooms. Given the incidence of depression in those with bipolar disorder, impulsivity, and a tendency to abuse substances associated with the illness, further research is needed into the risks of psilocybin and other psychedelic use in those with bipolar disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1221131", "pubmed_id": "37810598", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1221131", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37810598\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Case Report,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3605, "title": "Mindfulness and Psychedelics: A Combined Neurophenomenological and Pharmacological Approach to the Characterization of Mindfulness States in Experienced Meditators", "normalized_title": "mindfulness and psychedelics a combined neurophenomenological and pharmacological approach to the characterization of mindfulness states in experienced meditators", "authors": "Milan Scheidegger", "abstract": "The investigators are doing this project to investigate potential neurophysiological synergy effects between mindfulness meditation and psychedelics. Previous studies have found that both mindfulness and psychedelics like psilocybin modulate neural activity and connectivity of the same brain network. However, little is known about the potential interactions between mindfulness meditation and psychedelics. The indigenous plant preparation \"Ayahuasca\" is particularly interesting for the combination with mindfulness meditation. It contains two components, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmine, which are very similar to the body's own messenger substance serotonin and increase its effect in the body. The investigators would now like to find out how these corresponding networks change in experienced meditators after DMT/Harmine-enhanced mindfulness meditation and how this affects their subjective experience. For this functional MRI imaging will be performed, as well as psychometric assessments and detailed experiential interviews before and after a three-day meditation retreat. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group receives DMT and harmine during the sitting meditation on the second day, the other group receives a corresponding placebo. Neither the participants nor the investigator know who will receive a placebo or the combination of DMT/harmine on the day of the experiment. The pre- and post-measurements of the MRI imaging and psychometric questionnaires of the DMT/Harmine group are compared with those of the placebo control group. By examining the synergistic effects of mindfulness meditation and DMT/harmine, the aim of this study is to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the neurophenomenology of rare and inaccessible phenomena of consciousness.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-09-20", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05780216", "keywords": "Healthy Participants, DMT + harmine, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05780216\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3573, "title": "Phase II, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group, Single Center Study of Psilocybin Efficacy and Mechanism in Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "phase ii randomized double blind placebo controlled parallel group single center study of psilocybin efficacy and mechanism in alcohol use disorder", "authors": "University of Zurich", "abstract": "Effects of serotonin 2A/1A receptor stimulation by psilocybin on alcohol addicted patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study Two billion people globally consume alcohol, leading in 2016 to 2.8 million deaths (5.2% of all deaths) and 99.2 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) lost (4.2% of all DALYs). Of all the diseases, conditions, and injuries attributable to alcohol use, alcohol use disorders (AUDs) create the largest health burden globally. However, approved pharmacological treatments for alcoholism are limited in their effectiveness. A recent proof of- concept study testing psilocybin in ten alcohol dependent patients provides encouraging efficacy results and safety data. The investigators, therefore, propose to test the efficacy of psilocybin for treating alcohol use disorder and study its underlying neurobiological mechanisms in a randomized, placebo controlled, double blind study. To evaluate effects of psilocybin on alcohol use behaviour, clinical symptoms, neurocognitive and emotional measures in patients with alcohol use disorder. The present clinical trial aims at investigation the clinical and mechanistic effects of Psilocybin in Alcohol Addicted Patients. Patients with alcohol use disorder who have undergone withdrawal treatment within the last 6 weeks will be investigated in a single-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design clinical trial contrasting the acute and persisting effects of psilocybin to those of placebo. Patients will be randomly assigned to psilocybin or placebo group with a 1:1 allocation ratio. The study comprises a total of 6 visits during 6 weeks and two follow-up online surveys (3 and 6 months after treatment). In addition, two follow-up surveys that can be completed from home will guarantee monitoring of long-lasting changes in symptomology and ensure all potential side-effects can be captured. On the treatment visit, a single dose of psilocybin (25mg) or placebo will be administered. Patients will be monitored until all effects have worn off.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-09-20", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04141501", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Psilocybin, Placebo oral capsule, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04141501\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1371, "title": "Lifeboat ethics, risk, and therapeutic opportunity: an appeal for equitable psychedelic therapy access in the \"high-risk\" addiction patient.", "normalized_title": "lifeboat ethics risk and therapeutic opportunity an appeal for equitable psychedelic therapy access in the high risk addiction patient", "authors": "Black T.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted treatment (PAT) for mental health is in renaissance. Psilocybin and MDMA stand near FDA approval, and US cities and states are decriminalizing or regulating the non-clinical use of psilocybin. However, neither FDA indications nor a regulated use model sufficiently address the complex needs and opportunities for an improved treatment of addiction. When paired with disability and social dispossession, addiction increasingly burdens informal care networks, public safety, and particularly healthcare systems. Stigma and mistreatment alienate people from opportunities for care and multiply the costs of providing care. This dynamic worsens socially determined resource limitations, enforcing stark ethical choices and perpetuating socioeconomic inequities, isolation, mental illness, medical illness, overdose, suicide, and violence. In order for psychedelic treatments to achieve their greatest utility to population health, we must intentionally develop regulatory, clinical, and payment systems supporting clinical research, rigorous safety monitoring, and implementation to address these immense needs and reduce the barriers to engagement for those who now bear the costs, including those who work at the front lines of addiction care. To achieve full fruition, I advocate for a collaborative approach, built from within networks of mutual social support but linked and accountable to public institutions charged with the equitable dissemination of these therapies for the greatest social and health equities. Rather than relegating PAT to the needs of the commercially insured or wellness markets, this is the moment to learn from ancient traditions of ritualized sacramental use, organized around faith in our mutual dependency and accountability, and to capture an opportunity to improve population health and equity. To miss this opportunity is to accept the status quo in the midst of a growing emergency, for lack of moral vision and intention to change our habits.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1159843", "pubmed_id": "37799400", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1159843", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37799400\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Wellbeing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1372, "title": "Naturalistic psilocybin use is associated with persisting improvements in mental health and wellbeing: results from a prospective, longitudinal survey.", "normalized_title": "naturalistic psilocybin use is associated with persisting improvements in mental health and wellbeing results from a prospective longitudinal survey", "authors": "Nayak SM, Jackson H, Sepeda ND, Mathai DS, So S, Yaffe A, Zaki H, Brasher TJ, Lowe MX, Jolly DRP, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR, Strickland JC, Johnson MW, Jackson H, Garcia-Romeu A.", "abstract": "IntroductionThe classic psychedelic psilocybin, found in some mushroom species, has received renewed interest in clinical research, showing potential mental health benefits in preliminary trials. Naturalistic use of psilocybin outside of research settings has increased in recent years, though data on the public health impact of such use remain limited.MethodsThis prospective, longitudinal study comprised six sequential automated web-based surveys that collected data from adults planning to take psilocybin outside clinical research: at time of consent, 2 weeks before, the day before, 1-3 days after, 2-4 weeks after, and 2-3 months after psilocybin use.ResultsA sample of 2,833 respondents completed all baseline assessments approximately 2 weeks before psilocybin use, 1,182 completed the 2-4 week post-use survey, and 657 completed the final follow-up survey 2-3 months after psilocybin use. Participants were primarily college-educated White men residing in the United States with a prior history of psychedelic use; mean age = 40 years. Participants primarily used dried psilocybin mushrooms (mean dose = 3.1 grams) for \"self-exploration\" purposes. Prospective longitudinal data collected before and after a planned psilocybin experience on average showed persisting reductions in anxiety, depression, and alcohol misuse, increased cognitive flexibility, emotion regulation, spiritual wellbeing, and extraversion, and reduced neuroticism and burnout after psilocybin use. However, a minority of participants (11% at 2-4 weeks and 7% at 2-3 months) reported persisting negative effects after psilocybin use (e.g., mood fluctuations, depressive symptoms).DiscussionResults from this study, the largest prospective survey of naturalistic psilocybin use to date, support the potential for psilocybin to produce lasting improvements in mental health symptoms and general wellbeing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1199642", "pubmed_id": "37795509", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1199642", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37795509\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3148, "title": "Dynamic Functional Hyperconnectivity after Psilocybin Intake is Primarily Associated with Oceanic Boundlessness", "normalized_title": "dynamic functional hyperconnectivity after psilocybin intake is primarily associated with oceanic boundlessness", "authors": "Mortaheb S, Fort LD, Mason NL, Mallaroni P, Ramaekers JG, Demertzi A.", "abstract": "To provide insights into neurophenomenological richness after psilocybin intake, we investigated the link between dynamical brain patterns and the ensuing phenomenological pattern after psilocybin intake. Healthy participants received either psilocybin (n=22) or placebo (n=27) while in ultra-high field 7T MRI scanning. Changes in the phenomenological patterns were quantified using the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness (5D-ASC) Rating Scale, revealing alterations across all dimensions under psilocybin. Changes in the neurobiological patterns displayed that psilocybin induced widespread increases in averaged functional connectivity. Time-varying connectivity analysis unveiled a recurrent hyperconnected pattern characterized by low BOLD signal amplitude, suggesting heightened cortical arousal. In terms of neurophenomenology, canonical correlation analysis primarily linked the transition probabilities of the hyperconnected pattern with feelings of oceanic boundlessness (OBN), and secondly with visionary restructuralization. We suggest that the brain’s tendency to enter a hyperconnected-hyperarousal pattern under psilocybin represents the potential to entertain variant mental associations. For the first time, these findings link brain dynamics with phenomenological alterations, providing new insights into the neurophenomenology and neurophysiology of the psychedelic state.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-09-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.09.18.558309", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.18.558309", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR727205\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1373, "title": "Nature-themed video intervention may improve cardiovascular safety of psilocybin-assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder.", "normalized_title": "nature themed video intervention may improve cardiovascular safety of psilocybin assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Heinzerling KG, Sergi K, Linton M, Rich R, Youssef B, Bentancourt I, Bramen J, Siddarth P, Schwartzberg L, Kelly DF.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsychedelic-assisted therapy with psilocybin has shown promise in Phase 2 trials for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Set and setting, particularly factors facilitating a connection with nature, may positively influence the psychedelic experience and therapeutic outcomes. But to date, randomized controlled trials of interventions to enhance set and setting for psychedelic-assisted therapy are lacking.MethodsThis was a pilot randomized, controlled trial of Visual Healing, a nature-themed video intervention to optimize set and setting, versus Standard set and setting procedures with two open-label psilocybin 25 mg dosing sessions among 20 participants with AUD. For the first session, participants randomized to Visual Healing viewed nature-themed videos during the preparation session and the \"ascent\" and \"descent\" phases of the psilocybin dosing session while participants randomized to the Standard condition completed a meditation during the preparatory session and wore eyeshades and listened to a music playlist throughout the dosing session. For the second session 4 weeks later, participants chose either Visual Healing or Standard procedures. Primary outcomes were feasibility, safety, and tolerability of Visual Healing. Secondary and exploratory outcomes were changes in alcohol use, psychedelic effects, anxiety and stress.ResultsNineteen of 20 (95%) randomized participants (mean age 49 ± 11 years, 60% female) completed the 14-week study. During the first psilocybin session, participants viewed an average of 37.9 min of the 42-min video and there were no video-related adverse events. Peak increase in post-psilocybin blood pressure was significantly less for participants randomly assigned to Visual Healing compared to Standard procedures. Alcohol use decreased significantly in both Visual Healing and Standard groups and psychedelic effects, stress, and anxiety were similar between groups.DiscussionIn this open-label pilot study, viewing Visual Healing videos during preparation and psilocybin dosing sessions was feasible, safe, and well-tolerated among participants with AUD. Preliminary findings suggest that Visual Healing has potential to reduce the cardiovascular risks of psychedelic therapy, without interfering with the psychedelic experience or alcohol-related treatment outcomes. Studies to replicate our findings as well as studies of different set and setting interventions with other psychedelic medications and indications are warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1215972", "pubmed_id": "37795513", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1215972", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37795513\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1357, "title": "The Psychedelic N,N-Dipropyltryptamine Prevents Seizures in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome via a Mechanism that Appears Independent of Serotonin and Sigma1 Receptors.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic n n dipropyltryptamine prevents seizures in a mouse model of fragile x syndrome via a mechanism that appears independent of serotonin and sigma1 receptors", "authors": "Tyagi R, Saraf TS, Canal CE.", "abstract": "The serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin shows efficacy in treating neuropsychiatric disorders, though the mechanism(s) underlying its therapeutic effects remain unclear. We show that a similar psychedelic tryptamine, N,N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT), completely prevents audiogenic seizures (AGS) in an Fmr1 knockout mouse model of fragile X syndrome at a 10 mg/kg dose but not at lower doses (3 or 5.6 mg/kg). Despite showing in vitro that DPT is a serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT1B, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist (with that rank order of functional potency, determined with TRUPATH Gα/βγ biosensors), pretreatment with selective inhibitors of 5-HT2A/2C, 5-HT1B, or 5-HT1A receptors did not block DPT's antiepileptic effects; a pan-serotonin receptor antagonist was also ineffective. Because 5-HT1A receptor activation blocks AGS in Fmr1 knockout mice, we performed a dose-response experiment to evaluate DPT's engagement of 5-HT1A receptors in vivo. DPT elicited 5-HT1A-dependent effects only at doses greater than 10 mg/kg, further supporting that DPT's antiepileptic effects were not 5-HT1A-mediated. We also observed that the selective sigma1 receptor antagonist, NE-100, did not impact DPT's antiepileptic effects, suggesting DPT engagement of sigma1 receptors was not a crucial mechanism. Separately, we observed that DPT and NE-100 at high doses caused convulsions on their own that were qualitatively distinct from AGS. In conclusion, DPT dose-dependently blocked AGS in Fmr1 knockout mice, but neither serotonin nor sigma1 receptor antagonists prevented this action. Thus, DPT might have neurotherapeutic effects independent of its serotonergic psychedelic properties. However, DPT also caused seizures at high doses, showing that DPT has complex dose-dependent in vivo polypharmacology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.3c00137", "pubmed_id": "37854624", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.3c00137", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37854624\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1358, "title": "Tryptamines and Mental Health: Activating the 5-HT Receptor for Therapeutic Potential.", "normalized_title": "tryptamines and mental health activating the 5 ht receptor for therapeutic potential", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "Tryptamines, a class of 3-aminoethyl-indoles that activate the serotonin receptor, show potential for novel mental health treatments. The FDA has granted \"breakthrough therapy designation\" to psilocybin and MDMA for treatment-resistant depression, major depressive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, sparking global research efforts. Various clinical trials are currently investigating the therapeutic value of psilocybin for several mental health disorders. Results thus far indicate significant improvements in patient-reported outcomes via reductions in experiential avoidance. These advancements highlight a promising future for tryptamines in mental health therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-14", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00390", "pubmed_id": "37849550", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00390", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37849550\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3543, "title": "Phase 1, Open-Label, One-Treatment, Single-Dose, One-Period, Pharmacokinetic Study of Psilocin 4 mg as Its Mucic Acid Salt (L-130) Form, in Healthy Subjects Under Fasted Conditions", "normalized_title": "phase 1 open label one treatment single dose one period pharmacokinetic study of psilocin 4 mg as its mucic acid salt l 130 form in healthy subjects under fasted conditions", "authors": "Lobe Sciences Ltd.", "abstract": "Psilocin is the active metabolite of psilocybin a natural material found in several types of fungi. The bioavailability of psilocybin, the prodrug of psilocin, has been reported to be over 60%. However, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of psilocin mucate has not been reported. This Phase I \"First in Man\" study of psilocin mucate is designed to determine its safety, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability. The study is conducted under the supervision of physicians and psychiatrists who also will administer a mini-mental state evaluation and report observable anti-anxiolytic effect of the dosage. Safety and possible indications of efficacy will be tracked during the study period, a week following the dose administration and one month after. This study is designed to assess the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters and to monitor the safety and tolerability of Psilocin 2 mg as its Mucic Acid Salt (L-130) form, a proprietary drug candidate of Lobe Sciences Ltd., in healthy subjects under fasted conditions. The study will be conducted in compliance with the protocol and applicable regulatory requirements, GCP and GLP principles and guidelines: Declaration of Helsinki as amended by the 64th WMA General Assembly, Fortaleza, Brazil, November 2013, FDA Guidelines for Bioavailability \\& Bioequivalence Studies and OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice will be observed. The study population will consist of 10 Healthy Subjects aged between 21 and 50 years (inclusive), body mass index 18.5 to 30.0 kg/m2 inclusive (minimum of 50 kg weight for males and 45 kg for females), nonsmokers or quit smoking 24 hours prior to dosing. The investigational test product L-130 Capsules containing 2 mg of psilocin as its Mucic Acid Salt of Lobe Sciences Ltd. consisted of single oral dose containing 2 mg of Psilocin (equivalent to 4 mg as Psilocin Mucate salt). Each dose will be administered orally, with 240 mL of water in sitting position under sodium light to healthy subjects after an overnight fast of at least 10 hours in the morning of study dosing day. The study will be conducted as an open label study. Therefore, blinding will not be done. However, the bioanalysis will be performed blinded with regard to the sequence of product administration. Each subject will have a pre-dose sample of 8 ml collected and 13 additional 8 ml samples collected over a 24 hour period. The principal and/ or clinical investigator and study staff will monitor subjects throughout the hospitalization periods. Blood pressure and heart rate will be measured before dosing and at scheduled intervals after dosing. The principal and/ or clinical Investigator will be available throughout each hospitalization period. During outpatient phases, study staff will be available during regular working hours. Subjects' safety will be observed at scheduled intervals of before dosing (-1.00) and 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 2.00, 3.00, 5.00, 8.00, 12.00, 16.00 and 24.00 hours after drug administration. Subjects will be queried on adverse events. In addition, voluntary reporting of adverse events by subjects will be reported. Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score will be assessed to dosed subjects by CI/PI approximately two hours after drug administration, and the results will be tabulated in the final report. Subjects will be asked to report changes in their mood, or other observations during and following the study period. Subjects will also be followed up by phone call after one week and four weeks of dosing to assess if they are experiencing changes in feeling or having improved mood, and the outcomes of the phone calls will be tabulated in the final report. Following the collection of blood samples and appropriate processing, each sample will be analyzed with a validated analytical method to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of psilocin mucate in plasma. All clinical laboratories test results of screening lab tests will be summarized by descriptive statistics. Follow up lab tests will also be summarized by descriptive statistics. The aim of the study is to assess the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters and to monitor the safety and tolerability of the formulation in healthy subjects under fasting conditions after a single oral dose of L-130 Capsules containing 2 mg of psilocin as its Mucic Acid Salt. The final report will provide safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the test product. The study will also report patient reported pharmacology.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-09-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06035900", "keywords": "Side Effect of Drug, Psilocin, Psilocin Mucate, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT06035900\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1377, "title": "Predictors of Pharmacy Students' Attitudes About the Therapeutic Use of Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "predictors of pharmacy students attitudes about the therapeutic use of psilocybin", "authors": "Bhuiya NMA, Jacobs RJ, Wang K, Sun Y, Nava B, Sampiere L, Yerubandi A, Caballero J.", "abstract": "Background Psilocybin has been studied for its potential therapeutic benefits, particularly for the treatment of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. While more research is needed as psilocybin-assisted therapy becomes more prevalent, future pharmacists will probably be involved at some level. At present, pharmacists receive minimal training on psilocybin, and little is known about their attitudes toward its use for medical purposes. Findings from recent clinical studies have attempted to establish the safety and medical efficacy of psilocybin, leading to an increased interest in therapeutic psilocybin use in the United States. This study aimed to assess if self-assessed knowledge of psilocybin, concerns about adverse effects, and opinions about legalization will make statistically significant contributions to pharmacy students' attitudes about psilocybin use in practice. Methods Pharmacy students' self-assessed knowledge, concern for potential adverse effects, and perceptions of psilocybin were investigated using a cross-sectional survey study design. Data were collected from March 13 to April 7, 2023, from a convenience sample of 161 pharmacy students enrolled in an accredited pharmacy school in the southern region of the United States using a 41-item anonymous quantitative survey developed by the researchers that contained validated scales. The survey was delivered electronically. Multiple regression modeling was conducted to determine if self-assessed knowledge, concerns for adverse effects, and opinions about legalization would predict pharmacy students' attitudes about therapy-assisted psilocybin use. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the authors' university. Results The mean age of the 161 participants was 24 years (SD = 2.981; range 20-40 years). Twenty (12.4%) participants reported previous use of psilocybin for recreational purposes and two (1.2%) reported having used it therapeutically. Many (n =121; 75.2%) of the participants believed that psilocybin should be decriminalized for therapeutic use, but only 54 (33.5%) thought it should be decriminalized for recreational use. A multiple linear regression model predicting \"attitudes about psilocybin\" (dependent variable) produced significant results: (F(4, 122) = 40.575, p < 0.001), with an R2 = 0.571 (adjusted R2 = 0.557). Greater \"self-assessed knowledge about psilocybin,\" less \"concern about possible negative effects,\" greater \"belief in the decriminalization of psilocybin for recreational use,\" and greater \"belief in the decriminalization of psilocybin for therapeutic use\" (all independent variables) were associated with more positive perceptions about medical psilocybin. The percentage of variance in the scores accounted for by the model was 57%. Conclusions Pharmacy students may lack information and training regarding psilocybin and report a desire to learn more about it. Their attitudes about medical psilocybin may be driven by this desire to learn in addition to concerns about adverse effects and legalization issues. Due to the dearth of published information regarding the knowledge and acceptance of psilocybin as a viable treatment option for patients, further research in psychedelic-assisted treatments may be warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.45169", "pubmed_id": "37842360", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45169", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37842360\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1376, "title": "Medical Students' Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Psilocybin: Does Terminology and Personal Experience with Psychedelics Matter?", "normalized_title": "medical students attitudes and beliefs toward psilocybin does terminology and personal experience with psychedelics matter", "authors": "Pagán AF, Lex C, Soares JC, Meyer TD.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin and psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) have gained renewed interest due to recent findings that PAT can enhance therapeutic outcomes. In 2019, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) approved breakthrough therapy status to psilocybin for the treatment of depression, but PAT has yet to be approved as a therapeutic treatment for mental health disorders. Should the FDA approve PAT, medical students will serve as gatekeepers to PAT.MethodsMedical students (n = 295) were surveyed and randomized to two terminology conditions (i.e., \"psilocybin\" or \"magic mushrooms, MMs\") assessing their attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs.ResultsRegardless of the terminology utilized, medical students held overall positive attitudes but their attitudes were significantly more positive when the term \"psilocybin\" was used. Furthermore, experience with psychedelics was associated with significantly more positive attitudes, beliefs, and higher self-rated knowledge. Finally, attitudes and beliefs were significant predictors of medical students' willingness to recommend PAT, if FDA approved, after controlling for covariates (e.g., personal experience with psychedelics).ConclusionsDespite some limitations, based on this study, using the term \"psilocybin\" might be preferable over \"MMs\" in a research or educational context. Although personal experience positively affects opinions toward psychedelics, beliefs and attitudes seem to be more relevant when it comes to actual medical advice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0022", "pubmed_id": "40046569", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0022", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40046569\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1364, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Military and Veterans Healthcare Systems: Clinical, Legal, and Implementation Considerations.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy in military and veterans healthcare systems clinical legal and implementation considerations", "authors": "Wolfgang AS, Hoge CW.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThis review discusses the current and projected landscape of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), with a focus on clinical, legal, and implementation considerations in Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare systems.Recent findings3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)- and psilocybin-assisted therapy have shown promising outcomes in efficacy, safety, tolerability, and durability for PTSD and depression, respectively. MDMA-assisted therapy is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on an Expanded Access (\"compassionate use\") basis for PTSD, with full approval projected for 2024. Psilocybin-assisted therapy is projected to be FDA-approved for depression soon thereafter. Other psychedelics are in earlier stages of development. The VA is currently conducting PAT clinical trials. Although there are clear legal pathways for the VA and DoD to conduct PAT trials, a number of implementation barriers exist, such as the very high number of clinical hours necessary to treat each patient, resource requirements to support treatment infrastructure, military-specific considerations, and the high level of evidence necessary for PAT to be recommended in clinical practice guidelines. Ongoing considerations are whether and how PAT will be made available to VA and DoD beneficiaries, feasibility and cost-effectiveness, and ethical safeguards that must be implemented to prioritize access to PAT given the likelihood of extremely limited initial availability. However, with imminent FDA approval of PATs and considerable national interest in these treatments, DoD and VA policymakers must be prepared with clearly delineated policies and plans for how these healthcare systems will approach PAT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-07", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4", "pubmed_id": "37682446", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans, Delivery of Health Care, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37682446\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Veterans,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1032, "title": "Rapid, biochemical tagging of cellular activity history in vivo", "normalized_title": "rapid biochemical tagging of cellular activity history in vivo", "authors": "Zhang R, Anguiano M, Aarrestad IK, Lin S, Chandra J, Vadde SS, Olson DE, Kim CK.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) is ubiquitous to cell signaling across all biology. While existing fluorescent sensors and reporters can detect activated cells with elevated Ca 2+ levels, these approaches require implants to deliver light to deep tissue, precluding their noninvasive use in freely-behaving animals. Here we engineered an enzyme-catalyzed approach that rapidly and biochemically tags cells with elevated Ca 2+ in vivo. Ca 2+ -activated Split-TurboID (CaST) labels activated cells within 10 minutes with an exogenously-delivered biotin molecule. The enzymatic signal increases with Ca 2+ concentration and biotin labeling time, demonstrating that CaST is a time-gated integrator of total Ca 2+ activity. Furthermore, the CaST read-out can be performed immediately after activity labeling, in contrast to transcriptional reporters that require hours to produce signal. These capabilities allowed us to apply CaST to tag prefrontal cortex neurons activated by psilocybin, and to correlate the CaST signal with psilocybin-induced head-twitch responses in untethered mice.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-09-07", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.09.06.556431", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.06.556431", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR721525\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1363, "title": "The zebrafish for preclinical psilocybin research.", "normalized_title": "the zebrafish for preclinical psilocybin research", "authors": "Syed OA, Tsang B, Gerlai R.", "abstract": "In this review, we discuss the possible utility of zebrafish in research on psilocybin, a psychedelic drug whose recreational use as well as possible clinical application are gaining increasing interest. First, we review behavioral tests with zebrafish, focussing on anxiety and social behavior, which have particular relevance in the context of psilocybin research. Next, we briefly consider methods of genetic manipulations with which psilocybin's phenotypical effects and underlying mechanisms may be investigated in zebrafish. We briefly review the known mechanisms of psilocybin, and also discuss what we know about its safety and toxicity profile. Last, we discuss examples of how psilocybin may be employed for testing treatment efficacy in preclinical research for affective disorders in zebrafish. We conclude that zebrafish has a promising future in preclinical research on psychedelic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105381", "pubmed_id": "37689090", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105381", "keywords": "Animals, Zebrafish, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37689090\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1345, "title": "Psilocybin induces acute and persisting alterations in immune status in healthy volunteers: An experimental, placebo-controlled study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces acute and persisting alterations in immune status in healthy volunteers an experimental placebo controlled study", "authors": "Mason NL, Szabo A, Kuypers KPC, Mallaroni PA, de la Torre Fornell R, Reckweg JT, Tse DHY, Hutten NRPW, Feilding A, Ramaekers JG.", "abstract": "Patients characterized by stress-related disorders such as depression display elevated circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a hyperactive HPA axis. Psychedelics are demonstrating promising results in treatment of such disorders, however the mechanisms of their therapeutic effects are still unknown. To date the evidence of acute and persisting effects of psychedelics on immune functioning, HPA axis activity in response to stress, and associated psychological outcomes is preliminary. To address this, we conducted a placebo-controlled, parallel group design comprising of 60 healthy participants who received either placebo (n = 30) or 0.17 mg/kg psilocybin (n = 30). Blood samples were taken to assess acute and persisting (7 day) changes in immune status. Seven days' post-administration, participants in each treatment group were further subdivided: 15 underwent a stress induction protocol, and 15 underwent a control protocol. Ultra-high field (7-Tesla) magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assess whether acute changes in glutamate or glial activity were associated with changes in immune functioning. Finally, questionnaires assessed persisting self-report changes in mood and social behavior. Psilocybin immediately reduced concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), while other inflammatory markers (interleukin (IL)- 1β, IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP)) remained unchanged. Seven days later, TNF-α concentrations returned to baseline, while IL-6 and CRP concentrations were persistently reduced in the psilocybin group. Changes in the immune profile were related to acute neurometabolic activity as acute reductions in TNF-α were linked to lower concentrations of glutamate in the hippocampus. Additionally, the more of a reduction in IL-6 and CRP seven days after psilocybin, the more persisting positive mood and social effects participants reported. Regarding the stress response, after a psychosocial stressor, psilocybin did not significantly alter the stress response. Results are discussed in regards to the psychological and therapeutic effects of psilocybin demonstrated in ongoing patient trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-09-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.004", "pubmed_id": "37689275", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.004", "keywords": "Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Humans, Glutamic Acid, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Hallucinogens, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Double-Blind Method, Stress, Psychological, Affect, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37689275\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2011, "title": "P05-02: Assessment of the CYP450 inhibitory activity of psilocybin, psilocin, LSD, 5-MeO-DMT and mescaline: An in vitro study", "normalized_title": "p05 02 assessment of the cyp450 inhibitory activity of psilocybin psilocin lsd 5 meo dmt and mescaline an in vitro study", "authors": "Costa A.M., Silva-Carvalho M., Madureira-Carvalho A., Dinis-Oliveira R.J., Dias-da-Silva D.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Toxicology Letters", "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/s0378-4274(23)00499-x", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(23)00499-x", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/s0378-4274(23)00499-x\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1080/03602532.2016.1278228\",\"10.1177/02698811211050543\",\"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108715\",\"10.2174/1874467211666181010154139\",\"10.1080/03602532.2019.1638931\"],\"reference_count\":7}", "topic_tags": "In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1392, "title": "Bayesian analysis of real-world data as evidence for drug approval: Remembering Sir Michael Rawlins.", "normalized_title": "bayesian analysis of real world data as evidence for drug approval remembering sir michael rawlins", "authors": "Szigeti B, Phillips LD, Nutt D", "abstract": "", "journal": "British journal of clinical pharmacology", "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/bcp.15841", "pubmed_id": "37455605", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37455605/", "keywords": "Bayesian analysis, RCTs, Sir Michal Rawlins, depression, medical cannabis, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37455605\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1386, "title": "Psychedelics, With a Focus on Psilocybin: Issues for the Clinician.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics with a focus on psilocybin issues for the clinician", "authors": "Garakani A, Alexander JL, Sumner CR, Pine JH, Gross LS, Raison CL, Aaronson ST, Baron DA.", "abstract": "There has been a burgeoning interest in psychedelics among the public, state legislatures, psychiatrists and other clinical providers, and within the research community. Increasing numbers of studies evaluating psychedelics for depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders have been conducted or are underway. While discussing psychedelics in general, the focus of this paper is on psilocybin and its mechanism, how it exerts a psychedelic effect, dosing, and a review of the treatment studies of psilocybin, which were primarily for treatment-resistant depression and cancer-related anxiety. Future directions and potential limitations of studying and regulating psilocybin and other psychedelics are also discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1097/pra.0000000000000729", "pubmed_id": "37678363", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/pra.0000000000000729", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37678363\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1385, "title": "History of the administration of psychedelics in France.", "normalized_title": "history of the administration of psychedelics in france", "authors": "Dubus Z, Grandgeorge E, Verroust V.", "abstract": "This article reviews the historical protocols for the administration of \"classic\" psychedelics in France, from the 1920s to the 1960s. Taking a chronological approach, it investigates the way mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin were administered, the subjects involved, the route of administration, the dosage, and the epistemological context of the research. From the 1930s, the Sainte-Anne school dominated French experimentation with psychedelics, inserting these studies on \"hallucinogens\" into a biological conception of therapeutics, where the notion of \"shock\" dominated. The sessions show particularly anxious experiences, sometimes described as \"torture\" by the patients who underwent them. With just a few rare cases of recovery reported, these substances were not considered as medicines, but rather as tools for exploration in the context of experimental research; thought of not as psychedelics (\"mind manifesters\") but as psychodysleptics (\"mind disruptors\"). While these tools could be useful for the diagnosis of sick patients, French physicians did not manage to demonstrate clear therapeutic benefits in the use of psychedelics, perhaps because of their reluctance, in most cases, to determine an optimum dose, and also very often to appreciate the context of administration and the relationship with the patient. This article allows us to understand the reasons for the therapeutic failures reported by these early French psychedelic researchers, but also to help explain the current reluctance of French health professionals who in the face of the \"psychedelic renaissance\" remain strongly influenced by the very negative early representations of these substances.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1131565", "pubmed_id": "37744588", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1131565", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37744588\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1384, "title": "Applying Key Lessons from the Hospice and Palliative Care Movement to Inform Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "applying key lessons from the hospice and palliative care movement to inform psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Miller M, Rosa WE, Doerner Rinaldi A, Addicott K, Spence D, Beaussant Y", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) has re-emerged as a promising intervention for addressing mental health conditions and existential concerns. Despite growing enthusiasm, PAT may be difficult to integrate into mainstream health systems. The rich sacramental traditions of psychedelics, their centering of the human experience, proposed substrates of action, context-dependent outcomes, and highly relational method of therapy all challenge dominant reductionistic approaches of the biomedical model. Hospice and palliative care are well established as holistic evidence-based standards of care, yet they began as a radical grassroots movement. Hospice and palliative care models may offer unique insights to support the growing field of PAT. The intention of this commentary is to articulate the deep synergies between hospice and palliative care and PAT, with the intention of fostering interdisciplinary dialogue that may aid in implementation of human-centered high-quality PAT. Various aspects of hospice and palliative care models were identified and explored, which may support the implementation of human-centered high-quality PAT at scale. These include a focus on truly interdisciplinary care, applying a holistic lens to health and illness, bearing witness to suffering and healing, customized care, centering human relationships, decentralized models of care, generalist/specialist competencies, fostering spirituality, organizing as a social moment around shared goals, and growth from grassroots community organizations to mature care systems. Although hospice and palliative care can offer practical lessons for scaling human-centered experiential therapies, PAT, with its radical centering of meaning-making and relationship in the healing process, may also mutually innovate the fields of hospice and palliative care.", "journal": "Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.)", "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2022.0009", "pubmed_id": "37753521", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37753521/", "keywords": "holistic, palliative care, supportive care, hospice, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychedelics, psychosocial, spiritual care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37753521\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1382, "title": "Repeated low doses of psilocybin increase resilience to stress, lower compulsive actions, and strengthen cortical connections to the paraventricular thalamic nucleus in rats.", "normalized_title": "repeated low doses of psilocybin increase resilience to stress lower compulsive actions and strengthen cortical connections to the paraventricular thalamic nucleus in rats", "authors": "Kiilerich KF, Lorenz J, Scharff MB, Speth N, Brandt TG, Czurylo J, Xiong M, Jessen NS, Casado-Sainz A, Shalgunov V, Kjaerby C, Satała G, Bojarski AJ, Jensen AA, Herth MM, Cumming P, Overgaard A, Palner M.", "abstract": "Psilocybin (a classic serotonergic psychedelic drug) has received appraisal for use in psychedelic-assisted therapy of several psychiatric disorders. A less explored topic concerns the use of repeated low doses of psychedelics, at a dose that is well below the psychedelic dose used in psychedelic-assisted therapy and often referred to as microdosing. Psilocybin microdose users frequently report increases in mental health, yet such reports are often highly biased and vulnerable to placebo effects. Here we establish and validate a psilocybin microdose-like regimen in rats with repeated low doses of psilocybin administration at a dose derived from occupancy at rat brain 5-HT2A receptors in vivo. The rats tolerated the repeated low doses of psilocybin well and did not manifest signs of anhedonia, anxiety, or altered locomotor activity. There were no deficits in pre-pulse inhibition of the startle reflex, nor did the treatment downregulate or desensitize the 5-HT2A receptors. However, the repeated low doses of psilocybin imparted resilience against the stress of multiple subcutaneous injections, and reduced the frequency of self-grooming, a proxy for human compulsive actions, while also increasing 5-HT7 receptor expression and synaptic density in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. These results establish a well-validated regimen for further experiments probing the effects of repeated low doses of psilocybin. Results further substantiate anecdotal reports of the benefits of psilocybin microdosing as a therapeutic intervention, while pointing to a possible physiological mechanism.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41380-023-02280-z", "pubmed_id": "37783788", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02280-z", "keywords": "Midline Thalamic Nuclei, Animals, Humans, Rats, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Compulsive Behavior, Resilience, Psychological, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37783788\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Resilience,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1380, "title": "Psychedelics for treatment resistant depression: are they game changers?", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for treatment resistant depression are they game changers", "authors": "Kalfas M, Taylor RH, Tsapekos D, Young AH.", "abstract": "IntroductionA new era of treatment for adults with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), which involves psychedelic substances, is dawning. Emerging evidence indicates that psychedelics can exert antidepressant effects through multiple neurobiological and psychological mechanisms. However, it remains to be seen if these new treatments will revolutionize the treatment of TRD.Areas coveredThe present review focuses on the efficacy of serotoninergic psychedelics psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ayahuasca, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine), as well as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), for TRD. A systematic search was conducted for psilocybin in TRD as emerging trials had not yet been subject to review. A narrative review summarized findings on other psychedelics.Expert opinionPsychedelic therapy has created a paradigm shift in the treatment of TRD, as it can maximize therapeutic benefits and minimize potential risks. Psilocybin holds promise as a potential game-changer in the treatment of TRD, with initial evidence suggesting a rapid antidepressant effect sustained for some responders for at least 3 months. Nevertheless, further adequately powered, double-blind, comparator-controlled trials are required to explore and clarify the mechanisms of action and long-term effects of psychedelics in TRD. Psychedelics also hold promise for other psychiatric conditions, such as bipolar depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/14656566.2023.2281582", "pubmed_id": "37947195", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2023.2281582", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Adult, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37947195\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1379, "title": "Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin treatment for major depressive disorder a randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Raison CL, Sanacora G, Woolley J, Heinzerling K, Dunlop BW, Brown RT, Kakar R, Hassman M, Trivedi RP, Robison R, Gukasyan N, Nayak SM, Hu X, O'Donnell KC, Kelmendi B, Sloshower J, Penn AD, Bradley E, Kelly DF, Mletzko T, Nicholas CR, Hutson PR, Tarpley G, Utzinger M, Lenoch K, Warchol K, Gapasin T, Davis MC, Nelson-Douthit C, Wilson S, Brown C, Linton W, Ross S, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "ImportancePsilocybin shows promise as a treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD).ObjectiveTo evaluate the magnitude, timing, and durability of antidepressant effects and safety of a single dose of psilocybin in patients with MDD.Design, setting, and participantsIn this phase 2 trial conducted between December 2019 and June 2022 at 11 research sites in the US, participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of psilocybin vs niacin placebo administered with psychological support. Participants were adults aged 21 to 65 years with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition diagnosis of MDD of at least 60 days' duration and moderate or greater symptom severity. Exclusion criteria included history of psychosis or mania, active substance use disorder, and active suicidal ideation with intent. Participants taking psychotropic agents who otherwise met inclusion/exclusion criteria were eligible following medication taper. Primary and secondary outcomes and adverse events (AEs) were assessed at baseline (conducted within 7 days before dosing) and at 2, 8, 15, 29, and 43 days after dosing.InterventionsInterventions were a 25-mg dose of synthetic psilocybin or a 100-mg dose of niacin in identical-appearing capsules, each administered with psychological support.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was change in central rater-assessed Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score (range, 0-60; higher scores indicate more severe depression) from baseline to day 43. The key secondary outcome measure was change in MADRS score from baseline to day 8. Other secondary outcomes were change in Sheehan Disability Scale score from baseline to day 43 and MADRS-defined sustained response and remission. Participants, study site personnel, study sponsor, outcome assessors (raters), and statisticians were blinded to treatment assignment.ResultsA total of 104 participants (mean [SD] age, 41.1 [11.3] years; 52 [50%] women) were randomized (51 to the psilocybin group and 53 to the niacin group). Psilocybin treatment was associated with significantly reduced MADRS scores compared with niacin from baseline to day 43 (mean difference,-12.3 [95% CI, -17.5 to -7.2]; P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1001/jama.2023.14530", "pubmed_id": "37651119", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.14530", "keywords": "Humans, Niacin, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37651119\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1378, "title": "Psilocybin for anorexia nervosa: If it helps, let's learn how.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for anorexia nervosa if it helps let s learn how", "authors": "Attia E, Steinglass JE.", "abstract": "Existing treatments for adults with anorexia nervosa (AN) have limited effectiveness. AN is a brain-based disorder with behavioral and cognitive features leading to severe undernourishment. Peck et al. conducted a small open trial suggesting safety and tolerability of psilocybin for AN,1 opening an avenue for further investigation into the neural mechanisms involved.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.medj.2023.08.003", "pubmed_id": "37689054", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2023.08.003", "keywords": "Humans, Brain Diseases, Learning, Anorexia Nervosa, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37689054\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1375, "title": "Psychedelic Use Among Psychiatric Medication Prescribers: Effects on Well-Being, Depression, Anxiety, and Associations with Patterns of Use, Reported Harms, and Transformative Mental States.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic use among psychiatric medication prescribers effects on well being depression anxiety and associations with patterns of use reported harms and transformative mental states", "authors": "Herrmann Z, Levin AW, Cole SP, Slabaugh S, Barnett B, Penn A, Jain R, Raison C, Rajanna B, Jain S", "abstract": "Mental health problems including depression, anxiety, suicide, and burnout are common among health care providers. Resilience and well-being are factors thought to protect against these incidents. Clinical trials and naturalistic studies of psychedelic compounds have shown decreases in depression, anxiety, and suicidality while suggesting improvements in well-being. This secondary analysis of a large cross-sectional online survey consisting of participants with at least one lifetime psychedelic use sought to examine how use affects health care providers who treat psychiatric disorders with medications. In total, 228 respondents retrospectively completed measures of depression, anxiety, and well-being before and after psychedelic exposure. They also reported lifetime use, harms attributed to use, and preferred psychedelic agent. Psychedelic use was associated with improvements in depression, anxiety, and well-being. Reported suicidality decreased and resilience increased. A factor analysis suggested that a cluster of mystical, interpersonal, and personal items predicted improvement in depression, anxiety, well-being, suicidality, and resilience. Preferred psychedelic agent did not affect outcomes. Frequency of use was not associated with outcomes although differences in effect sizes were seen. Harm reported was consistent with the general population, with 13.2% ( = 30) reporting at least one harm. Pre-exposure alcohol use, aggressive impulses, and desire to die by suicide improved most often while marijuana use most often worsened or did not change. These results are consistent with clinical trials and naturalistic studies examining psychedelic use in the general population and suggest that health care providers who treat psychiatric disorders with medications may benefit from psychedelic use, although some harm was reported. Given the current mental health crisis among health care providers, further research is warranted to examine whether interventions utilizing psychedelics could improve well-being and effectiveness of health care providers while decreasing adverse mental health outcomes associated with working in health care. ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04040582).", "journal": "Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.)", "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0030", "pubmed_id": "40046570", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40046570/", "keywords": "anxiety, depression, prescriber, psilocybin, psychedelics, wellness", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40046570\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Wellbeing,Resilience,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1325, "title": "A journey with psychedelic mushrooms: From historical relevance to biology, cultivation, medicinal uses, biotechnology, and beyond.", "normalized_title": "a journey with psychedelic mushrooms from historical relevance to biology cultivation medicinal uses biotechnology and beyond", "authors": "Pepe M, Hesami M, de la Cerda KA, Perreault ML, Hsiang T, Jones AMP.", "abstract": "Psychedelic mushrooms containing psilocybin and related tryptamines have long been used for ethnomycological purposes, but emerging evidence points to the potential therapeutic value of these mushrooms to address modern neurological, psychiatric health, and related disorders. As a result, psilocybin containing mushrooms represent a re-emerging frontier for mycological, biochemical, neuroscience, and pharmacology research. This work presents crucial information related to traditional use of psychedelic mushrooms, as well as research trends and knowledge gaps related to their diversity and distribution, technologies for quantification of tryptamines and other tryptophan-derived metabolites, as well as biosynthetic mechanisms for their production within mushrooms. In addition, we explore the current state of knowledge for how psilocybin and related tryptamines are metabolized in humans and their pharmacological effects, including beneficial and hazardous human health implications. Finally, we describe opportunities and challenges for investigating the production of psychedelic mushrooms and metabolic engineering approaches to alter secondary metabolite profiles using biotechnology integrated with machine learning. Ultimately, this critical review of all aspects related to psychedelic mushrooms represents a roadmap for future research efforts that will pave the way to new applications and refined protocols.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108247", "pubmed_id": "37659744", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108247", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Tryptamines, Hallucinogens, Biology, Biotechnology, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37659744\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1387, "title": "Psilocybin history, action and reaction: A narrative clinical review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin history action and reaction a narrative clinical review", "authors": "Sharma P, Nguyen QA, Matthews SJ, Carpenter E, Mathews DB, Patten CA, Hammond CJ.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic mushrooms have been used in religious and cultural ceremonies for centuries. Of late, psilocybin, the psychoactive compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms, has received increased public interest as a novel drug for treating mood and substance use disorders (SUDs). In addition, in recent years, some states in the United States have legalized psilocybin for medical and recreational use. Given this, clinicians need to understand the potential benefits and risks related to using psilocybin for therapeutic purposes so that they can accurately advise patients. This expert narrative review summarizes the scientific basis and clinical evidence on the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treating psychiatric disorders and SUDs. The results of this review are structured as a more extensive discussion about psilocybin's history, putative mechanisms of action, and recent legislative changes to its legal status. There is modest evidence of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treating depression and anxiety disorders. In addition, early data suggest that psilocybin-assisted therapy may effectively reduce harmful drinking in patients with alcohol use disorders. The evidence further suggests psilocybin, when administered under supervision (psilocybin-assisted therapy), the side effects experienced are mild and transient. The occurrence of severe adverse events following psilocybin administration is uncommon. Still, a recent clinical trial found that individuals in the psilocybin arm had increased suicidal ideations and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors. Given this, further investigation into the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy is warranted to determine which patient subgroups are most likely to benefit and which are most likely to experience adverse outcomes related to its use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231190858", "pubmed_id": "37650489", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231190858", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37650489\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1346, "title": "Three Cases of Reported Improvement in Microsmia and Anosmia Following Naturalistic Use of Psilocybin and LSD.", "normalized_title": "three cases of reported improvement in microsmia and anosmia following naturalistic use of psilocybin and lsd", "authors": "Kovacevich A, Weleff J, Claytor B, Barnett BS.", "abstract": "Cultural awareness of anosmia and microsmia has recently increased due to their association with COVID-19, though treatment for these conditions is limited. A growing body of online media claims that individuals have noticed improvement in anosmia and microsmia following classic psychedelic use. We report what we believe to be the first three cases recorded in the academic literature of improvement in olfactory impairment after psychedelic use. In the first case, a man who developed microsmia after a respiratory infection experienced improvement in smell after the use of 6 g of psilocybin containing mushrooms. In the second case, a woman with anosmia since childhood reported olfactory improvement after ingestion of 100 µg of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). In the third case, a woman with COVID-19-related anosmia reported olfactory improvement after microdosing 0.1 g of psilocybin mushrooms three times. Following a discussion of these cases, we explore potential mechanisms for psychedelic-facilitated improvement in olfactory impairment, including serotonergic effects, increased neuroplasticity, and anti-inflammatory effects. Given the need for novel treatments for olfactory dysfunction, increasing reports describing improvement in these conditions following psychedelic use and potential biological plausibility, we believe that the possible therapeutic benefits of psychedelics for these conditions deserve further investigation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2253538", "pubmed_id": "37650700", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2253538", "keywords": "Humans, Olfaction Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Child, Female, Male, Psilocybin, COVID-19, Anosmia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37650700\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Microdosing,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1246, "title": "The changing outlook of psychedelic drugs: The importance of risk assessment and occupational exposure limits.", "normalized_title": "the changing outlook of psychedelic drugs the importance of risk assessment and occupational exposure limits", "authors": "Videira NB, Nair V, Paquet V, Calhoun D.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), are currently being investigated for the treatment of psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. Clinical trials with psilocybin and LSD have shown improvement in emotional and psychological scores. Although these drugs are reported to be safe in a controlled environment (such as clinical trials), exposure to low doses of these drugs can result in psychedelic effects, and therefore, occupational safety is an important consideration to prevent adverse effects in the workplace from low daily exposure. This article will discuss the factors involved in the derivation of occupational exposure limits (OELs) and risk assessment of these psychedelic drugs. To support the OEL derivations of psychedelic drugs, information regarding their mechanism of action, adverse effect profiles, pharmacokinetics, clinical effects, and nonclinical toxicity were considered. Additionally, psilocybin and LSD, which are the most extensively researched psychedelic substances, are employed as illustrative examples in case studies. The OELs derived for psilocybin and for LSD are 0.05 and 0.002 μg/m3, respectively, which indicates that these are highly hazardous compounds, and it is important to take into account suitable safety measures and risk-management strategies in order to minimize workplace exposure.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1002/jat.4533", "pubmed_id": "37646119", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4533", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Risk Assessment, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37646119\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3149, "title": "Intravenous psilocybin administration attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of chronic pain", "normalized_title": "intravenous psilocybin administration attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of chronic pain", "authors": "Kolbman N, Liu T, Guzzo P, Gilligan JP, Mashour GA, Vanini G, Pal D.", "abstract": "There is a renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, including psilocybin, in treating mental health disorders. However, there are no data on the efficacy of psilocybin in alleviating chronic pain. In this study, we investigated the effect of psilocybin on mechanical hypersensitivity and thermal hyperalgesia in a rat model of formalin-induced chronic pain. Adult male and female rats were surgically implanted with a jugular vein catheter for psilocybin or saline administration. After two weeks of post-surgical recovery and conditioning, baseline responses to mechanical (von Frey assay) and thermal (hot plate assay) stimuli were measured. Twenty-four hours after baseline measurements, rats received a subcutaneous injection of formalin (5%, 50µL) into one of the hind paws and 2h later, responses to the mechanical and thermal stimuli were measured. Twenty-four hours after formalin injection, rats received an intravenous bolus of 1 mg/kg psilocybin (n=14) or 10 mg/kg psilocybin (n=12) or saline (n=13), and approximately 3h later, responses to the mechanical and thermal stimuli were measured. Rats were tested every other day during week 1, and then weekly for the next 3 weeks. Formalin injection induced thermal hyperalgesia and bilateral mechanical hypersensitivity in the hind paws of all rats. Intravenous psilocybin produced significant attenuation (p", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-08-27", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.08.26.554802", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.08.26.554802", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR704236\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1405, "title": "Race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and crime arrests.", "normalized_title": "race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and crime arrests", "authors": "Jones G, Al-Suwaidi M, Castro-Ramirez F, McGuire TC, Mair P, Nock MK.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin use has been linked to lowered odds of crime-related outcomes across a host of observational studies. No studies have investigated how these associations may differ among those of different races and ethnicities.MethodsUsing a nationally-representative sample of 734,061 adults from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2020), we investigated whether race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and four measures of crime arrests (property crime, assault, serious violence, and miscellaneous crimes).ResultsFirst, we replicated prior findings and demonstrated that psilocybin confers lowered odds of crime arrests for all four outcomes in question. Second, we demonstrated that race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and crime arrests for three of our four outcomes. Third, we examined the associations between psilocybin and crime arrests across different races and ethnicities (White, Black, Indigenous, Asian, Multiracial, and Hispanic participants). Psilocybin conferred lowered odds of at least one crime arrest outcome for all racial and ethnic groups except for Black and Hispanic participants.DiscussionFuture investigations should take an intersectional approach to studying the interrelationship of sociodemographic factors, psychedelic use, and crime, examine the structural factors (i.e., systemic racism) that may underlie these results, and investigate whether psychedelics can alleviate mental health disorders that contribute to cycles of recriminalization for communities of color.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-23", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1169692", "pubmed_id": "37692301", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1169692", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37692301\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1404, "title": "Psilocybin desynchronizes brain networks", "normalized_title": "psilocybin desynchronizes brain networks", "authors": "Siegel JS, Subramanian S, Perry D, Kay B, Gordon E, Laumann T, Reneau R, Gratton C, Horan C, Metcalf N, Chacko R, Schweiger J, Wong D, Bender D, Padawer-Curry J, Raison C, Raichle M, Lenze EJ, Snyder AZ, Dosenbach NU, Nicol G.", "abstract": "1 Summary The relationship between the acute effects of psychedelics and their persisting neurobiological and psychological effects is poorly understood. Here, we tracked brain changes with longitudinal precision functional mapping in healthy adults before, during, and for up to 3 weeks after oral psilocybin and methylphenidate (17 MRI visits per participant) and again 6+ months later. Psilocybin disrupted connectivity across cortical networks and subcortical structures, producing more than 3-fold greater acute changes in functional networks than methylphenidate. These changes were driven by desynchronization of brain activity across spatial scales (area, network, whole brain). Psilocybin-driven desynchronization was observed across association cortex but strongest in the default mode network (DMN), which is connected to the anterior hippocampus and thought to create our sense of self. Performing a perceptual task reduced psilocybin-induced network changes, suggesting a neurobiological basis for grounding, connecting with physical reality during psychedelic therapy. The acute brain effects of psilocybin are consistent with distortions of space-time and the self. Psilocybin induced persistent decrease in functional connectivity between the anterior hippocampus and cortex (and DMN in particular), lasting for weeks but normalizing after 6 months. Persistent suppression of hippocampal-DMN connectivity represents a candidate neuroanatomical and mechanistic correlate for psilocybin’s pro-plasticity and anti-depressant effects.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-08-23", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.08.22.23294131", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.08.22.23294131", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR705212\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Default Mode Network", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1042, "title": "Beyond Psilocybin: Reviewing the Therapeutic Potential of Other Serotonergic Psychedelics in Mental and Substance Use Disorders.", "normalized_title": "beyond psilocybin reviewing the therapeutic potential of other serotonergic psychedelics in mental and substance use disorders", "authors": "Wong S, Yu AY, Fabiano N, Finkelstein O, Pasricha A, Jones BDM, Rosenblat JD, Blumberger DM, Mulsant BH, Husain MI.", "abstract": "There has been a resurgence of interest in the use of psychedelic therapies for several mental and substance use disorders. Psilocybin, a \"classic\" serotonergic psychedelic, has emerged as one of the primary compounds of interest in clinical research. While research on psilocybin's potential mental health benefits has grown, data on the safety and efficacy of other serotonergic psychedelics remain limited. A comprehensive scoping review on the use of mescaline, ibogaine, ayahuasca, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of mental and substance disorders was conducted. Independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full texts and conducted data extraction. Seventy-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. There were 43 studies of LSD, 24 studies of ayahuasca, 5 studies of DMT, 5 studies of ibogaine, and 5 studies of mescaline. Commonly reported benefits included improved mood and anxiety symptoms, improved insight, reduced substance use, improved relationships, and decreased vegetative symptoms. Commonly reported adverse effects were psychological, neurological, physical, and gastrointestinal in nature. Serious adverse events (homicide and suicide) were reported in published studies of LSD. In conclusion, there is only low-level evidence to support the safety and efficacy of non-psilocybin serotonergic psychedelics in individuals with mental and substance use disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-23", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2251133", "pubmed_id": "37615379", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2251133", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Substance-Related Disorders, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Ibogaine, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37615379\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3718, "title": "Psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression: prediction of clinical outcome by natural language processing.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression prediction of clinical outcome by natural language processing", "authors": "Dougherty RF, Clarke P, Atli M, Kuc J, Schlosser D, Dunlop BW, Hellerstein DJ, Aaronson ST, Zisook S, Young AH, Carhart-Harris R, Goodwin GM, Ryslik GA.", "abstract": "RationaleTherapeutic administration of psychedelics has shown significant potential in historical accounts and recent clinical trials in the treatment of depression and other mood disorders. A recent randomized double-blind phase-IIb study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of COMP360, COMPASS Pathways' proprietary synthetic formulation of psilocybin, in participants with treatment-resistant depression.ObjectiveWhile the phase-IIb results are promising, the treatment works for a portion of the population and early prediction of outcome is a key objective as it would allow early identification of those likely to require alternative treatment.MethodsTranscripts were made from audio recordings of the psychological support session between participant and therapist 1 day post COMP360 administration. A zero-shot machine learning classifier based on the BART large language model was used to compute two-dimensional sentiment (valence and arousal) for the participant and therapist from the transcript. These scores, combined with the Emotional Breakthrough Index (EBI) and treatment arm were used to predict treatment outcome as measured by MADRS scores. (Code and data are available at https://github.com/compasspathways/Sentiment2D.) RESULTS: Two multinomial logistic regression models were fit to predict responder status at week 3 and through week 12. Cross-validation of these models resulted in 85% and 88% accuracy and AUC values of 88% and 85%.ConclusionsA machine learning algorithm using NLP and EBI accurately predicts long-term patient response, allowing rapid prognostication of personalized response to psilocybin treatment and insight into therapeutic model optimization. Further research is required to understand if language data from earlier stages in the therapeutic process hold similar predictive power.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-023-06432-5", "pubmed_id": "37606733", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-023-06432-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Natural Language Processing, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Machine Learning, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:40", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37606733\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1407, "title": "Co-use of MDMA with psilocybin/LSD may buffer against challenging experiences and enhance positive experiences.", "normalized_title": "co use of mdma with psilocybin lsd may buffer against challenging experiences and enhance positive experiences", "authors": "Zeifman RJ, Kettner H, Pagni BA, Mallard A, Roberts DE, Erritzoe D, Ross S, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) experiences can range from very positive to highly challenging (e.g., fear, grief, and paranoia). These challenging experiences contribute to hesitancy toward psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy among health care providers and patients. Co-use of 3,4-Methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA) with psilocybin/LSD anecdotally reduces challenging experiences and enhances positive experiences associated with psilocybin/LSD. However, limited research has investigated the acute effects of co-use of MDMA and psilocybin/LSD. In a prospective convenience sample (N = 698) of individuals with plans to use psilocybin/LSD, we examined whether co-use of MDMA with psilocybin/LSD (n = 27) is associated with differences in challenging or positive experiences. Challenging experiences were measured using the Challenging Experiences Questionnaire and positive experiences were measured using the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and single-item measures of self-compassion, compassion, love, and gratitude. Potentially confounding variables were identified and included as covariates. Relative to psilocybin/LSD alone, co-use of psilocybin/LSD with a self-reported low (but not medium-high) dose of MDMA was associated with significantly less intense total challenging experiences, grief, and fear, as well as increased self-compassion, love and gratitude. Co-use of psilocybin/LSD and MDMA was not associated with differences in mystical-type experiences or compassion. Findings suggest co-use of MDMA with psilocybin/LSD may buffer against some aspects of challenging experiences and enhance certain positive experiences. Limitations include use of a convenience sample, small sample size, and non-experimental design. Additional studies (including controlled dose-response studies) that examine the effects and safety of co-administering MDMA with psilocybin/LSD (in healthy controls and clinical samples) are warranted and may assist the development of personalized treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40856-5", "pubmed_id": "37608057", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40856-5", "keywords": "Humans, Methamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Prospective Studies, Fear, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37608057\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1406, "title": "Persons With Spinal Cord Injury Report Peripherally Dominant Serotonin-Like Syndrome After Use of Serotonergic Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "persons with spinal cord injury report peripherally dominant serotonin like syndrome after use of serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Abrams SK, Rabinovitch BS, Zafar R, Aziz AS, Cherup NP, McMillan DW, Nielson JL, Lewis EC.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) may treat various mental health conditions. Despite its promising therapeutic signal across mental health outcomes, less attention is paid on its potential to provide therapeutic benefits across complex medical situations within rehabilitation medicine. Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) have a high prevalence of treatment-resistant mental health comorbidities that compound the extent of their physical disability. Reports from online discussion forums suggest that those living with SCI are using psychedelics, though the motivation for their use is unknown. These anecdotal reports describe a consistent phenomenon of neuromuscular and autonomic hypersensitivity to classical serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Persons describe intense muscle spasms, sweating, and tremors, with an eventual return to baseline and no reports of worsening of their baseline neurological deficits. The discomfort experienced interferes with the subjective beneficial effects self-reported. This phenomenon has not been described previously in the academic literature. We aim to provide a descriptive review and explanatory theoretical framework hypothesizing this phenomenon as a peripherally dominant serotonin syndrome-like clinical picture-that should be considered as such when persons with SCI are exposed to classical psychedelics. Raising awareness of this syndrome may help our mechanistic understanding of serotonergic psychedelics and stimulate development of treatment protocols permitting persons with SCI to safely tolerate their adverse effects. As PAT transitions from research trials into accepted clinical and decriminalized use, efforts must be made from a harm reduction perspective to understand these adverse events, while also serving as an informed consent process aid if such therapeutic approaches are to be considered for use in persons living with SCI.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/neur.2023.0022", "pubmed_id": "37636336", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/neur.2023.0022", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37636336\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1043, "title": "Seasonal Variation of Use of Common Psychedelics and Party Drugs Among Nightclub/Festival Attendees in New York City.", "normalized_title": "seasonal variation of use of common psychedelics and party drugs among nightclub festival attendees in new york city", "authors": "Palamar JJ, Rutherford C, Le A, Keyes KM.", "abstract": "Few epidemiological studies have focused on seasonal variation in the use of common psychedelics and party drugs among nightclub and festival attendees, typically those who attend electronic dance music (EDM) events. We sought to determine whether the use of different drug types varies seasonally within this population. Across 15 seasons from summer 2017 through fall 2022, we surveyed 3,935 adults entering randomly selected nightclubs and festivals in New York City regarding their past-month use of cocaine, MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (shrooms), and ketamine. Multivariable models were used to compare adjusted odds ratios for drug use within each season with the grand mean of combined seasons. Summer was associated with higher odds for use of LSD (aOR 2.72; 95% CI, 1.88-3.93) and psilocybin (aOR 1.65; CI, 1.12-2.43), independent of increases in psilocybin use over time (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-20", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2240322", "pubmed_id": "37605471", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2240322", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Cocaine, Hallucinogens, Seasons, Holidays, Dancing, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, New York City, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs, Recreational Drug Use", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37605471\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1292, "title": "Potential analgesic effects of psychedelics on select chronic pain conditions: A survey study.", "normalized_title": "potential analgesic effects of psychedelics on select chronic pain conditions a survey study", "authors": "Cavarra M, Mason NL, Kuypers KPC, Bonnelle V, Smith WJ, Feilding A, Kryskow P, Ramaekers JG.", "abstract": "BackgroundChronic pain is a major cause of suffering and disability and is often associated with psychiatric complications. Current treatments carry the risk of severe side effects and may lead to limited or no relief at all in a relevant portion of this patient population. Preliminary evidence suggests that classical psychedelics (e.g. LSD and psilocybin) may have analgesic effects in healthy volunteers, and in certain chronic pain conditions and observational studies reveal that they are used in naturalistic settings as a means to manage pain.MethodsIn order to gain insight on the effectiveness of such compounds in chronic pain conditions, we set up a survey addressed to chronic pain patients inquiring about psychedelic use and the relief levels achieved with both conventional treatments, full psychedelic doses and microdoses. We analysed data related to five conditions selected based on diagnostic homogeneity within each of them: fibromyalgia, arthritis, migraine, tension-type headache and sciatica.ResultsExcept for sciatica, volunteers reported that psychedelics led to better pain relief compared to conventional medication in all examined conditions. More specifically, full doses performed better than conventional medication. Microdoses led to significantly better relief compared to conventional medication in migraines and achieved comparable relief in the remaining three categories. Implications for future research are discussed.ConclusionsFull doses and microdoses may hold value in the treatment of some specific chronic pain conditions.SignificancePsychedelic substances are receiving increasing attention from the scientific literature because of evidence showing beneficial effects on several measures related to mental health in clinical samples and healthy volunteers samples. Previous evidence suggests that people suffering from chronic pain are using psychedelics to seek relief and the present paper presents the results of a survey study investigating their use and analgesic effects among individuals suffering from fibromyalgia, arthritis, migraine, tension-type headache and sciatica.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1002/ejp.2171", "pubmed_id": "37599279", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.2171", "keywords": "Humans, Arthritis, Fibromyalgia, Sciatica, Chronic Disease, Analgesics, Hallucinogens, Migraine Disorders, Tension-Type Headache, Chronic Pain", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37599279\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Microdosing,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1347, "title": "A Proposal to Study the Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybe cubensis in Preclinical and Clinical Studies as a Therapeutic Alternative for Major Depressive Disorder.", "normalized_title": "a proposal to study the safety and efficacy of psilocybe cubensis in preclinical and clinical studies as a therapeutic alternative for major depressive disorder", "authors": "Escamilla R, González-Trujano ME, González Mariscal JM, Torres-Valencia JM, Guzmán-González H, Vega JL, Loizaga-Velder A.", "abstract": "The pharmacological treatment of depression consists of taking antidepressant drugs for prolonged periods; its modest therapeutic effect can often be associated with significant adverse effects, while its discontinuation can lead to relapses. Psilocybin is today a novel and breakthrough therapy for major depression. It is a natural alkaloid in Psilocybe mushrooms, which are endemic to Mexico. Research on a larger scale is lacking in various populations, including the Mexican people. This proposal contemplates the experimental design of a preclinical (toxicity and pharmacological evaluation of an extract in mice) and clinical study by including the chemical analysis of a species of Psilocybe cubensis mushroom to characterize its main constituents. The clinical study will consider the safety evaluation by exploring tolerated doses of Psilocybe cubensis by measuring pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration in healthy adults and an open trial on a sample of patients with major depressive disorder to assess the safety and efficacy of fully characterized Psilocybe cubensis in a two-single doses treatment, (with assisted psychotherapy), compared with the traditional care model at the Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz in Mexico City. This report presents the design of a research project with preclinical and clinical experimental components.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2246459", "pubmed_id": "37594163", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2246459", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Mice, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Psilocybe, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37594163\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1328, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression: Which psychotherapy?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for treatment resistant depression which psychotherapy", "authors": "Crowe M, Manuel J, Carlyle D, Lacey C.", "abstract": "This perspective paper explores the choice of psychotherapy for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression. There is evidence to support the use of some psychotherapies in treating 'treatment-resistant' depression, and emerging evidence for the efficacy of psilocybin. The next step which is the focus of this paper is to identify psychotherapies that are both effective and congruent with the psilocybin experience. The evidence for the efficacy of the psychotherapies is drawn from a Cochrane review and the analysis of their congruence with the psilocybin experience is drawn from a qualitative meta-synthesis of the experience of psilocybin. The paper will examine whether three one-to-one psychotherapies identified as effective in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression are compatible with the psilocybin experience. Each psychotherapy will be examined in relation to its congruence with the qualitative evidence that suggests the choice of psychotherapy needs to give priority to the subjective experience, facilitate emotional processing, support connectedness with others, acceptance of the self as emotional and support change based on the person's insights into their relationships with others and the world in which they live. We conclude that interpersonal psychotherapy and intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy align with that experience, although others are currently being trialled.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/inm.13214", "pubmed_id": "37589380", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13214", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Emotions, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37589380\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1327, "title": "Developing a Direct Observation Measure of Therapeutic Connection in Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy: A Feasibility Study.", "normalized_title": "developing a direct observation measure of therapeutic connection in psilocybin assisted therapy a feasibility study", "authors": "Gramling R, Bennett E, Curtis K, Richards W, Rizzo DM, Arnoldy F, Hegg L, Porter J, Honstein H, Pratt S, Tarbi E, Reblin M, Thambi P, Agrawal M.", "abstract": "Context: Measuring therapeutic connection during psilocybin-assisted therapy is essential to understand underlying mechanisms, inform training, and guide quality improvement. Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of directly observing indicators of therapeutic connection during psilocybin administration encounters. Methods: We evaluated audio and video data from a recent clinical trial for observable expressions of therapeutic connection as defined in proposed best-practice competencies (i.e., empathic abiding presence and interpersonal grounding). We selected the first four 8-hour encounters involving unique participants, therapists, and gender pairs. Each video was independently coded by three members of an interprofessional six-person team. Using a structured checklist, coders recorded start-stop times, the audible (i.e., speech prosody or words) and visible (i.e., body movements, eye gaze, and touch) cues marking the event, and the qualities of the interaction (e.g., expression of awe, trust, distress, and calmness). We assessed feasibility by observing the frequency, distribution, and overlap of cues and qualities coders used to identify and define moments of therapeutic connection. Results: Among the 2074 minutes of video, coders recorded 372 moments of therapeutic connection. Eighty-three percent were identified by at least two coders and 41% by all three. Coders used a combination of audible and visual cues to identify therapeutic connection in 51% of observed events (190/372). Both the cues and qualities of therapeutic connection expressions varied over the course of psilocybin temporal effects on states of consciousness. Conclusion: Direct observation of therapeutic human connection is feasible, sensitive to changes in states of consciousness and requires evaluation of audible and visual data.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/jpm.2023.0189", "pubmed_id": "37590474", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2023.0189", "keywords": "Humans, Feasibility Studies, Emotions, Consciousness, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37590474\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3760, "title": "“Diversity makes the richness of humanity”: the emergence of mental imagery after self-reported psilocybin mushrooms intake in an autistic woman with “blind imagination” (aphantasia): a 1-year retrospective case report", "normalized_title": "diversity makes the richness of humanity the emergence of mental imagery after self reported psilocybin mushrooms intake in an autistic woman with blind imagination aphantasia a 1 year retrospective case report", "authors": "Rebecchi K.", "abstract": "This retrospective case report explores the impact of psilocybin mushroom intake on the emergence of mental imagery in an autistic woman with aphantasia. Aphantasia refers to the inability to generate visual mental images, which can significantly affect individuals' experiences and cognitive processes. The case study focuses on a 34-year-old autistic woman who had been living with aphantasia since childhood. After consuming psilocybin mushrooms, she reported experiencing vivid mental imagery for the first time, with the ability to manipulate and explore images in her mind. The effects persisted even after the psychedelic effects of psilocybin subsided. The woman's retrospective assessment using the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire revealed a significant increase in imagery vividness scores post-intake. The findings align with previous research on the effects of psilocybin on brain connectivity, neuroplasticity, and visual processing. The case report highlights the potential of psilocybin to modulate mental imagery in individuals with aphantasia and suggests avenues for further research. Moreover, it raises questions about the classification and pathologization of aphantasia, emphasizing the importance of recognizing cognitive diversity and promoting the well-being of individuals with different cognitive profiles, including aphantasia.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-08-15", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/c9fpj", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/c9fpj", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR715029\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Wellbeing,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3179, "title": "“Diversity makes the richness of humanity”: the emergence of mental imagery after self-reported psilocybin mushrooms intake in an autistic woman with “blind imagination” (aphantasia): a 1-year retrospective case report", "normalized_title": "diversity makes the richness of humanity the emergence of mental imagery after self reported psilocybin mushrooms intake in an autistic woman with blind imagination aphantasia a 1 year retrospective case report", "authors": "", "abstract": "This retrospective case report explores the impact of psilocybin mushroom intake on the emergence of mental imagery in an autistic woman with aphantasia. Aphantasia refers to the inability to generate visual mental images, which can significantly affect individuals' experiences and cognitive processes. The case study focuses on a 34-year-old autistic woman who had been living with aphantasia since childhood. After consuming psilocybin mushrooms, she reported experiencing vivid mental imagery for the first time, with the ability to manipulate and explore images in her mind. The effects persisted even after the psychedelic effects of psilocybin subsided. The woman's retrospective assessment using the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire revealed a significant increase in imagery vividness scores post-intake. The findings align with previous research on the effects of psilocybin on brain connectivity, neuroplasticity, and visual processing. The case report highlights the potential of psilocybin to modulate mental imagery in individuals with aphantasia and suggests avenues for further research. Moreover, it raises questions about the classification and pathologization of aphantasia, emphasizing the importance of recognizing cognitive diversity and promoting the well-being of individuals with different cognitive profiles, including aphantasia.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-08-15", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/c9fpj_v1", "keywords": "Aphantasia, Autism, Blind imagination, Mental imagery, Neurodiversity, Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Developmental Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Developmental Psychology, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"c9fpj_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Wellbeing,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3618, "title": "A Phase 1, Two-Part Study in Healthy Volunteers to Evaluate The Effect of Psilocybin on Cardiac Repolarization and The Effect of Food on Psilocybin Pharmacokinetics", "normalized_title": "a phase 1 two part study in healthy volunteers to evaluate the effect of psilocybin on cardiac repolarization and the effect of food on psilocybin pharmacokinetics", "authors": "Usona Institute", "abstract": "This study is comprised of two parts. The purpose of the first part of this study is to evaluate the effects of a supratherapeutic dose of psilocybin on cardiac repolarization. The purpose of the second part of the study is to evaluate the effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of psilocybin. Part one of this study will be a double-blind, single-dose, randomized, placebo-controlled, 4-treatment, 4-period, 12-sequence crossover design in 36 healthy volunteers (adult male and/or female subjects). Subjects will be randomly assigned to 1 of 12 different treatment administration sequences, whereby each sequence will include 3 double-blind treatments (therapeutic dose of psilocybin, supratherapeutic dose of psilocybin, and placebo) and 1 open-label positive control treatment (moxifloxacin). Part two of this study will be an open-label, randomized, 2-period, 2-sequence crossover design in 24 healthy volunteers (adult male and/or female subjects). Each assigned treatment will be administered under fasting or fed conditions as a single dose on Day 1 of the respective study period.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-08-14", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05478278", "keywords": "QTc Interval, Pharmacokinetics, Psilocybin, Psilocybine, Psilocibin, Indocybin, Moxifloxacin, Avelox, Moxeza, Micro-Crystalline Cellulose, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05478278\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1408, "title": "Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Serotonin Receptor and Transient Receptor Potential Channel Ligands in Human Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells.", "normalized_title": "anti inflammatory effects of serotonin receptor and transient receptor potential channel ligands in human small intestinal epithelial cells", "authors": "Robinson GI, Li D, Wang B, Zahoruiko Y, Gerasymchuk M, Hudson D, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I.", "abstract": "Intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis can lead to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and systemic inflammation, affecting multiple organs. Developing novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics is crucial for preventing IBD progression. Serotonin receptor type 2A (5-HT2A) ligands, including psilocybin (Psi), 4-Acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-AcO-DMT), and ketanserin (Ket), along with transient receptor potential (TRP) channel ligands like capsaicin (Cap), curcumin (Cur), and eugenol (Eug), show promise as anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of Psi, 4-AcO-DMT, Ket, Cap, Cur, and Eug on human small intestinal epithelial cells (HSEIC). HSEIC were exposed to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ for 24 h to induce an inflammatory response, followed by treatment with each compound at varying doses (0-800 μM) for 24 to 96 h. The cytotoxicity was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and protein expression by Western blot (WB) analysis. As single treatments, Psi (40 μM), Cur (0.5 μM), and Eug (50 μM) significantly reduced COX-2 levels without cytotoxic effects. When combined, Psi (40 μM) and Cur (0.5 μM) exhibited synergy, resulting in a substantial decrease in COX-2 protein levels (-28× fold change), although the reduction in IL-6 was less pronounced (-1.6× fold change). Psi (20 μM) and Eug (25 μM) demonstrated the most favorable outcomes, with significant decreases in COX-2 (-19× fold change) and IL-6 (-10× fold change) protein levels. Moreover, the combination of Psi and Eug did not induce cytotoxic effects in vitro at any tested doses. This study is the first to explore the anti-inflammatory potential of psilocybin and 4-AcO-DMT in the intestines while highlighting the potential for synergy between the 5-HT2A and TRP channel ligands, specifically Psi and Eug, in alleviating the TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced inflammatory response in HSEIC. Further investigations should evaluate if the Psi and Eug combination has the therapeutic potential to treat IBD in vivo.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-14", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/cimb45080427", "pubmed_id": "37623246", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080427", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37623246\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,In Vitro Study,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1409, "title": "Have Effective Antidepressants Finally Arrived? Developments in Major Depressive Disorder Therapy.", "normalized_title": "have effective antidepressants finally arrived developments in major depressive disorder therapy", "authors": "Thase ME.", "abstract": "Among the greatest unmet needs in major depressive disorder (MDD) is a lack of effective pharmacotherapies for patients who do not respond to first- and second-line antidepressant medications. After decades of muted progress, optimism regarding the future of MDD therapy rose after scientists serendipitously uncovered the antidepressant effects of ketamine. The discovery of ketamine's antidepressant effects inspired the search for related newer medications, such as S-ketamine. Orally administered NMDA antagonists have also demonstrated considerable promise in recently concluded, late-stage clinical trials. Researchers evaluating an extended-release combination of bupropion (105 mg) and dextromethorphan (45 mg) found that recipients experienced a decline in MADRS total score. Neurosteroids, such as brexanolone and zuranolone, appear to represent another class of antidepressants. These drugs appear to modulate GABA neurotransmission, which has long been known to be a pathway for drugs that are used to treat insomnia and anxiety. After nearly 50 years of legal injunctions against their use, psychedelic drugs have attracted interest among researchers seeking alternative antidepressants. Psilocybin, derived from mushrooms, remains under investigation for its benefits in treatment-resistant depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.4088/jcp.mulmdd3048sho", "pubmed_id": "37585245", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.mulmdd3048sho", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37585245\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1388, "title": "The risk of chronic psychedelic and MDMA microdosing for valvular heart disease.", "normalized_title": "the risk of chronic psychedelic and mdma microdosing for valvular heart disease", "authors": "Tagen M, Mantuani D, van Heerden L, Holstein A, Klumpers LE, Knowles R.", "abstract": "Psychedelic microdosing is the practice of taking very low doses of psychedelic substances, typically over a longer period of time. The long-term safety of chronic microdosing is relatively uncharacterized, but valvular heart disease (VHD) has been proposed as a potential risk due to activation of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor. However, this risk has not yet been comprehensively assessed. This analysis searched for all relevant in vitro, animal, and clinical studies related to the VHD risk of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and the non-psychedelic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). All five compounds and some metabolites could bind to the 5-HT2B receptor with potency equal to or greater than that of the 5-HT2A receptor, the primary target of psychedelics. All compounds were partial agonists at the 5-HT2B receptor with the exception of mescaline, which could not be adequately assessed due to low potency. Safety margins relative to the maximum plasma concentrations from typical microdoses were greater than known valvulopathogens, but not without potential risk. No animal or clinical studies appropriately designed to evaluate VHD risk were found for the four psychedelics. However, there is some clinical evidence that chronic ingestion of full doses of MDMA is associated with VHD. We conclude that VHD is a potential risk with chronic psychedelic microdosing, but further studies are necessary to better define this risk.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231190865", "pubmed_id": "37572027", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231190865", "keywords": "Humans, Heart Valve Diseases, Serotonin, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37572027\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,In Vitro Study,Safety", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1326, "title": "Associations between individual hallucinogens and hallucinogen misuse among U.S. Adults who recently initiated hallucinogen use.", "normalized_title": "associations between individual hallucinogens and hallucinogen misuse among u s adults who recently initiated hallucinogen use", "authors": "Jones G, Herrmann F, Wang E.", "abstract": "Hallucinogen dependence and abuse are DSM-IV diagnoses that are associated with significant morbidity, yet the specific hallucinogens that are most strongly linked to dependence and abuse are understudied. We used recent data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015-2020) and multivariable logistic regression to test the relationships that lifetime use of seven individual hallucinogens (MDMA/ecstasy, PCP, ketamine, psilocybin, LSD, peyote, and mescaline) shares with hallucinogen dependence and abuse among individuals who initiated hallucinogen use within the past two years (N = 5,252). We controlled for various demographic factors (sex, age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, self-reported engagement in risky behavior, annual household income, marital status) and lifetime use of various substances. Lifetime PCP use was associated with increased odds of hallucinogen dependence or abuse (aOR [95% CI]: 6.27 [1.51, 26.0]). Additionally, PCP increased the odds of three main hallucinogen dependence and abuse criteria measures (aOR [95% CI]: 4.45 [1.11, 17.8], 5.58 [1.42, 22.0], and 7.01 [1.87, 26.3]). LSD conferred increased odds of two criteria (aOR: 2.33 [1.37, 3.98] and 2.53 [1.48, 4.33]), while ketamine and mescaline each conferred increased odds of one criterion (aOR: 2.12 [1.03, 4.39]; 5.39 [1.05, 27.7]). Future longitudinal studies and Bayesian statistical analyses can further assess the relationships between hallucinogens and disordered hallucinogen use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100513", "pubmed_id": "37649653", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100513", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37649653\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1412, "title": "Emerging Perspectives in Addiction Psychiatry.", "normalized_title": "emerging perspectives in addiction psychiatry", "authors": "Jordan A.", "abstract": "Despite their legality, alcohol and tobacco both have a well-documented potential for misuse and elevate users' likelihood for disease. Dependence on alcohol also contributes to opioid overdoses, which claim 130 lives every day. Although awareness of the opioid epidemic is rising broadly among health care professionals, a majority of Americans still do not receive adequate, FDA-approved medications for their addiction. Effective medications are available for alcohol use disorder and medications for opioid use disorder have validated benefits that justify their use. In recent years, psychedelic compounds have attracted interest among scientists for their potential to alter mood and cognition in beneficial manners. Already, some evidence supports the use of psilocybin in alleviating symptoms of depression and anxiety; psychedelic compounds also have potential as alcohol use disorder treatments and may help reduce symptoms tied to opioid withdrawal. Because substance use disorders can culminate in death, a comprehensive, integrated, public health approach to the treatment of people with substance use disorders is essential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.4088/jcp. muladx3048sho", "pubmed_id": "37555675", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp. muladx3048sho", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Opioid-Related Disorders, Ethanol, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Addiction Medicine", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37555675\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1411, "title": "Substance use, harm reduction attitudes and behaviors among attendees of nature rave parties in Israel.", "normalized_title": "substance use harm reduction attitudes and behaviors among attendees of nature rave parties in israel", "authors": "Bonny-Noach H, Shapira B, Baumol P, Tadmor N, Rosca P, Shoshan S, Harel-Fisch Y, Caduri A.", "abstract": "BackgroundFew studies have analyzed harm reduction behaviors and attitudes among rave party attendees. Since the late 1980s, there has been a large Israeli rave scene, also known as 'Nature Parties'. However, only a few studies have been conducted among nature party attendees and almost all of them are from a qualitative perspective. This study's aim was to fill the gap and conduct quantitative research to investigate the patterns of substance use, harm reduction attitudes and behaviors among Israeli nature rave party attendees.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey recruited 1,206 people who reported having attended nature rave parties. All of the participants were aged 18-60 years (M = 29.9; SD = 7.4), and 770 (64%) were male.ResultsThe most common illicit substances used at Israeli nature rave parties in the past year were cannabis (62.2%), followed by LSD (41.4%), MDMA (31.7%), mushrooms/psilocybin (23.9%), ketamine (19.6%) and cocaine (17.2%). A significant but weak association was found between harm reduction behaviors and attitudes toward harm reduction interventions (r =.26, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1186/s12954-023-00845-3", "pubmed_id": "37559046", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-023-00845-3", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Cross-Sectional Studies, Attitude, Harm Reduction, Israel, Female, Male, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37559046\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1349, "title": "\"But the reality is it's happening\": A qualitative study of eating disorder providers about psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "but the reality is it s happening a qualitative study of eating disorder providers about psilocybin assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Downey AE, Boyd M, Chaphekar AV, Woolley J, Raymond-Flesch M.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis study invited providers who care for patients with eating disorders to inform engagement, communication, and collaboration with psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy interventions.MethodMedical and mental health providers who treat patients with eating disorders were recruited via professional referral networks and participant driven sampling from across California to participate in one of five focus groups. Discussion topics included prior knowledge of psychedelic therapy, interest/concerns related to psilocybin therapy, and opportunities for collaboration. Study team members completed iterative rounds of coding with a grounded theory approach.ResultsA total of 32 participants reported a range of familiarity with psychedelics. Some raised concerns about the risks of administering psilocybin to malnourished patients and to those with psychological comorbidities. Despite these concerns, participants were hopeful to see psilocybin therapy as a treatment for patients with eating disorders. In anticipating challenges, providers had concerns about equity in access to care among publicly insured and non-English speaking patients. They requested opportunities for continuing education about psilocybin therapy.DiscussionOur findings demonstrate provider interest in psilocybin therapy for the treatment of patients with eating disorders. As psilocybin therapy interventions are developed, providers caring for patients with eating disorders value collaboration to improve longitudinal patient outcomes.Public significanceThis study invited healthcare providers of patients with eating disorders to discuss their thoughts around the use of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in this population. Findings will help inform emerging psilocybin therapy clinical trials with the goal of successful translation and adoption in real world clinical settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-07", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1002/eat.24041", "pubmed_id": "37551650", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.24041", "keywords": "Humans, Focus Groups, Psychotherapy, Qualitative Research, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37551650\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1415, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for cancer-related anxiety and depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for cancer related anxiety and depression", "authors": "Yaniv D, Ramondetta LM, Cohen L, Amit M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1136/ijgc-2023-004659", "pubmed_id": "37463745", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2023-004659", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Depression, Anxiety, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37463745\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1414, "title": "A Brief Review on the Potential of Psychedelics for Treating Alzheimer's Disease and Related Depression.", "normalized_title": "a brief review on the potential of psychedelics for treating alzheimer s disease and related depression", "authors": "Pilozzi A, Foster S, Mischoulon D, Fava M, Huang X", "abstract": "Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of senile dementia, is poised to place an even greater societal and healthcare burden as the population ages. With few treatment options for the symptomatic relief of the disease and its unknown etiopathology, more research into AD is urgently needed. Psychedelic drugs target AD-related psychological pathology and symptoms such as depression. Using microdosing, psychedelic drugs may prove to help combat this devastating disease by eliciting psychiatric benefits via acting through various mechanisms of action such as serotonin and dopamine pathways. Herein, we review the studied benefits of a few psychedelic compounds that may show promise in treating AD and attenuating its related depressive symptoms. We used the listed keywords to search through PubMed for relevant preclinical, clinical research, and review articles. The putative mechanism of action (MOA) for psychedelics is that they act mainly as serotonin receptor agonists and induce potential beneficial effects for treating AD and related depression.", "journal": "International journal of molecular sciences", "publication_date": "2023-08-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/ijms241512513", "pubmed_id": "37569888", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37569888/", "keywords": "Alzheimer’s disease, DMT, LSD, dementia, depression, ketamine, mescaline, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37569888\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1348, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of human studies.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for depression a systematic review and dose response meta analysis of human studies", "authors": "Perez N, Langlest F, Mallet L, De Pieri M, Sentissi O, Thorens G, Seragnoli F, Zullino D, Kirschner M, Kaiser S, Solmi M, Sabé M.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is increasingly studied for its antidepressant effect, but its optimal dosage for depression remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis to find the optimal dosage of psilocybin to reduce depression scores. Following our protocol (CRD42022220190) multiple electronic databases were searched from their inception until February 2023, to identify double-blind randomized placebo-controlled (RCTs) fixed-dose trials evaluating the use of psilocybin for adult patients with primary or secondary depression. A one-stage dose-response meta-analysis with restricted cubic splines was used. Cochrane risk of bias was used to assess risk of bias. Our analysis included seven studies with a total of 489 participants. Among these, four studies focused on primary depression (N = 366), including one study with patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression. The remaining three studies examined secondary depression (N = 123). The determined 95% effective doses per day (ED95) were 8.92, 24.68, and 36.08 mg/70 kg for patients with secondary depression, primary depression, and both subgroups, respectively. We observed significant dose-response associations for all curves, each plateauing at different levels, except for the bell-shaped curve observed in the case of secondary depression. Additionally, we found significant dose-response associations for various side effects, including physical discomfort, blood pressure increase, nausea/vomiting, headache/migraine, and the risk of prolonged psychosis. In conclusion, we discovered specific ED95 values for different populations, indicating higher ED95 values for treatment-resistant depression, primary depression, and secondary depression groups. Further RCTs are necessary for each population to determine the optimal dosage, allowing for maximum efficacy while minimizing side effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.07.011", "pubmed_id": "37557019", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.07.011", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psychotic Disorders, Adult, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37557019\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Headache / Migraine,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1389, "title": "The Potential of Psychedelics for the Treatment of Episodic Migraine.", "normalized_title": "the potential of psychedelics for the treatment of episodic migraine", "authors": "Schindler EAD.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThis review presents the existing literature of and a framework for how psychedelic drugs might be applied as therapeutic agents in episodic migraine.Recent findingsThe therapeutic effects of psychedelics in headache disorders have been reported for decades and controlled investigations are now beginning. In the first and only clinical trial of a psychedelic drug in migraine, the single administration of low-dose psilocybin reduced weekly migraine days and pain intensity for the following 2 weeks in episodic subjects. These transitional effects, along with abortive effects in two subjects and additional findings in cluster headache, offer insight into the potential medicinal use of this and other psychedelic drugs in episodic migraine. The existing evidence supports the continued investigation of psilocybin and other psychedelics as transitional treatments in episodic migraine. Acute and preventive effects also exist, but the risks may outweigh benefits with these applications. Future research of psychedelics in episodic migraine should be tailored for this condition and not modeled after protocols used in other medical or psychiatric conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s11916-023-01145-y", "pubmed_id": "37540398", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-023-01145-y", "keywords": "Humans, Cluster Headache, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Migraine Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37540398\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1014, "title": "Prevalence of psilocybin use in vaping and associated factors: a study among amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) use disorder in Malaysia.", "normalized_title": "prevalence of psilocybin use in vaping and associated factors a study among amphetamine type stimulants ats use disorder in malaysia", "authors": "Mamat R, Rashid RA, Shin SM, Ibrahim B, Wahab S, Ahmad A.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe emergence of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS), including synthetic psilocybin, has raised concern among health experts due to the numerous health and socioeconomic consequences. The current trend is shifting to the hazardous use of synthetic psilocybin in vaping, and little is known about the prevalence of use, specifically among amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) users.MethodsInterviewer-administered questionnaires were conducted in drug detention centers between March and October 2022. The study was conducted using ASSIST 3.0 and obtained information on the respondents' socio-demographic characteristics and clinical profiles. N = 355 ATS users were enrolled in this study.ResultsThe results show a high prevalence of psilocybin vaping among ATS users (182/355, 53.1%). Most of the respondents were males (85.1%) and unmarried (69.3%), with a mean age of 29.2 (SD = 7.3). Across all respondents, five factors were associated with psilocybin vaping: tobacco smoking, aOR =5.790 (95% CI: 1.723, 8.183); cannabis uses, aOR= 9.152 (95% CI: 2.693, 10.396); and alcohol use, aOR= 3.137 (95% CI: 1.461, 5.817). Respondents of the Malay race had higher odds of being involved in psilocybin vaping compared to other races, with aOR= 1.638 (0.043, 2.459). Meanwhile, a reduction in age by 1.9 will increase the likelihood of involvement in psilocybin vaping with aOR = 1.897 (95% CI: 0.857, 1.938).ConclusionPsilocybin in vaping is growing among ATS users and across all populations. Unfortunately, knowledge regarding the long-term effects on health is limited. Further studies should highlight the harmful effects of psilocybin and the potential risk of psilocybin vaping among the younger population.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/10550887.2023.2240932", "pubmed_id": "37540000", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2023.2240932", "keywords": "Humans, Amphetamine-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Prevalence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Malaysia, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Vaping", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37540000\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1410, "title": "Transient Elevation of Plasma Glucocorticoids Supports Psilocybin-Induced Anxiolysis in Mice.", "normalized_title": "transient elevation of plasma glucocorticoids supports psilocybin induced anxiolysis in mice", "authors": "Jones NT, Zahid Z, Grady SM, Sultan ZW, Zheng Z, Razidlo J, Banks MI, Wenthur CJ.", "abstract": "While correlations between drug-induced cortisol elevation, self-reported anxiety, and treatment outcomes have been reported for human studies during psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, the mechanistic relationship between psychedelic-associated alterations in plasma glucocorticoid responses and the time course of anxious responsiveness remains unclear. Using rodents, both time-bound manipulation of glucocorticoid concentrations and assessment of anxiety-like behaviors can be achieved. Here, 3 mg/kg IP psilocybin was found to have anxiolytic-like effects in C57BL/6 male mice at 4 h after treatment. These effects were not altered by pretreatment with a 5-HT2A antagonist but were blunted by pretreatment with a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist or suppression of psilocybin-induced corticosterone elevations. Anxiolytic-like effects were also observed at 4 h following treatment with the nonpsychedelic 5-HT2A agonist lisuride at a dose causing a similar increase in plasma glucocorticoids as that seen with psilocybin, as well as following stress-induced (via repeated injection) glucocorticoid release alone. Psilocybin's anxiolytic-like effects persisted at 7 days following administration. The long-term anxiolytic effects of psilocybin were lost when psilocybin was administered to animals with ongoing chronic elevations in plasma corticosterone concentrations. Overall, these experiments indicate that acute, resolvable psilocybin-induced glucocorticoid release drives the postacute anxiolytic-like effects of psilocybin in mice and that its long-term anxiolytic-like effects can be abolished in the presence of chronically elevated plasma glucocorticoid elevations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-08-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.3c00123", "pubmed_id": "37588757", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.3c00123", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37588757\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1420, "title": "Psychedelic medicines for end-of-life care: Pipeline clinical trial review 2022.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic medicines for end of life care pipeline clinical trial review 2022", "authors": "Jing X, Hoeh NR, Menkes DB.", "abstract": "ObjectivesPeople with terminal illnesses often experience psychological distress and associated disability. Recent clinical trial evidence has stimulated interest in the therapeutic use of psychedelics at end of life. Much uncertainty remains, however, mainly due to methodological difficulties that beset existing trials. We conducted a scoping review of pipeline clinical trials of psychedelic treatment for depression, anxiety, and existential distress at end of life.MethodsProposed, registered, and ongoing trials were identified from 2 electronic databases (ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform). Recent reviews and both commercial and non-profit organization websites were used to identify additional unregistered trials.ResultsIn total, 25 studies were eligible, including 13 randomized controlled trials and 12 open-label trials. Three trials made attempts beyond randomization to assess expectancy and blinding effectiveness. Investigational drugs included ketamine (n = 11), psilocybin (n = 10), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (n = 2), and lysergic acid diethylamide (n = 2). Three trials involved microdosing, and fifteen trials incorporated psychotherapy.Significance of resultsA variety of onging or upcoming clinical trials are expected to usefully extend evidence regarding psychedelic-assisted group therapy and microdosing in the end-of-life setting. Still needed are head-to-head comparisons of different psychedelics to identify those best suited to specific indications and clinical populations. More extensive and rigorous studies are also necessary to better control expectancy, confirm therapeutic findings and establish safety data to guide the clinical application of these novel therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1017/s147895152300069x", "pubmed_id": "37334486", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s147895152300069x", "keywords": "Humans, Death, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Terminal Care, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37334486\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1417, "title": "Psilocybin for the treatment of anorexia nervosa.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for the treatment of anorexia nervosa", "authors": "Majić T, Ehrlich S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41591-023-02458-6", "pubmed_id": "37488290", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02458-6", "keywords": "Humans, Anorexia Nervosa, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37488290\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1413, "title": "Psychedelic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Ibrahim IB, Videbech P, Straszek SPV.", "abstract": "This review aims at RCT's of psychedelics used in the treatment of depression and PTSD. Psilocybin has shown an antidepressant effect in cancer patients that was sustained at 6- and 12-months follow-up. The effect of psilocybin was comparable to escitalopram in one study. Ketamine has shown effect for the treatment of resistant depression. Phase 2 and 3 trials have shown the effect of MDMA on PTSD. No serious adverse events were reported in controlled settings, but larger studies are needed to establish safety and long-term effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "37615227", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37615227", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin, Escitalopram", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37615227\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1044, "title": "On the mushrooming reports of \"quiet quitting\": Employees' lifetime psilocybin use predicts their overtime hours worked.", "normalized_title": "on the mushrooming reports of quiet quitting employees lifetime psilocybin use predicts their overtime hours worked", "authors": "Korman BA.", "abstract": "Despite the recent and sharp rise in psychedelic research, few studies have investigated how classic psychedelic use relates to employees' work-related outcomes. This is surprising given that the increased use, decriminalization, and legalization of classic psychedelics in the United States (U.S.) has the potential to impact both employees and their organizations. Addressing this gap, the current study explores how employees' lifetime psilocybin use relates to the amount of overtime they work, thereby offering insight into what current trends in psilocybin use could mean for businesses. Using pooled, cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2014) on 217,963 adults employed in the U.S. full-time, this study tests whether lifetime psilocybin use is associated with employees' number of overtime hours worked in the past week. After adjusting for sociodemographics and other substance use, a significant negative association is found between employees' lifetime psilocybin use and the amount of overtime they reported working. Specifically, the findings suggest that lifetime psilocybin use in the U.S. full-time working population is associated with an estimated 44,348,400 fewer overtime hours worked per year and may help explain recent findings linking employees' lifetime psilocybin use to a reduction in sick leave taken.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2242358", "pubmed_id": "37525416", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2242358", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Employment, Workload, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37525416\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3519, "title": "The Efficacy and Tolerability of Psilocybin in Participants With Treatment-Resistant Depression: a Phase 2, Randomized Feasibility Study", "normalized_title": "the efficacy and tolerability of psilocybin in participants with treatment resistant depression a phase 2 randomized feasibility study", "authors": "Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to see if psilocybin, an investigational drug, is safe and well tolerated. Researchers also want to know if psilocybin can improve symptoms of depression. This study will see if psilocybin is safe and well tolerated by tracking changes in suicidal thoughts and behaviour, monitoring if any participants choose to stop participating in the study, and measuring any serious side effects, as well as how long they take to resolve. This study will also see if depression symptoms improve (or worsen) after psilocybin is administered. Additional information about participants' depressive symptoms and side effects will also be measured during the study. This randomized clinical trial will assess the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of single and repeat doses of psilocybin at point-of-care in persons with treatment-resistant depression as part of major depressive disorder or bipolar II disorder. The primary objective is to evaluate the feasibility of psilocybin in adults with treatment-resistant depression. The secondary objectives are to assess the efficacy and tolerability of psilocybin at point-of-care.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-07-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05029466", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05029466\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3279, "title": "“Why would you open someone’s brain up?” Lived experience insights inform a psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy treatment manual for body image disturbance", "normalized_title": "why would you open someone s brain up lived experience insights inform a psilocybin assisted psychotherapy treatment manual for body image disturbance", "authors": "Finkelstein C, Soha O, Roy A, Phillipou A, Rossell S.", "abstract": "Abstract Background: Body Image Disturbance (BID) is the distorted experience of one’s body. BID presents a risk for the onset, maintenance and relapse of body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa (AN). Current treatments tend to focus on the cognitive and behavioural aspects while overlooking the perceptual symptoms and BID frequently persists beyond physical recovery. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) may bridge the gap in current BID treatments by addressing perceptual and affective symptoms. This study sought to inform the development of a PAP treatment manual for BID in AN, through a co-design process informed by individuals with lived/living experience of AN. Methods: A Lived Experience Panel (LEAP) comprising six adult women who had a lived or living experience of AN and associated BID were presented with the proposed treatment protocol, including therapeutic interventions, and invited to provide feedback. An experiential, relativist framework informed reflexive thematic analysis of the LEAP data. Results: Reflexive thematic analysis of the LEAP data identified three central themes: enduring uncertainty; managing internal experience, and ambivalence in recovery. The LEAP also proposed strategies to address the challenges they identified and enhance the treatment manual more broadly. Conclusions: The LEAP identified challenges associated with intolerance of uncertainty, harm avoidance, alexithymia, and interoceptive impairment. The LEAP provided feedback that directly informed adaptations to the PAP treatment manual, including graduated interventions, the inclusion of nominated supports, and comprehensive psychoeducation for participants and their supports. Accordingly, a PAP treatment manual to treat BID for individuals with AN has been developed through lived experience co-design.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2023-07-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3189970/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3189970/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR698832\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Aging,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3470, "title": "An Open Label Pragmatic Feasibility Study on a Resilience Focused Community of Practice Program With Psilocybin-assisted Therapy (PaT) for End-of-Life Patients.", "normalized_title": "an open label pragmatic feasibility study on a resilience focused community of practice program with psilocybin assisted therapy pat for end of life patients", "authors": "The Roots to Thrive Society for Psychedelic Therapy", "abstract": "The purpose of the study is to understand the feasibility of a resilience focused community of practice program that includes psilocybin-assisted therapy for End-of-Life Distress. The community of practice refers to a research informed group therapy process that runs over a 10-week period of time and includes one group administered psilocybin-assisted therapy session. Target population: The treatment team will treat a total of 64 patients who have: * a terminal diagnosis (experiencing end of life distress), * AND who are eligible for the RTT + Psilocybin-assisted Therapy Treatment program through the RTT Society. Treatment will take place at the Snuneymuxw Traditional Medicines Clinic, 1984 Woobank Rd, Nanaimo, B.C.Research data will be coordinated and held through RedCap, hosted by Island Health. Data collection centres on 1) understanding the feasibility; 2) collecting safety data; 3) exploring the mental health impacts of a community of practice as the vessel for psilocybin-assisted therapy for those with end-of-life distress. There is a mixed method approach for data collection, including: * Collect attendance * Biomedical measures taken during psilocybin sessions (blood pressure, pulse, medications to manage side effects). * Quantitative Health and Wellness Questionnaires of participants before, within, immediately after, and six months after completion. * Qualitative Surveys and Exit Interviews.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-07-24", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05958758", "keywords": "End of Life, Psilocybin-assisted therapy within a community of practice model (group administered), UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05958758\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Resilience,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1427, "title": "Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression without psychedelic effects: study protocol for a 4-week, double-blind, proof-of-concept randomised controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment resistant depression without psychedelic effects study protocol for a 4 week double blind proof of concept randomised controlled trial", "authors": "Husain MI, Blumberger DM, Castle DJ, Ledwos N, Fellows E, Jones BDM, Ortiz A, Kloiber S, Wang W, Rosenblat JD, Mulsant BH.", "abstract": "BackgroundRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) of psilocybin have reported large antidepressant effects in adults with major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Given psilocybin's psychedelic effects, all published studies have included psychological support. These effects depend on serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor activation, which can be blocked by 5-HT2A receptor antagonists like ketanserin or risperidone. In an animal model of depression, ketanserin followed by psilocybin had similar symptomatic effects as psilocybin alone.AimsTo conduct a proof-of-concept RCT to (a) establish feasibility and tolerability of combining psilocybin and risperidone in adults with TRD, (b) show that this combination blocks the psychedelic effects of psilocybin and (c) provide pilot data on the antidepressant effect of this combination (compared with psilocybin alone).MethodIn a 4-week, three-arm, 'double dummy' trial, 60 adults with TRD will be randomised to psilocybin 25 mg plus risperidone 1 mg, psilocybin 25 mg plus placebo, or placebo plus risperidone 1 mg. All participants will receive 12 h of manualised psychotherapy. Measures of feasibility will include recruitment and retention rates; tolerability and safety will be assessed by rates of drop-out attributed to adverse events and rates of serious adverse events. The 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale will be a secondary outcome measure.ResultsThis trial will advance the understanding of psilocybin's mechanism of antidepressant action.ConclusionsThis line of research could increase acceptability and access to psilocybin as a novel treatment for TRD without the need for a psychedelic experience and continuous monitoring.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-24", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1192/bjo.2023.535", "pubmed_id": "37489299", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.535", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37489299\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Randomized Controlled Trial,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1085, "title": "Psilocybin therapy for females with anorexia nervosa: a phase 1, open-label feasibility study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy for females with anorexia nervosa a phase 1 open label feasibility study", "authors": "Peck SK, Shao S, Gruen T, Yang K, Babakanian A, Trim J, Finn DM, Kaye WH.", "abstract": "Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a deadly illness with no proven treatments to reverse core symptoms and no medications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Novel treatments are urgently needed to improve clinical outcomes. In this open-label feasibility study, 10 adult female participants (mean body mass index 19.7 kg m-2; s.d. 3.7) who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for AN or pAN (partial remission) were recruited to a study conducted at an academic clinical research institute. Participants received a single 25-mg dose of synthetic psilocybin in conjunction with psychological support. The primary aim was to assess safety, tolerability and feasibility at post-treatment by incidences and occurrences of adverse events (AEs) and clinically significant changes in electrocardiogram (ECG), laboratory tests, vital signs and suicidality. No clinically significant changes were observed in ECG, vital signs or suicidality. Two participants developed asymptomatic hypoglycemia at post-treatment, which resolved within 24 h. No other clinically significant changes were observed in laboratory values. All AEs were mild and transient in nature. Participants' qualitative perceptions suggest that the treatment was acceptable for most participants. Results suggest that psilocybin therapy is safe, tolerable and acceptable for female AN, which is a promising finding given physiological dangers and problems with treatment engagement. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04661514.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-23", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41591-023-02455-9", "pubmed_id": "37488291", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02455-9", "keywords": "Humans, Body Mass Index, Treatment Outcome, Feasibility Studies, Anorexia Nervosa, Adult, Female, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37488291\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1391, "title": "Natural psychedelics in the treatment of depression; a review focusing on neurotransmitters.", "normalized_title": "natural psychedelics in the treatment of depression a review focusing on neurotransmitters", "authors": "Jahanabadi S, Amiri S, Karkeh-Abadi M, Razmi A.", "abstract": "Natural psychedelic compounds are emerging as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. This review will discuss how natural psychedelics exert their neurobiological therapeutic effects, and how different neurotransmission systems mediate the effects of these compounds. Further, current therapeutic strategies for depression, and novel mechanism of action of natural psychedelics in the treatment of depression will be discussed. In this review, our focus will be on N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), reversible type A monoamine oxidase inhibitors, mescaline-containing cacti, psilocybin/psilocin-containing mushrooms, ibogaine, muscimol extracted from Amanita spp. mushrooms and ibotenic acid.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105620", "pubmed_id": "37490982", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105620", "keywords": "N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Neurotransmitter Agents, Hallucinogens, Depression, Molecular Structure", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37490982\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1390, "title": "Assessing the risk of symptom worsening in psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "assessing the risk of symptom worsening in psilocybin assisted therapy for depression a systematic review and individual participant data meta analysis", "authors": "Simonsson O, Carlbring P, Carhart-Harris R, Davis AK, Nutt DJ, Griffiths RR, Erritzoe D, Goldberg SB.", "abstract": "We conducted a meta-analysis using individual participant data from three, two-dose psilocybin trials for depression (N = 102) with the aim of assessing the risk of symptom worsening. Clinically significant symptom worsening occurred for a minority of participants in the psilocybin and escitalopram conditions (∼10%) and for a majority of participants in the waitlist condition (63.6%). Using data from the two trials with control arms, the psilocybin arm showed a lower likelihood of symptom worsening versus waitlist, and no difference in the likelihood of symptom worsening versus escitalopram. The limitation of a relatively small sample size should be addressed in future studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115349", "pubmed_id": "37523886", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115349", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Sample Size, Depression, Symptom Flare Up, Psilocybin, Escitalopram", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37523886\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3168, "title": "Distinctive Molecular and Metabolic Profiles of Chemically Synthesized Psilocybin and Psychedelic Mushroom Extract", "normalized_title": "distinctive molecular and metabolic profiles of chemically synthesized psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract", "authors": "Shahar O, Botvinnik A, Shwartz A, Lerer E, Buko A, Hamid E, Kahn D, Guralnick M, Blakolmer K, Wolf G, Lerer L, Lerer B, Lifschytz T.", "abstract": "Abstract Psilocybin, a naturally occurring, tryptamine alkaloid prodrug, is currently being investigated for the treatment of a range of psychiatric disorders. Preclinical reports suggest that the biological effects of psilocybin-containing mushroom extract or “full spectrum” (psychedelic) mushroom extract (PME), may differ from those of chemically synthesized psilocybin (PSIL). We compared the effects of PME to those of PSIL on the head twitch response (HTR), neuroplasticity-related synaptic proteins and frontal cortex metabolomic profiles in male C57Bl/6j mice. HTR measurement showed similar effects of PSIL and PME over 20 minutes. Brain specimens (frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum) were assayed for the synaptic proteins, GAP43, PSD95, synaptophysin and SV2A, using western blots. These proteins are indicators of synaptic plasticity. Three days after treatment, there was minimal increase in synaptic proteins. After 11 days, nested analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant increase in each of the 4 proteins over all brain areas studied for PME versus vehicle control, while significant PSIL effects were observed only in the hippocampus and amygdala and were limited to PSD95 and SV2A. Metabolomic analyses of the pre-frontal cortex were performed by untargeted polar metabolomics utilizing capillary electrophoresis - Fourier transform mass spectrometry (CE-FTMS) and showed a differential metabolic separation between PME and vehicle groups. The purines guanosine, hypoxanthine and inosine, associated with oxidative stress and energy production pathways, showed a progressive decline from VEH to PSIL to PME. In conclusion, our synaptic protein findings suggest that PME has a more potent and prolonged effect on synaptic plasticity than PSIL. Our metabolomics data support a gradient of effects from inert vehicle via chemical psilocybin to PME further supporting differential effects. Further studies are needed to confirm and extend these findings and to identify the molecules that may be responsible for the enhanced effects of PME as compared to psilocybin alone.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2023-07-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3146433/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3146433/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR694814\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Oxidative Stress,Animal Study,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3382, "title": "Improvement in Depression Symptoms Measured by Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale and Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Rated Items after Randomised Double-blind COMP360 Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment-resistant Depression", "normalized_title": "improvement in depression symptoms measured by montgomery åsberg depression rating scale and quick inventory of depressive symptomatology self rated items after randomised double blind comp360 psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Goodwin G, Marwood L, Mistry S, Nowakowska A, Simmons H, Tsai J, Williams S, Young M, Malievskaia E.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10595939", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC10595939\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3361, "title": "A proof-of concept randomized controlled trial to show that the antidepressant effect of psilocybin does not require a psychedelic experience: study protocol", "normalized_title": "a proof of concept randomized controlled trial to show that the antidepressant effect of psilocybin does not require a psychedelic experience study protocol", "authors": "Husain M, Blumberger D, Castle D, Kloiber S, Ortiz A, Rosenblat J, Mulsant B.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10660879", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC10660879\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3349, "title": "Psychedelics for depression: from neurobiology to treatment", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for depression from neurobiology to treatment", "authors": "Kuypers K.", "abstract": "Abstract Decades ago, the classical psychedelics psilocybin and LSD entered the therapeutic setting and already then showed their therapeutic potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. For thousands of years another psychedelic, ayahuasca, is being used by tribes in western Amazonia for healing and divination, and in recent years its use has expanded worldwide. Research into the therapeutic potential of these substances has re-emerged and (preliminary) findings are promising, showing that after one or two administrations remission is reached in depressed patients that were labeled as treatment-resistant. This is a remarkable finding as the therapeutic effects of treatment with conventional pharmacological agents like SSRIs take longer to lead to remission, with one-third of the patients failing to reach this stage. The fast onset of positive therapeutic effects by psychedelics increases the interest to discover the mechanism of action behind this. There is a debate about the importance of the psychological experience caused by these agents in the therapeutic outcome, while science also tries to understand the neurobiological correlates. The latter will be addressed in my talk and I will link it to psychedelics’ therapeutic effects. Disclosure of Interest None Declared", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10417770", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC10417770\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3323, "title": "Knocking on the Doors of Perception: the role of psilocybin in substance use disorder treatment", "normalized_title": "knocking on the doors of perception the role of psilocybin in substance use disorder treatment", "authors": "Sousa R, Costa L, Brás J, Vaz R, Martins J, Abreu J, Almeida E, Castro N, Andrade R, Cunha N.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10596667", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC10596667\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3310, "title": "The therapeutic potential of psilocybin in depression resistant to psychotropic drugs", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in depression resistant to psychotropic drugs", "authors": "Ramírez González J, Fernández Márquez I, Ferreiro González S, Ruíz E.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10479004", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC10479004\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3309, "title": "A systematic review to assess the use of psilocybin in the treatment of headaches", "normalized_title": "a systematic review to assess the use of psilocybin in the treatment of headaches", "authors": "Bhanot S, Lin M, Bains S, Monroe A, Tsang V.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10660046", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC10660046\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3146, "title": "Systematic Review on the Mechanisms of Action of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depression", "normalized_title": "systematic review on the mechanisms of action of psilocybin in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Lin M, Lee H, Tsang V, Chai B, Howard A, Uy C, Elefante J.", "abstract": "Introduction Despite emerging evidence suggesting the efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of mood disorders such as depression, the exact mechanisms by which psilocybin is able to elicit these antidepressant effects remains unknown. Objectives As the use of psilocybin as a treatment modality for depression has garnered increasing interest, this study aims to summarize the existing evidence of the mechanism of action with which psilocybin alleviates depressive symptoms, focusing specifically on the neurobiological effects of psilocybin in human subjects. Methods Four databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, psychINFO, and Web of Science) were searched using a combination of MeSH terms and free text keywords in September 2021. The original search included both human and animal studies and must have included testing of the mechanism of action of psilocybin. Only antidepressant effects were considered, with no other mood disorders or psychiatric diagnoses included. Two independent researchers screened at every stage of the review, with a third researcher resolving any conflicts. Though a full systematic review outlining the current literature on the complete mechanisms of action of psilocybin on depression was conducted, this abstract will focus specifically on the nine papers that included human subjects, disregarding the five animal models. PROSPERO registration number: 282710. Results After removing duplicates, the search identified 2193 papers and forty-nine were selected for full text review. Out of nine papers outlining the mechanisms of action of psilocybin use in human subjects, three papers investigated psilocybin’s effect on serotonin or glutamate receptor activity, two found an increase in synaptogenesis in regions such as the medial frontal cortex and hippocampus. Four found variation in blood flow to the amygdala, two found altered blood flow to the prefrontal cortex, and one found a reduction in delta power during sleep. Four papers found changes in functional connectivity or neurotransmission, most commonly in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex. Conclusions Overall, the exact mechanism of psilocybin’s potential antidepressant effect remains unclear. Multiple pathways may be involved, including alterations in serotonin and glutamate receptor activity, as well as shifts in amygdala activity, neurogenesis, and functional connectivity in various brain regions. The relative lack of studies, and the variety of neurobiological modalities and endpoints used challenged the consolidation of data into consensus findings. Further studies are needed to better characterize psilocybin’s mechanism of action and to better understand the clinical effects of the use of psilocybin in the treatment of depression. Disclosure of Interest None Declared", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10434693", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC10434693\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3143, "title": "Psilocybin as an antidepressant strategy - a review of safety aspects", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as an antidepressant strategy a review of safety aspects", "authors": "Zeiss R.", "abstract": "Introduction Psilocybin is considered a classical psychedelic and is increasingly attracting scientific and media attention as an alternative approach to the treatment of various mental disorders. Apart from its efficacy, an important question is the tolerability and safety of psilocybin in general and in a controlled environment. Accurate knowledge of drug safety aspects might be essential for applicability in clinical practice and for drug adherence. Objectives This paper aims to provide an overview of drug safety aspects of psilocybin. Methods A narrative review was conducted. The literature search was conducted using the bibliographic database MEDLINE. Results The literature search of papers published in recent years showed no serious side effects under psilocybin in controlled study conditions. Common reported ADRs were headache, gastrointestinal complaints such as nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting, tachycardia and arterial hypertension. The lethal dose of psilocybin is many times higher than the therapeutic dose and overdose deaths have not been identified. An often mentioned problem is the occurrence of hallucinogenic persisting perception disorder (HPPD) which, however, did not occur in the studies examined and is most likely to be a problem in the context of recreational use. The results on the safety of psilocybin must be regarded as preliminary; in the studies conducted, risk populations were predominantly excluded, which is, however, relevant for everyday clinical practice. The risk of delusional experiences and so-called “bad trips” is also a relevant safety risk, as it can be associated with risky behaviours. However, these would also be observed more in the area of recreational use. Conclusions The use of psilocybin in rigorously controlled study designs appears to be predominantly safe and without serious side effects. At the same time, it should be noted that the results must be considered preliminary and many questions remain open. Many of the risks are more likely to occur in uncontrolled recreational use of psilocybin. At the same time, we see a certain risk in the use of a substance associated with high expectations and a certain “fame” that, without appropriate regulations, the boundaries between sensible therapeutic use and abusive use could become blurred and permeable. Disclosure of Interest None Declared", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10405689", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC10405689\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1293, "title": "Personality Change in a Trial of Psilocybin Therapy vs Escitalopram Treatment for Depression - CORRIGENDUM.", "normalized_title": "personality change in a trial of psilocybin therapy vs escitalopram treatment for depression corrigendum", "authors": "Weiss B, Ginige I, Shannon L, Giribaldi B, Murphy-Beiner A, Murphy R, Baker-Jones M, Martell J, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1017/s0033291723002039", "pubmed_id": "37466289", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291723002039", "keywords": "Humans, Citalopram, Hallucinogens, Depression, Personality, Personality Disorders, Psilocybin, Escitalopram", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37466289\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3422, "title": "A Systematic Review of Reporting Practices in Psychedelic Clinical Trials: Psychological Support, Therapy, and Psychosocial Interventions", "normalized_title": "a systematic review of reporting practices in psychedelic clinical trials psychological support therapy and psychosocial interventions", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Psychedelic-assisted therapy has gained significant attention in recent years. However, there is a lack of empirical clarity on the role of psychosocial interventions (PI) in clinical trials of psychedelic treatment due in part to deficiencies in reporting practices found in the existing literature. These PI include non-drug support or interventions provided by psychotherapists or facilitators during all phases of treatment, sometimes called “psychological support,” “monitoring,” “psychedelic-assisted therapy,” or “psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.” A brief review of recent research, historical studies, safety considerations, and participant perspectives suggest that PI has a substantive and critical impact on treatment outcomes. Methods: This systematic review examines the reporting practices of PI in published clinical trial results. The review employs a search of PubMed/Medline and PSYCinfo databases to identify relevant articles. It includes quantitative clinical studies treating patients with psychiatric indications using classic psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca) or empathogenic drugs (MDMA) since 2000. The analytic approach follows a modified version of assessment items based on CONSORT extension statement and TIDieR checklist. Results: 33 published psychedelic clinical trials met criteria. The review reveals that many published reports on psychedelic clinical trials did not report basic aspects of the intervention: 33% did not report the number of sessions, 45% did not report the duration of sessions, 42% did not report provider credentials, 52% did not report if their intervention used a therapy manual, 67% did not reference a manual that was available to readers, and 82% did not report that they assessed treatment fidelity. A comparison with non-psychedelic trials shows that psychedelic trial reports underreport on key items related to PI. Discussion: The study highlights the problems of underreporting and the importance of improving reporting practices regarding PI in psychedelic clinical trials to enhance research standardization and improve treatment outcomes. Recommendations for improving reporting practices are provided.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-07-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.00071", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/2ab59_v1", "keywords": "clinical trials, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychosocial interventions, reporting practices, treatment outcomes, Psychiatry, Meta-science", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:24", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"2ab59_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"withdrawn\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3380, "title": "A Systematic Review of Reporting Practices in Psychedelic Clinical Trials: Psychological Support, Therapy, and Psychosocial Interventions", "normalized_title": "a systematic review of reporting practices in psychedelic clinical trials psychological support therapy and psychosocial interventions", "authors": "Brennan B, Kelman A, Belser AB.", "abstract": "Background: Psychedelic-assisted therapy has gained significant attention in recent years. However, there is a lack of empirical clarity on the role of psychosocial interventions (PI) in clinical trials of psychedelic treatment due in part to deficiencies in reporting practices found in the existing literature. These PI include non-drug support or interventions provided by psychotherapists or facilitators during all phases of treatment, sometimes called “psychological support,” “monitoring,” “psychedelic-assisted therapy,” or “psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.” A brief review of recent research, historical studies, safety considerations, and participant perspectives suggest that PI has a substantive and critical impact on treatment outcomes. Methods: This systematic review examines the reporting practices of PI in published clinical trial results. The review employs a search of PubMed/Medline and PSYCinfo databases to identify relevant articles. It includes quantitative clinical studies treating patients with psychiatric indications using classic psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca) or empathogenic drugs (MDMA) since 2000. The analytic approach follows a modified version of assessment items based on CONSORT extension statement and TIDieR checklist. Results: 33 published psychedelic clinical trials met criteria. The review reveals that many published reports on psychedelic clinical trials did not report basic aspects of the intervention: 33% did not report the number of sessions, 45% did not report the duration of sessions, 42% did not report provider credentials, 52% did not report if their intervention used a therapy manual, 67% did not reference a manual that was available to readers, and 82% did not report that they assessed treatment fidelity. A comparison with non-psychedelic trials shows that psychedelic trial reports underreport on key items related to PI. Discussion: The study highlights the problems of underreporting and the importance of improving reporting practices regarding PI in psychedelic clinical trials to enhance research standardization and improve treatment outcomes. Recommendations for improving reporting practices are provided.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-07-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/2ab59", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2ab59", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR694477\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3217, "title": "Administration effects of four psilocybin mushroom extracts on serotonin levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity levels in vivo and in vitro after one hour", "normalized_title": "administration effects of four psilocybin mushroom extracts on serotonin levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity levels in vivo and in vitro after one hour", "authors": "Nkadimeng SM, Hay L, Steinmann CM, Eloff JN.", "abstract": "Abstract Background Psilocybin-containing mushrooms induce antidepressant and momentary increase in blood pressure (BP) with potential risk to users with cardiovascular diseases. Irregularities in nitric oxide (NO) levels play a key role in endothelial dysfunctions leading to increases in BP. Mushrooms species show large variation in potency which may potentially induce different outcomes and mechanisms of action. Effects of the mushrooms on the endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity is not known. Aim To investigate safety and effects of administration of four psilocybin-containing mushroom species, Panaeolus cyanescens, Psilocybe natalensis, Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe cubesis leucistic A + strain, on acute haemodynamic and LV parameters in normal Wistar rat and on serotonin, NO levels and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity in vivo and in vitro on H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Methods Mushrooms were extracted with hot-boiling water and administered (5 mg/kg) through a direct catheterization in anaesthetized rats. Nuzak (0.2 mg/kg) and Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (LNAME) were used as positive controls and negative control group given saline. Levels of serotonin, NO and eNOS activities were measured after 1-hour treatment. Results Mushroom treatments incited non-significant increase in LV parameters peaks only after 20 minutes and not immediate like with LNAME. Mushrooms induced a significant increase in serotonin levels and a suppressing effect on the eNOS activity in vivo in rats and in vitro in cardiomyocytes. Conclusion Mushroom treatments were safe on the LV function and induced a significant serotonin level with the concentration investigated. Disturbance in eNOS pathways may be the underlying mechanism involved in the psilocybin-mushroom extracts to inducing temporary BP increase. The four mushrooms exhibited different cardiac effects indicating variations depending on mushroom species.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2023-07-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3088850/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3088850/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR693606\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1157, "title": "Comparing Neural Correlates of Consciousness: From Psychedelics to Hypnosis and Meditation.", "normalized_title": "comparing neural correlates of consciousness from psychedelics to hypnosis and meditation", "authors": "Moujaes F, Rieser NM, Phillips C, de Matos NMP, Brügger M, Dürler P, Smigielski L, Stämpfli P, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX, Anticevic A, Preller KH.", "abstract": "BackgroundPharmacological and nonpharmacological methods of inducing altered states of consciousness (ASCs) are becoming increasingly relevant in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. While comparisons between them are often drawn, to date no study has directly compared their neural correlates.MethodsTo address this knowledge gap, we directly compared 2 pharmacological methods (psilocybin 0.2 mg/kg orally [n = 23] and lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD] 100 μg orally [n = 25]) and 2 nonpharmacological methods (hypnosis [n = 30] and meditation [n = 29]) using resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging and assessed the predictive value of the data using a machine learning approach.ResultsWe found that 1) no network reached significance in all 4 ASC methods; 2) pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions of inducing ASCs showed distinct connectivity patterns that were predictive at the individual level; 3) hypnosis and meditation showed differences in functional connectivity when compared directly and also drove distinct differences when jointly compared with the pharmacological ASC interventions; and 4) psilocybin and LSD showed no differences in functional connectivity when directly compared with each other, but they did show distinct behavioral-neural relationships.ConclusionsOverall, these results extend our understanding of the mechanisms of action of ASCs and highlight the importance of exploring how these effects can be leveraged in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.07.003", "pubmed_id": "37459910", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.07.003", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Hypnosis, Meditation, Consciousness, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Connectome, Machine Learning, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37459910\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1045, "title": "Translation and Initial Psychometric Evaluation of Spanish Versions of Three Psychedelic Acute Effects Measures: Mystical, Challenging, and Insight Experiences.", "normalized_title": "translation and initial psychometric evaluation of spanish versions of three psychedelic acute effects measures mystical challenging and insight experiences", "authors": "Davis AK, Timmermann C, Ortiz Bernal AM, Lancelotta R, Nayak S, Sepeda ND, Nikolaidis A, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "This study translated and tested the psychometric properties of acute psychedelic effects measures among Spanish-speaking people. The Psychological Insight Questionnaire (PIQ), Challenging Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ), and Mystical Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ) were translated before being incorporated into a web-based survey. We recruited native Spanish-speakers (N = 442; Mage = 30.8, SD = 10.9; Latino/Latina = 62%; Hispanic = 91.4%; male = 71.5%) to assess their previous experience with one of two psychedelics (LSD = 58.4%; Psilocybin = 41.6%) and their acute and enduring effects. Confirmatory factor analysis (confirming factor structure based on the English version) revealed a good fit for the MEQ, PIQ and the CEQ. Repeating our analysis in each drug subsample revealed consistency in factor structure for each assessment tool. Construct validity was supported by significant positive associations between the PIQ and MEQ, and between the PIQ and MEQ and changes in cognitive fusion and negative associations between changes in prosocial behaviors. As a signal of predictive validity, persisting effects (PEQ) were strongly related to scores on the MEQ and PIQ. Findings demonstrate that the Spanish versions of these measures can be reliably employed in studies of psychedelic use or administration in Spanish-speaking populations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2232379", "pubmed_id": "37449499", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2232379", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Reproducibility of Results, Psychometrics, Mysticism, Translations, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Hispanic or Latino", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37449499\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1393, "title": "Psilocybin for treatment resistant depression in patients taking a concomitant SSRI medication.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment resistant depression in patients taking a concomitant ssri medication", "authors": "Goodwin GM, Croal M, Feifel D, Kelly JR, Marwood L, Mistry S, O'Keane V, Peck SK, Simmons H, Sisa C, Stansfield SC, Tsai J, Williams S, Malievskaia E.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is being investigated as a treatment in adults with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Withdrawal from serotonergic antidepressant drugs is a common prerequisite for taking part in trials of psilocybin due to the possibility of ongoing antidepressant drugs altering the psychedelic effect. This phase II, exploratory, international, fixed-dose, open-label study explored the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a synthetic form of psilocybin (investigational drug COMP360) adjunct to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in participants with TRD. Participants received a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin alongside psychological support and were followed-up for 3 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was change in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score from Baseline at Week 3. Secondary end points were safety, including treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), the proportion of responders and remitters at Week 3, and the change from Baseline to Week 3 in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score. Nineteen participants were dosed and the mean Baseline MADRS total score was 31.7 (SD = 5.77). Twelve (63.2%) participants had a TEAE, most of which were mild and resolved on the day of onset. There were no serious TEAEs or indication of increased suicidal ideation or behavior. At Week 3, mean change from Baseline in MADRS total score was -14.9 (95% CI, -20.7 to -9.2), and -1.3 (SD = 1.29) in the CGI-S. Both response and remission were evident in 8 (42.1%) participants. Larger, comparator-controlled trials are necessary to understand if this paradigm can optimize treatment-outcome where antidepressant drug withdrawal would be problematic.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7", "pubmed_id": "37443386", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37443386\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1294, "title": "Must Psilocybin Always \"Assist Psychotherapy\"?", "normalized_title": "must psilocybin always assist psychotherapy", "authors": "Goodwin GM, Malievskaia E, Fonzo GA, Nemeroff CB.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20221043", "pubmed_id": "37434509", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20221043", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37434509\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1431, "title": "Australia's approval of MDMA and psilocybin for PTSD and depression is premature, say critics.", "normalized_title": "australia s approval of mdma and psilocybin for ptsd and depression is premature say critics", "authors": "Nogrady B.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1136/bmj.p1599", "pubmed_id": "37433614", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.p1599", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Depression, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Australia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37433614\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1430, "title": "Psychoactive substance use in patients diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an exploratory study.", "normalized_title": "psychoactive substance use in patients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder an exploratory study", "authors": "Więckiewicz G, Stokłosa I, Stokłosa M, Więckiewicz W, Gorczyca P, Gondek TM.", "abstract": "IntroductionAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was originally treated as a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs mainly in children and tends to diminish or disappear with age, but we now know that symptoms persist into adulthood in over 50% of ADHD patients. Undiagnosed individuals often turn to psychoactive substance to minimize the negative aspects of functioning and improve quality of life.MethodsThe study was conducted online using random sampling through a Facebook group administered by physicians and targeted to patients diagnosed with ADHD. The study was naturalistic and exploratory, therefore no hypothesis was made. 438 correctly completed questionnaires were received. Analysis of the results showed that people with ADHD turn to psychoactive substances relatively frequently.ResultsThe most commonly used stimulants include alcohol, marijuana, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), amphetamine/methamphetamine, and psilocybin. In the study population, methylphenidate is the most commonly used drug among patients. After treatment with psychostimulants, the majority of respondents note a decrease in symptoms of hyperactivity disorder, especially in male patients.ConclusionIt is necessary to perform proper diagnostics and actively look for ADHD symptoms in patients who tend to use psychoactive substances.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1184023", "pubmed_id": "37496681", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1184023", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37496681\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1432, "title": "Psychedelic Experiences: Phenomenology, Therapeutic Potentials and Explanatory Models", "normalized_title": "psychedelic experiences phenomenology therapeutic potentials and explanatory models", "authors": "Chernoff T, Kliger B, Venturini DH.", "abstract": "Traditional psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, or DMT, are psychoactive compounds that exert their effects mainly through agonism over serotonergic receptors. In appropriate doses and contexts, they produce profound changes in the subjective experience, configuring altered states of consciousness that, upon reaching a critical point, involve the appearance of phenomena of mystical, transcendental, or ego dissolution experiences. These events are associated with diverse therapeutic effects in several mental conditions. Psychedelics are safe substances, with minimal risk of serious or long-lasting adverse effects and without addictive potential. Current evidence comes from systematic reviews and meta-analyses based on phase II clinical studies, with small groups of subjects, strict exclusion criteria, and difficulties in applying the double-blind methodology. Worldwide there is a growing number of clinical trials, which seek to promote the approval of psychedelic-assisted therapies as therapeutic tools in the coming years. In this bibliographic review, we will address the phenomenological characteristics of the psychedelic experience, its potential therapeutic uses, and the mechanisms that underlie them.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.53680/vertex.v34i160.463", "pubmed_id": "37562384", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.53680/vertex.v34i160.463", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37562384\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1156, "title": "Ethopharmacological evaluation of antidepressant-like effect of serotonergic psychedelics in C57BL/6J male mice", "normalized_title": "ethopharmacological evaluation of antidepressant like effect of serotonergic psychedelics in c57bl 6j male mice", "authors": "Takaba R, Ibi D, Yoshida K, Hosomi E, Kawase R, Kitagawa H, Goto H, Achiwa M, Mizutani K, Maede K, González-Maeso J, Kitagaki S, Hiramatsu M.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and DOI exert a hallucinatory effect through serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2A) activation. Recent studies have revealed that serotonergic psychedelics have therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive and anxiety-related disorders. However, the involvement of 5-HT2A in mediating the therapeutic effects of these drugs remains unclear. In this study, we ethopharmacologically analyzed the role of 5-HT2A in the occurrence of anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like effects of serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocin, an active metabolite of psilocybin, DOI, and TCB-2 in mice. Mice with acute intraperitoneal psychedelic treatment exhibited significantly shorter immobility times in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail-suspension test (TST) than vehicle-treated control mice 24 h post-treatment. These effects were eliminated by pretreatment with volinanserin, a 5-HT2A antagonist. Surprisingly, the decreasing immobility time in the FST in response to acute psilocin treatment was sustained for at least three weeks. In the novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT), the latency to feed, an indicator of anxiety-like behavior, was decreased by acute administration of psilocin; however, pretreatment with volinanserin did not diminish this effect. In contrast, DOI and TCB-2 did not affect the NSFT performance in mice. Furthermore, psilocin, DOI, and TCB-2 treatment did not affect the spontaneous locomotor activity or head-twitch response, a hallucination-like behavior in rodents. These results suggest that 5-HT2A contributes to the antidepressant effects of serotonergic psychedelics rather than an anxiolytic effects.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2023-07-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-3138705/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3138705/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR688165\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3755, "title": "Psychoactive substances in psychotherapy - A vision for the future? - A systematic review on Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "psychoactive substances in psychotherapy a vision for the future a systematic review on psilocybin", "authors": "Tetem J, Fischmann T, Möller TJ.", "abstract": "This work is a literature review on the use of psilocybin in psychotherapeutic treatment of mental illnesses. The review answers the question of what opportunities and risks are associated with the use of the psychoactive substance psilocybin. Peer-reviewed studies between 2017 and 2022 were included. Nine studies were found regarding the following indications: tobacco addiction, anxiety and depressive states related to life-threatening cancer, as well as treatment-resistant depression. A rapid clinical improvement of various symptoms was observed. The greatest evidence for the use of psilocybin was found in treating tobacco addiction and anxiety and depression related to life-threatening illnesses. No serious adverse events were reported in the studies. However, current studies have limitations, such as small sample sizes, difficulties with blinding, and a treatment population considered non-representative. The results are not representative but provide indications of effective treatment and are a starting point for further studies.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-07-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/ztyxh", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ztyxh", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR688396\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3449, "title": "Evaluating the Effect of Length of Time on Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) on the Response to Psilocybin-assisted Therapy in Individuals With Mild-moderate Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)", "normalized_title": "evaluating the effect of length of time on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ssris on the response to psilocybin assisted therapy in individuals with mild moderate major depressive disorder mdd", "authors": "Cybin Therapeutics Inc.", "abstract": "This study is an open-label, single-arm, within-subjects design in individuals with mild-moderate Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). All participants will receive a single dose of 25mg of psilocybin in a therapeutic setting. In order to investigate the effects of length of time on SSRI therapy, 30 participants with varying lengths of time on SSRI therapy will be enrolled, stratified into four groups: * Group 1: ≤ 1 year * Group 2: 1 to ≤ 5 years * Group 3: 5 to ≤ 10 years * Group 4: \\> 10 years The majority of clinical investigations with psilocybin to date either exclude participants on SSRIs or taper them off SSRIs prior to psilocybin administration. While evidence derived from the use of larger doses of psilocybin suggests that its predominately serotonergic effects are safe when administered in controlled settings, research investigating the effects of psilocybin with individuals taking SSRIs is lacking, despite the prevalent and chronic use of SSRIs in individuals with depression. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of length of time on SSRIs on psilocybin-assisted therapy response in individuals with MDD. Specifically, this feasibility study investigates participants who undergo a single-dose of psilocybin (25mg) in combination with pre- and post-dose therapy sessions. The follow-up period in the present study is 12 weeks (3 months).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-07-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05594667", "keywords": "Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Mild Depression, Moderate Depression, Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, PEX010, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05594667\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3161, "title": "Psychoactive substances in psychotherapy - A vision for the future? - A systematic review on Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "psychoactive substances in psychotherapy a vision for the future a systematic review on psilocybin", "authors": "", "abstract": "This work is a literature review on the use of psilocybin in psychotherapeutic treatment of mental illnesses. The review answers the question of what opportunities and risks are associated with the use of the psychoactive substance psilocybin. Peer-reviewed studies between 2017 and 2022 were included. Nine studies were found regarding the following indications: tobacco addiction, anxiety and depressive states related to life-threatening cancer, as well as treatment-resistant depression. A rapid clinical improvement of various symptoms was observed. The greatest evidence for the use of psilocybin was found in treating tobacco addiction and anxiety and depression related to life-threatening illnesses. No serious adverse events were reported in the studies. However, current studies have limitations, such as small sample sizes, difficulties with blinding, and a treatment population considered non-representative. The results are not representative but provide indications of effective treatment and are a starting point for further studies.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-07-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ztyxh_v1", "keywords": "depression, hallucinogens, mental health, Psilocybin, psychedelics, psychotherapy, review, systematic review, Psychiatry, Meta-science, Neuroscience, Computational Neuroscience, Life Sciences, Systems Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"ztyxh_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1438, "title": "Risk of bias in randomized clinical trials on psychedelic medicine: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "risk of bias in randomized clinical trials on psychedelic medicine a systematic review", "authors": "Hovmand OR, Poulsen ED, Arnfred S, Storebø OJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe classical psychedelics, psilocybin, peyote, ayahuasca/N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide are considered promising new treatments for psychiatric illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, addiction, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. However, their profound and characteristic subjective effects raise concern for distinctive biases in randomized clinical trials.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature search to identify all clinical trials on classical psychedelics with patient populations to examine descriptive data and determine the risk of bias. Two independent reviewers searched three databases (PubMed, Embase, and APA PsycNet) and extracted information on study design, study population, use of active or inactive placebo, dropouts, evaluation of blinding of intervention, and reporting of expectancy and therapeutic alliance.ResultsWe included 10 papers reporting on 10 unique trials. The trials generally included populations that were predominantly white and highly educated. The trials had small samples and considerable dropout. Blinding was either unsuccessful or not reported regardless of type of placebo. Few trials published protocols, statistical analysis plans (SAPs), and outcomes relating to psychotherapy fidelity. All trials but one were rated as high risk of bias.ConclusionSuccessful blinding of intervention is a significant challenge in this field. To better accommodate this, we suggest that future trials use a parallel-group design and utilize an active placebo on a psychedelic-naïve population. Future trials should publish trial protocol and SAPs, use clinician-rated outcomes accessed by a blinded rater, evaluate blinding of intervention, and consider measuring expectancy and therapeutic fidelity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231180276", "pubmed_id": "37403379", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231180276", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37403379\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3243, "title": "Navigating the chaos of psychedelic fMRI brain-entropy via multi-metric evaluations of acute psilocybin effects", "normalized_title": "navigating the chaos of psychedelic fmri brain entropy via multi metric evaluations of acute psilocybin effects", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Olsen AS, Ozenne B, Stenbaek DS, Armand S, Madsen MK, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "A prominent theory of psychedelics is that they increase brain entropy. Thirteen studies have evaluated psychedelic effects on fMRI brain entropy; no findings have been replicated. Here we evaluated these metrics in an independent 28-participant healthy cohort with 121 pre- and post-psilocybin fMRI scans. We assessed relations between brain entropy and objective and subjective psychedelic drug effects using linear mixed-effects models. All metrics were evaluated using two parcellation strategies and 7 denoising pipelines. We observed consistent significant positive associations for Shannon entropy of the spatial eigendistribution of the time by voxel matrix, path-length, instantaneous correlations, brain-state switching, and sample entropy at short time-scales. We consistently did not observe significant effects for 8 of 14 entropy metrics and observe inconsistent positive effects for Lempel-Ziv complexity of the BOLD signal. Brain entropy quantifications showed limited inter-measure correlations. Our observations support a nuanced acute psychedelic effect on brain entropy, empirically demonstrating that these metrics do not reflect a singular construct.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-07-02", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.07.03.23292164", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.07.03.23292164", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR685475\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1439, "title": "Psilocybin's effects on cognition and creativity: A scoping review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s effects on cognition and creativity a scoping review", "authors": "Bonnieux JN, VanderZwaag B, Premji Z, Garcia-Romeu A, Garcia-Barrera MA.", "abstract": "BackgroundResearch on psilocybin has become increasingly popular during the current psychedelic renaissance, which began in the early 1990s. Psilocybin's effects on mental health are promising and there are ongoing efforts to investigate its clinical implementation and its effects on cognition.AimsThe purpose of this study is to report trends in publications, methods, and findings from research examining the effects of psilocybin on cognition and creativity in adults.MethodsWe conducted an Open Science Framework preregistered scoping review, guided by the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, on literature pertaining to psilocybin's effects on cognition and creativity.Results/outcomesIn the 42 included studies, psilocybin was primarily administered orally (83%) in a bodyweight-adjusted manner (74%) to healthy participants (90%). Of the few studies that explicitly reported safety outcomes (26%), only one reported serious adverse reactions. During the acute phase post-intake (i.e., minutes to hours), macrodoses tended to impair cognitive performance and creativity, whereas microdoses tended toward creative enhancement. The few macrodosing studies that included post-acute measures (i.e., 1-85 days) reported primarily null but some positive effects.Conclusions/interpretationThis scoping review identified a time-based variation of psilocybin macrodosing effects on cognition and creativity, in which impairment may be observed early post-intake but withdraw over time, and some positive effects may emerge afterward. These findings are limited by methodological concerns and inadequate assessment of long-term effects. We therefore recommend that future psilocybin research be conducted according to existing guidelines and include well-validated measures of cognition and creativity at multiple timepoints.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-07-02", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231179801", "pubmed_id": "37395359", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231179801", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Cognition, Adult, Creativity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37395359\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Creativity,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1441, "title": "Australia to prescribe MDMA and psilocybin for PTSD and depression in world first.", "normalized_title": "australia to prescribe mdma and psilocybin for ptsd and depression in world first", "authors": "Haridy R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/d41586-023-02093-8", "pubmed_id": "37386185", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-02093-8", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Drug Approval, Depression, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Time Factors, Australia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37386185\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1437, "title": "Serotonin 5-HT2B receptor agonism and valvular heart disease: implications for the development of psilocybin and related agents.", "normalized_title": "serotonin 5 ht2b receptor agonism and valvular heart disease implications for the development of psilocybin and related agents", "authors": "McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/14740338.2023.2248883", "pubmed_id": "37581427", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2023.2248883", "keywords": "Humans, Heart Valve Diseases, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37581427\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1436, "title": "Is the psychedelic experience an essential aspect of the therapeutic effect of serotonergic psychedelics? Conceptual, discovery, development and implementation implications for psilocybin and related agents.", "normalized_title": "is the psychedelic experience an essential aspect of the therapeutic effect of serotonergic psychedelics conceptual discovery development and implementation implications for psilocybin and related agents", "authors": "McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/14740338.2023.2253144", "pubmed_id": "37635320", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2023.2253144", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37635320\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1435, "title": "Adapting psychedelic medicine for headache and chronic pain disorders.", "normalized_title": "adapting psychedelic medicine for headache and chronic pain disorders", "authors": "Schindler EAD, Hendricks PS.", "abstract": "IntroductionWhile the majority of current research and development surrounds depression, demoralization, and substance use disorders, there are numerous reports of psychedelics having beneficial effects in other branches of medicine, including for headache disorders and chronic pain.Areas coveredThis perspective reviews conventional forms of treatment for headache and other chronic pain disorders and describes historical, recent, and ongoing investigations of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics in these disorders. The first two clinical trials of psilocybin in headache disorders and recent case reports of psilocybin mushroom self-administration in chronic pain patients are described. This perspective highlights several factors related to the application of psychedelics in chronic pain disorders, comparing this with the standard psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy model of treatment.Expert opinionWhen faced with a more constricted view of psychedelic medicine that features larger doses, underscores subjective effects in the mediation of therapeutic outcomes, and requires adjunctive psychotherapy to ensure safety and efficacy, the application of psychedelics in headache and chronic pain disorders may face challenges. It will be important to allow for flexibility and adaptation in protocols to evaluate different treatment paradigms, mechanisms of action, and the range of pharmacologic and extra-pharmacologic factors that affect psychedelic treatment outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/14737175.2023.2246655", "pubmed_id": "37652000", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2023.2246655", "keywords": "Humans, Headache Disorders, Headache, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37652000\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1434, "title": "Assessing potential of psilocybin for depressive disorders.", "normalized_title": "assessing potential of psilocybin for depressive disorders", "authors": "Kozak Z, Johnson MW, Aaronson ST.", "abstract": "IntroductionThere has been increasing interest in the role psilocybin may play in the treatment of depressive disorders. Several clinical trials have shown psilocybin to have efficacy in reducing symptoms of depression.AreascoveredWe discuss the current understanding of psilocybin's therapeutic mechanism of action and review existing clinical data investigating psilocybin as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of depression.Expert opinionThere is still much unknown regarding the risks of psilocybin treatment. When weighing the known risks and benefits of psilocybin treatment against those found in existing standards of care, among patients with depression, patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) may be the most suitable candidates for psilocybin treatment at this time.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/13543784.2023.2273493", "pubmed_id": "37869790", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2023.2273493", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37869790\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1381, "title": "Self-administration of Psilocybin for the Acute Treatment of Migraine: A Case Report.", "normalized_title": "self administration of psilocybin for the acute treatment of migraine a case report", "authors": "Lawrence DW.", "abstract": "BackgroundMigraine is a common neurovascular disorder with a pathophysiology related to the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system. Pharmacologic modulation of 5-HT receptors has demonstrated efficacy in the acute treatment of migraines. Psilocybin, a classic psychedelic with 5-HT receptor activity, has demonstrated therapeutic potential in the management of neuropsychiatric conditions. To date, no reports have investigated the effect of psilocybin administered acutely during a migraine episode.Case presentationThe case of a 33-year-old male patient with a history of migraines with aura, who had acute administration of oral psilocybin (in the form of the dried fruiting body of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms) at migraine onset is presented. Headache intensity was rated hourly using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and compared to three previous migraines. Profound reductions in headache intensity and emetic episodes were reported during the migraine treated acutely with oral psilocybin administration, compared to three previous migraines.DiscussionThe severe, disabling, and treatment-resistant nature of migraines warrants continued surveillance for novel pharmacologic interventions. The established congruous pathophysiology of migraine and pharmacology of psilocybin, via the 5-HT receptor system, positions psilocybin as a potential therapeutic target.ConclusionWhile this report highlights the potential role of psilocybin in the acute management of migraines, it is essential to note that it should not be considered a basis for guiding clinical practice at this point. Further research is necessary to establish the safety and efficacy of psilocybin as a treatment option for migraines.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "37817818", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37817818", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37817818\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3789, "title": "Alterations to self consciousness during mindfulness meditation and Flotation REST a comparative study", "normalized_title": "alterations to self consciousness during mindfulness meditation and flotation rest a comparative study", "authors": "Gwyther M, Aspell JE.", "abstract": "Flotation-Reduced Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) and mindfulness meditation (MM) are known to induce altered states of consciousness (ASC) and self-consciousness. In this study, we use a phenomenological and predictive processing (PP) framework to compare the interventions alongside the psychedelic experience. Ego-dissolution scores were greater than ego-inflation scores in both groups and Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) scores lay between those elicited by low and high dose psilocybin. The weakening of perceived body boundaries was predictive of increased ego-dissolution and MEQ_Total score in the MM group only. Having an existing meditation practice was associated with increased ASC in the MM group. Past psychedelic use did not predict the degree of ASC, but ‘openness to experience’ did. Our findings suggest that a combination of validated measures and phenomenological analysis proves illuminating in describing the rich phenomenological space occasioned by MM and flotation-REST, and for exploring the relationship between different aspects of consciousness.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/8ncj6", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8ncj6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR685099\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3348, "title": "Alterations to self consciousness during mindfulness meditation and Flotation REST a comparative study", "normalized_title": "alterations to self consciousness during mindfulness meditation and flotation rest a comparative study", "authors": "", "abstract": "Flotation-Reduced Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) and mindfulness meditation (MM) are known to induce altered states of consciousness (ASC) and self-consciousness. In this study, we use a phenomenological and predictive processing (PP) framework to compare the interventions alongside the psychedelic experience. Ego-dissolution scores were greater than ego-inflation scores in both groups and Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) scores lay between those elicited by low and high dose psilocybin. The weakening of perceived body boundaries was predictive of increased ego-dissolution and MEQ_Total score in the MM group only. Having an existing meditation practice was associated with increased ASC in the MM group. Past psychedelic use did not predict the degree of ASC, but ‘openness to experience’ did. Our findings suggest that a combination of validated measures and phenomenological analysis proves illuminating in describing the rich phenomenological space occasioned by MM and flotation-REST, and for exploring the relationship between different aspects of consciousness.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/8ncj6_v1", "keywords": "Altered states, ASC, Flotation-REST, Meditation, Predcitive processing, Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"8ncj6_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1455, "title": "Classical psychedelics in psychiatry - renaissance of interest and therapeutic perspectives.", "normalized_title": "classical psychedelics in psychiatry renaissance of interest and therapeutic perspectives", "authors": "Jachimowski A, Kucia K.", "abstract": "Substances that change the states of consciousness have been used in the therapeutics of traditional cultures for hundreds of years. In the Western cultural circle, scientific curiosity and hope for a breakthrough in the treatment of various mental disorders constituted the basis of the first wave of research on humans with the use of psychedelics. After synthesizing LSD, psychedelic substances aroused intense but short-term interest among mental health specialists at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century. In the preliminary studies, substances such as psilocybin or LSD, used as a supplement to psychotherapy, showed promising therapeutic effects, however, due to legal and political reasons, all research work was stopped in the 1970s. The last two decades have been a period of renaissance in the interest in using sychedelic substances in psychiatry. Despite the early stage of work, the clinical research conducted so far has indicated the potential benefits of using psychedelics in the treatment of anxiety, affective disorders, or addictions. Moreover, so far, no serious side effects of this form of therapy have been reported. However, due to a number of barriers of both medical and legal nature, the creation of the first psychiatric drug with psychedelic properties appears to be extremely complicated. Further, precisely constructed studies on large groups of patients are needed to determine whether psychedelics can find practical applications in psychiatric therapy (or even become a long-awaited breakthrough in the treatment of mental disorders).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.12740/pp/150053", "pubmed_id": "38043078", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12740/pp/150053", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38043078\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Consciousness,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1440, "title": "Sub-acute effects of psilocybin on EEG correlates of neural plasticity in major depression: Relationship to symptoms.", "normalized_title": "sub acute effects of psilocybin on eeg correlates of neural plasticity in major depression relationship to symptoms", "authors": "Skosnik PD, Sloshower J, Safi-Aghdam H, Pathania S, Syed S, Pittman B, D'Souza DC.", "abstract": "BackgroundEvidence suggests that serotonergic psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin), have rapid-acting and long-lasting antidepressant effects after a single dose. However, the mechanism underlying these effects remain unclear. One proposed mechanism is that these drugs promote neuroplasticity. However, this has not been conclusively demonstrated in humans.AimsWe hypothesized that relative to placebo, psilocybin would: (1) increase electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of neuroplasticity, (2) reduce depression symptoms, and (3) changes in EEG would correlate with improvements in depression.MethodsIn this double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject study, individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 19) were administered placebo followed by psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg) in a fixed order (placebo, followed by psilocybin 4 weeks later). EEG indices of neuroplasticity (tetanus-induced long-term potentiation) as assessed via auditory evoked theta (4-8 Hz) power and measures of depression (GRID Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17 (GRID-HAM-D-17)) were measured at several time-points after placebo and psilocybin (24 h and 2 weeks after each session).ResultsEEG theta power doubled in amplitude 2 weeks after a single psychedelic dose of psilocybin but not after placebo. Further, improvements in depression symptoms 2 weeks after psilocybin were correlated with increases in theta power.ConclusionsThe increased theta power observed represents evidence of sustained changes in the brain following psilocybin. Given the correlation with enhancement in depressive symptoms, changes in theta may represent an EEG biomarker of the sustained effects of psilocybin, and may shed light on potential mechanisms of psilocybin's antidepressant effect. Taken together, these results complement the emerging notion that psilocybin, and perhaps other psychedelics, can produce long-term alterations in neuroplasticity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231179800", "pubmed_id": "37392016", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231179800", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Electroencephalography, Depression, Neuronal Plasticity, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37392016\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1394, "title": "Clinical specificity profile for novel rapid acting antidepressant drugs.", "normalized_title": "clinical specificity profile for novel rapid acting antidepressant drugs", "authors": "Scala M, Fanelli G, De Ronchi D, Serretti A, Fabbri C.", "abstract": "Mood disorders are recurrent/chronic diseases with variable clinical remission rates. Available antidepressants are not effective in all patients and often show a relevant response latency, with a range of adverse events, including weight gain and sexual dysfunction. Novel rapid agents were developed with the aim of overcoming at least in part these issues. Novel drugs target glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, orexin, and other receptors, providing a broader range of pharmacodynamic mechanisms, that is, expected to increase the possibility of personalizing treatments on the individual clinical profile. These new drugs were developed with the aim of combining a rapid action, a tolerable profile, and higher effectiveness on specific symptoms, which were relatively poorly targeted by standard antidepressants, such as anhedonia and response to reward, suicidal ideation/behaviours, insomnia, cognitive deficits, and irritability. This review discusses the clinical specificity profile of new antidepressants, namely 4-chlorokynurenine (AV-101), dextromethorphan-bupropion, pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one (PH-10), pimavanserin, PRAX-114, psilocybin, esmethadone (REL-1017/dextromethadone), seltorexant (JNJ-42847922/MIN-202), and zuranolone (SAGE-217). The main aim is to provide an overview of the efficacy/tolerability of these compounds in patients with mood disorders having different symptom/comorbidity patterns, to help clinicians in the optimization of the risk/benefit ratio when prescribing these drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1097/yic.0000000000000488", "pubmed_id": "37381161", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/yic.0000000000000488", "keywords": "Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Bupropion, Antidepressive Agents, Comorbidity, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37381161\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3538, "title": "Investigating the Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin in Treatment-Resistant Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder", "normalized_title": "investigating the therapeutic effects of psilocybin in treatment resistant post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Halucenex Life Sciences Inc.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex disorder expressed as a variety of neurobiological symptoms, including anxiety, re-experiencing, hyperarousal, and avoidance symptoms, along with comorbidities such as anxiety, depression, and increased risk for self-medicating substance abuse. Currently, there are only two approved medications in the United States (US) for PTSD, paroxetine and sertraline. Psychedelic medications, including psilocybin, have recently received breakthrough designation by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for other psychiatric indications. Although no formal clinical trials have yet investigated psychedelic substances for the treatment of PTSD, the available evidence warrants such an investigation. The present study aims to investigate the effect of psilocybin on treatment-resistant PTSD. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex disorder expressed as a variety of neurobiological symptoms, including anxiety, re-experiencing, hyperarousal, and avoidance symptoms, along with comorbidities such as anxiety, depression, and increased risk for self-medicating substance abuse. Currently, there are only two approved medications in the United States (US) for PTSD, paroxetine and sertraline. These selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have limited efficacy. Furthermore, there is a lack of efficacious pharmacotherapy for treatment-resistant PTSD; PTSD remains a chronic and sometimes debilitating condition. New research into other treatment options for PTSD are warranted. Psychedelic medications, including psilocybin, have recently received breakthrough designation by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for other psychiatric indications. Psilocybin has received breakthrough designation for treatment of depression. Research on psilocybin has shown that it facilitates fear extinction in mice and promotes neuroplasticity, increasing neurogenesis, spinogenesis and synaptogenesis. These properties may contribute to antidepressive and anxiolytic effects. Psilocybin also reduces activity in the amygdala during threat responses; decreased amygdala reactivity is correlated with positive mood. This is particularly relevant since individuals with PTSD showed increased reactivity in the amygdala, which may increase the ability to process traumatic memories. Although no formal clinical trials have yet investigated psychedelic substances for the treatment of PTSD, the available evidence warrants such an investigation. The present study aims to investigate the effect of psilocybin on treatment-resistant PTSD.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-06-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05243329", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Disorders, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Psilocybin, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05243329\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1456, "title": "Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy preparing your target using psychohistoriography: a Jamaican perspective.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted psychotherapy preparing your target using psychohistoriography a jamaican perspective", "authors": "De La Haye W, Walcott G, Eaton J, Beckford J, Greene J.", "abstract": "The efficacy of psilocybin and other psychedelics as modes of treatment have been demonstrated through clinical trials and other studies in the management of a number of mental illnesses, including some treatment resistant cases. In Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy (PAP), psychedelics catalyze or enhance the experience fostered by psychotherapeutic methods. Psychohistoriographic Brief Psychotherapy, conceptualized by the late Professor Frederick Hickling in the 1970's in Kingston, Jamaica, offers a pathway for exploration in the Jamaican context. Applied to individuals, Psychohistoriographic Brief Therapy (PBT) has already shown success in patients with personality disorders in Jamaica through a process which includes documenting life experiences in a psychohistoriogram. In the De La Haye psilocybin Treatment Protocol (DPTP), micro-doses of crushed, dried psilocybin mushrooms are taken throughout an 8-week outpatient process of documenting the components of the psychohistoriogram, making use of the increased openness and empathy associated with the use of psychedelic agents. These sessions are followed by supervised in-office therapeutic/mystical doses of crushed, dried psilocybin mushrooms in the 9th week. Given the legal status and availability of psilocybin containing products in a few countries like Jamaica, there is a potential role for a regulated psychedelic industry contributing to the body of useful and rigorous clinical research which is needed in this area. Clients could benefit as we venture into this new frontier in psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1136990", "pubmed_id": "37457761", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1136990", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37457761\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Personality Change,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1098, "title": "Psilocybin's Potential Mechanisms in the Treatment of Depression: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s potential mechanisms in the treatment of depression a systematic review", "authors": "Lee HJ, Tsang VW, Chai BS, Lin MC, Howard A, Uy C, Elefante JO.", "abstract": "Evidence suggests that psilocybin has therapeutic benefit for treating depression. However, there is little consensus regarding the mechanism by which psilocybin elicits antidepressant effects. This systematic review summarizes existing evidence. Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, psychINFO, and Web of Science were searched, for both human and animal studies, using a combination of MeSH Terms and free-text keywords in September 2021. No other mood disorders or psychiatric diagnoses were included. Original papers in English were included. The PRISMA framework was followed for the screening of papers. Two researchers screened the retrieved articles from the literature search, and a third researcher resolved any conflicts. Of 2,193 papers identified, 49 were selected for full-text review. 14 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. Six supported psilocybin's mechanism of antidepressant action via changes to serotonin or glutamate receptor activity and three papers found an increase in synaptogenesis. Thirteen papers investigated changes in non-receptor or pathway-specific brain activity. Five papers found changes in functional connectivity or neurotransmission, most commonly in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex. Several neuroreceptors, neurotransmitters, and brain areas are thought to be involved in psilocybin's ability to mitigate depressive symptoms. Psilocybin appears to alter cerebral blood flow to the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, but the evidence on changes in functional connectivity and specific receptor activity remains sparse. The lack of consensus between studies suggests that psilocybin's mechanism of action may involve a variety of pathways, demonstrating the need for more studies on psilocybin's mechanism of action as an antidepressant.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2223195", "pubmed_id": "37385217", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2223195", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37385217\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1395, "title": "Psilocybin: The most effective moral bio-enhancer?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin the most effective moral bio enhancer", "authors": "Rakić V.", "abstract": "This paper addresses the possible effects of psychedelic drugs, notably psilocybin, on moral bio-enhancement (MBE). It will be argued that non-psychedelic substances, such as oxytocin, serotonin/serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or vasopressin, have indirect effects on M(B)E, whereas psilocybin has direct effects. Additionally, morality and happiness have been shown to operate in a circularly supportive relationship. It will be argued that psilocybin also has more direct effects on the augmentation of human happiness than non-psychedelic substances. Hence, psilocybin multiplies its effects on morality and on moral enhancement (as well as on happiness) if compared with non-psychedelic substances. Still, caution is advised if psilocybin is being used, and the correct dosage should be prescribed by an appropriate physician. Furthermore, the use of psilocybin has additional effects on moral enhancement and happiness if combined with meditation, preferably under the guidance of an experienced meditation specialist.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-27", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/bioe.13196", "pubmed_id": "37376901", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.13196", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Morals, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37376901\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3135, "title": "Psilocybin decelerates cellular senescence", "normalized_title": "psilocybin decelerates cellular senescence", "authors": "Hecker L, kato k, Kleinhenz JMK, Shin Y, Papageorgiou J, Zarrabi A.", "abstract": "Abstract Psilocybin is the psychoactive substance contained in the psilocybe(hallucinogenic) mushroom, which has received considerable attention among the scientific community in recent years. Human studies have demonstrated that even a single-dose of psilocybin can improve debilitating physical and psychological symptoms with durable long-term effects. >136 clinical studies with psilocybin have been completed or are ongoing for various indications, including psychiatric, neurodegenerative, chronic pain, and more. However, despite considerable clinical evidence for the therapeutic effects, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for its beneficial actions remain enigmatic. Studies with psilocybin have overwhelmingly focused on neurological impacts and/or behavioral outcomes; however, few studies have evaluated other mechanisms by which it exerts beneficial effects. It has recently been hypothesized that psilocybin may exert beneficial effects on aging; however, no studies have experimentally investigated the impact of psilocybin on senescence/aging. Using a previously validated human cell model of replicative senescence in vitro, cells were treated with psilocybin continuously throughout their replicative cellular lifecycle. Psilocybin treatment led to a dose-dependent decrease in cell-cycle arrest markers, increased markers of DNA replication and proliferation, reduced senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and reduced oxidative stress levels. Further, psilocybin did not demonstrate senolytic activity. Overall, these data are the first experimental evidence suggesting that psilocybin may decelerate the process of cellular senescence. Given that senescence and inflammation contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous age-related diseases, these studies could lay the foundation for the use of psilocybin as a therapeutic strategy for many age-related disease indications and/or as a geroprotective agent.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2023-06-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-2921423/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2921423/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR682607\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Cellular Senescence,Oxidative Stress,In Vitro Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1459, "title": "Psychedelics, Meaningfulness, and the \"Proper Scope\" of Medicine: Continuing the Conversation.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics meaningfulness and the proper scope of medicine continuing the conversation", "authors": "Cheung K, Patch K, Earp BD, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "Psychedelics such as psilocybin reliably produce significantly altered states of consciousness with a variety of subjectively experienced effects. These include certain changes to perception, cognition, and affect,1 which we refer to here as the acute subjective effects of psychedelics. In recent years, psychedelics such as psilocybin have also shown considerable promise as therapeutic agents when combined with talk therapy, for example, in the treatment of major depression or substance use disorder.2 However, it is currently unclear whether the aforementioned acute subjective effects are necessary to bring about the observed therapeutic effects of psilocybin and other psychedelics. This uncertainty has sparked a lively-though still largely hypothetical-debate on whether psychedelics without subjective effects (\"nonsubjective psychedelics\" or \"non-hallucinogenic psychedelics\") could still have the same therapeutic impact, or whether the acute subjective effects are in fact necessary for this impact to be fully realized.3,4,5.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1017/s0963180123000270", "pubmed_id": "37366110", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963180123000270", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37366110\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1460, "title": "Changes in synaptic markers after administration of ketamine or psychedelics: a systematic scoping review.", "normalized_title": "changes in synaptic markers after administration of ketamine or psychedelics a systematic scoping review", "authors": "Zhornitsky S, Oliva HNP, Jayne LA, Allsop ASA, Kaye AP, Potenza MN, Angarita GA.", "abstract": "BackgroundKetamine and psychedelics have abuse liability. They can also induce \"transformative experiences\" where individuals experience enhanced states of awareness. This enhanced awareness can lead to changes in preexisting behavioral patterns which could be beneficial in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs). Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that ketamine and psychedelics may alter markers associated with synaptic density, and that these changes may underlie effects such as sensitization, conditioned place preference, drug self-administration, and verbal memory performance. In this scoping review, we examined studies that measured synaptic markers in animals and humans after exposure to ketamine and/or psychedelics.MethodsA systematic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, through PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus, and Web of Science, based on a published protocol (Open Science Framework, DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/43FQ9). Both in vivo and in vitro studies were included. Studies on the following synaptic markers were included: dendritic structural changes, PSD-95, synapsin-1, synaptophysin-1, synaptotagmin-1, and SV2A.ResultsEighty-four studies were included in the final analyses. Seventy-one studies examined synaptic markers following ketamine treatment, nine examined psychedelics, and four examined both. Psychedelics included psilocybin/psilocin, lysergic acid diethylamide, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, and ibogaine/noribogaine. Mixed findings regarding synaptic changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been reported when ketamine was administered in a single dose under basal conditions. Similar mixed findings were seen under basal conditions in studies that used repeated administration of ketamine. However, studies that examined animals during stressful conditions found that a single dose of ketamine counteracted stress-related reductions in synaptic markers in the hippocampus and PFC. Repeated administration of ketamine also counteracted stress effects in the hippocampus. Psychedelics generally increased synaptic markers, but results were more consistently positive for certain agents.ConclusionKetamine and psychedelics can increase synaptic markers under certain conditions. Heterogeneous findings may relate to methodological differences, agents administered (or different formulations of the same agent), sex, and type of markers. Future studies could address seemingly mixed results by using meta-analytical approaches or study designs that more fully consider individual differences.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1197890", "pubmed_id": "37435405", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1197890", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37435405\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Biomarkers,Review Article,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1418, "title": "Molecular mechanisms of rapid-acting antidepressants: New perspectives for developing antidepressants.", "normalized_title": "molecular mechanisms of rapid acting antidepressants new perspectives for developing antidepressants", "authors": "Chen T, Cheng L, Ma J, Yuan J, Pi C, Xiong L, Chen J, Liu H, Tang J, Zhong Y, Zhang X, Liu Z, Zuo Y, Shen H, Wei Y, Zhao L.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic relapsing psychiatric disorder. Conventional antidepressants usually require several weeks of continuous administration to exert clinically significant therapeutic effects, while about two-thirds of the patients are prone to relapse of symptoms or are completely ineffective in antidepressant treatment. The recent success of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine as a rapid-acting antidepressant has propelled extensive research on the action mechanism of antidepressants, especially in relation to its role in synaptic targets. Studies have revealed that the mechanism of antidepressant action of ketamine is not limited to antagonism of postsynaptic NMDA receptors or GABA interneurons. Ketamine produces powerful and rapid antidepressant effects by affecting α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptors, adenosine A1 receptors, and the L-type calcium channels, among others in the synapse. More interestingly, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocybin has demonstrated potential for rapid antidepressant effects in depressed mouse models and clinical studies. This article focuses on a review of new pharmacological target studies of emerging rapid-acting antidepressant drugs such as ketamine and hallucinogens (e.g., psilocybin) and briefly discusses the possible strategies for new targets of antidepressants, with a view to shed light on the direction of future antidepressant research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106837", "pubmed_id": "37379962", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106837", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Disease Models, Animal, Ketamine, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37379962\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1462, "title": "Underlying pharmacological mechanisms of psilocin-induced broadband desynchronization and disconnection of EEG in rats.", "normalized_title": "underlying pharmacological mechanisms of psilocin induced broadband desynchronization and disconnection of eeg in rats", "authors": "Tylš F, Vejmola Č, Koudelka V, Piorecká V, Kadeřábek L, Bochin M, Novák T, Kuchař M, Bendová Z, Brunovský M, Horáček J, Pálení Ček T.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin is one of the most extensively studied psychedelic drugs with a broad therapeutic potential. Despite the fact that its psychoactivity is mainly attributed to the agonism at 5-HT2A receptors, it has high binding affinity also to 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A receptors and indirectly modulates the dopaminergic system. Psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin, as well as other serotonergic psychedelics, induce broadband desynchronization and disconnection in EEG in humans as well as in animals. The contribution of serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms underlying these changes is not clear. The present study thus aims to elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms underlying psilocin-induced broadband desynchronization and disconnection in an animal model.MethodsSelective antagonists of serotonin receptors (5-HT1A WAY100635, 5-HT2A MDL100907, 5-HT2C SB242084) and antipsychotics haloperidol, a D2 antagonist, and clozapine, a mixed D2 and 5-HT receptor antagonist, were used in order to clarify the underlying pharmacology.ResultsPsilocin-induced broadband decrease in the mean absolute EEG power was normalized by all antagonists and antipsychotics used within the frequency range 1-25 Hz; however, decreases in 25-40 Hz were influenced only by clozapine. Psilocin-induced decrease in global functional connectivity and, specifically, fronto-temporal disconnection were reversed by the 5-HT2A antagonist while other drugs had no effect.DiscussionThese findings suggest the involvement of all three serotonergic receptors studied as well as the role of dopaminergic mechanisms in power spectra/current density with only the 5-HT2A receptor being effective in both studied metrics. This opens an important discussion on the role of other than 5-HT2A-dependent mechanisms underlying the neurobiology of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2023.1152578", "pubmed_id": "37425017", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1152578", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37425017\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1099, "title": "Health Benefits and Positive Acute Effects of Psilocybin Consumption: A Quantitative Textual Analysis of User Self-Reported Data.", "normalized_title": "health benefits and positive acute effects of psilocybin consumption a quantitative textual analysis of user self reported data", "authors": "Bienemann B, Barbosa AR, Cruz LVMD, Multedo M, Mograbi D.", "abstract": "There has been growth in the use of psychedelics by the global population in recent years. In addition to recreational and ritualistic use, recent research into psychedelics has brought advances for treating mental disorders. Understanding the specific circumstances in which psilocybin leads to positive outcomes may have important implications for the future of its clinical use and for harm reduction initiatives. This study aimed to investigate the positive effects from the consumption of psilocybin through public online self-reports. We sought to investigate health benefits promoted by the consumption of the substance, positive acute effects, and contextual details of these experiences. We analyzed 846 reports with the assistance of the IRaMuTeQ textual analysis software, adopting the procedures of Descending Hierarchical Classification, Correspondence Factor Analysis, and Specificities Analysis. The texts were grouped in 5 clusters, describing the content of mental experiences, cognitive processes, somatic experiences, perceptual alterations, and context of administration. The findings of this study reinforce central axes of the psychedelic experience, such as the presence of somatic and visual alterations, connectedness and feeling one with the world and effects of setting, as well as the beneficial character of mystical experiences this substance promotes, and the importance of the ego-dissolution phenomenon.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2226414", "pubmed_id": "37348116", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2226414", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Self Report, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37348116\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1365, "title": "Psychedelics in the treatment of eating disorders: Rationale and potential mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in the treatment of eating disorders rationale and potential mechanisms", "authors": "Calder A, Mock S, Friedli N, Pasi P, Hasler G.", "abstract": "Eating disorders are serious illnesses showing high rates of mortality and comorbidity with other mental health problems. Psychedelic-assisted therapy has recently shown potential in the treatment of several common comorbidities of eating disorders, including mood disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. The theorized therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelic-assisted therapy suggest that it could be beneficial in the treatment of eating disorders as well. In this review, we summarize preliminary data on the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy in people with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, which include studies and case reports of psychedelic-assisted therapy with ketamine, MDMA, psilocybin, and ayahuasca. We then discuss the potential therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelic-assisted therapy in these three eating disorders, including both general therapeutic mechanisms and those which are relatively specific to eating disorders. We find preliminary evidence that psychedelic-assisted therapy may be effective in the treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, with very little data available on binge eating disorder. Regarding mechanisms, psychedelic-assisted therapy may be able to improve beliefs about body image, normalize reward processing, promote cognitive flexibility, and facilitate trauma processing. Just as importantly, it appears to promote general therapeutic factors relevant to both eating disorders and many of their common comorbidities. Lastly, we discuss potential safety concerns which may be associated with these treatments and present recommendations for future research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-20", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.05.008", "pubmed_id": "37352816", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.05.008", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, Feeding and Eating Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37352816\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1419, "title": "\"Biosynthesis of psilocybin and its nonnatural derivatives by a promiscuous psilocybin synthesis pathway in Escherichia coli\".", "normalized_title": "biosynthesis of psilocybin and its nonnatural derivatives by a promiscuous psilocybin synthesis pathway in escherichia coli", "authors": "Flower JE, Gibbons WJ, Adams AM, Wang X, Broude CN, Jones JA.", "abstract": "Traditional psychedelics are undergoing a transformation from recreational drugs, to promising pharmaceutical drug candidates with the potential to provide an alternative treatment option for individuals struggling with mental illness. Sustainable and economic production methods are thus needed to facilitate enhanced study of these drug candidates to support future clinical efforts. Here, we expand upon current bacterial psilocybin biosynthesis by incorporating the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, PsiH, to enable the de novo production of psilocybin as well as the biosynthesis of 13 psilocybin derivatives. The substrate promiscuity of the psilocybin biosynthesis pathway was comprehensively probed by using a library of 49 single-substituted indole derivatives, providing biophysical insights to this understudied metabolic pathway and opening the door to the in vivo biological synthesis of a library of previously unstudied pharmaceutical drug candidates.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1002/bit.28480", "pubmed_id": "37337917", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.28480", "keywords": "Humans, Escherichia coli, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37337917\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1396, "title": "Psilocybin intoxication did not affect daytime or sleep-related declarative memory consolidation in a small sample exploratory analysis.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin intoxication did not affect daytime or sleep related declarative memory consolidation in a small sample exploratory analysis", "authors": "Nikolič M, Viktorin V, Zach P, Tylš F, Dudysová D, Janků K, Kopřivová J, Kuchař M, Brunovský M, Horáček J, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is investigated as a fast-acting antidepressant used in conjunction with psychotherapy. Intact cognitive functions, including memory, are one of the basic conditions of effective psychedelic-assisted therapy. While cognitive and memory processing is attenuated on various domains during psilocybin intoxication, the effect of psilocybin on the consolidation of memories learned outside of acute intoxication is not known. Thus the main aim of the current study was to test the effects of psilocybin on (A) memory consolidation of previously learned material just after the psilocybin session and (B) on overnight memory consolidation the night just after the psilocybin session. 20 healthy volunteers (10 M/10F) were enrolled in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. Effects on declarative memory consolidation in condition (A) The Groton Maze Learning Task and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test were used, and for (B) the Pair Associative Learning Test was used. We did not find psilocybin to improve memory consolidation. At the same time, we did not find psilocybin to negatively affect memory consolidation in any of the tests used. This evidence adds to the safety profile for the use of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.04.019", "pubmed_id": "37336163", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.04.019", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cross-Over Studies, Memory, Sleep, Memory Consolidation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37336163\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1463, "title": "A case-study evaluation of the \"Copenhagen Music Program\" for psilocybin-assisted therapy.", "normalized_title": "a case study evaluation of the copenhagen music program for psilocybin assisted therapy", "authors": "Ratkovic G, Sosteric M, Sosteric T.", "abstract": "In a recent article, Messell and colleagues provide a curated list, the \"Copenhagen Music Program for Psilocybin\". We test their music program with an experienced Indigenous therapist/psychonaut on a 3.5 gram psilocybin journey. Based on comments provided by the Indigenous therapist, we find the program contains musical choices that evoke specific colonial and religious contexts. We also find the program psychologically and emotionally coercive, meaning it is intended to contain the experience by forcing the individual on a specific experiential pathway. We conclude the program is not suitable for Indigenous travelers and suggest that curation of a wider variety of playlists, and music more in line with traditional shamanic practices, might be a better approach to psychedelic curation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-15", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1156852", "pubmed_id": "37397316", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1156852", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37397316\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1467, "title": "The Canadian Psychedelic Survey: Characteristics, Patterns of Use, and Access in a Large Sample of People Who Use Psychedelic Drugs.", "normalized_title": "the canadian psychedelic survey characteristics patterns of use and access in a large sample of people who use psychedelic drugs", "authors": "Lake S, Lucas P.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent years have seen a resurgence in clinical interest in, and increased public acceptance of, psychedelic drugs in Canada. However, our understanding of how psychedelic drugs are currently used in Canada remains limited. We developed the Canadian Psychedelic Survey (CPS) to gather real-world evidence about psychedelic drug use in Canada. This study aimed to characterize CPS respondents; identify access sources; explore psychedelic-specific patterns, purposes, and contexts of use; and contextualize intense positive and challenging psychedelic experiences.MethodsThe CPS was administered in January 2022. We used descriptive statistics to characterize the sample and understand access to psychedelic drugs and detailed patterns and contexts of use. We built separate logistic regression models to identify sociodemographic and psychedelic-related correlates of reporting an intense positive and challenging experience with psychedelic drugs.ResultsWe analyzed data from 2045 respondents (mean age = 38.4 years; 56% female). Psilocybin, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were the most used psychedelic drugs. Top motivations for psychedelic drug use were fun, self-exploration, general mental well-being, and personal growth. Lifetime intense positive and challenging psychedelic experiences were reported by 82% and 52%, respectively. Over half (56%) of those who had an intense challenging experience reported that \"some good\" came from the experience after-the-fact. In multivariable analysis, significant correlates of intense positive experiences included higher perceived psychedelic experience and fun and self-exploration as motivations for use (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2023.0002", "pubmed_id": "40046727", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0002", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40046727\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1464, "title": "In vivo mapping of pharmacologically induced functional reorganization onto the human brain's neurotransmitter landscape.", "normalized_title": "in vivo mapping of pharmacologically induced functional reorganization onto the human brain s neurotransmitter landscape", "authors": "Luppi AI, Hansen JY, Adapa R, Carhart-Harris RL, Roseman L, Timmermann C, Golkowski D, Ranft A, Ilg R, Jordan D, Bonhomme V, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Demertzi A, Jaquet O, Bahri MA, Alnagger NLN, Cardone P, Peattie ARD, Manktelow AE, de Araujo DB, Sensi SL, Owen AM, Naci L, Menon DK, Misic B, Stamatakis EA.", "abstract": "To understand how pharmacological interventions can exert their powerful effects on brain function, we need to understand how they engage the brain's rich neurotransmitter landscape. Here, we bridge microscale molecular chemoarchitecture and pharmacologically induced macroscale functional reorganization, by relating the regional distribution of 19 neurotransmitter receptors and transporters obtained from positron emission tomography, and the regional changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity induced by 10 different mind-altering drugs: propofol, sevoflurane, ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ayahuasca, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), modafinil, and methylphenidate. Our results reveal a many-to-many mapping between psychoactive drugs' effects on brain function and multiple neurotransmitter systems. The effects of both anesthetics and psychedelics on brain function are organized along hierarchical gradients of brain structure and function. Last, we show that regional co-susceptibility to pharmacological interventions recapitulates co-susceptibility to disorder-induced structural alterations. Collectively, these results highlight rich statistical patterns relating molecular chemoarchitecture and drug-induced reorganization of the brain's functional architecture.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.adf8332", "pubmed_id": "37315149", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adf8332", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Methylphenidate, Ketamine, Membrane Transport Proteins, Modafinil", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37315149\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1421, "title": "Assessment of the Acute Effects of 2C-B vs. Psilocybin on Subjective Experience, Mood, and Cognition.", "normalized_title": "assessment of the acute effects of 2c b vs psilocybin on subjective experience mood and cognition", "authors": "Mallaroni P, Mason NL, Reckweg JT, Paci R, Ritscher S, Toennes SW, Theunissen EL, Kuypers KPC, Ramaekers JG.", "abstract": "2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) is a hallucinogenic phenethylamine derived from mescaline. Observational and preclinical data have suggested it to be capable of producing both subjective and emotional effects on par with other classical psychedelics and entactogens. Whereas it is the most prevalently used novel serotonergic hallucinogen to date, it's acute effects and distinctions from classical progenitors have yet to be characterized in a controlled study. We assessed for the first time the immediate acute subjective, cognitive, and cardiovascular effects of 2C-B (20 mg) in comparison to psilocybin (15 mg) and placebo in a within-subjects, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 22 healthy psychedelic-experienced participants. 2C-B elicited alterations of waking consciousness of a psychedelic nature, with dysphoria, subjective impairment, auditory alterations, and affective elements of ego dissolution largest under psilocybin. Participants demonstrated equivalent psychomotor slowing and spatial memory impairments under either compound compared with placebo, as indexed by the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Tower of London, and Spatial Memory Task. Neither compound produced empathogenic effects on the Multifaceted Empathy Test. 2C-B induced transient pressor effects to a similar degree as psilocybin. The duration of self-reported effects of 2C-B was shorter than that of psilocybin, largely resolving within 6 hours. Present findings support the categorization of 2C-B as a psychedelic of moderate experiential depth at doses given. Tailored dose-effect studies are needed to discern the pharmacokinetic dependency of 2C-B's experiential overlaps.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1002/cpt.2958", "pubmed_id": "37253161", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2958", "keywords": "Humans, Dimethoxyphenylethylamine, Hallucinogens, Affect, Cognition, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37253161\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Animal Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1397, "title": "HOPE: A Pilot Study of Psilocybin Enhanced Group Psychotherapy in Patients With Cancer.", "normalized_title": "hope a pilot study of psilocybin enhanced group psychotherapy in patients with cancer", "authors": "Lewis BR, Garland EL, Byrne K, Durns T, Hendrick J, Beck A, Thielking P.", "abstract": "Context/objectivesPsilocybin-assisted psychotherapy shows promise in treating depression and existential distress in people with serious medical illness. However, its individual-based methodology poses challenges for scaling and resource availability. The HOPE trial (A Pilot Study of Psilocybin Enhanced Group Psychotherapy in Patients with Cancer) is an Institutional Review Boards-approved open-label feasibility and safety pilot study examining psilocybin-assisted group therapy in cancer patients with a DSM-5 depressive disorder (including major depressive disorder as well as adjustment disorder with depressed mood). We report here the safety and clinical outcome measures including six-months follow up data.MethodsOutcome measures were collected at baseline, two-weeks and 26-weeks postintervention. The study involved three group preparatory sessions, one high-dose (25 mg) group psilocybin session, and three group integration sessions with cohorts of four participants over a three-week intervention.ResultsTwelve participants completed the trial. no serious adverse events attributed to psilocybin occurred. The primary clinical outcome measures of change in symptoms of depression on the clinician administered 17-item-HAM-D showed clinically substantial decrease in HAM-D scores from baseline to the two-week timepoint (21.5-10.09, P < 0.001) and the 26-week timepoint (21.5-14.83, P = 0.006). Six out of 12 participants met criteria for remission at two weeks, as defined by HAM-D < 7, three out 12 demonstrated a clinically significant change (4-6 points), and eight out of twelve demonstrated a clinically substantial change (7-12 points).ConclusionThis pilot study demonstrated the safety, feasibility, and possible efficacy of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for cancer patients dealing with depressive symptoms. Based on demonstrated efficacy and significant reductions in therapist time, future investigations with the group therapy model are warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2023.06.006", "pubmed_id": "37302533", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2023.06.006", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Pilot Projects, Psychotherapy, Group, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37302533\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Review Article,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3801, "title": "The treatment of abandonment anxiety with MDMA and LSD", "normalized_title": "the treatment of abandonment anxiety with mdma and lsd", "authors": "Turkia M.", "abstract": "This retrospective study presents the case of a young woman in her mid-twenties who suffered from insecurity and abandonment-related anxiety, which intensified after a breakup of her relationship. Her parents' alcoholism and schizophrenia, as well as emotional and physical violence, had been a part of her childhood, but they had appeared 'normal' to her. Her parents and relatives had not benefited from conventional therapies, which led her to conclude that they would not benefit her either. A friend introduced her to psychedelics, which she initially found strange. She participated in a few psilocybin mushroom ceremonies but felt that there was a lack of supportive structure between ceremonies. Subsequently, she found a therapist who utilized Internal Family Systems (IFS) methodology, MDMA, and LSD. In the course of 1.5 years, she attended thirteen sessions with a therapist, eighteen unsupervised self-treatment sessions, and almost weekly additional IFS-only sessions. In the beginning, MDMA was utilized in the sessions; later, it was replaced by LSD. The dosages were relatively high (120-400 mg of MDMA, or 400-600 µg of LSD). The most important experience was a reliving of her birth trauma. She described it as perfectly aligned with the model presented by Stanislav Grof. Its essence was the experience of abandonment, which represented a core around which her whole life had been organized. Becoming conscious of this core made her life history appear understandable and explainable. Typical emotions to process had included deep sorrow and feelings of betrayal. She considered that the process had benefited her enormously, especially because the therapist had extensive personal experience of these medicines as well as the same psychedelic states and types of experience. The therapist had thus been able to provide a clear 'route map' within which her experiences fit. She had resolved her fear of abandonment, ceased to blame herself for her past, and experienced 'grace'. She found that many of her experiences represented allegories of events found in the Bible and religious art. The healing process was still ongoing, with each session producing additional benefits. She considered the process so interesting that she intended to continue it for the rest of her life. Her aim was to stop further transmission of transgenerational trauma. She stated that everyone should go through a similar process.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/pw2tf", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/pw2tf", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR673876\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3793, "title": "Naturalistic Psilocybin Use Increases Mind Perception but not Atheist-Believer status: A Prospective Longitudinal Study", "normalized_title": "naturalistic psilocybin use increases mind perception but not atheist believer status a prospective longitudinal study", "authors": "Nayak SM, White S, Hilbert S, Lowe MX, Jackson H, Griffiths RR, Garcia-Romeu A, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "Recent studies suggest psychedelic use may be associated with changes in a variety of beliefs or belief-like states, including increased 1) mind perception, 2) non-naturalistic beliefs, and 3) Atheist-Believer status (e.g., believer, agnostic, or non-believer). We conducted a prospective longitudinal study among participants (N = 657) who planned to have a psychedelic experience. We asked participants about their beliefs concerning mind perception of various entities, specific metaphysical positions, and Atheist-Believer status both before and after their experience. Replicating previous findings, we observed increases in mind perception across a variety of living and non-living targets (e.g., plants, animals). However, we found little to no change in metaphysical beliefs (e.g., dualism) or Atheist-Believer status. Taken together, these findings contrast with those from cross-sectional studies that psychedelic experiences result in changes to Atheist-Believer status and non-naturalistic beliefs but support the relevance of mind perception and mentalization.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/auycp", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/auycp", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR673873\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3771, "title": "Self-treatment of parental neglect-induced mixed anxiety and depressive disorder with psilocybin - A retrospective case study", "normalized_title": "self treatment of parental neglect induced mixed anxiety and depressive disorder with psilocybin a retrospective case study", "authors": "Turkia M.", "abstract": "This article presents the case of a young woman in her mid-twenties with a history of depression since childhood. She lived with a mother who failed to take care of her. The patient cared for the emotional needs of the mother instead of the mother caring for the daughter's needs. Her father was mostly absent. Already around the age of thirteen, the patient was severely depressed and was self-harming without anyone interfering with it. Eventually, her parents divorced when she was fourteen. Since then, she and her younger brother lived practically on their own for several years. She was 'unable to either recognize or process' her feelings, and assumed that she was supposed to 'serve others'. At the age of twenty, she moved in with a severely traumatized boyfriend. Compared to his, her childhood appeared 'very happy'. She was 'disconnected from her feelings' and 'could not understand what was wrong'. As she enrolled in a higher education facility, comparisons with other students made her realize that her own upbringing differed from theirs. She was unable to verbalize her problem, and the student healthcare system did not recommend psychotherapy for her. She was prescribed escitalopram, but it 'never worked'. Cannabis somewhat alleviated anxiety but led to passivity. Eventually, she tried psilocybin mushrooms. In the course of two years, she carried out four sessions with lower doses, and three sessions with conventional psychedelic doses of psilocybin. Subsequently, she considered her depression resolved. The mushrooms 'did not provide a swift solution' but 'played a major role' in the resolution of her depression. They enabled her to see that the root of her depression was in her adverse childhood experiences. Later, 'setting boundaries' and 'doing things as she wished' provided 'significant relief'. After this, she was also granted psychotherapy, which she utilized for 'psychedelic integration'. This case, along with previous case studies on the same approach, demonstrates that unsupervised self-treatment is a feasible, cost-effective, and relatively simple method, which could enable societies to overcome the cost and resource crisis of mental health care.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/qyce5", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qyce5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:20", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR673882\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3387, "title": "The treatment of abandonment anxiety with MDMA and LSD", "normalized_title": "the treatment of abandonment anxiety with mdma and lsd", "authors": "", "abstract": "This retrospective study presents the case of a young woman in her mid-twenties who suffered from insecurity and abandonment-related anxiety, which intensified after a breakup of her relationship. Her parents' alcoholism and schizophrenia, as well as emotional and physical violence, had been a part of her childhood, but they had appeared 'normal' to her. Her parents and relatives had not benefited from conventional therapies, which led her to conclude that they would not benefit her either. A friend introduced her to psychedelics, which she initially found strange. She participated in a few psilocybin mushroom ceremonies but felt that there was a lack of supportive structure between ceremonies. Subsequently, she found a therapist who utilized Internal Family Systems (IFS) methodology, MDMA, and LSD. In the course of 1.5 years, she attended thirteen sessions with a therapist, eighteen unsupervised self-treatment sessions, and almost weekly additional IFS-only sessions. In the beginning, MDMA was utilized in the sessions; later, it was replaced by LSD. The dosages were relatively high (120-400 mg of MDMA, or 400-600 µg of LSD). The most important experience was a reliving of her birth trauma. She described it as perfectly aligned with the model presented by Stanislav Grof. Its essence was the experience of abandonment, which represented a core around which her whole life had been organized. Becoming conscious of this core made her life history appear understandable and explainable. Typical emotions to process had included deep sorrow and feelings of betrayal. She considered that the process had benefited her enormously, especially because the therapist had extensive personal experience of these medicines as well as the same psychedelic states and types of experience. The therapist had thus been able to provide a clear 'route map' within which her experiences fit. She had resolved her fear of abandonment, ceased to blame herself for her past, and experienced 'grace'. She found that many of her experiences represented allegories of events found in the Bible and religious art. The healing process was still ongoing, with each session producing additional benefits. She considered the process so interesting that she intended to continue it for the rest of her life. Her aim was to stop further transmission of transgenerational trauma. She stated that everyone should go through a similar process.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/pw2tf_v1", "keywords": "psilocybin, psychedelics, psychedelic therapy, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Dissociative Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Trauma and Stress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"pw2tf_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3359, "title": "Naturalistic Psilocybin Use Increases Mind Perception but not Atheist-Believer status: A Prospective Longitudinal Study", "normalized_title": "naturalistic psilocybin use increases mind perception but not atheist believer status a prospective longitudinal study", "authors": "Nayak SM, White SH, Hilbert S, Lowe MX, Jackson H, Griffiths RR, Garcia-Romeu A, Yaden DB.", "abstract": "Recent studies suggest psychedelic use may be associated with changes in a variety of beliefs or belief-like states, including increased 1) mind perception, 2) non-naturalistic beliefs, and 3) Atheist-Believer status (e.g., believer, agnostic, or non-believer). We conducted a prospective longitudinal study among participants (N = 657) who planned to have a psychedelic experience. We asked participants about their beliefs concerning mind perception of various entities, specific metaphysical positions, and Atheist-Believer status both before and after their experience. Replicating previous findings, we observed increases in mind perception across a variety of living and non-living targets (e.g., plants, animals). However, we found little to no change in metaphysical beliefs (e.g., dualism) or Atheist-Believer status. Taken together, these findings contrast with those from cross-sectional studies that psychedelic experiences result in changes to Atheist-Believer status and non-naturalistic beliefs but support the relevance of mind perception and mentalization.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/auycp_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/auycp_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR1036094\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3358, "title": "Naturalistic Psilocybin Use Increases Mind Perception but not Atheist-Believer status: A Prospective Longitudinal Study", "normalized_title": "naturalistic psilocybin use increases mind perception but not atheist believer status a prospective longitudinal study", "authors": "", "abstract": "Recent studies suggest psychedelic use may be associated with changes in a variety of beliefs or belief-like states, including increased 1) mind perception, 2) non-naturalistic beliefs, and 3) Atheist-Believer status (e.g., believer, agnostic, or non-believer). We conducted a prospective longitudinal study among participants (N = 657) who planned to have a psychedelic experience. We asked participants about their beliefs concerning mind perception of various entities, specific metaphysical positions, and Atheist-Believer status both before and after their experience. Replicating previous findings, we observed increases in mind perception across a variety of living and non-living targets (e.g., plants, animals). However, we found little to no change in metaphysical beliefs (e.g., dualism) or Atheist-Believer status. Taken together, these findings contrast with those from cross-sectional studies that psychedelic experiences result in changes to Atheist-Believer status and non-naturalistic beliefs but support the relevance of mind perception and mentalization.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/auycp_v1", "keywords": "Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"auycp_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3229, "title": "Self-treatment of parental neglect-induced mixed anxiety and depressive disorder with psilocybin - A retrospective case study", "normalized_title": "self treatment of parental neglect induced mixed anxiety and depressive disorder with psilocybin a retrospective case study", "authors": "", "abstract": "This article presents the case of a young woman in her mid-twenties with a history of depression since childhood. She lived with a mother who failed to take care of her. The patient cared for the emotional needs of the mother instead of the mother caring for the daughter's needs. Her father was mostly absent. Already around the age of thirteen, the patient was severely depressed and was self-harming without anyone interfering with it. Eventually, her parents divorced when she was fourteen. Since then, she and her younger brother lived practically on their own for several years. She was 'unable to either recognize or process' her feelings, and assumed that she was supposed to 'serve others'. At the age of twenty, she moved in with a severely traumatized boyfriend. Compared to his, her childhood appeared 'very happy'. She was 'disconnected from her feelings' and 'could not understand what was wrong'. As she enrolled in a higher education facility, comparisons with other students made her realize that her own upbringing differed from theirs. She was unable to verbalize her problem, and the student healthcare system did not recommend psychotherapy for her. She was prescribed escitalopram, but it 'never worked'. Cannabis somewhat alleviated anxiety but led to passivity. Eventually, she tried psilocybin mushrooms. In the course of two years, she carried out four sessions with lower doses, and three sessions with conventional psychedelic doses of psilocybin. Subsequently, she considered her depression resolved. The mushrooms 'did not provide a swift solution' but 'played a major role' in the resolution of her depression. They enabled her to see that the root of her depression was in her adverse childhood experiences. Later, 'setting boundaries' and 'doing things as she wished' provided 'significant relief'. After this, she was also granted psychotherapy, which she utilized for 'psychedelic integration'. This case, along with previous case studies on the same approach, demonstrates that unsupervised self-treatment is a feasible, cost-effective, and relatively simple method, which could enable societies to overcome the cost and resource crisis of mental health care.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/qyce5_v1", "keywords": "psilocybin, psychedelics, psychedelic therapy, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Trauma and Stress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"qyce5_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1468, "title": "No trip needed for psychedelics to lift mood?", "normalized_title": "no trip needed for psychedelics to lift mood", "authors": "O'Grady C.", "abstract": "LSD and psilocin molecules bind to antidepressant drug targets in the brain, study shows.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-07", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1126/science.adj1031", "pubmed_id": "37289868", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj1031", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Mice, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, trkB, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37289868\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1443, "title": "Attenuation of psilocybin mushroom effects during and after SSRI/SNRI antidepressant use.", "normalized_title": "attenuation of psilocybin mushroom effects during and after ssri snri antidepressant use", "authors": "Gukasyan N, Griffiths RR, Yaden DB, Antoine DG, Nayak SM.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is being studied for depression, but little is known about how it interacts with common antidepressants. Limited data suggest that psilocybin's effects may be diminished by serotonergic antidepressants acutely and even after a medication washout period.AimsTo learn the extent to which antidepressants may diminish the effects of psilocybin-containing mushrooms both concurrently and after discontinuation of antidepressants.MethodsOnline retrospective survey of individuals with use of psilocybin mushrooms (1) with an antidepressant and/or (2) within 2 years of discontinuing an antidepressant. Participants who took mushrooms with an antidepressant and either took the same dose pre-antidepressant or took the same dose with other people not on antidepressant reported the strength of drug effects relative to their expectation. Participants who took mushrooms following discontinuation of an antidepressant also reported the presence of weakened effects.ResultsIn reports (n = 611) of taking mushrooms with an antidepressant, probabilities [95% CI] of weaker than expected drug effects were 0.47 [0.41-0.54] (selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs), 0.55 [0.44-0.67] (serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, SNRIs) and 0.29 [0.2-0.39] (bupropion). Following SSRI/SNRI discontinuation (n = 1,542 reports), the probability of reduced drug effects was not significantly different from the earliest post-discontinuation timepoint (within 1 week) until 3-6 months, probability = 0.3 [0.20-0.46], p = 0.001. A sensitivity analysis found that removing responses involving fluoxetine, which has an especially long half-life, did not significantly alter this result.ConclusionsSSRI/SNRIs appear to weaken psilocybin drug effects relative to a non-serotonergic antidepressant. This dampening effect may last as long as 3 months following antidepressant discontinuation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-07", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231179910", "pubmed_id": "37291890", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231179910", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Antidepressive Agents, Retrospective Studies, Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors, Psilocybin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37291890\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1329, "title": "Hallucinogen use among young adults ages 19-30 in the United States: Changes from 2018 to 2021.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogen use among young adults ages 19 30 in the united states changes from 2018 to 2021", "authors": "Keyes KM, Patrick ME.", "abstract": "Background and aimsGiven the shifting landscape of hallucinogen use, particularly with increased therapeutic use, understanding current changes in use is a necessary part of examining the potential risk hallucinogens pose to vulnerable populations, such as young adults. This study aimed to measure hallucinogen use among young adults aged 19-30 years from 2018 to 2021.Design, setting and participantsThis was a longitudinal cohort study among young adults aged 19-30 years from the US general population, interviewed between 2018 and 2021. Participants comprised 11 304 unique respondents, with an average number of follow-ups of 1.46 (standard deviation = 0.50). Of the observed data points, 51.9% were among females.MeasurementsWe examined past 12-month self-reported use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), as well as hallucinogens besides LSD (e.g. psilocybin), monitoring any use as well as frequency, overall and by sex.FindingsFrom 2018 to 2021, past 12-month use of LSD among young adults in the US remained relatively unchanged, from 3.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.1-4.3] in 2018 to 4.2% in 2021 (95% CI = 3.4-5.0). Non-LSD hallucinogen [e.g. 'shrooms', psilocybin or PCP (phenylcyclohexyl piperidine)] use, however, increased in prevalence from 3.4% (95% CI = 2.8-4.1) to 6.6% from 2018 to 2021 (95% CI = 5.5-7.6). Across years, the odds of non-LSD use were higher for males [odds ratio (OR) = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.52-2.26] and lower for black than white participants (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.19-0.47) and those without a college-educated parent (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.64-0.99). Demographic disparities were similar for LSD use.ConclusionPrevalence of past-year use non-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) hallucinogen was twice as high in 2021 as in 2018 among US young adults. Correlates of non-LSD hallucinogen use included being male, white and from higher socio-economic status backgrounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/add.16259", "pubmed_id": "37287110", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16259", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Prevalence, Longitudinal Studies, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37287110\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3190, "title": "Cardioprotective Potential of the Ethanol and Water Extracts of Four Psilocybin Mushrooms on Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertrophy and Oxidative Stress on H9C2 Cardiomyocytes", "normalized_title": "cardioprotective potential of the ethanol and water extracts of four psilocybin mushrooms on angiotensin ii induced hypertrophy and oxidative stress on h9c2 cardiomyocytes", "authors": "Nkadimeng SM, Steinmann CM, Eloff JN.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-containing mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms have antidepressant effect, however, their safety in cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure is not fully known and needs to be investigated. Cardiac hypertrophy is an independent risk factor for heart failure morbidity and mortality. Angiotensin II (Ang-II) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. We investigated the cardiovascular safety of extracts of Panaeolus cyanescens, Psilocybe natalensis, Psilocybe cubensis, and Psilocybe cubensis leucistic A+ strain mushrooms, well-known psilocybin-containing mushrooms in the Panaeolus and Psilocybe genus on Ang II-induced hypertrophy oxidative stress. The four mushrooms were grown, dried and extracted with 70% ethanol, cold and hot water. Extracts were tested for cytotoxicity on H9C2 cardiomyoblast cells. The cardiomyocytes were induced with (10 µM) AngII and treated with the three extracts of the four mushrooms over 48 hours. Control cells were serum starved but neither AngII induced nor treated while AngII cells were serum starved and stimulated with AngII but not treated. Losartan, an inhibitor of AngII type 1 receptor was used as positive control. Effects of the extracts on actin-filament labelling and cell surface area, mitochondrial activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and atrial natriuretic peptide levels were determined. Stimulation with AngII lowered cell viability, increased the cell width measurements and intracellular ROS levels significantly compared to control cells. The results indicated that the ethanol and water extracts of the four psilocybin mushrooms did not exacerbate the angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy conditions, but the extracts had cardio-protective activity against angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress. The phytochemical analysis of the extracts confirmed detections of known compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in the water and ethanol extracts of these four psilocybin mushrooms.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2023-06-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202306.0362.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202306.0362.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR672264\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Mitochondrial Function,Oxidative Stress,Safety,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1296, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a potential treatment for eating disorders: a narrative review of preliminary evidence.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy as a potential treatment for eating disorders a narrative review of preliminary evidence", "authors": "Koning E, Brietzke E.", "abstract": "Eating disorders (ED) are a group of potentially severe mental disorders characterized by abnormal energy balance, cognitive dysfunction, and emotional distress. Cognitive inflexibility is a major challenge to successful ED treatment and dysregulated serotonergic function has been implicated in this symptomatic dimension. Moreover, there are few effective treatment options and long-term remission of ED symptoms is difficult to achieve. There is emerging evidence for the use of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) for a range of mental disorders. Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic that has demonstrated therapeutic benefit in a variety of psychiatric illnesses characterized by rigid thought patterns and treatment resistance. The current paper presents a narrative review of the hypothesis that psilocybin may be an effective adjunctive treatment for individuals with EDs, based on biological plausibility, transdiagnostic evidence, and preliminary results. Limitations of the PAP model and proposed future directions for its application to eating behavior are also discussed. Although the literature to date is not sufficient to propose the incorporation of psilocybin in the treatment of disordered eating behaviors, preliminary evidence supports the need for more rigorous clinical trials as an important avenue for future investigation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.47626/2237-6089-2022-0597", "pubmed_id": "37126863", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.47626/2237-6089-2022-0597", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Combined Modality Therapy, Psychotherapy, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37126863\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1471, "title": "Psychedelics promote plasticity by directly binding to BDNF receptor TrkB.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics promote plasticity by directly binding to bdnf receptor trkb", "authors": "Moliner R, Girych M, Brunello CA, Kovaleva V, Biojone C, Enkavi G, Antenucci L, Kot EF, Goncharuk SA, Kaurinkoski K, Kuutti M, Fred SM, Elsilä LV, Sakson S, Cannarozzo C, Diniz CRAF, Seiffert N, Rubiolo A, Haapaniemi H, Meshi E, Nagaeva E, Öhman T, Róg T, Kankuri E, Vilar M, Varjosalo M, Korpi ER, Permi P, Mineev KS, Saarma M, Vattulainen I, Casarotto PC, Castrén E.", "abstract": "Psychedelics produce fast and persistent antidepressant effects and induce neuroplasticity resembling the effects of clinically approved antidepressants. We recently reported that pharmacologically diverse antidepressants, including fluoxetine and ketamine, act by binding to TrkB, the receptor for BDNF. Here we show that lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocin directly bind to TrkB with affinities 1,000-fold higher than those for other antidepressants, and that psychedelics and antidepressants bind to distinct but partially overlapping sites within the transmembrane domain of TrkB dimers. The effects of psychedelics on neurotrophic signaling, plasticity and antidepressant-like behavior in mice depend on TrkB binding and promotion of endogenous BDNF signaling but are independent of serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A) activation, whereas LSD-induced head twitching is dependent on 5-HT2A and independent of TrkB binding. Our data confirm TrkB as a common primary target for antidepressants and suggest that high-affinity TrkB positive allosteric modulators lacking 5-HT2A activity may retain the antidepressant potential of psychedelics without hallucinogenic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-04", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41593-023-01316-5", "pubmed_id": "37280397", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01316-5", "keywords": "Neurons, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Humans, Mice, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, trkB, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Membrane Glycoproteins, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Signal Transduction, Allosteric Regulation, Binding Sites, Neuronal Plasticity, Female, Male, Embryo, Mammalian, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, HEK293 Cells, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37280397\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1248, "title": "Reports of self-compassion and affect regulation in psilocybin-assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder: An interpretive phenomenological analysis.", "normalized_title": "reports of self compassion and affect regulation in psilocybin assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder an interpretive phenomenological analysis", "authors": "Agin-Liebes G, Nielson EM, Zingman M, Kim K, Haas A, Owens LT, Rogers U, Bogenschutz M.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThe primary aim of this qualitative study was to delineate psychological mechanisms of change in the first randomized controlled trial of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy to treat alcohol use disorder (AUD). Theories regarding psychological processes involved in psychedelic therapy remain underdeveloped.MethodParticipants (N = 13) mostly identified as non-Hispanic and White, with approximately equal proportions of cisgender men and women. Participants engaged in semistructured interviews about their subjective experiences in the study. Questions probed the nature of participants' drinking before and after the study as well as coping patterns in response to strong emotions, stress, and cravings for alcohol. Verbatim transcripts were coded using Dedoose software, and content was analyzed with interpretive phenomenological analysis.ResultsParticipants reported that the psilocybin treatment helped them process emotions related to painful past events and helped promote states of self-compassion, self-awareness, and feelings of interconnectedness. The acute states during the psilocybin sessions were described as laying the foundation for developing more self-compassionate regulation of negative affect. Participants also described newfound feelings of belonging and an improved quality of relationships following the treatment.ConclusionOur results support the assertion that psilocybin increases the malleability of self-related processing, and diminishes shame-based and self-critical thought patterns while improving affect regulation and reducing alcohol cravings. These findings suggest that psychosocial treatments that integrate self-compassion training with psychedelic therapy may serve as a useful tool for enhancing psychological outcomes in the treatment of AUD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-04", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1037/adb0000935", "pubmed_id": "37276086", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000935", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Qualitative Research, Female, Male, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Self-Compassion", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37276086\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3797, "title": "The Altered Xperience Project (AXP): Quantitative and Qualitative Data from a Citizen Science Initiative on the Subjective Experience of Altered States of Consciousness", "normalized_title": "the altered xperience project axp quantitative and qualitative data from a citizen science initiative on the subjective experience of altered states of consciousness", "authors": "Schmidt TT, Costines C, Tagliazucchi E, Millière R, Garrido JM, Cuiule JI.", "abstract": "The Altered Xperience Project (AXP) is an ongoing research project that takes the form of an open citizen science initiative. Its main goal is to systematically collect and consolidate data on the subjective experiences induced by various consciousness-manipulating techniques (CMTs). These include both psychoactive substances as well as non-pharmacological manoeuvres that induce altered states of consciousness (ASCs); also known as ASC induction methods. AXP aims to build a publicly open repository of psychometric questionnaire data, accompanied by structured open reports. By providing systematically structured and machine-readable data that can be easily accessed by researchers, AXP will complement existing initiatives in this field.This article introduces a proof-of-principle dataset (dataset v1.0) that includes data collected until 05-2022, while the vast majority of the data was collected in the period 03-10-2022 to 13-10-2022. The dataset includes categorised data on low, medium and high doses of alcohol, cannabis, NMDA, and psilocybin. Participation was incentivised by an engaging infographic comparing one's own data with that of other participants. The pilot version of the AXP app was available in English and Spanish, and participants were recruited internationally, mainly through a social media campaign by El gato y la Caja, a citizen science group. The data is made available through the Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/c3zq5/", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/45z7w", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/45z7w", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR671873\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3792, "title": "Is Microdosing a Placebo?", "normalized_title": "is microdosing a placebo", "authors": "Polito V, Liknaitzky P.", "abstract": "Some recent research and commentary have suggested that most or all the effects reported by people who microdose psychedelics may be explained by expectations or placebo effects. Here we step through all the available evidence from dose-controlled studies that have investigated the effects of low doses of LSD and psilocybin. We suggest eight reasons why current claims that microdosing is predominately a placebo are premature and possibly wrong: 1) there have been only a small number of controlled studies; 2) studies have had small sample sizes; 3) there is evidence of dose-dependent effects; 4) studies have only investigated the effects of a small number of doses; 5) the doses investigated may have been too small; 6) studies have looked only at non-clinical populations; 7) studies so far have been susceptible to selection bias; and 8) the measured impact of expectancy is small. Considering the available evidence, we conclude that it is not yet possible to determine whether microdosing is a placebo.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/3ykst_v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3ykst_v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR992717\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3368, "title": "The Altered Xperience Project (AXP): Quantitative and Qualitative Data from a Citizen Science Initiative on the Subjective Experience of Altered States of Consciousness", "normalized_title": "the altered xperience project axp quantitative and qualitative data from a citizen science initiative on the subjective experience of altered states of consciousness", "authors": "", "abstract": "The Altered Xperience Project (AXP) is an ongoing research project that takes the form of an open citizen science initiative. Its main goal is to systematically collect and consolidate data on the subjective experiences induced by various consciousness-manipulating techniques (CMTs). These include both psychoactive substances as well as non-pharmacological manoeuvres that induce altered states of consciousness (ASCs); also known as ASC induction methods. AXP aims to build a publicly open repository of psychometric questionnaire data, accompanied by structured open reports. By providing systematically structured and machine-readable data that can be easily accessed by researchers, AXP will complement existing initiatives in this field. This article introduces a proof-of-principle dataset (dataset v1.0) that includes data collected until 05-2022, while the vast majority of the data was collected in the period 03-10-2022 to 13-10-2022. The dataset includes categorised data on low, medium and high doses of alcohol, cannabis, NMDA, and psilocybin. Participation was incentivised by an engaging infographic comparing one's own data with that of other participants. The pilot version of the AXP app was available in English and Spanish, and participants were recruited internationally, mainly through a social media campaign by El gato y la Caja, a citizen science group. The data is made available through the Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/c3zq5/", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/45z7w_v1", "keywords": "altered experiences, altered states, citizen science, consciousness, Life Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"45z7w_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3357, "title": "Is Microdosing a Placebo?", "normalized_title": "is microdosing a placebo", "authors": "Polito V, Liknaitzky P.", "abstract": "Some recent research and commentary have suggested that most or all the effects reported by people who microdose psychedelics may be explained by expectations or placebo effects. Here we step through all the available evidence from dose-controlled studies that have investigated the effects of low doses of LSD and psilocybin. We suggest eight reasons why current claims that microdosing is predominately a placebo are premature and possibly wrong: 1) there have been only a small number of controlled studies; 2) studies have had small sample sizes; 3) there is evidence of dose-dependent effects; 4) studies have only investigated the effects of a small number of doses; 5) the doses investigated may have been too small; 6) studies have looked only at non-clinical populations; 7) studies so far have been susceptible to selection bias; and 8) the measured impact of expectancy is small. Considering the available evidence, we conclude that it is not yet possible to determine whether microdosing is a placebo.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/3ykst", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3ykst", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR671196\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3356, "title": "Is Microdosing a Placebo?", "normalized_title": "is microdosing a placebo", "authors": "", "abstract": "Some recent research and commentary have suggested that most or all the effects reported by people who microdose psychedelics may be explained by expectations or placebo effects. Here we step through all the available evidence from dose-controlled studies that have investigated the effects of low doses of LSD and psilocybin. We suggest eight reasons why current claims that microdosing is predominately a placebo are premature and possibly wrong: 1) there have been only a small number of controlled studies; 2) studies have had small sample sizes; 3) there is evidence of dose-dependent effects; 4) studies have only investigated the effects of a small number of doses; 5) the doses investigated may have been too small; 6) studies have looked only at non-clinical populations; 7) studies so far have been susceptible to selection bias; and 8) the measured impact of expectancy is small. Considering the available evidence, we conclude that it is not yet possible to determine whether microdosing is a placebo.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/3ykst_v1", "keywords": "expectation, hallucinogen, low dose, LSD, microdosing, placebo, psilocybin, psychedelics, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Social and Personality Psychology, Psychology, other, Cognitive Psychology, Health Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"3ykst_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3153, "title": "Reduced brain responsiveness to emotional stimuli with escitalopram but not psilocybin therapy for depression", "normalized_title": "reduced brain responsiveness to emotional stimuli with escitalopram but not psilocybin therapy for depression", "authors": "Wall MB, Demetriou L, Giribaldi B, Roseman L, Ertl N, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Psilocybin therapy is an emerging intervention for depression that may be at least as effective as standard first-line treatments i.e., Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Here we assess neural responses to emotional faces (fear, happy, and neutral) using Blood Oxygen-Level Dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in two groups with major depressive disorder: 1) a ‘psilocybin group’ that received two dosing sessions with 25mg plus six weeks of daily placebo, and 2) an ‘escitalopram group’ that received six weeks of the SSRI escitalopram, plus two dosing sessions with an inactive/placebo dose of 1mg psilocybin. Both groups had an equal amount of psychological support throughout. An emotional face fMRI paradigm was completed at baseline (pre-treatment) and at the six-week post-treatment primary endpoint (three weeks following psilocybin dosing sessions). An analysis examining the interaction between patient group (psilocybin vs. escitalopram) and time-point (pre-vs. post-treatment) showed a robust effect in a distributed network of cortical brain regions. Follow-up analyses showed that post-treatment BOLD responses to emotional faces of all types were significantly reduced in the escitalopram group, with no change, or even a slight increase, in the psilocybin group. Specific analyses of the amygdala showed a reduction of response to fear faces in the escitalopram group, but no effects for the psilocybin group. Despite large improvements in depressive symptoms in the psilocybin group, psilocybin-therapy had only a minor effect on brain responsiveness to emotional stimuli. We suggest that reduced emotional responsiveness may be a biomarker of SSRIs’ antidepressant action that is not shared by psilocybin-therapy.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-06-02", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.05.29.23290667", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.29.23290667", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR670172\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1444, "title": "Psilocybin prevents reinstatement of alcohol seeking by disrupting the reconsolidation of alcohol-related memories.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin prevents reinstatement of alcohol seeking by disrupting the reconsolidation of alcohol related memories", "authors": "Benvenuti F, Colombo D, Soverchia L, Cannella N, Domi E, Ciccocioppo R.", "abstract": "BackgroundFor most psychiatric conditions, including alcohol use disorder (AUD), FDA-approved pharmacological treatments are limited and their efficacy is restricted to only certain subgroups of patients. Scientific interest in the potential of psychedelic drugs has dramatically increased because of clinical preliminary evidence of efficacy in treating various psychiatric disorders. One of the most promising compounds belonging to this class of molecules is psilocybin. Here, to elucidate the therapeutic potential and treatment modalities of this drug, we investigated the effect of psilocybin on alcohol drinking and seeking in genetically selected Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats, a well validated animal model of AUD characterized by excessive drinking and seeking.MethodsUsing male and female msP rats, we tested the effect of psilocybin on home cage voluntary alcohol consumption. We also tested the effect of the drug on the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) model of relapse and on cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking after a period of abstinence. Finally, we evaluated if psilocybin may disrupt the reconsolidation process of alcohol-related memory.ResultsPsilocybin did not reduce alcohol consumption, nor it prevented increased alcohol drinking after a period of forced abstinence and cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking. Noteworthy, in a memory retrieval-reconsolidation paradigm, psilocybin markedly attenuated resumption of alcohol seeking.ConclusionsAltogether these data suggest that, despite psilocybin does not affect alcohol drinking and relapse, it may be highly effective if used to block the reconsolidation process of alcohol-related memories. This opens to the possibility of using this psychedelic drug in clinical settings in which AUD patients undergo procedures to recall the memory of alcohol and are then treated with psilocybin during the memory reconsolidation phase.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-023-06384-w", "pubmed_id": "37266686", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-023-06384-w", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Recurrence, Ethanol, Hallucinogens, Memory, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37266686\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Animal Study", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1330, "title": "Cost-effectiveness of psilocybin-assisted therapy for severe depression: exploratory findings from a decision analytic model.", "normalized_title": "cost effectiveness of psilocybin assisted therapy for severe depression exploratory findings from a decision analytic model", "authors": "McCrone P, Fisher H, Knight C, Harding R, Schlag AK, Nutt DJ, Neill JC.", "abstract": "BackgroundThere is growing evidence to support the use of the psychedelic drug psilocybin for difficult-to-treat depression. This paper compares the cost-effectiveness of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) with conventional medication, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and the combination of conventional medication and CBT.MethodsA decision model simulated patient events (response, remission, and relapse) following treatment. Data on probabilities, costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were derived from previous studies or from best estimates. Expected healthcare and societal costs and QALYs over a 6-month time period were calculated. Sensitivity analyses were used to address uncertainty in parameter estimates.ResultsThe expected healthcare cost of PAP varied from £6132 to £7652 depending on the price of psilocybin. This compares to £3528 for conventional medication alone, £4250 for CBT alone, and £4197 for their combination. QALYs were highest for psilocybin (0.310), followed by CBT alone (0.283), conventional medication alone (0.278), and their combination (0.287). Psilocybin was shown to be cost-effective compared to the other therapies when the cost of therapist support was reduced by 50% and the psilocybin price was reduced from its initial value to £400 to £800 per person. From a societal perspective, psilocybin had improved cost-effectiveness compared to a healthcare perspective.ConclusionsPsilocybin has the potential to be a cost-effective therapy for severe depression. This depends on the level of psychological support that is given to patients receiving psilocybin and the price of the drug itself. Further data on long-term outcomes are required to improve the evidence base.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1017/s0033291723001411", "pubmed_id": "37264950", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291723001411", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Psychotherapy, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37264950\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1295, "title": "Personality change in a trial of psilocybin therapy v. escitalopram treatment for depression.", "normalized_title": "personality change in a trial of psilocybin therapy v escitalopram treatment for depression", "authors": "Weiss B, Ginige I, Shannon L, Giribaldi B, Murphy-Beiner A, Murphy R, Baker-Jones M, Martell J, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin Therapy (PT) is being increasingly studied as a psychiatric intervention. Personality relates to mental health and can be used to probe the nature of PT's therapeutic action.MethodsIn a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, active comparator controlled trial involving patients with moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder, we compared psilocybin with escitalopram, over a core 6-week trial period. Five-Factor model personality domains, Big Five Aspect Scale Openness aspects, Absorption, and Impulsivity were measured at Baseline, Week 6, and Month 6 follow-up.ResultsPT was associated with decreases in neuroticism (B = -0.63), introversion (B = -0.38), disagreeableness (B = -0.47), impulsivity (B = -0.40), and increases in absorption (B = 0.32), conscientiousness (B = 0.30), and openness (B = 0.23) at week 6, with neuroticism (B = -0.47) and disagreeableness (B = -0.41) remaining decreased at month 6. Escitalopram Treatment (ET) was associated with decreases in neuroticism (B = -0.38), disagreeableness (B = -0.26), impulsivity (B = -0.35), and increases in openness (B = 0.28) at week 6, with neuroticism (B = -0.46) remaining decreased at month 6. No significant between-condition differences were observed.ConclusionsPersonality changes across both conditions were in a direction consistent with improved mental health. With the possible exception of trait absorption, there were no compelling between-condition differences warranting conclusions regarding a selective action of PT (v. ET) on personality; however, post-ET changes in personality were significantly moderated by pre-trial positive expectancy for escitalopram, whereas expectancy did not moderate response to PT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-06-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1017/s0033291723001514", "pubmed_id": "37264814", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291723001514", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Personality, Psilocybin, Neuroticism, Escitalopram, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37264814\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Personality Change,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3373, "title": "Global species diversity and distribution of the psychedelic fungal genus Panaeolus", "normalized_title": "global species diversity and distribution of the psychedelic fungal genus panaeolus", "authors": "Strauss D, Ghosh S, Murray Z, Gryzenhout M.", "abstract": "Psychedelic fungi have received considerable attention recently due to their promising treatment potential of several psychiatric disorders and medical conditions, both in clinical settings but also as a nutraceutical. Besides research, a growing number of companies are developing capacity to conduct research and clinical trials where these fungi and their products can be used, and to provide these fungi to the public market that are rapidly becoming legal across the world. Whereas Psilocybe species are better known as psychedelic fungi, species in Panaeolus are also reputed to contain the psychedelic compound psilocybin and used recreationally. For the novice, there is no contemporary scientific summary of all the species in this genus that are known to be psychedelic, compared to those that are not. The global distribution and species diversity of these brown to white, often inconspicuous mushrooms are also not summarised, nor is it known to what extent DNA sequence data that are needed for identification have been generated for all of the species in this genus. However, psychedelic Panaeolus species are used and moved across the world. This lack of data makes it difficult to regulate bioexploitation and apply law enforcement of these fungi and the compounds they contain, especially seen in the light of the rapid development of the related markets. The aim of this review is to summarise current scientific data and knowledge on the species biodiversity, geographical distribution, extent of sequence data for identification purposes, and the psychedelic potential of species, based on published results. The review revealed where species are mostly known from, while also indicating areas seriously lacking such biodiversity data. A significant degree of study across the world is still needed to confirm which of these species are truly psychedelic and exactly what compounds they can produce.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND608043020", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"IND608043020\",\"source\":\"AGR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3325, "title": "Drug-drug interactions between classic psychedelics and psychoactive drugs: a systematic review", "normalized_title": "drug drug interactions between classic psychedelics and psychoactive drugs a systematic review", "authors": "Halman A, Kong G, Sarris J, Perkins D.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, mescaline and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, are potent psychoactive substances that have been studied for their physiological and psychological effects. However, our understanding of the potential interactions and outcomes of using these substances are used in combination with other psychoactive drugs is limited. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on drug-drug interactions between classic psychedelics and other psychoactive drugs in humans. We conducted a thorough literature search using multiple databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and other sources to supplement our search for relevant studies. A total of 8,487 records were screened, and studies involving human data describing potential interactions (as well as the lack thereof) between classic psychedelics and other psychoactive drugs were included. In total, we identified 50 studies from 34 reports published before April 20, 2023, encompassing 31 studies on LSD, 11 on psilocybin, 4 on mescaline, 3 on DMT and 1 on ayahuasca. These studies provide insights into the interactions between classic psychedelics and a range of drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilisers, recreational drugs and others. The findings revealed various effects when psychedelics were combined with other drugs, including both attenuated and potentiated effects, as well as instances where no changes were observed. Except for a few case reports, no serious adverse drug events were described in the included studies. In-depth discussion of the results is presented, along with an exploration of the potential molecular pathways that underlie the observed effects.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-05-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.06.01.23290811", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.01.23290811", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR668775\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1475, "title": "Assessment of Psilocybin Therapy for Patients With Cancer and Major Depression Disorder.", "normalized_title": "assessment of psilocybin therapy for patients with cancer and major depression disorder", "authors": "Agrawal M, Emanuel E, Richards B, Richards W, Roddy K, Thambi P.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.0351", "pubmed_id": "37052904", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.0351", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Depression, Patients, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37052904\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1470, "title": "The Perilous Policy of Oregon's Psilocybin Services.", "normalized_title": "the perilous policy of oregon s psilocybin services", "authors": "Holoyda B.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.29158/jaapl.230023-23", "pubmed_id": "37311597", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.29158/jaapl.230023-23", "keywords": "Humans, Oregon, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37311597\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1466, "title": "Examining the Rationale for Studying Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Caregiver Distress.", "normalized_title": "examining the rationale for studying psychedelic assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of caregiver distress", "authors": "Gold ND, Podrebarac SK, White LA, Marini C, Simon NM, Mittelman MS, Ross S, Bogenschutz MP, Petridis PD", "abstract": "More than 50 million people in the United States serve as uncompensated informal caregivers to chronically ill friends or family members. Providing care to a sick loved one can contribute to personal growth but can also cause significant strain. Caregiver distress refers to a constellation of physiological, psychological, interpersonal, and spiritual impairments that typically result when an individual's own health becomes affected while caring for another. Caregiver distress is highly prevalent, affecting an estimated 30-70% of individuals across various caregiver populations. Although evidence-based treatments for caregiver distress exist, they do not sufficiently address all its components. In recent years, clinical trials have demonstrated that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) may have applications for treating a range of medical and psychiatric conditions that have significant overlap in symptoms to those seen in caregiver distress. While no studies to date have examined PAP for caregiver distress, this article provides a rationale for investigating PAP as a potential novel treatment for this indication. A narrative review on the effects and clinical applications of PAP that significantly overlap with the dimensions of caregiver distress was conducted. Safety considerations, psychedelic selection, and therapeutic structure for studying PAP in the treatment of caregiver distress were also examined. Psychologically, PAP has been shown to treat anxiety, depression, and reduce suicidal ideation. Physiologically, evidence suggests that psychedelics have anti-inflammatory properties, which may aid caregivers suffering from chronic inflammation. Interpersonally, PAP has been demonstrated to enhance feelings of empathy, connectedness, and strengthen social relationships, which can often become strained while caregiving. Spiritually, PAP has been shown to ameliorate existential distress and hopelessness in cancer patients, which may similarly benefit demoralized caregivers. PAP has the potential to comprehensively treat all biopsychosocial-spiritual dimensions of caregiver distress.", "journal": "Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.)", "publication_date": "2023-05-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2022.0011", "pubmed_id": "40046728", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40046728/", "keywords": "MDMA, biopsychosocial-spiritual, caregiver burden, caregiver distress, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"40046728\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2990, "title": "UNRAVELing the synergistic effects of psilocybin and environment on brain-wide immediate early gene expression in mice.", "normalized_title": "unraveling the synergistic effects of psilocybin and environment on brain wide immediate early gene expression in mice", "authors": "Rijsketic DR, Casey AB, Barbosa DAN, Zhang X, Hietamies TM, Ramirez-Ovalle G, Pomrenze MB, Halpern CH, Williams LM, Malenka RC, Heifets BD.", "abstract": "The effects of context on the subjective experience of serotonergic psychedelics have not been fully examined in human neuroimaging studies, partly due to limitations of the imaging environment. Here, we administered saline or psilocybin to mice in their home cage or an enriched environment, immunofluorescently-labeled brain-wide c-Fos, and imaged iDISCO+ cleared tissue with light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) to examine the impact of environmental context on psilocybin-elicited neural activity at cellular resolution. Voxel-wise analysis of c-Fos-immunofluorescence revealed clusters of neural activity associated with main effects of context and psilocybin-treatment, which were validated with c-Fos+ cell density measurements. Psilocybin increased c-Fos expression in subregions of the neocortex, caudoputamen, central amygdala, and parasubthalamic nucleus while it decreased c-Fos in the hypothalamus, cortical amygdala, striatum, and pallidum in a predominantly context-independent manner. To gauge feasibility of future mechanistic studies on ensembles activated by psilocybin, we confirmed activity- and Cre-dependent genetic labeling in a subset of these neurons using TRAP2+/-;Ai14+ mice. Network analyses treating each psilocybin-sensitive cluster as a node indicated that psilocybin disrupted co-activity between highly correlated regions, reduced brain modularity, and dramatically attenuated intermodular co-activity. Overall, our results indicate that main effects of context and psilocybin were robust, widespread, and reorganized network architecture, whereas context×psilocybin interactions were surprisingly sparse.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-023-01613-4", "pubmed_id": "37248402", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01613-4", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Mice, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Hallucinogens, Genes, Immediate-Early, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37248402\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1479, "title": "The psychedelic afterglow phenomenon: a systematic review of subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic afterglow phenomenon a systematic review of subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Evens R, Schmidt ME, Majić T, Schmidt TT.", "abstract": "BackgroundClassic serotonergic psychedelics have anecdotally been reported to show a characteristic pattern of subacute effects that persist after the acute effects of the substance have subsided. These transient effects, sometimes labeled as the 'psychedelic afterglow', have been suggested to be associated with enhanced effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions in the subacute period.ObjectivesThis systematic review provides an overview of subacute effects of psychedelics.MethodsElectronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection) were searched for studies that assessed the effects of psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, mescaline, or ayahuasca) on psychological outcome measures and subacute adverse effects in human adults between 1950 and August 2021, occurring between 1 day and 1 month after drug use.ResultsForty-eight studies including a total number of 1,774 participants were eligible for review. Taken together, the following subacute effects were observed: reductions in different psychopathological symptoms; increases in wellbeing, mood, mindfulness, social measures, spirituality, and positive behavioral changes; mixed changes in personality/values/attitudes, and creativity/flexibility. Subacute adverse effects comprised a wide range of complaints, including headaches, sleep disturbances, and individual cases of increased psychological distress.DiscussionResults support narrative reports of a subacute psychedelic 'afterglow' phenomenon comprising potentially beneficial changes in the perception of self, others, and the environment. Subacute adverse events were mild to severe, and no serious adverse events were reported. Many studies, however, lacked a standardized assessment of adverse effects. Future studies are needed to investigate the role of possible moderator variables and to reveal if and how positive effects from the subacute window may consolidate into long-term mental health benefits.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/20451253231172254", "pubmed_id": "37284524", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253231172254", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37284524\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Creativity,Spirituality,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1366, "title": "Letter to the editor on \"Increased low-frequency brain responses to music after psilocybin therapy for depression\".", "normalized_title": "letter to the editor on increased low frequency brain responses to music after psilocybin therapy for depression", "authors": "Brown O.", "abstract": "The recent publication in the Journal of Affective Disorders titled \"Increased low-frequency brain responses to music after psilocybin therapy for depression\" identified significant region-of-interest based effects of treatment in the task scans. In this letter to the editor, I am hoping to raise methodological concerns with regards to the ANOVA ROI analysis that were otherwise not acknowledged in this study. These concerns raise questions as to the impact of confounds, including as age and biological sex, on the reported proportion variance explained by the effects of psilocybin treatment for depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.088", "pubmed_id": "37257781", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.088", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Music, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37257781\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1374, "title": "Psychedelics: Threshold of a Therapeutic Revolution.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics threshold of a therapeutic revolution", "authors": "Heal DJ, Smith SL, Belouin SJ, Henningfield JE.", "abstract": "This Special Issue of Neuropharmacology on psychedelics provides a timely and comprehensive update on progress following the previous Neuropharmacology Special Issue \"Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions\". Remarkable advances have been made in basic and clinical research on psychedelics in the five years since 2018. It is partly based on the seminar series focused on psilocybin organized by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA from April to June 2021, the \"NIH Psilocybin Research Speaker Series\". Participants were world leading experts, including scientists, medical practitioners, clinical psychologists and oncologists, and attendees from additional disciplines of patient advocacy, law, government science policy and regulatory policy. To provide a global perspective, their contributions are complemented with reviews by some of the world's most eminent scientists in the field. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted two breakthrough therapy designations for psilocybin in treatment resistant depression (TRD) in 2018 and major depressive disorder (MDD) in 2019, as well as for MDMA for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 2017. Clinical trials are in progress to assess the therapeutic value of psilocybin in MDD and TRD, and in other indications such as cancer-related anxiety and depression, anorexia, PTSD, substance use disorders and various types of chronic pain. The contributors' insights should assist basic and applied science for transition of psychedelics from bench to potential mainstream therapies. The implications are global, because FDA approval of these new medicines will increase international interest and efforts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109610", "pubmed_id": "37247807", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109610", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37247807\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3219, "title": "Bridging the translational neuroscience gap: Development of the ‘shiftability’ paradigm and an exemplar protocol to capture psilocybin-elicited ‘shift’ in neurobiological mechanisms in autism", "normalized_title": "bridging the translational neuroscience gap development of the shiftability paradigm and an exemplar protocol to capture psilocybin elicited shift in neurobiological mechanisms in autism", "authors": "Whelan TP, Daly E, Puts NA, Malievskaia E, Murphy DG, McAlonan GM.", "abstract": "Clinical trials of pharmacological approaches targeting the core features of autism have failed. This is despite evidence from preclinical studies, genetics, post-mortem studies and correlational analyses linking peripheral and central markers of multiple candidate neurochemical systems to brain function in autism. Whilst this has in part been explained by the heterogeneity of the autistic population, the field has largely relied upon association studies to link brain chemistry to function. The only way to directly establish that a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator is involved in a candidate brain function is to change it and observe a shift in that function. This experimental approach dominates preclinical neuroscience, but not human studies. There is very little direct experimental evidence describing how neurochemical systems modulate information processing in the living human brain. As a result, our understanding of how neurochemical differences contribute to neurodiversity is limited and impedes our ability to translate findings from animal studies into humans. Here, we begin by introducing our “shiftability” paradigm, an approach to bridge the translational gap in autism research. We then provide an overview of the methodologies used and explain our most recent choice of psilocybin as a pharmacological probe of the serotonin system in vivo. Finally, we provide a summary of the protocol for ‘PSILAUT’, an exemplar “shiftability” study which uses psilocybin to directly test the hypothesis that the serotonin system functions differently in autistic and non-autistic adults.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-05-25", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.05.25.23290521", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.25.23290521", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR666702\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3475, "title": "Evaluation of the Acceptability, Safety, Feasibility, and Efficacy of Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy (PaP) for the Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Military Veterans", "normalized_title": "evaluation of the acceptability safety feasibility and efficacy of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy pap for the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder ptsd in military veterans", "authors": "Combat Stress", "abstract": "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that occurs as a result of a traumatic experience. Symptoms include feeling anxious, flashbacks, nightmares and difficulty sleeping. Several studies indicate that psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PaP) may be an effective treatment for a number of mental health conditions. This has led to PaP being designated as a \"breakthrough treatment\" by the FDA in the US. Despite indications that PaP may hold benefits in treating individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this remains to be investigated. As such, the present study aims to examine the acceptability, feasibility, safety, and efficacy of PaP (psilocybin administered with psychotherapy) in treating PTSD in military veterans. Recent studies have shown that Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy (PaP) for individuals with treatment-resistant depression can result in outcomes that exceed routine psychotherapy. Psilocybin may have a catalytic effect on the psychotherapeutic process, enhancing introspection and interoception. PaP may similarly benefit the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research indicates high treatment drop-out rates (approximately 30%) among PTSD patients, and moderate remission rates (approximately 44%) 40 months after completing treatment. Furthermore, some veterans with PTSD have poorer treatment responses than members of the general public. This suggests that alternative treatment approaches may be required to support veterans who do not benefit from standard evidence-based approaches. This study aims to explore the acceptability, feasibility, safety and efficacy of PaP for veterans with PTSD. A total of eight military veterans will be recruited. The study involves two non-directive preparatory sessions, two dosing sessions of psilocybin, followed by 12 sessions of Cognitive Processing Therapy. It is hypothesised that PaP will result in a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms, as indicated by PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; PCL-5) scores from baseline to one-month follow-up.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-05-24", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05876481", "keywords": "PTSD, Psilocybin, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05876481\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Veterans,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1445, "title": "New Pharmacologic Approaches to the Treatment of Bipolar Depression.", "normalized_title": "new pharmacologic approaches to the treatment of bipolar depression", "authors": "Keramatian K, Chakrabarty T, DuBow A, Saraf G, Yatham LN.", "abstract": "Depression is the most commonly experienced mood state over the life span in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) and is the primary driver of functional impairment and suicidality in BD. Despite this, there are few effective treatments for BD depression, with only a handful of atypical anti-psychotics and inconsistent evidence for traditional mood stabilizing agents. There have been few major 'breakthroughs' in the treatment of BD depression, and until recently, few agents that work via novel mechanisms of action to exert therapeutic effects. Here, we review treatments for BD depression which are emergent or on the horizon. Included are new atypical anti-psychotics, glutamate modulators (ketamine and cycloserine/lurasidone), neurosteroid modulators (zuranolone), anti-inflammatories and mitochondrial modulators, cannabidiol (CBD) and psilocybin. New atypical anti-psychotics lumateperone and cariprazine have demonstrated efficacy in large-scale, placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCT) in treatment of BD depression. Non-racemic amisulpride showed potential therapeutic benefit in one RCT which requires replication. Three small RCTs examined the efficacy of intravenous ketamine in BD depression and showed rapid antidepressant and anti-suicidal effects after a single infusion. Anti-inflammatory and mitochondrial modulators show inconsistent evidence for efficacy. There are currently no adequately powered RCTs of zuranolone, psilocybin or CBD in BD depression to support their use. While there are potentially efficacious, mechanistically novel agents on the horizon, they require further study and validation. Further investigation on how these agents may impact specific subgroups of patients will also advance the field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-24", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s40265-023-01872-x", "pubmed_id": "37227597", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-023-01872-x", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37227597\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Mitochondrial Function,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Inflammation", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1367, "title": "Comparative acute effects of mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study in healthy participants.", "normalized_title": "comparative acute effects of mescaline lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a randomized double blind placebo controlled cross over study in healthy participants", "authors": "Ley L, Holze F, Arikci D, Becker AM, Straumann I, Klaiber A, Coviello F, Dierbach S, Thomann J, Duthaler U, Luethi D, Varghese N, Eckert A, Liechti ME.", "abstract": "Mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin are classic serotonergic psychedelics. A valid, direct comparison of the effects of these substances is lacking. The main goal of the present study was to investigate potential pharmacological, physiological and phenomenological differences at psychoactive-equivalent doses of mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin. The present study used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design to compare the acute subjective effects, autonomic effects, and pharmacokinetics of typically used, moderate to high doses of mescaline (300 and 500 mg), LSD (100 µg), and psilocybin (20 mg) in 32 healthy participants. A mescaline dose of 300 mg was used in the first 16 participants and 500 mg was used in the subsequent 16 participants. Acute subjective effects of 500 mg mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin were comparable across various psychometric scales. Autonomic effects of 500 mg mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin were moderate, with psilocybin causing a higher increase in diastolic blood pressure compared with LSD, and LSD showing a trend toward an increase in heart rate compared with psilocybin. The tolerability of mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin was comparable, with mescaline at both doses inducing slightly more subacute adverse effects (12-24 h) than LSD and psilocybin. Clear distinctions were seen in the duration of action between the three substances. Mescaline had the longest effect duration (mean: 11.1 h), followed by LSD (mean: 8.2 h), and psilocybin (mean: 4.9 h). Plasma elimination half-lives of mescaline and LSD were similar (approximately 3.5 h). The longer effect duration of mescaline compared with LSD was due to the longer time to reach maximal plasma concentrations and related peak effects. Mescaline and LSD, but not psilocybin, enhanced circulating oxytocin. None of the substances altered plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations. In conclusion, the present study found no evidence of qualitative differences in altered states of consciousness that were induced by equally strong doses of mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin. The results indicate that any differences in the pharmacological profiles of mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin do not translate into relevant differences in the subjective experience. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04227756.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-24", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-023-01607-2", "pubmed_id": "37231080", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01607-2", "keywords": "Humans, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cross-Over Studies, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37231080\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1481, "title": "Neurobiological Correlates of Psilocybin Response in Depression.", "normalized_title": "neurobiological correlates of psilocybin response in depression", "authors": "Qasim S, Zaheer Z, Jawad MY, Shad MU.", "abstract": "Objective: To synthesize the neurobiological basis of brain-resetting effects of psilocybin and identify neuroimaging correlates of psilocybin response in depressed patients.Data Sources: MEDLINE(R), Embase, APA PsycINFO, Cochrane, and CINAHL were systematically searched on June 3, 2022, with no date restrictions using the following string: (psilocybin) AND (psychedelics) AND (MRI) OR (fMRI)) OR (PET)) OR (SPECT)) OR (imaging)) OR (neuroimaging)).Study Selection: After duplicates were removed from 946 studies, 391 studies remained, of which 8 qualified for full-text analysis, but only 5 fulfilled the eligibility criteria of randomized, double-blind, or open-label neuroimaging study with psilocybin treatment in depressed patients.Data Extraction: The Covidence platform was used for deduplication and bias assessment. The a priori data points included concomitant psychological intervention, modality of neuroimaging technique, changes in depression scores, brain functional changes, and association between functional and psilocybin response. Assessment bias was assessed with the standard risk of bias tool for randomized controlled trials and the tool for risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions.Results: Four studies were open-label, and one was a combined open-label and randomized controlled trial using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy was administered in 3 studies, 1 in refractory and 2 in nonrefractory patients. The remaining 2 studies were in refractory patients. The transient increase in psilocybin-induced global connectivity in major neural tracts and specific areas of brain activation was associated with antidepressant response.Conclusions: Transient functional brain changes with psilocybin therapy resemble the \"brain reset\" phenomenon and may serve as the putative predictors of psilocybin antidepressant response.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.4088/pcc.22r03419", "pubmed_id": "37230065", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.22r03419", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psychotherapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37230065\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1480, "title": "Acute psilocybin increased cortical activities in rats.", "normalized_title": "acute psilocybin increased cortical activities in rats", "authors": "Liu J, Wang Y, Xia K, Wu J, Zheng D, Cai A, Yan H, Su R.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a naturally occurring hallucinogenic component of magic mushrooms, has significant psychoactive effects in both humans and rodents. But the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a useful tool in many preclinical and clinical trials to investigate psilocybin-induced changes of brain activity and functional connectivity (FC) due to its noninvasive nature and widespread availability. However, fMRI effects of psilocybin on rats have not been carefully investigated. This study aimed to explore how psilocybin affects resting-state brain activity and FC, through a combination of BOLD fMRI and immunofluorescence (IF) of EGR1, an immediate early gene (IEG) closely related to depressive symptoms. Ten minutes after psilocybin hydrochloride injection (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.), positive brain activities were observed in the frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex (including the cingulate cortex and retrosplenial cortex), hippocampus, and striatum. And a region-of-interest (ROI) -wise FC analysis matrix suggested increased interconnectivity of several regions, such as the cingulate cortex, dorsal striatum, prelimbic, and limbic regions. Further seed-based analyses revealed increased FC of cingulate cortex within the cortical and striatal areas. Consistently, acute psilocybin increased the EGR1 level throughout the brain, indicating a consistent activation thought the cortical and striatal areas. In conclusion, the psilocybin-induced hyperactive state of rats is congruent to that of humans, and may be responsible for its pharmacological effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2023.1168911", "pubmed_id": "37287797", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1168911", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37287797\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3683, "title": "Recall of Experience and Conscious Awareness in Psilocybin Treatment of Depression (The RECAP Study): Pilot Phase in Healthy Adult Volunteers", "normalized_title": "recall of experience and conscious awareness in psilocybin treatment of depression the recap study pilot phase in healthy adult volunteers", "authors": "University of Wisconsin, Madison", "abstract": "The primary objective of the RECAP Study Program is to investigate the role played by conscious experience in the antidepressant effects of the psychedelic agent psilocybin. This pilot dosing study (PILOT RECAP) is designed to determine the optimal dose of midazolam that allows a psychedelic experience to occur while inducing amnesia for the experience. This is an essential step required for subsequent evaluation of the role of memory for the psychedelic experience in the antidepressant effects of psilocybin in the full RECAP study. The PILOT RECAP Study will investigate the effect of co- administering the amnestic agent midazolam with a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin on the induction of a psychedelic experience and subsequent memory for the experience with the goal of identifying an optimal dosing regimen of midazolam that will allow a psychedelic experience to occur while also inducing amnesia for the experience. Identifying this midazolam dosing regimen will allow us in a subsequent stage of the RECAP program to test whether memory for the psychedelic experience is required/important for psilocybin to produce longer-term antidepressant effects. This is a phase 1 study in psychiatrically and medically healthy volunteers. Given this, there is no disease background for PILOT RECAP per se. However, the purpose of PILOT RECAP is to identify an optimal midazolam dosing schedule to be used in a subsequent study (RECAP) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The investigational treatment for PILOT RECAP is a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin combined with repeated intravenous (IV) boluses of midazolam dosed at levels known to maintain conscious experience while inducing subsequent amnesia for the experience upon its conclusion. Because PILOT RECAP is the first study to examine this drug combination, no data are currently available on this approach. Psilocybin + midazolam will be administered within a \"Set and Setting\" (SaS) protocol that provides psychoeducation and therapeutic support prior to, during, and following psychedelic dosing, and that has been standard procedure for recent studies of psilocybin in humans. It is believed that this SaS approach enhances clinical efficacy and safety. SaS is an integral component of the PILOT RECAP intervention. The PILOT RECAP study will not enroll vulnerable populations. During this study, participants are asked to: * Refrain from use of psychotropic medications. Use of such medications prior to psilocybin/midazolam dosing will result in a participant being discontinued from the study. * Refrain from use of any illegal psychoactive substances from screening until study termination. * Refrain from using legal psychoactive substance for the following defined time periods (the exception is caffeine): * Tobacco and Nicotine: from screening until study termination * Alcohol: 72 hours prior to the Dosing Visit", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-05-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04842045", "keywords": "Psychedelic Experiences, Amnesia, Psilocybin and Midazolam, Psilocybine, Psilocibin, benzodiazepine, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04842045\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1482, "title": "Therapeutic role of psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in trauma: A literature review.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic role of psilocybin and 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine in trauma a literature review", "authors": "Fonseka LN, Woo BK.", "abstract": "With the Food and Drug Administration designation in 2017 of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) as a breakthrough therapy in post-traumatic stress disorder and psilocybin in treatment-resistant depression, psychedelic drugs have continued to garner the attention of researchers and clinicians for their promise of unmatched, rapid improvement in a multitude of psychiatric conditions. Classic psychedelic drugs including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ayahuasca, as well as non-classic drugs such as MDMA and ketamine, are currently being investigated for a potential therapeutic role in trauma, depressive disorders, and other psychopathologies. However, psilocybin and MDMA each have a functional profile well-suited for integration with psychotherapy. The present review focuses on psilocybin and MDMA in psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), as these studies compose most of the literature pool. In this review, we discuss the current and future uses of psychedelic drugs, with an emphasis on the role of MDMA and psilocybin in PAT in the setting of trauma and related comorbidities on the efficacy of psychedelic drugs across multiple psychiatric disorders. The article concludes with thoughts for future research, such as incorporating wearables and standardization of symptom scales, therapy styles, and assessment of adverse drug reactions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.5498/wjp.v13.i5.182", "pubmed_id": "37303932", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v13.i5.182", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37303932\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1126, "title": "[Psilocybin-Assisted Treatment of Depression, Anxiety and Substance use Disorders: Neurobiological Basis and Clinical Application].", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted treatment of depression anxiety and substance use disorders neurobiological basis and clinical application", "authors": "Lasch A, Schweikert T, Dora E, Kolb T, Schurig HL, Walther A.", "abstract": "Successful therapy of mental disorders is very important in view of the high level of suffering of those affected. Since established pharmaceutical and psychotherapeutic approaches do not lead to the desired improvement in all cases, complementary or alternative treatment methods are intensively researched. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy seems particularly promising, and has been approved in the USA for larger clinical trials. Psilocybin belongs to the group of psychedelics and influences psychological experiences. In assisted therapy, psilocybin is administered in controlled doses under medical supervision to patients with different mental disorders. In the studies conducted so far, longer-term positive effects could be shown after just one or a few doses. In order to provide a better understanding of the potential therapeutic mechanisms, this article will first describe neurobiological and psychological effects of psilocybin. To better assess the potential of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for various disorders, clinical studies conducted so far with patients administered psilocybin are reviewed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1055/a-2046-5202", "pubmed_id": "37207669", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2046-5202", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37207669\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3063, "title": "Novel psilocin prodrugs with altered pharmacological properties as candidate therapies for treatment-resistant anxiety disorders", "normalized_title": "novel psilocin prodrugs with altered pharmacological properties as candidate therapies for treatment resistant anxiety disorders", "authors": "Raithatha SA, Hagel JM, Matinkhoo K, Yu L, Press D, Cook SG, Sharma G, D D, Jensen G, Lee JB, Cai C, Gallant J, Bains JS, Tucker JE, Facchini PJ.", "abstract": "The psychedelic compound psilocybin has shown therapeutic benefit in the treatment of numerous psychiatric diseases. A recent randomized clinical trial conducted at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center demonstrated the efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy in the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Similarly, a phase IIb study evaluating psilocybin-assisted therapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) presented statistically meaningful and long-term reduction in depressive symptoms. Also, many studies have reported the successful treatment of severe anxiety after a single oral dose of psilocybin, especially in patients struggling with cancer-related distress (CRD). Despite these compelling clinical results, concerns regarding the duration of the psychedelic experience produced by psilocybin pose a significant barrier to its widespread therapeutic application. Psilocybin, derived from magic mushrooms is the naturally occurring prodrug of the neuroactive compound psilocin. When orally administered, exposure to the acidic gastrointestinal (GI) environment together with enzymatic processing by intestinal and hepatic alkaline phosphatase lead to the dephosphorylation of psilocybin producing elevated levels of systemic psilocin. These plasma levels are detectable up to 24 h and produce a psychoactive episode lasting as long as 6 h post-ingestion. In order to positively modify the kinetics of the acute psychedelic response, we have engineered a library of novel prodrug derivatives (NPDs) of psilocin, introducing a diversity of alternative metabolically cleavable moieties modified at the 4-carbon position of the core indole ring. This library consists of twenty-eight unique compounds represented by nine distinct prodrug classes. Each molecule was screened in vitro for metabolic stability using isolated human serum, and human cellular fractions derived from liver and intestinal tissues. This screen revealed fifteen prodrugs that produced measurable levels of psilocin in vitro, with ester and thiocarbonate-based prodrug derivatives significantly represented. These fifteen NPDs were further evaluated for pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles in mice, assessing plasma levels of both residual prodrug and resultant psilocin. PK results confirmed the efficiency of ester and thiocarbonate-based prodrug metabolism upon oral and intravenous administration, achieving levels reduced, albeit comparable to levels of psilocybin-derived psilocin. Of note, almost all NPDs tested maintained reduced overall exposure of psilocin relative to psilocybin, with no measurable levels detected at 24 h post-dose. Finally, all NPDs were screened for CNS bioavailability in healthy mice using the Head Twitch Response (HTR), a behavioural biomarker of 5-HT2A receptor stimulation and an established proxy for psychoactive potential. Interestingly, five NPDs produced peak HTR that approached or exceeded levels induced by an equivalent dose of psilocybin. Among these bioactive prodrugs, an ester-based and thiocarbonate-based molecule produced long-term anxiolytic benefit in chronically stressed mice evaluated in the marble burying psychiatric model. Overall, this screening campaign identified novel candidate prodrugs of psilocin with altered metabolic profiles and reduced pharmacological exposure, potentially attenuating the duration of the psychedelic response. These molecules still maintained the long-term psychiatric and physiological benefits characteristic of psilocybin therapy. Additionally, these modified parameters also offer the opportunity for altered routes of administration bypassing conventional oral dosing.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-05-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.05.16.540994", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.16.540994", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR661781\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1473, "title": "The evolution and ecology of psilocybin in nature.", "normalized_title": "the evolution and ecology of psilocybin in nature", "authors": "Meyer M, Slot J.", "abstract": "Fungi produce diverse metabolites that can have antimicrobial, antifungal, antifeedant, or psychoactive properties. Among these metabolites are the tryptamine-derived compounds psilocybin, its precursors, and natural derivatives (collectively referred to as psiloids), which have played significant roles in human society and culture. The high allocation of nitrogen to psiloids in mushrooms, along with evidence of convergent evolution and horizontal transfer of psilocybin genes, suggest they provide a selective benefit to some fungi. However, no precise ecological roles of psilocybin have been experimentally determined. The structural and functional similarities of psiloids to serotonin, an essential neurotransmitter in animals, suggest that they may enhance the fitness of fungi through interference with serotonergic processes. However, other ecological mechanisms of psiloids have been proposed. Here, we review the literature pertinent to psilocybin ecology and propose potential adaptive advantages psiloids may confer to fungi.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103812", "pubmed_id": "37210028", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103812", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Antifungal Agents, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37210028\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1472, "title": "Global species diversity and distribution of the psychedelic fungal genus Panaeolus.", "normalized_title": "global species diversity and distribution of the psychedelic fungal genus panaeolus", "authors": "Strauss D, Ghosh S, Murray Z, Gryzenhout M.", "abstract": "Psychedelic fungi have received considerable attention recently due to their promising treatment potential of several psychiatric disorders and medical conditions, both in clinical settings but also as a nutraceutical. Besides research, a growing number of companies are developing capacity to conduct research and clinical trials where these fungi and their products can be used, and to provide these fungi to the public market that are rapidly becoming legal across the world. Whereas Psilocybe species are better known as psychedelic fungi, species in Panaeolus are also reputed to contain the psychedelic compound psilocybin and used recreationally. For the novice, there is no contemporary scientific summary of all the species in this genus that are known to be psychedelic, compared to those that are not. The global distribution and species diversity of these brown to white, often inconspicuous mushrooms are also not summarised, nor is it known to what extent DNA sequence data that are needed for identification have been generated for all of the species in this genus. However, psychedelic Panaeolus species are used and moved across the world. This lack of data makes it difficult to regulate bioexploitation and apply law enforcement of these fungi and the compounds they contain, especially seen in the light of the rapid development of the related markets. The aim of this review is to summarise current scientific data and knowledge on the species biodiversity, geographical distribution, extent of sequence data for identification purposes, and the psychedelic potential of species, based on published results. The review revealed where species are mostly known from, while also indicating areas seriously lacking such biodiversity data. A significant degree of study across the world is still needed to confirm which of these species are truly psychedelic and exactly what compounds they can produce.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16338", "pubmed_id": "37274634", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16338", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37274634\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1484, "title": "Henri Michaux's program for the psychedelic humanities.", "normalized_title": "henri michaux s program for the psychedelic humanities", "authors": "Davis O.", "abstract": "This article presents an analytical reading of the extraordinarily rich cultural production around drugs by the 20th-century French poet, writer, critic, and visual artist Michaux (1899-1984). Over about a decade, from the mid-1950's, the otherwise habitually sober Michaux wrote five books, included within which were dozens of drawings, and made one half-hour film, charting his adventures as an initially reluctant yet persistent psychonaut, principally with mescaline, but also with psilocybin, LSD, and cannabis. This has rightly been described as one of the most creative cultural explorations of mescaline. It is more extensive, texturally complex, and esthetically demanding than Aldous Huxley's far better known near-contemporaneous published work on psychedelics in English, which is well-known within and arguably foundational for psychedelic studies. Yet, this very complexity, as well as the national-linguistic context of its articulation-there was no mass psychedelic counterculture in France-have limited wider engagement with it. I argue that Michaux's esthetic reconstruction of psychedelics' effects on his creative brain can be read as a \"program\" for the emerging field of the psychedelic humanities and that it makes a substantial contribution, which I sketch in outline here, to the following of core concerns: (1) the role of psychedelics in enhancing \"creativity\"; (2) conceptualization of the politics of psychedelics; and (3) the meaning and value of psychedelic mysticism. I aim to show that Michaux's work on drugs has much to contribute to the cultural understanding of psychedelics today and accordingly that this unjustly neglected classic of French-and global-drug culture deserves to be far better known.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-15", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152896", "pubmed_id": "37275714", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152896", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37275714\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Creativity,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3634, "title": "A Phase 1 Study Comparing the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Intravenous and Oral Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "a phase 1 study comparing the pharmacokinetics and safety of intravenous and oral psilocybin", "authors": "University of Wisconsin, Madison", "abstract": "The purpose of this research study is to compare an oral dose of psilocybin and an intravenous (IV) infusion of psilocybin to assess differences in how the drug is absorbed by the body, the psychedelic experience, and any side effects when taken by healthy adult participants. Participants can expect to be in the study for approximately 12 weeks. Psilocybin, when delivered to screened and prepared participants in a controlled environment, has shown strong evidence of positive effects in treating cancer-related psychiatric distress, depression and anxiety, treatment-resistant depression, and nicotine or alcohol addiction. Psilocybin therapy is generally safe and well-tolerated when conducted under controlled conditions. Psilocybin is very rapidly transformed to the active metabolite psilocin, which is considered the active agent from psilocybin administration. Oral and IV psilocybin are expected to have similar pharmacokinetic and psychedelic effects, as well as safety profiles, while IV psilocybin will achieve more consistent blood levels than are possible with oral psilocybin.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-05-14", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05467761", "keywords": "Healthy, Oral Psilocybin, IV Psilocybin, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05467761\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3167, "title": "Exposure therapy under psilocybin for general anxiety disorder and claustrophobia", "normalized_title": "exposure therapy under psilocybin for general anxiety disorder and claustrophobia", "authors": "THORENS G, PENZENSTADLER l, FURTADO LCDC, SERAGNOLI F, ROTHEN S, MABILAIS C, ZULLINO D.", "abstract": "Case report of a patient with GAD and claustrophobia who underwent exposure therapy using psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. The patient had failed to respond to conventional psychotherapeutic treatment. After three sessions of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, the patient experienced a reduction in anxiety and fear associated with closed spaces, elevators, and planes. The protocol included both an imaginary exposure exercise and a classic exposure therapy in an elevator during the psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. the patient experienced a significant improvement in his score on the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Fear Questionnaire before and after therapy. He reported a generalization of the treatment effects, feeling more relaxed and having a greater willingness to confront fearful situations. He also described a shift in his perception of fearful stimuli, which may be explained as the development of new memory representations and a major disconfirmatory experience.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2023-05-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-2859973/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2859973/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR659477\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1487, "title": "Time-resolved network control analysis links reduced control energy under DMT with the serotonin 2a receptor, signal diversity, and subjective experience", "normalized_title": "time resolved network control analysis links reduced control energy under dmt with the serotonin 2a receptor signal diversity and subjective experience", "authors": "Singleton SP, Timmermann C, Luppi AI, Eckernäs E, Roseman L, Carhart-Harris RL, Kuceyeski A.", "abstract": "Psychedelics offer a profound window into the functioning of the human brain and mind through their robust acute effects on perception, subjective experience, and brain activity patterns. In recent work using a receptor-informed network control theory framework, we demonstrated that the serotonergic psychedelics lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin flatten the brain’s control energy landscape in a manner that covaries with more dynamic and entropic brain activity. Contrary to LSD and psilocybin, whose effects last for hours, the serotonergic psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) rapidly induces a profoundly immersive altered state of consciousness lasting less than 20 minutes, allowing for the entirety of the drug experience to be captured during a single resting-state fMRI scan. Using network control theory, which quantifies the amount of input necessary to drive transitions between functional brain states, we integrate brain structure and function to map the energy trajectories of 14 individuals undergoing fMRI during DMT and placebo. Consistent with previous work, we find that global control energy is reduced following injection with DMT compared to placebo. We additionally show longitudinal trajectories of global control energy correlate with longitudinal trajectories of EEG signal diversity (a measure of entropy) and subjective ratings of drug intensity. We interrogate these same relationships on a regional level and find that the spatial patterns of DMT’s effects on these metrics are correlated with serotonin 2a receptor density (obtained from separately acquired PET data). Using receptor distribution and pharmacokinetic information, we were able to successfully recapitulate the effects of DMT on global control energy trajectories, demonstrating a proof-of-concept for the use of control models in predicting pharmacological intervention effects on brain dynamics.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-05-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.05.11.540409", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.11.540409", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR659698\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1486, "title": "Empirically validated theoretical analysis of visual-spatial perception under change of nervous system arousal.", "normalized_title": "empirically validated theoretical analysis of visual spatial perception under change of nervous system arousal", "authors": "Purohit P, Dutta P, Roy PK.", "abstract": "IntroductionVisual-spatial perception is a process for extracting the spatial relationship between objects in the environment. The changes in visual-spatial perception due to factors such as the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (hyperactivation) or parasympathetic nervous system (hypoactivation) can affect the internal representation of the external visual-spatial world. We formulated a quantitative model of the modulation of visual-perceptual space under action by hyperactivation or hypoactivation-inducing neuromodulating agents. We showed a Hill equation based relationship between neuromodulator agent concentration and alteration of visual-spatial perception utilizing the metric tensor to quantify the visual space.MethodsWe computed the dynamics of the psilocybin (hyperactivation-inducing agent) and chlorpromazine (hypoactivation-inducing agent) in brain tissue. Then, we validated our quantitative model by analyzing the findings of different independent behavioral studies where subjects were assessed for alterations in visual-spatial perception under the action of psilocybin and under chlorpromazine. To validate the neuronal correlates, we simulated the effect of the neuromodulating agent on the computational model of the grid-cell network, and also performed diffusion MRI-based tractography to find the neural tracts between the cortical areas involved: V2 and the entorhinal cortex.ResultsWe applied our computational model to an experiment (where perceptual alterations were measured under psilocybin) and found that for n (Hill-coefficient) = 14.8 and k = 1.39, the theoretical prediction followed experimental observations very well (χ2 test robustly satisfied, p > 0.99). We predicted the outcome of another psilocybin-based experiment using these values (n = 14.8 and k = 1.39), whereby our prediction and experimental outcomes were well corroborated. Furthermore, we found that also under hypoactivation (chlorpromazine), the modulation of the visual-spatial perception follows our model. Moreover, we found neural tracts between the area V2 and entorhinal cortex, thus providing a possible brain network responsible for encoding visual-spatial perception. Thence, we simulated the altered grid-cell network activity, which was also found to follow the Hill equation.ConclusionWe developed a computational model of visuospatial perceptual alterations under altered neural sympathetic/parasympathetic tone. We validated our model using analysis of behavioral studies, neuroimaging assessment, and neurocomputational evaluation. Our quantitative approach may be probed as a potential behavioral screening and monitoring methodology in neuropsychology to analyze perceptual misjudgment and mishaps by highly stressed workers.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fncom.2023.1136985", "pubmed_id": "37251600", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2023.1136985", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37251600\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1469, "title": "Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis Modulation: New Approaches in Treatment of Neuropsychological and Gastrointestinal Functional Disorders.", "normalized_title": "microbiome gut brain axis modulation new approaches in treatment of neuropsychological and gastrointestinal functional disorders", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "The gut-brain axis (GBA) refers to the sophisticated bidirectional communication system connecting the digestive system with the central nervous system. This interaction is enabled by a series of intricate signaling processes, encompassing various neuro-immune and hormonal pathways. The association between the gut microbiome and mental health has garnered immense scientific and public interest, driven by an enhanced understanding of the microbiome's role in facilitating communication between the gut and the brain. This Patent Highlight discloses methods for promoting the colonization of spore-forming bacteria in the gastrointestinal track. These methods include administering a serotonin receptor agonist, such as psilocybin, psilocin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, bufotenine, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, ergine, mescaline, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, and others.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00168", "pubmed_id": "37312838", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00168", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37312838\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions,Microbiome,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1488, "title": "Effect of psilocybin on marble burying in ICR mice: role of 5-HT1A receptors and implications for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin on marble burying in icr mice role of 5 ht1a receptors and implications for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Singh S, Botvinnik A, Shahar O, Wolf G, Yakobi C, Saban M, Salama A, Lotan A, Lerer B, Lifschytz T.", "abstract": "Preliminary clinical findings, supported by preclinical studies employing behavioral paradigms such as marble burying, suggest that psilocybin may be effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, the receptor mechanisms implicated in the putative anti-obsessional effect are not clear. On this background, we set out to explore (1) the role of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) and serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptors in the effect of psilocybin on marble burying; (2) the effect of staggered versus bolus psilocybin administration and persistence of the effect; (3) the effect of the 5-HT1A partial agonist, buspirone, on marble-burying and the head twitch response (HTR) induced by psilocybin, a rodent correlate of psychedelic effects. Male ICR mice were administered psilocybin 4.4 mg/kg, escitalopram 5 mg/kg, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) 2 mg/kg, M100907 2 mg/kg, buspirone 5 mg/kg, WAY100635 2 mg/kg or combinations, intraperitoneally, and were tested on the marble burying test. HTR was examined in a magnetometer-based assay. The results show that (1) Psilocybin and escitalopram significantly reduced marble burying. The effect of psilocybin was not attenuated by the 5-HT2A antagonist, M100907. The 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, reduced marble burying as did the 5-HT1A partial agonist, buspirone. The effect of 8-OH-DPAT was additive to that of psilocybin, but that of buspirone was not. The 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY100635, attenuated the effect of 8-OH-DPAT and buspirone but not the effect of psilocybin. (2) Psilocybin injections over 3.5 h had no effect on marble burying and the effect of bolus injection was not persistent. (3) Co-administration of buspirone with psilocybin blocked its effect on HTR. These data suggest that neither 5-HT2A nor 5-HT1A receptors are pivotally implicated in the effect of psilocybin on marble burying. Co-administration with buspirone may block the psychedelic effects of psilocybin without impeding its anti-obsessional effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-023-02456-9", "pubmed_id": "37164956", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-023-02456-9", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred ICR, Mice, Serotonin, Fluorobenzenes, Piperidines, Buspirone, 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A, Hallucinogens, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Male, Psilocybin, Escitalopram", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37164956\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1446, "title": "The down-scheduling of MDMA and psilocybin(e): Too fast and too soon.", "normalized_title": "the down scheduling of mdma and psilocybin e too fast and too soon", "authors": "Kisely S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/00048674231174171", "pubmed_id": "37161273", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674231174171", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37161273\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1489, "title": "The Need for Psychiatric Treatment among Polish Users of Psychoactive Substances Is Increasing: This and Other Results from the Newest PolDrugs Survey.", "normalized_title": "the need for psychiatric treatment among polish users of psychoactive substances is increasing this and other results from the newest poldrugs survey", "authors": "Więckiewicz G, Marek J, Stokłosa I, Szafoni S, Pluta S, Smukowska K, Żebrowska G, Stokłosa M, Gorczyca P, Pudlo R.", "abstract": "Background and Objectives: PolDrugs is the largest Polish naturalistic nationwide survey to present basic demographic and epidemiological data that could potentially prevent harm from illicit substances intake in drugs users. The most recent results were presented in 2021. The goal of this year's edition was to re-present the above data and compare it to the previous edition's data to identify and describe the differences. Materials and Methods: The survey included original questions about basic demographics, substance use, and psychiatric treatment. The survey was administered via the Google Forms platform and promoted via social media. The data was collected from 1117 respondents. Results: People of all ages use a variety of psychoactive substances in many situations. The three most commonly used drugs are marijuana, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and hallucinogenic mushrooms. The most common reason for seeking professional medical help was amphetamine use. A total of 41.7 percent of respondents were receiving psychiatric treatment. The three most common psychiatric diagnoses among the respondents were depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and ADHD. Conclusions: Key findings include increases in the use of psilocybin and DMT, increases in the use of heated tobacco products, and a near doubling in the percentage of individuals receiving psychiatric help in the past two years. These issues are discussed in the discussion section of this paper, which also addresses the limitations to the article.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/medicina59050908", "pubmed_id": "37241141", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59050908", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Poland, Drug Users, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37241141\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1490, "title": "Cardiac Arrest Associated With Psilocybin Use and Hereditary Hemochromatosis.", "normalized_title": "cardiac arrest associated with psilocybin use and hereditary hemochromatosis", "authors": "Bae S, Vaysblat M, Bae E, Dejanovic I, Pierce M.", "abstract": "Recreational drug use is a significant public health concern in various countries. It is well understood that usage of psychedelics/hallucinogens, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ecstasy, phencyclidine (PCP), and psilocybin-containing mushrooms, has increased significantly over the last few decades, particularly in adolescents and young adults, yet the effects of these recreational drugs are poorly understood. Psilocybin has recently been studied as an alternative to traditional antidepressant therapies with potentially benign side effects. Here, we present the case of a 48-year-old male with a past medical history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on lisdexamfetamine who presented after a syncopal episode witnessed by his wife at home. He was found to be in ventricular fibrillation and subsequently had an extensive workup with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ischemic evaluation, and electrophysiology, which were unrevealing. He then received an automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator and was incidentally found to have hereditary hemochromatosis on outpatient follow-up. His polypharmacy may have potentially led to catecholamine release, leading to ventricular arrhythmia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.38669", "pubmed_id": "37288212", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.38669", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37288212\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Adolescents,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3463, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin in Anorexia Nervosa", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin in anorexia nervosa", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This open-label pilot study seeks to investigate the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in persons with chronic anorexia nervosa (AN). Psilocybin has previously been demonstrated to decrease depression and anxiety and increase long-term positive behavior change in other populations. The investigators seek to determine whether similar changes can be safely produced in people with AN when psilocybin is administered in a supportive setting with close follow-up. The investigators' primary hypotheses are that psilocybin is safe to administer in people with AN, that it will reduce measures of anxiety and depression, and that it will lead to increased quality of life. The investigators will also assess a number of exploratory measures related to eating disorder pathophysiology.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-05-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04052568", "keywords": "Anorexia Nervosa, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04052568\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Eating Disorders,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1491, "title": "Study protocol of an open-label proof-of-concept trial examining the safety and clinical efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy for veterans with PTSD.", "normalized_title": "study protocol of an open label proof of concept trial examining the safety and clinical efficacy of psilocybin assisted therapy for veterans with ptsd", "authors": "Davis AK, Levin AW, Nagib PB, Armstrong SB, Lancelotta RL.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin-assisted therapy has shown significant promise in treating the cluster of mood and anxiety symptoms that comprise post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but has yet to be tested specifically in this condition. Furthermore, current pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments for PTSD are difficult to tolerate and limited in efficacy, especially in the US Military Veteran (USMV) population. This open-label pilot study will examine the safety and efficacy of two psilocybin administration sessions (15 mg and 25 mg), combined with psychotherapy, among USMVs with severe, treatment resistant PTSD.Methods and analysisWe will recruit 15 USMVs with severe, treatment resistant PTSD. Participants will receive one low dose (15 mg) and one moderate/high dose (25 mg) of psilocybin in conjunction with preparatory and post-psilocybin therapy sessions. The primary safety outcome will be the type, severity and frequency of adverse events and suicidal ideation/behaviour, as measured by the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. The primary outcome measure for PTSD will be the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale-5. The primary endpoint will be 1 month following the second psilocybin administration session, and the total follow-up time will be 6 months.Ethics and disseminationAll participants will be required to provide written informed consent. The trial has been authorised by the Ohio State University Institutional Review Board (study number: 2022H0280). Dissemination of results will occur via a peer-reviewed publication and other relevant media.Trial registration numberNCT05554094.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068884", "pubmed_id": "37142308", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068884", "keywords": "Humans, Treatment Outcome, Pilot Projects, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37142308\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Review Article,Veterans,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1447, "title": "Corrigendum to 'Psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organizaton and connectivity': Neuroimage 2022 Oct 15;260:119434.", "normalized_title": "corrigendum to psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organizaton and connectivity neuroimage 2022 oct 15 260 119434", "authors": "Gaddis A, Lidstone DE, Nebel MB, Griffiths RR, Mostofsky SH, Mejia AF, Barrett FS.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120130", "pubmed_id": "37148779", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120130", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37148779\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1448, "title": "Why didn't the TGA consult with Australian researchers and clinicians with experience in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder?", "normalized_title": "why didn t the tga consult with australian researchers and clinicians with experience in psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for treatment resistant major depressive disorder", "authors": "Rossell SL, Meikle SE, Williams ML, Castle DJ.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-02", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/00048674231172691", "pubmed_id": "37139585", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674231172691", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Australia, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37139585\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1422, "title": "How does psilocybin therapy work? An exploration of experiential avoidance as a putative mechanism of change.", "normalized_title": "how does psilocybin therapy work an exploration of experiential avoidance as a putative mechanism of change", "authors": "Zeifman RJ, Wagner AC, Monson CM, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin therapy is receiving attention as a mental health intervention with transdiagnostic potential. In line with psychotherapeutic research, qualitative research has highlighted the role of reductions in experiential avoidance (and increases in connectedness) within psilocybin therapy. However, no quantitative research has examined experiential avoidance as a mechanism underlying psilocybin therapy's therapeutic effects.MethodData was used from a double-blind randomized controlled trial that compared psilocybin therapy (two 25 mg psilocybin session plus daily placebo for six weeks) with escitalopram (two 1 mg psilocybin sessions plus 10-20 mg daily escitalopram for six weeks) among individuals with major depressive disorder (N = 59). All participants received psychological support. Experiential avoidance, connectedness, and treatment outcomes were measured at pre-treatment and at a 6 week primary endpoint. Acute psilocybin experiences and psychological insight were also measured.ResultsWith psilocybin therapy, but not escitalopram, improvements in mental health outcomes (i.e., well-being, depression severity, suicidal ideation, and trait anxiety) occurred via reductions in experiential avoidance. Exploratory analyses suggested that improvements in mental health (except for suicidal ideation) via reduction in experiential avoidance were serially mediated through increases in connectedness. Additionally, experiences of ego dissolution and psychological insight predicted reductions in experiential avoidance following psilocybin therapy.LimitationsDifficulties inferring temporal causality, maintaining blindness to condition, and reliance upon self-report.ConclusionsThese results provide support for the role of reduced experiential avoidance as a putative mechanism underlying psilocybin therapy's positive therapeutic outcomes. The present findings may help to tailor, refine, and optimize psilocybin therapy and its delivery.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-05-02", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.105", "pubmed_id": "37146908", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.105", "keywords": "Humans, Treatment Outcome, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37146908\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1497, "title": "Unblinding and demand characteristics in the treatment of depression.", "normalized_title": "unblinding and demand characteristics in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Goodwin GM, Croal M, Marwood L, Malievskaia E", "abstract": "Blinding of treatment allocation in clinical trials in psychiatry is regarded as an ideal. The potential impact of unblinding chimes with a general concern for psychological research: so-called demand characteristics can undermine confidence in findings from experimental and clinical studies. Scepticism can result in nihilism. The reliance on subjective report of symptoms in clinical trials of drug efficacy in depression provides an important example. It is regularly implied that if subjective effects, including specific adverse reactions, unblind participants to an active treatment then evidence for its efficacy is suspect. In fact, the strong association between dose and subjective effects does not translate into a strong relationship with efficacy in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of conventional antidepressant drugs; this observation falsifies the proposition that unblinding is the principal mechanism driving RCT outcomes in studies of depression. Instead, changes in brain function, that occur soon after treatment starts, do predict treatment outcomes and align with our understanding of neurotransmitter effects from neuroscience. Psychedelic experience for the treatment of depression must be unblinding, but the effect results directly from serotonergic receptor activation and changes in brain connectivity. Where such effects are part of a novel mechanism of action, a strong dose response relationship would be expected, irrespective of unblinding. We highlight the importance of exploring blinding as a mechanism, confirming dose-related outcomes, and dissociating unblinding effects from efficacy. Unblinding does not necessarily invalidate the subjective experience of sustained recovery from depression.", "journal": "Journal of affective disorders", "publication_date": "2023-04-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.030", "pubmed_id": "36781142", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36781142/", "keywords": "Antidepressant, Demand characteristics, Depression, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Unblinding", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36781142\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1492, "title": "[Drugs in the Developmental Stage (Psychotropics)].", "normalized_title": "drugs in the developmental stage psychotropics", "authors": "Uchida H.", "abstract": "In recent years, it is common for a single drug to be developed for multiple diseases almost simultaneously, e.g., pimavanserin and psilocybin. Although there was gloomy news for the field of neuropsychopharmacology, such as withdrawal of the world's leading mega-pharmaceutical companies from the development of CNS drugs, drugs based on novel mechanisms of action have been investigated. This is a new dawn in the field of clinical psychopharmacology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.11477/mf.1416202356", "pubmed_id": "37194510", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.1416202356", "keywords": "Humans, Psychotropic Drugs, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37194510\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3375, "title": "Development and psychometric validation of a novel scale for measuring ‘psychedelic preparedness’", "normalized_title": "development and psychometric validation of a novel scale for measuring psychedelic preparedness", "authors": "McAlpine R, Blackburne G, Kamboj S.", "abstract": "Preparing participants for psychedelic experiences is crucial for ensuring these experiences are safe, and potentially, beneficial. However, there is currently no validated measure to assess the extent to which participants are well-prepared for such experiences. Our study aimed to address this gap by developing, validating, and testing the Psychedelic Preparedness Scale (PPS). Using a novel iterative Delphi-focus group methodology (‘DelFo’) followed by qualitative pre-test interviews, we incorporated the perspectives of expert clinicians/researchers and of psychedelic users, to generate items for the scale. Psychometric validation of the PPS was carried out in two large online samples of psychedelic users (N = 516; N = 716), and the scale was also administered to a group of participants before and after a 5-7-day psilocybin retreat (N = 46). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis identified four factors from the 20-item PPS: Knowledge-Expectations, Intention-Preparation, Psychophysical-Readiness, and Support-Planning. The PPS demonstrated excellent reliability (ω = 0.954) and evidence supporting convergent, divergent and discriminant validity was also obtained. Significant differences between those scoring high and low (on psychedelic preparedness) before the psychedelic experience were found on measures of mental health/wellbeing outcomes assessed after the experience, suggesting that the scale has predictive utility. By prospectively measuring modifiable pre-treatment preparatory behaviours and attitudes using the PPS, it may be possible to determine whether a participant has generated the appropriate mental ‘set’ and is therefore likely to benefit from a psychedelic experience, or at least, less likely to be harmed.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-04-27", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/gw9jp", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gw9jp", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR652839\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1230, "title": "Development and psychometric validation of a novel scale for measuring ‘psychedelic preparedness’", "normalized_title": "development and psychometric validation of a novel scale for measuring psychedelic preparedness", "authors": "", "abstract": "Preparing participants for psychedelic experiences is crucial for ensuring these experiences are safe, and potentially, beneficial. However, there is currently no validated measure to assess the extent to which participants are well-prepared for such experiences. Our study aimed to address this gap by developing, validating, and testing the Psychedelic Preparedness Scale (PPS). Using a novel iterative Delphi-focus group methodology (‘DelFo’) followed by qualitative pre-test interviews, we incorporated the perspectives of expert clinicians/researchers and of psychedelic users, to generate items for the scale. Psychometric validation of the PPS was carried out in two large online samples of psychedelic users (N = 516; N = 716), and the scale was also administered to a group of participants before and after a 5-7-day psilocybin retreat (N = 46). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis identified four factors from the 20-item PPS: Knowledge-Expectations, Intention-Preparation, Psychophysical-Readiness, and Support-Planning. The PPS demonstrated excellent reliability (ω = 0.954) and evidence supporting convergent, divergent and discriminant validity was also obtained. Significant differences between those scoring high and low (on psychedelic preparedness) before the psychedelic experience were found on measures of mental health/wellbeing outcomes assessed after the experience, suggesting that the scale has predictive utility. By prospectively measuring modifiable pre-treatment preparatory behaviours and attitudes using the PPS, it may be possible to determine whether a participant has generated the appropriate mental ‘set’ and is therefore likely to benefit from a psychedelic experience, or at least, less likely to be harmed.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-04-27", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/gw9jp_v1", "keywords": "factor analysis, measurement, preparation, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychedelic therapy, psychometric, scale development, validation, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Life Sciences, Health Psychology, Prevention, Mental Health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"gw9jp_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1499, "title": "Safety, tolerability, and clinical and neural effects of single-dose psilocybin in obsessive-compulsive disorder: protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-crossover trial.", "normalized_title": "safety tolerability and clinical and neural effects of single dose psilocybin in obsessive compulsive disorder protocol for a randomized double blind placebo controlled non crossover trial", "authors": "Ching THW, Grazioplene R, Bohner C, Kichuk SA, DePalmer G, D'Amico E, Eilbott J, Jankovsky A, Burke M, Hokanson J, Martins B, Witherow C, Patel P, Amoroso L, Schaer H, Pittenger C, Kelmendi B.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin may help treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). To date, only one open-label study of psilocybin for OCD exists, necessitating further investigation with a randomized controlled design. The neural correlates of psilocybin's effects on OCD have also not been studied.ObjectivesThis first-of-its-kind trial aims to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of psilocybin in the treatment of OCD, provide preliminary evidence on the effects of psilocybin on OCD symptoms, and elucidate neural mechanisms that may mediate psilocybin's effects on OCD.DesignWe use a randomized (1:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-crossover design to examine the clinical and neural effects of either a single dose of oral psilocybin (0.25 mg/kg) or active placebo-control agent (250 mg of niacin) on OCD symptoms.Methods and analysisWe are enrolling 30 adult participants at a single site in Connecticut, USA who have failed at least one trial of standard care treatment (medication/psychotherapy) for OCD. All participants will also receive unstructured, non-directive psychological support during visits. Aside from safety, primary outcomes include OCD symptoms over the past 24 h, assessed by the Acute Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and Visual Analog Scale ratings. These are collected by blinded, independent raters at baseline and the primary endpoint of 48 h post-dosing. Total follow-up is 12 weeks post-dosing. Resting state neuroimaging data will be collected at baseline and primary endpoint. Participants randomized to placebo will be offered the chance to return for an open-label dose of 0.25 mg/kg.Ethics statementAll participants will be required to provide written informed consent. The trial (protocol v. 5.2) was approved by the institutional review board (HIC #2000020355) and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03356483).DiscussionThis study may represent an advance in our ability to treat refractory OCD, and pave the way for future studies of neurobiological mechanisms of OCD that may respond to psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-24", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1178529", "pubmed_id": "37181888", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1178529", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37181888\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1449, "title": "A critical evaluation of QIDS-SR-16 using data from a trial of psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram treatment for depression.", "normalized_title": "a critical evaluation of qids sr 16 using data from a trial of psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram treatment for depression", "authors": "Weiss B, Erritzoe D, Giribaldi B, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "BackgroundIn a recent clinical trial examining the comparative efficacy of psilocybin therapy (PT) versus escitalopram treatment (ET) for major depressive disorder, 14 of 16 major efficacy outcome measures yielded results that favored PT, but the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Self-Report, 16 items (QIDS-SR16) did not.AimsThe present study aims to (1) rationally and psychometrically account for discrepant results between outcome measures and (2) to overcome psychometric problems particular to individual measures by re-examining between-condition differences in depressive response using all outcome measures at item-, facet-, and factor-levels of analysis.MethodFour depression measures were compared on the basis of their validity for examining differences in depressive response between PT and ET conditions.Results/outcomesPossible reasons for discrepant findings on the QIDS-SR16 include its higher variance, imprecision due to compound items and whole-scale and unidimensional sum-scoring, vagueness in the phrasing of scoring options for items, and its lack of focus on a core depression factor. Reanalyzing the trial data at item-, facet-, and factor-levels yielded results suggestive of PT's superior efficacy in reducing depressed mood, anhedonia, and a core depression factor, along with specific symptoms such as sexual dysfunction.Conclusion/interpretationOur results raise concerns about the adequacy of the QIDS-SR16 for measuring depression, as well as the practice of relying on individual scales that tend not to capture the multidimensional structure or core of depression. Using an alternative approach that captures depression more granularly and comprehensively yielded specific insight into areas where PT therapy may be particularly useful to patients and clinicians.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-24", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231167848", "pubmed_id": "37122239", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231167848", "keywords": "Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Depression, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Escitalopram, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37122239\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3563, "title": "The Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin in Participants With Treatment Resistant Depression", "normalized_title": "the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in participants with treatment resistant depression", "authors": "COMPASS Pathways", "abstract": "The Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin in Participants with Treatment Resistant Depression The Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin in Participants with Treatment Resistant Depression - a dose-ranging study", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-04-23", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03775200", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03775200\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1429, "title": "Increased low-frequency brain responses to music after psilocybin therapy for depression.", "normalized_title": "increased low frequency brain responses to music after psilocybin therapy for depression", "authors": "Wall MB, Lam C, Ertl N, Kaelen M, Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic-assisted psychotherapy with psilocybin is an emerging therapy with great promise for depression, and modern psychedelic therapy (PT) methods incorporate music as a key element. Music is an effective emotional/hedonic stimulus that could also be useful in assessing changes in emotional responsiveness following PT.MethodsBrain responses to music were assessed before and after PT using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and ALFF (Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuations) analysis methods. Nineteen patients with treatment-resistant depression underwent two treatment sessions involving administration of psilocybin, with MRI data acquired one week prior and the day after completion of psilocybin dosing sessions.ResultsComparison of music-listening and resting-state scans revealed significantly greater ALFF in bilateral superior temporal cortex for the post-treatment music scan, and in the right ventral occipital lobe for the post-treatment resting-state scan. ROI analyses of these clusters revealed a significant effect of treatment in the superior temporal lobe for the music scan only. Voxelwise comparison of treatment effects showed relative increases for the music scan in the bilateral superior temporal lobes and supramarginal gyrus, and relative decreases in the medial frontal lobes for the resting-state scan. ALFF in these music-related clusters was significantly correlated with intensity of subjective effects felt during the dosing sessions.LimitationsOpen-label trial. Relatively small sample size.ConclusionsThese data suggest an effect of PT on the brain's response to music, implying an elevated responsiveness to music after psilocybin therapy that was related to subjective drug effects felt during dosing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.081", "pubmed_id": "37094657", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.081", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Depression, Music, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37094657\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3176, "title": "A Phase I trial to inform clinical protocols for the safe administration of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy", "normalized_title": "a phase i trial to inform clinical protocols for the safe administration of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Bennett JN, Blough MD, Mitchell I, Galloway L, Bains R.", "abstract": "This Phase I trial aims to inform the development of safety protocols for psilocybin-assisted therapy. Psychedelics, including psilocybin, are increasingly being recognized as a successful treatment option for many mental health concerns. In order to decrease the risks associated with its clinical use, more data is required regarding its physiological effects in healthy individuals. Safety assessments (heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and ECG data), as well as adverse event evaluations were the primary outcome measures used to assess the physiological effects of 25 mg of psilocybin extract administered to 14 healthy individuals. We hypothesized that there would be a transient, clinically insignificant rise in both blood pressure and heart rate that would not result in any long-term adverse effects. No unexpected effects were observed, blood pressure and heart rate returned to normal as drug effects waned, and all participants had normal two-month follow-ups. Mean peak systolic and diastolic blood pressures during the psilocybin session were 145.93 ( SD = 19.01) and 93.93 ( SD = 9.75), respectively. While this represents a significant increase from baseline ( p < 0.0001), a healthy cardiovascular system is capable of tolerating such levels for a longer time period than the brief duration of drug effects. Therefore, we suggest implementing focused and limited screening protocols to balance patient safety and accessibility. Secondary outcomes of this trial centered on the subjective effects of psilocybin, assessed via the QIDS-SR16 and the MEQ-30. There was a statistically significant decrease in QIDS-SR16 scores from baseline scores ( M = 3.50, SD = 2.35) to eight-week follow-up scores ( M = 1.86, SD = 0.86), p = 0.018. Mean MEQ-30 scores, assessed on day two and seven after the psilocybin session, indicate participants had full mystical experiences.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-04-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.04.12.23288325", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.12.23288325", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR648094\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3181, "title": "High-resolution tracking of unconfined zebrafish behavior reveals stimulatory and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "high resolution tracking of unconfined zebrafish behavior reveals stimulatory and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Braun D, Rosenberg A, Haruvi R, Malamud D, Barbara R, Kawashima T.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics are emerging therapeutics for psychiatric disorders, yet their underlying mechanisms of action in the brain remain largely elusive. Zebrafish have evolutionarily conserved serotonergic circuits and subcortical targets such as the brainstem regions and the cerebellum, providing a promising model for studying the subcortical effects of serotonergic drugs. Here, we developed a wide-field behavioral tracking system for larval zebrafish and investigated the effects of psilocybin, a psychedelic serotonin receptor agonist. Machine learning analyses of precise body kinematics identified latent behavioral states reflecting spontaneous exploration, visually-driven rapid swimming, and irregular swim patterns following stress exposure. Using this method, we identified two main behavioral effects of acute psilocybin treatment: [i] increased rapid swimming in the absence of visual stimuli and [ii] prevention of irregular swim patterns following stress exposure. Together, these effects indicate that psilocybin induces a brain state that is both stimulatory and anxiolytic. These findings pave the way for using larval zebrafish to elucidate subcortical mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of serotonergic psychedelics.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-04-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.04.13.536830", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.13.536830", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR645777\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1593, "title": "Psilocybin in Palliative Care: An Update.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in palliative care an update", "authors": "Whinkin E, Opalka M, Watters C, Jaffe A, Aggarwal S.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThis review article summarizes clinically and socially relevant developments over the past five years in the therapeutic use of the classical tryptamine psychedelic substance psilocybin, with respect to the common challenges faced by palliative care patients and their care teams. Psilocybin is available in whole fungal and isolated forms but is not yet approved for therapeutic use in the United States. Using targeted database and gray literature searches, and author recall, key sources were identified, reviewed, and synthesized as to the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in palliative care.Recent findingsLife-threatening or life-limiting illnesses and faced by palliative care patients are comorbid with emotional and spiritual distress. Research and field reports reviewed suggest that psilocybin has significant and in some cases, sustained anxiolytic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory and entheogenic effects with a favorable safety profile. Limitations of the research include the risk for selection bias toward healthy, white, financially privileged individuals, and in general, follow-up timelines too short to appropriately evaluate durability of outcomes in psychospiritual benefits and quality of life.SummaryWhile more research is needed for palliative care populations specifically, reasonable inferences can be made regarding the potential for benefit to palliative care patients from psilocybin's demonstrated anxiolytic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory and entheogenic effects. However, major legal, ethical and financial barriers to access exist for the general population; obstacles which are likely worsened for geriatric and palliative care patients. Empiric treatment and large-scale controlled trials of psilocybin should be conducted to further investigate the findings of the smaller studies reviewed here across a variety of populations, for a greater understanding of therapeutic benefit and clinically relevant safety criteria, and to support thoughtful legalization and medical access.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s13670-023-00383-7", "pubmed_id": "37305379", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-023-00383-7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37305379\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Aging,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1503, "title": "Predictors of Medical Students' Perceptions of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Use in Medical Practice.", "normalized_title": "predictors of medical students perceptions of psilocybin assisted therapy for use in medical practice", "authors": "Wang K, Sun Y, Nava B, Sampiere L, Jacobs RJ.", "abstract": "Background Psilocybin use, along with other psychedelics, has seen an increased interest among professionals in the medical community due to its potential therapeutic benefits for psychiatric disorders, substance use disorders (SUD), and palliative care. While it is certain that more research is necessary as psychedelic-assisted therapy becomes more prevalent, it will most likely be future physicians at the forefront of this neoteric care. Currently, physicians receive minimal training because of psilocybin's contextual information and its current enlistment as a Schedule 1 drug per the United States Drug Enforcement Administration. Schedule 1 drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. As a rule, formal education on psilocybin is not included in medical school curricula, and very little is known about how medical students perceive it. The aim of this study was thus to assess current medical students' perceptions of their knowledge, concern for possible negative effects, and perceptions about medical psilocybin to provide a deeper understanding of which factors may predict their overall perceptions of its future therapeutic use. Methods Medical students' knowledge, concern for potential adverse effects, and perceptions of medical psilocybin were investigated using a cross-sectional survey study design. Data were collected in January 2023 from a convenience sample of United States medical students in years one to four of their program using a 41-item anonymous quantitative online survey. Multivariate linear regression modeling was performed to determine if perceived knowledge and beliefs about legalization would predict medical students' attitudes about psilocybin use for therapeutic purposes. Results Two hundred and thirteen medical students completed the survey. Seventy-three percent (n=155) were osteopathic medical students (OMS), and 27% (n=58) were allopathic medical students (MDS). Regression modeling produced a statistically significant equation: (F(3, 13) = 78.858, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.37450", "pubmed_id": "37181969", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37450", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37181969\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1504, "title": "Sex-specific effects of psychedelic drug exposure on central amygdala reactivity and behavioral responding.", "normalized_title": "sex specific effects of psychedelic drug exposure on central amygdala reactivity and behavioral responding", "authors": "Effinger DP, Quadir SG, Ramage MC, Cone MG, Herman MA.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin have been shown to elicit rapid and long-lasting symptom improvements in a variety of affective psychiatric illnesses. However, the region-specific alterations underlying these therapeutic effects remain relatively unknown. The central amygdala (CeA) is a primary output region within the extended amygdala that is dysregulated in affective psychiatric disorders. Here, we measured CeA activity using the activity marker c-Fos and CeA reactivity using fiber photometry paired with an aversive air-puff stimulus. We found that psilocin administration acutely increased CeA activity in both males and females and increased stimulus specific CeA reactivity in females, but not males. In contrast, psilocin produced time-dependent decreases in reactivity in males, but not in females, as early as 2 days and lasting to 28 days post administration. We also measured behavioral responses to the air-puff stimulus and found sex-dependent changes in threat responding but not exploratory behavior or general locomotion. Repeated presentations of the auditory component of the air-puff were also performed and sex-specific effects of psilocin on CeA reactivity to the auditory-alone stimulus were also observed. This study provides new evidence that a single dose of psilocin produces sex-specific, time-dependent, and enduring changes in CeA reactivity and behavioral responding to specific components of an aversive stimulus.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-07", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-023-02414-5", "pubmed_id": "37031219", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-023-02414-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Exploratory Behavior, Female, Male, Central Amygdaloid Nucleus", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37031219\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1483, "title": "TMS-EEG and resting-state EEG applied to altered states of consciousness: oscillations, complexity, and phenomenology.", "normalized_title": "tms eeg and resting state eeg applied to altered states of consciousness oscillations complexity and phenomenology", "authors": "Ort A, Smallridge JW, Sarasso S, Casarotto S, von Rotz R, Casanova A, Seifritz E, Preller KH, Tononi G, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Exploring the neurobiology of the profound changes in consciousness induced by classical psychedelic drugs may require novel neuroimaging methods. Serotonergic psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin produce states of increased sensory-emotional awareness and arousal, accompanied by increased spontaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) signal diversity. By directly stimulating cortical tissue, the altered dynamics and propagation of the evoked EEG activity can reveal drug-induced changes in the overall brain state. We combine Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and EEG to reveal that psilocybin produces a state of increased chaotic brain activity which is not a result of altered complexity in the underlying causal interactions between brain regions. We also map the regional effects of psilocybin on TMS-evoked activity and identify changes in frontal brain structures that may be associated with the phenomenology of psychedelic experiences.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.isci.2023.106589", "pubmed_id": "37138774", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.106589", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37138774\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2012, "title": "The Theoretical Description for Psilocin Electrochemical Determination over Cobalt Oxyhydroxide", "normalized_title": "the theoretical description for psilocin electrochemical determination over cobalt oxyhydroxide", "authors": "Volodymyr Tkach, Kucher Mykhailo, Kushnir Marta, Ivanushko Yana, Akınay Yüksel, Karakoyun Necdet, Yagodynets Petro, Kormosh Zholt", "abstract": "The possibility of psilocin electrochemical determination over cobalt (III) oxyhydroxide-modified anode is evaluated from the mathematical point of view. Psilocin is thereby oxidized yielding either micro- or macromolecular product, being both of them important for the economical and green conducting polymer composite for electrocatalysis, electroanalysis and energy conversion. The analysis of the correspondent mathematical model confirms, that, despite of the high probability of the oscillatory behavior, the electrochemical process is efficient from both analytical and synthetical point of view.", "journal": "Orbital: The Electronic Journal of Chemistry", "publication_date": "2023-04-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.17807/orbital.v15i1.18012", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v15i1.18012", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.17807/orbital.v15i1.18012\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1506, "title": "Use of Selective Alternative Therapies for Treatment of OCD.", "normalized_title": "use of selective alternative therapies for treatment of ocd", "authors": "Khan I, Jaura TA, Tukruna A, Arif A, Tebha SS, Nasir S, Mukherjee D, Masroor N, Yosufi A.", "abstract": "About 40% of the people with the obsessive-compulsive-disorder do not experience the desired outcome after the existing treatment, and its several side effects were reported. This systematic review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of alternative drugs and assess the possibility of their use as treatment options for obsessive-compulsive-disorder. The Scientific databases PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Directory of Open Access Journals, MedRxiv and BioRxiv, were searched from inception to March 2022, using appropriate search strategies for each drug and following the Prisma guidelines 2020. Studies were selected according to the already set criteria and assessed for bias. Data were extracted, and descriptive and continuous data were analyzed and presented as frequency/percentage and mean. A total of 16 observational and interventional studies were included for data extraction. The studies focused on four drugs, Psilocybin (n=4), Cannabis (n=7), Nicotine (n=3), and Morphine (n=2), that were used to test out their effect on OCD symptoms. Overall, the majority of the studies showed promising results by documenting a reduction in Y-BOCS scores. However, few subjects, specifically those using nicotine or Cannabis, did not affect their condition or self-reported worsening symptoms. Few side effects were also noticed. This systematic review found that the drugs mostly showed a positive response. All Psilocybin and morphine users, 88.2% and 74.1% of the nicotine and Cannabis users, respectively, reported experiencing the positive effect of these drugs, indicating that these drugs have the potential to be used in the management of OCD. However, further research is required in this arena to thoroughly understand the mechanism of action by which these drugs produce their therapeutic effect. Policies to destigmatize and encourage clinical trials with these drugs are crucial for exploring the use of these drugs as a treatment option for OCD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-04", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.2147/ndt.s403997", "pubmed_id": "37041856", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s403997", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37041856\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1423, "title": "5-MeO-DMT modifies innate behaviors and promotes structural neural plasticity in mice.", "normalized_title": "5 meo dmt modifies innate behaviors and promotes structural neural plasticity in mice", "authors": "Jefferson SJ, Gregg I, Dibbs M, Liao C, Wu H, Davoudian PA, Woodburn SC, Wehrle PH, Sprouse JS, Sherwood AM, Kaye AP, Pittenger C, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics are gaining increasing interest as potential therapeutics for a range of mental illnesses. Compounds with short-lived subjective effects may be clinically useful because dosing time would be reduced, which may improve patient access. One short-acting psychedelic is 5-MeO-DMT, which has been associated with improvement in depression and anxiety symptoms in early phase clinical studies. However, relatively little is known about the behavioral and neural mechanisms of 5-MeO-DMT, particularly the durability of its long-term effects. Here we characterized the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on innate behaviors and dendritic architecture in mice. We showed that 5-MeO-DMT induces a dose-dependent increase in head-twitch response that is shorter in duration than that induced by psilocybin at all doses tested. 5-MeO-DMT also substantially suppresses social ultrasonic vocalizations produced during mating behavior. 5-MeO-DMT produces long-lasting increases in dendritic spine density in the mouse medial frontal cortex that are driven by an elevated rate of spine formation. However, unlike psilocybin, 5-MeO-DMT did not affect the size of dendritic spines. These data provide insights into the behavioral and neural consequences underlying the action of 5-MeO-DMT and highlight similarities and differences with those of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-023-01572-w", "pubmed_id": "37015972", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01572-w", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Methoxydimethyltryptamines, Hallucinogens, Instinct, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37015972\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1450, "title": "The molecular basis of the antidepressant action of the magic mushroom extract, psilocin.", "normalized_title": "the molecular basis of the antidepressant action of the magic mushroom extract psilocin", "authors": "Hakami Zanjani AA, Nguyen TQT, Jacobsen L, Khandelia H.", "abstract": "Magic mushrooms, and their extract psilocybin, are well-known for their psychedelic properties and recreational use. Psilocin, the bio-active form of psilocybin, can potentially treat various psychiatric diseases. Psilocin putatively exerts its psychedelic effect as an agonist to the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR), which is also the receptor for the neurological hormone serotonin. The two key chemical differences between the two molecules are first, that the primary amine in serotonin is replaced with a tertiary amine in psilocin, and second, the hydroxyl group is substituted differently on the aromatic ring. Here, we find that psilocin can bind to 5-HT2AR with an affinity higher than serotonin, and provide the molecular logic behind the higher binding affinity of psilocin using extensive molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. The binding free energy of psilocin is dependent upon the protonation states of the ligands, as well as that of the key residue in the binding site: Aspartate 155. We find that the tertiary amine of psilocin, and not the altered substitution of the hydroxyl group in the ring is responsible for the increased affinity of psilocin. We propose design rules for effective antidepressants based on molecular insights from our simulations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-02", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140914", "pubmed_id": "37019325", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140914", "keywords": "Amines, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37019325\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1424, "title": "Are psychedelic medicines the reset for chronic pain? Preliminary findings and research needs.", "normalized_title": "are psychedelic medicines the reset for chronic pain preliminary findings and research needs", "authors": "Zia FZ, Baumann MH, Belouin SJ, Dworkin RH, Ghauri MH, Hendricks PS, Henningfield JE, Lanier RK, Ross S, Berger A.", "abstract": "Chronic pain is a leading cause of disability, reduced productivity, healthcare seeking behavior, and a contributor to opioid overdose in the United States. For many people, pain can be satisfactorily managed by existing medicines and comprehensive psychosocial treatments. For others, available treatments are either ineffective or not acceptable, due to side effects and concerns about risks. Preliminary evidence suggests that some psychedelics may be effective for certain types of pain and/or improved quality of life with increased functionality and reduced disability and distress in people whose pain may never be completely relieved. Efficacy in these quality-of-life related outcomes would be consistent with the 'reset in thinking' about chronic pain management being increasingly called for as a more realistic goal for some people as compared to complete elimination of pain. This commentary summarizes the rationale for conducting more basic research and clinical trials to further explore the potential for psychedelics in chronic pain management. Additionally, if shown to be effective, to then determine whether the effects of psychedelics are primarily due to direct antinociceptive or anti-inflammatory mechanisms, or via increased tolerability, acceptance, and sense of spirituality, that appear to at least partially mediate the therapeutic effects of psychedelics observed in psychiatric disorders such as major depression. This commentary represents a collaboration of clinical and more basic scientists examining these issues and developing recommendations for research ranging from neuropharmacology to the biopsychosocial treatment factors that appear to be as important in pain management as in depression and other disorders in which psychedelic medicines are under development. This article is part of the Special Issue on \"National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series\".", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-04-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109528", "pubmed_id": "37015315", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109528", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Quality of Life, United States, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37015315\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3318, "title": "Psilocybin zeigt Wirkung bei Depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin zeigt wirkung bei depression", "authors": "Julia Mertens L.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s15006-023-2540-9", "pubmed_id": "37016226", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s15006-023-2540-9", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37016226\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1512, "title": "Prevalence and associations of challenging, difficult or distressing experiences using classic psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "prevalence and associations of challenging difficult or distressing experiences using classic psychedelics", "authors": "Simonsson O, Hendricks PS, Chambers R, Osika W, Goldberg SB", "abstract": "Previous studies have investigated challenging, difficult, or distressing classic psychedelic experiences, but little is known about the prevalence and associations of such experiences. Using nationally representative data of the US adult population (N = 2822), this study examined the prevalence and associations of challenging, difficult, or distressing experiences using classic psychedelics, in a subsample of respondents who reported lifetime classic psychedelic use (n = 613). Of the 613 respondents who reported lifetime classic psychedelic use, the majority of them (59.1 %) had never had a challenging, difficult, or distressing experience using a classic psychedelic, but 8.9 % of respondents reported functional impairment that lasted longer than one day as a result of such experiences. Notably, 2.6 % reported seeking medical, psychiatric, or psychological assistance in the days or weeks following their most challenging, difficult, or distressing classic psychedelic experience. In covariate-adjusted regression models, co-use of lithium, co-use of other mood stabilizers, and six set and setting variables (no preparation, disagreeable physical environment, negative mindset, no psychological support, dose was too large, major life event prior to experience) were associated with the degree of difficulty; and co-use of lithium, co-use of other mood stabilizers, and three set and setting variables (negative mindset, no psychological support, major life event prior to experience) were associated with overall risk of harm. In summary, this study provides insight into the prevalence and associations of challenging, difficult, or distressing classic psychedelic experiences. The findings broadly correspond with findings from previous studies and can inform harm reduction efforts and future experimental research designs.", "journal": "Journal of affective disorders", "publication_date": "2023-03-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.073", "pubmed_id": "36720405", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36720405/", "keywords": "Adverse, CEQ, Challenging, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Risk", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36720405\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1511, "title": "Liminal spaces, seasonal faces: Challenging drug market assumptions via an exploration of naturally occurring magic mushroom markets in rural Kent.", "normalized_title": "liminal spaces seasonal faces challenging drug market assumptions via an exploration of naturally occurring magic mushroom markets in rural kent", "authors": "Simpson GHR, Chatwin C, van Hellemont E", "abstract": "This article presents an exploration of naturally occurring Class-A magic mushroom markets in the UK. It aims to challenge some of the mainstream narratives about drug markets and to identify features of this specific market, which will extend our understanding of how illegal drug markets operate and are structured more generally. The research presented comprises a three year ethnography of sites of magic mushroom production in rural Kent. Observations were conducted at 5 research sites over three consecutive magic mushroom seasons and interviews were conducted with 10 (8 male; 2 female) key informants. It finds that naturally occurring magic mushroom sites are reluctant and liminal sites of drug production, distinct from other Class-A drug production sites due to their: open and accessible nature; lack of invested ownership or evidence of purposeful cultivation; and lack of law enforcement disruption efforts, violence or organised crime involvement. Seasonal magic mushroom picker participants were found to be a sociable group, often acting in a cooperative nature, and without evidence of territoriality or violent dispute resolution. These findings have wider application in challenging the dominant narrative that the most harmful (Class-A) drug markets are homogenous in their violent, profit driven, hierarchical nature, and most Class-A drug producers/suppliers are morally corrupt, financially motivated and organised. A greater understanding of the variety of Class-A drug markets in operation can challenge archetypes and discrimination in understanding drug market involvement, will allow the development of more nuanced policing and policy strategies, and contributes to the presentation of a fluidity of drug market structure that permeates beyond bottom level street markets or social supply.", "journal": "The International journal on drug policy", "publication_date": "2023-03-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103973", "pubmed_id": "36863288", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36863288/", "keywords": "Drug markets, Drug production sites, Ethnography, Magic mushrooms, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36863288\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1510, "title": "Systematic Review of Interventions for Demoralization in Patients With Cancer.", "normalized_title": "systematic review of interventions for demoralization in patients with cancer", "authors": "Wang Y, Sun H, Ji Q, Wei J, Zhu P.", "abstract": "AbstractDemoralization as cancer-related mental health needs to be understood and addressed by clinical staff. This review systematically examined the characteristics and outcomes of interventions for demoralization in patients with cancer. Seven databases-PubMed, PsycINFO, Cinahl, Embase, Web of Science, Medline, and Cochrane Library Databases of Systematic Reviews-were systematically searched for relevant literature. We included intervention studies focusing on interventions for demoralization in patients with cancer. We ultimately included 14 studies. Overall, 10 studies had a positive effect on improving demoralization in patients with cancer, including two main types of interventions: psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy and psychological interventions. This review summarizes information on interventions for demoralization in patients with cancer. To provide precise care for demoralization in patients with cancer, future studies should use more rigorous methods to test interventions that may affect demoralization.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1097/nmd.0000000000001615", "pubmed_id": "36975545", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000001615", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Mental Health, Psychotherapy, Demoralization", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36975545\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1508, "title": "Classic psychedelic use and current meditation practice.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelic use and current meditation practice", "authors": "Simonsson C, Chambers R, Hendricks PS, Goldberg SB, Osika W, Schlosser M, Ryde A, Christersson E, Simonsson O", "abstract": "Previous research has investigated potential synergies between classic psychedelics and meditation practice, but relatively little remains known about the relationship between classic psychedelic experiences and engagement with meditation practice.The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between classic psychedelic experiences and engagement with two popular types of meditation: mindfulness meditation and loving-kindness or compassion meditation. This retrospective, population-based observational study included 2,822 respondents aged 18 years or older in the United States. Using covariate-adjusted regression models, this study examined associations of classic psychedelic experiences with current practice of mindfulness meditation and loving-kindness or compassion meditation. In covariate-adjusted regression models, lifetime classic psychedelic use was associated with a higher frequency of current mindfulness meditation practice but not current loving-kindness or compassion meditation practice. Both psychological insight and \"ego dissolution\" were associated with a higher frequency of current mindfulness meditation practice and current loving-kindness or compassion meditation practice. Notably, when psychological insight and \"ego dissolution\" were entered into the regression model simultaneously, only greater psychological insight was associated with having a higher frequency of current mindfulness meditation practice and current loving-kindness or compassion meditation practice. Although the findings in this study cannot demonstrate causality, they suggest that classic psychedelic experiences may exert a positive effect on the cultivation and maintenance of health-related behaviors such as regular meditation practice, with psychological insight appearing to be a stronger predictor than \"ego dissolution.\" This study was not preregistered.", "journal": "Mindfulness", "publication_date": "2023-03-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s12671-023-02103-w", "pubmed_id": "37693239", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37693239/", "keywords": "LSD, Psychedelics, meditation, mindfulness, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37693239\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1524, "title": "Psychotherapy with Psilocybin for Depression: Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psychotherapy with psilocybin for depression systematic review", "authors": "Dawood Hristova JJ, Pérez-Jover V.", "abstract": "Depression is a common mental health issue that affects 280 million people in the world with a high mortality rate, as well as being a leading cause of disability. Psychopharmacological therapies with psychedelics, particularly those with psilocybin, are showing promising potential for the treatment of depression, among other conditions. Some of their benefits include a rapid and exponential improvement in depressive symptoms and an increased sense of well-being that can last for months after the treatment, as well as a greater development of introspective capacity. The aim of this project was to provide experimental evidence about therapeutic procedures along with psilocybin for the treatment of major depressive disorder. The project highlights eight studies that examined this condition. Some of them dealt with treatment-resistant depression while others dealt with depression due to a life-threatening disease such as cancer. These publications affirm the efficiency of the psilocybin therapy for depression, with only one or two doses in conjunction with psychological support during the process.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/bs13040297", "pubmed_id": "37102811", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13040297", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37102811\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1451, "title": "The need for establishing best practices and gold standards in psychedelic medicine.", "normalized_title": "the need for establishing best practices and gold standards in psychedelic medicine", "authors": "Feduccia A, Agin-Liebes G, Price CM, Grinsell N, Paradise S, Rabin DM.", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances are under investigation in several drug development programs. Controlled clinical trials are providing evidence for safe and effective use of psychedelic therapies for treating mental health conditions. With the anticipated FDA approval of MDMA-assisted therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in 2023 and psilocybin therapy for depression disorders soon after, now is the time for the medical community to become informed on best practices and to actively participate in developing standards of care for these new treatments. Given the emergence of numerous drug sponsors and other companies developing therapeutic modalities for combination with psychedelic medications, it is essential that the medical professional field is at the forefront of communicating unbiased information related to safety and effectiveness. Gold standards have long been a part of medicine and serve to distinguish treatments and assessments as the highest quality by which all others can be compared to. For a treatment to be established as a gold standard, several factors are considered including the quantity and quality of the supporting data, the rigor of trials, and the safety and efficacy compared to other treatments. In this article, we review the origins of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), minimum requirements for safe use of psychedelics, criteria for gold standards in mental health, and the nuances regarding how to establish gold standards in psychedelic medicine and guide clinical decision making.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.083", "pubmed_id": "37003433", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.083", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37003433\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1303, "title": "Psilocybin facilitates fear extinction in mice by promoting hippocampal neuroplasticity.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin facilitates fear extinction in mice by promoting hippocampal neuroplasticity", "authors": "Du Y, Li Y, Zhao X, Yao Y, Wang B, Zhang L, Wang G.", "abstract": "BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are highly comorbid. Psilocybin exerts substantial therapeutic effects on depression by promoting neuroplasticity. Fear extinction is a key process in the mechanism of first-line exposure-based therapies for PTSD. We hypothesized that psilocybin would facilitate fear extinction by promoting hippocampal neuroplasticity.MethodsFirst, we assessed the effects of psilocybin on percentage of freezing time in an auditory cued fear conditioning (FC) and fear extinction paradigm in mice. Psilocybin was administered 30 min before extinction training. Fear extinction testing was performed on the first day; fear extinction retrieval and fear renewal were tested on the sixth and seventh days, respectively. Furthermore, we verified the effect of psilocybin on hippocampal neuroplasticity using Golgi staining for the dendritic complexity and spine density, Western blotting for the protein levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and immunofluorescence staining for the numbers of doublecortin (DCX)- and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells.ResultsA single dose of psilocybin (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the increase in the percentage of freezing time induced by FC at 24 h, 6th day and 7th day after administration. In terms of structural neuroplasticity, psilocybin rescued the decrease in hippocampal dendritic complexity and spine density induced by FC; in terms of neuroplasticity related proteins, psilocybin rescued the decrease in the protein levels of hippocampal BDNF and mTOR induced by FC; in terms of neurogenesis, psilocybin rescued the decrease in the numbers of DCX- and BrdU-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus induced by FC.ConclusionsA single dose of psilocybin facilitated rapid and sustained fear extinction; this effect might be partially mediated by the promotion of hippocampal neuroplasticity. This study indicates that psilocybin may be a useful adjunct to exposure-based therapies for PTSD and other mental disorders characterized by failure of fear extinction.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1097/cm9.0000000000002647", "pubmed_id": "37000971", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000002647", "keywords": "Hippocampus, Animals, Humans, Mice, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Bromodeoxyuridine, Fear, Neuronal Plasticity, Extinction, Psychological, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37000971\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3468, "title": "Role of the Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor in Mescaline-induced Altered States of Consciousness", "normalized_title": "role of the serotonin 5 ht2a receptor in mescaline induced altered states of consciousness", "authors": "University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland", "abstract": "Mescaline (the active substance in Peyote and San Pedro cacti) is a classic and long known serotonergic psychedelic substance (hallucinogen) that is widely used for recreational, spiritual, and/or ethno medical purposes. Despite its long history, modern data on the acute effects of mescaline on human is lacking. Mescaline produces prototypical psychedelic effects, similar as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin. The serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor is thought to primarily mediate acute alterations of consciousness induced by LSD and psilocybin. However, the contributory role of the 5-HT2A receptor in mescaline-induced alterations of consciousness is unclear. Using 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin, the psychedelic experience induced by LSD and psilocybin can be attenuated and shortened. The present study therefore explores the role the 5-HT2A receptor in mescaline-induced altered states of consciousness using escalating doses of mescaline and the 5-HT2A receptor blocker ketanserin administered before a high dose of mescaline. Objective: The present MDR-study will characterize the subjective effects of different doses of mescaline using modern psychometric instruments and examine the contribution of the 5-HT2A receptor in the mescaline-induced alterations of consciousness. Design: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-period cross-over design with six treatment conditions. 1) Placebo (Pla + Pla), 2) 100 mg mescaline (Pla + 100mg mescaline), 3) 200 mg mescaline (Pla + 200mg mescaline), 4) 400 mg mescaline (Pla + 400mg mescaline), 5) 800 mg mescaline (Pla + 800mg mescaline), and 6) 40mg ketanserin and 800mg mescaline (Ket + 800mg mescaline). Participants: 16 healthy participants aged ≥ 25 and ≤ 65 years (8 female, 8 male)", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-03-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04849013", "keywords": "Healthy, Placebo, Mescaline 100mg, Mescaline 200mg, Mescaline 400mg, Mescaline 800mg, Mescaline 800mg + Ketanserin 40mg, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04849013\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Spirituality,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1494, "title": "[Contribution of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor to antidepressant effect of serotonergic psychedelics].", "normalized_title": "contribution of serotonin 5 ht2a receptor to antidepressant effect of serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Ibi D.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder presents a substantial global health burden, and at least 30-40% of patients exhibit treatment resistance to antidepressants. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, is used as an anesthetic agent. In 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved esketamine (the S-enantiomer of ketamine) as a therapeutic agent for treatment-resistant depression; however, this drug has reportedly been associated with serious side effects such as dissociative symptoms, thus limiting its clinical use as an antidepressant. Recently, various clinical studies have reported that psilocybin, the psychoactive substance found in magic mushrooms, has a fast-acting and long-lasting antidepressant effect in patients with major depressive disorder, including those resistant to conventional treatment. Furthermore, psilocybin is a psychoactive drug that is relatively harmless compared to ketamine and other similar substances. Accordingly, the FDA has designated psilocybin as a \"breakthrough therapy approach\" for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Additionally, serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide show some potential in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and addiction. The increased attention the use of psychedelics has attracted as a psychiatric disorder treatment approach is referred to as the \"psychedelic renaissance\". Pharmacologically, psychedelics cause hallucinations by stimulating cortical serotonin 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2A), although whether 5-HT2A is responsible for the manifestation of their therapeutic effects remains unclear. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the hallucinations and \"mystical experience\" that the patients go through because of 5-HT2A activation by psychedelics is essential for the therapeutic effect of these substances. Future research should elucidate the molecular and neural mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. This review summarizes the therapeutic effects of psychedelics on psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder in clinical and pre-clinical studies, and discusses the possibility of 5-HT2A as a novel therapeutic target.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1254/fpj.22141", "pubmed_id": "36990794", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1254/fpj.22141", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Serotonin, Ketamine, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36990794\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1493, "title": "Pilot study of single-dose psilocybin for serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant body dysmorphic disorder.", "normalized_title": "pilot study of single dose psilocybin for serotonin reuptake inhibitor resistant body dysmorphic disorder", "authors": "Schneier FR, Feusner J, Wheaton MG, Gomez GJ, Cornejo G, Naraindas AM, Hellerstein DJ.", "abstract": "ObjectiveBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an often-severe condition in which individuals are preoccupied by misperceptions of their appearance as defective or ugly. Only serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive-behavioral therapy have been demonstrated efficacious in randomized controlled trials. Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug with growing evidence for safety and efficacy in treatment of depression. This study aimed to pilot test the feasibility, tolerability, safety, and efficacy of psilocybin treatment of adults with BDD.MethodsIn this open-label trial, 12 adults (8 women, 4 men) with moderate-to-severe non-delusional BDD that had been unresponsive to at least one serotonin reuptake inhibitor trial received a single oral dose of psilocybin 25 mg. There was no control group. Psychological support was provided before, during, and after the dosing session. The primary outcome measure for efficacy was the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Scale Modified for BDD (BDD-YBOCS) score during 12 weeks of assessments after dosing.ResultsAll participants completed dosing and all follow-up assessments. BDD-YBOCS scores decreased significantly over 12 weeks of follow-up (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-27", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.03.031", "pubmed_id": "37004409", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.03.031", "keywords": "Humans, Treatment Outcome, Pilot Projects, Adult, Female, Male, Body Dysmorphic Disorders, Psilocybin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37004409\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1474, "title": "Role of Psychedelics in Treatment-Resistant Depression.", "normalized_title": "role of psychedelics in treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Kamal S, Jha MK, Radhakrishnan R.", "abstract": "There is increasing interest in exploring the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Classic psychedelics (such as psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca/DMT), and atypical psychedelics (such as ketamine) have been studied in TRD. The evidence for the classic psychedelics TRD is limited at the present time; early studies however show promising results. There is also recognition that psychedelic research may be subject to a \"hype bubble\" at the present time. Future studies focused on delineating necessary ingredients of psychedelic treatments and the neurobiological basis of their effects, will help pave the way for the clinical use of these compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-24", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.psc.2023.02.004", "pubmed_id": "37149346", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2023.02.004", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37149346\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1476, "title": "In silico characterization of the psilocybin biosynthesis pathway.", "normalized_title": "in silico characterization of the psilocybin biosynthesis pathway", "authors": "Irvine W, Tyler M, Delgoda R.", "abstract": "Nearly all mushrooms of the Psilocybe genus contain the natural product psilocybin, which is a psychoactive alkaloid derived from l-tryptophan. Considering their use in ancient times, as well as their psychedelic properties, these mushrooms have re-emerged with psychotherapeutic potential for treating depression, which has triggered increased pharmaceutical interest. However, the psilocybin biosynthesis pathway was only recently defined and, as such, little exists in the way of structural data. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to structurally characterize this pathway by generating homology models for the four Psilocybe cubensis enzymes involved in psilocybin biosynthesis (PsiD, a decarboxylase; PsiH, a monooxygenase; PsiK, a phosphotransferase; PsiM, a methyltransferase). Following initial model generation and alignment with the identified structural templates, repeated refinement of the models was carried out using secondary structure prediction, geometry evaluation, energy minimization, and molecular dynamics simulations in water. The final models were then evaluated using molecular docking interactions with their substrates, i.e., psilocybin precursors (l-tryptophan, tryptamine, 4-hydroxytryptamine, and norbaeocystin/baeocystin), all of which generated feasible binding modes for the expected biotransformation. Further plausibility of the psilocybin → aeruginascin, 4-hydroxytryptamine → norpsilocin, and tryptamine → N,N-dimethyltryptamine conversions, all mediated by the generated model for PsiM, suggests valid routes of formation for these key secondary metabolites. The structural characterization of these enzymes and their binding modes which emerged from this study can lead to a better understanding of psilocybin synthesis, thereby paving the way for the development of novel substrates and selective inhibitors, as well as improved biotechnological manipulation and production of psilocybin in vitro.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107854", "pubmed_id": "36990027", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107854", "keywords": "Agaricales, Tryptamines, Serotonin, Tryptophan, Molecular Docking Simulation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36990027\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1526, "title": "Psychedelic Targeting of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2 and Its Implications for the Treatment of Alcoholism.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic targeting of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 and its implications for the treatment of alcoholism", "authors": "Domanegg K, Sommer WH, Meinhardt MW.", "abstract": "Alcohol abuse is a leading risk factor for the public health burden worldwide. Approved pharmacotherapies have demonstrated limited effectiveness over the last few decades in treating alcohol use disorders (AUD). New therapeutic approaches are therefore urgently needed. Historical and recent clinical trials using psychedelics in conjunction with psychotherapy demonstrated encouraging results in reducing heavy drinking in AUD patients, with psilocybin being the most promising candidate. While psychedelics are known to induce changes in gene expression and neuroplasticity, we still lack crucial information about how this specifically counteracts the alterations that occur in neuronal circuits throughout the course of addiction. This review synthesizes well-established knowledge from addiction research about pathophysiological mechanisms related to the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2), with findings and theories on how mGlu2 connects to the major signaling pathways induced by psychedelics via serotonin 2A receptors (2AR). We provide literature evidence that mGlu2 and 2AR are able to regulate each other's downstream signaling pathways, either through monovalent crosstalk or through the formation of a 2AR-mGlu2 heteromer, and highlight epigenetic mechanisms by which 2ARs can modulate mGlu2 expression. Lastly, we discuss how these pathways might be targeted therapeutically to restore mGlu2 function in AUD patients, thereby reducing the propensity to relapse.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/cells12060963", "pubmed_id": "36980303", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12060963", "keywords": "Neurons, Humans, Alcoholism, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36980303\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Epigenetics,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1495, "title": "Antidepressant Effects of Psilocybin in the Absence of Psychedelic Effects.", "normalized_title": "antidepressant effects of psilocybin in the absence of psychedelic effects", "authors": "Rosenblat JD, Leon-Carlyle M, Ali S, Husain MI, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20220835", "pubmed_id": "36945824", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20220835", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36945824\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3171, "title": "The Unique Neural Signature of Your Trip: Functional Connectome Fingerprints of Subjective Psilocybin Experience", "normalized_title": "the unique neural signature of your trip functional connectome fingerprints of subjective psilocybin experience", "authors": "Tolle HM, Farah JC, Mallaroni P, Mason NL, Ramaekers JG, Amico E.", "abstract": "The emerging neuroscientific frontier of brain fingerprinting has recently established that human functional connectomes (FCs) exhibit fingerprint-like idiosyncratic features, which map onto heterogeneously distributed behavioural traits. Here, we harness brain-fingerprinting tools to extract FC features that predict subjective drug experience induced by the psychedelic psilocybin. Specifically, in neuroimaging data of healthy volunteers under the acute influence of psilocybin or a placebo, we show that, post psilocybin administration, FCs become more idiosyncratic due to greater inter-subject dissimilarity. Moreover, whereas in placebo subjects idiosyncratic features are primarily found in the frontoparietal network, in psilocybin subjects they concentrate in the default-mode network (DMN). Crucially, isolating the latter revealed an FC pattern that predicts subjective psilocybin experience and is characterised by reduced within-DMN and DMN-limbic connectivity, as well as increased connectivity between the DMN and attentional systems. Overall, these results contribute to bridging the gap between psilocybin-mediated effects on brain and behaviour, while demonstrating the value of a brain-fingerprinting approach to pharmacological neuroimaging. Author summary The trending field of brain fingerprinting focuses on characterising fingerprint-like idiosyncratic features of human functional connectomes (FCs), which have been shown to predict heterogeneously distributed behavioural traits. Here, we apply brain-fingerprinting methods to fMRI data from subjects who were administered the psychedelic psilocybin or a placebo. We find that, compared to the placebo condition, subjects under acute psilocybin effects exhibited more idiosyncratic FCs, with idiosyncratic features being largely concentrated in the default-mode network (DMN). Furthermore, we isolated an idiosyncratic FC pattern that predicted reports of subjective psilocybin experiences. This pattern was characterised by altered DMN connectivity, specifically by reduced within-DMN and DMN-limbic connectivity, and increased connectivity between the DMN and attentional systems. This work paves the way for exciting new research harnessing pharmacological brain fingerprinting.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-03-20", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.03.20.532894", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.20.532894", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR633592\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1541, "title": "[Psychedelic Therapy with Psilocybin and Psychotherapy - Where do we Stand?]", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy with psilocybin and psychotherapy where do we stand", "authors": "Karow A.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-20", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1055/a-2010-7640", "pubmed_id": "36944348", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2010-7640", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36944348\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3433, "title": "Mood and Cognitive Effects of Low Doses of Psilocybin Observed in Healthy Subjects (\"MELO\"): A Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Finding Study", "normalized_title": "mood and cognitive effects of low doses of psilocybin observed in healthy subjects melo a blinded placebo controlled dose finding study", "authors": "Optimi Health Corporation", "abstract": "This study is seeking to find the optimal microdose or low dose of psilocybin (magic mushrooms) that provides general enhancements to mood, memory, sleep, and other measures of general well-being without any hallucinogenic effects. Psilocybin is a natural psychoactive alkaloid component of more than 200 species of naturally growing mushrooms that can be found throughout the world. Psilocybin use as a ceremonious ritual has been well documented in ancient Aztec and Mesoamerican history. Psilocybin was chemically isolated and synthesized in the 1950s by American scientists, who found that mushroom varieties offered varying ranges of natural psilocybin (from 0.2-1% of dry weight). The psychological benefits of psilocybin are well-documented, as are the safety profile, low toxicity, and significant lack of abuse or overdose potential in comparison to other scheduled and non-scheduled drug, including alcohol. Many clinical studies demonstrate the benefit of psilocybin on feelings of depression, mood, and overall feelings of well-being, particularly at higher doses greater than 25mg. At these doses, hallucinations and psychedelic effects also occur. A growing body of evidence suggests that extremely low doses, or microdoses, may offer similar psychological benefits to individuals without any hallucinogenic effect that may impair daily function. The purpose of this study is to examine an optimal small/microdose of psilocybin, taken orally, that may provide such benefits. Optimi,is committed to providing MELOCIN, an oral, pharmaceutical grade, but naturally derived, mushroom powder (Psilocybe cubensis), containing a specific dose of psilocybin and a controlled range of other natural compounds and excipients within the formulation. Clinical studies will inform the desired low to very low psilocybin dosing range for specific indications which do not elicit any psychedelic effects but are correlated to specific mood and cognition-related enhancements or improvements in otherwise healthy individuals. Primary objective: To assess the safety and tolerability of varying low doses and microdoses of Optimi psilocybin-containing mushroom powder in healthy humans. Secondary objective: To assess the magnitude of effects of varying low doses and microdoses of Optimi psilocybin-containing mushroom powder on general mood, physiological responses, cognitive performance, focus, and feelings of anxiety. Methodology: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial examining effects of six oral doses of MELOCIN, a psilocybin-containing Psilocybe cubensis mushroom powder, with 0 (placebo), 1, 2, 5, 8 and 10mg of psilocybin, administered on six separate test days in a randomized fashion. Participants will be randomized to the order that doses are administered. Study days will be scheduled 6-9 days apart to avoid any carry-over effects of a previous dose. Each study day will require ingestion of 10 capsules, which will be a combination of placebo and Psilocybe cubensis powder containing the prescribed daily dose. On the placebo study day, participants will digest 9 placebo capsules and one Chaga mushroom (non-active, non-hallucinogenic) capsule such that the mushroom after-taste commonly present with hallucinogenic magic mushrooms is mimicked and still present to preserve the blinding of the study dosing regimen. Participants will be scheduled for 7 total weekly visits (6 dosing days, 1 follow up/close out visit) at the study clinic, each estimated to be 8-9 hours in duration. At each weekly study visit, participants will be continuously monitored and asked to complete cognitive, mood, and other psychological questionnaires and provide minimal blood work at 80-105 mins, 2.5 hrs, 5 hrs, and 7.5hrs post-drug administration in order to monitor the physiological and psychological effects of the dose provided that day. At the follow-up visit, final questionnaires will be completed and qualitative feedback on the experience will be collected", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-03-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05252598", "keywords": "Mood Disturbance, Mood Change, Sleep Disturbance, Drug Effect, Psychedelic Experiences, Health, Subjective, Psilocin Toxicity, Psilocybin Toxicity, Psilocybin Causing Adverse Effects in Therapeutic Use, Anxiety, Psilocybin, Melocin, Inonotus Obliquus Whole Extract, Chaga, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05252598\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1452, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: An exploratory placebo-controlled, fixed-order trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for major depressive disorder an exploratory placebo controlled fixed order trial", "authors": "Sloshower J, Skosnik PD, Safi-Aghdam H, Pathania S, Syed S, Pittman B, D'Souza DC.", "abstract": "BackgroundSeveral early phase studies have demonstrated that psilocybin-assisted therapy has rapid-acting and persisting antidepressant effects from just one or two doses. However, methodological limitations (e.g., placebo-control, blinding) limit interpretability of the existing literature.MethodsIn an exploratory placebo-controlled, within-subject, fixed-order study, individuals with moderate to severe major depressive disorder were administered placebo (n = 19) followed by psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg) (n = 15) 4 weeks later. Dosing sessions were embedded within an manualized course of psychotherapy. Enhanced blinding procedures were used. Depression, anxiety, and quality of life were measured over a 16-week study period.ResultsDepression and anxiety significantly improved following both placebo and psilocybin with no significant difference in the degree of change between the two conditions. However, antidepressant effect sizes were larger after psilocybin (d' = 1.02-2.27) than after placebo (d' = 0.65-0.99) and there were high rates of response (66.7%) and remission (46.7%) following psilocybin administration. Antidepressant effects following psilocybin persisted, on average, for 2 months and there were persisting improvements in mood-related quality of life domains. The strength of mystical-type experience during psilocybin dosing was not correlated with subsequent antidepressant effects.ConclusionsThe results of this exploratory study highlight the complex interplay between expectancy, therapy effects, and drug/placebo effects in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy studies. Nonetheless, the acute and persisting clinical improvements observed following psilocybin support further study of its potential in the treatment of major depression. Future studies should more explicitly mitigate and measure expectancy effects and assess the impact of repeated dosing and different forms of psychotherapeutic support.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231154852", "pubmed_id": "36938991", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231154852", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Quality of Life, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36938991\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1352, "title": "Psychedelic Treatments for Substance Use Disorder and Substance Misuse: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic treatments for substance use disorder and substance misuse a mixed methods systematic review", "authors": "Sharma R, Batchelor R, Sin J.", "abstract": "Renewed interest in psychedelic substances in the 21st century has seen the exploration of psychedelic treatments for various psychiatric disorders including substance use disorder (SUD). This review aimed to assess the effectiveness of psychedelic treatments for people with SUD and those falling below diagnostic thresholds (i.e. substance misuse). We systematically searched 11 databases, trial registries, and psychedelic organization websites for empirical studies examining adults undergoing psychedelic treatment for SUD or substance misuse, published in the English language, between 2000 and 2021. Seven studies investigating treatment using psilocybin, ibogaine, and ayahuasca, alone or adjunct with psychotherapy reported across 10 papers were included. Measures of abstinence, substance use, psychological and psychosocial outcomes, craving, and withdrawal reported positive results, however, this data was scarce among studies examining a wide range of addictions including opioid, nicotine, alcohol, cocaine and unspecified substance. The qualitative synthesis from three studies described subjective experience of psychedelic-assisted treatments enhanced self-awareness, insight, and confidence. At present, there is no sufficient research evidence to suggest effectiveness of any of the psychedelics on any specific substance use disorder or substance misuse. Further research using rigorous effectiveness evaluation methods with larger sample sizes and longer-term follow-up is required.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-17", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2190319", "pubmed_id": "36933948", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2190319", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Ibogaine, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36933948\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3763, "title": "Yale Program for Psychedelic Science (YPPS) Manual for Psilocybin Combined with Non-Directive Support in the Treatment of OCD", "normalized_title": "yale program for psychedelic science ypps manual for psilocybin combined with non directive support in the treatment of ocd", "authors": "Ching THW, Grazioplene R, Pittenger C, Kelmendi B.", "abstract": "The Yale Program for Psychedelic Science (YPPS) supports a multi-disciplinary research community dedicated to investigating the effects of psychedelic substances on brain function, cognition, and behavior, including their therapeutic potential in treating neuropsychiatric conditions. In support of this mission, YPPS is testing the safety and efficacy of psilocybin, administered in conjunction with non-directive psychological support, as a treatment for certain neurological and psychiatric conditions. The current study, “Effects of repeated dosing of psilocybin on obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized, waitlist-controlled study” (NCT05370911), will investigate the effects of repeated dosing of oral psilocybin on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptomatology and assess psychological mechanisms that may mediate psilocybin’s therapeutic effects on OCD. The study will employ a randomized, waitlist-controlled design with blinded ratings, with participants randomized to receive either immediate treatment (two doses of oral psilocybin separated by one week) or delayed treatment (7 weeks post-randomization). An adaptive dose selection strategy will be implemented; the first dose will be fixed at 25 mg of psilocybin, and the second dose will be 25 mg or 30 mg, depending on whether or not a clinically significant response is detected after the first dose. This manual provides background and details for facilitator-related activities at various phases - pre-dosing preparation sessions, dosing sessions, and post-dosing integration sessions. The approach for psychological support by facilitators is unstructured and non-directive. In other words, facilitators do not provide any structured therapy, but rather collaborate and support participants as they prepare for psilocybin dosing sessions, ensure their psychological safety during dosing sessions, and provide them with an unstructured, non-directive context in which to process and consolidate their experiences during and after each dosing at defined time points. In doing so, while no structured therapy program is implemented, the presence and accompaniment by facilitators throughout all study sessions in the treatment phase may be experienced as supportive or even therapeutic by participants. This manual shares several features with a previous YPPS protocol-specific session monitor manual for single-dose psilocybin paired with psychological support for OCD (Ching et al., 2022), including the primary focus on a non-directive approach for preparatory, dosing, and integration sessions. Distinctive additions in this manual include a discussion of psychological processes in OCD that serve as a context for responsive facilitation of study visits, as well as updated facilitator checklists for preparatory, dosing, and integration sessions specific to the current two-dose protocol.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-03-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/ba42z", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ba42z", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR632316\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3186, "title": "Yale Program for Psychedelic Science (YPPS) Manual for Psilocybin Combined with Non-Directive Support in the Treatment of OCD", "normalized_title": "yale program for psychedelic science ypps manual for psilocybin combined with non directive support in the treatment of ocd", "authors": "", "abstract": "The Yale Program for Psychedelic Science (YPPS) supports a multi-disciplinary research community dedicated to investigating the effects of psychedelic substances on brain function, cognition, and behavior, including their therapeutic potential in treating neuropsychiatric conditions. In support of this mission, YPPS is testing the safety and efficacy of psilocybin, administered in conjunction with non-directive psychological support, as a treatment for certain neurological and psychiatric conditions. The current study, “Effects of repeated dosing of psilocybin on obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized, waitlist-controlled study” (NCT05370911), will investigate the effects of repeated dosing of oral psilocybin on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptomatology and assess psychological mechanisms that may mediate psilocybin’s therapeutic effects on OCD. The study will employ a randomized, waitlist-controlled design with blinded ratings, with participants randomized to receive either immediate treatment (two doses of oral psilocybin separated by one week) or delayed treatment (7 weeks post-randomization). An adaptive dose selection strategy will be implemented; the first dose will be fixed at 25 mg of psilocybin, and the second dose will be 25 mg or 30 mg, depending on whether or not a clinically significant response is detected after the first dose. This manual provides background and details for facilitator-related activities at various phases - pre-dosing preparation sessions, dosing sessions, and post-dosing integration sessions. The approach for psychological support by facilitators is unstructured and non-directive. In other words, facilitators do not provide any structured therapy, but rather collaborate and support participants as they prepare for psilocybin dosing sessions, ensure their psychological safety during dosing sessions, and provide them with an unstructured, non-directive context in which to process and consolidate their experiences during and after each dosing at defined time points. In doing so, while no structured therapy program is implemented, the presence and accompaniment by facilitators throughout all study sessions in the treatment phase may be experienced as supportive or even therapeutic by participants. This manual shares several features with a previous YPPS protocol-specific session monitor manual for single-dose psilocybin paired with psychological support for OCD (Ching et al., 2022), including the primary focus on a non-directive approach for preparatory, dosing, and integration sessions. Distinctive additions in this manual include a discussion of psychological processes in OCD that serve as a context for responsive facilitation of study visits, as well as updated facilitator checklists for preparatory, dosing, and integration sessions specific to the current two-dose protocol.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-03-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ba42z_v1", "keywords": "manual, non-directive, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psilocybin, psychedelic, psychiatry, psychology, psychopharmacology, therapy, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Intervention Research, Obsessive-compulsive and Related Disorders, Therapy, Psychotherapy, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"ba42z_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1496, "title": "Trends in drug use among nightclub and festival attendees in New York City, 2017-2022.", "normalized_title": "trends in drug use among nightclub and festival attendees in new york city 2017 2022", "authors": "Palamar JJ, Le A, Cleland CM, Keyes KM.", "abstract": "BackgroundDrug use is prevalent among people who attend electronic dance music (EDM) parties at nightclubs or festivals. This population can serve as a sentinel population to monitor trends in use of party drugs and new psychoactive substances (NPS) that may diffuse through larger segments of the population.MethodsWe surveyed adults entering randomly selected EDM parties at nightclubs and dance festivals in New York City about their drug use in 2017 (n=954), 2018 (n=1,029), 2019 (n=606), 2021 (n=229), and 2022 (n=419). We estimated trends in past-year and past-month use of 22 drugs or drug classes based on self-report from 2017-2022 and examined whether there were shifts pre- vs. post-COVID (2017-2019 vs. 2021-2022).ResultsBetween 2017 and 2022, there were increases in past-year and past-month use of shrooms (psilocybin), ketamine, poppers (amyl/butyl nitrites), synthetic cathinones (\"bath salts\"), and novel psychedelics (lysergamides and DOx series), increases in past-year cannabis use, and increases in past-month use of 2C series drugs. Between 2017 and 2022, there were decreases in past-year heroin use and decreases in past-month cocaine use, novel stimulant use, and nonmedical benzodiazepine use. The odds of use of shrooms, poppers, and 2C series drugs significantly increased after COVID, and the odds of use of cocaine, ecstasy, heroin, methamphetamine, novel stimulants, and prescription opioids (nonmedical use) decreased post-COVID.ConclusionsWe estimate shifts in prevalence of various drugs among this sentinel population, which can inform ongoing surveillance efforts and public health response in this and the general populations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104001", "pubmed_id": "36934660", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104001", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Heroin, Cocaine, Hallucinogens, Holidays, Dancing, Music, Adult, New York City, Illicit Drugs, COVID-19", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36934660\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1532, "title": "Experiences of microdosing psychedelics in an attempt to support wellbeing and mental health.", "normalized_title": "experiences of microdosing psychedelics in an attempt to support wellbeing and mental health", "authors": "Ryan RS, Copello A, Fox AP", "abstract": "Microdosing psychedelic drugs is a growing phenomenon, but little is known about the experiences surrounding this. Research broadly suggests that people may use psychedelics in an attempt to self-medicate for mental health and wellbeing. However, the precise details, rationale and meaning of such attempts remains unclear, and would benefit from clarification, using tailored experiential methods. This research therefore aimed to explore the way that users make sense of microdosing psychedelics, with a particular focus on the experience of any perceived mental health or wellbeing changes. Participants were recruited via websites and online forums. An internet text-based, semi-structured interview was conducted anonymously with 13 participants regarding their experiences of microdosing psychedelic drugs. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse the transcripts. Three superordinate themes were identified through the interviews: 1) Seeking a solution: Agency and rationale; 2) Microdosers as scientists; 3) Catalysing desirable and beneficial effects. All participants approached microdosing methodically and with purpose. Participants reported that they had experienced beneficial effects of microdosing on their mental health, alongside cognitive, physical and social changes. By microdosing, participants reported that they had supported their own mental health and wellbeing, with microdosing described as a catalyst to achieving their aims in this area. This study provided additional knowledge and understanding of the experience, rationale and personal meaning of the microdosing phenomenon which can be used to inform future investigations in the areas of psychedelic use and mental health.", "journal": "BMC psychiatry", "publication_date": "2023-03-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1186/s12888-023-04628-9", "pubmed_id": "36918852", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36918852/", "keywords": "LSD, Mental health, Microdosing, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Wellbeing", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36918852\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1531, "title": "The Effect of Combined Treatment of Psilocybin and Eugenol on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Brain Inflammation in Mice.", "normalized_title": "the effect of combined treatment of psilocybin and eugenol on lipopolysaccharide induced brain inflammation in mice", "authors": "Zanikov T, Gerasymchuk M, Ghasemi Gojani E, Robinson GI, Asghari S, Groves A, Haselhorst L, Nandakumar S, Stahl C, Cameron M, Li D, Rodriguez-Juarez R, Snelling A, Hudson D, Fiselier A, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I.", "abstract": "Inflammation is an organism's biological defense mechanism. Acute and chronic inflammation of the body triggers the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways that can affect the content of cytokines in the brain and thus cause brain inflammation. Disorders such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are often associated with elevated inflammation. Recently, positive and promising clinical results of psilocybin for the treatment of depression and PTSD were reported. Thus, we decided to test whether psilocybin alone or in combination with eugenol, an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, would prevent the increase in or decrease the content of cytokines in the brain of C57BL/6J mice injected with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Two experiments were performed, one with pre-treatment of mice through gavage with psilocybin (0.88 mg/kg), eugenol (17.6 mg/kg), or combinations of psilocybin and eugenol (1:10, 1:20, or 1:50), followed by intraperitoneal injection of LPS, and the second, post-treatment, with initial injection with LPS, followed by treatment with psilocybin, eugenol, or their combination. Brain tissues were collected, and cytokines were analyzed by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test or with multiple unpaired t-tests. LPS upregulated mRNA expression of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. All pre-treatments decreased the expression of COX-2 and TNF-α, with psilocybin alone and in 1:50 combination, with eugenol being the most effective. In the post-treatment, all combinations of psilocybin and eugenol were effective in reducing inflammation, with the 1:50 ratio displaying the most prominent results in reducing the mRNA content of tested cytokines. Western blot analysis confirmed the effect on COX-2 and IL-1β proteins. Finally, the ELISA showed that post-treatment with psilocybin + eugenol (1:50) demonstrated the best results, decreasing the expression of multiple markers including IL-6 and IL-8. This demonstrates the anti-inflammatory effects of a combination of psilocybin and eugenol in the brain of animals with systemically induced inflammation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/molecules28062624", "pubmed_id": "36985596", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062624", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Encephalitis, Inflammation, Eugenol, Lipopolysaccharides, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, RNA, Messenger, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Cyclooxygenase 2, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36985596\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1530, "title": "Exploring psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder.", "normalized_title": "exploring psilocybin assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder", "authors": "Brett J, Knock E, Korthuis PT, Liknaitzky P, Murnane KS, Nicholas CR, Patterson JC, Stauffer CS.", "abstract": "Methamphetamine use disorder is a chronic relapsing condition associated with substantial mental, physical, and social harms and increasing rates of mortality. Contingency management and psychotherapy interventions are the mainstays of treatment but are modestly effective with high relapse rates, while pharmacological treatments have shown little to no efficacy. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is emerging as a promising treatment for a range of difficult-to-treat conditions, including substance use disorders; however, no studies have yet been published looking at psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder. Here we review the rationale for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a potential treatment for this indication, and describe practical considerations based on our early experience designing and implementing four separate clinical trials of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-13", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1123424", "pubmed_id": "36998623", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1123424", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36998623\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3524, "title": "Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin for Body Dysmorphic Disorder", "normalized_title": "safety and efficacy of psilocybin for body dysmorphic disorder", "authors": "New York State Psychiatric Institute", "abstract": "In this pilot study 12 adult outpatients with body dysmorphic disorder that has not responded to at least one adequate trial of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor will be treated openly with a single oral dose of psilocybin. Followup visits to monitor safety and clinical outcome will be conducted over a 3 month period. In this pilot study, up to 12 adult outpatients with body dysmorphic disorder that has not responded to at least one adequate trial of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor will be treated openly with a single oral dose of psilocybin. Procedures will follow those previously established in depression studies of psilocybin. Patients will receive intensive preparation and support from two therapists, including 8-9 hours accompanying the patient on the day of medication administration in the Biological Studies Unit of New York State Psychiatric Institute. Followup visits to monitor safety and clinical outcome will be conducted at day 1, week1, and months 1,2, and 3 post-administration. Resting state function magnetic resonance imaging will be conducted prior to and one day after psilocybin administration to assess the effect of medication on brain circuits.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-03-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04656301", "keywords": "Body Dysmorphic Disorders, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04656301\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1534, "title": "A Single Administration of Psilocybin Persistently Rescues Cognitive Deficits Caused by Adolescent Chronic Restraint Stress Without Long-Term Changes in Synaptic Protein Gene Expression in a Rat Experimental System with Translational Relevance to Depression.", "normalized_title": "a single administration of psilocybin persistently rescues cognitive deficits caused by adolescent chronic restraint stress without long term changes in synaptic protein gene expression in a rat experimental system with translational relevance to depression", "authors": "Hibicke M, Kramer HM, Nichols CD.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin has shown long-lasting antidepressant effects in preclinical and clinical trials, but the mechanisms responsible are unclear. As both passive coping strategies and pattern separation deficits are characteristics of major depression, we used adult female rats subjected to adolescent chronic restraint stress (aCRS) to investigate the effects of psilocybin on forced swim test (FST) and object pattern separation (OPS) behaviors 5 weeks after a single administration.MethodsAdolescent rats were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups-not restrained/saline, not restrained/psilocybin, restrained/saline, and restrained/psilocybin. Restrained group rats were restrained for 1 h daily from day 1 through day 14. Saline and psilocybin were administered on day 21, OPS was evaluated on days 51-55, forced swim behavior was evaluated on day 57 or 58, and animals were sacrificed on day 63. Brains were removed and the medial prefrontal cortex, dorsal dentate gyrus, dorsal CA3 hippocampal area, and ventral hippocampus were microdissected out and prepared for mRNA analysis of a panel of genes relevant to synaptic plasticity using quantitative polymerase chain reaction.ResultsPsilocybin rescued cognitive function in aCRS rats in both assays, but did not affect either measure in nonstressed rats. Immobility in the FST was correlated with impaired discrimination ability in the OPS. No differences in mRNA expression for a panel of genes related to structural synaptic proteins were observed between groups, although stress was a significant contributor to variability of the gene for glutamate metabotropic receptor 2 (Grm2) in two hippocampal regions.ConclusionsOur data indicate that aCRS and OPS represent a powerful system with translational relevance to study depression, and that a single treatment with psilocybin has long-lasting antidepressant-like effects without long-term alterations of mRNA related to synaptic density in brain areas relevant to depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2022.0012", "pubmed_id": "40047006", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2022.0012", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40047006\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1533, "title": "Personal Psychedelic Use Is Common Among a Sample of Psychedelic Therapists: Implications for Research and Practice.", "normalized_title": "personal psychedelic use is common among a sample of psychedelic therapists implications for research and practice", "authors": "Aday JS, Skiles Z, Eaton N, Fredenburg L, Pleet M, Mantia J, Bradley ER, Fernandes-Osterhold G, Woolley JD.", "abstract": "BackgroundAn emerging controversy in psychedelic therapy regards the appropriateness or necessity of psychedelic therapists having personal experience using psychedelics themselves. Although there are a number of potential advantages and disadvantages to personal use among psychedelic therapists, no studies to date have measured their use or other aspects of their training.Materials and methodsFirst, we broadly review the literature on experiential learning in psychotherapy and psychiatry as well as the history of personal use of psychedelics by professionals. We then report on the results of a survey that was sent to all 145 therapists associated with Usona Institute's Phase II clinical trial of psilocybin for major depressive disorder. Thirty-two of these individuals (22% response rate) participated in the survey.ResultsWe found that experiential learning is common in psychotherapy but not in psychiatry, meaning psychedelic therapy straddles two different traditions. In our survey, the majority of psychedelic therapists identified as white, female, and having doctoral degrees. Most of the sample had personal experience with at least one serotonergic psychedelic (28/32; 88%), with psilocybin being most common (26/32; 81%; median number of uses = 2-10; median last use 6-12 months before survey). Participants had myriad intentions for using psychedelics (e.g., personal development, spiritual growth, fun, curiosity). All respondents endorsed favorable views regarding the efficacy of psilocybin therapy.ConclusionPersonal experience with psychedelics was notably common in this sample of psychedelic therapists, but the study was limited by a low response rate and a lack of diversity among participants. Future research is needed to address these limitations as well as to identify whether personal experience with psychedelics contributes to therapists' competency or introduces bias to the field. Nonetheless, these findings are the first to delineate the personal use of psychedelics among professionals and can inform a pressing debate for the field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2022.0004", "pubmed_id": "40047007", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2022.0004", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40047007\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1465, "title": "Preclinical perspectives on the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic actions of psilocybin in psychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "preclinical perspectives on the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic actions of psilocybin in psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Wulff AB, Nichols CD, Thompson SM.", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds have shown extraordinary potential in treating a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Psilocybin, for example, has now been shown in several clinical trials to induce a rapid (within days) and persistent (3-12 months) improvement in human treatment-resistant depression and other neuropsychiatric conditions. Here we review the preclinical models and experimental approaches that have been used to study the neurobiological actions of psychedelic drugs. We further summarize the insights these studies have provided into the possible mechanisms underlying the induction of their therapeutic actions, including the receptors to which psychedelics bind and the second messenger signaling cascades that they activate. We also discuss potential biological processes that psychedelics may alter to produce the lasting amelioration of symptoms, including improvements in synaptic structure and function and suppression of inflammation. Improved mechanistic understanding of psychedelic drug actions will aid in the advancement of these promising new medicines. This article is part of the Special Issue on \"National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series\".", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109504", "pubmed_id": "36921889", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109504", "keywords": "Humans, Inflammation, Hallucinogens, United States, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36921889\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3782, "title": "Understanding psychedelic 'mystical experience'-A case example", "normalized_title": "understanding psychedelic mystical experience a case example", "authors": "Turkia M.", "abstract": "In recent psychedelic therapy research, the concept of 'mystical experience' has been highlighted, as in several studies it has been identified as a significant predictor of improved outcome. Many studies mentioning the concept, for example, reports of randomized clinical trials, typically do not provide detailed examples of such experiences, however. In order to make the concept easily understandable, this case study aims at exemplifying what kinds of unexplainable or 'mystical' phenomena may emerge in the process of psychedelic therapy, how these experiences are related to treatment outcomes, and what kinds of attitudes clinicians might want to adopt when facing such situations. The present case concerns a man in his forties with family trauma that happened before his birth. The trauma continually affected his life, leading to alienation from his parents after his teenage years. After more than two decades, interest in psychedelic therapy led him to attend a psilocybin session, in which he relived the family trauma. As a result, he rebuilt his relationship with his parents, as well as the relationship between his parents and his children. Another psilocybin session a year later led to an improved relationship with his wife. A third session with MDMA released embodied, job-related stress. Inspired by his experiences of such therapy, also his father attended a psilocybin session. Information was acquired from semi-structured retrospective interviews.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-03-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/dh92g", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dh92g", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:21", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR628940\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3772, "title": "Self-treatment of depression and complex post-traumatic stress disorder with psilocybin and LSD-A retrospective case study", "normalized_title": "self treatment of depression and complex post traumatic stress disorder with psilocybin and lsd a retrospective case study", "authors": "Turkia M.", "abstract": "In medicine, psychedelics were initially considered as a tool for clinicians to understand psychotic states. Based on the presented case data, a reversal of that concept is proposed: psychedelics could be conceptualized as a tool for people chronically anxious and depressed since early childhood to understand ordinary states of mind (e.g. calmness, hopefulness, relaxation, and joy). The case concerns a young man who suffered from early-onset complex trauma due to daily abuse by his comprehensive school teacher and other pupils, resulting in severe anxiety and depression. He refused anti-depressive medication. Supportive psychotherapy failed to alleviate the situation, and interaction with psychiatric personnel subjectively experienced as rejection escalated his symptoms. At the age of 19, he resorted to unsupervised self-treatment with psilocybin. Occasional high-dose psilocybin sessions alone did not produce permanent outcomes in a constantly retraumatizing environment. After becoming unemployed at the age of 25, he dedicated himself to working with psychedelics more intensively, with gradually declining doses. The essence of his method was to relive the originally overwhelming traumatic events, maintaining a conscious focus on somatic sensations and avoiding getting overwhelmed again. In his own estimation, by the age of 30, he had resolved most of his early trauma but had been sensitized to the prevalence of trauma and its consequences (e.g. violence, racism) in the society, and his exposure to these continued to cause him suffering. Regardless, he had gained 'a foundational feeling of peace or stability that could provide safety in the middle of all this'. The information for this case study was acquired in the course of semi-structured retrospective interviews 2.5 years apart. The case illustrates that chronic treatment-resistant depression together with an unsupportive social environment may present a challenge for psychedelic therapy. As with ketamine, chronic administration may be necessary in some cases.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-03-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/wupvy", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wupvy", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:20", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR628918\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3767, "title": "Underground small-group therapy of treatment-resistant depression and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) with psilocybin-A retrospective case study", "normalized_title": "underground small group therapy of treatment resistant depression and complex post traumatic stress disorder c ptsd with psilocybin a retrospective case study", "authors": "Turkia M.", "abstract": "While a relatively large body of research exists on many aspects of psychedelic therapy, articles describing a complete, successful treatment process are rarely found. This article therefore presents a case of a woman in her early forties with early complex trauma due to domestic violence, sexual abuse and poverty in her childhood, resulting in approximately three decades of treatment resistant depression. Antidepressive medications did not alleviate her depression but resulted in adverse effects and an eventual discontinuation of the medications. Eventually the woman resorted to 'mixed-method' underground small-group sessions that utilized breathing exercises, cold exposure, physical exercises, music, and psilocybin mushrooms. Psilocybin appeared to interrupt trauma-related dissociation, producing an 'anti-dissociative' effect, allowing the woman to re-experience, in a controlled setting, dissociated physical sensations produced by earlier overwhelming events. After a period of approximately 1.5 years, during which time she had six psilocybin sessions, either individually, in the small group, or with friends, she achieved a remission of her depression. A follow-up interview 2.5 years later indicated permanence of the result. Information was acquired from semi-structured retrospective interviews with a total duration of approximately eight hours. This case study may facilitate an improved understanding of the requirements for and the process of alleviating or resolving treatment-resistant depression with psychedelics. Recent clinical trials have utilized one or two doses of psilocybin. This case illustrates the need for adopting a multi-dose strategy over an extended period of time in order to achieve remission.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-03-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/t6k9b", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/t6k9b", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR628942\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3305, "title": "Understanding psychedelic 'mystical experience'-A case example", "normalized_title": "understanding psychedelic mystical experience a case example", "authors": "", "abstract": "In recent psychedelic therapy research, the concept of 'mystical experience' has been highlighted, as in several studies it has been identified as a significant predictor of improved outcome. Many studies mentioning the concept, for example, reports of randomized clinical trials, typically do not provide detailed examples of such experiences, however. In order to make the concept easily understandable, this case study aims at exemplifying what kinds of unexplainable or 'mystical' phenomena may emerge in the process of psychedelic therapy, how these experiences are related to treatment outcomes, and what kinds of attitudes clinicians might want to adopt when facing such situations. The present case concerns a man in his forties with family trauma that happened before his birth. The trauma continually affected his life, leading to alienation from his parents after his teenage years. After more than two decades, interest in psychedelic therapy led him to attend a psilocybin session, in which he relived the family trauma. As a result, he rebuilt his relationship with his parents, as well as the relationship between his parents and his children. Another psilocybin session a year later led to an improved relationship with his wife. A third session with MDMA released embodied, job-related stress. Inspired by his experiences of such therapy, also his father attended a psilocybin session. Information was acquired from semi-structured retrospective interviews.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-03-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/dh92g_v1", "keywords": "C-PTSD, family therapy, MDMA, neonatal death, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychedelic therapy, PTSD, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Anxiety Disorders, Social and Personality Psychology, Social Well-being, Trauma and Stress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"dh92g_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3233, "title": "Self-treatment of depression and complex post-traumatic stress disorder with psilocybin and LSD-A retrospective case study", "normalized_title": "self treatment of depression and complex post traumatic stress disorder with psilocybin and lsd a retrospective case study", "authors": "", "abstract": "In medicine, psychedelics were initially considered as a tool for clinicians to understand psychotic states. Based on the presented case data, a reversal of that concept is proposed: psychedelics could be conceptualized as a tool for people chronically anxious and depressed since early childhood to understand ordinary states of mind (e.g. calmness, hopefulness, relaxation, and joy). The case concerns a young man who suffered from early-onset complex trauma due to daily abuse by his comprehensive school teacher and other pupils, resulting in severe anxiety and depression. He refused anti-depressive medication. Supportive psychotherapy failed to alleviate the situation, and interaction with psychiatric personnel subjectively experienced as rejection escalated his symptoms. At the age of 19, he resorted to unsupervised self-treatment with psilocybin. Occasional high-dose psilocybin sessions alone did not produce permanent outcomes in a constantly retraumatizing environment. After becoming unemployed at the age of 25, he dedicated himself to working with psychedelics more intensively, with gradually declining doses. The essence of his method was to relive the originally overwhelming traumatic events, maintaining a conscious focus on somatic sensations and avoiding getting overwhelmed again. In his own estimation, by the age of 30, he had resolved most of his early trauma but had been sensitized to the prevalence of trauma and its consequences (e.g. violence, racism) in the society, and his exposure to these continued to cause him suffering. Regardless, he had gained 'a foundational feeling of peace or stability that could provide safety in the middle of all this'. The information for this case study was acquired in the course of semi-structured retrospective interviews 2.5 years apart. The case illustrates that chronic treatment-resistant depression together with an unsupportive social environment may present a challenge for psychedelic therapy. As with ketamine, chronic administration may be necessary in some cases.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-03-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/wupvy_v1", "keywords": "Amanita muscaria, bullying, C-PTSD, dissociation, DMT, LSD, major depression, MDMA, muscimol, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychedelic therapy, treatment-resistant depression, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Dissociative Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Trauma and Stress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"wupvy_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3207, "title": "Underground small-group therapy of treatment-resistant depression and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) with psilocybin-A retrospective case study", "normalized_title": "underground small group therapy of treatment resistant depression and complex post traumatic stress disorder c ptsd with psilocybin a retrospective case study", "authors": "", "abstract": "While a relatively large body of research exists on many aspects of psychedelic therapy, articles describing a complete, successful treatment process are rarely found. This article therefore presents a case of a woman in her early forties with early complex trauma due to domestic violence, sexual abuse and poverty in her childhood, resulting in approximately three decades of treatment resistant depression. Antidepressive medications did not alleviate her depression but resulted in adverse effects and an eventual discontinuation of the medications. Eventually the woman resorted to 'mixed-method' underground small-group sessions that utilized breathing exercises, cold exposure, physical exercises, music, and psilocybin mushrooms. Psilocybin appeared to interrupt trauma-related dissociation, producing an 'anti-dissociative' effect, allowing the woman to re-experience, in a controlled setting, dissociated physical sensations produced by earlier overwhelming events. After a period of approximately 1.5 years, during which time she had six psilocybin sessions, either individually, in the small group, or with friends, she achieved a remission of her depression. A follow-up interview 2.5 years later indicated permanence of the result. Information was acquired from semi-structured retrospective interviews with a total duration of approximately eight hours. This case study may facilitate an improved understanding of the requirements for and the process of alleviating or resolving treatment-resistant depression with psychedelics. Recent clinical trials have utilized one or two doses of psilocybin. This case illustrates the need for adopting a multi-dose strategy over an extended period of time in order to achieve remission.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-03-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/t6k9b_v1", "keywords": "childhood sexual abuse, C-PTSD, domestic violence, hypnotherapy, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychedelic therapy, treatment-resistant depression, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Psychotherapy, Trauma and Stress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"t6k9b_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1590, "title": "Next generation antidepressants with novel mechanisms for treatment resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "next generation antidepressants with novel mechanisms for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Chen MH, Tu PC, Su TP.", "abstract": "Evidence has suggested that the modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HTRs) via the psychedelic drugs, such as ketamine and psilocybin, rapidly alters the state of consciousness and the neuroplasticity. The United State Food and Drug Administration approved the indications of esketamine for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in 2019 and major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation in 2020. The phase 2 clinical trials also discovered the rapid and sustained antidepressant effects of psilocybin among patients with TRD. In this chapter, we discussed the complex among the consciousness, neuroplasticity, and novel rapid-acting antidepressants and their possible neuromechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.02.005", "pubmed_id": "37414491", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.02.005", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37414491\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1501, "title": "Receptor Binding Profiles for Tryptamine Psychedelics and Effects of 4-Propionoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in Mice.", "normalized_title": "receptor binding profiles for tryptamine psychedelics and effects of 4 propionoxy n n dimethyltryptamine in mice", "authors": "Glatfelter GC, Naeem M, Pham DNK, Golen JA, Chadeayne AR, Manke DR, Baumann MH.", "abstract": "Analogues of 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin) are being sold on recreational drug markets and developed as potential medications for psychedelic-assisted therapies. Many of these tryptamine-based psilocybin analogues produce psychedelic-like effects in rodents and humans primarily by agonist activity at serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT2A). However, the comprehensive pharmacological target profiles for these compounds compared to psilocybin and its active metabolite 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocin) are unknown. The present study determined the receptor binding profiles of various tryptamine-based psychedelics structurally related to psilocybin across a broad range of potential targets. Specifically, we examined tryptamine psychedelics with different 4-position (hydroxy, acetoxy, propionoxy) and N,N-dialkyl (dimethyl, methyl-ethyl, diethyl, methyl-propyl, ethyl-propyl, diisopropyl, methyl-allyl, diallyl) substitutions. Further, the psilocybin analogue 4-propionoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-PrO-DMT) was administered to mice in experiments measuring head twitch response (HTR), locomotor activity, and body temperature. Overall, the present pharmacological profile screening data show that the tryptamine psychedelics target multiple serotonin receptors, including serotonin 1A receptors (5-HT1A). 4-Acetoxy and 4-propionoxy analogues of 4-hydroxy compounds displayed somewhat weaker binding affinities but similar target profiles across 5-HT receptors and other identified targets. Additionally, differential binding screen profiles were observed with N,N-dialkyl position variations across several non-5-HT receptor targets (i.e., alpha receptors, dopamine receptors, histamine receptors, and serotonin transporters), which could impact in vivo pharmacological effects of the compounds. In mouse experiments, 4-PrO-DMT displayed dose-related psilocybin-like effects to produce 5-HT2A-mediated HTR (0.3-3 mg/kg s.c.) as well as 5-HT1A-mediated hypothermia and hypolocomotion (3-30 mg/kg s.c.). Lastly, our data support a growing body of evidence that the 5-HT2A-mediated HTR induced by tryptamine psychedelics is attenuated by 5-HT1A receptor agonist activity at high doses in mice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.2c00222", "pubmed_id": "37082754", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.2c00222", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37082754\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1536, "title": "Inhibition of Microglial GSK3β Activity Is Common to Different Kinds of Antidepressants: A Proposal for an In Vitro Screen to Detect Novel Antidepressant Principles.", "normalized_title": "inhibition of microglial gsk3β activity is common to different kinds of antidepressants a proposal for an in vitro screen to detect novel antidepressant principles", "authors": "Kalkman HO", "abstract": "Depression is a major public health concern. Unfortunately, the present antidepressants often are insufficiently effective, whilst the discovery of more effective antidepressants has been extremely sluggish. The objective of this review was to combine the literature on depression with the pharmacology of antidepressant compounds, in order to formulate a conceivable pathophysiological process, allowing proposals how to accelerate the discovery process. Risk factors for depression initiate an infection-like inflammation in the brain that involves activation microglial Toll-like receptors and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). GSK3β activity alters the balance between two competing transcription factors, the pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidative transcription factor NFκB and the neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative transcription factor NRF2. The antidepressant activity of tricyclic antidepressants is assumed to involve activation of G-coupled microglial receptors, raising intracellular cAMP levels and activation of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA and similar kinases inhibit the enzyme activity of GSK3β. Experimental antidepressant principles, including cannabinoid receptor-2 activation, opioid μ receptor agonists, 5HT2 agonists, valproate, ketamine and electrical stimulation of the Vagus nerve, all activate microglial pathways that result in GSK3β-inhibition. An in vitro screen for NRF2-activation in microglial cells with TLR-activated GSK3β activity, might therefore lead to the detection of totally novel antidepressant principles with, hopefully, an improved therapeutic efficacy.", "journal": "Biomedicines", "publication_date": "2023-03-06", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/biomedicines11030806", "pubmed_id": "36979785", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36979785/", "keywords": "5-HT2B, GS-coupled receptor, GSK3β, NRF2, cannabinoid CBR2, depression risk factor, ketamine, microglia, psilocybin, toll-like receptor", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36979785\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,In Vitro Study,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1453, "title": "Investigation of self-treatment with lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin mushrooms: Findings from the Global Drug Survey 2020.", "normalized_title": "investigation of self treatment with lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin mushrooms findings from the global drug survey 2020", "authors": "Kopra EI, Ferris JA, Winstock AR, Kuypers KP, Young AH, Rucker JJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundGrowing numbers of people are using psychedelics for personal psychotherapy outside clinical settings, but research on such use is scarce.AimsThis study investigated the patterns of use, self-reported outcomes and outcome predictors of psychedelic 'self-treatment' of mental health conditions or specific worries/concerns in life.MethodsWe use data from the Global Drug Survey 2020, a large online survey on drug use collected between November 2019 and February 2020. In all, 3364 respondents reported their self-treatment experiences with lysergic acid diethylamide (N = 1996) or psilocybin mushrooms (N = 1368). The primary outcome of interest was the 17-item self-treatment outcome scale, items reflecting aspects of well-being, psychiatric symptoms, social-emotional skills, and health behaviours.ResultsPositive changes were observed across all 17 outcome items, with the strongest benefits on items related to insight and mood. Negative effects were reported by 22.5% of respondents. High intensity of psychedelic experience, seeking advice before treatment, treating with psilocybin mushrooms and treating post-traumatic stress disorder were associated with higher scores on the self-treatment outcome scale after averaging values across all 17 items. Younger age, high intensity of experience and treating with LSD were associated with increased number of negative outcomes.ConclusionsThis study brings important insights into self-treatment practices with psychedelics in a large international sample. Outcomes were generally favourable, but negative effects appeared more frequent than in clinical settings. Our findings can help inform safe practices of psychedelic use in the community, and inspire clinical research. Future research can be improved with utilisation of prospective designs and additional predictive variables.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811231158245", "pubmed_id": "36876583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231158245", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36876583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Aging,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1537, "title": "The Effectiveness of Microdosed Psilocybin in the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease: A Case Study.", "normalized_title": "the effectiveness of microdosed psilocybin in the treatment of neuropsychiatric lyme disease a case study", "authors": "Kinderlehrer DA.", "abstract": "Lyme disease can result in severe neuropsychiatric symptoms that may be resistant to treatment. The pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease is associated with autoimmune induced neuroinflammation. This case report describes an immunocompetent male with serologically positive neuropsychiatric Lyme disease who did not tolerate antimicrobial or psychotropic medications and whose symptoms remitted when he began psilocybin in microdosed (sub-hallucinogenic) amounts. A literature review of its therapeutic benefits reveals that psilocybin is both serotonergic and anti-inflammatory and therefore may offer significant therapeutic benefits to patients with mental illness secondary to autoimmune inflammation. The role of microdosed psilocybin in the treatment of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease and autoimmune encephalopathies warrants further study.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-02", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.2147/imcrj.s395342", "pubmed_id": "36896410", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/imcrj.s395342", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36896410\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Review Article,Case Report,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1539, "title": "Is the Requirement for First-Person Experience of Psychedelic Drugs a Justified Component of a Psychedelic Therapist's Training?", "normalized_title": "is the requirement for first person experience of psychedelic drugs a justified component of a psychedelic therapist s training", "authors": "Emmerich N, Humphries B.", "abstract": "Recent research offers good reason to think that various psychedelic drugs-including psilocybin, ayahuasca, ketamine, MDMA, and LSD-may have significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of various mental health conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, existential distress, and addiction. Although the use of psychoactive drugs, such as Diazepam or Ritalin, is well established, psychedelics arguably represent a therapeutic step change. As experiential therapies, their value would seem to lie in the subjective experiences they induce. As it is the only way for trainee psychedelic therapists to fully understand their subjective effects, some have suggested that firsthand experience of psychedelics should form part of training programs. We question this notion. First, we consider whether the epistemic benefits offered by drug-induced psychedelic experience are as unique as is supposed. We then reflect on the value it might have in regard to the training of psychedelic therapists. We conclude that, absent stronger evidence of the contribution drug-induced experiences make to the training of psychedelic therapists, requiring trainees to take psychedelic drugs does not seem ethically legitimate. However, given the potential for epistemic benefit cannot be entirely ruled out, permitting trainees who wish to gain first-hand experience of psychedelics may be permissible.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1017/s0963180123000099", "pubmed_id": "36861394", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963180123000099", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36861394\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1538, "title": "Discovering the Potential Mechanisms of Medicinal Mushrooms Antidepressant Activity: A Review.", "normalized_title": "discovering the potential mechanisms of medicinal mushrooms antidepressant activity a review", "authors": "Lazur J, Hnatyk K, Kała K, Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Muszyńska B.", "abstract": "Major Depression Disease is a common mental illness that affects more than 322 million people worldwide and it is one of the leading causes of mental and physical disability. The etiology of depression is a complex interplay of psychological, social, and biological factors. Currently, psychopharmacotherapy is based mainly on the monoamine theory, which states that depression is caused by an insufficient level of monoamines such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine. Due to the relatively low efficacy of the typical antidepressant and the high prevalence of treatment-resistant depression (~30%), seeking new ways of prophylaxis, adjuvant therapy, or novel compounds with antidepressant activity, is a priority. According to studies that analyzed mushroom consumption patterns and depression prevalence, it was concluded that mushroom ingestion lowers the odds of depression. Medicinal mushrooms are considered functional foods because of their ability to synthesize and accumulate different types of metabolites, which enhance their health-promoting properties. The review aims to explain the antidepressant activity of edible/medicinal mushrooms by elucidating the mechanism from different perspectives: edible mushrooms as a source of serotonin precursors and psilocybin as a rapid-acting antidepressant. These compounds exhibit anti-neuroinflammatory and antioxidant activities that impact neurotrophin expression, the neurogenesis process, and influence on the gut-brain axis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-03-01", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/antiox12030623", "pubmed_id": "36978872", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030623", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36978872\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1548, "title": "Research into Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa Should be Funded.", "normalized_title": "research into psychedelic assisted psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa should be funded", "authors": "Otterman LS", "abstract": "Eating disorders are debilitating diseases that have twin impacts on the body and mind and are associated with a number of physiological and psychological comorbidities (Blinder, Cumella, and Sanathara 2006; Casiero and Frishman 2006), including increased suicide risk (Arcelus et al. 2011; Lipson and Sonneville 2020). In addition, eating disorders are growing in prevalence (Gilmache et al. 2019) and impact women at much higher rates than men (Bearman, Martinez, and Stice 2006), especially in adolescence (Spriggs, Kettner, and Carhart-Harris 2021). Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a particularly devastating eating disorder, with one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder (Sullivan 1995). Despite the severity of the condition, current treatments for AN are limited in their efficacy (Khalsa et al. 2017). Based on the growing body of evidence demonstrating the short-term and long-term efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of other mental illnesses, I argue that research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for AN should be funded.", "journal": "Journal of bioethical inquiry", "publication_date": "2023-02-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1007/s11673-022-10220-9", "pubmed_id": "36534233", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36534233/", "keywords": "Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorders, Health research ethics, Informed consent, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36534233\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1546, "title": "Interaction of psychedelic tryptamine derivatives with a lipid bilayer.", "normalized_title": "interaction of psychedelic tryptamine derivatives with a lipid bilayer", "authors": "Zohairi F, Khandelia H, Hakami Zanjani AA", "abstract": "Naturally occurring psychedelics have been used for a long time as remedies or in religious ceremonies and recreational activities. Recent studies have proven the therapeutic potential of some psychedelic compounds to safely treat a wide range of diseases such as anxiety, depression, migraine, and addiction. It is hypothesized that psychedelic compounds like tryptamines can exert their effects by two possible mechanisms: binding to the transmembrane serotonin receptor and/or modifying the properties of the neuronal membrane that can alter the conformational equilibrium and desensitize receptors. The impact of three different tryptamine class compounds with a tertiary amine (dimethyltryptamine, bufotenine, and 5-MeO-DMT) in both neutral and charged forms on a model bilayer lipid membrane are studied using all-atom MD simulations. All compounds partition into the bilayer, and change membrane properties, but to different extents. We determine the tendency of compounds to partition into the membrane by free energy calculations. Neutral tryptamines partition into the bilayer almost completely. Dimethyltryptamine and 5-MeO-DMT cross the membrane spontaneously during the simulation time, but bufotenine does not, although it has the maximum effect on the structural properties of the membrane. However, protonated compounds partition partially into the bilayer and cannot pass through the middle of the membrane during the simulation time. In this way, subtle alteration of chemical structure can play a significant role in the improvement or deterioration of partitioning of these compounds into the bilayer and their passage across the membrane.", "journal": "Chemistry and physics of lipids", "publication_date": "2023-02-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2023.105279", "pubmed_id": "36627076", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36627076/", "keywords": "5-MeO-DMT, Bufotenine, DMT, Lipid-compound interactions, Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, Psilocin, Psychedelic compounds, Serotonin, Tryptamine", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36627076\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1542, "title": "Pharmacotherapies for Treatment-Resistant Depression: How Antipsychotics Fit in the Rapidly Evolving Therapeutic Landscape.", "normalized_title": "pharmacotherapies for treatment resistant depression how antipsychotics fit in the rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape", "authors": "Jha MK, Mathew SJ.", "abstract": "One in three adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) do not experience clinically significant improvement after multiple sequential courses of antidepressants and have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The presence of TRD contributes to the morbidity and excess mortality associated with MDD and has been linked to significantly increased health care expenses. In the absence of a consensus definition of TRD, this report takes a broad approach by considering inadequate response to one or more courses of antidepressants and focuses on atypical antipsychotics that are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of depression (aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, extended-release quetiapine, and olanzapine-fluoxetine combination). While multiple acute-phase studies have demonstrated the efficacy of these medications in improving depressive symptoms, clinically meaningful improvement (i.e., remission) remains limited, with significant concerns about side effects (including weight gain, metabolic dysfunction, extrapyramidal symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia), especially with long-term use. With the rapidly evolving landscape of antidepressant treatments over the past few years, which has witnessed approval of rapid-acting antidepressants (e.g., esketamine nasal spray and dextromethorphan-bupropion combination) and several more in the late-stage pipeline (e.g., zuranolone and psilocybin), it remains to be seen whether the use of atypical antipsychotics will go the way of the older and rarely prescribed antidepressants (such as tricyclics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors). Pragmatic clinical trials are needed to compare the effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics with TRD-specific pharmacotherapies and neuromodulation treatments and to identify the optimal sequencing of these varied approaches for patients with MDD. When using atypical antipsychotics, clinicians and patients are encouraged to use a shared decision-making approach by personalizing treatment selection based on anticipated side effects, tolerability, cost, and feasibility.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.20230025", "pubmed_id": "36855876", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230025", "keywords": "Humans, Antipsychotic Agents, Depression, Adult, United States, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions, Aripiprazole, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36855876\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1527, "title": "Default Mode Network Modulation by Psychedelics: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "default mode network modulation by psychedelics a systematic review", "authors": "Gattuso JJ, Perkins D, Ruffell S, Lawrence AJ, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH, Timmermann C, Castle D, Rossell SL, Downey LA, Pagni BA, Galvão-Coelho NL, Nutt D, Sarris J.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are a unique class of drug that commonly produce vivid hallucinations as well as profound psychological and mystical experiences. A grouping of interconnected brain regions characterized by increased temporal coherence at rest have been termed the Default Mode Network (DMN). The DMN has been the focus of numerous studies assessing its role in self-referencing, mind wandering, and autobiographical memories. Altered connectivity in the DMN has been associated with a range of neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. To date, several studies have investigated how psychedelics modulate this network, but no comprehensive review, to our knowledge, has critically evaluated how major classical psychedelic agents-lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and ayahuasca-modulate the DMN. Here we present a systematic review of the knowledge base. Across psychedelics there is consistent acute disruption in resting state connectivity within the DMN and increased functional connectivity between canonical resting-state networks. Various models have been proposed to explain the cognitive mechanisms of psychedelics, and in one model DMN modulation is a central axiom. Although the DMN is consistently implicated in psychedelic studies, it is unclear how central the DMN is to the therapeutic potential of classical psychedelic agents. This article aims to provide the field with a comprehensive overview that can propel future research in such a way as to elucidate the neurocognitive mechanisms of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-28", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyac074", "pubmed_id": "36272145", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyac074", "keywords": "Brain, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psilocybin, Default Mode Network", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36272145\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,OCD,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1477, "title": "National Institutes of Health psilocybin research speaker series: State of the science, regulatory and policy landscape, research gaps, and opportunities.", "normalized_title": "national institutes of health psilocybin research speaker series state of the science regulatory and policy landscape research gaps and opportunities", "authors": "Xi D, Berger A, Shurtleff D, Zia FZ, Belouin S.", "abstract": "The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a seminal first ever psychedelic drug substance-focused speaker series, from April 22 to June 10, 2021, titled the \"NIH Psilocybin Research Speaker Series.\" This speaker series provided evidence-based scientific information to the public and the scientific community. Its aims were to assess the current state of the science, the regulatory and policy landscape, as well as to identify gaps in knowledge and understanding, ultimately serving to define future research needs. The highlights of the lectures and discussion from 26 national and international distinguished experts served as the basis for this Special Issue of Neuropharmacology. This article is part of the Special Issue on \"National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series\".", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-26", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109467", "pubmed_id": "36858149", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109467", "keywords": "National Institutes of Health (U.S.), United States, Policy, Psilocybin, Evidence Gaps", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36858149\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1554, "title": "Synapses, predictions, and prediction errors: A neocortical computational study of MDD using the temporal memory algorithm of HTM.", "normalized_title": "synapses predictions and prediction errors a neocortical computational study of mdd using the temporal memory algorithm of htm", "authors": "Sherif MA, Khalil MZ, Shukla R, Brown JC, Carpenter LL.", "abstract": "IntroductionSynapses and spines play a significant role in major depressive disorder (MDD) pathophysiology, recently highlighted by the rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine and psilocybin. According to the Bayesian brain and interoception perspectives, MDD is formalized as being stuck in affective states constantly predicting negative energy balance. To understand how spines and synapses relate to the predictive function of the neocortex and thus to symptoms, we used the temporal memory (TM), an unsupervised machine-learning algorithm. TM models a single neocortical layer, learns in real-time, and extracts and predicts temporal sequences. TM exhibits neocortical biological features such as sparse firing and continuous online learning using local Hebbian-learning rules.MethodsWe trained a TM model on random sequences of upper-case alphabetical letters, representing sequences of affective states. To model depression, we progressively destroyed synapses in the TM model and examined how that affected the predictive capacity of the network. We found that the number of predictions decreased non-linearly.ResultsDestroying 50% of the synapses slightly reduced the number of predictions, followed by a marked drop with further destruction. However, reducing the synapses by 25% distinctly dropped the confidence in the predictions. Therefore, even though the network was making accurate predictions, the network was no longer confident about these predictions.DiscussionThese findings explain how interoceptive cortices could be stuck in limited affective states with high prediction error. Connecting ketamine and psilocybin's proposed mechanism of action to depression pathophysiology, the growth of new synapses would allow representing more futuristic predictions with higher confidence. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use the TM model to connect changes happening at synaptic levels to the Bayesian formulation of psychiatric symptomatology. Linking neurobiological abnormalities to symptoms will allow us to understand the mechanisms of treatments and possibly, develop new ones.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-22", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.976921", "pubmed_id": "36911109", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.976921", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36911109\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1350, "title": "UNRAVELing the synergistic effects of psilocybin and environment on brain-wide immediate early gene expression in mice", "normalized_title": "unraveling the synergistic effects of psilocybin and environment on brain wide immediate early gene expression in mice", "authors": "Rijsketic DR, Casey AB, Barbosa DA, Zhang X, Hietamies TM, Ramirez-Ovalle G, Pomrenze M, Halpern CH, Williams LM, Malenka RC, Heifets BD.", "abstract": "The effects of context on the subjective experience of serotonergic psychedelics have not been fully examined in human neuroimaging studies, partly due to limitations of the imaging environment. Here, we administered saline or psilocybin to mice in their home cage or an enriched environment, immunofluorescently-labeled brain-wide c-Fos, and imaged cleared tissue with light sheet microscopy to examine the impact of context on psilocybin-elicited neural activity at cellular resolution. Voxel-wise analysis of c-Fos-immunofluorescence revealed differential neural activity, which we validated with c-Fos + cell density measurements. Psilocybin increased c-Fos expression in the neocortex, caudoputamen, central amygdala, and parasubthalamic nucleus and decreased c-Fos in the hypothalamus, cortical amygdala, striatum, and pallidum. Main effects of context and psilocybin-treatment were robust, widespread, and spatially distinct, whereas interactions were surprisingly sparse.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-02-20", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.02.19.528997", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.02.19.528997", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR619153\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2989, "title": "Acute psilocybin enhances cognitive flexibility in rats.", "normalized_title": "acute psilocybin enhances cognitive flexibility in rats", "authors": "Torrado Pacheco A, Olson RJ, Garza G, Moghaddam B.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has been shown to improve symptoms of depression and anxiety when combined with psychotherapy or other clinician-guided interventions. To understand the neural basis for this pattern of clinical efficacy, experimental and conceptual approaches that are different than traditional laboratory models of anxiety and depression are needed. A potential novel mechanism is that acute psilocybin improves cognitive flexibility, which then enhances the impact of clinician-assisted interventions. Consistent with this idea, we find that acute psilocybin robustly improves cognitive flexibility in male and female rats using a task where animals switched between previously learned strategies in response to uncued changes in the environment. Psilocybin did not influence Pavlovian reversal learning, suggesting that its cognitive effects are selective to enhanced switching between previously learned behavioral strategies. The serotonin (5HT) 2 A receptor antagonist ketanserin blocked psilocybin's effect on set-shifting, while a 5HT2C-selective antagonist did not. Ketanserin alone also improved set-shifting performance, suggesting a complex relationship between psilocybin's pharmacology and its impact on flexibility. Further, the psychedelic drug 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) impaired cognitive flexibility in the same task, suggesting that this effect of psilocybin does not generalize to all other serotonergic psychedelics. We conclude that the acute impact of psilocybin on cognitive flexibility provides a useful behavioral model to investigate its neuronal effects relevant to its positive clinical outcome.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-023-01545-z", "pubmed_id": "36807609", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01545-z", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Serotonin, Ketanserin, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Cognition, Female, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36807609\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3180, "title": "Assessment of the acute effects of 2C-B vs psilocybin on subjective experience, mood and cognition", "normalized_title": "assessment of the acute effects of 2c b vs psilocybin on subjective experience mood and cognition", "authors": "Mallaroni P, Mason NL, Reckweg JT, Paci R, Ritscher S, Toennes SW, Theunissen EL, Kuypers KP, Ramaekers JG.", "abstract": "2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) is a hallucinogenic phenethylamine derived from mescaline. Observational and preclinical data have suggested it to be capable of producing both subjective and emotional effects on par with other classical psychedelics and entactogens. Whereas it is the most prevalently used novel serotonergic hallucinogen to date, it’s acute effects and distinctions from classical progenitors have yet to be characterised in a controlled study. We assessed for the first time the immediate acute subjective, cognitive, and cardiovascular effects of 2C-B (20 mg) in comparison to psilocybin (15mg) and placebo in a within-subjects, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 22 healthy psychedelic-experienced participants. 2C-B elicited alterations of waking consciousness of a psychedelic nature, with dysphoria, subjective impairment, auditory alterations, and affective elements of ego dissolution largest under psilocybin. Participants demonstrated equivalent psychomotor slowing and spatial memory impairments under either compound compared to placebo, as indexed by the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Tower of London (TOL) and Spatial Memory Task (SMT). Neither compound produced empathogenic effects on the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). 2C-B induced transient pressor effects to a similar degree as psilocybin. The duration of self-reported effects of 2C-B was shorter than that of psilocybin, largely resolving within 6 hours. Present findings support the categorisation of 2C-B as a subjectively “lighter” psychedelic. Tailored dose-effect studies are needed to discern the pharmacokinetic dependency of 2C-B’s experiential overlaps.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-02-15", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.02.16.528808", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.02.16.528808", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR617518\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Animal Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1556, "title": "Rearing behaviour in the mouse behavioural pattern monitor distinguishes the effects of psychedelics from those of lisuride and TBG.", "normalized_title": "rearing behaviour in the mouse behavioural pattern monitor distinguishes the effects of psychedelics from those of lisuride and tbg", "authors": "Chen Y, Liu J, Yao Y, Yan H, Su R.", "abstract": "Psychedelics alter consciousness and may have potential for drug development. As psychedelics are likely therapeutically active, it is important to study their effects and mechanisms using preclinical models. Here, we examined the effects of phenylalkylamine and indoleamine psychedelics on locomotor activity and exploratory behaviour using the mouse Behavioural Pattern Monitor (BPM). DOM, mescaline, and psilocin reduced locomotor activity at high doses and influenced rearings, an exploratory behaviour, in a characteristic inverted U-shaped dose-response function. Pretreatment with the selective 5-HT2A antagonist M100907 reversed the drug-induced alterations in locomotor activity, rearings, and jumps after systemic administration of DOM at low doses. However, holepoking at the full range of doses tested was not blocked by M100907. Administration of the hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonist 25CN-NBOH induced striking similarities in response to that to psychedelics; these alterations were significantly diminished by M100907, whereas the putatively non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonist TBG did not affect locomotor activity, rearings, or jumps at the most effective doses. The nonhallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonist lisuride failed to increase rearing. The results of these experiments provide strong evidence that DOM-elicited increases in rearing are due to mediation by the 5-HT2A receptor. Finally, discriminant analysis was able to distinguish all four psychedelics from lisuride and TBG based on behavioural performance alone. Thus, increased rearing in mice could provide additional evidence of behavioural differences between hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonists.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-15", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2023.1021729", "pubmed_id": "36874002", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1021729", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36874002\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1425, "title": "Experiences of psilocybin treatment for clinical conditions: A qualitative meta-synthesis.", "normalized_title": "experiences of psilocybin treatment for clinical conditions a qualitative meta synthesis", "authors": "Crowe M, Manuel J, Carlyle D, Lacey C.", "abstract": "There is increasing clinical interest in the use of psilocybin. There is emerging evidence of the efficacy of psilocybin for the treatment of a range of clinical conditions. Mental health nurses have a unique set of skills for caring for people who are hallucinating. To expand these skills to meet the developing clinical interest in the therapeutic use of psilocybin, it is helpful to understand the experience from the perspective of the person being treated with psilocybin. A qualitative meta-synthesis was conducted to examine how those with psilocybin described their experiences to identify whether its effects are similar across different health conditions. Ten studies were included in the review. The health conditions studied were cancer, depression, HIV, substance use disorder, smoking cessation and trauma. The synthesis of findings identified three themes that were common across the studies despite the health condition: acceptance, connection and transformation. The review provides helpful insights into how people experience psilocybin and its effects on their health condition.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/inm.13127", "pubmed_id": "36779424", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13127", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Smoking Cessation, Delivery of Health Care, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36779424\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1560, "title": "Examining associations between MDMA/ecstasy and classic psychedelic use and impairments in social functioning in a U.S. adult sample.", "normalized_title": "examining associations between mdma ecstasy and classic psychedelic use and impairments in social functioning in a u s adult sample", "authors": "Jones G, Lipson J, Wang E.", "abstract": "Impairment in social functioning is a common source of morbidity across many mental health disorders, yet there is a dearth of effective and easily implemented interventions to support social functioning. MDMA/ecstasy and classic psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, peyote, mescaline) represent two potential treatments for impairments in social functioning, as evidence suggests these compounds may be supportive for alleviating social difficulties. Using a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015-2019) (N = 214,505), we used survey-weighted multivariable ordinal and logistic regression to examine the associations between lifetime use of the aforementioned compounds and impairments in social functioning in the past year. Lifetime MDMA/ecstasy use was associated with lowered odds of three of our four social impairment outcomes: difficulty dealing with strangers (aOR 0.92), difficulty participating in social activities (aOR 0.90), and being prevented from participating in social activities (aOR 0.84). Lifetime mescaline use was also associated with lowered odds of difficulty dealing with strangers (aOR 0.85). All other substances either shared no relationship with impairments in social functioning or conferred increased odds of our outcomes. Future experimental studies can assess whether these relationships are causal.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29763-x", "pubmed_id": "36774449", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29763-x", "keywords": "Humans, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Mescaline, Hallucinogens, Adult, Psilocybin, Social Interaction", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36774449\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1563, "title": "Therapeutic effect of psilocybin in addiction: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic effect of psilocybin in addiction a systematic review", "authors": "van der Meer PB, Fuentes JJ, Kaptein AA, Schoones JW, de Waal MM, Goudriaan AE, Kramers K, Schellekens A, Somers M, Bossong MG, Batalla A.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic-assisted therapy [e.g., with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)] has shown promising results as treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). Previous systematic reviews assessing the efficacy of psilocybin in SUDs only included clinical trials conducted in the last 25 years, but they may have missed clinical trials assessing the efficacy of psilocybin that were conducted before the 1980s, given much research has been done with psychedelics in the mid-20th century. In this systematic review, we specifically assessed the efficacy of psilocybin in patients with a SUD or non-substance-related disorder with no publication date restrictions in our search strategy.MethodsA systematic literature search was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines from the earliest published manuscript up to September 2, 2022, in seven electronic databases, including clinical trials in patients with a SUD or non-substance-related disorder evaluating the efficacy of psilocybin.ResultsA total of four studies (six articles, of which two articles were long-term follow-up results from the same trial) were included in this systematic review. Psilocybin-assisted therapy was administered to n = 151 patients in a dose ranging from 6 to 40 mg. Three studies focused on alcohol use disorder, and one study on tobacco use disorder. In a pilot study (n = 10), the percentage of heavy drinking days decreased significantly between baseline and weeks 5-12 (mean difference of 26.0, 95% CI = 8.7-43.2, p = 0.008). In another single-arm study (n = 31), 32% (10/31) became completely abstinent from alcohol (mean duration of follow-up 6 years). In a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial (RCT, n = 95), the percentage of heavy drinking days during the 32-week double-blind period was significantly lower for psilocybin compared to placebo (mean difference of 13.9, 95% CI = 3.0-24.7, p = 0.01). In a pilot study (n = 15), the 7-day point prevalence of smoking abstinence at 26 weeks was 80% (12/15), and at 52 weeks 67% (10/15).ConclusionOnly one RCT and three small clinical trials were identified assessing the efficacy of psilocybin combined with some form of psychotherapy in patients with alcohol and tobacco use disorder. All four clinical trials indicated a beneficial effect of psilocybin-assisted therapy on SUD symptoms. Larger RCTs in patients with SUDs need to evaluate whether psilocybin-assisted therapy is effective in patients with SUD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134454", "pubmed_id": "36846225", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134454", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36846225\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1562, "title": "Cannabis-assisted psychotherapy for complex dissociative posttraumatic stress disorder: A case report.", "normalized_title": "cannabis assisted psychotherapy for complex dissociative posttraumatic stress disorder a case report", "authors": "Ragnhildstveit A, Kaiyo M, Snyder MB, Jackson LK, Lopez A, Mayo C, Miranda AC, August RJ, Seli P, Robison R, Averill LA.", "abstract": "BackgroundA dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder, known as \"D-PTSD\", has been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. In addition to meeting criteria for PTSD, patients endorse prominent dissociative symptoms, namely depersonalization and derealization, or detachment from one's self and surroundings. At present, this population is supported by a highly heterogeneous and undeveloped literature. Targeted interventions are therefore lacking, and those indicated for PTSD are limited by poor efficacy, delayed onset of action, and low patient engagement. Here, we introduce cannabis-assisted psychotherapy (CAP) as a novel treatment for D-PTSD, drawing parallels to psychedelic therapy.Case presentationA 28-year-old female presented with complex D-PTSD. In a naturalistic setting, she underwent 10 sessions of CAP, scheduled twice monthly over 5 months, coupled with integrative cognitive behavioral therapy. An autonomic and relational approach to CAP was leveraged, specifically psychedelic somatic interactional psychotherapy. Acute effects included oceanic boundlessness, ego dissolution, and emotional breakthrough. From baseline to post-treatment, the patient showed a 98.5% reduction in pathological dissociation, as measured by the Multidimensional Inventory of Dissociation, no longer meeting criteria for D-PTSD. This was accompanied by decreased cognitive distractibility and emotional suffering, as well as increased psychosocial functioning. Anecdotally, the patient has sustained improvements for over 2 years to date.ConclusionsThere is urgency to identify treatments for D-PTSD. The present case, while inherently limited, underscores the potential of CAP as a therapeutic option, leading to robust and sustained improvement. Subjective effects were comparable to those produced by classic and non-classic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and ketamine. Further research is warranted to explore, establish, and optimize CAP in D-PTSD, and to characterize its role in the pharmacological landscape.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1051542", "pubmed_id": "36846226", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1051542", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36846226\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Emotional Processing,Case Report,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1502, "title": "Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression: Impact on patient-reported depression severity, anxiety, function, and quality of life.", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin for a treatment resistant episode of major depression impact on patient reported depression severity anxiety function and quality of life", "authors": "Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, Atli M, Bennett JC, Croal M, DeBattista C, Dunlop BW, Feifel D, Hellerstein DJ, Husain MI, Kelly JR, Lennard-Jones MR, Licht RW, Marwood L, Mistry S, Páleníček T, Redjep O, Repantis D, Schoevers RA, Septimus B, Simmons HJ, Soares JC, Somers M, Stansfield SC, Stuart JR, Tadley HH, Thiara NK, Tsai J, Wahba M, Williams S, Winzer RI, Young AH, Young MB, Zisook S, Malievskaia E.", "abstract": "BackgroundCOMP360 is a proprietary, synthetic formulation of psilocybin being developed for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), a burdensome, life-threatening illness with high global impact. Here, we expand upon the previous report of primary outcomes from a phase 2 study of COMP360 in individuals with TRD-the largest randomised controlled clinical trial of psilocybin-to discuss findings of the exploratory efficacy endpoints.MethodsIn this phase 2, double-blind trial, 233 participants with TRD were randomised to receive a single dose of psilocybin 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg (control), administered alongside psychological support from trained therapists. Efficacy measures assessed patient-reported depression severity, anxiety, positive and negative affect, functioning and associated disability, quality of life, and cognitive function.ResultsAt Week 3, psilocybin 25 mg, compared with 1 mg, was associated with greater improvements from Baseline total scores in all measures. The 10 mg dose produced smaller effects across these measures.LimitationsInterpretation of this trial is limited by the absence of an active comparator and the possibility of functional unblinding in participants who received a low dose of psilocybin.ConclusionsThree weeks after dosing, psilocybin 25 mg and, to a lesser degree, 10 mg improved measures of patient-reported depression severity, anxiety, affect, and functioning. These results extend the primary findings from the largest randomised clinical trial of psilocybin for TRD to examine other outcomes that are of importance to patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.108", "pubmed_id": "36740140", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.108", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Anxiety, Quality of Life, Psilocybin, Patient Reported Outcome Measures, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36740140\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1564, "title": "Hofmann vs. Paracelsus: Do Psychedelics Defy the Basics of Toxicology?-A Systematic Review of the Main Ergolamines, Simple Tryptamines, and Phenylethylamines.", "normalized_title": "hofmann vs paracelsus do psychedelics defy the basics of toxicology a systematic review of the main ergolamines simple tryptamines and phenylethylamines", "authors": "Henríquez-Hernández LA, Rojas-Hernández J, Quintana-Hernández DJ, Borkel LF.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are experiencing a strong renaissance and will soon be incorporated into clinical practice. However, there is uncertainty about how much harm they can cause at what doses. This review aimed to collect information on the health-hazardous doses of psychedelic substances, to be aware of the risks to which patients may be subjected. We focused on ergolamines, simple tryptamines, and phenylethylamines. We reviewed articles published in major medical and scientific databases. Studies reporting toxic or lethal doses in humans and animals were included. We followed PRISMA criteria for revisions. We identified 3032 manuscripts for inclusion. Of these, 33 were ultimately useful and gave relevant information about effects associated with high psychedelics doses. Despite having different molecular structures and different mechanisms of action, psychedelics are effective at very low doses, are not addictive, and are harmful at extremely high doses. For LSD and psilocybin, no dose has been established above which the lives of users are endangered. In contrast, MDMA appears to be the most dangerous substance, although reports are biased by recreational missuses. It seems that it is not only the dose that makes the poison. In the case of psychedelics, the set and setting make the poison.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-02-02", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/toxics11020148", "pubmed_id": "36851023", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020148", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36851023\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1569, "title": "5-HT2ARs Mediate Therapeutic Behavioral Effects of Psychedelic Tryptamines.", "normalized_title": "5 ht2ars mediate therapeutic behavioral effects of psychedelic tryptamines", "authors": "Cameron LP, Patel SD, Vargas MV, Barragan EV, Saeger HN, Warren HT, Chow WL, Gray JA, Olson DE", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds have displayed antidepressant potential in both humans and rodents. Despite their promise, psychedelics can induce undesired effects that pose safety concerns and limit their clinical scalability. The rational development of optimized psychedelic-related medicines will require a full mechanistic understanding of how these molecules produce therapeutic effects. While the hallucinogenic properties of psychedelics are generally attributed to activation of serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT2ARs), it is currently unclear if these receptors also mediate their antidepressant effects as several nonhallucinogenic analogues of psychedelics with antidepressant-like properties have been developed. Moreover, many psychedelics exhibit promiscuous pharmacology, making it challenging to identify their primary therapeutic target(s). Here, we use a combination of pharmacological and genetic tools to demonstrate that activation of 5-HT2A receptors is essential for tryptamine-based psychedelics to produce antidepressant-like effects in rodents. Our results suggest that psychedelic tryptamines can induce hallucinogenic and therapeutic effects through activation of the same receptor.", "journal": "ACS chemical neuroscience", "publication_date": "2023-01-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00718", "pubmed_id": "36630260", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36630260/", "keywords": "5-HT2A receptor, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Psychedelic, depression, neuroplasticity, psilocybin, psychoplastogen, structural plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36630260\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1565, "title": "Psilocybin therapy for depression. A good trip?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy for depression a good trip", "authors": "Rucker JJ.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/09638237.2023.2183492", "pubmed_id": "36913702", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2023.2183492", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36913702\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1555, "title": "Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Østergaard SD, Hieronymus F.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-31", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1056/nejmc2215459", "pubmed_id": "36812443", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmc2215459", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36812443\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1543, "title": "Intoxication of dogs and cats with common stimulating, hallucinogenic and dissociative recreational drugs.", "normalized_title": "intoxication of dogs and cats with common stimulating hallucinogenic and dissociative recreational drugs", "authors": "Oster E, Čudina N, Pavasović H, Prevendar Crnić A, Božić F, Fadel C, Giorgi M.", "abstract": "Pets can have accidental, intentional, or malicious exposure to illicit drugs. It is a growing concern over the last decade because there is an increase in usage of illicit drugs in humans and diagnosis is difficult. Owners are often not aware of exposure, or they are reluctant to admit possession of recreational drugs in the household due to potential legal consequences. In addition, illicit drugs sold on the black market are often adulterated with other substances resulting in non-specific clinical presentation and aggravation of symptoms. There are affordable onsite diagnostic tests on the market which could facilitate diagnosis of intoxication with illicit drugs, but they give a lot of false positive results due to low specificity of the tests. In this paper we gathered information about the most common recreational drugs such as amphetamines, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), phencyclidine (PCP), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin mushrooms and cocaine in terms of toxicokinetic properties, mechanism of toxic action, clinical presentation and treatment in dogs and cats.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-30", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.vas.2023.100288", "pubmed_id": "36798946", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2023.100288", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36798946\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3695, "title": "SV2A Marker of Synaptogenesis in a Clinical Trial of Psilocybin for Depression", "normalized_title": "sv2a marker of synaptogenesis in a clinical trial of psilocybin for depression", "authors": "Washington University School of Medicine", "abstract": "Participants with depression will be given a single dose of psilocybin and supportive psychotherapy before, during, and after drug administration. Participants will undergo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging before and one week after psilocybin using a marker of synaptic density. This design allows us to assess the relationship between neurotrophic, and antidepressant effects produced by psilocybin. The investigators are studying the neurotrophic effects of psilocybin using 11C-UCB-J, a PET marker for synaptogenesis. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic and exerts perceptual effects via 5-HT2A receptor agonism. Psilocybin has gained a great deal of attention as a tool for psychiatric treatment, with clinical trials demonstrating symptom relief after a single dose that is immediate and persists for months. Recognizing the therapeutic potential of psilocybin, the US Food and Drug Administration granted breakthrough therapy status to the Usona Institute for Phase 2 testing of psilocybin in depression. Animal models suggest that psychedelics exert antidepressant effects by producing a rapid and powerful neurotrophic response in the brain. The investigators will enroll patients with major depressive disorder and anhedonia. Participants will be given a single dose of psilocybin and supportive psychotherapy before, during, and after drug administration. Participants will undergo PET imaging before and one week after drug using 11C-UCB-J, a radiotracer that binds to SV2A - a marker of synaptic density and synaptogenesis. This design allows the investigators to assess the relationship between neurotrophic, and antidepressant effects produced by psilocybin.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-01-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05601648", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Anhedonia, Psilocybin, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05601648\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1566, "title": "Corrigendum to 'Single-dose psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial'.", "normalized_title": "corrigendum to single dose psilocybin assisted therapy in major depressive disorder a placebo controlled double blind randomised clinical trial", "authors": "von Rotz R, Schindowski EM, Jungwirth J, Schuldt A, Rieser NM, Zahoranszky K, Seifritz E, Nowak A, Nowak P, Jäncke L, Preller KH, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101809.].", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-29", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101841", "pubmed_id": "36747965", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101841", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36747965\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1513, "title": "Optimizing outcomes in psilocybin therapy: Considerations in participant evaluation and preparation.", "normalized_title": "optimizing outcomes in psilocybin therapy considerations in participant evaluation and preparation", "authors": "Modlin NL, Miller TM, Rucker JJ, Kirlic N, Lennard-Jones M, Schlosser D, Aaronson ST.", "abstract": "Recent studies have demonstrated the promise of psilocybin therapies in creating positive changes for those with poor mental health across multiple diagnostic categories, including major depressive disorder (MDD), end-of-life anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). While there may be a large population that is eligible to participate in psilocybin therapy based on psychiatric diagnosis and medical clearance, little attention has been given to intrapersonal and interpersonal factors that might influence patient's readiness (i.e., eligibility and capacity) for psychedelic interventions. This paper proposes that readiness assessment includes both intrapersonal and interpersonal factors in order to improve safety, patient care, and treatment outcomes. While at the present time a reliable and valid instrument has not been developed, we propose that three specific areas of focus - patient presentation, therapeutic alliance, and patient safety - may be used to establish a patient's readiness for psilocybin therapy, thus increasing therapy optimization and personalization.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-24", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.077", "pubmed_id": "36707036", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.077", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36707036\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1298, "title": "Educational Materials and Image Induction Increase Treatment Credibility.", "normalized_title": "educational materials and image induction increase treatment credibility", "authors": "Low F, Earleywine M.", "abstract": "Patient-perceived treatment credibility is linked to important outcome measures including symptom reduction, therapeutic alliance, patient satisfaction, and attrition rates. However, few studies have tested strategies to enhance treatment credibility. The present study investigates the effect of brief, written educational materials and the use of an image induction prime on perceptions of credibility for cognitive behavioral therapy and psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression. Participants (N = 493) rated the perceived credibility of depression treatments before and after reading brief educational materials. Half of the participants were asked an image induction question containing the construct of open-mindedness. Results indicate that brief educational materials of about 300 words significantly increased perceived treatment credibility for both therapies, with a large effect size (Cohen's d =.91). The use of an image induction prime further increased perceived credibility for psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression (Cohen's d =.38). These strategies offer an efficient and cost-effective way to enhance treatment credibility. Future studies testing variations of the image induction prime might prove fruitful for optimizing the technique.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-21", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2154722", "pubmed_id": "36682063", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2154722", "keywords": "Humans, Treatment Outcome, Patient Satisfaction, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Outcome Assessment, Health Care", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36682063\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1514, "title": "Psychedelics: Science sabotaged by Social Media.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics science sabotaged by social media", "authors": "Sellers EM, Romach MK.", "abstract": "The substantial challenges facing high and low dose psychedelic drug development to achieve regulatory approval have been documented in the scientific literature. These limitations have not deterred drug developers and social media from repeatedly misleading patients, the public and health professionals. Developing \"micro doses\" of psychedelics overcomes many of the scientific and regulatory challenges of high dose psychedelics. If micro-dosing could be shown to be efficacious and safe for long term use, it could be administered in the typical model for treatment of mental disorders. Such a model would be more cost effective than the high dose/intense psychotherapy model currently described and could be readily available to all individuals who need another medication option. Outpatient psychotherapeutic agents have a clear route for approval and would be unlikely to be burdened by the extensive Risks Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy needed for high dose use. There may be a different therapeutic role for both high and low dose psychedelic agents. This article is part of the Special Issue on \"National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series\".", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-20", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109426", "pubmed_id": "36693562", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109426", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Social Media, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36693562\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1574, "title": "Classic psychedelics do not affect T cell and monocyte immune responses.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics do not affect t cell and monocyte immune responses", "authors": "Rudin D, Areesanan A, Liechti ME, Gründemann C.", "abstract": "IntroductionClassic psychedelics have been shown to exert therapeutic potential for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, neuropsychiatric diseases, and neuronal damage. Besides their psychopharmacological activity, psychedelics have been reported to modulate immune functions. There has thus far been a sparse exploration of the direct immune-modulating effect of psychedelics on human immune cells in vitro. Since T cells are key mediators of several immune functions, inhibition of their function would increase the risk of infections.MethodsWe investigated the effect of the classic psychedelics lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and mescaline on the proliferation and stimulated cytokine release of primary human T lymphocytes and on the stimulated NF-κB induction of monocytes.ResultsWe did not observe any relevant direct immune-modulatory effects of the tested classic psychedelics in either cell line.DiscussionWe concluded that LSD, psilocin, DMT, or mescaline did not directly stimulate the proliferation or cytokine secretion of primary human T lymphocytes or stimulate NF-κB induction of monocytes. Our findings support the future safe use of classic psychedelics in assisted psychotherapy in patients with life-threatening diseases where immune suppression and diminished immune function would be detrimental.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-19", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1042440", "pubmed_id": "36741125", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1042440", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36741125\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,In Vitro Study,Safety,Immune Function", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1575, "title": "Medications for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence-Current State of Knowledge and Future Perspectives from a Public Health Perspective.", "normalized_title": "medications for the treatment of alcohol dependence current state of knowledge and future perspectives from a public health perspective", "authors": "Stokłosa I, Więckiewicz G, Stokłosa M, Piegza M, Pudlo R, Gorczyca P.", "abstract": "No single effective therapy for alcohol abuse has been found, despite it being a serious sociological and economic problem for hundreds of years. It seems difficult to find a single drug as a panacea for the alcohol problem due to the complexity of the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence. The purpose of this narrative review is to review existing and potentially future pharmaceuticals for the treatment of alcohol dependence in the most affordable way possible. Psychotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for alcoholism, while few drugs approved by legislators are available in the augmentation of this treatment, such as acamprosate, disulfiram, and naltrexone, approved by the FDA, and nalmefene by the EMA. There are recent reports in the literature on the possibility of using baclofen, topiramate, varenicline, and gabapentin in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Moreover, the results of recent clinical trials using psychoactive substances such as psilocybin and MDMA appear to be a breakthrough in the modern treatment of alcohol abuse. Despite this initial optimism, a lot of scientific effort is still needed before new pharmacological methods supporting the treatment of alcohol dependence syndrome will be widely available.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-18", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/ijerph20031870", "pubmed_id": "36767234", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031870", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Disulfiram, Taurine, Alcohol Deterrents, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Public Health, Acamprosate", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36767234\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3568, "title": "Pilot Trial of Visual Healing®, a Nature-themed Virtual Immersive Experience, to Optimize Set and Setting in Psilocybin-assisted Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "pilot trial of visual healing a nature themed virtual immersive experience to optimize set and setting in psilocybin assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Keith Heinzerling", "abstract": "Twenty participants, age 18 or older, who meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria for moderate to severe Alcohol Use Disorder will be randomized to open-label psilocybin (25 mg) therapy with the Visual Healing Set and Setting platform (N=10) versus psilocybin (25 mg) with a standard Set and Setting platform (N=10). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of adding Visual Healing, a nature-themed virtual immersive program, to psilocybin-assisted therapy among participants with alcohol use disorder. The objective of the study is to test a strategy for optimizing Set and Setting for psilocybin-assisted therapy of alcohol use disorder. Psilocybin shows promise in early trials for alcohol use disorder, but initial results suggest that patients with alcohol use disorder may be less likely to achieve a mystical experience with standard doses of psilocybin. Optimizing Set and Setting for the psilocybin experience may improve outcomes without requiring higher drug doses. The current study will complete a pilot randomized clinical trial to assess the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of Visual Healing Set and Setting (N=10) versus standard Set and Setting procedures (N=10) in participants with alcohol use disorder undergoing open-label psilocybin 25 mg therapy. In the Visual Healing condition, participants will view nature-themed video programs during the Prep session and during the Ascent phase of the psilocybin experience. Anecdotal reports and reviews suggest that viewing Visual Healing creates a tranquil and calming environment that fosters a stronger connection between the viewer and nature. Psilocybin increases the users feeling of connection to nature and having an intention to connect with nature during the psychedelic session is associated with better outcomes of psychedelic-assisted therapy in initial studies. Reducing pre-dosing anxiety/apprehension and enhancing connections to nature with Visual Healing may improve outcomes of psychedelic-assisted therapy without the need for higher psilocybin doses.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2023-01-16", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04410913", "keywords": "Alcohol Use Disorder, Psilocybin plus Visual Healing Set and Setting, Psilocybin plus Standard Set and Setting, ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04410913\",\"overall_status\":\"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1544, "title": "Utility of preclinical models in the study of psilocybin - A comprehensive review.", "normalized_title": "utility of preclinical models in the study of psilocybin a comprehensive review", "authors": "Pedicini M, Cordner ZA.", "abstract": "Interest in the therapeutic potential of psilocybin across a broad range of neuropsychiatric disorders is rapidly expanding. Despite promising clinical data and tremendous public enthusiasm, complimentary basic and translational studies - which are critical for advancing our understanding of psilocybin's biological effects and promoting innovation - have been relatively few. As with all work involving the study of complex neuropsychopharmacology, the search for deeper understanding of biological mechanisms, and the need for nuanced behavioral analyses in the context of both normal and diseased states, the roles for preclinical models are clear. A systematic search of the literature identified 57 articles involving the study of psilocybin in preclinical rodent models. A comprehensive review and thematic analysis identified 4 broad areas of investigation - pharmacology, toxicity, effects on disease models, and molecular mechanisms - with pharmacology studies accounting for the majority. Though these papers represent a still remarkably small body of literature, several important conclusions can already be drawn, and several areas of high priority for future work can be identified.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-12", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105046", "pubmed_id": "36646257", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105046", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Emotions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36646257\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1398, "title": "Psychedelics for Patients With Cancer: A Comprehensive Literature Review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for patients with cancer a comprehensive literature review", "authors": "White CM, Weisman N, Dalo J.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo assess the role of psychedelics in the treatment of anxiety or depression among patients with cancer.Data sourcesPubMed search from inception to March 11, 2022, using the terms anxiety, depression, psychedelics, psilocybin, lysergic acid, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or ayahuasca.Study selection and data extractionStudies assessing patients with cancer receiving psychedelics for the treatment of anxiety or depression.Data synthesisFive unique randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were conducted. Significant reductions were found in 2 trials with 2 anxiety scales (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait) and in 1 trial with 2 additional anxiety scales (Hamilton Rating Scale-Anxiety, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety). Significant reductions were found in 2 trials in 2 depression scales (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression, Beck Depression Inventory) and in 1 trial with an additional depression scale (Hamilton Rating Scale-Depression). Two studies assessed for clinically relevant reductions in anxiety and depression scores, and they occurred much more commonly in psychedelic-treated patients than those given placebo.Relevance to patient care and clinical practiceThere is a new potential option for treating patients with anxiety and depression along with cancer, which is important given the generally lackluster benefits with traditional antidepressants. Only a few sessions may also provide benefits extending out for 6 to 12 months and possibly beyond that. However, the studies were small, had many methodological limitations, and there were increases in blood pressure and heart rate.ConclusionsPsychedelics have a unique mechanism of action that might be well suited for treating anxiety and depression associated with cancer. This offers new promise for patients who are not being sufficiently treated with current antianxiety or antidepressant medications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/10600280221144055", "pubmed_id": "36635883", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280221144055", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36635883\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1216, "title": "Post-traumatic stress symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, and post-traumatic growth among cancer survivors: a systematic scoping review of interventions.", "normalized_title": "post traumatic stress symptoms post traumatic stress disorder and post traumatic growth among cancer survivors a systematic scoping review of interventions", "authors": "Capaldi JM, Shabanian J, Finster LB, Asher A, Wertheimer JC, Zebrack BJ, Shirazipour CH.", "abstract": "The detrimental effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the benefits of Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) are well established for cancer survivors. Increased cancer survival rates necessitate an understanding of how these two paradoxical outcomes, PTSS/PTSD and PTG, are targeted through interventions. This systematic scoping review aims to (a) examine existing evidence on interventions targeting PTSS/PTSD and/or PTG among cancer survivors and (b) identify knowledge gaps to inform future research. Following the six steps of a scoping review, 76 articles met the inclusion criteria. Quantitative articles were examined using descriptive analysis. Frequency counts of the collated data were tabulated into summary tables. Qualitative articles were reviewed using meta-synthesis. Most articles were quantitative (n = 52) and targeted PTG (n = 68) through promising intervention approaches such as psychotherapy, mindfulness, physical activity, and psilocybin-assisted therapy. Three key implications for future research and practice were synthesized: (1) mechanistic considerations for intervention design that provide a roadmap for rigorous and theoretically-grounded research; (2) the need for improved representation of cancer survivors in trials; and (3) potential facilitators of intervention efficacy. Together, these findings can direct future research to optimize interventions to reduce PTSS/PTSD and promote PTG achievement among cancer survivors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-11", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1080/17437199.2022.2162947", "pubmed_id": "36632776", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2022.2162947", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Cancer Survivors, Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36632776\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1578, "title": "Indigenous-Amazonian Traditional Medicine's Usage of the Tobacco Plant: A Transdisciplinary Ethnopsychological Mixed-Methods Case Study.", "normalized_title": "indigenous amazonian traditional medicine s usage of the tobacco plant a transdisciplinary ethnopsychological mixed methods case study", "authors": "Berlowitz I, García Torres E, Maake C, Wolf U, Martin-Soelch C.", "abstract": "Harmful usage of tobacco is a global public health problem associated with adverse health effects and addiction. Yet, in the Peruvian Amazon, the native region of Nicotiana rustica L., this plant is used in remarkably different manners: it is considered a potent medicinal plant, applied in liquid form for oral ingestion to treat mental health problems, a common and ancient healing practice in this region. Using a transdisciplinary field research approach with mixed ethnopsychological methods, this work aimed to report for the first time a case study in this context. The intervention took place in the Peruvian Amazon (Loreto) and involved ritual tobacco ingestion in a weeklong retreat-like frame, administered by a specialized traditional Amazonian healer. The patient was a 37-year-old woman with diagnosed mood, anxiety, and attention deficit disorders, as well as a chronic somatic condition. We applied qualitative experience-sampling during and quantitative symptom assessments pre- and post-treatment. Our findings offer a detailed description of the experiential therapeutic process during the treatment week and suggest clinically relevant improvements in patient well-being. This work is significant in view of the globally prevalent harmful uses of tobacco and the current scientific trend of revisiting herbal psychoactives (e.g., cannabis, psilocybin) for their therapeutic potentials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/plants12020346", "pubmed_id": "36679060", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020346", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36679060\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1568, "title": "Shared and Distinct Brain Regions Targeted for Immediate Early Gene Expression by Ketamine and Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "shared and distinct brain regions targeted for immediate early gene expression by ketamine and psilocybin", "authors": "Davoudian PA, Shao LX, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a psychedelic with therapeutic potential. While there is growing evidence that psilocybin exerts its beneficial effects through enhancing neural plasticity, the exact brain regions involved are not completely understood. Determining the impact of psilocybin on plasticity-related gene expression throughout the brain can broaden our understanding of the neural circuits involved in psychedelic-evoked neural plasticity. In this study, whole-brain serial two-photon microscopy and light sheet microscopy were employed to map the expression of the immediate early gene, c-Fos, in male and female mice. The drug-induced c-Fos expression following psilocybin administration was compared to that of subanesthetic ketamine and saline control. Psilocybin and ketamine produced acutely comparable elevations in c-Fos expression in numerous brain regions, including anterior cingulate cortex, locus coeruleus, primary visual cortex, central and basolateral amygdala, medial and lateral habenula, and claustrum. Select regions exhibited drug-preferential differences, such as dorsal raphe and insular cortex for psilocybin and the CA1 subfield of hippocampus for ketamine. To gain insights into the contributions of receptors and cell types, the c-Fos expression maps were related to brain-wide in situ hybridization data. The transcript analyses showed that the endogenous levels of Grin2a and Grin2b predict whether a cortical region is sensitive to drug-evoked neural plasticity for both ketamine and psilocybin. Collectively, the systematic mapping approach produced an unbiased list of brain regions impacted by psilocybin and ketamine. The data are a resource that highlights previously underappreciated regions for future investigations. Furthermore, the robust relationships between drug-evoked c-Fos expression and endogenous transcript distributions suggest glutamatergic receptors as a potential convergent target for how psilocybin and ketamine produce their rapid-acting and long-lasting therapeutic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00637", "pubmed_id": "36630309", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00637", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Mice, Ketamine, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Hallucinogens, Genes, Immediate-Early, Female, Male, Dorsal Raphe Nucleus, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36630309\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1516, "title": "Are psychedelics the answer to chronic pain: A review of current literature.", "normalized_title": "are psychedelics the answer to chronic pain a review of current literature", "authors": "Kooijman NI, Willegers T, Reuser A, Mulleners WM, Kramers C, Vissers KCP, van der Wal SEI.", "abstract": "AimsWe aim to provide an evidence-based overview of the use of psychedelics in chronic pain, specifically LSD and psilocybin.ContentChronic pain is a common and complex problem, with an unknown etiology. Psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, may play a role in the management of chronic pain. Through activation of the serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor, several neurophysiological responses result in the disruption of functional connections in brain regions associated with chronic pain. Healthy reconnections can be made through neuroplastic effects, resulting in sustained pain relief. However, this process is not fully understood, and evidence of efficacy is limited and of low quality. In cancer and palliative related pain, the analgesic potential of psychedelics was established decades ago, and the current literature shows promising results on efficacy and safety in patients with cancer-related psychological distress. In other areas, patients suffering from severe headache disorders like migraine and cluster headache who have self-medicated with psychedelics report both acute and prophylactic efficacy of LSD and psilocybin. Randomized control trials are now being conducted to study the effects in cluster headache Furthermore, psychedelics have a generally favorable safety profile especially when compared to other analgesics like opioids. In addition, psychedelics do not have the addictive potential of opioids.ImplicationsGiven the current epidemic use of opioids, and that patients are in desperate need of an alternative treatment, it is important that further research is conducted on the efficacy of psychedelics in chronic pain conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-10", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/papr.13203", "pubmed_id": "36597700", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.13203", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Cluster Headache, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36597700\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1580, "title": "The Bright Side of Psychedelics: Latest Advances and Challenges in Neuropharmacology.", "normalized_title": "the bright side of psychedelics latest advances and challenges in neuropharmacology", "authors": "Mastinu A, Anyanwu M, Carone M, Abate G, Bonini SA, Peron G, Tirelli E, Pucci M, Ribaudo G, Oselladore E, Premoli M, Gianoncelli A, Uberti DL, Memo M.", "abstract": "The need to identify effective therapies for the treatment of psychiatric disorders is a particularly important issue in modern societies. In addition, difficulties in finding new drugs have led pharmacologists to review and re-evaluate some past molecules, including psychedelics. For several years there has been growing interest among psychotherapists in psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, of depression, or of post-traumatic stress disorder, although results are not always clear and definitive. In fact, the mechanisms of action of psychedelics are not yet fully understood and some molecular aspects have yet to be well defined. Thus, this review aims to summarize the ethnobotanical uses of the best-known psychedelic plants and the pharmacological mechanisms of the main active ingredients they contain. Furthermore, an up-to-date overview of structural and computational studies performed to evaluate the affinity and binding modes to biologically relevant receptors of ibogaine, mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, psilocin, and lysergic acid diethylamide is presented. Finally, the most recent clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of psychedelic molecules in some psychiatric disorders are discussed and compared with drugs already used in therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3390/ijms24021329", "pubmed_id": "36674849", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021329", "keywords": "Humans, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Ibogaine, Hallucinogens, Neuropharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36674849\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,OCD,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1579, "title": "The association between naturalistic use of psychedelics and co-occurring substance use disorders.", "normalized_title": "the association between naturalistic use of psychedelics and co occurring substance use disorders", "authors": "Rabinowitz J, Lev-Ran S, Gross R.", "abstract": "ObjectiveClassic psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, and peyote/mescaline) have been used to support addiction treatment in a variety of contexts ranging from ceremonial use to clinical trials. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that past naturalistic use of classic psychedelics would be associated with decreased prevalence of substance use disorder, when controlling for known confounders.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used 2017 NSDUH survey data to evaluate the association between past use of the classic psychedelics LSD, psilocybin and peyote/mescaline and past year substance dependence or abuse. We calculated adjusted odds ratios by multivariate logistic regression, controlling for a range of sociodemographic variables, use of non-psychedelic illicit drugs and mental health related variables.ResultsA total of 56,276 participants were included in this study. Past use of LSD and psilocybin were associated with increased odds of substance dependence or abuse compared to those who had never used psychedelics before, and this was more likely for those who had used LSD more recently. However, prior use of peyote or mescaline was associated with lower odds of past year substance dependence or abuse compared to people who had never used psychedelics before (aOR = 0.68, p < 0.001). Past use of classic psychedelics was not associated with nicotine dependence.ConclusionPast use of peyote/mescaline was associated with decreased odds of substance use disorder compared to people who had never used psychedelics before, while past use of LSD or psilocybin was not. It remains unclear whether this difference is due to pharmacological differences between these compounds or simply due to the context in which peyote/mescaline are traditionally taken. Future research should investigate why naturalistic use of different psychedelics is associated with different substance use disorder effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1066369", "pubmed_id": "36704738", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1066369", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36704738\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1545, "title": "Psilocin suppresses methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and acquisition of conditioned place preference via D2R-mediated ERK signaling.", "normalized_title": "psilocin suppresses methamphetamine induced hyperlocomotion and acquisition of conditioned place preference via d2r mediated erk signaling", "authors": "Wang J, Liang M, Shang Q, Qian H, An R, Liu H, Shao G, Li T, Liu X.", "abstract": "AimPsilocin is an active metabolite form of psilocybin and exerts psychoactive effects. Recent studies suggest that psilocin may have regulatory effects on abuse drugs, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we want to explore the effects of psilocin on methamphetamine (METH)-induced alterations of behavior in mice and its molecular mechanisms.MethodsAcute METH administration model and conditioned place preference (CPP) model were used to investigate the effects of psilocin on METH-induced alterations of behavior. Western blot was used to detect the expression of proteins.ResultsIn the acute 2 mg/kg METH administration model, 1 mg/kg psilocin counteracted METH-induced elevation of activity. In the 1 mg/kg METH-induced CPP model, 1 mg/kg psilocin inhibited CPP formation during the acquisition phase. However, psilocin did not impact METH extinction and relapse. Molecular results showed that the regulatory effect of psilocin on METH was underscored by altered expression of dopamine 2 receptor (D2R) and phosphorylated extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Trifluoperazine (TFP)-2HCl is a D2R inhibitor, and SCH772984 is a selective extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor that effectively inhibits ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The results indicated that 2 mg/kg TFP-2HCl and 10 mg/kg SCH772984 blocked METH-induced hyperactivity and acquisition of METH-induced CPP.ConclusionPsilocin has regulatory effects on METH-induced alterations of behavior in mice via D2R-mediated signal regulation of ERK phosphorylation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-09", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1111/cns.14054", "pubmed_id": "36627756", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.14054", "keywords": "Nucleus Accumbens, Animals, Mice, Methamphetamine, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Signal Transduction, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36627756\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2013, "title": "Conformational Landscape and Hydrogen Bonding Pattern of Psilocin: Computational Insights", "normalized_title": "conformational landscape and hydrogen bonding pattern of psilocin computational insights", "authors": "Bhadoria Poonam, Ramanathan Venkatnarayan", "abstract": "Abstract Conformational analysis of psilocin, a psychedelic molecule was carried out at B3LYP/cc-pVTZ level of theory. And a global minimum was identified having highest population among all the local conformers along with second stable conformer which is 5.4 kcal/mol higher in energy than global minimum. The global mimimum is stable due to the formation of intramolecular H-bond between ethyl amine nitrogen and indolic hydroxyl group, revealed by AIM (Atoms in molecule) analysis. This is in contradiction to earlier X-ray crystal studies of this molecule reported in literature. Dimers of both stable conformers were studied at same level that is B3LYP/cc-pVTZ and it was observed that the intramolecular H-bond energy dominates over the intermolecular H-bond in the dimers. Other calculations namely NBO (Natural bond orbital), FMO (Frontier molecular orbital), charge analysis, ESP (Electrostatic potential) mapping corroborated the AIM results in a significant manner. The spectroscopic study including UV (Ultraviolet), 1 H-NMR (Proton nuclear magnetic resonance) and vibrational modes calculation were found to be in good agreement with the data reported in literature.", "journal": "ChemistrySelect", "publication_date": "2023-01-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1002/slct.202203994", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202203994", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/slct.202203994\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.2174/1568026613666131213155252\",\"10.1007/bf02159243\",\"10.2174/1570159x13666141210222409\",\"10.1002/slct.202203026\",\"10.1016/s0278-5846(98)00031-1\",\"10.1139/b63-072\",\"10.5962/p.417592\",\"10.1007/bf00377168\",\"10.1038/s41598-018-19813-0\",\"10.1039/p29740000946\",\"10.1016/0028-3908(90)90001-8\",\"10.1097/00001756-199812010-00024\",\"10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.008\",\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.005\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x\",\"10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7\",\"10.4088/jcp.v67n1110\",\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1177/0269881116675512\",\"10.1177/0269881114565144\",\"10.1177/0269881114548296\",\"10.1073/pnas.63.4.1063\",\"10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00805\",\"10.1021/ja5112749\",\"10.1063/1.464913\",\"10.1103/physrevb.37.785\",\"10.1063/1.456153\",\"10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.10.043\",\"10.1002/jcc.22885\",\"10.1080/00268977000101561\",\"10.1103/physrevb.18.7165\",\"10.1103/physrevlett.49.1691\",\"10.1021/jp0225774\",\"10.1021/ja983494x\",\"10.1039/c1ob05856h\",\"10.1103/physrevlett.52.997\",\"10.1051/jphysrad:01937008010039700\",\"10.1103/physrev.126.1028\",\"10.1080/00268977400100711\",\"10.1021/ja00179a005\",\"10.1063/1.471789\",\"10.1002/9783527610709\",\"10.1021/j100024a016\",\"10.1002/anie.198406271\",\"10.1016/s0009-2614(98)00036-0\",\"10.1021/ja9616793\",\"10.1039/d1ra04900c\",\"10.1021/cr00088a005\",\"10.1007/bf00549096\",\"10.1016/j.saa.2011.07.046\",\"10.1021/np030059u\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81831-8\",\"10.1111/j.1556-4029.2005.00033.x\",\"10.1021/jp810292n\"],\"reference_count\":59}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1478, "title": "Acute psilocybin enhances cognitive flexibility in rats", "normalized_title": "acute psilocybin enhances cognitive flexibility in rats", "authors": "Pacheco AT, Olson RJ, Garza G, Moghaddam B.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has been shown to improve symptoms of depression and anxiety when combined with psychotherapy or other clinician-guided interventions. To understand the neural basis for this pattern of clinical efficacy, experimental and conceptual approaches that are different than traditional laboratory models of anxiety and depression are needed. A potential novel mechanism is that acute psilocybin improves cognitive flexibility, which then enhances the impact of clinician-assisted interventions. Consistent with this idea, we find that acute psilocybin robustly improves cognitive flexibility in male and female rats using a task where animals switched between previously learned strategies in response to uncued changes in the environment. Psilocybin did not influence Pavlovian reversal learning, suggesting that its cognitive effects are selective to enhanced switching between previously learned behavioral strategies. The serotonin (5HT) 2A receptor antagonist ketanserin blocked psilocybin’s effect on set-shifting, while a 5HT2C-selective antagonist did not. Ketanserin alone also improved set-shifting performance, suggesting a complex relationship between psilocybin’s pharmacology and its impact on flexibility. Further, the psychedelic drug 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) impaired cognitive flexibility in the same task, suggesting that this effect of psilocybin does not generalize to all other serotonergic psychedelics. We conclude that the acute impact of psilocybin on cognitive flexibility provides a useful behavioral model to investigate its neuronal effects relevant to its positive clinical outcome.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2023-01-08", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1101/2023.01.09.523291", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.09.523291", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR593926\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1581, "title": "When art therapy went chemical: Alfred Bader, pharmacology, and art brut, c.1950-1970s.", "normalized_title": "when art therapy went chemical alfred bader pharmacology and art brut c 1950 1970s", "authors": "Martinovic J.", "abstract": "This article analyzes how psychopharmacology transformed the relationship between art and psychiatry. It outlines a novel genealogy of art therapy, repositioning its origins in the context of evolving clinical practices and discourses on mind-altering drugs. Evaluating the use of psychotropic drugs in connection with psychopathology of art in the first half of the twentieth century, the article then focuses on two post-Second World War experiments involving psilocybin conducted by psychiatrist Alfred Bader and pharmacologist Roland Fischer. Illustrating how consciousness was foregrounded in discussions about mental health and illness, the examples showcase how psychotherapists increasingly sought to articulate art brut and modernist aesthetics in a neurobiological fashion to define madness as a social disease.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-05", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1590/s0104-59702022000500007", "pubmed_id": "36629673", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702022000500007", "keywords": "Humans, Art Therapy, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry, History, 20th Century", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36629673\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1594, "title": "Among psychedelic-experienced users, only past use of psilocybin reliably predicts nature relatedness.", "normalized_title": "among psychedelic experienced users only past use of psilocybin reliably predicts nature relatedness", "authors": "Forstmann M, Kettner HS, Sagioglou C, Irvine A, Gandy S, Carhart-Harris RL, Luke D.", "abstract": "BackgroundPast research reports a positive relationship between experience with classic serotonergic psychedelics and nature relatedness (NR). However, these studies typically do not distinguish between different psychedelic compounds, which have a unique psychopharmacology and may be used in specific contexts and with different intentions. Likewise, it is not clear whether these findings can be attributed to substance use per se or unrelated variables that differentiate psychedelic users from nonusers.AimsThe present study was designed to determine the relative degree to which lifetime experience with different psychedelic substances is predictive of self-reported NR among psychedelic-experienced users.MethodsWe conducted a combined reanalysis of five independent datasets (N = 3817). Using standard and regularized regression analyses, we tested the relationship between degree of experience with various psychedelic substances (binary and continuous) and NR, both within a subsample of psychedelic-experienced participants as well as the complete sample including psychedelic-naïve participants.Results/outcomesAmong people experienced with psychedelics, only past use of psilocybin (versus LSD, mescaline, Salvia divinorum, ketamine, and ibogaine) was a reliable predictor of NR and its subdimensions. Weaker, less reliable results were obtained for the pharmacologically similar N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Results replicate when including psychedelic-naïve participants. In addition, among people exclusively experience with psilocybin, use frequency positively predicted NR.Conclusions/interpretationResults suggest that experience with psilocybin is the only reliable (and strongest) predictor of NR. Future research should focus on psilocybin when investigating effects of psychedelic on NR and determine whether pharmacological attributes or differences in user expectations/use settings are responsible for this observation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-04", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221146356", "pubmed_id": "36601974", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221146356", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36601974\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1353, "title": "An Integrative Review of Measures of Spirituality in Experimental Studies of Psilocybin in Serious Illness Populations.", "normalized_title": "an integrative review of measures of spirituality in experimental studies of psilocybin in serious illness populations", "authors": "Baker KM, Ulrich CM, Meghani SH.", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin-assisted therapies (PAT) are reemerging as a treatment for complex distress often prompting mystical experiences, enhanced meaning, and spiritual wellbeing. We sought to investigate how measures of spirituality are employed in experimental studies of PAT conducted with seriously ill adults. Methods: We included experimental studies of psilocybin conducted with seriously ill adults, which employed measures that contained spirituality and mysticism concepts within their domains or subdomains. Included studies were peer-reviewed and published in English language (up to December 2021). Results: Seven articles met our inclusion criteria. A total of 12 unique instruments were identified. The most frequently used instruments were the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30), the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spirituality (FACIT-Sp-12), and the Demoralization Scale (DS-I/II) (used in four studies each), followed by the Persisting Effects Questionnaire (PEQ) (used in three studies). Overall, studies did not consistently define and contextualize spirituality domains and subdomains studied. Conclusions: Despite well-recognized significance of spirituality in PAT, there was considerable heterogeneity in number and types of spirituality measures employed across studies. There also seemed a lack of attention to defining and operationalizing spirituality and its domains and subdomains. This is notable as spirituality and overlapping concepts (eg mystical experiences) contributes substantially to this body of research and patients' therapeutic outcomes. Towards developing more rigorous science of spirituality in PAT research, there is a critical need to evaluate and refine measures of spirituality to enhance their utility and replicability, limit participant burden, and better contextualize spirituality-related findings and outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-04", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.1177/10499091221147700", "pubmed_id": "36604312", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10499091221147700", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Spirituality, Mysticism, Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36604312\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3790, "title": "Et psykoanalytisk og et postmoderne perspektiv på selv/egoopløsning i en psykedelisk kontekst", "normalized_title": "et psykoanalytisk og et postmoderne perspektiv på selv egoopløsning i en psykedelisk kontekst", "authors": "Andersen S.", "abstract": "Self or ego dissolution (SED) is a recurring, yet vaguely defined phenomenon often associated with positive therapeutic outcomes within clinical research on classic psychedelic substances. The aim of this thesis is to achieve a deeper understanding and improve terminological clarity of SED in a psychedelic context, here defined as research settings in which moderate to high doses of psilocybin are administered. SED is investigated from two different psychological perspectives to demonstrate how different understandings of the self and ego can contribute differently to the understanding of SED. Firstly, Freud’s theory of the subject constitutes a psychoanalytical perspective, which focuses on intra- and intersubjective processes in the constitution of the subject. Secondly, Rose’s theory of the subject constitutes a postmodern perspective, which focuses on contextual processes in the constitution of the subject. A qualitative systematic review (SR) is conducted to apply these theories analytically to empirical data on SED. The SR consists of 10 studies containing qualitative descriptions of subjects’ experiences with SED in a psilocybin-assisted psychotherapeutic (PAP) context. A thematic analysis of the subjects’ experiences is presented, and synthesized into four meta-themes that describe recurring characteristics of SED. These are 1) a stronger feeling of essence, 2) a greater feeling of connection, 3) a different bodily experience, and 4) a challenging but eventually blissful or meaningful experience. On the basis of the psychoanalytic analysis, it is suggested that SED can be understood as related to changes in the boundaries of the meta-psychological I and regression to primary processes including the fantasy and the skin ego. Additionally, based on the postmodern analysis it is suggested that SED can be understood as influenced by an unusual psy-context. Critical reflections on how the thesis contributes to the understanding of SED are presented and the strengths and weaknesses of the chosen theories and empirical data are discussed, specifically regarding interpretation bias, generalizability, data extraction, validity, causality, and eclecticism. It is concluded that the thesis provides insights important to psychological understandings of SED, insights that have potential clinical relevance. However, it is also argued that the investigation highlights that SED is a phenomenon that is difficult to capture and therefore should be investigated further from alternative psychological perspectives.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-01-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/f26ce", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/f26ce", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR592790\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3354, "title": "Et psykoanalytisk og et postmoderne perspektiv på selv/egoopløsning i en psykedelisk kontekst", "normalized_title": "et psykoanalytisk og et postmoderne perspektiv på selv egoopløsning i en psykedelisk kontekst", "authors": "", "abstract": "Self or ego dissolution (SED) is a recurring, yet vaguely defined phenomenon often associated with positive therapeutic outcomes within clinical research on classic psychedelic substances. The aim of this thesis is to achieve a deeper understanding and improve terminological clarity of SED in a psychedelic context, here defined as research settings in which moderate to high doses of psilocybin are administered. SED is investigated from two different psychological perspectives to demonstrate how different understandings of the self and ego can contribute differently to the understanding of SED. Firstly, Freud’s theory of the subject constitutes a psychoanalytical perspective, which focuses on intra- and intersubjective processes in the constitution of the subject. Secondly, Rose’s theory of the subject constitutes a postmodern perspective, which focuses on contextual processes in the constitution of the subject. A qualitative systematic review (SR) is conducted to apply these theories analytically to empirical data on SED. The SR consists of 10 studies containing qualitative descriptions of subjects’ experiences with SED in a psilocybin-assisted psychotherapeutic (PAP) context. A thematic analysis of the subjects’ experiences is presented, and synthesized into four meta-themes that describe recurring characteristics of SED. These are 1) a stronger feeling of essence, 2) a greater feeling of connection, 3) a different bodily experience, and 4) a challenging but eventually blissful or meaningful experience. On the basis of the psychoanalytic analysis, it is suggested that SED can be understood as related to changes in the boundaries of the meta-psychological I and regression to primary processes including the fantasy and the skin ego. Additionally, based on the postmodern analysis it is suggested that SED can be understood as influenced by an unusual psy-context. Critical reflections on how the thesis contributes to the understanding of SED are presented and the strengths and weaknesses of the chosen theories and empirical data are discussed, specifically regarding interpretation bias, generalizability, data extraction, validity, causality, and eclecticism. It is concluded that the thesis provides insights important to psychological understandings of SED, insights that have potential clinical relevance. However, it is also argued that the investigation highlights that SED is a phenomenon that is difficult to capture and therefore should be investigated further from alternative psychological perspectives.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2023-01-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/f26ce_v1", "keywords": "ego dissolution, postmodern theory, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychoanalytic theory, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Intervention Research, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Clinical Neuropsychology, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience, Therapy, Psychotherapy, Social and Personality Psychology, Self and Social Identity, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"f26ce_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Personality Change,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1582, "title": "Psilocybin sex-dependently reduces alcohol consumption in C57BL/6J mice.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin sex dependently reduces alcohol consumption in c57bl 6j mice", "authors": "Alper K, Cange J, Sah R, Schreiber-Gregory D, Sershen H, Vinod KY.", "abstract": "The classical psychedelic psilocybin is of interest as a treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study investigated the effects of psilocybin on voluntary ethanol consumption in adult male and female C57BL/6J mice administered saline or psilocybin intraperitoneally as a single dose of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg and provided 20% ethanol utilizing a two-bottle choice alcohol drinking paradigm. Ethanol was provided continuously for 3 days immediately following the administration of psilocybin, then withheld for 2 days, and then provided continuously for two subsequent additional days. A multilevel model (MLM) for repeated measures was used to compare ethanol consumption and preference in psilocybin-treated groups versus controls. Ethanol consumption and preference were reduced in male mice during the 3-day interval that immediately followed psilocybin administration. The effect of psilocybin on ethanol consumption was dose-related and was consistent across the 3-day interval at dosages of 0.5 mg/kg or greater. Psilocybin had no effect on consumption or preference when ethanol was subsequently reintroduced after 2 days of withdrawal. In contrast to males, psilocybin had no significant effect on ethanol consumption or preference in female mice at any dosage or time point. The lack of an effect of psilocybin on quinine preference, and its limited interaction with locomotor activity indicated that the observed reduction in voluntary ethanol consumption was not attributable to altered taste perception or motor effects. Total fluid consumption was increased in males at some time points and psilocybin dosages and unchanged in females, and the absence of any decrease in either group at any time point indicated that the observed reduction in ethanol consumption was not mediated by nonspecific effects on consummatory behavior. The finding of a sex-dependent effect of psilocybin on ethanol consumption suggests that the C57BL/6J mouse may provide a useful experimental approach to modeling sex differences in vulnerability to AUD in addition to investigation of the neurobiological basis of the effect of classical psychedelics on alcohol drinking behavior.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2023-01-03", "publication_year": 2023, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2022.1074633", "pubmed_id": "36686713", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1074633", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36686713\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2014, "title": "Electrophysiological study of visual and auditory processing in psilocin-induced hallucinations: exploring evoked potentials and 5-HT2A receptor involvement", "normalized_title": "electrophysiological study of visual and auditory processing in psilocin induced hallucinations exploring evoked potentials and 5 ht2a receptor involvement", "authors": "Vejmola Č., Hubený J., Koudelka V., Griškova-Bulanova I., Páleníček T.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuroscience Applied", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2023.103662", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2023.103662", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.nsa.2023.103662\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1614, "title": "Linkages between Psychedelics and Meditation in a Population-Based Sample in the United States.", "normalized_title": "linkages between psychedelics and meditation in a population based sample in the united states", "authors": "Simonsson O, Goldberg SB", "abstract": "There are neurophysiological and phenomenological overlaps between psychedelic and meditative states, but there is little evidence on how exposure to psychedelics might be associated with meditation-related variables. We assessed lifetime classic psychedelic use, ego dissolution during one's most intense experience using a classic psychedelic, and exposure to meditation in a representative sample (n = 953) of American adults. Those who reported experience with meditation were invited to complete a follow-up survey (n = 536, 92.1% response rate) measuring meditation-related variables. Models controlled for a range of potential confounds. Exposure to meditation was associated with lifetime classic psychedelic use and ego dissolution in covariate-adjusted models. In addition, among meditators, greater ego dissolution was associated with more frequent meditation practice. Both lifetime classic psychedelic use and ego dissolution were associated with enlightenment as motivation to practice meditation as well as lower likelihood of overall perceived barriers to meditation practice. Ego dissolution was positively associated with finding meditation more effective. Neither lifetime classic psychedelic use nor ego dissolution was associated with greater likelihood of meditation-related adverse effects. Taken together, results support potential synergy between psychedelics and meditation, but randomized controlled trials are necessary to establish safety and evaluate potential causal relationships.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2021.2022816", "pubmed_id": "35000559", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35000559/", "keywords": "LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, ego dissolution, meditation, mindfulness", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35000559\"}", "topic_tags": "Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1613, "title": "The Psychedelic Renaissance in Clinical Research: A Bibliometric Analysis of Three Decades of Human Studies with Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic renaissance in clinical research a bibliometric analysis of three decades of human studies with psychedelics", "authors": "Hadar A, David J, Shalit N, Roseman L, Gross R, Sessa B, Lev-Ran S", "abstract": "Psychedelics were used in the treatment of psychiatric conditions prior to their prohibition in the late 1960s. In the past three decades, there is a revived research interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs with expected FDA approvals for treatment of various conditions. Given the exponential scientific growth of this field, we sought to characterize, analyze, and visualize trends in its top-cited articles. Bibliometric analyses are quantitative approaches to characterize a scientific field, including evaluation of the impact of academic literature. The bibliometric analysis and visualizations were conducted with R-tools for comprehensive science mapping. The top-cited 100 articles were cited between 82 and 668 times (median 125; mean 158). Fifty-four percent of the T100 articles were produced in the past decade (2010-2020). Network and author impact analysis highlighted key figures and primary collaboration networks within the top 100 publications. UK, USA, Switzerland, Spain, and Brazil lead the field. Results are discussed in terms of research growth, access, diversity, and the distribution of knowledge and experience in the field. These aggregated data and insights on the second wave of psychedelic research facilitate research evaluation, data-driven funding policies, and a practical map for researchers and clinicians entering the field.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2021.2022254", "pubmed_id": "35000572", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35000572/", "keywords": "3, 4-methyl enedioxy methamphetamine, LSD, Lysergic acid diethylamide, MDMA, ayahuasca, bibliometric analysis, drug-psychotherapy combination, psilocybin, psychedelics, research evaluation, scientometrics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35000572\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1601, "title": "Should we be leery of being Leary? Concerns about psychedelic use by psychedelic researchers.", "normalized_title": "should we be leery of being leary concerns about psychedelic use by psychedelic researchers", "authors": "Kious B, Schwartz Z, Lewis B", "abstract": "Psychedelic research is proceeding rapidly, despite ongoing legal and regulatory barriers and lingering questions about study design, such as the difficulty of ensuring adequate blinding, the relative overrepresentation in studies of participants who have previously used psychedelics, and the importance of personal experience with psychedelics for those who provide psychedelic-assisted therapy. Here we wish to explore a distinct concern: whether personal use of psychedelics by researchers could threaten the objectivity and ethical conduct of psychedelic research itself. In 2020, Anderson et al. suggested that psychedelic use could lead even \"conservative individuals to become wildly enthusiastic about the potentials of psychedelics to heal and transform\". Recent popular press criticisms of psychedelic science, in particular critiques of the MAPS Phase II and Phase III MDMA-Assisted Therapy trials for PTSD, have also raised questions about whether personal use of psychedelic drugs by psychedelic therapists could compromise scientific objectivity, lead to the exploitation of research subjects, or promote biased reporting of results. Here, we elaborate on and attempt to delimit these concerns, with the goal of informing policy related to psychedelic research and the eventual clinical use of psychedelics. In particular, we explore whether the possibility that psychedelic use can directly and positively affect investigators' enthusiasm about psychedelics themselves raises concerns about bias and scientific integrity. We then discuss several practical strategies to reduce perceived conflict of interest.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221133461", "pubmed_id": "36377548", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36377548/", "keywords": "MDMA, Psychedelic, psilocybin, research ethics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36377548\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1598, "title": "Psychedelic Drug Legislative Reform and Legalization in the US.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drug legislative reform and legalization in the us", "authors": "Siegel JS, Daily JE, Perry DA, Nicol GE.", "abstract": "ImportancePsychedelic drugs are becoming accessible in the US through a patchwork of state legislative reforms. This shift necessitates consensus on treatment models, education and guidance for health care professionals, and planning for implementation and regulation.ObjectiveTo assess trends in psychedelics legislative reform and legalization in the US to provide guidance to health care professionals, policy makers, and the public.Evidence reviewData were compiled from legislative databases (BillTrack50, LexisNexis, and Ballotpedia) from January 1, 2019, to September 28, 2022. Legislation was identified by searching for terms related to psychedelics (eg, psilocybin, MDMA, peyote, mescaline, ibogaine, LSD, ayahuasca, and DMT). Bills were coded by an attorney along 2 axes: which psychedelic drugs would be affected and in what ways (eg, decriminalization, funding for medical research, and right to try). To explore drivers and rates of legislative reform, data were compared with other state indices including 2020 presidential voting margins and marijuana legislative reform.FindingsTwenty-five states have considered 74 bills (69 legislative initiatives, 5 ballot measures); 10 bills were enacted, and 32 were still active. The number of psychedelic reform bills introduced during each calendar year increased steadily from 5 in 2019 to 6 in 2020, 27 in 2021, and 36 in 2022. Nearly all bills specified psilocybin (67 [90%]), and many also included MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine; 27 [36%]). While bills varied in their framework, most (43 [58%]) proposed decriminalization, of which few delineated medical oversight (10 of 43 [23%]) or training and/or licensure requirements (15 of 43 [35%]). In general, bills contained less regulatory guidance than the enacted Oregon Measure 109. While early legislative efforts occurred in liberal states, the margin between liberal and conservative states has decreased over time (although the difference was not significant), suggesting that psychedelic drug reform is becoming a bipartisan issue. In addition, an analytic model based on marijuana legalization projected that a majority of states will legalize psychedelics by 2034 to 2037.Conclusions and relevanceLegislative reform for psychedelic drugs has been proceeding in a rapid, patchwork fashion in the US. Further consideration should be given to key health care issues such as establishing (1) standards for drugs procured outside the medical establishment, (2) licensure criteria for prescribers and therapists, (3) clinical and billing infrastructure, (4) potential contraindications, and (5) use in special populations like youths, older adults, and pregnant individuals.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4101", "pubmed_id": "36477830", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4101", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Mescaline, Hallucinogens, Pregnancy, Adolescent, Aged, Educational Status, Female, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36477830\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Review Article,Older Adults,Adolescents,Contraindications", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1595, "title": "Psychedelic drug abuse potential assessment for new drug applications and controlled substance scheduling: A United States perspective.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drug abuse potential assessment for new drug applications and controlled substance scheduling a united states perspective", "authors": "Henningfield JE, Ashworth J, Heal DJ, Smith SL.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics are an increasingly active area of research and pharmaceutical development. This includes abuse potential assessment to better understand their pharmacological mechanisms and effects and guide controlled substance regulation. Psychedelics pose challenges to abuse assessments to ensure valid, reliable, and generalizable outcomes and safe study conduct.FindingsKey nonclinical techniques, for example, receptor binding and functional assays in vitro, and nonclinical physical dependence determinations, are easily adaptable to psychedelics. However, the entactogens (weak reinforcers) and hallucinogens (non-reinforcers) require more flexible approaches than typically recommended by regulatory agencies. Phase 1 pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic safety studies and Phases 2/3 efficacy/safety trials with systematic monitoring of abuse-related adverse events are readily applicable to psychedelics. Human abuse trials require modification because supratherapeutic doses may not be safe and procedures, for example, personal monitors to manage serious adverse events, might bias outcomes.RecommendationsAbuse-related studies for psychedelics requiring approval by Food and Drug Administration and other agencies should take into consideration existing knowledge that will vary from extensive, for example, psilocybin, to zero for novel hallucinogens and entactogens. Many abuse assessments can be reasonably applied to animals and humans without compromising scientific integrity. Modification of existing techniques and incorporating a broader range of nonclinical tests should ensure generalizable outcomes. Human abuse studies merit reconsideration and possible modification to ensure safety and validity for psychedelic drug evaluation. Other nonclinical and clinical methods can provide evaluations of the pharmacological equivalence of test drugs to known drugs of abuse to provide context to the abuse assessment and guide drug scheduling.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221140004", "pubmed_id": "36588452", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221140004", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, United States, Controlled Substances, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36588452\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,In Vitro Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1592, "title": "Addressing the Current Knowledge and Gaps in Research Surrounding Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), Psilocybin, and Psilocin in Rodent Models.", "normalized_title": "addressing the current knowledge and gaps in research surrounding lysergic acid diethylamide lsd psilocybin and psilocin in rodent models", "authors": "Ezeaka UC, Kim HJJ, Laprairie RB.", "abstract": "Lysergic acid Diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and psilocin are being intensively evaluated as potential therapeutics to treat depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, and a host of other psychiatric illnesses. Pre-clinical investigation of these compounds in rodent models forms a key component of their drug development process. In this review, we will summarize the evidence gathered to date surrounding LSD, psilocybin, and psilocin in rodent models of the psychedelic experience, behavioural organization, substance use, alcohol consumption, drug discrimination, anxiety, depression-like behaviour, stress response, and pharmacokinetics. In reviewing these topics, we identify three knowledge gaps as areas of future inquiry: sex differences, oral dosing rather than injection, and chronic dosing regimens. A comprehensive understanding of LSD, psilocybin, and psilocin's in vivo pharmacology may not only lead to their successful clinical implementation but optimize the use of these compounds as controls or references in the development of novel psychedelic therapeutics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.2174/1568026623666230705151922", "pubmed_id": "37409550", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026623666230705151922", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37409550\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1591, "title": "Functional MRI markers for treatment-resistant depression: Insights and challenges.", "normalized_title": "functional mri markers for treatment resistant depression insights and challenges", "authors": "Kotoula V, Evans JW, Punturieri C, Johnson SC, Zarate CA", "abstract": "Imaging studies of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) have examined brain activity, structure, and metabolite concentrations to identify critical areas of investigation in TRD as well as potential targets for treatment interventions. This chapter provides an overview of the main findings of studies using three imaging modalities: structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Decreased connectivity and metabolite concentrations in frontal brain areas appear to characterize TRD, although results are not consistent across studies. Treatment interventions, including rapid-acting antidepressants and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), have shown some efficacy in reversing these changes while alleviating depressive symptoms. However, comparatively few TRD imaging studies have been conducted, and these studies often have relatively small sample sizes or employ different methods to examine a variety of brain areas, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions from imaging studies about the pathophysiology of TRD. Larger studies with more unified hypotheses, as well as data sharing, could help TRD research and spur better characterization of the illness, providing critical new targets for treatment intervention.", "journal": "Progress in brain research", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.04.001", "pubmed_id": "37414490", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37414490/", "keywords": "Connectivity, Electroconvulsive therapy, Functional MRI, Ketamine, Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Psilocybin, Structural MRI, Transcranial magnetic stimulation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37414490\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1589, "title": "The Resurgence of Hallucinogen Drugs in Clinical Research.", "normalized_title": "the resurgence of hallucinogen drugs in clinical research", "authors": "Rivera-García MT, Cruz SL.", "abstract": "Since the dawn of civilization, ancient cultures have utilized hallucinogens from plants and fungi in the context of religious and healing practices. Recently, their use has expanded to other cultures. Hallucinogens are natural or synthetic substances that alter the perception of reality at nontoxic doses, producing intense psychological and physiological effects. The initial research on hallucinogens began in the 1950s. However, their non-medical use, studies without proper controls, and negative social opinion resulted in legal restrictions that limited their use for clinical and preclinical research for more than two decades. A renewed interest in studying hallucinogens as potential therapeutic agents for treating different psychiatric conditions has recently re-emerged. This review summarizes the effects of main hallucinogen drugs and their therapeutic potential. Classic hallucinogens such as LSD, dimethyltryptamine, psilocin, and mescaline have chemical structures similar to serotonin and directly activate 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT2A) receptors. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic with antagonist effects at the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, indirectly activating 5-HT2A receptors. Ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects and reduces suicidal ideation, but its effects are short-lasting. Other hallucinogens are under study. It is necessary to continue this research with a more rigorous methodology and include studying the long-term effects of psychedelics use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.24875/ric.23000108", "pubmed_id": "37441761", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.24875/ric.23000108", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Serotonin, Mescaline, Ketamine, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37441761\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1588, "title": "Evaluation of Sensorimotor Gating Deficits in Mice Through Prepulse Inhibition (PPI) of the Startle Response.", "normalized_title": "evaluation of sensorimotor gating deficits in mice through prepulse inhibition ppi of the startle response", "authors": "Unzueta-Larrinaga P, Urigüen L.", "abstract": "Prepulse inhibition of the startle response enables measuring animal behavior and helps us understand core aspects of neuropsychiatric diseases. Prepulse inhibition is considered a translational indicator of sensorimotor gating deficits present in schizophrenia patients and is crucial in the characterization of animal models of schizophrenia-like behaviors. Hallucinogenic drugs acting through 5-HT2A receptors, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and dimethoxyiodoamphetamine (DOI), produce symptoms in healthy subjects comparable to those seen in schizophrenia and can be used in rodent models for mimicking some of these behaviors. Here we describe a protocol for the evaluation of prepulse inhibition of the startle response in CD1-Swiss male mice after a single dose of the hallucinogenic drug DOI.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/978-1-0716-3307-6_5", "pubmed_id": "37464162", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3307-6_5", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Schizophrenia, Male, Sensory Gating, Reflex, Startle, Prepulse Inhibition", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37464162\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1587, "title": "Biological embedding of early trauma: the role of higher prefrontal synaptic strength.", "normalized_title": "biological embedding of early trauma the role of higher prefrontal synaptic strength", "authors": "Tamman AJF, Jiang L, Averill CL, Mason GF, Averill LA, Abdallah CG.", "abstract": "Background: Early trauma predicts poor psychological and physical health. Glutamatergic synaptic processes offer one avenue for understanding this relationship, given glutamate's abundance and involvement in reward and stress sensitivity, emotion, and learning. Trauma-induced glutamatergic excitotoxicity may alter neuroplasticity and approach/avoidance tendencies, increasing risk for psychiatric disorders. Studies examine upstream or downstream effects instead of glutamatergic synaptic processes in vivo, limiting understanding of how trauma affects the brain.Objective: In a pilot study using a previously published data set, we examine associations between early trauma and a proposed measure of synaptic strength in vivo in one of the largest human samples to undergo Carbon-13 (13C MRS) magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Participants were 18 healthy controls and 16 patients with PTSD (male and female).Method: Energy per cycle (EPC), which represents the ratio of neuronal oxidative energy production to glutamate neurotransmitter cycling, was generated as a putative measure of glutamatergic synaptic strength.Results: Results revealed that early trauma was positively correlated with EPC in individuals with PTSD, but not in healthy controls. Increased synaptic strength was associated with reduced behavioural inhibition, and EPC showed stronger associations between reward responsivity and early trauma for those with higher EPC.Conclusion: In the largest known human sample to undergo 13C MRS, we show that early trauma is positively correlated with EPC, a direct measure of synaptic strength. Our study findings have implications for pharmacological treatments thought to impact synaptic plasticity, such as ketamine and psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/20008066.2023.2246338", "pubmed_id": "37642398", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2023.2246338", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Ketamine, Glutamates, Pilot Projects, Emotions, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37642398\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Emotional Processing,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1586, "title": "UNCOVERING THE UNTAPPED POTENTIAL OF PSILOCYBIN THERAPY IN ALLEVIATING CANCER-RELATED DEPRESSION: AN URGENT CALL TO RE-EVALUATE TREATMENT STRATEGIES.", "normalized_title": "uncovering the untapped potential of psilocybin therapy in alleviating cancer related depression an urgent call to re evaluate treatment strategies", "authors": "Ahmed H, Mushahid H, Arshad T.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "37992112", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37992112", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37992112\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1585, "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Psychedelics in Treating Anxiety Disorders.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psychedelics in treating anxiety disorders", "authors": "Feulner L, Sermchaiwong T, Rodland N, Galarneau D.", "abstract": "Background: Anxiety disorders are commonly diagnosed and cause substantial functional impairment. A mixture of pharmacologic and psychosocial treatments currently exists, but these treatments are not always tolerable and effective. For patients with anxiety resistant to standard therapy, psychedelics may be a promising alternative. This review assesses the therapeutic benefits and safety of psychedelics in treating anxiety disorders. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, and CINAHL for clinical trials investigating psychedelics in patients with clinician-diagnosed generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and anxiety attributable to another medical condition. We analyzed data from 9 independent psychedelic-assisted trials testing ayahuasca (1 study), ketamine (4 studies), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (2 studies), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (1 study), and psilocybin (1 study). Efficacy was assessed by measuring the change in outcome measures and the quality of life from baseline. Results: The reviewed studies demonstrated encouraging efficacy in reducing anxiety symptoms, increasing self-perception, and increasing social function in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, or anxiety attributable to another medical condition while establishing feasibility and evidence of safety. For many patients, the therapeutic effects of the psychedelic treatment lasted weeks, and no severe adverse events were reported. Conclusion: Based on the evidence of symptom reduction and safety, the current literature (2011 to 2021) shows that psychedelics could be considered for treating clinician-diagnosed anxiety disorders. Psychedelics may provide an alternative therapeutic option for patients resistant to current standard treatments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31486/toj.23.0076", "pubmed_id": "38143548", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31486/toj.23.0076", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38143548\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1584, "title": "Past Is Prologue: Ethical Issues in Pediatric Psychedelics Research and Treatment.", "normalized_title": "past is prologue ethical issues in pediatric psychedelics research and treatment", "authors": "Edelsohn GA, Sisti D.", "abstract": "Recent clinical trials of psychedelic drugs aim to treat a range of psychiatric conditions in adults. MDMA and psilocybin administered with psychotherapy have received FDA designation as \"breakthrough therapies\" for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD) respectively. Given the potential benefit for minors burdened with many of the same disorders, calls to expand experimentation to minors are inevitable. This essay examines psychedelic research conducted on children from 1959 to 1974, highlighting methodological and ethical flaws. It provides ethics and policy recommendations for psychedelics research involving children and adolescents, including recognizing that the psychedelic experience is an ineffable one that makes informed proxy consent for parents, guardians, and others especially challenging. Psychedelic experiences are associated with novel benefits and risks, such as significant personality changes, shifts in fundamental values, and possible re-exposure to traumatic memories. These effects may alter the process of personality development in minors. Recommendations for ethically sound psychedelics research in minors include strict adherence to eligibility criteria, including a comprehensive family and individual psychiatric, substance use, and trauma history. An age-appropriate assent process that includes considerations related to the use of therapeutic touch should be developed. In addition, oversight by data safety monitoring boards and patient and family advocates, coupled with the adoption of pharmacoequity best practices, will help to ensure safety and fairness of psychedelics research in children.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1353/pbm.2023.0007", "pubmed_id": "38662012", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2023.0007", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Informed Consent, Adolescent, Child, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38662012\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Personality Change,Clinical Trial,Adolescents,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1577, "title": "On blinding and suicide risk in a recent trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "on blinding and suicide risk in a recent trial of psilocybin assisted therapy for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Gukasyan N.", "abstract": "Results from a recent Phase II trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treatment-resistant depression1 suggest modest efficacy but raise concerns about potential for serious adverse effects. The study highlights the need for rigorous assessment of blinding integrity, expectancy, and further study of factors that may contribute to risk in vulnerable populations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.medj.2022.12.003", "pubmed_id": "36640755", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2022.12.003", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Suicide, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36640755\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1576, "title": "Is psilocybin an effective antidepressant and what is its Mechanism of action?", "normalized_title": "is psilocybin an effective antidepressant and what is its mechanism of action", "authors": "Mann JJ.", "abstract": "Goodwin et al.1 report a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin has an antidepressant effect short-term in medication-resistant depression. Unanswered questions include drug blood level as a guide to dose, psychedelic effects relationship to antidepressant benefit, and potential suicide risk of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100906", "pubmed_id": "36652915", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100906", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36652915\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1535, "title": "Editorial: What is up with psychedelics anyway?", "normalized_title": "editorial what is up with psychedelics anyway", "authors": "Lewis CR, McMurray M, Mennenga SE, Helms Tillery S", "abstract": "", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2023.1161868", "pubmed_id": "36992856", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36992856/", "keywords": "3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), LSD, ketamine, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36992856\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1525, "title": "Corrigendum: Three naturally-occurring psychedelics and their significance in the treatment of mental health disorders.", "normalized_title": "corrigendum three naturally occurring psychedelics and their significance in the treatment of mental health disorders", "authors": "Vorobyeva N, Kozlova AA", "abstract": "[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.927984.].", "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2023.1184726", "pubmed_id": "37056991", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37056991/", "keywords": "DMT, ibogaine, mental health, psilocybin, serotonergic psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37056991\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1523, "title": "Magic Mushroom Use: A Qualitative Interview Study of Post-Trip Impacts and Strategies for Optimizing Experiences.", "normalized_title": "magic mushroom use a qualitative interview study of post trip impacts and strategies for optimizing experiences", "authors": "Shaw L, Rea K, Lachowsky NJ, Roth EA", "abstract": "The field of psychedelic research is undergoing a revival, yet research focused on non-clinical psychedelic use remains relatively limited. The current qualitative study sheds light on how people use magic mushrooms, what they perceive the effects of such use to be, and the meanings that users attach to their magic mushroom experiences. To be eligible to participate in the study, participants were required to be young adults who had used magic mushrooms within the past three months and residents of Victoria, Canada. Semi-structured, one-on-one in-person interviews regarding magic mushroom use habits, culture, knowledge and other factors were conducted with each participant and subsequently analyzed thematically. Participants associated magic mushroom use with lasting impacts on their lives including transformation and learning experiences. Additionally, participants described strategies to optimize their magic mushroom experiences, including engaging in research regarding magic mushrooms as well as making use of peer supports. Furthermore, aspects of magic mushroom experiences conceptualized as harmful in previous studies were described by participants as associated with learning experiences and few harms. Participants' perceived positive outcomes and relatively low risk profile warrants further research to inform how magic mushroom users can maximize potential positive outcomes and also minimize harms.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2054746", "pubmed_id": "35315749", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35315749/", "keywords": "Magic mushrooms, harm reduction, psilocybin, qualitative, recreational use, transformation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35315749\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1522, "title": "Validation of a French Version of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire with Retrospective Reports of the Most Significant Psychedelic Experience among French Users.", "normalized_title": "validation of a french version of the mystical experience questionnaire with retrospective reports of the most significant psychedelic experience among french users", "authors": "Fauvel B, Kangaslampi S, Strika-Bruneau L, Roméo B, Piolino P", "abstract": "Mystical experiences triggered by psychedelic drugs predict symptom reduction in various psychiatric disorders, and increased well-being in healthy individuals. This work aimed at validating a French version of a tool used to measure mystical experiences: the Revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire-30 items (MEQ30). Construct validity, internal consistencies, concurrent, discriminant, and predictive validities of the French MEQ30 were examined using data about the most significant psychedelic experience of 320 French individuals. Results showed that the original four-factor (i.e., mystical, positive mood, transcendence, and ineffability) structure fit the data best, with good to excellent statistical indices. Total French MEQ30 score was strongly associated with subjective ratings of the mystical (i.e., mystical, spiritual, or religious, and personally significant) and drug intensity-related qualities of the experience, but not with non-mystical (i.e., fun, inebriating, and easy) qualities. Moreover, French MEQ30 score was a significant predictor of subjective positive changes in psychological well-being, relations with self and others, feeling of proximity or connection with nature, and creativity, whereas drug intensity-related and non-mystical qualities of the experience were not, or were only weakly associated with such changes. This French version of the MEQ30 seems to be an appropriate tool for measuring mystical experiences among French speaking individuals.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2059796", "pubmed_id": "35384730", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35384730/", "keywords": "LSD, Mystical experience, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychological well-being, psychometry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35384730\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Creativity,Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1515, "title": "Seeking the Psilocybiome: Psychedelics meet the microbiota-gut-brain axis.", "normalized_title": "seeking the psilocybiome psychedelics meet the microbiota gut brain axis", "authors": "Kelly JR, Clarke G, Harkin A, Corr SC, Galvin S, Pradeep V, Cryan JF, O'Keane V, Dinan TG", "abstract": "Moving towards a systems psychiatry paradigm embraces the inherent complex interactions across all levels from micro to macro and necessitates an integrated approach to treatment. Cortical 5-HT receptors are key primary targets for the effects of serotonergic psychedelics. However, the therapeutic mechanisms underlying psychedelic therapy are complex and traverse molecular, cellular, and network levels, under the influence of biofeedback signals from the periphery and the environment. At the interface between the individual and the environment, the gut microbiome, via the gut-brain axis, plays an important role in the unconscious parallel processing systems regulating host neurophysiology. While psychedelic and microbial signalling systems operate over different timescales, the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, as a convergence hub between multiple biofeedback systems may play a role in the preparatory phase, the acute administration phase, and the integration phase of psychedelic therapy. In keeping with an interconnected systems-based approach, this review will discuss the gut microbiome and mycobiome and pathways of the MGB axis, and then explore the potential interaction between psychedelic therapy and the MGB axis and how this might influence mechanism of action and treatment response. Finally, we will discuss the possible implications for a precision medicine-based psychedelic therapy paradigm.", "journal": "International journal of clinical and health psychology: IJCHP", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100349", "pubmed_id": "36605409", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36605409/", "keywords": "Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), hallucinogens, microbiome, microbiota-gut-brain axis, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36605409\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions,Microbiome", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1509, "title": "The Impact of Psilocybin on Patients Experiencing Psychiatric Symptoms: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "the impact of psilocybin on patients experiencing psychiatric symptoms a systematic review of randomized clinical trials", "authors": "IsHak WW, Garcia P, Pearl R, Dang J, William C, Totlani J, Danovitch I.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of psilocybin on patients experiencing psychiatric symptoms, with a focus on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and safety.Method of researchFollowing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched the PubMed database and identified studies published from January 2011 to December 2021 pertaining to the impact of psilocybin on psychiatric symptoms. Two authors independently conducted a focused analysis and reached a final consensus on five studies meeting the specific selection criteria. Study bias was addressed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.ResultsThe impact of psilocybin on psychiatric symptoms was examined in five randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Four studies administered 1 to 2 doses of psilocybin, with doses ranging from 14mg/70kg to 30mg/70kg, and one study administered a fixed dose of 25mg to all participants. Administration of psilocybin resulted in significant and sustained reduction in symptoms of anxiety and depression, enhanced sense of wellbeing, life satisfaction, and positive mood immediately after psilocybin administration and up to six months after conclusion of treatment. All studies included some form of psychotherapy, and none reported serious adverse effects.ConclusionRCTs show the efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as improvement in HRQoL, and no serious side effects. However, additional research is necessary to characterize predictors of treatment response, patient screening requirements, effectiveness in broader clinical populations, and guidelines for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "37387703", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37387703", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37387703\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1507, "title": "Psychedelics, entropic brain theory, and the taxonomy of conscious states: a summary of debates and perspectives.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics entropic brain theory and the taxonomy of conscious states a summary of debates and perspectives", "authors": "Rankaduwa S, Owen AM", "abstract": "Given their recent success in counseling and psychiatry, the dialogue around psychedelics has mainly focused on their applications for mental health. Insights from psychedelic research, however, are not limited to treating mental health, but also have much to offer our current understanding of consciousness. The investigation of psychedelic states has offered new perspectives on how different aspects of conscious experience are mediated by brain activity; as such, much more has been learned about consciousness in terms of its phenomenology and potential mechanisms. One theory that describes how psychedelics influence brain activity is the \"entropic brain theory\" (EBT), which attempts to understand conscious states-normal and psychedelic-in terms of \"brain entropy.\" Given its wide explanatory reach, this theory has several implications for current debates in consciousness research, namely the issue of whether consciousness exists in levels vs. dimensions; whether the psychedelic state is itself a \"higher\" level of consciousness; and if so, whether psychedelics could be used to treat disorders of consciousness. To understand how psychedelics could possibly treat a minimally conscious or vegetative patient, one must first understand EBT and how this theory intersects with these ongoing debates. Thus, this article offers a formal summary of EBT, distilling its core principles and their implications for a theoretical model of consciousness. In response to their proposed use in treating disorders of consciousness, we emphasize the importance of \"set\" and \"setting\" in ascertaining the therapeutic value of psychedelics for vegetative and/or minimally conscious patients.", "journal": "Neuroscience of consciousness", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1093/nc/niad001", "pubmed_id": "37025356", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37025356/", "keywords": "disorders of consciousness, entropic brain theory, psilocybin, psychedelic states, states of consciousness, theories and models", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37025356\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1505, "title": "Psychedelic-induced mystical experiences: An interdisciplinary discussion and critique.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic induced mystical experiences an interdisciplinary discussion and critique", "authors": "Mosurinjohn S, Roseman L, Girn M", "abstract": "Contemporary research on serotonergic psychedelic compounds has been rife with references to so-called 'mystical' subjective effects. Several psychometric assessments have been used to assess such effects, and clinical studies have found quantitative associations between 'mystical experiences' and positive mental health outcomes. The nascent study of psychedelic-induced mystical experiences, however, has only minimally intersected with relevant contemporary scholarship from disciplines within the social sciences and humanities, such as religious studies and anthropology. Viewed from the perspective of these disciplines-which feature rich historical and cultural literatures on mysticism, religion, and related topics-'mysticism' as used in psychedelic research is fraught with limitations and intrinsic biases that are seldom acknowledged. Most notably, existing operationalizations of mystical experiences in psychedelic science fail to historicize the concept and therefore fail to acknowledge its perennialist and specifically Christian bias. Here, we trace the historical genesis of the mystical in psychedelic research in order to illuminate such biases, and also offer suggestions toward more nuanced and culturally-sensitive operationalizations of this phenomenon. In addition, we argue for the value of, and outline, complementary 'non-mystical' approaches to understanding putative mystical-type phenomena that may help facilitate empirical investigation and create linkages to existing neuro-psychological constructs. It is our hope that the present paper helps build interdisciplinary bridges that motivate fruitful paths toward stronger theoretical and empirical approaches in the study of psychedelic-induced mystical experiences.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1077311", "pubmed_id": "37181886", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37181886/", "keywords": "mystical experience, mystical experience questionnaire, psilocybin, psychedelics, religious studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37181886\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1500, "title": "Mini-review: The neurobiology of treating substance use disorders with classical psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "mini review the neurobiology of treating substance use disorders with classical psychedelics", "authors": "Urban MM, Stingl MR, Meinhardt MW", "abstract": "The potential of psychedelics to persistently treat substance use disorders is known since the 1960s. However, the biological mechanisms responsible for their therapeutic effects have not yet been fully elucidated. While it is known that serotonergic hallucinogens induce changes in gene expression and neuroplasticity, particularly in prefrontal regions, theories on how specifically this counteracts the alterations that occur in neuronal circuitry throughout the course of addiction are largely unknown. This narrative mini-review endeavors to synthesize well-established knowledge from addiction research with findings and theories regarding the neurobiological effects of psychedelics to give an overview of the potential mechanisms that underlie the treatment of substance use disorders with classical hallucinogenic compounds and point out gaps in the current understanding.", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2023.1156319", "pubmed_id": "37139521", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37139521/", "keywords": "addiction, dependency, hallucinogen, plasticity, psilocybin, psychedelics, substance, therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37139521\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1485, "title": "Editorial: Appropriateness and safety of using cannabinoid and psychedelic medicines as treatments for psychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "editorial appropriateness and safety of using cannabinoid and psychedelic medicines as treatments for psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Blest-Hopley G, Amit BH, O'Neill A, Ruffell SGD", "abstract": "", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1191970", "pubmed_id": "37252138", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37252138/", "keywords": "cannabinoids, cannabis, hallucinogenic, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37252138\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1461, "title": "Systematic review and rationale of using psychedelics in the treatment of cannabis use disorder.", "normalized_title": "systematic review and rationale of using psychedelics in the treatment of cannabis use disorder", "authors": "Phan AN, Terry GE", "abstract": "Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is prevalent in ~2-5% of adults in the United States and is anticipated to increase as restrictions to cannabis decrease and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content in cannabis products increase. No FDA-approved medications for CUD are currently available, despite trials of dozens of re-purposed and novel drugs. Psychedelics have garnered interest as a therapeutic class in other substance use disorders, and self-report surveys suggest they may result in positive outcomes for CUD. Herein, we review the existing literature pertaining to psychedelic use in persons with or at risk for CUD and consider the potential rationale underpinning psychedelics as a treatment for CUD. A systematic search was performed in several databases. Inclusion criteria were primary research reporting use of psychedelics or related substances and CUD for treatment in human subjects. Exclusion criteria were results including psychedelics or related substances without changes in cannabis use or risks associated with CUD. Three hundred and five unique results were returned. One article was identified using the non-classical psychedelic ketamine in CUD; three articles were identified as topically relevant based on their secondary data or consideration of mechanism. Additional articles were reviewed for purposes of background, review of safety considerations, and formulating rationale. Limited data and reporting are available on the use of psychedelics in persons with CUD, and more research is needed given the anticipated increase in CUD incidence and increasing interest in psychedelic use. While psychedelics, broadly, have a high therapeutic index with infrequent serious adverse effects, particular adverse effects at risk in the CUD population, such as psychosis and cardiovascular events, should be considered. Possible mechanisms by which psychedelics have therapeutic potential in CUD are explored.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1144276", "pubmed_id": "37435402", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37435402/", "keywords": "MDMA, cannabis use disorder, ketamine, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37435402\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1458, "title": "Medical student attitudes and perceptions of psychedelic-assisted therapies.", "normalized_title": "medical student attitudes and perceptions of psychedelic assisted therapies", "authors": "Li I, Fong R, Hagen M, Tabaac B", "abstract": "Although certain psychedelic agents may soon gain federal approval for use in treating specific psychiatric conditions, the utilization of such therapies in clinical practice will depend largely on the attitudes of healthcare providers. Therefore, this study assesses the current attitudes, knowledge, exposure, and acceptance of psychedelics and psychedelic-assisted therapies amongst medical students. In fall semester of 2022, surveys were emailed to 580 medical students attending medical institutions in the state of Nevada in the United States. Utilizing knowledge and attitude items from previously published studies, the survey collected demographic data and assessed student attitudes with five-point Likert-scale variables. Data was analyzed using summary statistics and Kruskal-Wallis tests for differences in mean survey scores (i.e., attitudes towards psychedelics) based on demographic factors. 132 medical students participated in the survey (22.7% response rate). Medical students demonstrated overall positive attitudes towards psychedelics, lack of knowledge regarding psychedelics, and uncertainty towards neurocognitive risks of psychedelics. Overall, 78.6% of students agreed that psychedelics have therapeutic potential, while 95.2% agreed that psychedelics deserves further research in assessing this potential. Additionally, there was no statistically significant effect of demographic variables, including age, sex, and level of training, on attitudes. Although students are overall curious and optimistic about psychedelics, they demonstrate a lack of knowledge regarding recent research efforts. As the field of psychiatry prepares to implement psychedelics and psychedelic-assisted therapies, education and awareness of such agents should be initiated early on in medical clinical training.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1190507", "pubmed_id": "37441143", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37441143/", "keywords": "DMT, LSD, attitudes, medical students, opinions, perceptions, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37441143\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1457, "title": "Case report: Psychedelic-induced seizures captured by intracranial electrocorticography.", "normalized_title": "case report psychedelic induced seizures captured by intracranial electrocorticography", "authors": "Blond BN, Schindler EAD", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics are currently re-emerging as therapeutic agents with unique clinical benefits; however, it is also important to recognize the adverse effects of this drug class. While the risk of seizures with this drug class is known, the literature is lacking in detail. We present a case of psychedelic mushroom-induced seizures in a person with refractory right temporal lobe epilepsy implanted with a responsive neurostimulation (RNS) system. A large increase in typical seizure frequency coincided with the ingestion of a large dose of the mushrooms. This is the first reported case of electrographically confirmed seizures associated with classic psychedelic drug use. With the surge of research and movements toward the clinical application of classic psychedelic compounds, the risk for drug-induced seizures should be considered, including factors such as a history of epilepsy and drug doses and regimens.", "journal": "Frontiers in neurology", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fneur.2023.1214969", "pubmed_id": "37456653", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37456653/", "keywords": "case report, epilepsy, psilocybin, psychedelics, seizures", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37456653\"}", "topic_tags": "Case Report,Safety", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1454, "title": "Psychedelic Microdosing, Mindfulness, and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Mediation Study.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic microdosing mindfulness and anxiety a cross sectional mediation study", "authors": "Hartong V, van Emmerik A", "abstract": "While anecdotal reports claim that psychedelic microdosing reduces anxiety and mood symptoms, evidence supporting these claims is scarce. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between microdosing and trait anxiety. Furthermore, it was investigated if trait mindfulness mediated this association. Participants completed anonymous online questionnaires and were divided into three groups: current microdosers ( = 186), former microdosers ( = 77) and microdosing-naïve controls ( = 234). Trait anxiety and trait mindfulness were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Trait subscale (STAI-T) and the 15-item Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-15) respectively. Current and former microdosers reported lower STAI-T scores compared to microdosing-naïve controls. Furthermore, associations of current and former microdosing with trait anxiety were mediated by trait mindfulness, with small effects of FFMQ-15 Total, Non-judging and Non-reactivity scores. However, in an exploratory analysis, all associations between microdosing and STAI-T scores became non-significant when participants with previous macrodose experience ( = 386) were excluded. Our findings suggest that RCTs are warranted to test causal hypotheses concerning the effects of microdosing and the role of trait mindfulness in the effects of microdosing, while controlling for previous macrodose experience.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2080616", "pubmed_id": "35694791", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35694791/", "keywords": "LSD, Microdosing, anxiety, mindfulness, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35694791\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Microdosing,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1442, "title": "What is the progress of experimental drug development for fibromyalgia?", "normalized_title": "what is the progress of experimental drug development for fibromyalgia", "authors": "Lawson K", "abstract": "", "journal": "Expert opinion on investigational drugs", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/13543784.2023.2230118", "pubmed_id": "37357750", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37357750/", "keywords": "NYX-2925, fibromyalgia, immunoglobulin G antibodies, palmitoylethanolamide, psilocybin, suvorexant", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37357750\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1433, "title": "Altered states of leadership: mindfulness meditation, psychedelic use, and leadership development.", "normalized_title": "altered states of leadership mindfulness meditation psychedelic use and leadership development", "authors": "Simonsson O, Stenfors CUD, Goldberg SB, Hendricks PS, Osika W", "abstract": "Previous research suggests that mindfulness meditation and psychedelic substances show promise as mental health interventions, but relatively little remains known about their potential impact on leadership outcomes. This study aimed to investigate if and how mindfulness meditation and psychedelic use may impact leadership among respondents with a management position as their primary role at work. Using samples representative of the US and UK adult populations with regard to sex, age, and ethnicity, this study used quantitative and qualitative methods to examine if and how mindfulness meditation and psychedelic use may impact leadership. Among respondents with a management position as their primary role at work ( = 3,150), 1,373 reported having tried mindfulness meditation and 559 reported having tried psychedelics. In covariate-adjusted regression analyses, both lifetime number of hours of mindfulness meditation practice and greater psychological insight during respondents' most intense psychedelic experience were associated with describing a positive impact on leadership (ORs = 2.33, 3.49; s Although causality cannot be inferred due to the research design, the findings in this study suggest potential complementary effects of mindfulness meditation and psychedelic use on leadership, which could inspire new approaches in leadership development.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychology", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1151626", "pubmed_id": "37476092", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37476092/", "keywords": "leaders, leadership, meditation, mindfulness, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37476092\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1416, "title": "Slouching towards engagement: interactions between people using psychedelics naturalistically and their healthcare providers.", "normalized_title": "slouching towards engagement interactions between people using psychedelics naturalistically and their healthcare providers", "authors": "Boehnke KF, Cox K, Weston C, Herberholz M, Glynos N, Kolbman N, Fields CW, Barron J, Kruger DJ", "abstract": "There is substantial public interest in psychedelics as potential treatments for psychiatric conditions. However, most psychedelics are criminalized under federal law in the USA, so it is unclear whether use occurs with clinical support. Our objective was to assess whether naturalistic psychedelic use occurs with clinical support, interactions between those using psychedelics and healthcare providers (psychiatrist, therapist, or primary physicians), and use characteristics. We conducted an online, anonymous, confidential, cross-sectional survey of adults reporting psychedelic use ( = 1221) through a psychedelics advocacy event and social media between 9/18/2022 and 11/5/2022. We assessed participant disclosure of psychedelic use with their psychiatric care provider (PsyCP) and/or primary care provider (PCP), desire for provider support, access to support, and rate of taking prescribed psychoactive medications alongside psychedelics. Among participants with such care providers, 22% disclosed psychedelic use to their PCP vs. 58% to their PsyCP. Participants were less confident in PCP vs. PsyCP ability to integrate psychedelics into treatment. Common reasons for nondisclosure included stigma, inadequate provider knowledge, and legal concerns. 23% reported taking psychedelics on the same day as potentially interacting psychiatric medications (e.g., anxiolytics, antidepressants). Despite 81% of participants desiring therapist support during psychedelic experiences, only 15% had received such support. Our results show that psychedelic use is generally disconnected from primary and psychiatric clinical care. This disconnection may result in safety issues, including inadequate screening for contraindicated conditions, lack of support during emergent adverse events, and drug interactions. Enhanced clinical education and orienting drug policy towards known harms and benefits of psychedelics is needed.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1224551", "pubmed_id": "37599880", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37599880/", "keywords": "antidepressants, mental health, primary care physician, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychiatrist", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37599880\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1403, "title": "The Association of Classic Serotonergic Psychedelic Use and Intention of Future Use with Nature Relatedness.", "normalized_title": "the association of classic serotonergic psychedelic use and intention of future use with nature relatedness", "authors": "Longo MSC, Bienemann B, Multedo M, Negreiros MA, Schenberg E, Mograbi DC", "abstract": "This study sought to investigate the effects of different substances on nature relatedness (NR) in the general population. An online cross-sectional survey done in Brazil investigated use of ayahuasca/DMT, mushrooms, LSD, MDMA/ecstasy, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. NR was assessed using the short-form version of the nature related scale (NR-6). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess group differences between substance naïve-individuals, past users, and current users of each substance. Regression models were used including all the substances and subsequently, sociodemographic variables. ANOVAs with substances which showed significantly higher NR-6 scores in the regression model were used in order to assess the effect of intention of future use on NR. ANOVAs indicated higher NR in users of classic serotonergic psychedelics (ayahuasca/DMT, mushrooms, LSD), cannabis, and MDMA/ecstasy. Regression models showed that current use of ayahuasca/DMT and mushrooms, and past use of LSD had a positive association with NR. When sociodemographic variables were added, only ayahuasca/DMT past and current use were positively associated with NR. Intention of future use was only significantly associated with NR in individuals who reported intention of future use of mushrooms.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2112788", "pubmed_id": "35984245", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35984245/", "keywords": "DMT, LSD, Nature relatedness, ayahuasca, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35984245\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1402, "title": "Scoping Review of Experiential Measures from Psychedelic Research and Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "scoping review of experiential measures from psychedelic research and clinical trials", "authors": "Herrmann Z, Earleywine M, De Leo J, Slabaugh S, Kenny T, Rush AJ", "abstract": "Subjective responses to psychoactive drugs have served as intriguing windows into consciousness as well as useful predictors. Subjective reactions to psychedelic molecules are particularly interesting given how they covary with subsequent improvements associated with psychedelic-assisted treatments. Although links between subjective reactions and decreases in treatment-resistant clinical depression, end-of-life anxiety, and maladaptive consumption of alcohol and nicotine appear in the empirical literature, the measurement of these subjective responses has proven difficult. Several scales developed over many decades show reasonable internal consistency. Studies suggest that many have a replicable factor structure and other good psychometric properties, but samples are often small and self-selected. We review the psychometric properties of some of the most widely used scales and detail their links to improvement in response to psychedelic-assisted treatments. Generally, assessments of mystical experiences or oceanic boundlessness correlate with improvements. Challenging subjective experiences, psychological insight, and emotional breakthroughs also show considerable promise, though replication would strengthen conclusions. We suggest a collaborative approach where investigators can focus on key responses to ensure that the field will eventually have data from many participants who report their subjective reactions to psychedelic molecules in a therapeutic setting. This may aid in predicting improvement amongst targeted conditions and wellbeing.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2125467", "pubmed_id": "36127639", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36127639/", "keywords": "Mystical experience questionnaire, hallucinogens, oceanic boundlessness, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36127639\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1399, "title": "An Assessment of Psychedelic Knowledge Among People Using Psychedelics Naturalistically.", "normalized_title": "an assessment of psychedelic knowledge among people using psychedelics naturalistically", "authors": "Kruger DJ, Glynos NG, Fields CW, Herberholz M, Boehnke KF", "abstract": "Identifying gaps and strengths in psychedelic-related knowledge is key to developing effective, evidence-based education to inform appropriate use of and harm reduction practices for psychedelics in the naturalistic use landscape. The current study piloted an assessment instrument with questions on legal status, therapeutic potential, and side effects of psychedelics among people reporting current psychedelic use. We recruited participants ( = 1435) at a psychedelic advocacy event and through psychedelic interest groups on social media. Respondents completed a brief survey of psychedelic use and psychedelic knowledge. Items assessed basic knowledge of various topics surrounding psychedelics, such as legal status, active compounds, and known therapeutic efficacy based on the clinical trial literature. Respondents who had used greater numbers of different psychedelics, with higher levels of education, lower age, greater frequency of psychedelic use, identifying as male, used high doses (vs. microdosing only), identifying as Caucasian/White, and with greater annual household income answered more questions correctly. Most respondents exhibited high knowledge of psychedelics, though there is also a demonstrated need for education and outreach, especially in under-represented communities.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2142709", "pubmed_id": "36328419", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36328419/", "keywords": "DMT, LSD, Psychedelics, knowledge, psilocybin, therapeutic use", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36328419\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1361, "title": "Bedside to bench: the outlook for psychedelic research.", "normalized_title": "bedside to bench the outlook for psychedelic research", "authors": "Acero VP, Cribas ES, Browne KD, Rivellini O, Burrell JC, O'Donnell JC, Das S, Cullen DK", "abstract": "There has recently been a resurgence of interest in psychedelic compounds based on studies demonstrating their potential therapeutic applications in treating post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse disorders, and treatment-resistant depression. Despite promising efficacy observed in some clinical trials, the full range of biological effects and mechanism(s) of action of these compounds have yet to be fully established. Indeed, most studies to date have focused on assessing the psychological mechanisms of psychedelics, often neglecting the non-psychological modes of action. However, it is important to understand that psychedelics may mediate their therapeutic effects through multi-faceted mechanisms, such as the modulation of brain network activity, neuronal plasticity, neuroendocrine function, glial cell regulation, epigenetic processes, and the gut-brain axis. This review provides a framework supporting the implementation of a multi-faceted approach, incorporating, and modeling, to aid in the comprehensive understanding of the physiological effects of psychedelics and their potential for clinical application beyond the treatment of psychiatric disorders. We also provide an overview of the literature supporting the potential utility of psychedelics for the treatment of brain injury (e.g., stroke and traumatic brain injury), neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases), and gut-brain axis dysfunction associated with psychiatric disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder). To move the field forward, we outline advantageous experimental frameworks to explore these and other novel applications for psychedelics.", "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2023.1240295", "pubmed_id": "37869749", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37869749/", "keywords": "DMT, MDMA, ayahuasca, ketamine, mechanism of action (MOA), psilocybin, psychedelics, salvinorin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37869749\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1355, "title": "Editorial: Psychedelics as treatments for substance use disorders: exploring therapeutic potential, risks, underlying mechanisms of action, and implementation challenges.", "normalized_title": "editorial psychedelics as treatments for substance use disorders exploring therapeutic potential risks underlying mechanisms of action and implementation challenges", "authors": "Barnett BS, Bassir Nia A, Sackett NB, Weleff J", "abstract": "", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1305478", "pubmed_id": "37928914", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37928914/", "keywords": "addiction, ketamine, psilocybin, psychedelics, substance use disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37928914\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1351, "title": "\"How Do I Learn More About this?\": Utilization and Trust of Psychedelic Information Sources Among People Naturalistically Using Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "how do i learn more about this utilization and trust of psychedelic information sources among people naturalistically using psychedelics", "authors": "Kruger DJ, Enghoff O, Herberholz M, Barron J, Boehnke KF", "abstract": "There is a surge of interest in psychedelics, including new stakeholders and greater media attention. There is a need to examine the information-seeking behavior of people using psychedelics naturalistically, given the importance of preparation and harm-reduction. We examined sources of information for people using psychedelics naturalistically, and the degree to which they are trusted in a large, anonymous, online survey ( = 1221). The most common source of participants' information on psychedelics was their own experimentation and experiences (79.52%). Most also sought information from Internet websites (61.67%), friends (61.02%), Internet discussion forums (57.08%), books (57%), and articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals (54.55%). Few sought information from their primary health care provider (4.83%). Articles published in scientific journals, psychedelic nonprofits, and researchers based in colleges or universities were the most trusted sources of psychedelic information. Government agencies and pharmaceutical companies were the least trusted. Few participants thought that the popular media accurately stated the benefits and risks of psychedelics and most thought that the popular media failed to distinguish between different types of psychedelics. Our results indicate a high level of information seeking among psychedelic users, with a diverse array of information sources typically outside of mainstream health and medical care systems.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2023.2201263", "pubmed_id": "37078418", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37078418/", "keywords": "LSD, Psychedelics, information, media, psilocybin, trust", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37078418\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1256, "title": "Psychedelics, epilepsy, and seizures: a review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics epilepsy and seizures a review", "authors": "Freidel N, Kreuder L, Rabinovitch BS, Chen FY, Huang RST, Lewis EC", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds have been utilized by humans for centuries for medicinal, religious, and tribal purposes. Clinical trial data starting from the early 2000s and continuing today indicates that psychedelics are a clinically efficacious treatment for a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, all clinical trials examining these substances have excluded any individual with a past or current history of seizures, leaving a large cohort of epilepsy and non-epilepsy chronic seizure disorder patients without anywhere to turn for psychedelic-assisted therapy. These exclusions were made despite any significant evidence that clinically supervised psychedelic use causes or exacerbates seizures in this population. To date, no clinical trial or preclinical seizure model has demonstrated that psychedelics induce seizures. This review highlights several cases of individuals experiencing seizures or seizure remission following psychedelic use, with the overall trend being that psychedelics are safe for use in a controlled, supervised clinical setting. We also suggest future research directions for this field.", "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-12-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2023.1326815", "pubmed_id": "38283836", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38283836/", "keywords": "LSD, MDMA, epilepsy, ketamine, magic mushrooms, psilocybin, psychedelics, seizures", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:37", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"38283836\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1615, "title": "Psilocybin for Depression: From Credibility to Feasibility, What's Missing?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for depression from credibility to feasibility what s missing", "authors": "Munafò A, Arillotta D, Mannaioni G, Schifano F, Bernardini R, Cantarella G.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has been suggested as a promising transdiagnostic treatment strategy for a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Recent findings showed that psychedelic-assisted/\"psycholitic\" psychotherapy should provide significant and sustained alleviation of depressive symptoms. However, to date, there have been several study limitations (e.g., small sample sizes, blinding, limited follow-up, highly screened treatment populations) and some health/political issues, including practitioners' experience, lack of standardized protocols, psychedelics' legal status, ethical concerns, and potential psychological/psychopathological/medical untoward effects. The focus here is on a range of clinical and methodological issues, also aiming at outlining some possible suggestions. We are confident that newer evidence, more precise protocols, and eventual reclassification policies may allow a better understanding of the real potential of psilocybin as a transdiagnostic therapeutic molecule.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ph16010068", "pubmed_id": "36678564", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16010068", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36678564\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1518, "title": "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oral Psilocybin Administration in Healthy Participants.", "normalized_title": "pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral psilocybin administration in healthy participants", "authors": "Holze F, Becker AM, Kolaczynska KE, Duthaler U, Liechti ME.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is being investigated as a potential treatment for psychiatric and neurological disorders. Only a few studies have evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of psilocybin and have used body weight-adjusted dosing. Data on PKs and the PK-pharmacodynamic (PD) relationship of fixed doses that are commonly used are unavailable. The present study characterized the PKs and PK-PD relationship of 15, 25, and 30 mg of orally administered psilocybin in 28, 23, and 28 healthy subjects, respectively. Plasma levels of unconjugated psilocin (the psychoactive metabolite of psilocybin) and corresponding subjective effects were repeatedly assessed up to 24 hours. PK parameters were determined using compartmental modeling. Concentration-subjective effect relationships were described using PK-PD modeling. Mean (95% confidence interval) maximal psilocin concentrations were 11 ng/mL (10-13), 17 ng/mL (16-19), and 21 ng/mL (19-24) after the administration of 15, 25, and 30 mg psilocybin, respectively. Maximal concentrations were reached after an average of 2 hours. Elimination half-lives were 1.8 hours (1.7-2.0), 1.4 hours (1.2-1.7), and 1.8 hours (1.6-1.9) for 15, 25, and 30 mg psilocybin, respectively. Mean (± SD) durations of subjective effects were 5.6 ± 2.2 hours, 5.5 ± 1.6 hours, and 6.4 ± 2.2 hours, and maximal effects (\"any drug\" effects) were 58% ± 25%, 73% ± 27%, and 80% ± 18% after 15, 25, and 30 mg psilocybin, respectively. Psilocin exhibited dose-proportional PKs. The duration and intensity of subjective effects were dose-dependent. Body weight did not influence pharmacokinetics or the response to psilocybin. These data may serve as a reference for future clinical trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1002/cpt.2821", "pubmed_id": "36507738", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2821", "keywords": "Humans, Administration, Oral, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36507738\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1547, "title": "Genome sequencing progenies of magic mushrooms (Psilocybe subaeruginosa) identifies tetrapolar mating and gene duplications in the psilocybin pathway.", "normalized_title": "genome sequencing progenies of magic mushrooms psilocybe subaeruginosa identifies tetrapolar mating and gene duplications in the psilocybin pathway", "authors": "McTaggart AR, James TY, Slot JC, Barlow C, Fechner N, Shuey LS, Drenth A.", "abstract": "Knowledge of breeding systems and genetic diversity is critical to select and combine desired traits that advance new cultivars in agriculture and horticulture. Mushrooms that produce psilocybin, magic mushrooms, may potentially be used in therapeutic and wellness industries, and stand to benefit from genetic improvement. We studied haploid siblings of Psilocybe subaeruginosa to resolve the genetics behind mating compatibility and advance knowledge of breeding. Our results show that mating in P. subaeruginosa is tetrapolar, with compatibility controlled at a homeodomain locus with one copy each of HD1 and HD2, and a pheromone/receptor locus with four homologs of the receptor gene STE3. An additional two pheromone/receptor loci homologous to STE3 do not appear to regulate mating compatibility. Alleles in the psilocybin gene cluster did not vary among the five siblings and were likely homozygous in the parent. Psilocybe subaeruginosa and its relatives have three copies of PsiH genes but their impact on production of psilocybin and its analogues is unknown. Genetic improvement in Psilocybe will require access to genetic diversity from the centre of origin of different species, identification of genes behind traits, and strategies to avoid inbreeding depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103769", "pubmed_id": "36587787", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103769", "keywords": "Receptors, Pheromone, Pheromones, Gene Duplication, Genes, Mating Type, Fungal, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36587787\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1616, "title": "A Review of Synthetic Access to Therapeutic Compounds Extracted from.", "normalized_title": "a review of synthetic access to therapeutic compounds extracted from", "authors": "Serreau R, Amirouche A, Benyamina A, Berteina-Raboin S", "abstract": "Psychedelics are used for various pathologies of the central nervous system and are currently the subject of much research, some of which relates to the compounds contained in various -type hallucinogenic mushrooms. It is difficult, however, to obtain and purify sufficient quantities of these compounds from fungi to carry out biological studies, hence the need to develop simple and efficient synthetic routes. We review here the various syntheses used to obtain these molecules, focusing first on the classic historical syntheses, then the use of more recent metallo-catalyzed couplings and finally the known biocatalytic methods for obtaining these molecules. Other access routes are certainly possible and should be the subject of future research given the therapeutic interest of these compounds.", "journal": "Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)", "publication_date": "2022-12-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ph16010040", "pubmed_id": "36678537", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36678537/", "keywords": "Psilocybe mushrooms, clinical research, psilocin, psilocybin, psychedelics, synthetic access, tryptamines", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36678537\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1567, "title": "Single-dose psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depressive disorder: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial.", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin assisted therapy in major depressive disorder a placebo controlled double blind randomised clinical trial", "authors": "von Rotz R, Schindowski EM, Jungwirth J, Schuldt A, Rieser NM, Zahoranszky K, Seifritz E, Nowak A, Nowak P, Jäncke L, Preller KH, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin has been suggested as a novel, rapid-acting treatment for depression. Two consecutive doses have been shown to markedly decrease symptom severity in an open-label setting or when compared to a waiting list group. To date, to our knowledge, no other trial compared a single, moderate dose of psilocybin to a placebo condition.MethodsIn this double-blind, randomised clinical trial, 52 participants diagnosed with major depressive disorder and no unstable somatic conditions were allocated to receive either a single, moderate dose (0.215 mg/kg body weight) of psilocybin or placebo in conjunction with psychological support. MADRS and BDI scores were assessed to estimate depression severity, while changes from baseline to 14 days after the intervention were defined as primary endpoints. The trial took place between April 11th, 2019 and October 12th, 2021 at the psychiatric university hospital in Zürich, Switzerland and was registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03715127).FindingsThe psilocybin condition showed an absolute decrease in symptom severity of -13.0 points compared to baseline and were significantly larger than those in the placebo condition (95% CI -15.0 to -1.3; Cohens' d = 0.97; P = 0.0011; MADRS) and -13.2 points (95% CI; -13.4 to -1.3; Cohens' d = 0.67; P = 0.019; BDI) 14 days after the intervention. 14/26 (54%) participants met the MADRS remission criteria in the psilocybin condition.InterpretationThese results suggest that a single, moderate dose of psilocybin significantly reduces depressive symptoms compared to a placebo condition for at least two weeks. No serious adverse events were recorded. Larger, multi-centric trials with longer follow-up periods are needed to inform further optimisation of this novel treatment paradigm.FundingThe study was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation, Crowdfunding, the Swiss Neuromatrix Foundation, and the Heffter Research Institute.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101809", "pubmed_id": "36636296", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101809", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36636296\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1528, "title": "Canalization and plasticity in psychopathology.", "normalized_title": "canalization and plasticity in psychopathology", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Chandaria S, Erritzoe DE, Gazzaley A, Girn M, Kettner H, Mediano PAM, Nutt DJ, Rosas FE, Roseman L, Timmermann C, Weiss B, Zeifman RJ, Friston KJ.", "abstract": "This theoretical article revives a classical bridging construct, canalization, to describe a new model of a general factor of psychopathology. To achieve this, we have distinguished between two types of plasticity, an early one that we call 'TEMP' for 'Temperature or Entropy Mediated Plasticity', and another, we call 'canalization', which is close to Hebbian plasticity. These two forms of plasticity can be most easily distinguished by their relationship to 'precision' or inverse variance; TEMP relates to increased model variance or decreased precision, whereas the opposite is true for canalization. TEMP also subsumes increased learning rate, (Ising) temperature and entropy. Dictionary definitions of 'plasticity' describe it as the property of being easily shaped or molded; TEMP is the better match for this. Importantly, we propose that 'pathological' phenotypes develop via mechanisms of canalization or increased model precision, as a defensive response to adversity and associated distress or dysphoria. Our model states that canalization entrenches in psychopathology, narrowing the phenotypic state-space as the agent develops expertise in their pathology. We suggest that TEMP - combined with gently guiding psychological support - can counter canalization. We address questions of whether and when canalization is adaptive versus maladaptive, furnish our model with references to basic and human neuroscience, and offer concrete experiments and measures to test its main hypotheses and implications. This article is part of the Special Issue on \"National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series\".", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109398", "pubmed_id": "36584883", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109398", "keywords": "Humans, Learning, Phenotype, United States, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36584883\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1596, "title": "Probing the antidepressant potential of psilocybin: integrating insight from human research and animal models towards an understanding of neural circuit mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "probing the antidepressant potential of psilocybin integrating insight from human research and animal models towards an understanding of neural circuit mechanisms", "authors": "Meccia J, Lopez J, Bagot RC.", "abstract": "Interest in the therapeutic potential of serotonergic psychedelic compounds including psilocybin has surged in recent years. While human clinical research suggests psilocybin holds promise as a rapid and long-lasting antidepressant, little is known about how its acute mechanisms of action mediate enduring alterations in cognition and behavior. Human neuroimaging studies point to both acute and sustained modulation of functional connectivity in key cortically dependent brain networks. Emerging evidence in preclinical models highlights the importance of psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity and alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Overviewing research in both humans and preclinical models suggests avenues to increase crosstalk between fields. We review how acute modulation of PFC circuits may contribute to long-term structural and functional alterations to mediate antidepressant effects. We highlight the potential for preclinical circuit and behavioral neuroscience approaches to provide basic mechanistic insight into how psilocybin modulates cognitive and affective neural circuits to support further development of psilocybin as a promising new treatment for depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-23", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06297-0", "pubmed_id": "36564671", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06297-0", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Models, Animal, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36564671\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1529, "title": "The varieties of psychedelic law.", "normalized_title": "the varieties of psychedelic law", "authors": "Marks M.", "abstract": "After decades of prohibition, psychedelics are generating intense public and private interest. Scientists are researching the therapeutic properties of these substances, and mounting evidence supports their ability to treat a variety of mental health conditions. Meanwhile, dozens of cities and states are proposing or enacting psychedelics legislation to promote research, increase therapeutic and non-therapeutic access, and decrease criminal penalties associated with producing, possessing, or consuming psychedelics. This article is the first to produce a typology of state and local psychedelic laws, which fall into five general categories: decriminalization, supported adult use, medical use, clinical research, and policy analysis. The article defines each category and explains how some jurisdictions create hybrid psychedelic laws that blend elements of multiple categories. Following enactment, government agencies can shift laws from one category to another during the rulemaking process. This article is part of the Special Issue on \"National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series\".", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-20", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109399", "pubmed_id": "36565855", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109399", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36565855\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1618, "title": "Associations between MDMA/ecstasy, classic psychedelics, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in a sample of U.S. adolescents.", "normalized_title": "associations between mdma ecstasy classic psychedelics and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in a sample of u s adolescents", "authors": "Jones G, Arias D, Nock M.", "abstract": "Suicide is one of the leading causes of death amongst adolescents and decades of research have failed to curb suicide rates within this population. There is thus a need to better understand factors that correlate with adolescent suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). MDMA/ecstasy and classic psychedelics represent two areas for exploration, as use of these substances has been associated with both increased and lowered odds of STBs. Thus, the goal of this study was to test the associations between MDMA/ecstasy and classic psychedelics (psilocybin, peyote, mescaline, LSD) and STBs in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents. We tested these associations in a sample of adolescents aged 12-17 years old from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2004-2019) (N = 262,617) using survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression models. Lifetime psilocybin use was associated with lowered odds of lifetime suicidal thinking, planning, and attempts (aOR range 0.77-0.85). Conversely, LSD was associated with increased odds of these same outcomes (aOR range 1.20-1.35). MDMA/ecstasy, peyote, and mescaline did not share associations with STBs. Our study demonstrates that individual classic psychedelics share varying relationships to STBs among adolescents. Future cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are needed to further elucidate the link between classic psychedelic use and STBs in youth.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-18", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-25658-5", "pubmed_id": "36535992", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25658-5", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Adolescent, Child, Suicidal Ideation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36535992\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1557, "title": "Psychotherapists' openness to engage their patients in Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for mental health treatment.", "normalized_title": "psychotherapists openness to engage their patients in psilocybin assisted therapy for mental health treatment", "authors": "Meir P, Taylor L, Soares JC, Meyer TD.", "abstract": "Despite psychedelic research initially ceasing in the 1970-80s, the findings documented encouraged researchers to re-examine the safety and efficacy of treating mental health with psychedelics. Of particular focus, psilocybin has shown to have therapeutic potential for a variety of mental health problems and was granted breakthrough therapy status by the FDA. Should psilocybin eventually become legally licensed, the success of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy (PAT) may largely rely on clinicians' openness to engage their eligible patients with PAT. We therefore assessed 119 psychologists' openness to recommend PAT, perceived barriers/facilitators to informing patients about PAT, and factors affecting their openness to involve patients with PAT if FDA approved. While 77.4 % of psychologists agreed they would inform eligible patients about PAT, 91.6 % stated they would still recommend psychotherapies that do not involve psilocybin first. 76.5 % endorsed that knowledge on psilocybin would increase their likelihood to inform patients about PAT. More positive attitudes and beliefs about psilocybin, greater self-reported knowledge of psilocybin, personal history of psychedelic usage, and more positive attitudes towards medical cannabis (MC) was associated with greater openness to engage patients with PAT. Our regression analysis revealed that attitudes towards MC and beliefs about psilocybin were the only significant predictors of psychotherapists' openness towards PAT. These findings provide relevant information to institutions planning educational programs for mental health professionals about psilocybin and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-16", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.050", "pubmed_id": "36535547", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.050", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin, Psychotherapists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36535547\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1549, "title": "Experimental strategies to discover and develop the next generation of psychedelics and entactogens as medicines.", "normalized_title": "experimental strategies to discover and develop the next generation of psychedelics and entactogens as medicines", "authors": "Heal DJ, Gosden J, Smith SL, Atterwill CK.", "abstract": "Research on classical psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD and DMT) and entactogen, MDMA, has produced a renaissance in the search for more effective drugs to treat psychiatric, neurological and various peripheral disorders. Psychedelics and entactogens act though interaction with 5-HT2A and other serotonergic receptors and/or monoamine reuptake transporters. 5-HT, which serves as a neurotransmitter and hormone, is ubiquitously distributed in the brain and peripheral organs, tissues and cells where it has vasoconstrictor, pro-inflammatory and pro-nociceptive actions. Serotonergic psychedelics and entactogens have known safety and toxicity risks. For these drugs, the risks been extensively researched and empirically assessed through human experience. However, novel drug-candidates require thorough non-clinical testing not only to predict clinical efficacy, but also to address the risks they pose during clinical development and later after approval as prescription medicines. We have defined the challenges researchers will encounter when developing novel serotonergic psychedelics and entactogens. We describe screening techniques to predict clinical efficacy and address the safety/toxicity risks emerging from our knowledge of the existing drugs: 1) An early-stage, non-clinical screening cascade to pharmacologically characterise novel drug-candidates. 2) Models to detect hallucinogenic activity. 3) Models to differentiate hallucinogens from entactogens. 4) Non-clinical preclinical lead optimisation technology (PLOT) screening to select drug-candidates. 5) Modified animal models to evaluate the abuse and dependence risks of novel psychedelics in Safety Pharmacology testing. Our intention has been to design non-clinical screening strategies that will reset the balance between benefits and harms to deliver more effective and safer novel psychedelics for clinical use. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-15", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109375", "pubmed_id": "36529260", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109375", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36529260\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety,Toxicity,Drug Interactions,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3193, "title": "Phylogenomics of the psychoactive mushroom genus Psilocybe and evolution of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster", "normalized_title": "phylogenomics of the psychoactive mushroom genus psilocybe and evolution of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster", "authors": "Bradshaw AJ, Ramírez-Cruz V, Awan AR, Furci G, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Stamets P, Dentinger BT.", "abstract": "Psychoactive mushrooms in the genus Psilocybe have immense cultural value and have been used for centuries in Mesoamerica. Despite a recent surge in interest in these mushrooms due to emerging evidence that psilocybin, the main psychoactive compound, is a promising therapeutic for a variety of mental illnesses, their phylogeny and taxonomy remain substantially incomplete. Moreover, the recent elucidation of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster is known for only five species of Psilocybe, four of which belong to only one of two major clades. We set out to improve the phylogeny for Psilocybe using shotgun sequencing of 71 fungarium specimens, including 23 types, and conducting phylogenomic analysis using 2,983 single-copy gene families to generate a fully supported phylogeny. Molecular clock analysis suggests the stem lineage arose ∼66 mya and diversified ∼53 mya. We also show that psilocybin biosynthesis first arose in Psilocybe, with 4-5 possible horizontal transfers to other mushrooms between 40 and 22 mya. Moreover, predicted orthologs of the psilocybin biosynthetic genes revealed two distinct gene orders within the cluster that corresponds to a deep split within the genus, possibly consistent with the independent acquisition of the cluster. This novel insight may predict differences in chemistry between the two major clades of the genus, providing further resources for the development of novel therapeutics.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-12-14", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.12.13.520147", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.12.13.520147", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR585520\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1553, "title": "Effect of psilocybin on decision-making and motivation in the healthy rat.", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin on decision making and motivation in the healthy rat", "authors": "Roberts BF, Zylko AL, Waters CE, Crowder JD, Gibbons WJ, Sen AK, Jones JA, McMurray MS.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin are hallucinogenic serotonergic agonists with high affinity for several serotonin receptors. In addition to underlying the hallucinogenic effects of these compounds, serotonin receptor activation also has important effects on decision-making and goal-directed behaviors. The impact of psilocybin and psilocin on these cognitive systems, however, remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of psilocybin treatment on decision-making and motivation in healthy male and female rats. We compared probability and delay discounting performance of psilocybin treated (1 mg/kg) to vehicle rats (n = 10/sex/group), and further assessed motivation in each group using a progressive ratio task. We also confirmed drug action by assessing head twitch responses after psilocybin treatment (1 mg/kg). Results from this study demonstrated that exposure to 1 mg/kg psilocybin did not affect decision-making in the probability and delay discounting tasks and did not reduce response rates in the progressive ratio task. However, psilocybin treatment did cause the expected increase in head twitch responses in both male and female rats, demonstrating that the drug was delivered at a pharmacologically relevant dosage. Combined, these results suggest that psilocybin may not impair or improve decision-making and motivation. Considering recent interest in psilocybin as a potential fast-acting therapeutic for a variety of mental health disorders, our findings also suggest the therapeutic effects of this drug may not be mediated by changes to the brain systems underlying reward and decision-making. Finally, these results may have important implications regarding the relative safety of this compound, suggesting that widespread cognitive impairments may not be seen in subjects, even after chronic treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-14", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114262", "pubmed_id": "36529299", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114262", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Rats, Serotonin, Receptors, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Motivation, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36529299\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1620, "title": "\"A sense of the bigger picture:\" A qualitative analysis of follow-up interviews with people with bipolar disorder who self-reported psilocybin use.", "normalized_title": "a sense of the bigger picture a qualitative analysis of follow up interviews with people with bipolar disorder who self reported psilocybin use", "authors": "DellaCrosse M, Pleet M, Morton E, Ashtari A, Sakai K, Woolley J, Michalak E.", "abstract": "ObjectivesPeople with bipolar disorder (BD) spend more time depressed than manic/hypomanic, and depression is associated with greater impairments in psychosocial functioning and quality of life than mania/hypomania. Emerging evidence suggests psilocybin, the psychoactive compound in \"magic mushrooms,\" is a promising treatment for unipolar depression. Clinical trials of psilocybin therapy have excluded people with BD as a precaution against possible adverse effects (e.g., mania). Our study centered the experiences of adults living with BD who consumed psilocybin-containing mushrooms, and aimed to (1) understand its subjective impacts on BD symptoms, (2) deepen understanding of Phase I survey results, and (3) elucidate specific contextual factors associated with adverse reactions in naturalistic settings.MethodsFollowing an international survey (Phase I), follow-up interviews were conducted with 15 respondents (Phase II) to further understand psilocybin use among adults with BD. As part of a larger mixed-methods explanatory sequential design study, reflexive thematic analysis was used to elaborate findings.ResultsThree major themes containing sub-themes were developed. (1) Mental Health Improvements: (1.1) decreased impact and severity of depression, (1.2) increased emotion processing, (1.3) development of new perspectives, and (1.4) greater relaxation and sleep. (2) Undesired Mental Health Impacts: (2.1) changes in sleep, (2.2) increased mania severity, (2.3) hospitalization, and (2.4) distressing sensory experiences. (3) Salient Contextual Factors for psilocybin use included: (3.1) poly-substance use and psilocybin dose, (3.2) solo versus social experiences, and (3.3) pre-psilocybin sleep deprivation.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate both benefits and risks of psilocybin use in this population. Carefully designed clinical trials focused on safety and preliminary efficacy are warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0279073", "pubmed_id": "36516137", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279073", "keywords": "Humans, Follow-Up Studies, Bipolar Disorder, Quality of Life, Adult, Self Report, Psilocybin, Mania", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36516137\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1597, "title": "Risks and benefits of psilocybin use in people with bipolar disorder: An international web-based survey on experiences of 'magic mushroom' consumption.", "normalized_title": "risks and benefits of psilocybin use in people with bipolar disorder an international web based survey on experiences of magic mushroom consumption", "authors": "Morton E, Sakai K, Ashtari A, Pleet M, Michalak EE, Woolley J.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin, the primary psychoactive component of psychedelic 'magic mushrooms', may have potential for treating depressive symptoms, and consequent applications for bipolar disorder (BD). Knowledge of the risks and benefits of psilocybin in BD is limited to case studies.AimTo support the design of clinical trials, we surveyed experiences of psilocybin use in people with BD.MethodsAn international web-based survey was used to explore experiences of psilocybin use in people with a self-reported diagnosis of BD. Quantitative findings were summarised using descriptive statistics. Qualitative content analysis was used to investigate free-text responses, with a focus on positive experiences of psilocybin use.ResultsA total of 541 people completed the survey (46.4% female, mean 34.1 years old). One-third (32.2%; n = 174) of respondents described new/increasing symptoms after psilocybin trips, prominently manic symptoms, difficulties sleeping and anxiety. No differences in rates of adverse events overall were observed between individuals with BD I compared to BD II. Use of emergency medical services was rare (n = 18; 3.3%), and respondents (even those who experienced adverse effects) indicated that psilocybin use was more helpful than harmful. Quantitative findings elaborated on perceived benefits, as well as the potential for psilocybin trips to contain both positively and negatively received elements.ConclusionsThe subjective benefits of psilocybin use for mental health symptoms reported by survey participants encourage further investigation of psilocybin-based treatments for BD. Clinical trials should incorporate careful monitoring of symptoms, as data suggest that BD symptoms may emerge or intensify following psilocybin use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221131997", "pubmed_id": "36515370", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221131997", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Risk Assessment, Bipolar Disorder, Internet, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36515370\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1558, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy improves psycho-social-spiritual well-being in cancer patients.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy improves psycho social spiritual well being in cancer patients", "authors": "Shnayder S, Ameli R, Sinaii N, Berger A, Agrawal M.", "abstract": "BackgroundWhile psychedelics have been shown to improve psycho-spiritual well-being, the underlying elements of this change are not well-characterized. The NIH-HEALS posits that psycho-social-spiritual change occurs through the factors of Connection, Reflection & Introspection, and Trust & Acceptance. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in NIH-HEALS scores in a cancer population with major depressive disorder undergoing psilocybin-assisted therapy.MethodsIn this Phase II, single-center, open label trial, 30 cancer patients with major depressive disorder received a fixed dose of 25 mg of psilocybin. Participants underwent group preparation sessions, simultaneous psilocybin treatment administered in adjacent rooms, and group integration sessions, along with individual care. The NIH-HEALS, a self-administered, 35-item measure of psycho-social spiritual healing was completed at baseline and post-treatment at day 1, week 1, week 3, and week 8 following psilocybin therapy.ResultsNIH-HEALS scores, representing psycho-social-spiritual wellbeing, improved in response to psilocybin treatment (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-09", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.046", "pubmed_id": "36513161", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.046", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Self Report, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36513161\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1517, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy and Psychedelic Science: A Review and Perspective on Opportunities in Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy and psychedelic science a review and perspective on opportunities in neurosurgery and neuro oncology", "authors": "Kelly DF, Kelly DF, Heinzerling K, Sharma A, Gowrinathan S, Sergi K, Mallari RJ.", "abstract": "After a decades-long pause, psychedelics are again being intensely investigated for treating a wide range of neuropsychiatric ailments including depression, anxiety, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, anorexia, and chronic pain syndromes. The classic serotonergic psychedelics psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide and nonclassic psychedelics 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and ketamine are increasingly appreciated as neuroplastogens given their potential to fundamentally alter mood and behavior well beyond the time window of measurable exposure. Imaging studies with psychedelics are also helping advance our understanding of neural networks and connectomics. This resurgence in psychedelic science and psychedelic-assisted therapy has potential significance for the fields of neurosurgery and neuro-oncology and their diverse and challenging patients, many of whom continue to have mental health issues and poor quality of life despite receiving state-of-the-art care. In this study, we review recent and ongoing clinical trials, the set and setting model of psychedelic-assisted therapy, potential risks and adverse events, proposed mechanisms of action, and provide a perspective on how the safe and evidence-based use of psychedelics could potentially benefit many patients, including those with brain tumors, pain syndromes, ruminative disorders, stroke, SAH, TBI, and movement disorders. By leveraging psychedelics' neuroplastic potential to rehabilitate the mind and brain, novel treatments may be possible for many of these patient populations, in some instances working synergistically with current treatments and in some using subpsychedelic doses that do not require mind-altering effects for efficacy. This review aims to encourage broader multidisciplinary collaboration across the neurosciences to explore and help realize the transdiagnostic healing potential of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-07", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1227/neu.0000000000002275", "pubmed_id": "36512813", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000002275", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Neurosurgery, Quality of Life, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36512813\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1621, "title": "Single-dose psilocybin for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case report.", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin for treatment resistant obsessive compulsive disorder a case report", "authors": "Kelmendi B, Kichuk SA, DePalmer G, Maloney G, Ching THW, Belser A, Pittenger C.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, act on the brain's serotonin system and produce striking psychological effects. Early work in the 1950s and 1960s and more recent controlled studies suggest benefit from psychedelic treatment in a number of conditions. A few case reports in recreational users and a single experimental study suggest benefit in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but careful clinical data and long-term follow-up have been lacking. Here we describe a case of a patient with refractory OCD treated with psilocybin and followed prospectively for a year, with marked symptomatic improvement. We provide qualitative and quantitative detail of his experience during and after treatment. Improvement in OCD symptoms (YBOCS declined from 24 to 0-2) was accompanied by broader changes in his relationship to his emotions, social and work function, and quality of life. This individual was an early participant in an ongoing controlled study of psilocybin in the treatment of OCD (NCT03356483). These results are preliminary but promising, motivating ongoing investigations of the therapeutic potential of appropriately monitored and supported psychedelic treatment in the treatment of patients with obsessions and compulsions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12135", "pubmed_id": "36536916", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12135", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36536916\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1570, "title": "Subacute effects of a single dose of psilocybin on biomarkers of inflammation in healthy humans: An open-label preliminary investigation.", "normalized_title": "subacute effects of a single dose of psilocybin on biomarkers of inflammation in healthy humans an open label preliminary investigation", "authors": "Burmester DR, Madsen MK, Szabo A, Aripaka SS, Stenbæk DS, Frokjaer VG, Elfving B, Mikkelsen JD, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "RationalePsilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic that has gained prominent attention recently as a potential therapeutic for neuropsychiatric disorders including Major Depressive Disorder. Pre-clinical and initial studies in humans suggest that serotonin 2A receptor agonists, including serotonergic psychedelics, have anti-inflammatory effects. This may contribute to its therapeutic effects as previous studies indicate a link between neuropsychiatric disorders and inflammatory processes. However, the effect of psilocybin on biomarkers of inflammation has not been evaluated in humans.ObjectivesInvestigate the effect of a single dose of psilocybin on peripheral biomarkers of inflammation in healthy humans.MethodsBlood samples were collected from 16 healthy participants before and one day after the administration of a single oral dose of psilocybin (mean dose: 0.22 mg/kg) and subsequently analyzed for concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor-necrosis-factor (TNF) and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR). Change in inflammatory markers was evaluated using a paired t-test where p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100163", "pubmed_id": "36545240", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100163", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36545240\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1550, "title": "Update on treatments for anxiety-related disorders.", "normalized_title": "update on treatments for anxiety related disorders", "authors": "Lee HJ, Stein MB.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThis review examines recent evidence that informs the treatment of anxiety-related disorders.Recent findingsIn addition to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and benzodiazepines, agomelatine has demonstrated efficacy in treating generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Other novel products, such as ketamine, psilocybin and cannabidiol, are in the process of gathering evidence in support of the treatment of anxiety disorders. In psychological therapy, various psychological treatments for anxiety disorders, such as mindfulness-based intervention, acceptance and commitment therapy, psychodynamic therapy, emotion-focused therapy and dialectical behavioural therapy, have been tried. Still, most therapies have not proven superior to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). In very preliminary findings: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was effective in GAD; transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was effective for social anxiety disorder (SAD) and GAD and augmented exposure therapy for specific fears. Internet and mobile-based interventions have comparable efficacy to face-to-face therapy.SummaryPharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders is expanding to novel products. Despite trying other psychological therapies for anxiety disorders, most therapies were comparable to but not superior to CBT. rTMS and tDCS were also used and show early promise for GAD, but further studies are needed. Most internet or mobile app based psychological therapies were based on CBT, and some can be considered as alternatives to in-person face-to-face therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1097/yco.0000000000000841", "pubmed_id": "36480651", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000841", "keywords": "Humans, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36480651\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1599, "title": "Psilocybin mitigates the cognitive deficits observed in a rat model of Fragile X syndrome.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin mitigates the cognitive deficits observed in a rat model of fragile x syndrome", "authors": "Buzzelli V, Carbone E, Manduca A, Schiavi S, Feo A, Perederiy JV, Ambert KH, Hausman M, Trezza V.", "abstract": "RationaleFragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability (ID) and the leading monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Serotonergic neurotransmission has a key role in the modulation of neuronal activity during development, and therefore, it has been hypothesized to be involved in ASD and co-occurring conditions including FXS. As serotonin is involved in synaptic remodeling and maturation, serotonergic insufficiency during childhood may have a compounding effect on brain patterning in neurodevelopmental disorders, manifesting as behavioral and emotional symptoms. Thus, compounds that stimulate serotonergic signaling such as psilocybin may offer promise as effective early interventions for developmental disorders such as ASD and FXS.ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to test whether different protocols of psilocybin administration mitigate cognitive deficits displayed by the recently validated Fmr1-Δexon 8 rat model of ASD, which is also a model of FXS.ResultsOur results revealed that systemic and oral administration of psilocybin microdoses normalizes the aberrant cognitive performance displayed by adolescent Fmr1-Δexon 8 rats in the short-term version of the novel object recognition test-a measure of exploratory behavior, perception, and recognition.ConclusionsThese data support the hypothesis that serotonin-modulating drugs such as psilocybin may be useful to ameliorate ASD-related cognitive deficits. Overall, this study provides evidence of the beneficial effects of different schedules of psilocybin treatment in mitigating the short-term cognitive deficit observed in a rat model of FXS.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06286-3", "pubmed_id": "36469097", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06286-3", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Fragile X Syndrome, Serotonin, Cognition, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Psilocybin, Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36469097\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Animal Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1623, "title": "Psychedelic-Induced Serotonin 2A Receptor Downregulation Does Not Predict Swim Stress Coping in Mice.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic induced serotonin 2a receptor downregulation does not predict swim stress coping in mice", "authors": "Pędzich BD, Medrano M, Buckinx A, Smolders I, De Bundel D.", "abstract": "Serotoninergic psychedelics such as psilocybin have been reported to elicit a long-lasting reduction in depressive symptoms. Although the main target for serotoninergic psychedelics, serotonin type 2A receptor (5-HT2A), has been established, the possible mechanism of the antidepressant action of psychedelics remains unknown. Using the mouse forced swim test model, we examined whether the administration of the synthetic serotoninergic psychedelic 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) would modulate 5-HT2A receptor levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and revert stress-induced changes in behavior. Mice subjected to swim stress developed a passive stress-coping strategy when tested in the forced swim test 6 days later. This change in behavior was not associated with the hypothesized increase in 5-HT2A receptor-dependent head twitch behaviors or consistent changes in 5-HT2A receptor levels in the mPFC. When DOI was administered 1 day before the forced swim test, a low dose (0.2 mg/kg i.p.) unexpectedly increased immobility while a high dose (2 mg/kg i.p.) had no significant effect on immobility. Nevertheless, DOI evoked a dose-dependent decrease in 5-HT2A levels in the mPFC of mice previously exposed to swim stress. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that the downregulation of 5-HT2A receptors in the mPFC contributes to the antidepressant-like properties of serotoninergic psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-03", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ijms232315284", "pubmed_id": "36499610", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315284", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Serotonin, Amphetamines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Swimming", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36499610\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1624, "title": "Lower-dose psycholytic therapy - A neglected approach.", "normalized_title": "lower dose psycholytic therapy a neglected approach", "authors": "Passie T, Guss J, Krähenmann R.", "abstract": "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and similar psychoactive drugs have been used in psychotherapy since 1949, when the first clinical study with lower-dose LSD showed therapeutically relevant effects. This caused an intense interest among psychotherapists and researchers, alike, on an international scale. In 1960, the use of serial lower-dose LSD/psilocybin sessions in a psychoanalytical framework, which was dominant at the time, was named \"psycholytic therapy\". Psycholytic therapy was usually conducted in clinical environments, on both an inpatient and outpatient basis. Psycholytic therapy was developed and established over a 15-year period on the European continent, where it was used at 30 clinical treatment centers and by more than 100 outpatient psychotherapists. Psycholytic approaches were employed minimally in North America, where the psychedelic approach (use of one or two high-dose sessions for \"personality-transforming mystical experiences\") became the dominant method in use. The leading figure in psycholytic therapy was Professor Hanscarl Leuner in Germany, who laid the ground with his uniquely fine grained analysis of the LSD reaction in a 1962 monograph. He was central in establishing and distributing psycholytic therapy in Europe and abroad. The article provides comprehensive background information and outlines the essential features of psycholytic therapy. Evidence for the efficacy of psycholytic therapy is reviewed and a case for the inclusion of the psycholytic approach in the field of substance-assisted psychotherapy is made.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1020505", "pubmed_id": "36532196", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1020505", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36532196\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1571, "title": "Matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization-mass spectrometric imaging of psilocybin and its analogues in psychedelic mushrooms using a cesium chloride-coated target plate.", "normalized_title": "matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometric imaging of psilocybin and its analogues in psychedelic mushrooms using a cesium chloride coated target plate", "authors": "Wang H, Wang Y.", "abstract": "Fungi with hallucinogenic properties and neurotoxicity have been listed as prohibited drugs in recent years, but there is a lack of in situ quantification of psilocybin and analogues in these samples to avoid the decomposition of these psychoactive tryptamines in time-consuming sample preparation. In this study, matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization (MALDI)-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT ICR) mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) was used to analyze the distribution of psilocybin and its analogues in hallucinogenic Psilocybe mushrooms. A cesium chloride (CsCl)-coated target plate was prepared to improve the detection sensitivity and reduce the interference of other compounds or decomposition products with very similar m/z values in MALDI-FT ICR MS analysis. Psilocybin and other tryptamines with structurally similar compounds, including psilocin, baeocystin, tryptophan, tryptamine, and aeruginascin, were identified and imaged in the psilocybe tissue section; the semiquantitative analysis of the distribution of psilocybin was also investigated using a homemade 75-well CsCl-coated plate; and the target plate can be placed on the mass spectrometry target carrier along with the indium-tin oxide (ITO) conductive slide, which can simultaneously carry out matrix vapor deposition, thus ensuring the parallelism between the standards and samples in the pretreatment experiment and MSI. The contents of psilocybin and its analogues in the psilocybe tissue section can be evaluated from the color changes corresponding to different concentration standard curves. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison between MALDI-FT ICR MS and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF MS) analysis was performed for quantification and validation. This study reduces the decomposition in time-consuming sample pretreatment and provides a powerful tool for drug abuse control and forensic analysis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-12-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00216-022-04467-9", "pubmed_id": "36459169", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-04467-9", "keywords": "Agaricales, Chlorides, Cesium, Hallucinogens, Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization, Lasers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36459169\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2015, "title": "Direct Quantitation of Psilocybin and Psilocin by One-Dimensional 1H and 31P qNMR in a revived Greek specimen of Psilocybe cyanescens", "normalized_title": "direct quantitation of psilocybin and psilocin by one dimensional 1h and 31p qnmr in a revived greek specimen of psilocybe cyanescens", "authors": "Magiatis P, Dadiotis E, Antonopoulos R K, Ioannidis K, Mitsis V, Melliou E, Gonou-Zagou Z", "abstract": "", "journal": "Planta Medica", "publication_date": "2022-11-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1055/s-0042-1759062", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1759062", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1055/s-0042-1759062\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1002/hlca.19590420518\",\"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"10.1177/0269881119897615\",\"10.1177/0269881114565144\"],\"reference_count\":4}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1631, "title": "Set and setting in microdosing: an oft-overlooked principle.", "normalized_title": "set and setting in microdosing an oft overlooked principle", "authors": "Hartogsohn I, Petranker R", "abstract": "The use of psychedelics for medical and recreational purposes is rising. Contextual factors such as expectancy, intention, and sensory and social environment (set and setting) are widely recognized as moderating the effects of these substances. Nevertheless, clinical trials of microdosing - the ingestion of small, sub-hallucinogenic doses of psychedelics - rarely report their set and setting. This fact suggests that such factors are not considered important in the context of microdosing. This paper challenges this assumption and makes the case for the crucial relevance of set and setting in microdosing practice. Building on set and setting theory and placebo theory, we explain why set and setting are of crucial importance in the case of microdosing. This reasoning helps elucidate the role of set and setting in determining the outcomes of microdosing and helps explain some of the contradictory results that have emerged in microdosing research in recent years. Set and setting are important constructs to be considered especially in the context of microdosing psychedelics. By reporting set and setting, the results of microdosing research can be made more reliable and consistent.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-11-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06249-8", "pubmed_id": "36289109", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36289109/", "keywords": "LSD, Microdosing, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Set and setting", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36289109\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1627, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy for People with Eating Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy for people with eating disorders", "authors": "Gukasyan N, Schreyer CC, Griffiths RR, Guarda AS", "abstract": "A growing body of research suggests psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) may be safe and effective for a variety of mental health conditions. Among these, eating disorders have been a recent target of interest. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the potential mechanisms and use of PAT in people diagnosed with eating disorders, with a focus on anorexia nervosa. Classic psychedelics may have transdiagnostic efficacy through several mechanisms relevant to eating disorder pathology. Interest in, and efforts to increase access to PAT are both high. Early clinical trials are focused on establishing the safety and utility of this treatment in eating disorders, and efficacy remains unclear. High-quality published data to support the use of PAT for people with eating disorders remains lacking. Recent studies however suggest PAT has the potential to augment the efficacy of current interventions for these difficult-to-treat conditions.", "journal": "Current psychiatry reports", "publication_date": "2022-11-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-022-01394-5", "pubmed_id": "36374357", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374357/", "keywords": "Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorders, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36374357\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1626, "title": "A Case of Prolonged Mania, Psychosis, and Severe Depression After Psilocybin Use: Implications of Increased Psychedelic Drug Availability.", "normalized_title": "a case of prolonged mania psychosis and severe depression after psilocybin use implications of increased psychedelic drug availability", "authors": "Barber G, Nemeroff CB, Siegel S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.22010073", "pubmed_id": "36453037", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.22010073", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psychotic Disorders, Psilocybin, Mania, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36453037\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1625, "title": "Therapeutic use of psilocybin: Practical considerations for dosing and administration.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic use of psilocybin practical considerations for dosing and administration", "authors": "MacCallum CA, Lo LA, Pistawka CA, Deol JK.", "abstract": "The interest in psilocybin as a therapeutic approach has grown exponentially in recent years. Despite increasing access, there remains a lack of practical guidance on the topic for health care professionals. This is particularly concerning given the medical complexity and vulnerable nature of patients for whom psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy may be considered. This article aims to provide health care professionals with an overview of practical considerations for psilocybin therapy, rooted in a patient safety focus. Within this piece we will review basic psilocybin pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, indications, practical therapeutic strategies (e.g., dosing, administration, monitoring) and safety considerations (e.g., contraindications, adverse events, and drug interactions). With this information, our goal is to increase the knowledge and comfort of health care professionals to discuss and counsel their patients on psilocybin therapy, ultimately improving patient care and safety.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1040217", "pubmed_id": "36532184", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1040217", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36532184\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events,Drug Interactions,Contraindications", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1617, "title": "DNA Authentication and Chemical Analysis of Psilocybe Mushrooms Reveal Widespread Misdeterminations in Fungaria and Inconsistencies in Metabolites.", "normalized_title": "dna authentication and chemical analysis of psilocybe mushrooms reveal widespread misdeterminations in fungaria and inconsistencies in metabolites", "authors": "Bradshaw AJ, Backman TA, Ramírez-Cruz V, Forrister DL, Winter JM, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Furci G, Stamets P, Dentinger BTM.", "abstract": "The mushroom genus Psilocybe is best known as the core group of psychoactive mushrooms, yet basic information on their diversity, taxonomy, chemistry, and general biology is still largely lacking. In this study, we reexamined 94 Psilocybe fungarium specimens, representing 18 species, by DNA barcoding, evaluated the stability of psilocybin, psilocin, and their related tryptamine alkaloids in 25 specimens across the most commonly vouchered species (Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe cyanescens, and Psilocybe semilanceata), and explored the metabolome of cultivated P. cubensis. Our data show that, apart from a few well-known species, the taxonomic accuracy of specimen determinations is largely unreliable, even at the genus level. A substantial quantity of poor-quality and mislabeled sequence data in public repositories, as well as a paucity of sequences derived from types, further exacerbates the problem. Our data also support taxon- and time-dependent decay of psilocybin and psilocin, with some specimens having no detectable quantities of them. We also show that the P. cubensis metabolome possibly contains thousands of uncharacterized compounds, at least some of which may be bioactive. Taken together, our study undermines commonly held assumptions about the accuracy of names and presence of controlled substances in fungarium specimens identified as Psilocybe spp. and reveals that our understanding of the chemical diversity of these mushrooms is largely incomplete. These results have broader implications for regulatory policies pertaining to the storage and sharing of fungarium specimens as well as the use of psychoactive mushrooms for recreation and therapy. IMPORTANCE The therapeutic use of psilocybin, the active ingredient in \"magic mushrooms,\" is revolutionizing mental health care for a number of conditions, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and end-of-life care. This has spotlighted the current state of knowledge of psilocybin, including the organisms that endogenously produce it. However, because of international regulation of psilocybin as a controlled substance (often included on the same list as cocaine and heroin), basic research has lagged far behind. Our study highlights how the poor state of knowledge of even the most fundamental scientific information can impact the use of psilocybin-containing mushrooms for recreational or therapeutic applications and undermines critical assumptions that underpin their regulation by legal authorities. Our study shows that currently available chemical studies are mainly inaccurate, irreproducible, and inconsistent, that there exists a high rate of misidentification in museum collections and public databases rendering even names unreliable, and that the concentration of psilocybin and its tryptamine derivatives in three of the most commonly collected Psilocybe species (P. cubensis, P. cyanescens, and P. semilanceata) is highly variable and unstable in museum specimens spanning multiple decades, and our study generates the first-ever insight into the highly complex and largely uncharacterized metabolomic profile for the most commonly cultivated magic mushroom, P. cubensis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1128/aem.01498-22", "pubmed_id": "36445079", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01498-22", "keywords": "Agaricales, Tryptamines, DNA, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36445079\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1559, "title": "Considerations in assessing the abuse potential of psychedelics during drug development.", "normalized_title": "considerations in assessing the abuse potential of psychedelics during drug development", "authors": "Calderon SN, Bonson KR, Reissig CJ, Lloyd JM, Galati S, Chiapperino D.", "abstract": "The recent increase in clinical research on the potential therapeutic uses of classic psychedelics has prompted the need to revisit the assessment of the abuse potential of these drugs. The term \"classic psychedelic\" is used in this manuscript to describe serotonergic 5-HT2A agonists that alter perception, cognition, and mood (i.e., psychedelic effects) and that are currently controlled in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Schedule I drugs are subject to the most restrictive controls under the CSA, as they are considered to have a high abuse potential and no currently accepted medical use in the United States (USA). However, these classic psychedelics were placed in Schedule I at the time the CSA was enacted in 1970, and their abuse potential has not been systematically assessed using modern methodology. This paper provides an overview of scientific evaluation of the abuse potential of classic psychedelics and delineates the data that will be needed in support of a recommendation for the rescheduling, if a drug product containing a classic psychedelic gains FDA approval. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109352", "pubmed_id": "36455646", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109352", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, United States, Psilocybin, Drug Development", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36455646\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1600, "title": "Changes in music-evoked emotion and ventral striatal functional connectivity after psilocybin therapy for depression.", "normalized_title": "changes in music evoked emotion and ventral striatal functional connectivity after psilocybin therapy for depression", "authors": "Shukuroglou M, Roseman L, Wall M, Nutt D, Kaelen M, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "BackgroundMusic listening is a staple and valued component of psychedelic therapy, and previous work has shown that psychedelics can acutely enhance music-evoked emotion.AimsThe present study sought to examine subjective responses to music before and after psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression, while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was acquired.MethodsNineteen patients with treatment-resistant depression received a low oral dose (10 mg) of psilocybin, and a high dose (25 mg) 1 week later. fMRI was performed 1 week prior to the first dosing session and 1 day after the second. Two scans were conducted on each day: one with music and one without. Visual analogue scale ratings of music-evoked 'pleasure' plus ratings of other evoked emotions (21-item Geneva Emotional Music Scale) were completed after each scan. Given its role in musical reward, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was chosen as region of interest for functional connectivity (FC) analyses. Effects of drug (vs placebo) and music (vs no music) on subjective and FC outcomes were assessed. Anhedonia symptoms were assessed pre- and post-treatment (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale).ResultsResults revealed a significant increase in music-evoked emotion following treatment with psilocybin that correlated with post-treatment reductions in anhedonia. A post-treatment reduction in NAc FC with areas resembling the default mode network was observed during music listening (vs no music).ConclusionThese results are consistent with current thinking on the role of psychedelics in enhancing music-evoked pleasure and provide some new insight into correlative brain mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-25", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221125354", "pubmed_id": "36433778", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221125354", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Depression, Emotions, Music, Anhedonia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36433778\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1645, "title": "Exploratory investigation of a patient-informed low-dose psilocybin pulse regimen in the suppression of cluster headache: Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "exploratory investigation of a patient informed low dose psilocybin pulse regimen in the suppression of cluster headache results from a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial", "authors": "Schindler EAD, Sewell RA, Gottschalk CH, Luddy C, Flynn LT, Zhu Y, Lindsey H, Pittman BP, Cozzi NV, D'Souza DC.", "abstract": "ObjectiveUsing a patient-informed regimen, we conducted an exploratory randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to systematically investigate the effects of psilocybin in cluster headache.BackgroundSustained reductions in cluster headache burden after limited quantities of psilocybin-containing mushrooms are anecdotally reported, although to date there are no controlled studies investigating these effects.MethodsParticipants were randomized to receive psilocybin (0.143 mg/kg) or placebo (microcrystalline cellulose) in a pulse of three doses, each ~5 days apart. Participants maintained headache diaries starting 2 weeks before and continuing through 8 weeks after the first drug session. A total of 16 participants were randomized to receive experimental drug and 14 were included in the final analysis.ResultsIn the 3 weeks after the start of the pulse regimen, the change in cluster attack frequency was 0.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] -2.6 to 2.6) attacks/week with placebo (baseline 8.9 [95% CI3.8 to 14.0]) and -3.2 (95% CI -8.3 to 1.9) attacks/week with psilocybin (baseline 9.6 [95% CI5.6 to 13.6]; p = 0.251). Group difference in change from baseline had a moderate effect size (d = 0.69). The effect size was small in episodic participants (d = 0.35) but large in chronic participants (d = 1.25), which remained over the entire 8-week period measured (d = 0.81). Changes in cluster attack frequency were not correlated with the intensity of acute psychotropic effects during psilocybin administration. Psilocybin was well-tolerated without any unexpected or serious adverse events.ConclusionsFindings from this initial, exploratory study provide valuable information for the development of larger, more definitive studies. Efficacy outcomes were negative, owing in part to the small number of participants. The separation of acute psychotropic effects and lasting therapeutic effects underscores the need for further investigation into the mechanism(s) of action of psilocybin in headache disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-22", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1111/head.14420", "pubmed_id": "36416492", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14420", "keywords": "Humans, Cluster Headache, Headache, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36416492\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1635, "title": "Psilocybin as a Treatment for Psychiatric Illness: A Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a treatment for psychiatric illness a meta analysis", "authors": "Irizarry R, Winczura A, Dimassi O, Dhillon N, Minhas A, Larice J.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is an emerging potential therapy for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses. Microdosing has been shown to result in an overall improvement in patients with anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse. This meta-analysis explores and compiles prior research to make further inferences regarding psilocybin and its use for the treatment of psychiatric illness along with its safety and efficacy. Database searches were conducted to identify peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials and clinical trials mentioning psilocybin use and psychiatric illness. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram was created and analysis was run on the nine articles that met all established inclusion criteria. An event is defined as a participant who showed improvement, in a quantitative method, from baseline after the use of psilocybin. Another analysis was done using depression severity (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology 16-Item Self Report, QIDS-SR16) at baseline and after the use of psilocybin. Analyses of the original data and the nine articles showed a great deal of heterogeneity with an I2 value of 73.68%, suggesting that the studies in this meta-analysis cannot be considered to be studies of the same population. The Q value of 30.4 was higher than 15.507, which is the critical value for eight degrees of freedom found in a chi-square distribution. This Q value showed a high degree of variation and lacked significance. The second meta-run on QIDS-SR16 scores from three studies showed a Q value of 1.16 which was lower than 5.991, the critical value for two degrees of freedom found in a chi-square distribution. The I2 statistic for this second meta-analysis was -73% which can be equated to zero. This indicated that the data were homogeneous or that there was no observed heterogeneity. Due to low heterogeneity, the fixed-effects model was used. Based on this meta-analysis, psilocybin seems to show symptom improvement in some psychiatric illnesses. The effectiveness of psilocybin microdosing and the use of psilocybin, in general, need to be studied further to determine the efficacy and safety of potential applications in psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-21", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.31796", "pubmed_id": "36569662", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.31796", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36569662\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,OCD,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1619, "title": "Characterization of the Gateway Decarboxylase for Psilocybin Biosynthesis.", "normalized_title": "characterization of the gateway decarboxylase for psilocybin biosynthesis", "authors": "Schäfer T, Kramer K, Werten S, Rupp B, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "The l-tryptophan decarboxylase PsiD catalyzes the initial step of the metabolic cascade to psilocybin, the major indoleethylamine natural product of the \"magic\" mushrooms and a candidate drug against major depressive disorder. Unlike numerous pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent decarboxylases for natural product biosyntheses, PsiD is PLP-independent and resembles type II phosphatidylserine decarboxylases. Here, we report on the in vitro biochemical characterization of Psilocybe cubensis PsiD along with in silico modeling of the PsiD structure. A non-canonical serine protease triad for autocatalytic cleavage of the pro-protein was predicted and experimentally verified by site-directed mutagenesis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-21", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1002/cbic.202200551", "pubmed_id": "36327140", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202200551", "keywords": "Humans, Pyridoxal Phosphate, Carboxy-Lyases, Biological Products, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36327140\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1636, "title": "Music programming for psilocybin-assisted therapy: Guided Imagery and Music-informed perspectives.", "normalized_title": "music programming for psilocybin assisted therapy guided imagery and music informed perspectives", "authors": "Messell C, Summer L, Bonde LO, Beck BD, Stenbæk DS.", "abstract": "The psychedelic drug psilocybin has been successfully explored as a novel treatment for a range of psychiatric disorders. Administration of psilocybin requires careful attention to psychological support and the setting in which the drug is administered. The use of music to support the acute psychoactive effects of psilocybin is recommended in current guidelines, but descriptions of how to compile music programs for the 4-6 h long sessions are still scarce. This article describes the procedural steps and considerations behind the curation of a new music program, the Copenhagen Music Program, tailored to the intensity profile of a medium/high dose psilocybin. The method of Guided Imagery and Music is presented as a music therapeutic framework for choosing and sequencing music in music programming and the Taxonomi of Therapeutic Music is presented as a rating tool to evaluate the music-psychological intensity of music pieces. Practical examples of how to organize the process of music programming are provided along with a full description of the Copenhagen Music Program and its structure. The aim of the article is to inspire others in their endeavours to create music programs for psychedelic interventions, while proposing that an informed music choice may support the therapeutic dynamics during acute effects of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-16", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873455", "pubmed_id": "36467212", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873455", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36467212\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3639, "title": "NW Trauma Therapies, Chronic Illness of Chronic Depression, PTSD, MS, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2, Long Haulers Syndrome. Treatment of Unregulaaible Trauma by the Treatment of Enhanced Micro Dosing the Levels of 0.15, Thru 0.33, With a Maintenance Dose of 1 Gram Per Month for Neural Pathway Increase of Non Synthesized Psilocybin, Using the Actual Plant to Regulate the Highjacked Nervous System.", "normalized_title": "nw trauma therapies chronic illness of chronic depression ptsd ms hiv and sars cov 2 long haulers syndrome treatment of unregulaaible trauma by the treatment of enhanced micro dosing the levels of 0 15 thru 0 33 with a maintenance dose of 1 gram per month for neural pathway increase of non synthesized psilocybin using the actual plant to regulate the highjacked nervous system", "authors": "NWTraumatherapies", "abstract": "The on-boarding of unregulatable trauma in the United States has reached 20%, which is 1/5 of the population. A population of this magnitude, by definition has now reached an epidemic classification. The population with chronic illness as stated: PTSD, Chronic Depression, MS, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2- Long Haulers Syndrome. These chronic conditions/illnesses many lead to death and are often the cause or perpetuate unregulated trauma and create an unstable population. Psychiatrists have testified before congress that the SSSRI medications are not fully functional cures and are not working for patients. Enchanced Psilocybin micro-dosing at the levels of 0.15g. ranging to 0.33g. every other day an 0.50g. for monthly maintenance of neural pathway production is proving to shave back the highjacked nervous system, thus stopping or rerouting the ruminating neurotransmitters, by rerouting thru new neural pathways. The body has a additional natural pathway in place then to decrease/stop these thoughts by have open pathways to process the thought differently. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and which is the most famous of all the neurotransmitters. Serotonin is very similar in its compound structure to the plant medicine family of psilocybin, serotonin and psilocybin work very similarly with the 5h2A receptor in the human cortex ( the outer cortex of the brain ). Enhanced Microdosing of psilocybin at the levels of 0.15 to 0.33 and of 1 gram to 1.5 grams monthly for maintenance of the newly opened neural pathways is postulated to be a mental health game changer. Psilocybin helps shave back the highjacked nervous system which is a condition known as the diagnosis (SSD) Somatic Symptom Disorder. This research is believed accurate by proof on previous studies to process the subconscious held in the subconscious and shave back the somatic feelings resulting from the trauma of the individuals who have on-boarded chronic disease(s) of Trauma,PTSD, Unregulated Chronic Depression, MS, Cancer, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2- Long Haulers Syndrome. Patients will work with a team: The Administrator Of Study, participants will be onboarded into the study by a Psychiatrist, Therapist LCPC, Micro Dosing Advisor/On-Boarding Provider, going forward referred to as a PMOP ( PLANT MEDICINE ON-BOARDING PROVIDER. The PMOP will administrate, chart dosing and file reports with the Psychiatrist, General Provider, Psychologist, or the LCPC Therapist. Adding a PMOP to Western Medicine could be the key to making treatment available at a functional cost. The dosage will be ( enhanced micro-dosing which is 1 gram to 1.5 grams of psilocybin every other day for 5 days then moving into a M/W/F dose ranging in the enhanced micro-dose levels of 0.15G. thru 0..33 for 8 weeks. Patients will be accepted in the study they must present with one of the following diagnosed conditions, chronic illness' of Trauma, PTSD, Unregulated Chronic Depression, MS, HIV, Cancer, or SARS-CoV-2- Long Haulers Syndrome. As participants with unregulated trauma can tend to have a severely compromised un-functional compromised immune system. This compromised low functioning compromised immune system creates additional health crisis and can cost a great deal of money for the patients and the healthcare system. As testified to congress, the SSRI's are not fully able to manage the on boarding of severe trauma resulting often in PTST/Trauma, these pharmaceuticals tend to become in effective for treatment within 6 months to a year. The SSRI's and pharmaceuticals available for treatment currently have a success rate of 35 %. These diagnosis' of mental compromise are currently being managed at great human cost and financial cost for a decade or more for many patients. Working in conjunction with the General Provider, Psychiatrist, Psychologist, and LCPC Therapist, with a PMOP ( Enhanced Micro Dosing Provider),The PMOP On-Boarding Provider will tailor the dose of plant medicine which this study postulates will result in a positive treatment and will result in improved (Quality of Life) and in the cases of terminal illness, result in (Dying Well)\" A mind without rumination. As Stated, this study is looking for evidence this Plant Medicine Psilocybin would become a path to shave back the SSRI's and treat with dosing of of M/W/F of enhance Microdosing at the levels of 0.15g. thru 0.33G. The Monthly dose of 1 to 1.5 grams of Plant Medicine for maintenance of the increase in newly opened neural pathways. This Study will introduce Non Synthetic Psilocybin every other day for 8 weeks, and the 1G to 1.1.5 G once time per month. The on-boarding of unregulatable trauma in the United States has reached 20%, which is 1/5 of the population. A population of this magnitude, by definition has reached an epidemic classification. The population with chronic illness as stated: Trauma, PTSD, Chronic Depression, MS, Caner, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2- Long Haulers Syndrome, these conditions are severe and the treatments are often not effective. These chronic illnesses which can result in unregulated trauma and create an unstable portion of the population. Psychiatrists have testified before congress that the SSRI's medications are not functional cures and are often not working for patients. Psilocybin micro-dosing by many studies is proving to shave back the highjacked nervous system, stopping or rerouting the neural pathways lessening or stopping the ruminating neurotransmitters. This is the 1st study to support the treatment in the Enhanced Microdosing levels in the range of 0.15g. to 0.33g, and adding a dose of 1g. to 1.5 g. monthly for maintence. The body has a natural path to stop these thoughts by a neurotransmitter called serotonin This famous neurotransmitter Serotonin, is very similar to the plant medicine family of psilocybin, Serotonin and Psilocybin work very similarly with the 5h2A receptor in the human cortex ( the outer cortex of the brain ). Enhanced Microdosing of 0.15 to 0.33 with month dose of 1 gram to 1.5 grams of psilocybin is postulated to shave back and reroute the highjacked nervous system known as the diagnosis (SSD) Somatic Symptom Disorder. This research is believed accurate by proof on previous studies to reverse back the somatic feelings resulting from the trauma of the individuals who are on boarding chronic diseases of PTSD, Chronic Depression, MS, HIV, Cancer, and SARS-CoV-2- Long Haulers Syndrome. Ross Allison Administrator NPI#1437519899", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-11-15", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05042466", "keywords": "Trauma, Nervous System, Trauma, psilocybin, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05042466\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1637, "title": "Role of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT1A and TAAR1 Receptors in the Head Twitch Response Induced by 5-Hydroxytryptophan and Psilocybin: Translational Implications.", "normalized_title": "role of 5 ht2a 5 ht2c 5 ht1a and taar1 receptors in the head twitch response induced by 5 hydroxytryptophan and psilocybin translational implications", "authors": "Shahar O, Botvinnik A, Esh-Zuntz N, Brownstien M, Wolf R, Lotan A, Wolf G, Lerer B, Lifschytz T.", "abstract": "There is increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of psilocybin. In rodents, the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and psilocybin induce a characteristic 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR)-mediated head twitch response (HTR), which is correlated with the human psychedelic trip. We examined the role of other serotonergic receptors and the trace amine -associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) in modulating 5-HTP- and psilocybin-induced HTR. Male C57BL/6J mice (11 weeks, ~30 g) were administered 5-HTP, 50-250 mg/kg i.p., 200 mg/kg i.p. after pretreatment with 5-HT/TAAR1 receptor modulators, psilocybin 0.1-25.6 mg/kg i.p. or 4.4 mg/kg i.p., immediately preceded by 5-HT/TAAR1 receptor modulators. HTR was assessed in a custom-built magnetometer. 5-HTP and psilocybin induced a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of HTR over 20 min with attenuation by the 5-HT2AR antagonist, M100907, and the 5-HT1AR agonist, 8-OH-DPAT. The 5-HT2CR antagonist, RS-102221, enhanced HTR at lower doses but reduced it at higher doses. The TAAR1 antagonist, EPPTB, reduced 5-HTP- but not psilocybin-induced HTR. We have confirmed the key role of 5-HT2AR in HTR, an inhibitory effect of 5-HT1AR, a bimodal contribution of 5-HT2CR and a role of TAAR1 in modulating HTR induced by 5-HTP. Compounds that modulate psychedelic-induced HTR have important potential in the emerging therapeutic use of these compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-15", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ijms232214148", "pubmed_id": "36430623", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214148", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Humans, Mice, Serotonin, 5-Hydroxytryptophan, Hallucinogens, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36430623\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3794, "title": "Manuel de Yale pour la Thérapie de la Dépression Assistée par la Psilocybine", "normalized_title": "manuel de yale pour la thérapie de la dépression assistée par la psilocybine", "authors": "Guss J, Krause R, Sloshower J.", "abstract": "This is the French translation of the Yale Manual for Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy of Depression. Le Manuel de Yale pour le traitement thérapeutique de la dépression assisté par la psilocybine fournit aux chercheurs et aux thérapeutes des méthodes, une structure et des domaines à prendre en compte concernant l'utilisation de la thérapie assistée par les psychédéliques dans le traitement du Trouble dépressif majeur (TDM). En particulier, ce manuel illustre un mode d'utilisation de la Thérapie d'acceptation et d'engagement (ACT) en tant que cadre thérapeutique pour le traitement de la dépression assisté par la psilocybine.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-11-14", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/r96tc", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r96tc", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR572342\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3360, "title": "Manuel de Yale pour la Thérapie de la Dépression Assistée par la Psilocybine", "normalized_title": "manuel de yale pour la thérapie de la dépression assistée par la psilocybine", "authors": "", "abstract": "This is the French translation of the Yale Manual for Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy of Depression. Le Manuel de Yale pour le traitement thérapeutique de la dépression assisté par la psilocybine fournit aux chercheurs et aux thérapeutes des méthodes, une structure et des domaines à prendre en compte concernant l'utilisation de la thérapie assistée par les psychédéliques dans le traitement du Trouble dépressif majeur (TDM). En particulier, ce manuel illustre un mode d'utilisation de la Thérapie d'acceptation et d'engagement (ACT) en tant que cadre thérapeutique pour le traitement de la dépression assisté par la psilocybine.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-11-14", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/r96tc_v1", "keywords": "acceptance and commitment therapy, depression, major depression, major depressive disorder, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychotherapy, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Depressive Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"r96tc_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3248, "title": "Psychedelic compounds directly excite 5-HT2A Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons in the Prefrontal Cortex through a 5-HT2A Gq -mediated activation mechanism", "normalized_title": "psychedelic compounds directly excite 5 ht2a layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex through a 5 ht2a gq mediated activation mechanism", "authors": "Schmitz GP, Chiu Y, König GM, Kostenis E, Roth BL, Herman MA.", "abstract": "Summary Psilocin, the active compound in Psilocybe sp. mushrooms, is a serotonergic psychedelic that has recently gained renewed interest due to its potential as a therapeutic tool. Despite promising clinical findings, the underlying signaling mechanisms and brain region-specific effects of psilocin and other psychedelic drugs remain unclear. Psilocin, like other psychedelic compounds, is an agonist at many serotonin and other biogenic amine receptors; however, activation of serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) 2A receptors (5-HT2A Rs) is understood as the main molecular target for the psychoactive effects in animals and humans. 5-HT2A Rs are abundantly expressed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC); however, the biochemical actions of psilocin on PFC neurons remain poorly understood. In this study, we used in vitro slice electrophysiology to examine how psilocin acutely alters the activity and electrophysiological properties of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mouse PFC. Focal application of psilocin (10 μ M) onto nonspecified Layer 5 Pyramidal neurons in the prelimbic PFC of C57BL/6J mice produced variable effects on firing (increase, decrease, or no change). 5-HT2A R layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mouse prelimbic PFC were identified via labeling in a 5-HT2A-ERT2-Cre mouse crossed with an Ai9 tdTomato reporter. Focal application of psilocin increased firing in all identified 5-HT2A R neurons but did not result in any significant changes in synaptic transmission. Overall, the results demonstrate that psilocin evokes strong firing changes in the PFC that are 5-HT2A R and G α q dependent, thereby providing valuable insights into the effects of psilocin on a brain region implicated in mediating psychedelic drug actions.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-11-14", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.11.15.516655", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.15.516655", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR571939\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1638, "title": "Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids.", "normalized_title": "extensive collection of psychotropic mushrooms with determination of their tryptamine alkaloids", "authors": "Gotvaldová K, Borovička J, Hájková K, Cihlářová P, Rockefeller A, Kuchař M.", "abstract": "Since not only psilocybin (PSB) but also PSB-containing mushrooms are used for psychedelic therapy and microdosing, it is necessary to know their concentration variability in wild-grown mushrooms. This article aimed to determine the PSB, psilocin (PS), baeocystin (BA), norbaeocystin (NB), and aeruginascin (AE) concentrations in a large sample set of mushrooms belonging to genera previously reported to contain psychotropic tryptamines. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify tryptamine alkaloids in the mushroom samples. Most mushroom collections were documented by fungarium specimens and/or ITS rDNA/LSU/EF1-α sequencing. Concentrations of five tryptamine alkaloids were determined in a large sample set of 226 fruiting bodies of 82 individual collections from seven mushroom genera. For many mushroom species, concentrations of BA, NB, and AE are reported for the first time. The highest PSB/PS concentrations were found in Psilocybe species, but no tryptamines were detected in the P. fuscofulva and P. fimetaria collections. The tryptamine concentrations in mushrooms are extremely variable, representing a problem for mushroom consumers due to the apparent risk of overdose. The varied cocktail of tryptamines in wild mushrooms could influence the medicinal effect compared to therapy with chemically pure PSB, posing a serious problem for data interpretation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-14", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ijms232214068", "pubmed_id": "36430546", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214068", "keywords": "Agaricales, Tryptamines, Organophosphorus Compounds, Alkaloids, Indoles, Organophosphates", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36430546\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1602, "title": "Body mass index (BMI) does not predict responses to psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "body mass index bmi does not predict responses to psilocybin", "authors": "Spriggs MJ, Giribaldi B, Lyons T, Rosas FE, Kärtner LS, Buchborn T, Douglass HM, Roseman L, Timmermann C, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a serotonin type 2A (5-HT2A) receptor agonist and naturally occurring psychedelic. 5-HT2A receptor density is known to be associated with body mass index (BMI), however, the impact of this on psilocybin therapy has not been explored. While body weight-adjusted dosing is widely used, this imposes a practical and financial strain on the scalability of psychedelic therapy. This gap between evidence and practice is caused by the absence of studies clarifying the relationship between BMI, the acute psychedelic experience and long-term psychological outcomes.MethodData were pooled across three studies using a fixed 25 mg dose of psilocybin delivered in a therapeutic context to assess whether BMI predicts characteristics of the acute experience and changes in well-being 2 weeks later. Supplementing frequentist analysis with Bayes Factors has enabled for conclusions to be drawn regarding the null hypothesis.ResultsResults support the null hypothesis that BMI does not predict overall intensity of the altered state, mystical experiences, perceptual changes or emotional breakthroughs during the acute experience. There was weak evidence for greater 'dread of ego dissolution' in participants with lower BMI, however, further analysis suggested BMI did not meaningfully add to the combination of the other covariates (age, sex and study). While mystical-type experiences and emotional breakthroughs were strong predictors of improvements in well-being, BMI was not.ConclusionsThese findings have important implications for our understanding of pharmacological and extra-pharmacological contributors to psychedelic-assisted therapy and for the standardization of a fixed therapeutic dose in psychedelic-assisted therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221131994", "pubmed_id": "36373934", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221131994", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Body Mass Index, Bayes Theorem, Emotions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36373934\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3442, "title": "A Double-Blind Trial of Psilocybin-Assisted Treatment of Alcohol Dependence", "normalized_title": "a double blind trial of psilocybin assisted treatment of alcohol dependence", "authors": "NYU Langone Health", "abstract": "Several lines of evidence suggest that classic hallucinogens such as psilocybin can facilitate behavior change in addictions such as alcohol dependence. The proposed investigation is a multi-site, double-blind active-controlled trial (n = 180, 90 per group) contrasting the acute and persisting effects of psilocybin to those of diphenhydramine in the context of outpatient alcoholism treatment. Two to four sites will participate in this study. Aims of the study are 1) to characterize the acute effects of PO psilocybin 25 mg/70 kg, 30 mg/70 kg, and 40 mg/70 kg in alcohol dependent patients; 2) to evaluate the effect of psilocybin treatment on drinking outcomes for 32 weeks after the first administration, relative to diphenhydramine control; 3) to test whether or not characteristics of the drug administration session experiences mediate effects of psilocybin on short-term (1 week) persisting effects and post-session drinking behavior, 4) to evaluate the explanatory value of changes in alcohol craving, self-efficacy, motivation, and other psychological domains in accounting for the observed experimental effect of psilocybin relative to diphenhydramine control, and 5) to evaluate pre-post changes in drinking in participants after they receive psilocybin in the third session. The total duration of psychosocial treatment in the double-blind period will be 12 weeks, and double-blind drug administration sessions will occur after 4 and 8 weeks. In the first psilocybin session, a dose of 25 mg/70 kg will be administered. Depending on the response in the first session, the dose for the second session may be increased to 30 mg/70 kg or 40 mg/70 kg, or held at 25mg/70kg. The dose of diphenhydramine will start at 50 mg, and may be increased to 100 mg or held at 50 mg in the second session, depending on response in the first session. Following completion of the double-blind period (34 weeks after randomization) all participants who meet interim safety criteria will be offered an additional session in which psilocybin will be administered. The drug will be administered during 8-hour sessions in an outpatient setting under close medical and psychiatric monitoring. The drug administration sessions will occur in the context of an extended version of Motivational Enhancement Therapy (Motivational Enhancement and Taking Action, META) with the addition of standardized preparation before and debriefing and follow-up after the psilocybin administration sessions. Extensive screening and baseline assessment will be completed, including thorough safety screening and assessment of participant characteristics that could potentially moderate treatment response. Within-session and short-term persisting effects will be assessed. Drinking outcomes and changes in several potential mediators of treatment effect, including motivation, self-efficacy, craving, depression, anxiety, and spiritual dimensions of the experience, will be measured until 50 weeks after the first drug administration session, for a total of 54 weeks from the initiation of treatment.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-11-07", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02061293", "keywords": "Alcohol Dependence, Psilocybin, Diphenhydramine, Motivational Enhancement and Taking Action (META), COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT02061293\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1629, "title": "Psilocybin containing mushrooms: a rapidly developing biotechnology industry in the psychiatry, biomedical and nutraceutical fields.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin containing mushrooms a rapidly developing biotechnology industry in the psychiatry biomedical and nutraceutical fields", "authors": "Strauss D, Ghosh S, Murray Z, Gryzenhout M.", "abstract": "Humans have collected and used hallucinogenic mushrooms for ethnic medicinal, recreational, and religious purposes since before recorded history. Currently, the use of these mushrooms is illegal in most countries, but where their use is legal they are applied as self medication. Psilocybin and psilocin, two psychoactive alkaloids, are naturally synthesized by hallucinogenic mushrooms. The chemical structure of these compounds are similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin. Activation of this system by psilocybin and psilocin may produce temporary changes in the brain that induce hallucinations and feelings of euphoria. Adjustment of the serotonin system in this way can moderate symptoms of related mental disorders. This review summarizes relevant and current information regarding the discovery of hallucinogenic mushrooms and their contained psychoactive compounds, the events that lead to their criminalization and decriminilization, and the state of knowledge of psilocybin, psilocin, and derivatives. Last, research on the psychoactive properties of these mushrooms is placed in perspective to possible applications for human dysfunctions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-03", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s13205-022-03355-4", "pubmed_id": "36340802", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-022-03355-4", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36340802\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1603, "title": "Psilocin - The \"real deal\" or an extraction byproduct.", "normalized_title": "psilocin the real deal or an extraction byproduct", "authors": "Gutman O, Tenne D, Bretler U.", "abstract": "Most illicit drug casework samples at the Israel Police National Drug Laboratory are found to be mixtures of substances. Some are a mixture of an illicit drug with fillers, and others may contain more than one illicit drug. This study was triggered by a routine gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of an unusual casework sample. The sample chromatogram showed a mixture of two illicit drugs, 4-acetoxy-DMT and psilocin. Considering the two substances' similar skeletal structure, the authors wondered whether the sample was indeed a mixture of the two substances, or whether perhaps 4-acetoxy-DMT was hydrolyzed to psilocin during the analysis. This study hypothesized that indeed the base used in the pre-injection sample preparation hydrolyzed the ester group on the 4-acetoxy-DMT yielding a hydroxide group. This was tested using several concentrations of ammonium hydroxide and two additional bases - pyridine (a weak base) and sodium hydroxide (a strong base). Results showed that media with a higher pH (induced by the stronger base) yielded a higher psilocin to 4-acetoxy-DMT ratio which is compatible with degradation of 4-acetoxy-DMT. This study also explored the possibility that psilocin was a byproduct of thermal decomposition of 4-acetoxy-DMT and found it thermally stable in the temperature of the GC injection port (200°C). The 4-acetoxy-DMT case demonstrates how pre-injection laboratory procedures can inadvertently modify casework samples. Caution is clearly advisable in selecting reagents and processes in general, and specifically in the case of GC-MS pre-injection procedures conducted to analyze substances like the ones in the present study.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-03", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1111/1556-4029.15167", "pubmed_id": "36333836", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15167", "keywords": "Substance Abuse Detection, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36333836\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3314, "title": "5-MeO-DMT modifies innate behaviors and promotes structural neural plasticity in mice", "normalized_title": "5 meo dmt modifies innate behaviors and promotes structural neural plasticity in mice", "authors": "Jefferson SJ, Gregg I, Dibbs M, Liao C, Wu H, Davoudian PA, Sprouse JS, Sherwood AM, Kaye AP, Pittenger C, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Serotonergic psychedelics are gaining increasing interest as potential therapeutics for a range of mental illnesses. Compounds with short-lived subjective effects may be clinically useful because dosing time would be reduced, which may improve patient access. One short-acting psychedelic is 5-MeO-DMT, which has been associated with improvement in depression and anxiety symptoms in early clinical studies. However relatively little is known about the behavioral effects and neural mechanisms of 5-MeO-DMT in animal models. Here we characterized the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on innate behaviors and dendritic architecture in mice. We showed that 5-MeO-DMT induces a dose-dependent increase in head-twitch response that is shorter in duration than that induced by psilocybin at all doses tested. 5-MeO-DMT also substantially suppresses social ultrasonic vocalizations produced during mating behavior. 5-MeO-DMT produces long-lasting increases in dendritic spine density in the mouse medial frontal cortex that are driven by an elevated rate of spine formation. However, unlike psilocybin, 5-MeO-DMT did not affect the size of dendritic spines. These data provide insights into the behavioral and neural consequences underlying the action of 5-MeO-DMT and highlight similarities and differences with those of psilocybin.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-11-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.11.03.515044", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.03.515044", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR566748\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1519, "title": "The Missing Piece? A Case for Microglia's Prominent Role in the Therapeutic Action of Anesthetics, Ketamine, and Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "the missing piece a case for microglia s prominent role in the therapeutic action of anesthetics ketamine and psychedelics", "authors": "VanderZwaag J, Halvorson T, Dolhan K, Šimončičová E, Ben-Azu B, Tremblay MÈ.", "abstract": "There is much excitement surrounding recent research of promising, mechanistically novel psychotherapeutics - psychedelic, anesthetic, and dissociative agents - as they have demonstrated surprising efficacy in treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as mood disorders and addiction. However, the mechanisms by which these drugs provide such profound psychological benefits are still to be fully elucidated. Microglia, the CNS's resident innate immune cells, are emerging as a cellular target for psychiatric disorders because of their critical role in regulating neuroplasticity and the inflammatory environment of the brain. The following paper is a review of recent literature surrounding these neuropharmacological therapies and their demonstrated or hypothesized interactions with microglia. Through investigating the mechanism of action of psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide, ketamine, and propofol, we demonstrate a largely under-investigated role for microglia in much of the emerging research surrounding these pharmacological agents. Among others, we detail sigma-1 receptors, serotonergic and γ-aminobutyric acid signalling, and tryptophan metabolism as pathways through which these agents modulate microglial phagocytic activity and inflammatory mediator release, inducing their therapeutic effects. The current review includes a discussion on future directions in the field of microglial pharmacology and covers bidirectional implications of microglia and these novel pharmacological agents in aging and age-related disease, glial cell heterogeneity, and state-of-the-art methodologies in microglial research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11064-022-03772-0", "pubmed_id": "36327017", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-022-03772-0", "keywords": "Microglia, Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Anesthetics, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36327017\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Drug Interactions,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1643, "title": "Psilocybin reduces symptoms in treatment resistant depression, trial results show.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces symptoms in treatment resistant depression trial results show", "authors": "Iacobucci G.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1136/bmj.o2623", "pubmed_id": "36411539", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o2623", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36411539\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1640, "title": "Structure-Activity Relationships for Psilocybin, Baeocystin, Aeruginascin, and Related Analogues to Produce Pharmacological Effects in Mice.", "normalized_title": "structure activity relationships for psilocybin baeocystin aeruginascin and related analogues to produce pharmacological effects in mice", "authors": "Glatfelter GC, Pottie E, Partilla JS, Sherwood AM, Kaylo K, Pham DNK, Naeem M, Sammeta VR, DeBoer S, Golen JA, Hulley EB, Stove CP, Chadeayne AR, Manke DR, Baumann MH.", "abstract": "4-Phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin) is a naturally occurring tertiary amine found in many mushroom species. Psilocybin is a prodrug for 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocin), which induces psychedelic effects via agonist activity at the serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptor (5-HT2A). Several other 4-position ring-substituted tryptamines are present in psilocybin-containing mushrooms, including the secondary amine 4-phosphoryloxy-N-methyltryptamine (baeocystin) and the quaternary ammonium 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine (aeruginascin), but these compounds are not well studied. Here, we investigated the structure-activity relationships for psilocybin, baeocystin, and aeruginascin, as compared to their 4-acetoxy and 4-hydroxy analogues, using in vitro and in vivo methods. Broad receptor screening using radioligand binding assays in transfected cells revealed that secondary and tertiary tryptamines with either 4-acetoxy or 4-hydroxy substitutions display nanomolar affinity for most human 5-HT receptor subtypes tested, including the 5-HT2A and the serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1A). The same compounds displayed affinity for 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A in mouse brain tissue in vitro and exhibited agonist efficacy in assays examining 5-HT2A-mediated calcium mobilization and β-arrestin 2 recruitment. In mouse experiments, only the tertiary amines psilocin, psilocybin, and 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilacetin) induced head twitch responses (ED50 0.11-0.29 mg/kg) indicative of psychedelic-like activity. Head twitches were blocked by 5-HT2A antagonist pretreatment, supporting 5-HT2A involvement. Both secondary and tertiary amines decreased body temperature and locomotor activity at higher doses, the effects of which were blocked by 5-HT1A antagonist pretreatment. Across all assays, the pharmacological effects of 4-acetoxy and 4-hydroxy compounds were similar, and these compounds were more potent than their 4-phosphoryloxy counterparts. Importantly, psilacetin appears to be a prodrug for psilocin that displays substantial serotonin receptor activities of its own.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.2c00177", "pubmed_id": "36407948", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.2c00177", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36407948\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1630, "title": "Psilocybin for alcohol use disorder: Rationale and design considerations for a randomized controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for alcohol use disorder rationale and design considerations for a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "O'Donnell KC, Mennenga SE, Owens LT, Podrebarac SK, Baron T, Rotrosen J, Ross S, Forcehimes AA, Bogenschutz MP.", "abstract": "Several lines of evidence suggest that classic psychedelics (5-HT2A receptor agonists or partial agonists) such as psilocybin might facilitate behavior change in individuals with substance use disorders. We conducted a multi-site, double-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) to assess the effects of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in alcohol-dependent volunteers. In addition to a structured 12-week psychotherapy platform, participants (n = 96) were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either oral psilocybin or an active placebo (oral diphenhydramine) in each of two dosing sessions (at weeks 4 and 8). Initial doses were 25 mg/70 kg psilocybin or 50 mg diphenhydramine, which could be increased in the second session depending on initial response. The psychotherapy platform combined evidence-based, manualized therapy for alcohol dependence with a supportive context for the dosing sessions. All participants were followed in the RCT through week 36. At the end of the RCT, participants who still met safety criteria were offered an open-label psilocybin session. Data collected at screening, baseline and throughout the study included: demographics, measures of alcohol use, subjective response to psilocybin and diphenhydramine, and safety measures. The primary outcome was the proportion of heavy drinking days during the 32 weeks after the first dosing session (i.e., between week 4 and week 36). Secondary outcomes included safety, additional measures of drinking (e.g., abstinence, drinking days, etc.), craving, self-efficacy, and acute effects. We will also explore moderators and mediators of the primary outcome. The primary outcomes will be published elsewhere. In this paper, we describe the protocol and rationale for our design decisions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-11-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.cct.2022.106976", "pubmed_id": "36332827", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2022.106976", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Diphenhydramine, Treatment Outcome, Alcohol Drinking, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36332827\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3191, "title": "Psilocybin induces acute and persisting alterations in immune status and the stress response in healthy volunteers", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces acute and persisting alterations in immune status and the stress response in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Mason N, Szabo A, Kuypers K, Mallaroni P, de la Torre Fornell R, Reckweg J, Tse D, Hutten N, Feilding A, Ramaekers J.", "abstract": "Patients characterized by stress-related disorders such as depression display elevated circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a hyperactive HPA axis. Psychedelics are demonstrating promising results in treatment of such disorders, however the mechanisms of their therapeutic effects are still unknown. To date the evidence of acute and persisting effects of psychedelics on immune functioning, HPA axis activity in response to stress, and associated psychological outcomes is preliminary. To address this, we conducted a placebo-controlled, parallel group design comprising of 60 healthy participants who received either placebo (n=30) or 0.17 mg/kg psilocybin (n=30). Blood samples were taken to assess acute changes in immune status, and 7 days after drug administration. Seven days’ post-administration, participants in each treatment group were further subdivided: 15 underwent a stress induction protocol, and 15 underwent a control protocol. Ultra-high field magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assess whether acute changes in glutamate or glial activity were associated with changes in immune functioning. Finally, questionnaires assessed persisting self-report changes in mood and social behavior. Psilocybin immediately reduced concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), while other inflammatory markers (interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP)) remained unchanged. Seven days later, TNF-α concentrations returned to baseline, while IL-6 and CRP concentrations were persistently reduced in the psilocybin group. Changes in the immune profile were related to acute neurometabolic activity as acute reductions in TNF-α were linked to lower concentrations of glutamate in the hippocampus. Additionally, the more of a reduction in IL-6 and CRP seven days after psilocybin, the more persisting positive mood and social effects participants reported. Regarding the stress response, after a psychosocial stressor, psilocybin blunted the cortisol response compared to placebo. Such acute and persisting changes may contribute to the psychological and therapeutic effects of psilocybin demonstrated in ongoing patient trials.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-10-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.10.31.22281688", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.31.22281688", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR565752\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1647, "title": "Classic psychedelics and alcohol use disorders: A systematic review of human and animal studies.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics and alcohol use disorders a systematic review of human and animal studies", "authors": "Calleja-Conde J, Morales-García JA, Echeverry-Alzate V, Bühler KM, Giné E, López-Moreno JA.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics refer to substances such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, ayahuasca, and mescaline, which induce altered states of consciousness by acting mainly on 5-HT2A receptors. Recently, the interest of psychedelics as pharmacological treatment for psychiatric disorders has increased significantly, including their use on problematic use of alcohol. This systematic review is aimed to analyse the last two decades of studies examining the relationship between classic psychedelics and alcohol consumption. We searched PubMed and PsycInfo for human and preclinical studies published between January 2000 to December 2021. The search identified 639 publications. After selection, 27 studies were included. Human studies (n = 20) generally show promising data and seem to indicate that classic psychedelics could help reduce alcohol consumption. Nevertheless, some of these studies present methodological concerns such as low number of participants, lack of control group or difficulty in determining the effect of classic psychedelics in isolation. On the other hand, preclinical studies (n = 7) investigating the effect of these compounds on voluntary alcohol consumption are scarce and show some conflicting data. Among these compounds, psilocybin seems to show the most consistent data indicating that this compound could be a potential candidate to treat alcohol use disorders. In the absence of understanding the biological and/or psychological mechanisms, more studies including methodological quality parameters are needed to finally determine the effects of classic psychedelics on alcohol consumption.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1111/adb.13229", "pubmed_id": "36301215", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.13229", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Alcoholism, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36301215\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1646, "title": "Psilocybin mushrooms for psychological and existential distress: Treatment for a patient with palliative lung cancer.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin mushrooms for psychological and existential distress treatment for a patient with palliative lung cancer", "authors": "Patchett-Marble R, O'Sullivan S, Tadwalkar S, Hapke E.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.46747/cfp.6811823", "pubmed_id": "36376043", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6811823", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Neoplasms, Lung Neoplasms, Palliative Care, Stress, Psychological, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36376043\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1644, "title": "[Treatment-resistant depression. From classification to new therapies.]", "normalized_title": "treatment resistant depression from classification to new therapies", "authors": "Paganin W, Signorini S, Signorini S, Leccese V, Sciarretta A.", "abstract": "AimsThis paper aims to investigate the advances in recent years in the recognition and therapy of treatment-resistant depression starting from the concepts of: depressive disorder, resistance and pseudoresistance to drug treatment in depression, and appropriate treatments of treatment-resistant depression.MethodsAn extensive research was carried out on scientific databases such as: PubMed, PsychInfo and Cochrane Library, until May 2022, using the keywords \"major depression\", \"treatment-resistant depression\", \"staging\", \"instrumental therapies for resistant depression\", \"esketamine\" and \"psilocybin\".ResultsSubjects who do not respond to antidepressants show a form of treatment resistance that requires an approach with additional pharmacological and/or instrumental therapies. Recently, esketamine and psilocybin are of particular interest among clinicians, and instrumental treatments such as: vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, epidural cortical stimulation, and electro convulsive therapy, are being added to them.Discussion and conclusionsTreatment-resistant depression has increasingly become a public health problem due to the significant number of relapses, hospitalizations and mortality it entails, with increased demand for the use of more drugs, therapeutic resources by health services, and loss of quality of life for patients. Treatment-resistant depression needs to be addressed through the creation of dedicated study protocols. Future research should focus on the need to establish operational, valid and appropriate criteria, both on the psychopathological, clinical governance and therapeutic levels, focusing on the latest therapies in order to provide reliable data on the benefits, risks and costs associated with their use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1708/3922.39072", "pubmed_id": "36503940", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1708/3922.39072", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Quality of Life, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36503940\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Aging,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1642, "title": "Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression.", "normalized_title": "single dose psilocybin for a treatment resistant episode of major depression", "authors": "Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, Arden PC, Baker A, Bennett JC, Bird C, Blom RE, Brennan C, Brusch D, Burke L, Campbell-Coker K, Carhart-Harris R, Cattell J, Daniel A, DeBattista C, Dunlop BW, Eisen K, Feifel D, Forbes M, Haumann HM, Hellerstein DJ, Hoppe AI, Husain MI, Jelen LA, Kamphuis J, Kawasaki J, Kelly JR, Key RE, Kishon R, Knatz Peck S, Knight G, Koolen MHB, Lean M, Licht RW, Maples-Keller JL, Mars J, Marwood L, McElhiney MC, Miller TL, Mirow A, Mistry S, Mletzko-Crowe T, Modlin LN, Nielsen RE, Nielson EM, Offerhaus SR, O'Keane V, Páleníček T, Printz D, Rademaker MC, van Reemst A, Reinholdt F, Repantis D, Rucker J, Rudow S, Ruffell S, Rush AJ, Schoevers RA, Seynaeve M, Shao S, Soares JC, Somers M, Stansfield SC, Sterling D, Strockis A, Tsai J, Visser L, Wahba M, Williams S, Young AH, Ywema P, Zisook S, Malievskaia E.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is being studied for use in treatment-resistant depression.MethodsIn this phase 2 double-blind trial, we randomly assigned adults with treatment-resistant depression to receive a single dose of a proprietary, synthetic formulation of psilocybin at a dose of 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg (control), along with psychological support. The primary end point was the change from baseline to week 3 in the total score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; range, 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe depression). Secondary end points included response at week 3 (≥50% decrease from baseline in the MADRS total score), remission at week 3 (MADRS total score ≤10), and sustained response at 12 weeks (meeting response criteria at week 3 and all subsequent visits).ResultsA total of 79 participants were in the 25-mg group, 75 in the 10-mg group, and 79 in the 1-mg group. The mean MADRS total score at baseline was 32 or 33 in each group. Least-squares mean changes from baseline to week 3 in the score were -12.0 for 25 mg, -7.9 for 10 mg, and -5.4 for 1 mg; the difference between the 25-mg group and 1-mg group was -6.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], -10.2 to -2.9; P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1056/nejmoa2206443", "pubmed_id": "36322843", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2206443", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36322843\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1641, "title": "Psilocybin in Treatment-Resistant Depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Madras BK.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1056/nejme2210975", "pubmed_id": "36322849", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejme2210975", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36322849\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1670, "title": "Microdosing with classical psychedelics: Research trajectories and practical considerations.", "normalized_title": "microdosing with classical psychedelics research trajectories and practical considerations", "authors": "Wong A, Raz A.", "abstract": "Microdosing-the intermittent ingestion of minute, sub-hallucinogenic amounts of psychedelic substances, repeatedly and over time-has become a widespread, albeit largely understudied, phenomenon. Regulations around using psychedelics at any dose-micro, mini, macro, or mega-pose all sorts of difficulties for those who wish to systematically study the effects of Schedule I drugs, especially in the United States. Microdosers commonly claim that taking a sub-hallucinogenic (pre-hallucinogenic or sub-perceptual) dose improves higher brain functions, including creativity, productivity, and mood. If true, these results would provide an important experimental edge in distinguishing psychosocial effects (e.g. caused by expectation) from those related to the active psychedelic ingredient. In this critical integrative synthesis, we explore the psychobiological science of dose amounts and how it informs microdosing with classical psychedelics (e.g. lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD] and psilocybin) to highlight and fuel research into questions (e.g. in cognitive neuroscience, consciousness studies, and metacognition). We sketch the hurdle-laden regulatory landscape and the procedures that shroud research with Schedule I drugs. Finally, we offer some future directions relevant to both scholars and clinicians in the social and behavioral sciences as well as in mental health and neurological science.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/13634615221129115", "pubmed_id": "36317302", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615221129115", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36317302\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Microdosing,Creativity,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1656, "title": "Five new species of Inosperma from China: Morphological characteristics, phylogenetic analyses, and toxin detection.", "normalized_title": "five new species of inosperma from china morphological characteristics phylogenetic analyses and toxin detection", "authors": "Li SN, Xu F, Long P, Liu F, Zhang P, Fan YG, Chen ZH.", "abstract": "Many species of Inosperma cause neurotoxic poisoning in humans after consumption around the world. However, the toxic species of Inosperma and its toxin content remain unclear. In the present study, we proposed five new Inosperma species from China, namely, I. longisporum, I. nivalellum, I. sphaerobulbosum, I. squamulosobrunneum, and I. squamulosohinnuleum. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on three genes (ITS, nrLSU, rpb2) revealed that these taxa are independent species. A key to 17 species of Inosperma in China is provided. In addition, targeted screening for the most notorious mushroom neurotoxins, muscarine, psilocybin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol, in these five new species was performed by using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Our results show that the neurotoxin contents in these five species varied: I. sphaerobulbosum contains none of the tested neurotoxins; I. nivalellum is muscarine positive; I. longisporum and I. squamulosohinnuleum contain both ibotenic acid and muscimol, and I. squamulosobrunneum only contains muscimol; psilocybin was not detected in these five new species.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fmicb.2022.1021583", "pubmed_id": "36386664", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1021583", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36386664\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1604, "title": "Race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psychedelic use (MDMA/ecstasy and psilocybin) and major depressive episodes.", "normalized_title": "race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psychedelic use mdma ecstasy and psilocybin and major depressive episodes", "authors": "Jones GM.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics are receiving renewed attention within Western medicine as they represent potential treatments for many difficult-to-treat mental health disorders. However, psychedelic science is limited in its focus and inclusion of racial and ethnic minorities. Hence, this study examines whether race and ethnicity moderate the associations that naturalistic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)/ecstasy use and psilocybin use share with major depressive episodes (MDEs).MethodData for this project are from The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2005-2019). Participants were adults aged 18 years and older (unweighted N = 596,187). This study used multivariable logistic regression to test the interaction between race and ethnicity and MDMA/ecstasy use and psilocybin use for predicting lifetime, past year, and past year severe MDEs.ResultsRace and ethnicity significantly moderated the associations between MDMA/ecstasy use and psilocybin use and MDEs. For White participants, MDMA/ecstasy use and psilocybin use each were associated with lowered odds of all three MDE outcomes (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) range: 0.82-0.92). For Hispanic participants, MDMA/ecstasy use and psilocybin use each conferred lowered odds of only a past year MDE (MDMA/ecstasy aOR: 0.82; psilocybin aOR: 0.79). For Non-Hispanic Racial Minority participants, MDMA/ecstasy and psilocybin use did not confer lowered odds of any MDE outcomes.ConclusionRace and ethnicity have an impact on the associations that psychedelics share with mental health outcomes. Future research should explore the impact of identity and discrimination on the effects of psychedelics and should explore whether these substances can serve as effective treatments for minorities when used in culturally informed contexts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221127304", "pubmed_id": "36314881", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221127304", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Adult, Psilocybin, Ethnicity, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36314881\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Observational Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3756, "title": "Serotonergic antidepressant use is associated with weaker psilocybin effects", "normalized_title": "serotonergic antidepressant use is associated with weaker psilocybin effects", "authors": "Gukasyan N, Griffiths RR, Yaden DB, Antoine D, Nayak SM.", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin is being studied for depression, but little is known about how it interacts with common antidepressants. Limited data suggests that psilocybin’s effects may be diminished by serotonergic antidepressants acutely and even after a medication washout period. Aims: To learn the extent to which serotonergic antidepressants may diminish psilocybin’s effects both concurrently and after discontinuation of antidepressants. Methods: Online survey of individuals with use of psilocybin 1) with an antidepressant and/or 2) within two years of discontinuing an antidepressant. Participants who took psilocybin with an antidepressant and either took the same dose of psilocybin pre-antidepressant or took the same dose with other people not on antidepressant reported the strength of psilocybin’s effect relative to their expectation. Participants who took psilocybin following discontinuation of a serotonergic antidepressant also reported the presence of weakened effects. Results: In reports (n=595) of taking psilocybin with an antidepressant, probabilities [95% CI] of weaker than expected psilocybin effects were 0.48 [0.41-0.54] (SSRIs), 0.56 [0.44-0.67] (SNRIs) and 0.29 [0.2-0.39] (bupropion). Following serotonergic antidepressant discontinuation (n=1,542 reports), the odds of reduced psilocybin effects were not significantly different from the earliest post-discontinuation timepoint (within 1 week) until 3-6 months OR = 0.42, 95% [0.25-0.72] p = 0.001. Conclusions: Serotonergic antidepressants appear to weaken psilocybin’s effects relative to a non-serotonergic antidepressant. This dampening effect on psilocybin effects may last as long as 3 months following antidepressant discontinuation.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-10-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/2zys9", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2zys9", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR564597\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3730, "title": "A Bayesian Reanalysis of a Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression.", "normalized_title": "a bayesian reanalysis of a trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression", "authors": "Nayak SM, Bari BA, Yaden DB, Spriggs MJ, Rosas FE, Peill JM, Giribaldi B, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "ObjectivesTo perform a Bayesian reanalysis of a recent trial of psilocybin (COMP360) versus escitalopram for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in order to provide a more informative interpretation of the indeterminate outcome of a previous frequentist analysis.DesignReanalysis of a two-arm double-blind placebo controlled trial.ParticipantsFifty-nine patients with MDD.InterventionsTwo doses of psilocybin 25mg and daily oral placebo versus daily escitalopram and 2 doses of psilocybin 1mg, with psychological support for both groups.Outcome measuresQuick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS SR-16), and three other depression scales as secondary outcomes: HAMD-17, MADRS, and BDI-1A.ResultsUsing Bayes factors and 'skeptical priors' which bias estimates towards zero, for the hypothesis that psilocybin is superior by any margin, we found indeterminate evidence for QIDS SR-16, strong evidence for BDI-1A and MADRS, and extremely strong evidence for HAMD-17. For the stronger hypothesis that psilocybin is superior by a 'clinically meaningful amount' (using literature defined values of the minimally clinically important difference), we found moderate evidence against it for QIDS SR-16, indeterminate evidence for BDI-1A and MADRS, and moderate evidence supporting it for HAMD-17. Furthermore, across the board we found extremely strong evidence for psilocybin's non-inferiority versus escitalopram. These findings were robust to prior sensitivity analysis.ConclusionsThis Bayesian reanalysis supports the following inferences: 1) that psilocybin did indeed outperform escitalopram in this trial, but not to an extent that was clinically meaningful--and 2) that psilocybin is almost certainly non-inferior to escitalopram. The present results provide a more precise and nuanced interpretation to previously reported results from this trial, and support the need for further research into the relative efficacy of psilocybin therapy for depression with respect to current leading treatments.Trial registration numberNCT03429075.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1089/psymed.2022.0002", "pubmed_id": "37337526", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2022.0002", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"37337526\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3170, "title": "Serotonergic antidepressant use is associated with weaker psilocybin effects", "normalized_title": "serotonergic antidepressant use is associated with weaker psilocybin effects", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin is being studied for depression, but little is known about how it interacts with common antidepressants. Limited data suggests that psilocybin’s effects may be diminished by serotonergic antidepressants acutely and even after a medication washout period. Aims: To learn the extent to which serotonergic antidepressants may diminish psilocybin’s effects both concurrently and after discontinuation of antidepressants. Methods: Online survey of individuals with use of psilocybin 1) with an antidepressant and/or 2) within two years of discontinuing an antidepressant. Participants who took psilocybin with an antidepressant and either took the same dose of psilocybin pre-antidepressant or took the same dose with other people not on antidepressant reported the strength of psilocybin’s effect relative to their expectation. Participants who took psilocybin following discontinuation of a serotonergic antidepressant also reported the presence of weakened effects. Results: In reports (n=595) of taking psilocybin with an antidepressant, probabilities [95% CI] of weaker than expected psilocybin effects were 0.48 [0.41-0.54] (SSRIs), 0.56 [0.44-0.67] (SNRIs) and 0.29 [0.2-0.39] (bupropion). Following serotonergic antidepressant discontinuation (n=1,542 reports), the odds of reduced psilocybin effects were not significantly different from the earliest post-discontinuation timepoint (within 1 week) until 3-6 months OR = 0.42, 95% [0.25-0.72] p = 0.001. Conclusions: Serotonergic antidepressants appear to weaken psilocybin’s effects relative to a non-serotonergic antidepressant. This dampening effect on psilocybin effects may last as long as 3 months following antidepressant discontinuation.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-10-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/2zys9_v1", "keywords": "antidepressant, drug interactions, psilocybin, psychedelic, serotonin, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"2zys9_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Observational Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1628, "title": "Psilocybin modulation of time-varying functional connectivity is associated with plasma psilocin and subjective effects.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin modulation of time varying functional connectivity is associated with plasma psilocin and subjective effects", "authors": "Olsen AS, Lykkebo-Valløe A, Ozenne B, Madsen MK, Stenbæk DS, Armand S, Mørup M, Ganz M, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocin, the neuroactive metabolite of psilocybin, is a serotonergic psychedelic that induces an acute altered state of consciousness, evokes lasting changes in mood and personality in healthy individuals, and has potential as an antidepressant treatment. Examining the acute effects of psilocin on resting-state time-varying functional connectivity implicates network-level connectivity motifs that may underlie acute and lasting behavioral and clinical effects.AimEvaluate the association between resting-state time-varying functional connectivity (tvFC) characteristics and plasma psilocin level (PPL) and subjective drug intensity (SDI) before and right after intake of a psychedelic dose of psilocybin in healthy humans.MethodsFifteen healthy individuals completed the study. Before and at multiple time points after psilocybin intake, we acquired 10-minute resting-state blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Leading Eigenvector Dynamics Analysis (LEiDA) and diametrical clustering were applied to estimate discrete, sequentially active brain states. We evaluated associations between the fractional occurrence of brain states during a scan session and PPL and SDI using linear mixed-effects models. We examined associations between brain state dwell time and PPL and SDI using frailty Cox proportional hazards survival analysis.ResultsFractional occurrences for two brain states characterized by lateral frontoparietal and medial fronto-parietal-cingulate coherence were statistically significantly negatively associated with PPL and SDI. Dwell time for these brain states was negatively associated with SDI and, to a lesser extent, PPL. Conversely, fractional occurrence and dwell time of a fully connected brain state partly associated with motion was positively associated with PPL and SDI.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the acute perceptual psychedelic effects induced by psilocybin may stem from drug-level associated decreases in the occurrence and duration of lateral and medial frontoparietal connectivity motifs. We apply and argue for a modified approach to modeling eigenvectors produced by LEiDA that more fully acknowledges their underlying structure. Together these findings contribute to a more comprehensive neurobiological framework underlying acute effects of serotonergic psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119716", "pubmed_id": "36341951", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119716", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Consciousness", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36341951\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3461, "title": "The Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin in Participants With Type 2 Bipolar Disorder (BP-II) Depression.", "normalized_title": "the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in participants with type 2 bipolar disorder bp ii depression", "authors": "Sheppard Pratt Health System", "abstract": "The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of 25 mg of psilocybin under supportive conditions to adult participants with BP-II, current episode depressed, in improving depressive symptoms.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-10-24", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04433845", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Psilocybin, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04433845\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1657, "title": "Electrical spiking of psilocybin fungi.", "normalized_title": "electrical spiking of psilocybin fungi", "authors": "Gandia A, Adamatzky A.", "abstract": "Psilocybin fungi, aka \"magic\" mushrooms, are well known for inducing colorful and visionary states of mind. Such psychoactive properties and the ease of cultivating their basidiocarps within low-tech setups make psilocybin fungi promising pharmacological tools for mental health applications. Understanding of the intrinsic electrical patterns occurring during the mycelial growth can be utilized for better monitoring the physiological states and needs of these species. In this study we aimed to shed light on this matter by characterizing the extra-cellular electrical potential of two popular species of psilocybin fungi: Psilocybe tampanensis and P. cubensis. As in previous experiments with other common edible mushrooms, the undisturbed fungi have shown to generate electric potential spikes and trains of spiking activity. This short analysis provides a proof of intrinsic electrical communication in psilocybin fungi, and further establishes these fungi as a valuable tool for studying fungal electro-physiology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-23", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/19420889.2022.2136118", "pubmed_id": "36311546", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2022.2136118", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36311546\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3423, "title": "Evidence for tolerance in psychedelic microdosing from the self-blinding microdose trial", "normalized_title": "evidence for tolerance in psychedelic microdosing from the self blinding microdose trial", "authors": "", "abstract": "Microdosing is the practice of regularly using very low doses of psychedelic drugs. Anecdotal reports suggest that it may enhance well-being, creativity and cognition. Here, we use data from a self-blinding microdose trial, a large (n=240) placebo-controlled citizen science trial of microdosing to investigate whether tolerance develops during microdosing. We conceptualized tolerance as the relationship between correct microdose guess probability and the number of previous microdoses taken within the trial’s timeframe: if tolerance develops then, correct microdose guess probability should decrease with more microdoses taken. Mixed linear regression models show that correct microdose guess probability decreases with number of microdoses taken (mean±se: -.017±.007; p=.009**), suggesting that tolerance developed. Secondary post-hoc analysis revealed that this tolerance was present with LSD/LSD-analogue microdoses (mean±se: -.026±.007; p", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-10-18", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/s4qhf_v1", "keywords": "LSD, microdose, psilocybin, psychedelics, tolerance, Neuroscience, Other Neuroscience and Neurobiology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:24", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"s4qhf_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Wellbeing,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1672, "title": "Culture, context, and ethics in the therapeutic use of hallucinogens: Psychedelics as active super-placebos?", "normalized_title": "culture context and ethics in the therapeutic use of hallucinogens psychedelics as active super placebos", "authors": "Dupuis D, Veissière S.", "abstract": "Following decades of prohibition and widespread concern about their mind-altering properties, there is increasing public, scholarly, and clinical interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances. Serotonergic substances in particular (DMT, psilocybin, and LSD) are now being tested as treatments for such ailments as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder. This thematic issue of Transcultural Psychiatry presents articles that investigate the cultural assumptions, political dimensions, and clinical and ethical implications that arise from this renewed interest. After reviewing ongoing debates on therapeutic mechanisms of action and the importance of context, we argue that psychedelics can be conceptualized as \"active super-placebos\"-that is, substances that enhance ritual, symbolic, and interpersonal therapeutic processes by increasing suggestibility and the influence of extra-pharmacological, \"non-specific\" factors. Rather than simply freeing up habitual constraints on perception, the articles in this issue support the claim that psychedelic encounters typically entail processes of sense-making, crystallization of meaning, and enculturation into contextually mediated assumptive worlds (or ideologies) and behaviours that necessarily install novel constraints with potentially maladaptive consequences. We highlight the importance of clinical and epistemic integrity in the framing of psychedelic therapies. The importance of structuring and providing oversight for the therapeutic context raises difficult questions about the search for appropriate forms of epistemic authority that are at once respectful of the plural cultural origins of psychedelic rituals and mindful of best practices and standards in clinical care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-18", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/13634615221131465", "pubmed_id": "36263513", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615221131465", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36263513\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1648, "title": "Are Magic Mushrooms Really Magic?: Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depression.", "normalized_title": "are magic mushrooms really magic psilocybin in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Balon R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-15", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1097/jcp.0000000000001610", "pubmed_id": "36251379", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000001610", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36251379\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1659, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for reducing alcohol intake in patients with alcohol use disorder: protocol for a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 12-week clinical trial (The QUANTUM Trip Trial).", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for reducing alcohol intake in patients with alcohol use disorder protocol for a randomised double blinded placebo controlled 12 week clinical trial the quantum trip trial", "authors": "Jensen ME, Jensen ME, Stenbæk DS, Juul TS, Fisher PM, Ekstrøm CT, Knudsen GM, Fink-Jensen A.", "abstract": "IntroductionAlcohol use disorder is a difficult-to-treat psychiatric disorder and a major burden on public health. Existing treatment efficacy is moderate, and relapse rates are high. Preliminary findings suggest that psilocybin, a psychedelic compound, can safely and reliably occasion highly meaningful experiences that may spur a positive change in drinking behaviour when administered in a therapeutic context. However, the efficacy of a single psilocybin administration and its potential neurobiological underpinnings still remain unknown.Methods and analysisTo establish efficacy, we will investigate the effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy versus placebo in a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 12-week clinical trial. Ninety treatment-seeking patients, aged 20-70 years, diagnosed with alcohol use disorder will be recruited from the community via advertisement and referrals from general practitioners or specialised treatment units. The psilocybin or placebo will be administered in accordance with a protocol for psychological support before, during and after the dosing. Outcome assessments will be carried out 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks postdosing. The primary outcome is reduction in the percentage of heavy drinking days from baseline to follow-up at 12 weeks. Key secondary outcomes are as follows: (1) total alcohol consumption, (2) phosphatidyl-ethanol, an objective biomarker for alcohol, (3) plasma psilocin, the active metabolite, to establish a possible therapeutic range, (4) the acute subjective drug experience as a possible predictor of treatment outcome and (5) neuronal response to alcohol cues and cognitive flexibility within corticostriatal pathways by use of functional MR brain imaging 1-week postdosing.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the Committee on Health Research Ethics of the Capital Region of Denmark (H-20043832). All patients will be provided oral and written information about the trial before screening. The study results will be disseminated by peer-review publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberEudraCT 2020-000829-55 and NCT05416229.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066019", "pubmed_id": "36241352", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066019", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Ethanol, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Alcohol Drinking, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36241352\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1605, "title": "Mescaline: The forgotten psychedelic.", "normalized_title": "mescaline the forgotten psychedelic", "authors": "Vamvakopoulou IA, Narine KAD, Campbell I, Dyck JRB, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "IntroductionMescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is one of the oldest hallucinogens, with evidence of use dating back 5700 years. Mescaline is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in cacti, mainly in the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii) and in the cacti of the Echinopsis genus. Since the prohibition of psychoactive substances in the early 70s, research on mescaline and other classical psychedelics has been limited.ObjectivesThis article aims to review the pharmacology and behavioural effects of mescaline, focusing on preclinical and clinical research.FindingsMescaline is a serotonin 5HT2A/2C receptor agonist, with its main hallucinogenic effects being mediated via its 5HT2A receptor agonist action. It also exerts effects via agonist binding at α1A/2A noradrenaline and D1/2/3 dopamine receptors. Overall, mescaline has anxiolytic-like effects in animals and increases prosocial behaviour, locomotion, and response reactivity. In humans, mescaline can induce euphoria, hallucinations, improvements in well-being and mental health conditions, and psychotomimetic effects in a naturalistic or religious setting.ConclusionThe pharmacological mechanisms of mescaline are similar to those of other classical psychedelics, like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Mescaline appears to be safe to consume, with most intoxications being mild and easily treatable. Improvement in mental well-being and its ability to overcome alcoholism render mescaline potentially beneficial in clinical settings. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Psilocybin Research'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109294", "pubmed_id": "36252614", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109294", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Memory Disorders, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36252614\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3685, "title": "An Exploratory Open-Label, Phase 1b, Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Effects of Oral 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)Ethyl]-1h-indol-4-yl Dihydrogen Phosphate (Psilocybin, BPL-PSILO) on Cognition in Patients With Chronic Short-Lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks (SUNHA)", "normalized_title": "an exploratory open label phase 1b ascending dose study to evaluate the effects of oral 3 2 dimethylamino ethyl 1h indol 4 yl dihydrogen phosphate psilocybin bpl psilo on cognition in patients with chronic short lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks sunha", "authors": "Beckley Psytech Limited", "abstract": "This exploratory open-label phase 1b, ascending dose study is to evaluate the effects of psilocybin on cognition in patients with Chronic Short-Lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks (SUNHA) The study aims to: Determine the safety and tolerability of psilocybin when administered to patients with chronic SUNHA Determine the effects of psilocybin on cognition when administered to patients with chronic SUNHA Explore the change in frequency, duration, and intensity of headache attacks with escalating doses of psilocybin in patients with chronic SUNHA", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-10-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04905121", "keywords": "Short Lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks, Psilocybin, TERMINATED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04905121\",\"overall_status\":\"TERMINATED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1661, "title": "A proposed mechanism for the MDMA-mediated extinction of traumatic memories in PTSD patients treated with MDMA-assisted therapy.", "normalized_title": "a proposed mechanism for the mdma mediated extinction of traumatic memories in ptsd patients treated with mdma assisted therapy", "authors": "Sottile RJ, Vida T.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a devastating psychiatric disorder afflicting millions of people around the world. Characterized by severe anxiety, intrusive thoughts, pervasive nightmares, an assortment of somatic symptoms, associations with severe long-term health problems, and an elevated risk of suicide, as much as 40-70% of patients suffer from refractory disease. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), like classic psychedelics such as psilocybin, have been used to enhance the efficacy of psychotherapy almost since their discovery, but due to their perceived potential for abuse and inclusion on USFDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) schedule 1, research into the mechanism by which they produce improvements in PTSD symptomology has been limited. Nevertheless, several compelling rationales have been explored, with the pro-social effects of MDMA thought to enhance therapeutic alliance and thus facilitate therapist-assisted trauma processing. This may be insufficient to fully explain the efficacy of MDMA in the treatment of psychiatric illness. Molecular mechanisms such as the MDMA mediated increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) availability in the fear memory learning pathways combined with MDMA's pro-social effects may provide a more nuanced explanation for the therapeutic actions of MDMA.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.991753", "pubmed_id": "36311515", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.991753", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36311515\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1660, "title": "Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin a systematic review", "authors": "Goel DB, Zilate S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a plant alkaloid that is derived from precursors of tryptamine and is present in many different types of mushrooms. It has been utilized by indigenous peoples of Central and South America for centuries in a ceremonial setting to promote spiritual experiences. Indigenous societies have long employed psilocybin and other 5-HT2A agonist classic psychedelics in their rites. They were a focus in psychiatry in the middle of the 20th century as both experimental medicines and tools for studying brain function. Due to the fact that traditional psychedelics were being used for purposes other than medical research and in connection with the burgeoning counterculture by the late 1960s and early 1970s, these scientific investigations fell out of favor. However, thanks to a number of encouraging studies that validated the earlier research, interest in traditional psychedelics has surged among scientists in the 21st century. In this review, we examine therapeutic studies on psilocybin, the traditional psychedelic that has received the lion's share of recent attention. According to three controlled studies, psilocybin may reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety in the context of cancer-related psychological discomfort for at least six months after a single acute treatment for mood and anxiety disorders. Three months after two acute doses, individuals in a small, open-label study with treatment-resistant depression reported fewer depressive and anxiety symptoms. Small, open-label pilot studies on addiction have demonstrated encouraging success rates for alcohol and cigarette addiction. The review also briefly discusses the synthesis, mechanism of action, effects, molecular pharmacology, adverse effects, and contraindications of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.30214", "pubmed_id": "36381758", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30214", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36381758\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Spirituality,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Contraindications", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1400, "title": "Bibliometric Analysis of Academic Journal Articles Reporting Results of Psychedelic Clinical Studies.", "normalized_title": "bibliometric analysis of academic journal articles reporting results of psychedelic clinical studies", "authors": "Weleff J, Akiki TJ, Barnett BS.", "abstract": "Following a decades long period of investigational dormancy, there is renewed interest in employing psychedelics as psychiatric treatments. The academic journals, institutions, and countries that have helped sustain clinical psychedelic research and the evolution of the literature on clinical studies of psychedelics have only recently begun to be investigated. To expand upon this work, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of clinical studies of 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ibogaine, mescaline, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and psilocybin published from 1965-2021. Our search revealed 394 relevant articles. After a lull from the 1970s-1990s, publications in this area have resurged. Studies most frequently focused on MDMA (49%), LSD (19%), psilocybin (18%), and ayahuasca (7%). A subanalysis of studies from 1965 to 2009 (\"Older cohort\") compared to 2010-2021 (\"Recent cohort\") revealed that the Recent cohort had a higher proportion of studies investigating psychedelics' therapeutic applications and a lower proportion of studies investigating the effects of psychedelics on people using them in non-research settings. Compared to the Older cohort, psilocybin studies increased proportionally in the Recent cohort, while DMT and mescaline studies decreased. Network analyses of inter-country collaborations suggested that psychedelic researchers in the United Kingdom have the most diverse international collaborations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2133757", "pubmed_id": "36218281", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2133757", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36218281\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1662, "title": "Race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psychedelic use (MDMA and psilocybin) and psychological distress and suicidality.", "normalized_title": "race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psychedelic use mdma and psilocybin and psychological distress and suicidality", "authors": "Jones GM, Nock MK.", "abstract": "Psychedelic compounds have been linked to salutary mental health outcomes in both naturalistic and clinical settings; however, current research on psychedelics suffers from a lack of inclusion and focus on racial and ethnic minorities. Thus, the goal of our study was to assess whether race and ethnicity moderate the associations that naturalistic lifetime MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) use and psilocybin use share with past month psychological distress and past year suicidality (ideation and planning). Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (2008-2019) (N = 484,732), we conducted survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression to conduct interaction tests and to assess the associations that MDMA use and psilocybin use share with the aforementioned outcomes for each racial and ethnic group. Race and ethnicity significantly moderated the associations between MDMA and psilocybin use and psychological distress and suicidality. For White participants, MDMA and psilocybin use conferred lowered odds of all distress and suicidality outcomes. For racial and ethnic minority participants, the associations between psychedelic use and suicidality were far fewer. These findings invite further research into the impact of race, ethnicity, and other identity factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, sexual/gender minority status) on the effects of psychedelic substances.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-09", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-18645-3", "pubmed_id": "36216840", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18645-3", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Suicide, Minority Groups, Psilocybin, Psychological Distress, Ethnicity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36216840\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1572, "title": "Psychedelic therapy for depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy for depressive symptoms a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Ko K, Kopra EI, Cleare AJ, Rucker JJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic therapy shows promise for Major Depressive Disorder, especially when treatment-resistant, as well as life-threatening illness distress. The objective of this systematic review, inclusive of meta-analysis, is to examine recent clinical research on the therapeutic effects of classic psychedelics on depressive symptoms.MethodsFourteen psychedelic therapy studies, utilising psilocybin, ayahuasca, or LSD, were systematically reviewed. For the meta-analysis, standardised mean differences were calculated for seven randomised controlled trials.ResultsThe systematic review indicated significant short- and long-term reduction of depressive symptoms in all conditions studied after administration of psilocybin, ayahuasca, or LSD, with psychological support. In the meta-analysis, symptom reduction was significantly indicated in three timepoints out of four, including 1-day, 1-week, and 3-5 weeks, supporting the results of the systematic review, with the exception of the 6-8 weeks follow-up point which was less conclusive.LimitationsThe absence of required data for 2 studies necessitated the less precise use of graphical extraction and imputation. The small sample size in all but one study negatively affected the statistical power. None of the studies had long-term follow-up without also utilising the cross-over method, which did not allow for long-term results to be included in the meta-review.ConclusionsThis review indicates an association between psychedelic therapy and significant reduction of depressive symptoms at several time points. However, the small number of studies, and low sample sizes, calls for careful interpretation of results. This suggests the need for more randomised clinical trials of psychedelic therapy, with larger and more diverse samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.168", "pubmed_id": "36209780", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.168", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36209780\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1663, "title": "Psilocybin: a revolution in psychedelic medicines in the US?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin a revolution in psychedelic medicines in the us", "authors": "Silberner J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1136/bmj.o2178", "pubmed_id": "36202403", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o2178", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36202403\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3765, "title": "Yale Program for Psychedelic Science (YPPS) Manual for Psilocybin-OCD Session Monitors for Protocol HIC: 2000020355", "normalized_title": "yale program for psychedelic science ypps manual for psilocybin ocd session monitors for protocol hic 2000020355", "authors": "Ching THW, Kichuk S, DePalmer G, Pittenger C, Kelmendi B.", "abstract": "The Yale Program for Psychedelic Science (YPPS) is testing the safety and efficacy of psilocybin, administered in conjunction with non-directive psychological support, as a treatment for certain neurological and psychiatric conditions. The study, HIC: 200020355 (Neural correlates of the effects of psilocybin in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study), will explore the safety and efficacy of a single 0.25 mg/kg dose of psilocybin, administered in a supportive clinical environment, to eligible participants with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Monitors meet with each participant before, during, and after the dosing session. Monitors do not provide any structured therapy, but rather help participants prepare for the experience of psilocybin dosing, ensure psychological safety during dosing, and provide participants with an unstructured context in which to process their experience during and after dosing at defined timepoints. In doing so, while no structured therapy is provided, the presence and accompaniment by monitors throughout all study sessions may be experienced as supportive or even therapeutic by participants. This manual provides background and details for Monitors on the activities that are required at three points - before, during, and after the dosing session.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-10-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/85s9p", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/85s9p", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR555521\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3729, "title": "Predictors of Psychedelic Experience: A Thematic Analysis.", "normalized_title": "predictors of psychedelic experience a thematic analysis", "authors": "McCartney AM, McGovern HT, De Foe A.", "abstract": "Research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances is expanding. A limitation within this field is the unpredictability of individual responses to psychedelics. Better understanding of factors predicting psychedelic experience is essential to clinical progress and wider harm reduction frameworks. Ketamine, MDMA, LSD and psilocybin were selected for comparison due to their promising therapeutic effects and different mechanisms of action. This study aimed to (a) identify factors that produce positive and adverse psychedelic experience, and (b) compare these potential predictors across four psychedelic substances. A thematic analysis was conducted on twenty-two first-person reports of psychedelic use (six per substance), sourced from the Erowid database. This revealed three external predictors (nature, music, and preparation) and three internal predictors (understanding, mind-set, and motivation). Each factor identified contained two sub-themes that further elucidated meaning and impact. Nature and music emerged as potential tools for de-escalating adverse reactions to psychedelics. Substance-specific perceptual and sensorial effects were also examined. Finally, the importance of, and interrelationship between, preparation, mind-set, understanding, and motivation was examined as common themes that emerged. The broader clinical and sociological implications are discussed, with reference to developing harm reduction frameworks. These findings constitute an early step in developing a more nuanced understanding of factors shaping psychedelic experience.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2129885", "pubmed_id": "36197103", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2129885", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:42", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36197103\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3204, "title": "Yale Program for Psychedelic Science (YPPS) Manual for Psilocybin-OCD Session Monitors for Protocol HIC: 2000020355", "normalized_title": "yale program for psychedelic science ypps manual for psilocybin ocd session monitors for protocol hic 2000020355", "authors": "", "abstract": "The Yale Program for Psychedelic Science (YPPS) is testing the safety and efficacy of psilocybin, administered in conjunction with non-directive psychological support, as a treatment for certain neurological and psychiatric conditions. The study, HIC: 200020355 (Neural correlates of the effects of psilocybin in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study), will explore the safety and efficacy of a single 0.25 mg/kg dose of psilocybin, administered in a supportive clinical environment, to eligible participants with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Monitors meet with each participant before, during, and after the dosing session. Monitors do not provide any structured therapy, but rather help participants prepare for the experience of psilocybin dosing, ensure psychological safety during dosing, and provide participants with an unstructured context in which to process their experience during and after dosing at defined timepoints. In doing so, while no structured therapy is provided, the presence and accompaniment by monitors throughout all study sessions may be experienced as supportive or even therapeutic by participants. This manual provides background and details for Monitors on the activities that are required at three points - before, during, and after the dosing session.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-10-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/85s9p_v1", "keywords": "manual, OCD, psilocybin, psychedelic, session monitor, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Obsessive-compulsive and Related Disorders, Therapy, Psychotherapy, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"85s9p_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1664, "title": "Lasting increases in trait mindfulness after psilocybin correlate positively with the mystical-type experience in healthy individuals.", "normalized_title": "lasting increases in trait mindfulness after psilocybin correlate positively with the mystical type experience in healthy individuals", "authors": "Søndergaard A, Madsen MK, Ozenne B, Armand S, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM, Stenbæk DS.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-induced mystical-type experiences are associated with lasting positive psychological outcomes. Recent studies indicate that trait mindfulness is increased 3 months after psilocybin intake, preceded by decreases in neocortical serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) binding. However, the association between psilocybin-induced mystical-type experiences and subsequent changes in trait mindfulness remains unexplored, as does the association between pre-drug trait mindfulness and 5-HT2AR binding in the healthy brain.AimWe evaluated whether psilocybin induced lasting increases in trait mindfulness in healthy volunteers, and whether the mystical-type experience was associated with this increase. We further examined the association between pre-drug trait mindfulness and 5-HT2AR binding in neocortex and selected frontolimbic regions.Materials and methodsForty-six medium-high dose psilocybin sessions were conducted in 39 healthy individuals. The mystical-type experience was measured with the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ) at the end of the session. Trait mindfulness was measured using the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS) at baseline and 3 months after the psilocybin session. Thirty-two of the participants completed pre-drug [11C]-Cimbi-36 positron emission tomography (PET) to assess 5-HT2AR binding in neocortex and, post-hoc, in the frontolimbic regions amygdala, frontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex.ResultsThe MAAS score was significantly increased at 3-month follow-up (p = 3.24 × 10-6), a change positively associated with the MEQ score (p = 0.035). Although the association between pre-drug MAAS score and neocortex 5-HT2AR binding was not significant (p = 0.24), post-hoc analyses revealed a significant negative association between MAAS and right amygdala 5-HT2AR binding (pFWER = 0.008).ConclusionWe here show that lasting changes in trait mindfulness following psilocybin administration are positively associated with intensity of the mystical-type experience, suggesting that the acute phenomenology of psilocybin facilitates a shift in awareness conducive for mindful living. We furthermore show that higher pre-drug trait mindfulness is associated with reduced 5-HT2AR binding in the right amygdala.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2022.948729", "pubmed_id": "36275302", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.948729", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36275302\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1665, "title": "Chinese Cordyceps: Bioactive Components, Antitumor Effects and Underlying Mechanism-A Review.", "normalized_title": "chinese cordyceps bioactive components antitumor effects and underlying mechanism a review", "authors": "Liu Y, Guo ZJ, Zhou XW", "abstract": "Chinese Cordyceps is a valuable source of natural products with various therapeutic effects. It is rich in various active components, of which adenosine, cordycepin and polysaccharides have been confirmed with significant immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. However, the underlying antitumor mechanism remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the chemical characteristics of the main components and their pharmacological effects and mechanism on immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. The analysis revealed that Chinese Cordyceps promotes immune cells' antitumor function by via upregulating immune responses and downregulating immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and resetting the immune cells' phenotype. Moreover, Chinese Cordyceps can inhibit the growth and metastasis of tumor cells by death (including apoptosis and autophagy) induction, cell-cycle arrest, and angiogenesis inhibition. Recent evidence has revealed that the signal pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), cysteine-aspartic proteases (caspases) and serine/threonine kinase Akt were involved in the antitumor mechanisms. In conclusion, Chinese Cordyceps, one type of magic mushroom, can be potentially developed as immunomodulator and anticancer therapeutic agents.", "journal": "Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)", "publication_date": "2022-10-03", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/molecules27196576", "pubmed_id": "36235111", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36235111/", "keywords": "Chinese Cordyceps, antitumor, bioactive components, immunomodulatory, mechanism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:13", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36235111\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1668, "title": "Receptor-informed network control theory links LSD and psilocybin to a flattening of the brain's control energy landscape.", "normalized_title": "receptor informed network control theory links lsd and psilocybin to a flattening of the brain s control energy landscape", "authors": "Singleton SP, Luppi AI, Carhart-Harris RL, Cruzat J, Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Deco G, Kringelbach ML, Stamatakis EA, Kuceyeski A.", "abstract": "Psychedelics including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin temporarily alter subjective experience through their neurochemical effects. Serotonin 2a (5-HT2a) receptor agonism by these compounds is associated with more diverse (entropic) brain activity. We postulate that this increase in entropy may arise in part from a flattening of the brain's control energy landscape, which can be observed using network control theory to quantify the energy required to transition between recurrent brain states. Using brain states derived from existing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets, we show that LSD and psilocybin reduce control energy required for brain state transitions compared to placebo. Furthermore, across individuals, reduction in control energy correlates with more frequent state transitions and increased entropy of brain state dynamics. Through network control analysis that incorporates the spatial distribution of 5-HT2a receptors (obtained from publicly available positron emission tomography (PET) data under non-drug conditions), we demonstrate an association between the 5-HT2a receptor and reduced control energy. Our findings provide evidence that 5-HT2a receptor agonist compounds allow for more facile state transitions and more temporally diverse brain activity. More broadly, we demonstrate that receptor-informed network control theory can model the impact of neuropharmacological manipulation on brain activity dynamics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-022-33578-1", "pubmed_id": "36192411", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33578-1", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36192411\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1667, "title": "3,4-Methylenedioxy methamphetamine, synthetic cathinones and psychedelics: From recreational to novel psychotherapeutic drugs.", "normalized_title": "3 4 methylenedioxy methamphetamine synthetic cathinones and psychedelics from recreational to novel psychotherapeutic drugs", "authors": "López-Arnau R, Camarasa J, Carbó ML, Nadal-Gratacós N, Puigseslloses P, Espinosa-Velasco M, Urquizu E, Escubedo E, Pubill D.", "abstract": "The utility of classical drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders (e.g., antidepressants, anxiolytics) is often limited by issues of lack of efficacy, delayed onset of action or side effects. Psychoactive substances have a long history of being used as tools to alter consciousness and as a gateway to approach the unknown and the divinities. These substances were initially obtained from plants and animals and more recently by chemical synthesis, and its consumption evolved toward a more recreational use, leading to drug abuse-related disorders, trafficking, and subsequent banning by the authorities. However, these substances, by modulation of certain neurochemical pathways, have been proven to have a beneficial effect on some psychiatric disorders. This evidence obtained under medically controlled conditions and often associated with psychotherapy, makes these substances an alternative to conventional medicines, to which in many cases the patient does not respond properly. Such disorders include post-traumatic stress disease and treatment-resistant depression, for which classical drugs such as MDMA, ketamine, psilocybin and LSD, among others, have already been clinically tested, reporting successful outcomes. The irruption of new psychoactive substances (NPS), especially during the last decade and despite their recreational and illicit uses, has enlarged the library of substances with potential utility on these disorders. In fact, many of them were synthetized with therapeutic purposes and were withdrawn for concrete reasons (e.g., adverse effects, improper pharmacological profile). In this review we focus on the basis, existing evidence and possible use of synthetic cathinones and psychedelics (specially tryptamines) for the treatment of mental illnesses and the properties that should be found in NPS to obtain new therapeutic compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.990405", "pubmed_id": "36262632", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.990405", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36262632\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1649, "title": "A Critical Appraisal of Evidence on the Efficacy and Safety of Serotonergic Psychedelic Drugs as Emerging Antidepressants: Mind the Evidence Gap.", "normalized_title": "a critical appraisal of evidence on the efficacy and safety of serotonergic psychedelic drugs as emerging antidepressants mind the evidence gap", "authors": "Ledwos N, Rosenblat JD, Blumberger DM, Castle DJ, McIntyre RS, Mulsant BH, Husain MI.", "abstract": "Purpose/backgroundThere has been resurgence of interest in the therapeutic use of serotonergic (\"classic\") psychedelics in major depressive disorder (MDD) and end-of-life distress. This commentary offers a critical appraisal of current evidence for antidepressant effects of classic psychedelics from contemporary clinical trials and highlights pitfalls that should be addressed before clinical translation.Methods/proceduresA narrative review was conducted to identify clinical trials of serotonergic psychedelics for the treatment of MDD and end-of-life distress. Trials published between January 1990 and May 2022 were identified on PubMed using combinations of search terms.Findings/resultsPsilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ayahuasca have clinical trials to evaluate antidepressant effects. Two studies showed preliminary positive effects of single-dose ayahuasca for treatment-resistant depression. Similar results were seen in lysergic acid diethylamide for end-of-life distress. Small randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of psilocybin combined with psychotherapy showed superiority to waitlist controls and comparable efficacy and safety to an active comparator in MDD, with additional RCTs showing efficacy in end-of-life distress. Adverse events associated with psychedelics were reported as mild and transient. Small homogenous samples, expectancy bias, functional unblinding, and lack of consensus and standardization of psychotherapy are major limitations of all studies.Implications/conclusionsGiven the methodological limitations of published RCTs, the evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for depression is currently of low level. Future research should assess the role of expectancy and psychedelic effects in moderating and mediating treatment response. Innovative trial designs are needed to overcome functional unblinding. For now, psychedelics should remain experimental interventions used within clinical trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-10-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1097/jcp.0000000000001608", "pubmed_id": "36193898", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000001608", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Death, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36193898\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1690, "title": "Towards psychedelic apprenticeship: Developing a gentle touch for the mediation and validation of psychedelic-induced insights and revelations.", "normalized_title": "towards psychedelic apprenticeship developing a gentle touch for the mediation and validation of psychedelic induced insights and revelations", "authors": "Timmermann C, Watts R, Dupuis D", "abstract": "A striking feature of psychedelics is their ability to increase attribution of truth and meaningfulness to specific contents and ideas experienced, which may persist long after psychedelic effects have subsided. We propose that processes underlying conferral of meaning and truth in psychedelic experiences may act as a double-edged sword: while these may drive important therapeutic benefits, they also raise important considerations regarding the validation and mediation of knowledge gained during these experiences. Specifically, the ability of psychedelics to induce noetic feelings of revelation may enhance the significance and attribution of reality to specific beliefs, worldviews, and apparent memories which might exacerbate the risk of iatrogenic complications that other psychotherapeutic approaches have historically faced, such as false memory syndrome. These considerations are timely, as the use of psychedelics is becoming increasingly mainstream, in an environment marked by the emergence of strong commercial interest for psychedelic therapy. We elaborate on these ethical challenges via three examples illustrating issues of validation and mediation in therapeutic, neo-shamanic and research contexts involving psychedelic use. Finally, we propose a pragmatic framework to attend to these challenges based on an ethical approach which considers the embeddedness of psychedelic experiences within larger historical and cultural contexts, their intersubjective character and the use of practices which we conceptualise here as forms of. This notion of goes beyond current approaches of and by stressing the central importance of validation practices based on by an experienced therapist or guide.", "journal": "Transcultural psychiatry", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/13634615221082796", "pubmed_id": "35313754", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35313754/", "keywords": "ayahuasca, know-how, neurophenomenology, psilocybin, psychedelic therapy, revelations", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35313754\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1689, "title": "If the Doors of Perception Were Cleansed, Would Chronic Pain be Relieved? Evaluating the Benefits and Risks of Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "if the doors of perception were cleansed would chronic pain be relieved evaluating the benefits and risks of psychedelics", "authors": "Dworkin RH, Anderson BT, Andrews N, Edwards RR, Grob CS, Ross S, Satterthwaite TD, Strain EC", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances have played important roles in diverse cultures, and ingesting various plant preparations to evoke altered states of consciousness has been described throughout recorded history. Accounts of the subjective effects of psychedelics typically focus on spiritual and mystical-type experiences, including feelings of unity, sacredness, and transcendence. Over the past 2 decades, there has been increasing interest in psychedelics as treatments for various medical disorders, including chronic pain. Although concerns about adverse medical and psychological effects contributed to their controlled status, contemporary knowledge of psychedelics suggests that risks are relatively rare when patients are carefully screened, prepared, and supervised. Clinical trial results have provided support for the effectiveness of psychedelics in different psychiatric conditions. However, there are only a small number of generally uncontrolled studies of psychedelics in patients with chronic pain (eg, cancer pain, phantom limb pain, migraine, and cluster headache). Challenges in evaluating psychedelics as treatments for chronic pain include identifying neurobiologic and psychosocial mechanisms of action and determining which pain conditions to investigate. Truly informative proof-of-concept and confirmatory randomized clinical trials will require careful selection of control groups, efforts to minimize bias from unblinding, and attention to the roles of patient mental set and treatment setting. PERSPECTIVE: There is considerable promise for the use of psychedelic therapy for pain, but evidence-based recommendations for the design of future studies are needed to ensure that the results of this research are truly informative.", "journal": "The journal of pain", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpain.2022.05.003", "pubmed_id": "35643270", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35643270/", "keywords": "Chronic pain, LSD, clinical trials, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35643270\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1684, "title": "Is psychedelic use associated with cancer?: Interrogating a half-century-old claim using contemporary population-level data.", "normalized_title": "is psychedelic use associated with cancer interrogating a half century old claim using contemporary population level data", "authors": "Barnett BS, Ziegler K, Doblin R, Carlo AD", "abstract": "In 1967, concerns about the carcinogenic potential of psychedelics arose after a study reported chromosomal damage in human leukocytes following in vitro lysergic acid (LSD) exposure. Worries were further heightened by subsequent reports of leukemia and other cancers in LSD users. Additional investigations of psychedelics' effects on chromosomes were published over the next decade, with the majority suggesting these concerns were unfounded. However, the relationship between psychedelics and cancer has been explored only minimally from an epidemiological perspective. To determine whether associations exist between psychedelic use and either lifetime cancer or hematologic cancer diagnoses. We analyzed data from adult participants in the 2015-2019 administrations of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health for associations between lifetime use of psychedelics and lifetime diagnosis of either any cancer or hematologic cancer. We identified no associations between lifetime psychedelic use and either lifetime cancer diagnosis or hematologic cancer diagnosis. Sub-analyses of lifetime lysergamide, phenethylamine, and tryptamine use also revealed no associations with lifetime cancer or hematologic cancer diagnosis. While laboratory studies and case reports from the 1960s and 1970s generated concerns about psychedelics' carcinogenic potential, this analysis of recent epidemiological data does not support an association between psychedelic use and development of cancer in general or hematologic cancer. Important study limitations to consider include a lack of information about psychedelic dosage, number of lifetime psychedelic exposures, and the temporal relationship between psychedelic use and cancer diagnosis.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221117536", "pubmed_id": "35971893", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35971893/", "keywords": "LSD, MDMA, Psychedelic, cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35971893\"}", "topic_tags": "Case Report,Observational Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1683, "title": "New investigational agents for the treatment of major depressive disorder.", "normalized_title": "new investigational agents for the treatment of major depressive disorder", "authors": "Pochwat B, Krupa AJ, Siwek M, Szewczyk B", "abstract": "Pharmacotherapy of depression is characterized by the delayed onset of action, chronic treatment requirements, and insufficient effectiveness. Ketamine, with its rapid action and long-lasting effects, represents a breakthrough in the modern pharmacotherapy of depression. The current review summarizes the latest findings on the mechanism of the antidepressant action of ketamine and its enantiomers and metabolites. Furthermore, the antidepressant potential of psychedelics, non-hallucinogenic serotonergic modulators, and metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands was discussed. Recent data indicated that to achieve fast and long-acting antidepressant-like effects, compounds must induce durable effects on the architecture and density of dendritic spines in brain regions engaged in mood regulation. Such mechanisms underlie the actions of ketamine and psychedelics. These compounds trigger hallucinations; however, it is thought that these effects might be essential for their antidepressant action. Behavioral studies with serotonergic modulators affecting 5-HT1A (biased agonists), 5-HT4 (agonists), and 5-HT-7 (antagonists) receptors exert rapid antidepressant-like activity, but they seem to be devoid of these effects. Another way to avoid psychomimetic effects and achieve the desired rapid antidepressant-like effects is combined therapy. In this respect, ligands of metabotropic receptors show some potential.", "journal": "Expert opinion on investigational drugs", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/13543784.2022.2113376", "pubmed_id": "35975761", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35975761/", "keywords": "NMDA, Rapid-acting antidepressant, depression, ketamine, psilocybin, serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35975761\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1682, "title": "Prevalence and associations of classic psychedelic-related seizures in a population-based sample.", "normalized_title": "prevalence and associations of classic psychedelic related seizures in a population based sample", "authors": "Simonsson O, Goldberg SB, Chambers R, Osika W, Long DM, Hendricks PS", "abstract": "Previous studies have reported links between classic psychedelic use and seizures, but little remains known about prevalence and potential risk factors of classic psychedelic-related seizures. Using a sample representative of the US adult population with regard to sex, age, and ethnicity (N = 2822), this study examined the prevalence and potential risk factors of classic psychedelic-related seizures, in a subsample of respondents who reported lifetime classic psychedelic use (n = 613). Among those who reported lifetime classic psychedelic use, 1.5 % reported classic psychedelic-related seizures, a statistic that comports with the prevalence of epilepsy in the US population. Among those who reported seizures while using a classic psychedelic, almost half reported co-use of antidepressants, mood stabilizers, or opioid replacement therapies at the time of the seizures. Notably, classic psychedelic-related seizures were more commonly reported in certain respondents, especially those with a personal or family history of epilepsy. These results suggest that classic psychedelic use could increase the risk of seizures in certain populations, particularly those with a personal or family history of epilepsy.", "journal": "Drug and alcohol dependence", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109586", "pubmed_id": "35981469", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35981469/", "keywords": "Adverse, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Risk, Seizures", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35981469\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1681, "title": "Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy vs Placebo in the Treatment of Adult Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.", "normalized_title": "percentage of heavy drinking days following psilocybin assisted psychotherapy vs placebo in the treatment of adult patients with alcohol use disorder a randomized clinical trial", "authors": "Bogenschutz MP, Ross S, Bhatt S, Baron T, Forcehimes AA, Laska E, Mennenga SE, O'Donnell K, Owens LT, Podrebarac S, Rotrosen J, Tonigan JS, Worth L.", "abstract": "ImportanceAlthough classic psychedelic medications have shown promise in the treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD), the efficacy of psilocybin remains unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether 2 administrations of high-dose psilocybin improve the percentage of heavy drinking days in patients with AUD undergoing psychotherapy relative to outcomes observed with active placebo medication and psychotherapy.Design, setting, and participantsIn this double-blind randomized clinical trial, participants were offered 12 weeks of manualized psychotherapy and were randomly assigned to receive psilocybin vs diphenhydramine during 2 day-long medication sessions at weeks 4 and 8. Outcomes were assessed over the 32-week double-blind period following the first dose of study medication. The study was conducted at 2 academic centers in the US. Participants were recruited from the community between March 12, 2014, and March 19, 2020. Adults aged 25 to 65 years with a DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence and at least 4 heavy drinking days during the 30 days prior to screening were included. Exclusion criteria included major psychiatric and drug use disorders, hallucinogen use, medical conditions that contraindicated the study medications, use of exclusionary medications, and current treatment for AUD.InterventionsStudy medications were psilocybin, 25 mg/70 kg, vs diphenhydramine, 50 mg (first session), and psilocybin, 25-40 mg/70 kg, vs diphenhydramine, 50-100 mg (second session). Psychotherapy included motivational enhancement therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was percentage of heavy drinking days, assessed using a timeline followback interview, contrasted between groups over the 32-week period following the first administration of study medication using multivariate repeated-measures analysis of variance.ResultsA total of 95 participants (mean [SD] age, 46 [12] years; 42 [44.2%] female) were randomized (49 to psilocybin and 46 to diphenhydramine). One participant (1.1%) was American Indian/Alaska Native, 3 (3.2%) were Asian, 4 (4.2%) were Black, 14 (14.7%) were Hispanic, and 75 (78.9%) were non-Hispanic White. Of the 95 randomized participants, 93 received at least 1 dose of study medication and were included in the primary outcome analysis. Percentage of heavy drinking days during the 32-week double-blind period was 9.7% for the psilocybin group and 23.6% for the diphenhydramine group, a mean difference of 13.9%; (95% CI, 3.0-24.7; F1,86 = 6.43; P =.01). Mean daily alcohol consumption (number of standard drinks per day) was also lower in the psilocybin group. There were no serious adverse events among participants who received psilocybin.Conclusions and relevancePsilocybin administered in combination with psychotherapy produced robust decreases in percentage of heavy drinking days over and above those produced by active placebo and psychotherapy. These results provide support for further study of psilocybin-assisted treatment for AUD.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02061293.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096", "pubmed_id": "36001306", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Diphenhydramine, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Alcohol Drinking, Psychotherapy, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36001306\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1677, "title": "Expectancy in placebo-controlled trials of psychedelics: if so, so what?", "normalized_title": "expectancy in placebo controlled trials of psychedelics if so so what", "authors": "Butler M, Jelen L, Rucker J", "abstract": "Modern psychedelic research remains in an early phase, and the eventual introduction of psychedelics into clinical practice remains in doubt. In this piece, we discuss the role of blinding and expectancy in psychedelic trials, and place this in a broader historical and contemporary context of blinding in trials across the rest of healthcare. We suggest that premature and uncritical promotion ('hype') of psychedelics as medicines is not only misleading, but also directly influences participant expectancy in ongoing psychedelic trials. We argue that although psychedelic trials are likely to significantly overestimate treatment effects by design due to unblinding and expectancy effects, this is not a unique situation. Placebo-controlled RCTs are not a perfect fit for all therapeutics, and problems in blinding should not automatically disqualify medications from licencing decisions. We suggest that simple practical measures may be (and indeed already are) taken in psychedelic trials to partially mitigate the effects of expectancy and unblinding, such as independent raters and active placebos. We briefly suggest other alternative trial methodologies which could be used to bolster RCT results, such as naturalistic studies. We conclude that the results of contemporary placebo-controlled RCTs of psychedelics should neither be dismissed due to imperfections in design, nor should early data be taken as firm evidence of effectiveness.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06221-6", "pubmed_id": "36063208", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36063208/", "keywords": "Clinical trials, Expectancy, Placebo, Psilocybin, Psychoactive medication", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36063208\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1676, "title": "Why Otolaryngologists Should Be Interested in Psychedelic Medicine.", "normalized_title": "why otolaryngologists should be interested in psychedelic medicine", "authors": "Asher BF", "abstract": "As psychedelic medicine is becoming mainstream, physicians need to know something about these medications, their indications, contraindications, and potential for research. This article is a brief overview of the subject with some ideas of how psychedelic medicines can impact the practice of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.", "journal": "Otolaryngologic clinics of North America", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.otc.2022.06.002", "pubmed_id": "36088153", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36088153/", "keywords": "Ketamine, MDMA, Psilocybin, Psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36088153\"}", "topic_tags": "Contraindications", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1673, "title": "Animal Behavior in Psychedelic Research.", "normalized_title": "animal behavior in psychedelic research", "authors": "Odland AU, Kristensen JL, Andreasen JT.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy holds great promise in the treatment of mental health disorders. Research into 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonist psychedelic compounds has increased dramatically over the past two decades. In humans, these compounds produce drastic effects on consciousness, and their therapeutic potential relates to changes in the processing of emotional, social, and self-referential information. The use of animal behavior to study psychedelics is under debate, and this review provides a critical perspective on the translational value of animal behavior studies in psychedelic research. Acute activation of 5-HT2ARs produces head twitches and unique discriminative cues, disrupts sensorimotor gating, and stimulates motor activity while inhibiting exploration in rodents. The acute treatment with psychedelics shows discrepant results in conventional rodent tests of depression-like behaviors but generally induces anxiolytic-like effects and inhibits repetitive behavior in rodents. Psychedelics impair waiting impulsivity but show discrepant effects in other tests of cognitive function. Tests of social interaction also show conflicting results. Effects on measures of time perception depend on the experimental schedule. Lasting or delayed effects of psychedelics in rodent tests related to different behavioral domains appear to be rather sensitive to changes in experimental protocols. Studying the effects of psychedelics on animal behaviors of relevance to effects on psychiatric symptoms in humans, assessing lasting effects, publishing negative findings, and relating behaviors in rodents and humans to other more translatable readouts, such as neuroplastic changes, will improve the translational value of animal behavioral studies in psychedelic research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin have received immense interest as potential new treatments of psychiatric disorders. Psychedelics change high-order consciousness in humans, and there is debate about the use of animal behavior studies to investigate these compounds. This review provides an overview of the behavioral effects of 5-HT2AR agonist psychedelics in laboratory animals and discusses the translatability of the effects in animals to effects in humans. Possible ways to improve the utility of animal behavior in psychedelic research are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1124/pharmrev.122.000590", "pubmed_id": "36180111", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.122.000590", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36180111\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1671, "title": "Psychedelic medicine at a crossroads: Advancing an integrative approach to research and practice.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic medicine at a crossroads advancing an integrative approach to research and practice", "authors": "Gobbi G, Inserra A, Greenway KT, Lifshitz M, Kirmayer LJ", "abstract": "Psychedelics have been already used by human societies for more than 3000 years, mostly in religious and healing context. The renewed interest in the potential application of psychedelic compounds as novel therapeutics has led to promising preliminary evidence of clinical benefit in some psychiatric disorders. Despite these promising results, the potential for large-scale clinical application of these profoundly consciousness-altering substances, in isolation from the sociocultural contexts in which they were traditionally used, raises important concerns. These concerns stem from the recognition that the mechanisms of therapeutic action of psychedelics are not entirely dependent on neurobiology, but also on the psychological, social and spiritual processes for their efficacy. For these reasons, physicians or psychotherapists involved in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy need training in ways to accompany patients through this experience to promote positive outcomes and address potential side effects. Psychedelic therapies may foster the emergence of a novel paradigm in psychiatry that integrates psychopharmacological, psychotherapeutic, and cultural interventions for patients with mental health issues.", "journal": "Transcultural psychiatry", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/13634615221119388", "pubmed_id": "36263521", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36263521/", "keywords": "LSD, Psychedelics, consciousness, context, culture, ketamine, psilocybin, psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36263521\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Spirituality,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1669, "title": "Effects of classic psychedelic drugs on turbulent signatures in brain dynamics.", "normalized_title": "effects of classic psychedelic drugs on turbulent signatures in brain dynamics", "authors": "Cruzat J, Perl YS, Escrichs A, Vohryzek J, Timmermann C, Roseman L, Luppi AI, Ibañez A, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Tagliazucchi E, Deco G, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs show promise as safe and effective treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders, yet their mechanisms of action are not fully understood. A fundamental hypothesis is that psychedelics work by dose-dependently changing the functional hierarchy of brain dynamics, but it is unclear whether different psychedelics act similarly. Here, we investigated the changes in the brain's functional hierarchy associated with two different psychedelics (LSD and psilocybin). Using a novel turbulence framework, we were able to determine the vorticity, that is, the local level of synchronization, that allowed us to extend the standard global time-based measure of metastability to become a local-based measure of both space and time. This framework produced detailed signatures of turbulence-based hierarchical change for each psychedelic drug, revealing consistent and discriminate effects on a higher level network, that is, the default mode network. Overall, our findings directly support a prior hypothesis that psychedelics modulate (i.e., \"compress\") the functional hierarchy and provide a quantification of these changes for two different psychedelics. Implications for therapeutic applications of psychedelics are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1162/netn_a_00250", "pubmed_id": "38800462", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00250", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38800462\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1666, "title": "Psilocybin for Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment of alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Slomski A.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1001/jama.2022.15436", "pubmed_id": "36194230", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.15436", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Alcohol Drinking, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36194230\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1655, "title": "The Efficacy of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in Managing Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A New Frontier?", "normalized_title": "the efficacy of psychedelic assisted therapy in managing post traumatic stress disorder ptsd a new frontier", "authors": "Mohamed A, Touheed S, Ahmed M, Hor M, Fatima S", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a significant public health concern for which existing therapies are only marginally effective. Indisputably, the primary line of treatment for PTSD is psychotherapy, according to current treatment guidelines. However, PTSD continues to be a chronic condition even after psychotherapy, with high psychiatric and medical illness rates. There is a dire need to search for new compounds and approaches for managing PTSD. The usage of psychedelic substances is a potential new method. This article reviews the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy in treating PTSD and improving patient outcomes. It will examine current research on the topic and evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of different therapies. The current evidence for the use of four different types of psychedelics (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ketamine, classical psychedelics, and cannabis) in the treatment of PTSD will be reviewed. It will also include an overview of the therapeutic justification, context of use, and level of evidence available for each drug. Several questions are formulated that could be studied in future research in order to gain a better understanding of the topic.", "journal": "Cureus", "publication_date": "2022-09-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.30919", "pubmed_id": "36465766", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36465766/", "keywords": "cannabinoids, dmt, hallucinogens, ketamine, lsd, mdma, post traumatic stress disorder, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted therapy, ptsd", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36465766\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3244, "title": "Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment Resistant Depression: Prediction of Clinical Outcome by Natural Language Processing", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression prediction of clinical outcome by natural language processing", "authors": "Dougherty RF, Clarke P, Alti M, Kuc J, Schlosser D, Dunlop BW, Hellerstein DJ, Aaronson ST, Zisook S, Young AH, Carhart-Harris R, Goodwin G, Ryslik GA.", "abstract": "Background: Therapeutic administration of psychedelic drugs has shown significant potential in historical accounts and in recent clinical trials in the treatment of depression and other mood disorders. A recent randomized double-blind phase-IIb study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of COMP360, COMPASS Pathways’ proprietary synthetic formulation of psilocybin, in participants with treatment resistant depression. While promising, the treatment works for a portion of the population and early prediction of outcome is a key objective. Methods: Transcripts were made from audio recordings of the psychological support session between participant and therapist one day post COMP360 administration. A zero-shot machine learning classifier based on the BART large language model was used to compute two-dimensional sentiment (valence and arousal) for the participant and therapist from the transcript. These scores, combined with the Emotional Breakthrough Index (EBI) and treatment arm were used to predict treatment outcome as measured by MADRS scores. Code and data are available at https://github.com/compasspathways/Sentiment2DResults: Two multinomial logistic regression models were fit to predict responder status at week 3 and through week 12. Cross-validation of these models resulted in 85% and 88% accuracy and AUC values of 88% and 85%. Conclusions: A machine learning algorithm using NLP and EBI accurately predicts long term patient response, allowing rapid prognostication of personalized response to psilocybin treatment and insight into therapeutic model optimization. Further research is required to understand if language data from earlier stages in the therapeutic process hold similar predictive power.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-09-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/kh3cx", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/kh3cx", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR553222\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 643, "title": "Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment Resistant Depression: Prediction of Clinical Outcome by Natural Language Processing", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression prediction of clinical outcome by natural language processing", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Therapeutic administration of psychedelic drugs has shown significant potential in historical accounts and in recent clinical trials in the treatment of depression and other mood disorders. A recent randomized double-blind phase-IIb study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of COMP360, COMPASS Pathways’ proprietary synthetic formulation of psilocybin, in participants with treatment resistant depression. While promising, the treatment works for a portion of the population and early prediction of outcome is a key objective. Methods: Transcripts were made from audio recordings of the psychological support session between participant and therapist one day post COMP360 administration. A zero-shot machine learning classifier based on the BART large language model was used to compute two-dimensional sentiment (valence and arousal) for the participant and therapist from the transcript. These scores, combined with the Emotional Breakthrough Index (EBI) and treatment arm were used to predict treatment outcome as measured by MADRS scores. Code and data are available at https://github.com/compasspathways/Sentiment2D Results: Two multinomial logistic regression models were fit to predict responder status at week 3 and through week 12. Cross-validation of these models resulted in 85% and 88% accuracy and AUC values of 88% and 85%. Conclusions: A machine learning algorithm using NLP and EBI accurately predicts long term patient response, allowing rapid prognostication of personalized response to psilocybin treatment and insight into therapeutic model optimization. Further research is required to understand if language data from earlier stages in the therapeutic process hold similar predictive power.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-09-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/kh3cx_v1", "keywords": "Depression, Emotional Breakthrough Index, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Sentiment, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Quantitative Methods, Statistical Methods", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:04", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"kh3cx_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1498, "title": "The use of classic psychedelics among adults: a Danish online survey study.", "normalized_title": "the use of classic psychedelics among adults a danish online survey study", "authors": "Søgaard Juul T, Ebbesen Jensen M, Fink-Jensen A.", "abstract": "BackgroundClinical studies report preliminary therapeutic effects of classic psychedelic drugs in several psychiatric conditions and international drug trends show increased use of these compounds. However, the epidemiology of classic psychedelic drug use in Scandinavian countries remains sparsely investigated. To this end, we investigated the patterns of use and the subjectively perceived acute and persisting effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and mescaline, among Danish adults.MethodsAn anonymous online survey with 152 items was conducted using the secure survey web application REDCap. Results were presented descriptively and as comparisons between psychedelic drugs.ResultsFive-hundred participants (30.0% female, mean age 34.5 years) were included. Classic psychedelics were mostly used with therapeutic (28.0%) or spiritual (27.2%) intentions. Sixty-seven per cent used classic psychedelics once a year or less. Most participants (56.4%) preferred using psilocybin. Classic psychedelic use was for some individuals, associated with hazardous use of alcohol (39.4%). Among participants with a psychiatric treatment history, 80.9% reported subjective improvements in symptoms following classic psychedelic use. Participants' most memorable experiences were moderate-to-strong mystical-type experiences (MEQ30 mean ± SD3.4 ± 1.0; range 1-5) and had positive persisting effects on well-being (mean ± SD2.1 ± 1.0), social relationships (mean ± SD1.7 ± 1.2), meaning of life (mean ± SD1.9 ± 1.1), and mood (mean ± SD1.8 ± 1.1); range -3 to 3. DMT users experienced significantly greater subjective positive effects.ConclusionsClassic psychedelics were mostly used therapeutically or spiritually and had self-reported positive persisting effects, but were also associated with hazardous use of alcohol, among Danish adults. DMT was associated with significantly greater positive effects compared to LSD and psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/08039488.2022.2125069", "pubmed_id": "36173202", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2022.2125069", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Ethanol, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Hallucinogens, Adult, Denmark, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36173202\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1691, "title": "Esketamine and Psilocybin-The Comparison of Two Mind-Altering Agents in Depression Treatment: Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "esketamine and psilocybin the comparison of two mind altering agents in depression treatment systematic review", "authors": "Psiuk D, Nowak EM, Dycha N, Łopuszańska U, Kurzepa J, Samardakiewicz M.", "abstract": "This publication discusses two compounds belonging to the psychoactive substances group which are studied in the context of depression treatment-psilocybin and esketamine. The former is a naturally occurring psychedelic. The latter was invented in the laboratory exactly 60 years ago. Although the substances were controversial in the past, recent studies indicate the potential of those substances as novel antidepressant agents. The PubMed/MEDLINE database was used to identify articles for systematic review, using the following search terms: (depression) AND (psilocybin) OR (ketamine). From 617 items, only 12 articles were obtained in the final analyses. Three articles were devoted to psilocybin in depression treatment and nine to esketamine. In most studies, esketamine showed a significant reduction in both depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation shortly after intake and after a month of treatment compared to baseline and to standard-of-care antidepressant agents. Psilocybin's antidepressive effects occurred one day after intake and after 6-7 weeks of treatment and were maintained for up to 6 or 8 months of follow-up. One study indicated that psilocybin's effects are comparable with and may be superior to escitalopram treatment. Both esketamine and psilocybin demonstrated rapid and long-term effects in reducing depression symptoms and, after overcoming some limitations, may be considered as novel antidepressant agents in future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ijms231911450", "pubmed_id": "36232748", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911450", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36232748\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3477, "title": "Multicentre Study To Assess Safety And Efficacy Of Psilocybin In Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression Following Completion Of COMP001 And COMP003 Trials (P-TRD LTFU)", "normalized_title": "multicentre study to assess safety and efficacy of psilocybin in patients with treatment resistant depression following completion of comp001 and comp003 trials p trd ltfu", "authors": "COMPASS Pathways", "abstract": "The primary objective of this study is to assess the long-term efficacy of psilocybin with respect to use of new antidepressant treatment, hospitalisations for depression, suicidality, and depressive severity rated using the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) over a total of 52 weeks (compared across the 1 mg, 10 mg and 25 mg psilocybin groups from COMP001). In this present study (COMP004), the aim is to follow up participants from COMP001 and COMP003 in a long-term follow up study, with both remote and digital assessments, to explore the long term efficacy and safety of the three different doses of psilocybin (1 mg, 10 mg, and 25 mg) administered to patients with TRD as a monotherapy in COMP001 and 25 mg psilocybin administered as an adjunct to an SSRI in COMP003. Patients previously treated in COMP001 will be followed for approximately 40 weeks and patients previosuly treated in COMP003 will be followed for approximately 49 weeks giving a total follow up period of 52 weeks from psilocybin dosing.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-09-21", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04519957", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04519957\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1674, "title": "The Emerging Field of Psychedelic Psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "the emerging field of psychedelic psychotherapy", "authors": "Barber GS, Aaronson ST.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewFew treatments are available for patients with mood disorders or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who have already failed multiple interventions. After several decades when research into psychedelics was effectively halted by federal legislation, the past several years have shown the re-emergence of thoughtful investigations studying the utility of compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybin.Recent findingsSeveral studies have coupled the safe administration of psychedelic compounds in a controlled environment after several hours of preparation of study participants and followed by multiple sessions to integrate the psychedelic experience. The improvement participants experience appear related to the often profound perspective changes experienced and seem unlike the improvements seen in the currently available care paradigms. Studies cited include treatment resistant depression, end of life despair, and PTSD. Psychedelic psychotherapy, a unique remarriage of biological therapy and psychotherapy, has the potential to transform mental health care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-20", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-022-01363-y", "pubmed_id": "36129571", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01363-y", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36129571\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3126, "title": "Brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Vohryzek J, Cabral J, Lord L, Fernandes H, Roseman L, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Deco G, Kringelbach M.", "abstract": "Abstract Psilocybin therapy for depression has started to show promise, yet the underlying causal mechanisms are not currently known. Here we leveraged the differential outcome in responders and non-responders to psilocybin (10mg and 25mg, 7 days apart) therapy for depression - to gain new insights into regions and networks implicated in the restoration of healthy brain dynamics. We used whole-brain modelling to fit the spatiotemporal brain dynamics at rest in both responders and non-responders before treatment. Dynamic sensitivity analysis of systematic perturbation of these models enabled us to identify specific brain regions implicated in a transition from a depressive brain state to a heathy one. Binarizing the sample into treatment responders (> 50% reduction in depressive symptoms) versus non-responders enabled us to identify a subset of regions implicated in this change. Interestingly, these regions correlate with in vivo density maps of serotonin receptors 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A, which psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, has an appreciable affinity for, and where it acts as a full-to-partial agonist. Serotonergic transmission has long been associated with depression and our findings provide causal mechanistic evidence for the role of brain regions in the recovery from depression via psilocybin.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2022-09-19", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-2060381/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2060381/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR548038\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1607, "title": "Towards an understanding of psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity.", "normalized_title": "towards an understanding of psychedelic induced neuroplasticity", "authors": "Calder AE, Hasler G.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, and the DMT-containing beverage ayahuasca, show some potential to treat depression, anxiety, and addiction. Importantly, clinical improvements can last for months or years after treatment. It has been theorized that these long-term improvements arise because psychedelics rapidly and lastingly stimulate neuroplasticity. The focus of this review is on answering specific questions about the effects of psychedelics on neuroplasticity. Firstly, we review the evidence that psychedelics promote neuroplasticity and examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the effects of different psychedelics on different aspects of neuroplasticity, including dendritogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and expression of plasticity-related genes (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor and immediate early genes). We then examine where in the brain psychedelics promote neuroplasticity, particularly discussing the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. We also examine what doses are required to produce this effect (e.g., hallucinogenic doses vs. \"microdoses\"), and how long purported changes in neuroplasticity last. Finally, we discuss the likely consequences of psychedelics' effects on neuroplasticity for both patients and healthy people, and we identify important research questions that would further scientific understanding of psychedelics' effects on neuroplasticity and its potential clinical applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-18", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-022-01389-z", "pubmed_id": "36123427", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01389-z", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Neuronal Plasticity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36123427\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Microdosing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1675, "title": "A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)-Guided Dashboard to Review Psilocybin Target Domains: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "a research domain criteria rdoc guided dashboard to review psilocybin target domains a systematic review", "authors": "Pouyan N, Halvaei Khankahdani Z, Younesi Sisi F, Lee Y, Rosenblat JD, Teopiz KM, Lui LMW, Subramaniapillai M, Lin K, Nasri F, Rodrigues N, Gill H, Lipsitz O, Cao B, Ho R, Castle D, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "BackgroundPreliminary results from randomized controlled studies as well as identified molecular, cellular, and circuit targets of select psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin) suggest that their effects are transdiagnostic. In this review, we exploit the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) transdiagnostic framework, to synthesize extant literature on psilocybin.ObjectiveWe aimed to identify RDoC-based effects of psilocybin and vistas for future mechanistic and interventional research.MethodsA systematic search in electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) performed in January and February 2021 identified English articles published between 1990 and 2020 reporting the effects of psilocybin on mental health measures. Data from included articles were retrieved and organized according to the RDoC bio-behavioral matrix and its constituent six main domains, namely: positive valence systems, negative valence systems, cognitive systems, social processes, sensorimotor systems, and arousal and regulatory systems.ResultsThe preponderance of research with psilocybin has differentially reported beneficial effects on positive valence systems, negative valence system, and social process domains. The data from the included studies support both short-term (23 assessments) and long-term (15 assessments) beneficial effects of psilocybin on the positive valence systems. While 12 of the extracted outcome measures suggest that psilocybin use is associated with increases in the \"fear\" construct of the negative valence systems domain, 19 findings show no significant effects on this construct, and seven parameters show lowered levels of the \"sustained threat\" construct in the long term. Thirty-four outcome measures revealed short-term alterations in the social systems' construct namely, \"perception and understanding of self,\" and \"social communications\" as well as enhancements in \"perception and understanding of others\" and \"affiliation and attachment\". The majority of findings related to the cognitive systems' domain reported dyscognitive effects. There have been relatively few studies reporting outcomes of psilocybin on the remaining RDoC domains. Moreover, seven of the included studies suggest the transdiagnostic effects of psilocybin. The dashboard characterization of RDoC outcomes with psilocybin suggests beneficial effects in the measures of reward, threat, and arousal, as well as general social systems.ConclusionsPsilocybin possesses a multi-domain effectiveness. The field would benefit from highly rigorous proof-of-mechanism research to assess the effects of psilocybin using the RDoC framework. The combined effect of psilocybin with psychosocial interventions with RDoC-based outcomes is a priority therapeutic vista.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-022-00944-y", "pubmed_id": "36097251", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-022-00944-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36097251\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3327, "title": "Neural mechanisms of psychedelic visual imagery", "normalized_title": "neural mechanisms of psychedelic visual imagery", "authors": "Stoliker D, Preller KH, Novelli L, Anticevic A, Egan GF, Vollenweider FX, Razi A.", "abstract": "Visual alterations under classic psychedelics can include rich phenomenological accounts of eyes-closed imagery. Preclinical evidence suggests agonism of the 5-HT2A receptor may reduce synaptic gain to produce psychedelic-induced imagery. However, this has not been investigated in humans. To infer the directed connectivity changes to visual sensory connectivity underlying psychedelic visual imagery in healthy adults, a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was performed, and dynamic causal modelling was applied to the resting state eyes-closed functional MRI scans of 24 subjects after administration of 0.2mg/kg of the serotonergic psychedelic drug, psilocybin (magic mushrooms), or placebo. The effective connectivity model included the early visual area, fusiform gyrus, intraparietal sulcus, and inferior frontal gyrus. We observed a pattern of increased self-inhibition of both early visual and higher visual-association regions under psilocybin that was consistent with preclinical findings. We also observed a pattern of reduced inhibition from visual-association regions to earlier visual areas that indicated top-down connectivity is enhanced during visual imagery. The results were associated with behavioural measures taken immediately after the scans, suggesting psilocybin-induced decreased sensitivity to neural inputs is associated with the perception of eyes-closed visual imagery. The findings inform our basic and clinical understanding of visual perception. They reveal neural mechanisms that, by affecting balance, may increase the impact of top-down feedback connectivity on perception, which could contribute to the visual imagery seen with eyes-closed during psychedelic experiences.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-09-08", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.09.07.22279700", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.07.22279700", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR541900\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3178, "title": "Effective connectivity of emotion and cognition under psilocybin", "normalized_title": "effective connectivity of emotion and cognition under psilocybin", "authors": "Stoliker D, Novelli L, Vollenweider FX, Egan GF, Preller KH, Razi A.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics alter sense of self and patterns of self-related thought. These changes are hypothesised to underlie their therapeutic efficacy across internalising pathologies such as addiction and depression. Using resting-state functional MRI images from a randomised, double blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 24 healthy adults under 0.215mg/kg psilocybin, we investigated how psilocybin modulates the effective connectivity between resting state networks and the amygdala that are involved in the appraisal and regulation of emotion and association with clinical symptoms. The networks included the default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN) and central executive network (CEN). Psilocybin decreased top-down effective connectivity from the resting state networks to the amygdala and decreased effective connectivity within the DMN and SN, while the within CEN effective connectivity increased. Effective connectivity changes were also associated with altered emotion and meaning under psilocybin. Our findings identify changes to cognitive-emotional connectivity associated with the subjective effects of psilocybin and the attenuation of the amygdala signal as a potential biomarker of psilocybin’s therapeutic efficacy.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-09-08", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.09.06.22279626", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.06.22279626", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR541956\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Default Mode Network,Biomarkers,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1695, "title": "Association between Lifetime Classic Psychedelic Use and Sick Leave in a Population-Based Sample.", "normalized_title": "association between lifetime classic psychedelic use and sick leave in a population based sample", "authors": "Mellner C, Dahlen M, Simonsson O", "abstract": "Absenteeism from work due to illness, and related costs, has increased steadily during the past decades. In recent years, there has been a reemergence of research on the therapeutic effects of classic psychedelics showing associations with both physical and mental health. However, the association between classic psychedelics and sick leave remains unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between lifetime classic psychedelic use and sick leave in the past 30 days among adults in the United States ( = 407,717), using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2005-2019), weighted to be representative of the US adult population. The primary analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, risky behavior, and use of other substances. There was a significant and negative association between lifetime classic psychedelic use and sick leave in the past 30 days (B = -0.09, < 0.01) when adjusting for all control variables. These findings suggest that classic psychedelics could potentially lead to reduced sick leave and associated costs in the general population, but more research is needed to investigate potential causal pathways of classic psychedelics on sick leave and evaluate possible mechanisms.", "journal": "International journal of environmental research and public health", "publication_date": "2022-09-08", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ijerph191811353", "pubmed_id": "36141631", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36141631/", "keywords": "LSD, health economics, psilocybin, psychedelics, public health, sickness absence, sickness absenteeism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36141631\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3189, "title": "Effect of psilocybin on marble-burying in ICR mice: Role of 5-HT1A receptors and implications for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin on marble burying in icr mice role of 5 ht1a receptors and implications for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Lerer B, Singh S, Botvinnik A, Shahar O, Wolf G, Yakobi C, Saban M, Salama A, Lotan A, Lifschytz T.", "abstract": "Abstract Preliminary clinical findings, supported by preclinical studies employing behavioral paradigms such as marble-burying, suggest that psilocybin may be effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. On this background, we set out to explore 1) the role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors in the effect of psilocybin on marble-burying; 2) the effect of staggered versus bolus psilocybin administration and persistence of the effect; 3) the effect of the 5-HT1A partial agonist, buspirone, on marble-burying and the head-twitch response (HTR) induced by psilocybin, a rodent correlate of psychedelic effects. Male ICR mice were administered psilocybin 4.4 mg/kg, escitalopram 5 mg/kg, 8-OH-DPAT2 mg/kg, M100907 2 mg/kg, buspirone 5 mg/kg, WAY100635 2 mg/kg or combinations, intraperitoneally, and were tested on the MBT. HTR was examined in a magnetometer-based assay. The results show that 1) Psilocybin and escitalopram significantly reduced marble-burying. The effect of psilocybin was not attenuated by the 5-HT2A antagonist, M100907. The 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT reduced marble-burying as did the 5-HT1A partial agonist, buspirone. The effect of 8-OH-DPAT was additive to that of psilocybin but that of buspirone was not. The 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY100635, attenuated the effect of 8-OH-DPAT and buspirone but not the effect of psilocybin. 2) Psilocybin injections over 3.5 hours had no effect on marble-burying and the effect of bolus injection was not persistent. 3) Co-administration of buspirone with psilocybin blocked its effect on HTR. These data suggest that neither 5-HT2A nor 5-HT1A receptors are pivotally implicated in the effect of psilocybin on marble-burying. Co-administration with buspirone may block the psychedelic effects of psilocybin without impeding its anti-obsessional effects.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2022-09-07", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-2001983/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2001983/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR541577\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1696, "title": "Psilocybin therapy reduces heavy drinking.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy reduces heavy drinking", "authors": "O'Leary K.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-07", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/d41591-022-00093-1", "pubmed_id": "36076081", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/d41591-022-00093-1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36076081\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1698, "title": "Effects of psilocybin versus escitalopram on rumination and thought suppression in depression.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin versus escitalopram on rumination and thought suppression in depression", "authors": "Barba T, Buehler S, Kettner H, Radu C, Cunha BG, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D, Roseman L, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "BackgroundMajor depressive disorder is often associated with maladaptive coping strategies, including rumination and thought suppression.AimsTo assess the comparative effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram, and the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin (COMP360), on rumination and thought suppression in major depressive disorder.MethodBased on data derived from a randomised clinical trial (N = 59), we performed exploratory analyses on the impact of escitalopram versus psilocybin (i.e. condition) on rumination and thought suppression from 1 week before to 6 weeks after treatment inception (i.e. time), using mixed analysis of variance. Condition responder versus non-responder subgroup analyses were also done, using the standard definition of ≥50% symptom reduction.ResultsA time×condition interaction was found for rumination (F(1, 56) = 4.58, P = 0.037) and thought suppression (F(1,57) = 5.88, P = 0.019), with post hoc tests revealing significant decreases exclusively in the psilocybin condition. When analysing via response, a significant time×condition×response interaction for thought suppression (F(1,54) = 8.42, P = 0.005) and a significant time×response interaction for rumination (F(1,54) = 23.50, P < 0.001) were evident. Follow-up tests revealed that decreased thought suppression was exclusive to psilocybin responders, whereas rumination decreased in both responder groups. In the psilocybin arm, decreases in rumination and thought suppression correlated with ego dissolution and session-linked psychological insight.ConclusionsThese data provide further evidence on the therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin and escitalopram in the treatment of depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1192/bjo.2022.565", "pubmed_id": "36065128", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.565", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36065128\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1632, "title": "Use of plant-based hallucinogens and dissociative agents: U.S. Time Trends, 2002-2019.", "normalized_title": "use of plant based hallucinogens and dissociative agents u s time trends 2002 2019", "authors": "Walsh CA, Livne O, Shmulewitz D, Stohl M, Hasin DS.", "abstract": "AimsInformation on time trends in use of different plant-based hallucinogens is lacking. The current study used nationally representative U.S. data to assess overall and age-specific time trends in the prevalence of lifetime and 12-month use of plant-based hallucinogens and dissociative agents.MethodsParticipants were respondents aged ≥ 12 years (N = 1,006,051) from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002-2019. Predictors were continuous years. Outcomes included illicit use of peyote, mescaline, psilocybin, ketamine, salvia, and tryptamine. Sociodemographic variables (gender; age; race/ethnicity; educational level; family income) were modeled as covariates. Trends were estimated overall and by age (12-17, 18-25, 26+). Prevalence differences [PDs] were obtained for each category, along with 95 % confidence intervals [CI].ResultsIncreases in lifetime use were observed for psilocybin (2002-2019 PD=+1.61), tryptamine (2006-2014 PD=+0.55; 2015-2019 PD=+0.44), and ketamine (2006-2014 PD=+0.27; 2015-2019 PD=+0.21). Mescaline use decreased (PD = -0.89). While overall lifetime salvia use increased between 2006 and 2014 (PD=+1.81), prevalence did not change between 2015 and 2019. Twelve-month use of tryptamine and ketamine increased between 2006 and 2014 (PD=+0.14; +0.03, respectively). Twelve-month ketamine use also increased from 2015 to 2019 (PD=+0.03). By age, participants aged 12-17 and 18-25 showed decreases in use of most types of hallucinogens, but those age 26+ generally showed increases.ConclusionsWhile use of plant-based hallucinogens and dissociative agents remains rare, lifetime use of ketamine, tryptamine, and psilocybin is increasing in adults. Considering these increases alongside concerns about unsupervised use of illicit products whose dose and composition is uncertain, clinicians and policymakers should remain mindful of the rising rates of illicit use in the general population.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100454", "pubmed_id": "36119808", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100454", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36119808\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1606, "title": "The Safety and Efficacy of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies for Older Adults: Knowns and Unknowns.", "normalized_title": "the safety and efficacy of psychedelic assisted therapies for older adults knowns and unknowns", "authors": "Johnston CB, Mangini M, Grob C, Anderson B.", "abstract": "Psychedelics and related compounds have shown efficacy for the treatment of a variety of conditions that are prevalent among older adults, including mood disorders, the psychological distress associated with a serious medical illness, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and prolonged grief disorder. Psychedelics also have properties that could help provide therapeutic benefits for patients with dementing disorders, as well as promoting personal growth among healthy older adults. This article focuses on psilocybin, a classic psychedelic, and MDMA, a substituted amphetamine with properties similar to classic psychedelics. Both act on the 5HT2A receptor. Psychedelics can be safely administered to healthy adults in controlled conditions. However, both psilocybin and MDMA can increase blood pressure and heart rate, which could be a concern if used in older adults with cardiovascular disease. Very few older adults or patients with serious comorbidities have been included in clinical trials of psychedelics to date, raising the question of how generalizable study results are for the patients that most geropsychiatrists will be treating. Research on the neurophysiologic and mechanistic effects of psychedelics in older adults could also provide insights into the aging brain that could have clinical applications in the future. Given the potential of psychedelic compounds to benefit older adults, more research is needed to establish safety and efficacy among older adults, particularly those with multi-morbidity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.jagp.2022.08.007", "pubmed_id": "36184377", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2022.08.007", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Aged, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36184377\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Older Adults,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1520, "title": "Microdosing psilocybin for chronic pain: a case series.", "normalized_title": "microdosing psilocybin for chronic pain a case series", "authors": "Lyes M, Yang KH, Castellanos J, Furnish T.", "abstract": "AbstractPsychedelic serotonergic agonists such as psilocybin have recently been shown to produce sustained benefit in refractory depression, end of life anxiety, and addiction when administered in hallucinogenic doses and coupled with psychotherapy. Although it has been suggested that similar high-dose protocols may help chronic pain conditions, there are few published clinical trials of psychedelics for pain. The use of these agents in subpsychedelic doses for chronic pain management has received even less attention. This case series details the experiences of 3 individuals who have used low-dose psilocybin to manage chronic neuropathic pain. Although the nature and etiology of each patient's pain vary, they share a common experience, including inefficacy of current therapeutics and decreased quality of life. Through self-administration of psilocybin, these patients have achieved robust pain relief with decreased reliance on traditional analgesic medications. Despite varying preparations and uncertain potencies, the analgesic effects for all 3 patients occurred at doses without a psychedelic experience and with minimal cognitive or somatic adverse effects. Furthermore, the efficacy of pain relief and, in some cases, the duration of the effect were magnified when coupled with functional exercise. In addition, in 1 case, repeated dosing seemed to produce increased relief, suggesting a possible long-term plasticity-mediated effect. These commonalities highlight psilocybin's therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic pain that warrants further investigation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-09-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002778", "pubmed_id": "36066961", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002778", "keywords": "Humans, Chronic Disease, Analgesics, Hallucinogens, Quality of Life, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36066961\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Case Report", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3383, "title": "Therapeutic potential of serotoninergic psychedelic substances in the treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder", "normalized_title": "therapeutic potential of serotoninergic psychedelic substances in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Rodrigues J, Nombora O, Ribeiro L.", "abstract": "Introduction Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder associated with suffering and disability. The serotoninergic system is implicated in the neurobiological processes of OCD and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are the first-line treatment. However, clinical improvement after starting SRIs can take long and patients may not fully recover. Meanwhile, recent data suggests that activation of 5-HT receptors may exert a therapeutic action in obsessional symptoms. Some psychedelics are strong 5-HT2 receptor agonists and there is a growing research interest as they can be a promising therapeutic approach to OCD. Objectives We aim to provide an overview on the current evidence on the therapeutic potential of serotoninergic psychoactive substances in the treatment of OCD. Methods Non-systematic review. Literature search in the PubMed database using the terms psychedelics and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Results Although research is currently limited to a few small studies, the ones conducted so far showed clinically meaningful acute reduction of OCD symptoms after treatment with serotoninergic psychoactive drugs, as well as possible longer-lasting benefits, particularly with psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Furthermore, substance-assisted psychotherapy with psychedelics has been showing promising results, being suitable for OCD treatment. It is important to add that, to date, studies have indicated relatively good tolerability to these drugs. Conclusions These promising early findings highlight the role of psychedelics in OCD treatment and the need for further research into efficacy, therapeutic mechanisms and safety, in order to determine whether these drugs may be worthy options for OCD treatment in the future. Disclosure No significant relationships.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9567436", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9567436\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3377, "title": "Psychopathological descriptive model of hallucinogenic/psychedelic drugs effect in the treatment of depression and addictions", "normalized_title": "psychopathological descriptive model of hallucinogenic psychedelic drugs effect in the treatment of depression and addictions", "authors": "Girala N.", "abstract": "Introduction There is a growing and renewed interest in the use of hallucinogenic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, especially since the FDA approval of ketamine treatment for resistant depression. The response to hallucinogenic psychedelic substances (ayahuasca, psilocybin, LSD, ketamine) in the treatment of depression and addictions calls for a theoretical explanatory model. Objectives Provide a descriptive / explanatory psychopathological model of the response to treatment with hallucinogenic drugs based on the descriptions of the subjects and the comparison with other extreme life experiences. Methods Relevant published literature on subjective experiences in treatment with hallucinogenic drugs for depression and addictions is reviewed. It is compared with subjective experiences in life changing experiences. Results Intense emotional states, mystical-type experiences including feelings of oneness, transcendence, ineffability, and the complex emotion of awe seem to be consistently presented as psychic elements related to the efficacy of these treatments. The genetic and cultural (memetic) evolutionary value of these emotions in the cohesiveness of human groups and the genesis of affective symptoms, and in the recalibration of cognitions and emotions, is discussed. Conclusions The efficacy of hallucinogenic drugs used in the treatment of depression and addictions is accompanied by complex and varied emotions but with common psychopathological elements that could mediate their action. Disclosure No significant relationships.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9567945", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9567945\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3376, "title": "Exploring Psychedelics and Entactogens as Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: Proceedings of a Workshop", "normalized_title": "exploring psychedelics and entactogens as treatments for psychiatric disorders proceedings of a workshop", "authors": "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders.", "abstract": "Psychiatric illnesses - such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, substance use disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - are widely prevalent and represent a substantial health burden worldwide. Yet, conventional medications for mental illnesses often fail to provide relief to patients' disruptive and disabling symptoms. Existing and emerging evidence that psychedelics (e.g., LSD and psilocybin) and entactogens (e.g., MDMA) may be useful as tools to alleviate mental illness has sparked a renaissance of interest by investigators, clinicians, drug developers, and patient advocates in recent years. While promising data on therapeutic efficacy has energized research and development, resolving the mechanisms of action will be important for optimizing the efficacy and safety of these medicines. Further, evaluating the effect of psychedelics and entactogens on mood and behavior comes with unique challenges still in need of resolution. These include unresolved questions relating to blinding, placebo and nocebo effects, and the impact of psychosocial contexts. In response to this renewed interest, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders convened a workshop on March 29-30, 2022. The workshop brought together a diverse group of stakeholders to explore the use of psychedelics and entactogens as treatments for psychiatric disorders. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.", "journal": "National Academies Press (US), Washington (DC)", "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "36049038", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/36049038", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36049038\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"National Academies Press (US), Washington (DC)\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3267, "title": "A Review of Aeruginascin and Potential Entourage Effect in Hallucinogenic Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "a review of aeruginascin and potential entourage effect in hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Chue P, Andreiev A, Bucuci E, Els C, Chue J.", "abstract": "Introduction The 5-HT2A agonist classic psychedelic, psilocybin (O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a tryptophan, indole-based alkaloid present in up to 2% of certain hallucinogenic “magic” mushroom species; typically Psilocybe azurescens, semilanceata, and cyanescens,. In addition, mushrooms may contain psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine). Both are indolylalkylamines (tryptamines); other naturally occurring tryptamine compounds include norbaeocystin, baeocystin, norpsilocin, and aeruginascin. A putative synergistic contribution of these compounds has been referred to as the “entourage” effect. Aeruginascin (N,N,N-trimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine) is found naturally in Inocybe aeruginascens and Pholiotina cyanopus mushroom species and ingestion reportedly invokes elevation in mood without accompanying hallucinogenic effects: Objectives To review the pharmacology of aeruginascin and putative entourage effect. Methods The extant literature on aeruginascin was reviewed and discussed. Results Methylation of aeruginascin results in an active metabolite, 4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine (4-HO-TMT) which has been shown to bind at 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2B receptors with Inhibition Constants (Ki) of 4400, 670, and 120 nM respectively; compared with psilocybin’s binding of 567.4, 107.2 and 4.6 nM respectively. Further, 4-HO-TMT does not bind at the 5-HT3 receptor, and as a quaternary trimethylammonium compound it is less likely to be able to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Conclusions There are very limited data with respect to the pharmacology of aeruginascin. Its activity at serotonin receptors is less by several orders of magnitude than psilocybin and it has potentially less brain penetrance. Given that it is found in different mushrooms species the data would suggest that its direct contribution to any entourage effect is limited. Further research in needed into other naturally occurring tryptamine compounds. Disclosure PC is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Zylorion. AA, EB, JC, CE have no disclosures to report.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9568164", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9568164\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Epigenetics,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3197, "title": "Interplay of hydrogen bonding in deciding the conformers of psilocin: Computational insights", "normalized_title": "interplay of hydrogen bonding in deciding the conformers of psilocin computational insights", "authors": "Bhadoria P, Venkatnarayan R.", "abstract": "Conformational analysis of psilocin, a psychedelic molecule revealed two stable conformers designated as conformer-A and B which were 4.97 kcal/mol apart in energy among many other high energy conformers. AIM analysis revealed that the conformer-A (global minimum) is stable due to intramolecular H-bond formation between ethyl amine nitrogen and indolic hydroxyl group. This is in contradiction to earlier X-ray crystal studies of this molecule reported in literature. Dimers of both conformer-A and B were studied utilizing DFT method and it was observed that even in the dimer of conformer-A the intramolecular H-bond energy dominates over the intermolecular H-bond. Other calculations namely NBO, FMO, charge analysis, ESP mapping corroborated the AIM results in a significant manner. The spectroscopic study including UV, 1H-NMR and vibrational modes calculation were found to be in good agreement with the data reported in literature.", "journal": "Authorea Preprints", "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.22541/au.166200851.10677416/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.22541/au.166200851.10677416/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR539091\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Authorea Preprints\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3169, "title": "Association of Psilocybin Use in Adolescents with Major Depressive Episode", "normalized_title": "association of psilocybin use in adolescents with major depressive episode", "authors": "Shah K, Trivedi C, Kamrai D, Akbar M, Tankersley W.", "abstract": "Introduction Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug found in mushrooms, often referred to as magic mushrooms due to its visual and auditory hallucinations effects upon ingestion. It is a Schedule I drug per DEA, and the FDA has not approved psilocybin for medicinal purposes. However, recent studies have shown promising therapeutic use to treat depression. Objectives To identify current use, prevalence, and its association with depression in adolescents. Methods The National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey data from 2008-18 studied adolescent data (12-17 years), who responded, “ever used psilocybin (mushrooms)” and “lifetime major depressive episode (MDE).” The association between the psilocybin use and MDE status was analyzed in SAS9.4 through multivariate logistic regression for odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results A total of 172745 adolescents were included in this study, of which 2469 ever used psilocybin in their lifetime, and 170276 responded no lifetime use. The psilocybin ever lifetime users were 17 years old (42%vs.17%,p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9563652", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9563652\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2035, "title": "P03-18 Simultaneous detection and quantification of psilocybin and psilocin by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS)", "normalized_title": "p03 18 simultaneous detection and quantification of psilocybin and psilocin by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry gc ms", "authors": "Brito-da-Costa A.M., Madureira-Carvalho A., Dinis-Oliveira R.J., Silva D. Dias da", "abstract": "", "journal": "Toxicology Letters", "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.280", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.280", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.280\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1111/1556-4029.13982\",\"10.1093/jat/30.5.342\",\"10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00213-9\",\"10.1007/s11419-020-00566-3\",\"10.1016/s0379-0738(98)00168-6\"],\"reference_count\":6}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1702, "title": "[The use of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression].", "normalized_title": "the use of psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Johannesdottir A, Sigurdsson E.", "abstract": "The hallucinogen psilocybin is a potential novel treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Our goal is to review current knowledge on psilocybin and its efficacy in TRD. Literature searches were done on PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar, references reviewed in identified articles and other articles found on the website of COMPASS Pathways. Psilocybin treatment consists usually of a single oral administration of 25 mg of psilocybin along with psychological support for 5-8 hours during the ensuing hallucinogenic trip. Common side-effects include headache, nausea, fatigue and insomnia. A systematic review has demonstrated significant antidepressant efficacy in certain groups and a double-blind randomized study found antidepressant efficacy of psilocybin comparable to the SSRI escitalopram. In the phase 2 study of COMPASS Pathways, the psilocybin-COMP360 treatment led to a rapid response and remission as early as three weeks following the treatment for around one third of participants. Recent studies have shown that psilocybin significantly decreases the severity of depressive symptoms and is generally well tolerated. Further research will reveal whether it will be granted a license to treat treatment-resistant depression in the near future. There remains an urgent need for novel treatments for those who do not respond to current antidepressant therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.17992/lbl.2022.09.706", "pubmed_id": "36040772", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.17992/lbl.2022.09.706", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36040772\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1701, "title": "Use of psychedelics in the Czech Republic: results of recent population surveys.", "normalized_title": "use of psychedelics in the czech republic results of recent population surveys", "authors": "Chomynová P, Kočárová R, Kňažek F, Plevková M, Bláhová B, Valeš K, Mravčík V.", "abstract": "ObjectivesDifferent psychoactive substances are widely used in today's society. So far limited data are available on the use of psychedelics in the general population. The main aim of this study is to estimate the numbers of users of substances with psychedelic properties (classical psychedelics, cannabis, ecstasy, and ketamine) in the Czech Republic.MethodsData from two samples enrolled in representative cross-sectional questionnaire surveys in the Czech adult population in 2016 (n = 2,785) and 2018 (n = 1,665) were analysed. Prevalence rates were extrapolated to estimate numbers of current, i.e., last-year, users of psychedelics, and their socio-demographic profiles were compared with non-users and users of cannabis.ResultsAn estimated 5-6% of the Czech adult population (350-430 thousand people) used classical psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, ayahuasca) in their lifetime, increasing up to 28-30% when cannabis is included (1.9-2.1 million users). Current use of classical psychedelics reached 0.7-1.9% (50-130 thousand people), and 9-11% (590-750 thousand users) when cannabis was included. Users of psychedelics were more often males, of younger age and single.ConclusionsNo significant socio-demographic differences were found between users of classical psychedelics and recreational cannabis users, however, differences were significant when compared to non-users and users of other illicit drugs. Findings should further serve to inform drug policy and social and healthcare systems in respect to the use of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.21101/cejph.a7079", "pubmed_id": "36239361", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a7079", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabis, Substance-Related Disorders, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Adult, Czech Republic, Male, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36239361\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1699, "title": "Psychedelics for Alzheimer's Disease Palliative Care.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for alzheimer s disease palliative care", "authors": "McManus KR, Patrick R, Striepe MI, Drury MJ, Ozonsi R, Forester BP, Weinberg MS", "abstract": "", "journal": "Advances in psychiatry and behavioral health", "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.ypsc.2022.06.001", "pubmed_id": "37786540", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37786540/", "keywords": "LSD, aging, ayahuasca, dementia, geriatric, psilocybin, quality of life", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"37786540\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1694, "title": "The Use of Psychedelics in the Treatment of Medical Conditions: An Analysis of Currently Registered Psychedelics Studies in the American Drug Trial Registry.", "normalized_title": "the use of psychedelics in the treatment of medical conditions an analysis of currently registered psychedelics studies in the american drug trial registry", "authors": "Kurtz JS, Patel NA, Gendreau JL, Yang C, Brown N, Bui N, Picton B, Harris M, Hatter M, Beyer R, Sahyouni R, Diaz-Aguilar LD, Castellanos J, Schuster N, Abraham ME", "abstract": "Although early therapeutic research on psychedelics dates back to the 1940s, this field of investigation was met with many cultural and legal challenges in the 1970s. Over the past two decades, clinical trials using psychedelics have resumed. Therefore, the goal of this study was to (1) better characterize the recent uptrend in psychedelics in clinical trials and (2) identify areas where potentially new clinical trials could be initiated to help in the treatment of widely prevalent medical disorders. A systematic search was conducted on the clinicaltrials.gov database for all registered clinical trials examining the use of psychedelic drugs and was both qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. Analysis of recent studies registered in clinicaltrials.gov was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient testing. Statistical analysis and visualization were performed using R software. In totality, 105 clinical trials met this study's inclusion criteria. The recent uptrend in registered clinical trials studying psychedelics (p = 0.002) was similar to the uptrend in total registered clinical trials in the registry (p < 0.001). All trials took place from 2007 to 2020, with 77.1% of studies starting in 2017 or later. A majority of clinical trials were in phase 1 (53.3%) or phase 2 (25.7%). Common disorders treated include substance addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, and major depressive disorder. Potential research gaps include studying psychedelics as a potential option for symptomatic treatment during opioid tapering. There appears to be a recent uptrend in registered clinical trials studying psychedelics, which is similar to the recent increase in overall trials registered. Potentially, more studies could be performed to evaluate the potential of psychedelics for symptomatic treatment during opioid tapering and depression refractory to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.", "journal": "Cureus", "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.29167", "pubmed_id": "36259015", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36259015/", "keywords": "clinical trials, major depressive disorder, mdma, post traumatic stress disorder, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36259015\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1521, "title": "To treat or not to treat? High-potency benzodiazepine use in a case of comorbid hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and alcohol use disorder.", "normalized_title": "to treat or not to treat high potency benzodiazepine use in a case of comorbid hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Christensen JA, Fipps DC, Bostwick JM.", "abstract": "Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is characterized by visual disturbances that resemble psychedelic intoxication and linger after use has ceased. The most common substances precipitating HPPD, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, are posited to do so via damage to serotonergic neurons involved in vision. Mr. N is a 37-year-old with a history of alcohol, cannabis, LSD, cocaine, and nicotine use disorders who described visual distortions that resolved when he drank heavily or received benzodiazepines for withdrawal. He did not appear psychotic. Over 20 years after his last LSD use, he continued to experience illusions of halos around objects, moving walls, and figures appearing cartoonish. He understood that his perceptual disturbances were not reality based. During hospitalization for suicidal ideation, laboratory tests, head computed tomography (CT), and electroencephalogram (EEG) studies offered no explanation for his visual disturbances other than HPPD. The visual distortions remitted with scheduled clonazepam treatment, although chemical dependency treatment programs were hesitant to accept him while on a benzodiazepine. This case emphasizes the importance of diagnostic clarification when patients present with perceptual disturbances that do not fit typical psychotic presentations. Our discussion will distinguish misperceptions from hallucinations and review the pathophysiology of HPPD. Last, we will discuss management strategies for patients with co-occurring HPPD and substance use disorders. It is necessary to discern the correct cause of visual disturbances in order to provide proper treatment. The risks and benefits of long-term benzodiazepine use must be weighed when deciding whether to prescribe them for patients with comorbid HPPD and alcohol use disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1037/pha0000597", "pubmed_id": "36048112", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000597", "keywords": "Humans, Perceptual Disorders, Alcoholism, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Benzodiazepines, Hallucinogens, Perception, Adult, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36048112\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1168, "title": "Psychedelic Psychiatry", "normalized_title": "psychedelic psychiatry", "authors": "Nutt D.", "abstract": "The last decade has seen a remarkable resurgence of interest in psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin (from magic mushrooms) LSD and DMT (dimethyl tryptamine - the active ingredient of ayahuasca). This has been driven by the discovery that these psychedelics all act agonists of 5-HT2A receptors. Human imaging studies have revealed this action leads to profound alterations in brain measures of activity particularly in terms of increased entropy of EEG MEG and fMRI signals and reduced within-network, but increased between-network, connectivity. In addition they all can increase synaptic growth and brain plasticity. These findings not only explain the subjective nature of the psychedelic experience but also have implications for the treatment of internalising disorders such as depression addiction anorexia and OCD that are characterised by increased within network connectivity especially of the default mode network. Subsequent trials, particularly of psilocybin, in these disorders has revealed significant clinical benefits from even just a single administration. A number of companies have now been set up to extend these discoveries with regulatory-level trials that could result in market authorisations within a few years. My talk will explore these brain mechanisms and clinical data and discuss the potential place of psychedelic medicine in the future of psychiatry. Disclosure I am an advisor to Compass pathways and Beckley Psytec two companies that are developing psychedelics for depression and other psychiatric indications. Several members of my research group receive support from these companies and also from Small Pharma.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9565852", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9565852\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1709, "title": " Pseudospermaarenarium (Inocybaceae), a new poisonous species from Eurasia, based on morphological, ecological, molecular and biochemical evidence.", "normalized_title": "pseudospermaarenarium inocybaceae a new poisonous species from eurasia based on morphological ecological molecular and biochemical evidence", "authors": "Yan YY, Zhang YZ, Vauras J, Zhao LN, Fan YG, Li HJ, Xu F.", "abstract": "In this study, Pseudospermaarenarium is proposed as a new species, based on morphological, ecological, molecular and biochemical evidence. The new species grows on sandy ground under Populus and Pinussylvestris in north-western China and northern Europe, respectively. It is characterised by the combination of the robust habit, nearly glabrous pileus, large cylindrical basidiospores, thin-walled cheilocystidia and ecological associations with Populusalba × P.berolinensis and Pinussylvestris and unique phylogenetic placement. Additionally, a comprehensive toxin determination of the new species using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was conducted. Results showed that it was a muscarine-positive species. The content were approximately five times higher in the pilei [4012.2 ± 803.1-4302.3 ± 863.2 mg/kg (k = 2, p = 95%)] than in the stipes [850.4 ± 171.1-929.1 ± 184.2 mg/kg (k = 2, p = 95%)], demonstrating the severity of mushroom poisoning when patients consumed different parts of the poisonous mushroom. Amatoxins, phallotoxins, ibotenic acid, muscimol, psilocybin and psilocin were not detected.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3897/mycokeys.92.86277", "pubmed_id": "36761319", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.92.86277", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36761319\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1678, "title": "Serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2c and 5-HT1A receptor involvement in the acute effects of psilocybin in mice. In vitro pharmacological profile and modulation of thermoregulation and head-twich response.", "normalized_title": "serotonin 5 ht2a 5 ht2c and 5 ht1a receptor involvement in the acute effects of psilocybin in mice in vitro pharmacological profile and modulation of thermoregulation and head twich response", "authors": "Erkizia-Santamaría I, Alles-Pascual R, Horrillo I, Meana JJ, Ortega JE.", "abstract": "The psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor (5HT2AR) agonist psilocybin (or the active metabolite psilocin) has emerged as potential useful drug for various neuropsychiatric diseases, with a rapid onset of therapeutic activity. However, the mechanisms responsible for such effects remain incompletely characterized. We aimed to study in vitro pharmacological profile and in vivo acute mechanism of psilocin/psilocybin. Competition binding studies with psilocin were performed in brain and cell cultures. The role of 5HT2AR, 5-HT2C receptors (5HT2CR) and 5-HT1A receptors (5HT1AR) on the psychosis-like head-twitch response (HTR) and on body temperature in mice after psilocybin administration were evaluated. Psilocin showed similar affinities for 5HT2AR (Ki: 120-173 nM), 5HT2CR (Ki: 79-311 nM) and 5-HT1AR (Ki: 152-146 nM) in human and mice brain. Psilocybin induced a dose-dependent HTR (maximal effect 17.07 ± 1.31 at 1 mg/kg i.p.) that was completely suppressed by the 5HT2AR antagonist MDL11939 (1 mg/kg). Higher doses of psilocybin (3 mg/kg) induced lower HTR (9.00 ± 0.53). The 5HT2CR antagonist SB242084 (0.1 mg/kg) increased HTR exerted by psilocybin (3 mg/kg). Psilocybin significantly raised core body temperature at low dose (0.125 mg/kg) (Emax=0.67 ± 0.15 °C), whereas a significant decrease was induced by doses over 1 mg/kg (Emax = -1.31 ± 0.16 °C). Pre-treatment with the 5HT1AR antagonist WAY100635 reversed the decrease of body temperature after psilocybin (1 mg/kg), causing hyperthermia (Emax = 0.94 ± 0.26 °C). The present work provides key findings on the 5HT2AR, 5-HT2CR and 5HT1AR involvement in the acute central effects of psilocybin. The results may be relevant for understanding the mechanism of action underlying the therapeutic effects and side effects of this psychedelic drug.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113612", "pubmed_id": "36049313", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113612", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Mice, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A, Hallucinogens, Body Temperature Regulation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36049313\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1679, "title": "Macrodosing to microdosing with psychedelics: Clinical, social, and cultural perspectives.", "normalized_title": "macrodosing to microdosing with psychedelics clinical social and cultural perspectives", "authors": "Kaypak AC, Raz A.", "abstract": "To date, the clinical and scientific literature has best documented the effects of classical psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and dimethyltryptamine (DMT), in typical quantities most often associated with macrodosing. More recently, however, microdosing with psychedelics has emerged as a social trend and nascent therapeutic intervention. This variation in psychedelic practice refers to repeat, intermittent ingestion of less-than-macrodose amounts that do not cause the effects associated with full-blown \"trips\". Microdosing paves the road to incorporating psychedelic drugs into a daily routine while maintaining, or even improving, cognitive and mental function. Unlike macrodosing with psychedelics, the influence of microdosing remains mostly unexplored. And yet, despite the paucity of formal studies, many informal accounts propose that microdosing plays an important role as both a therapeutic intervention (e.g., in mental disorders) and enhancement tool (e.g., recreationally-to boost creativity, improve cognition, and drive personal growth). In response to this relatively new practice, we provide an integrative synthesis of the clinical, social, and cultural dimensions of microdosing. We describe some of the overarching context that explains why this practice is increasingly in vogue, unpack potential benefits and risks, and comment on sociocultural implications. In addition, this article considers the effects that macro- and microdoses have on behavior and psychopathology in light of their dosage characteristics and contexts of use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/13634615221119386", "pubmed_id": "36031848", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615221119386", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36031848\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Creativity,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1680, "title": "Adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA: A mixed-methods systematic review.", "normalized_title": "adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and mdma a mixed methods systematic review", "authors": "Breeksema JJ, Kuin BW, Kamphuis J, van den Brink W, Vermetten E, Schoevers RA.", "abstract": "IntroductionSmall-scale clinical studies with psychedelic drugs have shown promising results for the treatment of several mental disorders. Before psychedelics become registered medicines, it is important to know the full range of adverse events (AEs) for making balanced treatment decisions.ObjectiveTo systematically review the presence of AEs during and after administration of serotonergic psychedelics and 3,4-methyenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in clinical studies.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov for clinical trials with psychedelics since 2000 describing the results of quantitative and qualitative studies.ResultsWe included 44 articles (34 quantitative + 10 qualitative), describing treatments with MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics (psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ayahuasca) in 598 unique patients. In many studies, AEs were not systematically assessed. Despite this limitation, treatments seemed to be overall well tolerated. Nausea, headaches, and anxiety were commonly reported acute AEs across diagnoses and compounds. Late AEs included headaches (psilocybin, MDMA), fatigue, low mood, and anxiety (MDMA). One serious AE occurred during MDMA administration (increase in premature ventricular contractions requiring brief hospitalization); no other AEs required medical intervention. Qualitative studies suggested that psychologically challenging experiences may also be therapeutically beneficial. Except for ayahuasca, a large proportion of patients had prior experience with psychedelic drugs before entering studies.ConclusionsAEs are poorly defined in the context of psychedelic treatments and are probably underreported in the literature due to study design (lack of systematic assessment of AEs) and sample selection. Acute challenging experiences may be therapeutically meaningful, but a better understanding of AEs in the context of psychedelic treatments requires systematic and detailed reporting.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-25", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221116926", "pubmed_id": "36017784", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221116926", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Headache, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36017784\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1710, "title": "Comparison of psychedelic and near-death or other non-ordinary experiences in changing attitudes about death and dying.", "normalized_title": "comparison of psychedelic and near death or other non ordinary experiences in changing attitudes about death and dying", "authors": "Sweeney MM, Nayak S, Hurwitz ES, Mitchell LN, Swift TC, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Both psychedelic drug experiences and near-death experiences can occasion changes in perspectives on death and dying, but there have been few direct comparisons of these phenomena. This study directly compared psychedelic occasioned and non-drug experiences which altered individuals' beliefs about death. Individuals who reported an experience that altered their beliefs about death occasioned by either a psychedelic drug or a near-death or other non-ordinary experience completed an online survey. Circumstances of the experience, mystical and near-death subjective features, changes in attitudes about death, and other persisting effects were evaluated. The study sample (n = 3192) included five groups: non-drug near-death or other non-ordinary experiences (n = 933), and drug experiences occasioned by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (n = 904), psilocybin (n = 766), ayahuasca (n = 282), or N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) (n = 307). Analyses of differences in experiences were adjusted statistically for demographic differences between groups. Compared to the psychedelic groups, the non-drug group was more likely to report being unconscious, clinically dead, and that their life was in imminent danger. The groups were remarkably similar in the reported changes in death attitudes attributed to the experience, including a reduced fear of death and high ratings of positive persisting effects and personal meaning, spiritual significance, and psychological insight. Although both psychedelic and non-drug participants showed robust increases on standardized measures of mystical and near-death experiences, these measures were significantly greater in the psychedelic participants. Non-drug participants were more likely to rate their experiences as the single most meaningful of their lives. Comparing across psychedelic substances, ayahuasca and DMT groups tended report stronger and more positive enduring consequences of the experience than the psilocybin and LSD groups, which were largely indistinguishable. These data provide a detailed characterization and comparison of psychedelic occasioned and non-drug experiences that changed attitudes about death and suggest the importance of future prospective psychedelic administration studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-23", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0271926", "pubmed_id": "36001643", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271926", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Phobic Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36001643\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1697, "title": "Skepticism about Recent Evidence That Psilocybin \"Liberates\" Depressed Minds.", "normalized_title": "skepticism about recent evidence that psilocybin liberates depressed minds", "authors": "Doss MK, Barrett FS, Corlett PR.", "abstract": "A recent paper in Nature Medicine found that psilocybin therapy in patients with depression decreased brain network modularity (measured with task-free functional magnetic resonance imaging), an effect supposedly not found with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor S-citalopram. This decrease in network modularity also correlated with depression. Here, we raise several issues with this paper, including inconsistencies in reports of the primary clinical outcome, statistical flaws including a one-tailed test, nonsignificant interaction, and regression to the mean, the ambiguity and overinterpretation of \"resting state\" data, and a missing reference for a conceptually similar study that exemplifies why a one-tailed test cannot be justified. Together, these issues make us question the uniqueness and impact of these findings, as well as the unwarranted media hype that they generated.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-23", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00461", "pubmed_id": "36001741", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00461", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Citalopram, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psilocybin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36001741\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1687, "title": "Where do we go next in antidepressant drug discovery? A new generation of antidepressants: a pivotal role of AMPA receptor potentiation and mGlu2/3 receptor antagonism.", "normalized_title": "where do we go next in antidepressant drug discovery a new generation of antidepressants a pivotal role of ampa receptor potentiation and mglu2 3 receptor antagonism", "authors": "Pilc A, Machaczka A, Kawalec P, Smith JL, Witkin JM.", "abstract": "IntroductionMajor depressive disorder remains a prevalent world-wide health problem. Currently available antidepressant medications take weeks of dosing, do not produce antidepressant response in all patients, and have undesirable ancillary effects.Areas coveredThe present opinion piece focuses on the major inroads to the creation of new antidepressants. These include N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists and related compounds like ketamine, psychedelic drugs like psilocybin, and muscarinic receptor antagonists like scopolamine. The preclinical and clinical pharmacological profile of these new-age antidepressant drugs is discussed.Expert opinionPreclinical and clinical data have accumulated to predict a next generation of antidepressant medicines. In contrast to the current standard of care antidepressant drugs, these compounds differ in that they demonstrate rapid activity, often after a single dose, and effects that outlive their presence in brain. These compounds also can provide efficacy for treatment-resistant depressed patients. The mechanism of action of these compounds suggests a strong glutamatergic component that involves the facilitation of AMPA receptor function. Antagonism of mGlu2/3 receptors is also relevant to the antidepressant pharmacology of this new class of drugs. Based upon the ongoing efforts to develop these new-age antidepressants, new drug approvals are predicted in the near future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-21", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/17460441.2022.2111415", "pubmed_id": "35934973", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2022.2111415", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Scopolamine, Receptors, AMPA, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35934973\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1711, "title": "Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase Regulate Psilocybin Biosynthesis in Gymnopilus dilepis Mushroom via Amino Acid Metabolism Pathways.", "normalized_title": "cystathionine gamma lyase regulate psilocybin biosynthesis in gymnopilus dilepis mushroom via amino acid metabolism pathways", "authors": "Yao S, Wei C, Lin H, Zhang P, Liu Y, Deng Y, Huang Q, Xie B.", "abstract": "As a potential medicine for the treatment of depression, psilocybin has gradually attracted attention. To elucidate the molecular mechanism regulating psilocybin synthesis in Gymnopilus dilepis, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was used to detect the changes in psilocybin content after S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) treatment and the changes of psilocybin content in different parts (stipe and pileus), and RNA-Seq was used to explore the mechanism of psilocybin content changes. In this study, the psilocybin content in G. dilepis mycelia treated with SAH was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the content of psilocybin in the stipe was significantly higher than that in the pileus. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differential expression genes (DEGs) were associated with cysteine and methionine metabolism. In particular, the transcription levels of genes encoding Cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH) in different treatments and different parts were positively correlated with psilocybin content. In addition, we found that the exogenous addition of CTH activity inhibitor (DL-propargylglycine, PAG) could reduce the content of psilocybin and L-serine, and the content of psilocybin and L-serine returned to normal levels after L-cysteine supplementation, suggesting that psilocybin synthesis may be positively correlated with L-cysteine or CTH, and L-cysteine regulates the synthesis of psilocybin by affecting L-serine and 4-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. In conclusion, this study revealed a new molecular mechanism that affects psilocybin biosynthesis, which can provide a theoretical basis for improving psilocybin synthesis and the possibility for the development of biomedicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-17", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/jof8080870", "pubmed_id": "36012858", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080870", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36012858\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1650, "title": "Psychedelic drug abuse potential assessment research for new drug applications and Controlled Substances Act scheduling.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drug abuse potential assessment research for new drug applications and controlled substances act scheduling", "authors": "Henningfield JE, Coe MA, Griffiths RR, Belouin SJ, Berger A, Coker AR, Comer SD, Heal DJ, Hendricks PS, Nichols CD, Sapienza F, Vocci FJ, Zia FZ.", "abstract": "New medicines containing classic hallucinogenic and entactogenic psychedelic substance are under development for various psychiatric and neurological disorders. Many of these, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are Schedule I controlled substances of the United States Controlled Substances Act (US CSA), and similarly controlled globally. The implications of the CSA for research and medicines development, the path to approval of medicines, and their subsequent removal from Schedule I in the US are discussed. This entire process occurs within the framework of the CSA in the US and its counterparts internationally in accordance with international drug control treaties. Abuse potential related research in the US informs the eight factors of the CSA which provide the basis for rescheduling actions that must occur upon approval of a drug that contains a Schedule I substance. Abuse-related research also informs drug product labeling and the risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS) will likely be required for approved medicines. Human abuse potential studies typically employed in CNS drug development may be problematic for substances with strong hallucinogenic effects such as psilocybin, and alternative strategies are discussed. Implications for research, medicinal development, and controlled substance scheduling are presented in the context of the US CSA and FDA requirements with implications for global regulation. We also discuss how abuse-related research can contribute to understanding mechanisms of action and therapeutic effects as well as the totality of the effects of the drugs on the brain, behavior, mood, and the constructs of spirituality and consciousness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-16", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109220", "pubmed_id": "35987353", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109220", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, United States, Controlled Substances, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35987353\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1608, "title": "The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Task Force Report: Serotonergic Psychedelic Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder.", "normalized_title": "the canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments canmat task force report serotonergic psychedelic treatments for major depressive disorder", "authors": "Rosenblat JD, Husain MI, Lee Y, McIntyre RS, Mansur RB, Castle D, Offman H, Parikh SV, Frey BN, Schaffer A, Greenway KT, Garel N, Beaulieu S, Kennedy SH, Lam RW, Milev R, Ravindran AV, Tourjman V, Ameringen MV, Yatham LN, Taylor V.", "abstract": "ObjectiveSerotonergic psychedelics are re-emerging as potential novel treatments for several psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder. The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) convened a task force to review the evidence and provide a consensus recommendation for the clinical use of psychedelic treatments for major depressive disorder.MethodsA systematic review was conducted to identify contemporary clinical trials of serotonergic psychedelics for the treatment of major depressive disorder and cancer-related depression. Studies published between January 1990 and July 2021 were identified using combinations of search terms, inspection of bibliographies and review of other psychedelic reviews and consensus statements. The levels of evidence for efficacy were graded according to the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments criteria.ResultsOnly psilocybin and ayahuasca have contemporary clinical trials evaluating antidepressant effects. Two pilot studies showed preliminary positive effects of single-dose ayahuasca for treatment-resistant depression (Level 3 evidence). Small randomized controlled trials of psilocybin combined with psychotherapy showed superiority to waitlist controls and comparable efficacy and safety to an active comparator (escitalopram with supportive psychotherapy) in major depressive disorder, with additional randomized controlled trials showing efficacy specifically in cancer-related depression (Level 3 evidence). There was only one open-label trial of psilocybin in treatment-resistant unipolar depression (Level 4 evidence). Small sample sizes and functional unblinding were major limitations in all studies. Adverse events associated with psychedelics, including psychological (e.g., psychotomimetic effects) and physical (e.g., nausea, emesis and headaches) effects, were generally transient.ConclusionsThere is currently only low-level evidence to support the efficacy and safety of psychedelics for major depressive disorder. In Canada, as of 2022, psilocybin remains an experimental option that is only available through clinical trials or the special access program. As such, Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments considers psilocybin an experimental treatment and recommends its use primarily within clinical trials, or, less commonly, through the special access program in rare, special circumstances.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-16", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/07067437221111371", "pubmed_id": "35975555", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437221111371", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Canada, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35975555\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1639, "title": "Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines.", "normalized_title": "policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible accountable safe and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines", "authors": "Belouin SJ, Averill LA, Henningfield JE, Xenakis SN, Donato I, Grob CS, Berger A, Magar V, Danforth AL, Anderson BT.", "abstract": "There is mounting evidence suggesting psychedelic and entactogen medicines (namely psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]), in conjunction with proper psychosocial support, hold the potential to provide safe, rapid acting, and robust clinical improvements with durable effects. In the US, both psilocybin and MDMA have been granted Breakthrough Therapy designations by the US Food and Drug Administration and may potentially receive full FDA approval with similar regulatory considerations occurring in multiple countries. At the same time, regulatory changes are poised to increase access to legal or decriminalized psychedelic use in various non-medical settings. This review provides a brief discussion on the historical use of psychedelic medicines, the status of the empirical evidence, and numerous significant policy considerations that must be thoughtfully addressed regarding standards-of-practice, consumer protection, engagement of communities, safeguarding access for all, and developing data standards, which supports the responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of these medicines in clinical, faith-based, and other contexts. We provide suggestions for how public health and harm reduction can be supported through a public-private partnership that engages a community of stakeholders from various disciplines in the co-creation and dissemination of best practices and public policies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-12", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214", "pubmed_id": "35973601", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214", "keywords": "Humans, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Policy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35973601\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1686, "title": "Psilocybin Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action in Major Depressive Disorder: a Review.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin efficacy and mechanisms of action in major depressive disorder a review", "authors": "Prouzeau D, Conejero I, Voyvodic PL, Becamel C, Abbar M, Lopez-Castroman J.", "abstract": "Purpose of the reviewWe aim to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge about the efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of depression, as well as its mechanisms of action.Recent findingsPsilocybin has a large, rapid, and persistent clinical effect in the treatment of resistant or end-of-life depression. Tolerance is good, with mild side effects limited to a few hours after dosing. The studies conducted to date have had small sample sizes. One clinical trial has been conducted against a reference treatment (escitalopram) without showing a significant superiority of psilocybin in the main outcome. The neurobiological mechanisms, mostly unknown, differ from those of SSRI antidepressants. Psilocybin represents a promising alternative in the treatment of depression. Further research with larger sample sizes, particularly against reference treatments, is needed to better understand the neurobiological factors of its effects and to investigate its potential for use in everyday practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11920-022-01361-0", "pubmed_id": "35953638", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01361-0", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35953638\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1715, "title": "Acute and long-term effects of psilocybin on energy balance and feeding behavior in mice.", "normalized_title": "acute and long term effects of psilocybin on energy balance and feeding behavior in mice", "authors": "Fadahunsi N, Lund J, Breum AW, Mathiesen CV, Larsen IB, Knudsen GM, Klein AB, Clemmensen C.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and other serotonergic psychedelics have re-emerged as therapeutics for neuropsychiatric disorders, including addiction. Psilocybin induces long-lasting effects on behavior, likely due to its profound ability to alter consciousness and augment neural connectivity and plasticity. Impaired synaptic plasticity in obesity contributes to 'addictive-like' behaviors, including heightened motivation for palatable food, and excessive food seeking and consumption. Here, we evaluate the effects of psilocybin on feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and as a weight-lowering agent in mice. We demonstrate that a single dose of psilocybin substantially alters the prefrontal cortex transcriptome but has no acute or long-lasting effects on food intake or body weight in diet-induced obese mice or in genetic mouse models of obesity. Similarly, sub-chronic microdosing of psilocybin has no metabolic effects in obese mice and psilocybin does not augment glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced weight loss or enhance diet-induced weight loss. A single high dose of psilocybin reduces sucrose preference but fails to counter binge-like eating behavior. Although these preclinical data discourage clinical investigation, there may be nuances in the mode of action of psychedelic drugs that are difficult to capture in rodent models, and thus require human evaluation to uncover.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-022-02103-9", "pubmed_id": "35953488", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-02103-9", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Mice, Obesity, Weight Loss, Hallucinogens, Feeding Behavior, Energy Metabolism, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35953488\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Consciousness,Microdosing,Animal Study,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1685, "title": "Inconsistencies between national drug policy and professional beliefs about psychoactive drugs among psychiatrists in the United States.", "normalized_title": "inconsistencies between national drug policy and professional beliefs about psychoactive drugs among psychiatrists in the united states", "authors": "Levin A, Nagib PB, Deiparine S, Gao T, Mitchell J, Davis AK.", "abstract": "BackgroundEvidence points to an incongruence between international drug policy and expert opinion about safety, abuse potential, and therapeutic potential of specific drugs. However, no prior studies have directly explored psychiatrists' attitudes about the current drug schedule. Therefore, we examined whether American psychiatrists' perceptions of four psychoactive drugs differed from those indicated by their schedules.MethodsA quasi-experimental online survey of a convenience sample of psychiatrists in the United States (N=181; Mean age=48.7; Female=35%). Participants were randomized to receive 1-of-4 vignettes, each depicting a depressed patient reporting relief from symptoms after non-prescribed psychoactive drug use (i.e., psilocybin [Schedule I], methamphetamine [SchedII], ketamine [SchedIII], or alprazolam [SchedIV]). Participants responded to questions related to this clinical scenario and then rated the safety, therapeutic, and abuse potentials of these four drugs and alcohol.ResultsThere were significant differences by vignette condition in mean likelihood ratings of: warning against engaging in drug use again (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103816", "pubmed_id": "35964449", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103816", "keywords": "Humans, Methamphetamine, Ketamine, Alprazolam, Psychotropic Drugs, Psychiatry, Public Policy, Middle Aged, United States, Female, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35964449\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3554, "title": "Prophylactic Effects of Psilocybin on Chronic Cluster Headache: an Open-label Clinical Trial and Neuroimaging Study", "normalized_title": "prophylactic effects of psilocybin on chronic cluster headache an open label clinical trial and neuroimaging study", "authors": "Gitte Moos Knudsen", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to investigate the prophylactic effects of psilocybin in chronic cluster headache. Subjects will receive a low dose of psilocybin during 3 sessions spaced by one week. Subjects will maintain a headache diary prior to, during, and after the administrations in order to document headache frequency, intensity and duration. Subjects will undergo a fMRI scanning before the first and after the last psilocybin session. Cluster headache (CH) is one of the most painful conditions known. CH affects 1 out 1000 and exists in two well-defined forms: episodic (ECH) and chronic (CCH). Ten to fifteen percent of patients have CCH and have less than three months of pain-free time during a year. Medical treatment for CH is divided into acute abortive treatment for the single attack and a prophylactic treatment. The most commonly used prophylactic, verapamil, decreases attack frequency but does not induce remission and very high doses are needed. Although most therapeutic options ameliorate CH, they may be problematic due to major side effects, unsatisfactory treatment response or availability. Thus, novel treatment options are needed. According to several studies, patients that self-medicate with low doses of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonist and psychedelic psilocybin report that this is effective as CH prophylaxis or even to induce remission. So far, no clinical trials to confirm this have been conducted, nor is there any objective measures of brain function in association with psilocybin intake in CH. There is, however, already some evidence from functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) imaging studies suggesting that CH patients have abnormal functional connectivity patterns involving the hypothalamus and distributed brain networks, but the implication of these abnormalities is unknown. The investigators are conducting a prospective pilot study, evaluating prophylactic effects of psilocybin in CCH using an open-label study design. They're also going to investigate psilocybin's active metabolite psilocin and brain function (fMRI) to identify possible brain mechanisms underlying CCH and treatment response, including the correlation of treatment response with psilocin levels and estimated 5-HT2AR occupancy and the extent to which brain network changes are affected by psilocybin and correlated with treatment response. Effects of psilocybin on headache frequency, duration and intensity will be assessed in a sample of 20 patients with CCH. Participants will fill out headache logs during the entire study period, in total 10 weeks. Before study inclusion, participants taking prophylactic medication will first go through a 2-week wash-out period to allow for elimination of the medicine. Inclusion is followed by a baseline observation period lasting four weeks, after which patients will first undergo a baseline rs fMRI scanning followed by the first dose of 0.14 mg/kg psilocybin p.o. Blood samples will be collected during the first psilocybin intervention to establish psilocin plasma concentrations, which will be used for estimating receptor occupancy. Participants will then undergo two additional psilocybin administrations spaced by one-week. The last psilocybin dose will be followed by 4 weeks of observation. One week after the last administration of psilocybin, participants will undergo a follow-up MRI scan. Participants will be contacted 3, 6 and 12 months after the last psilocybin dose to gain information about the duration of potential remission periods. All regular acute treatments are permitted during the study period and a systematic record hereof has to be noted in the headache diary. No other prophylactic medication is allowed during the trial and at least a two-week washout period before inclusion is required. Prophylactics are allowed again after the 4 weeks follow-up, with dose and type carefully recorded. Participants will fill out questionnaires during the observation period, in conjunction with psilocybin interventions and at follow-up.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-08-09", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04280055", "keywords": "Cluster Headache, Psilocybin, TERMINATED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04280055\",\"overall_status\":\"TERMINATED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1692, "title": "Differences across sexes on head-twitch behavior and 5-HT2A receptor signaling in C57BL/6J mice.", "normalized_title": "differences across sexes on head twitch behavior and 5 ht2a receptor signaling in c57bl 6j mice", "authors": "Jaster AM, Younkin J, Cuddy T, de la Fuente Revenga M, Poklis JL, Dozmorov MG, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "Psychedelics, also known as classical hallucinogens, affect processes related to perception, cognition and sensory processing mostly via the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR). This class of psychoactive substances, which includes lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline and the substituted amphetamine 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI), is receiving renewed attention for their potential therapeutic properties as it relates to psychiatric conditions such as depression and substance use disorders. Current studies focused on the potentially clinical effects of psychedelics on human subjects tend to exclude sex as a biological variable. Much of the understanding of psychedelic pharmacology is derived from rodent models, but most of this preclinical research has only focused on male mice. Here we tested the effects of DOI on head-twitch behavior (HTR) - a mouse behavioral proxy of human psychedelic potential - in male and female mice. DOI elicited more HTR in female as compared to male C57BL/6J mice, a sex-specific exacerbated behavior that was not observed in 129S6/SvEv animals. Volinanserin (or M100907) - a 5-HT2AR antagonist - fully prevented DOI-induced HTR in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Accumulation of inositol monophosphate (IP1) in the frontal cortex upon DOI administration showed no sex-related effect in C57BL/6J mice. However, the pharmacokinetic properties of DOI differed among sexes - brain and plasma concentrations of DOI were lower 30 and 60 min after drug administration in female as compared to male C57BL/6J mice. Together, these results suggest strain-dependent and sex-related differences in the behavioral and pharmacokinetic profiles of the 5-HT2AR agonist DOI in C57BL/6J mice, and support the importance of studying sex as a biological variable in preclinical psychedelic research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-09", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136836", "pubmed_id": "35963476", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136836", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Humans, Mice, Serotonin, Amphetamine, Fluorobenzenes, Piperidines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35963476\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1651, "title": "The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world.", "normalized_title": "the watts connectedness scale a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self others and world", "authors": "Watts R, Kettner H, Geerts D, Gandy S, Kartner L, Mertens L, Timmermann C, Nour MM, Kaelen M, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Roseman L.", "abstract": "RationaleA general feeling of disconnection has been associated with mental and emotional suffering. Improvements to a sense of connectedness to self, others and the wider world have been reported by participants in clinical trials of psychedelic therapy. Such accounts have led us to a definition of the psychological construct of 'connectedness' as 'a state of feeling connected to self, others and the wider world'. Existing tools for measuring connectedness have focused on particular aspects of connectedness, such as 'social connectedness' or 'nature connectedness', which we hypothesise to be different expressions of a common factor of connectedness. Here, we sought to develop a new scale to measure connectedness as a construct with these multiple domains. We hypothesised that (1) our scale would measure three separable subscale factors pertaining to a felt connection to 'self', 'others' and 'world' and (2) improvements in total and subscale WCS scores would correlate with improved mental health outcomes post psychedelic use.ObjectivesTo validate and test the 'Watts Connectedness Scale' (WCS).MethodsPsychometric validation of the WCS was carried out using data from three independent studies. Firstly, we pooled data from two prospective observational online survey studies. The WCS was completed before and after a planned psychedelic experience. The total sample of completers from the online surveys was N = 1226. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were performed, and construct and criterion validity were tested. A third dataset was derived from a double-blind randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing psilocybin-assisted therapy (n = 27) with 6 weeks of daily escitalopram (n = 25) for major depressive disorder (MDD), where the WCS was completed at baseline and at a 6-week primary endpoint.ResultsAs hypothesised, factor analysis of all WCS items revealed three main factors with good internal consistency. WCS showed good construct validity. Significant post-psychedelic increases were observed for total connectedness scores (η2 = 0.339, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-07", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5", "pubmed_id": "35939083", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35939083\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1700, "title": "Psilocybin use patterns and perception of risk among a cohort of Black individuals with Opioid Use Disorder.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin use patterns and perception of risk among a cohort of black individuals with opioid use disorder", "authors": "Clifton JM, Belcher AM, Greenblatt AD, Welsh CM, Cole TO, Davis AK.", "abstract": "Background and aimsThere is growing evidence that psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic substance, may be useful in the treatment of substance use disorders. However, there is a lack of data on the beliefs and attitudes towards psilocybin amongst Black individuals diagnosed with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). This study characterized psilocybin use patterns and perception of risk amongst a cohort of Black individuals diagnosed with OUD.MethodsUsing a convenience sampling approach, patients were recruited from an urban methadone treatment program and paid five dollars to complete an anonymous phone-based survey.ResultsTwenty-eight patients participated (mean age 53.8; N = 28; 35.7% female). Most (N = 23; 82.1%) had \"heard of\" psilocybin mushrooms before taking the survey, but only five (N = 5; 17.8%) had ever used them. More than 80% perceived a risk or were \"unsure\" of the risk for sixteen of the seventeen items queried about psilocybin. Approximately half (N = 15; 53.6%) were willing to try therapy incorporating psilocybin and half (N = 14; 50%) said they would be more likely to try if it were FDA approved for OUD. Most (N = 18; 64.3%) preferred to stay on methadone treatment alone, 32.1% (N = 9) wanted to try treatment with both psilocybin and methadone, and only one participant opted for psilocybin treatment without methadone.ConclusionMany Black individuals with Opioid Use Disorder perceive psilocybin as dangerous and may be hesitant to try psilocybin treatment. Culturally informed treatment models, educational interventions and community outreach programs should be developed to increase racial/ethnic minority representation in psilocybin research and treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2022.00214", "pubmed_id": "36686617", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2022.00214", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36686617\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1717, "title": "Microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.", "normalized_title": "microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms a double blind placebo controlled study", "authors": "Cavanna F, Muller S, de la Fuente LA, Zamberlan F, Palmucci M, Janeckova L, Kuchar M, Pallavicini C, Tagliazucchi E.", "abstract": "The use of low sub-perceptual doses of psychedelics (\"microdosing\") has gained popularity in recent years. Although anecdotal reports claim multiple benefits associated with this practice, the lack of placebo-controlled studies severely limits our knowledge of microdosing and its effects. Moreover, research conducted in standard laboratory settings could fail to capture the motivation of individuals engaged or planning to engage in microdosing protocols, thus underestimating the likelihood of positive effects on creativity and cognitive function. We recruited 34 individuals starting to microdose with psilocybin mushrooms (Psilocybe cubensis), one of the materials most frequently used for this purpose. Following a double-blind placebo-controlled experimental design, we investigated the acute and short-term effects of 0.5 g of dried mushrooms on subjective experience, behavior, creativity (divergent and convergent thinking), perception, cognition, and brain activity. The reported acute effects were significantly more intense for the active dose compared to the placebo, but only for participants who correctly identified their experimental condition. These changes were accompanied by reduced EEG power in the theta band, together with preserved levels of Lempel-Ziv broadband signal complexity. For all other measurements there was no effect of microdosing except for few small changes towards cognitive impairment. According to our findings, low doses of psilocybin mushrooms can result in noticeable subjective effects and altered EEG rhythms, but without evidence to support enhanced well-being, creativity and cognitive function. We conclude that expectation underlies at least some of the anecdotal benefits attributed to microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-08-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-022-02039-0", "pubmed_id": "35918311", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-02039-0", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Motivation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35918311\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1729, "title": "Top Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Context of Serious Illness.", "normalized_title": "top ten tips palliative care clinicians should know about psychedelic assisted therapy in the context of serious illness", "authors": "Rosa WE, Sager Z, Miller M, Bernstein I, Doerner Rinaldi A, Addicott K, Ljuslin M, Adrian C, Back AL, Beachy J, Bossis AP, Breitbart WS, Cosimano MP, Fischer SM, Guss J, Knighton E, Phelps J, Richards BD, Richards WA, Tulsky JA, Williams MT, Beaussant Y", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is a burgeoning treatment with growing interest across a variety of settings and disciplines. Empirical evidence supports PAT as a novel therapeutic approach that provides safe and effective treatment for people suffering from a variety of diagnoses, including treatment-resistant depression, substance use disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Within the palliative care (PC) field, one-time PAT dosing may lead to sustained reductions in anxiety, depression, and demoralization-symptoms that diminish the quality of life in both seriously ill patients and those at end of life. Despite a well-noted psychedelic renaissance in scholarship and a renewed public interest in the utilization of these medicines, serious illness-specific content to guide PAT applications in hospice and PC clinical settings has been limited. This article offers 10 evidence-informed tips for PC clinicians synthesized through consultation with interdisciplinary and international leading experts in the field with aims to: (1) familiarize PC clinicians and teams with PAT; (2) identify the unique challenges pertaining to this intervention given the current legalities and logistical barriers; (3) discuss therapeutic competencies and considerations for current and future PAT use in PC; and (4) highlight critical approaches to optimize the safety and potential benefits of PAT among patients with serious illness and their caregivers.", "journal": "Journal of palliative medicine", "publication_date": "2022-07-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1089/jpm.2022.0036", "pubmed_id": "35285721", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35285721/", "keywords": "LSD, MDMA, anxiety treatment, demoralization, depression, palliative care, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychedelics, serious illness", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35285721\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1725, "title": "The emerging science of microdosing: A systematic review of research on low dose psychedelics (1955-2021) and recommendations for the field.", "normalized_title": "the emerging science of microdosing a systematic review of research on low dose psychedelics 1955 2021 and recommendations for the field", "authors": "Polito V, Liknaitzky P", "abstract": "The use of low doses of psychedelic substances (microdosing) is attracting increasing interest. This systematic review summarises all empirical microdosing research to date, including a set of infrequently cited studies that took place prior to prohibition. Specifically, we reviewed 44 studies published between 1955 and 2021, and summarised reported effects across six categories: mood and mental health; wellbeing and attitude; cognition and creativity; personality; changes in conscious state; and neurobiology and physiology. Studies showed a wide range in risk of bias, depending on design, age, and other study characteristics. Laboratory studies found changes in pain perception, time perception, conscious state, and neurophysiology. Self-report studies found changes in cognitive processing and mental health. We review data related to expectation and placebo effects, but argue that claims that microdosing effects are largely due to expectancy are premature and possibly wrong. In addition, we attempt to clarify definitional inconsistencies in the microdosing literature by providing suggested dose ranges across different substances. Finally, we provide specific design suggestions to facilitate more rigorous future research.", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "publication_date": "2022-07-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104706", "pubmed_id": "35609684", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35609684/", "keywords": "Hallucinogen, LSD, Low dose, Microdosing, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Systematic review", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35609684\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Consciousness,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Creativity,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1720, "title": "From Mushrooms to Myolysis: A Case of Rhabdo in Psilocybin-Induced Mood and Psychotic Disorder.", "normalized_title": "from mushrooms to myolysis a case of rhabdo in psilocybin induced mood and psychotic disorder", "authors": "Suleiman M, Basu A, Belal S, Jacob T.", "abstract": "AbstractThe involvement of certain recreational drugs, namely, hallucinogens, in the development of hyperactive syndromes is well known, but not well studied. In this report, we expand on this relationship by documenting the development of substance-induced psychosis in a young patient who used a large amount of psilocybin and developed symptoms of a first psychotic and manic episode, complicated by violent behavior and rhabdomyolysis. We further evaluate the association between psilocybin use and rhabdomyolysis and explore this understudied phenomenon and differentiate it from the diagnoses of other hyperactive syndromes seen in psychiatry. This case exemplifies the need for increased vigilance in psilocybin microdosing therapy and for physicians to be mindful of how each patient responds to its use to prevent life-threatening hyperactive syndromes in its wake.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1097/nmd.0000000000001489", "pubmed_id": "35900779", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000001489", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Rhabdomyolysis, Substance-Related Disorders, Psychotic Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35900779\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Microdosing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1719, "title": "Antidepressant effects of a psychedelic experience in a large prospective naturalistic sample.", "normalized_title": "antidepressant effects of a psychedelic experience in a large prospective naturalistic sample", "authors": "Nygart VA, Pommerencke LM, Haijen E, Kettner H, Kaelen M, Mortensen EL, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D", "abstract": "Over the last two decades, a number of studies have highlighted the potential of psychedelic therapy. However, questions remain to what extend these results translate to naturalistic samples, and how contextual factors and the acute psychedelic experience relate to improvements in affective symptoms following psychedelic experiences outside labs/clinics. The present study sought to address this knowledge gap. Here, we aimed to investigate changes in anxiety and depression scores before versus after psychedelic experiences in naturalistic contexts, and how various pharmacological, extrapharmacological and experience factors related to outcomes. Individuals who planned to undergo a psychedelic experience were enrolled in this online survey study. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and 2 and 4 weeks post-psychedelic experience, with self-rated Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR-16) as the primary outcome. To facilitate clinical translation, only participants with depressive symptoms at baseline were included. Sample sizes for the four time points were = 302, = 182, = 155 and = 109, respectively. Relative to baseline, reductions in depressive symptoms were observed at 2 and 4 weeks. A medicinal motive, previous psychedelic use, drug dose and the type of acute psychedelic experience (i.e. specifically, having an emotional breakthrough) were all significantly associated with changes in self-rated QIDS-SR-16. These results lend support to therapeutic potential of psychedelics and highlight the influence of pharmacological and non-pharmacological factors in determining response. Mindful of a potential sample and attrition bias, further controlled and observational longitudinal studies are needed to test the replicability of these findings.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2022-07-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221101061", "pubmed_id": "35924888", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35924888/", "keywords": "Psychedelics, anxiety, depression, mystical experience, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35924888\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1718, "title": "Mushrooms' Legal Trip: As psilocybin research ramps up, the drug's status under the law is shifting.", "normalized_title": "mushrooms legal trip as psilocybin research ramps up the drug s status under the law is shifting", "authors": "Makin S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/scientificamerican0822-12", "pubmed_id": "39016786", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0822-12", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"39016786\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1712, "title": "Molecular insights into the regulation of constitutive activity by RNA editing of 5HT2C serotonin receptors.", "normalized_title": "molecular insights into the regulation of constitutive activity by rna editing of 5ht2c serotonin receptors", "authors": "Gumpper RH, Fay JF, Roth BL.", "abstract": "RNA editing is a process by which post-transcriptional changes of mRNA nucleotides alter protein function through modification of the amino acid content. The 5HT2C serotonin receptor, which undergoes 32 distinct RNA-editing events leading to 24 protein isoforms, is a notable example of this process. These 5HT2C isoforms display differences in constitutive activity, agonist/inverse agonist potencies, and efficacies. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects of RNA editing, we present four active-state 5HT2C-transducer-coupled structures of three representative isoforms (INI, VGV, and VSV) with the selective drug lorcaserin (Belviq) and the classic psychedelic psilocin. We also provide a comprehensive analysis of agonist activation and constitutive activity across all 24 protein isoforms. Collectively, these findings reveal a unique hydrogen-bonding network located on intracellular loop 2 that is subject to RNA editing, which differentially affects GPCR constitutive and agonist signaling activities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111211", "pubmed_id": "35977511", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111211", "keywords": "Receptors, Serotonin, Protein Isoforms, RNA, Messenger, Signal Transduction, RNA Editing", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35977511\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1730, "title": "Author Correction: Psilocybin microdosers demonstrate greater observed improvements in mood and mental health at one month relative to non-microdosing controls.", "normalized_title": "author correction psilocybin microdosers demonstrate greater observed improvements in mood and mental health at one month relative to non microdosing controls", "authors": "Rootman JM, Kiraga M, Kryskow P, Harvey K, Stamets P, Santos-Brault E, Kuypers KPC, Walsh Z.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17428-0", "pubmed_id": "35902723", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17428-0", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35902723\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1731, "title": "Psilocybin reduces low frequency oscillatory power and neuronal phase-locking in the anterior cingulate cortex of awake rodents.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reduces low frequency oscillatory power and neuronal phase locking in the anterior cingulate cortex of awake rodents", "authors": "Golden CT, Chadderton P.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a hallucinogenic compound that is showing promise in the ability to treat neurological conditions such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. There have been several investigations into the neural correlates of psilocybin administration using non-invasive methods, however, there has yet to be an invasive study of the mechanism of action in awake rodents. Using multi-unit extracellular recordings, we recorded local field potential and spiking activity from populations of neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex of awake mice during the administration of psilocybin (2 mg/kg). The power of low frequency bands in the local field potential was found to significantly decrease in response to psilocybin administration, whilst gamma band activity trended towards an increase. The population firing rate was found to increase overall, with just under half of individual neurons showing a significant increase. Psilocybin significantly decreased the level of phase modulation of cells with each neural frequency band except high-gamma oscillations, consistent with a desynchronization of cortical populations. Furthermore, bursting behavior was altered in a subset of cells, with both positive and negative changes in the rate of bursting. Neurons that increased their burst firing following psilocybin administration were highly likely to transition from a phase-modulated to a phase unmodulated state. Taken together, psilocybin reduces low frequency oscillatory power, increases overall firing rates and desynchronizes local neural activity. These findings are consistent with dissolution of the default mode network under psilocybin, and may be indicative of disruption of top-down processing in the acute psychedelic state.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-25", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-16325-w", "pubmed_id": "35882885", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16325-w", "keywords": "Gyrus Cinguli, Neurons, Animals, Rodentia, Mice, Wakefulness, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35882885\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3594, "title": "Evaluation of Psilocybin in Anorexia Nervosa: Safety and Efficacy", "normalized_title": "evaluation of psilocybin in anorexia nervosa safety and efficacy", "authors": "University of California, San Diego", "abstract": "The primary aim of this study is to assess the safety and tolerability of one 25 mg dose of psilocybin in participants with anorexia nervosa based on adverse events (AEs), changes in vital signs, electrocardiograms (ECGs) and clinical laboratory tests. The secondary objectives are to explore the efficacy of a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin on eating disorder symptoms and behaviors, body image, anxiety, food related obsessions and rituals, and body weight. Because there are no proven treatments that normalize core symptoms in adult anorexia nervosa, a disorder with high chronicity, many individuals seek out alternative approaches to care. Recent evidence has suggested that anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, and diminished reward or motivation play key roles in the development and maintenance of dysfunctional eating, and poor outcome. In recent years, a growing number of studies have demonstrated the safety and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin in clinical trials for a range of psychiatric illnesses including treatment resistant depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, addiction, and anxiety. Psilocybin may represent a promising new treatment for anorexia nervosa. However, no studies have tested psilocybin in this eating disorder population. Accordingly, this study aims to establish the safety, tolerability and dosing of psilocybin in adult patients with anorexia nervosa, as well as gather pilot data on possible efficacy. For this study, the investigators will recruit adults who currently have a DSM-V diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Participants will undergo medical and psychological screening and those who are deemed eligible will partake in a maximum of 7 study visits, lasting from 4-8 weeks. On dosing day, participants will receive a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin along with psychotherapeutic support, which includes preparation and integration sessions surrounding the experience. There will be a follow-up period of one month following the psilocybin session during which a range of psychological measures (questionnaires and interviews) will be collected.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-07-24", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04661514", "keywords": "Anorexia Nervosa, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04661514\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3218, "title": "Role of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT1A and TAAR1 receptors in the head twitch response induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan and psilocybin: Translational implications", "normalized_title": "role of 5 ht2a 5 ht2c 5 ht1a and taar1 receptors in the head twitch response induced by 5 hydroxytryptophan and psilocybin translational implications", "authors": "Shahar O, Botvinnik A, Esh-Zuntz N, Brownstien M, Wolf R, Wolf G, Lerer B, Lifschytz T.", "abstract": "There is increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in psychiatric disorders. In common with other serotonergic psychedelics, psilocybin is thought to act via the 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR). Serotonin is the endogenous ligand of 5-HTR. In rodents, the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and psilocybin, induce a characteristic head twitch response (HTR), which is correlated with the human psychedelic trip in intensity and duration. We examined the role of other serotonergic receptors and the trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) in modulating HTR induced by 5-HTP and psilocybin. Male C57BL/6J mice (11 weeks old, ~30g) were administered 5-HTP, 50-250 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) or 200 mg/kg i.p. after pretreatment with 5-HT/TAAR1 receptor modulators. Psilocybin was administered at 0.1-51.2 mg/kg i.p. or at 4.4 mg/kg i.p. preceded by 5-HT/TAAR1 receptor modulators. HTR was assessed in a custom-built magnetometer. 5-HTP and psilocybin induced a dose dependent increase in the frequency of HTR over 20 minutes with attenuation by the 5-HT2AR antagonist, M100907 (volanserin), and the 5-HT1AR agonist, 8-OH-DPAT. The 5-HT2CR antagonist, RS102221, enhanced HTR at lower doses but reduced it at higher doses for 5-HTP and psilocybin. The TAAR1 antagonist, EPPTB, reduced 5-HTP-but not psilocybin-induced HTR. We have confirmed the key role of 5-HT2AR in HTR and have demonstrated an effect of 5-HT1AR and a bimodal contribution of 5-HT2CR as well as a role of TAAR1 in modulating HTR induced by 5-HTP. Compounds that modulate HTR induced by psychedelics have a potentially important role in the emerging therapeutic use of these compounds. Significance Statement We have confirmed the key role of 5-HT2AR in in the induction of HTR by 5-HTP and psilocybin, have demonstrated the effect of a 5-HT1AR agonist to attenuate HTR and a bimodal contribution of 5-HT2CR as well as a role of TAAR1 in modulating HTR induced by 5-HTP. Compounds that modulate HTR induced by psychedelics have a potentially important role in the emerging therapeutic use of these compounds. Visual Abstract", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-22", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.07.22.501026", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.22.501026", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR522905\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1688, "title": "Magic Mushrooms - an exploratory look at how mental health professionals feel and think about Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "magic mushrooms an exploratory look at how mental health professionals feel and think about psilocybin", "authors": "Meyer TD, Meir P, Lex C, Soares JC.", "abstract": "Psilocybin recently received breakthrough status by the FDA for its use in treatment of depression. We therefore investigated mental health professionals' (MHPs) opinions on Psilocybin (n = 155). Overall, attitudes were neutral but self-rated knowledge of Psilocybin was low. The term used in the survey, 'Psilocybin' or 'Magic Mushrooms', did not significantly affect their responses. Some variables (i.e., gender, attitudes towards medical cannabis, and personal history of psychedelic usage) were associated with ratings of Psilocybin. These results provide a baseline of MHPs' thoughts on Psilocybin and what should be considered in the future if it is FDA-approved.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-15", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114727", "pubmed_id": "35878481", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114727", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Mental Health, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35878481\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3195, "title": "Effect of psilocybin on marble-burying in ICR mice: Role of 5-HT1A receptors and implications for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin on marble burying in icr mice role of 5 ht1a receptors and implications for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Singh S, Botvinnik A, Shahar O, Wolf G, Yakobi C, Saban M, Salama A, Lotan A, Lerer B, Lifschytz T.", "abstract": "Background Preliminary clinical findings, supported by preclinical studies employing behavioral paradigms such as marble-burying, suggest that psilocybin may be effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. Aims To explore 1) the role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors in the effect of psilocybin on marble-burying; 2) the effect of staggered versus bolus psilocybin administration and persistence of the effect; 3) the effect of the 5-HT1A partial agonist, buspirone, on marble-burying and the head-twitch response (HTR) induced by psilocybin, a rodent correlate of psychedelic effects. Methods Male ICR mice were administered psilocybin 4.4 mg/kg, escitalopram 5 mg/kg, 8-OH-DPAT2 mg/kg, M100907 2 mg/kg, buspirone 5 mg/kg, WAY100635 2 mg/kg or combinations, intraperitoneally, and were tested on the MBT. HTR was examined in a magnetometer-based assay. Results 1) Psilocybin and escitalopram significantly reduced marble-burying. The effect of psilocybin was not attenuated by the 5-HT2A antagonist, M100907. The 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT reduced marble-burying as did the 5-HT1A partial agonist, buspirone. The effect of 8-OH-DPAT was additive to that of psilocybin but that of buspirone was not. The 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY100635, attenuated the effect of 8-OH-DPAT and buspirone but not the effect of psilocybin. 2) Psilocybin injections over 3.5 hours had no effect on marble-burying and the effect of bolus injection was not persistent. 3) Co-administration of buspirone with psilocybin blocked its effect on HTR Conclusions Neither 5-HT2A nor 5-HT1A receptors are pivotally implicated in the effect of psilocybin on marble-burying. Co-administration with buspirone may block the psychedelic effects of psilocybin without impeding its anti-obsessional effects.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.07.13.498401", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.13.498401", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR519282\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3372, "title": "Mapping Pharmacologically-induced Functional Reorganisation onto the Brain’s Neurotransmitter Landscape", "normalized_title": "mapping pharmacologically induced functional reorganisation onto the brain s neurotransmitter landscape", "authors": "Luppi AI, Hansen JY, Adapa R, Carhart-Harris RL, Roseman L, Timmermann C, Golkowski D, Golkowski D, Ranft A, Ilg R, Jordan D, Bonhomme V, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Demertzi A, Jaquet O, Bahri MA, Alnagger NL, Cardone P, Peattie ARD, Manktelow AE, de Araujo DB, Sensi SL, Owen AM, Naci L, Menon DK, Misic B, Stamatakis EA.", "abstract": "To understand how pharmacological interventions can exert their powerful effects on brain function, we need to understand how they engage the brain’s rich neurotransmitter landscape. Here, we bridge microscale molecular chemoarchitecture and pharmacologically-induced macroscale functional reorganisation, by relating the regional distribution of 19 neurotransmitter receptors and transporters obtained from Positron Emission Tomography, and the regional changes in functional MRI connectivity induced by 10 different mind-altering drugs: propofol, sevoflurane, ketamine, LSD, psilocybin, DMT, ayahuasca, MDMA, modafinil, and methylphenidate. Our results reveal that psychoactive drugs exert their effects on brain function by engaging multiple neurotransmitter systems. The effects of both anaesthetics and psychedelics on brain function are organised along hierarchical gradients of brain structure and function. Finally, we show that regional co-susceptibility to pharmacological interventions recapitulates co-susceptibility to disorder-induced structural alterations. Collectively, these results highlight rich statistical patterns relating molecular chemoarchitecture and drug-induced reorganisation of the brain’s functional architecture.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-12", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.07.12.499688", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.12.499688", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR518432\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1736, "title": "Psychedelics, Mystical Experience, and Therapeutic Efficacy: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics mystical experience and therapeutic efficacy a systematic review", "authors": "Ko K, Knight G, Rucker JJ, Cleare AJ.", "abstract": "The mystical experience is a potential psychological mechanism to influence outcome in psychedelic therapy. It includes features such as oceanic boundlessness, ego dissolution, and universal interconnectedness, which have been closely linked to both symptom reduction and improved quality of life. In this review, 12 studies of psychedelic therapy utilizing psilocybin, ayahuasca, or ketamine were analyzed for association between mystical experience and symptom reduction, in areas as diverse as cancer-related distress, substance use disorder, and depressive disorders to include treatment-resistant. Ten of the twelve established a significant association of correlation, mediation, and/or prediction. A majority of the studies are limited, however, by their small sample size and lack of diversity (gender, ethnic, racial, educational, and socioeconomic), common in this newly re-emerging field. Further, 6 out of 12 studies were open-label in design and therefore susceptible to bias. Future studies of this nature should consider a larger sample size with greater diversity and thus representation by use of randomized design. More in-depth exploration into the nature of mystical experience is needed, including predictors of intensity, in order to maximize its positive effects on treatment outcome benefits and minimize concomitant anxiety. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO, identifier CRD42021261752.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.917199", "pubmed_id": "35923458", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.917199", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35923458\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1652, "title": "Rapid-Response Treatments for Depression and Requests for Physician-Assisted Death: An Ethical Analysis.", "normalized_title": "rapid response treatments for depression and requests for physician assisted death an ethical analysis", "authors": "Berens N, Kim SY.", "abstract": "Depression is common at the end of life, and there is longstanding concern that it may affect terminally ill patients' decisions to request physician-assisted death (PAD). However, it is difficult for clinicians to determine the role of depression in a patient's PAD request. A recent case series described rapid responses to intranasal ketamine in three patients with terminal illness and comorbid depression who had requested PAD. One patient withdrew her request (which, in retrospect, had been driven by her depression) while the others maintained their requests; in all three, the rapid relief clarified the role of depression in the patients' decision-making. In addition to ketamine, there are other emerging rapid-response treatments for depression, including psilocybin with psychological support and functional connectivity-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation. We examine three key ethical implications of such treatments: their role in clarifying the decision-making capacity of depressed patients requesting PAD; the potential tension between the legal definition of irremediability in some jurisdictions and the ethical obligations of clinicians; and the likely obstacles to treatment access and their implications for equal respect for autonomy of patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.jagp.2022.07.003", "pubmed_id": "35927119", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2022.07.003", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Suicide, Assisted, Depression, Ethical Analysis, Physicians, Female, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35927119\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Case Report,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1426, "title": "Psilocybin in neuropsychiatry: a review of its pharmacology, safety, and efficacy.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in neuropsychiatry a review of its pharmacology safety and efficacy", "authors": "Dodd S, Norman TR, Eyre HA, Stahl SM, Phillips A, Carvalho AF, Berk M.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a tryptamine alkaloid found in some mushrooms, especially those of the genus Psilocybe. Psilocybin has four metabolites including the pharmacologically active primary metabolite psilocin, which readily enters the systemic circulation. The psychoactive effects of psilocin are believed to arise due to the partial agonist effects at the 5HT2A receptor. Psilocin also binds to various other receptor subtypes although the actions of psilocin at other receptors are not fully explored. Psilocybin administered at doses sufficient to cause hallucinogenic experiences has been trialed for addictive disorders, anxiety and depression. This review investigates studies of psilocybin and psilocin and assesses the potential for use of psilocybin and a treatment agent in neuropsychiatry. The potential for harm is also assessed, which may limit the use of psilocybin as a pharmacotherapy. Careful evaluation of the number needed to harm vs the number needed to treat will ultimately justify the potential clinical use of psilocybin. This field needs a responsible pathway forward.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1017/s1092852922000888", "pubmed_id": "35811423", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852922000888", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35811423\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3220, "title": "Psilocybin-induced reduction in chronic cluster headache attack frequency correlates with changes in hypothalamic functional connectivity", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced reduction in chronic cluster headache attack frequency correlates with changes in hypothalamic functional connectivity", "authors": "Madsen MK, Petersen AS, Stenbæk DS, Sørensen IM, Schiønning H, Fjeld T, Nykjær CH, Ulv Larsen SM, Grzywacz M, Mathiesen T, Klausen IL, Overgaard-Hansen O, Brendstrup-Brix K, Linnet K, Johansen SS, Fisher PM, Jensen RH, Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "Chronic cluster headache (CCH) is an excruciating disorder of unknown pathophysiology, but hypothalamic dysfunction has been implicated. CCH is difficult to treat but on a case-basis, the psychedelic compound psilocybin is said to have beneficial effects. In this first-ever clinical trial ( NCT04280055 ), we evaluate in a small open-label study of CCH patients the feasibility and prophylactic effect of three low-to-moderate doses of psilocybin as well as effects on hypothalamic functional connectivity (FC), using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The treatment was well-tolerated and without serious adverse reactions. Attack frequency was on average reduced by 30% from baseline to follow-up (P FWER =0.008). One patient experienced 21 weeks of complete remission. Changes in hypothalamic-diencephalic FC correlated negatively with relative reduction in attack frequency, implicating this neural pathway in treatment response. Further clinical studies are warranted to confirm the safety and prophylactic efficacy of psilocybin for CCH and hypothalamic involvement in treatment response.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-09", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.07.10.22277414", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.10.22277414", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR516560\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3785, "title": "From Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics (REBUS) to Revised Beliefs After Psychedelics (REBAS): Preliminary Development of the RElaxed Beliefs Questionnaire (REB-Q)", "normalized_title": "from relaxed beliefs under psychedelics rebus to revised beliefs after psychedelics rebas preliminary development of the relaxed beliefs questionnaire reb q", "authors": "Zeifman R, Spriggs MJ, Kettner H, Lyons T, Rosas F, Mediano P, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Background: The Relaxed Beliefs Under pSychedelics (REBUS) model proposes that serotonergic psychedelics decrease the precision weighting of neurobiologically-encoded beliefs, and offers a unified account of the acute and therapeutic action of psychedelics. Although REBUS has received some neuroscientific support, little research has examined its psychological validity. We conducted a preliminary examination of two psychological assumptions of REBUS: (a) psychedelics foster acute relaxation and post-acute revision of confidence in mental-health-relevant beliefs; (b) this relaxation and revision facilitates positive therapeutic outcomes and is associated with the entropy of EEG signals (an index of neurophysiological mechanisms relevant to REBUS). Method: Healthy individuals (N=11) were administered 1 mg and 25 mg psilocybin 4-weeks apart. Confidence ratings for personally held negative and positive beliefs were obtained before, during, and 4-weeks after dosing sessions. Acute entropy and self-reported subjective experiences were measured, as was well-being (before and 4-weeks after dosing sessions). Results: Confidence in negative self-beliefs decreased following 25 mg psilocybin and not following 1 mg psilocybin. Entropy and subjective effects under 25 mg psilocybin correlated with decreases in negative self-belief confidence (acute and 4-weeks after dosing). Particularly strong evidence was seen for a relationship between decreases in negative self-belief confidence and increases in well-being at 4-weeks. Conclusions: We report the first empirical evidence that the relaxation and revision of negative self-belief confidence mediates positive psychological outcomes; a psychological assumption of REBUS. Replication within larger and clinical samples remains necessary. We also introduce a new measure, the Relaxed BEliefs Questionnaire (REB-Q), for examining the robustness of these preliminary findings and the utility of the REBUS model.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/w8j6t", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/w8j6t", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR515142\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3324, "title": "From Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics (REBUS) to Revised Beliefs After Psychedelics (REBAS): Preliminary Development of the RElaxed Beliefs Questionnaire (REB-Q)", "normalized_title": "from relaxed beliefs under psychedelics rebus to revised beliefs after psychedelics rebas preliminary development of the relaxed beliefs questionnaire reb q", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: The Relaxed Beliefs Under pSychedelics (REBUS) model proposes that serotonergic psychedelics decrease the precision weighting of neurobiologically-encoded beliefs, and offers a unified account of the acute and therapeutic action of psychedelics. Although REBUS has received some neuroscientific support, little research has examined its psychological validity. We conducted a preliminary examination of two psychological assumptions of REBUS: (a) psychedelics foster acute relaxation and post-acute revision of confidence in mental-health-relevant beliefs; (b) this relaxation and revision facilitates positive therapeutic outcomes and is associated with the entropy of EEG signals (an index of neurophysiological mechanisms relevant to REBUS). Method: Healthy individuals (N=11) were administered 1 mg and 25 mg psilocybin 4-weeks apart. Confidence ratings for personally held negative and positive beliefs were obtained before, during, and 4-weeks after dosing sessions. Acute entropy and self-reported subjective experiences were measured, as was well-being (before and 4-weeks after dosing sessions). Results: Confidence in negative self-beliefs decreased following 25 mg psilocybin and not following 1 mg psilocybin. Entropy and subjective effects under 25 mg psilocybin correlated with decreases in negative self-belief confidence (acute and 4-weeks after dosing). Particularly strong evidence was seen for a relationship between decreases in negative self-belief confidence and increases in well-being at 4-weeks. Conclusions: We report the first empirical evidence that the relaxation and revision of negative self-belief confidence mediates positive psychological outcomes; a psychological assumption of REBUS. Replication within larger and clinical samples remains necessary. We also introduce a new measure, the Relaxed BEliefs Questionnaire (REB-Q), for examining the robustness of these preliminary findings and the utility of the REBUS model.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/w8j6t_v1", "keywords": "beliefs, mechanism of action, psilocybin, Psychedelic, REBUS, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Therapy, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"w8j6t_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1737, "title": "Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees.", "normalized_title": "decreases in state and trait anxiety post psilocybin a naturalistic observational study among retreat attendees", "authors": "Kiraga MK, Kuypers KPC, Uthaug MV, Ramaekers JG, Mason NL.", "abstract": "Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychiatric disorders among Western countries. Evidence-based treatment modalities including pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral therapy result in deficient treatment responses. Historical and recent research suggests psychedelic drugs may be efficacious in alleviating anxiety-related symptoms among healthy and clinical populations. The main aim of the present study was investigation of the effects of psilocybin-containing truffles, when taken in a supportive group setting, on ratings of state and trait anxiety across self-reported healthy volunteers. Attendees of psilocybin ceremonies were asked to complete a test battery at three separate occasions: before the ceremony (baseline), the morning after, and 1 week after the ceremony. The test battery included questionnaires assessing state and trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), mindfulness capacities (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire), and personality (Big Five Inventory). Additionally, the psychedelic experience was quantified with the Persisting Effects Questionnaire and the Ego Dissolution Inventory. The total amount of psilocybin-containing truffles consumed by each participant was recorded, and a sample of the truffles was analyzed to determine psilocin concentrations. Fifty-two attendees (males = 25; females = 25; others = 2) completed parts of the baseline assessment, 46 (males = 21; females = 24; others = 1) completed assessments the morning after the ceremony, and 23 (males = 10; females = 13) completed assessments at the 1-week follow-up. Average psilocin consumption across individuals was 27.1 mg. The morning after the ceremony, we observed medium reductions in anxiety measures (both state and trait) compared to baseline ( d ¯ = 6.4; p < 0.001 and d ¯ = 6; p = 0.014, respectively), which persisted over a 1-week period post-ceremony ( d ¯ = 6.7; p = 0.001 and d ¯ = 8.6; p = 0.004, respectively). At 1 week post-ceremony, the non-judging facet of the mindfulness scale was increased ( d ¯ = 1.5; p = 0.03), while the personality trait neuroticism decreased ( d ¯ = 5.2; p = 0.005), when compared to baseline. Additionally, we found ratings of ego dissolution (mean: 59.7, SD: 28.3) and changes in neuroticism to be the strongest predictors of reductions in state and trait anxiety, respectively. In sum, results suggest rapid and persisting (up to 1 week) anxiolytic effects in individuals with sub-clinical anxiety symptoms, which are related to the acute experience of ego dissolution, as well as lasting changes in trait neuroticism. Results also add support to the feasibility and potential efficacy of group sessions with psychedelics. To understand whether these effects extend to wider populations suffering from heightened anxiety, and the mechanisms involved, further experimental research is needed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.883869", "pubmed_id": "35873251", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.883869", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35873251\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Personality Change,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3379, "title": "Pharmacotherapy for the Secondary Prevention of Suicide: Leads from the Social Pain Hypothesis", "normalized_title": "pharmacotherapy for the secondary prevention of suicide leads from the social pain hypothesis", "authors": "Rajkumar RP.", "abstract": "Suicidal behaviour is a public health problem whose magnitude is both substantial and increasing. Since many individuals seek medical treatment following a suicide attempt, strategies aimed at reducing further attempts in this population are a valid and feasible secondary prevention approach. An evaluation of the available evidence suggests that existing treatment approaches have limited efficacy in this setting, highlighting the need for innovative approaches to suicide prevention. Existing research on the neurobiology of social pain has highlighted the importance of this phenomenon as a risk factor for suicide, and has also yielded several attractive targets for pharmacological preventive strategies. In this paper, the available evidence related to these targets is synthesized and critically evaluated. The way in which social pain is related to the “anti-suicidal” properties of recently approved treatments, such as ketamine and psilocybin, is also examined. Such strategies may be effective for the short-term reduction of suicidal ideation and behaviour in individuals who have made a suicide attempt suicide prevention, particularly in cases where social pain is identified as a contributory factor. These pharmacological approaches may be effective regardless of the presence or absence of a specific psychiatric diagnosis.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2022-07-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202207.0064.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0064.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR514407\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1738, "title": "Psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression", "authors": "Bosch OG, Halm S, Seifritz E.", "abstract": "This is a narrative review about the role of classic and two atypical psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression. Since the 1990s, psychedelics experience a renaissance in biomedical research. The so-called classic psychedelics include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline and ayahuasca. Characteristic effects like alterations in sensory perception, as well as emotion- and self-processing are induced by stimulation of serotonin 2A receptors in cortical areas. The new paradigm of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy suggests a therapeutic framework in which a safely conducted psychedelic experience is integrated into a continuous psychotherapeutic process. First randomized, controlled trials with psilocybin show promising efficacy, tolerability, and adherence in the treatment of unipolar depression. On the other hand, classic psychedelics seem to be associated with the induction of mania, which is an important issue to consider for the design of research and clinical protocols. So called atypical psychedelics are a heterogeneous group with overlapping subjective effects but different neurobiological mechanisms. Two examples of therapeutic value in psychiatry are 3,4-methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine (MDMA) and ketamine. Since 2020 the ketamine enantiomer esketamine has been granted international approval for treatment-resistant unipolar depression, and also first evidence exists for the therapeutic efficacy of ketamine in bipolar depression. Whether psychedelics will fulfil current expectations and find their way into broader clinical use will depend on future rigorous clinical trials with larger sample sizes. A well-considered therapeutic and legal framework will be crucial for these substances to create new treatment settings and a potential paradigm shift.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1186/s40345-022-00265-5", "pubmed_id": "35788817", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-022-00265-5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35788817\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1733, "title": "Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Pharmacological Activity of Novel Quaternary Salts of 4-Substituted Tryptamines.", "normalized_title": "synthesis structural characterization and pharmacological activity of novel quaternary salts of 4 substituted tryptamines", "authors": "Glatfelter GC, Pham DNK, Walther D, Golen JA, Chadeayne AR, Baumann MH, Manke DR.", "abstract": "Aeruginascin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptammonium) is an analogue of psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) that has been identified in several species of psilocybin-containing mushrooms. Our team previously reported the synthesis, structural characterization, and biological activity of the putative metabolite of aeruginascin (4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptammonium; 4-HO-TMT) and its potential prodrug (4-acetoxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptammonium; 4-AcO-TMT). Here, we report the synthesis, structural characterization, and pharmacological activity of several quaternary tryptammonium analogues of 4-HO-TMT and 4-AcO-TMT, namely, 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-ethyltryptammonium (4-HO-DMET), 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-n-propyltryptammonium (4-HO-DMPT), and 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-isopropyltryptammonium (4-HO-DMiPT), as well as their hypothesized prodrugs 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-ethyltryptammonium (4-AcO-DMET), 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-n-propyltryptammonium (4-AcO-DMPT), and 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-isopropyltryptammonium (4-AcO-DMiPT). Compounds were synthesized using established methods, and structures were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Test compounds were screened for in vitro pharmacological activity at a variety of receptors and transporters to determine potential targets of action. None of the compounds exhibited measurable affinity for the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A), but several analogues had low micromolar affinity (K i) for the serotonin 1D receptor (5-HT1D) and serotonin 2B receptor (5-HT2B), where they appeared to be weak partial agonists with low micromolar potencies. Importantly, 4-HO-DMET, 4-HO-DMPT, and 4-HO-DMiPT displayed sub-micromolar affinity for the serotonin transporter (SERT; 370-890 nM). The same 4-hydroxy analogues had low to sub-micromolar potencies (IC50) for inhibition of 5-HT uptake at SERT in transfected cells (3.3-12.3 μM) and rat brain tissue (0.31-3.5 μM). Overall, our results show that quaternary tryptammonium analogues do not target 5-HT2A sites, suggesting the compounds lack psychedelic-like subjective effects. However, certain 4-hydroxy quaternary tryptammonium analogues may provide novel templates for exploring structure-activity relationships for selective actions at SERT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1021/acsomega.2c03476", "pubmed_id": "35874244", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c03476", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35874244\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1693, "title": "Psychedelic drugs for psychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drugs for psychiatric disorders", "authors": "da Costa SC, Oesterle T, Rummans TA, Richelson E, Gold M.", "abstract": "Existing pharmacological treatments for psychiatric disorders have demonstrated limited efficacy, delayed onset of action, and significant burden of side effects. Recent findings from human studies with psychedelics have shown promise, demonstrating rapid and sustained clinical benefits of these compounds for a variety of psychiatric disorders. Classical psychedelics have a rich history and some of these compounds have been used in shamanic and spiritual ceremonies for millennia. The psychoactive effects of these drugs, particularly on human consciousness, have generated great scientific curiosity, and early research on psychedelics suggested their clinical benefits for psychiatric conditions, including alcohol use disorders and anxiety and depressive symptoms in terminal illness and life-threatening conditions. Since the 1990s, after a period of dormancy that followed the criminalization of psychedelic drugs since the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, the continued interest in their unique psychoactive effects along with the pursuit for novel and more effective treatments in psychiatry have led to a renewed interest in research on these compounds. While preliminary findings on psychedelics are encouraging, current evidence is still insufficient to support extensive use of these drugs routinely. Long-term safety and efficacy of these compounds remain unclear, and several clinical trials are underway and may add clarity to these questions. Therefore, this article intends to provide an overview of the evidence to date on psychedelic drugs - particularly psilocybin, MDMA, and LSD - for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.jns.2022.120332", "pubmed_id": "35841696", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2022.120332", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35841696\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Consciousness,Aging,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3131, "title": "Brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Vohryzek J, Cabral J, Lord L, Fernandes HM, Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Deco G, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "Psilocybin therapy for depression has started to show promise, yet the underlying causal mechanisms are not currently known. Here we leveraged the differential outcome in responders and non-responders to psilocybin (10mg and 25mg, 7 days apart) therapy for depression - to gain new insights into regions and networks implicated in the restoration of healthy brain dynamics. We used whole-brain modelling to fit the spatiotemporal brain dynamics at rest in both responders and non-responders before treatment. Dynamic sensitivity analysis of systematic perturbation of these models enabled us to identify specific brain regions implicated in a transition from a depressive brain state to a heathy one. Binarizing the sample into treatment responders (>50% reduction in depressive symptoms) versus non-responders enabled us to identify a subset of regions implicated in this change. Interestingly, these regions correlate with in vivo density maps of serotonin receptors 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A, which psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, has an appreciable affinity for, and where it acts as a full-to-partial agonist. Serotonergic transmission has long been associated with depression and our findings provide causal mechanistic evidence for the role of brain regions in the recovery from depression via psilocybin.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-03", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.06.30.497950", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.30.497950", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR521801\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3384, "title": "Synapses, predictions, and prediction errors: a neocortical computational study of MDD using the temporal memory algorithm of HTM", "normalized_title": "synapses predictions and prediction errors a neocortical computational study of mdd using the temporal memory algorithm of htm", "authors": "Sherif MA, Khalil MZ, Shukla R, Brown JC, Carpenter LL.", "abstract": "Background Synapses and spines are central in major depressive disorder (MDD) pathophysiology, recently highlighted by ketamine’s and psilocybin’s rapid antidepressant effects. The Bayesian brain and interoception perspectives formalize MDD as being “stuck” in affective states constantly predicting negative energy balance. We examined how synaptic atrophy relates to the predictive function of the neocortex and thus to symptoms, using temporal memory (TM), an unsupervised machine-learning algorithm. TM represents a single neocortical layer, learns in real-time using local Hebbian-learning rules, and extracts and predicts temporal sequences. Methods We trained a TM model on random sequences of upper-case alphabetical letters, representing sequences of affective states. To model depression, we progressively destroyed synapses in the TM model and examined how that affected the predictive capacity of the network. Results Destroying 50% of the synapses slightly reduced the number of predictions, followed by a marked drop with further destruction. However, reducing the synapses by 25% dropped the confidence in the predictions distinctly. So even though the network was making accurate predictions, the network was no longer confident about these predictions. Conclusions These findings explain how interoceptive cortices could be stuck in limited affective states with high prediction error. Growth of new synapses, e.g., with ketamine and psilocybin, would allow representing more futuristic predictions with higher confidence. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use the TM model to connect changes happening at synaptic levels to the Bayesian formulation of psychiatric symptomatology, making it possible to understand treatment mechanisms and possibly, develop new treatments. Graphical abstract", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.06.29.498015", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.29.498015", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR513414\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3177, "title": "Electrical spiking of psilocybin fungi", "normalized_title": "electrical spiking of psilocybin fungi", "authors": "Gandia A, Adamatzky A.", "abstract": "Psilocybin fungi, aka “magic” mushrooms, are well known for inducing colourful and visionary states of mind. Such psychoactive properties and the ease of cultivating their basidiocarps within low-tech setups make psilocybin fungi promising pharmacological tools for mental health applications. Understanding of the intrinsic electrical patterns occurring during the mycelial growth can be utilised for better monitoring the physiological states and needs of these species. In this study we aimed to shed light on this matter by characterising the extra-cellular electrical potential of two popular species of psilocybin fungi: Psilo-cybe tampanensis and P. cubensis. As in previous experiments with other common edible mushrooms, the undisturbed fungi have shown to generate electric potential spikes and trains of spiking activity. This short analysis provides a proof of intrinsic electrical communication in psilocybin fungi, and further establishes these fungi as a valuable tool for studying fungal electro-physiology.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-07-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.07.02.498545", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498545", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR513215\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1658, "title": "Psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organizaton and connectivity.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organizaton and connectivity", "authors": "Gaddis A, Lidstone DE, Nebel MB, Griffiths RR, Mostofsky SH, Mejia AF, Barrett FS.", "abstract": "BackgroundClassic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, and other serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists evoke acute alterations in perception and cognition. Altered thalamocortical connectivity has been hypothesized to underlie these effects, which is supported by some functional MRI (fMRI) studies. These studies have treated the thalamus as a unitary structure, despite known differential 5-HT2AR expression and functional specificity of different intrathalamic nuclei. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) has been previously used to identify reliable group-level functional subdivisions of the thalamus from resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) data. We build on these efforts with a novel data-maximizing ICA-based approach to examine psilocybin-induced changes in intrathalamic functional organization and thalamocortical connectivity in individual participants.MethodsBaseline rsfMRI data (n=38) from healthy individuals with a long-term meditation practice was utilized to generate a statistical template of thalamic functional subdivisions. This template was then applied in a novel ICA-based analysis of the acute effects of psilocybin on intra- and extra-thalamic functional organization and connectivity in follow-up scans from a subset of the same individuals (n=18). We examined correlations with subjective reports of drug effect and compared with a previously reported analytic approach (treating the thalamus as a single functional unit).ResultsSeveral intrathalamic components showed significant psilocybin-induced alterations in spatial organization, with effects of psilocybin largely localized to the mediodorsal and pulvinar nuclei. The magnitude of changes in individual participants correlated with reported subjective effects. These components demonstrated predominant decreases in thalamocortical connectivity, largely with visual and default mode networks. Analysis in which the thalamus is treated as a singular unitary structure showed an overall numerical increase in thalamocortical connectivity, consistent with previous literature using this approach, but this increase did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsWe utilized a novel analytic approach to discover psilocybin-induced changes in intra- and extra-thalamic functional organization and connectivity of intrathalamic nuclei and cortical networks known to express the 5-HT2AR. These changes were not observed using whole-thalamus analyses, suggesting that psilocybin may cause widespread but modest increases in thalamocortical connectivity that are offset by strong focal decreases in functionally relevant intrathalamic nuclei.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-07-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119434", "pubmed_id": "35792293", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119434", "keywords": "Thalamus, Cerebral Cortex, Neural Pathways, Humans, Serotonin, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Rest, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35792293\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3731, "title": "Psychedelic resting-state neuroimaging: A review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic resting state neuroimaging a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Knudsen GM, Barrett FS, Doss MK, Carhart-Harris RL, Rosas FE, Deco G, Kringelbach ML, Preller KH, Ramaekers JG, Mason NL, Müller F, Fisher PM", "abstract": "Clinical research into serotonergic psychedelics is expanding rapidly, showing promising efficacy across myriad disorders. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is a commonly used strategy to identify psychedelic-induced changes in neural pathways in clinical and healthy populations. Here we, a large group of psychedelic imaging researchers, review the 42 research articles published to date, based on the 17 unique studies evaluating psychedelic effects on rs-fMRI, focusing on methodological variation. Prominently, we observe that nearly all studies vary in data processing and analysis methodology, two datasets are the foundation of over half of the published literature, and there is lexical ambiguity in common outcome metric terminology. We offer guidelines for future studies that encourage coherence in the field. Psychedelic rs-fMRI will benefit from the development of novel methods that expand our understanding of the brain mechanisms mediating its intriguing effects; yet, this field is at a crossroads where we must also consider the critical importance of consistency and replicability to effectively converge on stable representations of the neural effects of psychedelics.", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "publication_date": "2022-06-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104689", "pubmed_id": "35588933", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35588933/", "keywords": "Ayahausca, Clinical, DMT, Entheogen, FMRI, Hallucinogen, Human, LSD, Neuroimaging, Psilocin, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Replication, Resting-state, Serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:43", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35588933\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3187, "title": "A Bayesian Reanalysis of a Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression", "normalized_title": "a bayesian reanalysis of a trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression", "authors": "Nayak SM, Bari BA, Yaden DB, Spriggs MJ, Rosas F, Peill JM, Giribaldi B, Erritzoe D, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Objectives: To perform a Bayesian reanalysis of a recent trial of psilocybin (COMP360) versus escitalopram for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in order to provide a more informative interpretation of the indeterminate outcome of a previous frequentist analysis. Design: Reanalysis of a two-arm double-blind placebo controlled trial.Participants: Fifty-nine patients with MDD.Interventions: Two doses of psilocybin 25mg and daily oral placebo versus daily escitalopram and 2 doses of psilocybin 1mg, with psychological support for both groups.Outcome measures: Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS SR-16), and three other depression scales as secondary outcomes: HAMD-17, MADRS, and BDI-1A. Results: Using Bayes factors and ‘skeptical priors’ which bias estimates towards zero, for the hypothesis that psilocybin is superior by any margin, we found indeterminate evidence for QIDS SR-16, strong evidence for BDI-1A and MADRS, and extremely strong evidence for HAMD-17. For the stronger hypothesis that psilocybin is superior by a ‘clinically meaningful amount’ (using literature defined values of the minimally clinically important difference), we found moderate evidence against it for QIDS SR-16, indeterminate evidence for BDI-1A and MADRS, and moderate evidence supporting it for HAMD-17. Furthermore, across the board we found extremely strong evidence for psilocybin’s non-inferiority versus escitalopram. These findings were robust to prior sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: This Bayesian reanalysis supports the following inferences: 1) that psilocybin did indeed outperform escitalopram in this trial, but not to an extent that was clinically meaningful--and 2) that psilocybin is almost certainly non-inferior to escitalopram. The present results provide a more precise and nuanced interpretation to previously reported results from this trial, and support the need for further research into the relative efficacy of psilocybin therapy for depression with respect to current leading treatments.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-06-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/sb5ur", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/sb5ur", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR512763\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1748, "title": "Psychedelic-inspired approaches for treating neurodegenerative disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic inspired approaches for treating neurodegenerative disorders", "authors": "Saeger HN, Olson DE", "abstract": "Psychedelics are increasingly being recognized for their potential to treat a wide range of brain disorders including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorder. Their broad therapeutic potential might result from an ability to rescue cortical atrophy common to many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases by impacting neurotrophic factor gene expression, activating neuronal growth and survival mechanisms, and modulating the immune system. While the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has not yet been extended to neurodegenerative disorders, we provide evidence suggesting that approaches based on psychedelic science might prove useful for treating these diseases. The primary target of psychedelics, the 5-HT receptor, plays key roles in cortical neuron health and is dysregulated in Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, evidence suggests that psychedelics and related compounds could prove useful for treating the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). While more research is needed to probe the effects of psychedelics in models of neurodegenerative diseases, the robust effects of these compounds on structural and functional neuroplasticity and inflammation clearly warrant further investigation.", "journal": "Journal of neurochemistry", "publication_date": "2022-06-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1111/jnc.15544", "pubmed_id": "34816433", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34816433/", "keywords": "Alzheimer's disease, BPSD, ayahuasca, frontotemporal dementia, neurodegeneration, neuroplasticity, psilocybin, psychedelic, psychoplastogen", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34816433\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1741, "title": "Classic Psychedelics and Human-Animal Relations.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics and human animal relations", "authors": "Pöllänen E, Osika W, Stenfors CUD, Simonsson O", "abstract": "Previous research has found associations between classic psychedelic use and nature-relatedness, but the link between classic psychedelic use and human−animal relations remains largely unexplored. Using data representative of the US adult population, with regard to age, sex and ethnicity (N = 2822), this pre-registered study assessed lifetime classic psychedelic use, ego dissolution during respondents’ most intense experience using a classic psychedelic, and three measures related to human−animal relations: speciesism, animal solidarity and desire to help animals. The results showed that lifetime classic psychedelic use was negatively associated with speciesism (β = −0.07, p = 0.002), and positively associated with animal solidarity (β = 0.04, p = 0.041), but no association was found with desire to help animals (β = 0.01, p = 0.542). Ego dissolution during the respondents’ most intense experience using a classic psychedelic was negatively associated with speciesism (β = −0.17, p < 0.001), and positively associated with animal solidarity (β = 0.18, p < 0.001) and desire to help animals (β = 0.10, p = 0.007). The findings indicate that classic psychedelics and ego dissolution may have an impact on human−animal relations. As these results cannot demonstrate causality, however, future studies should use longitudinal research designs to further explore the potential causal link between classic psychedelic use and human−animal relations.", "journal": "International journal of environmental research and public health", "publication_date": "2022-06-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ijerph19138114", "pubmed_id": "35805769", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35805769/", "keywords": "LSD, human-animal relations, nature, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35805769\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1740, "title": "Self-administration of Psilocybin in the Setting of Treatment-resistant Depression.", "normalized_title": "self administration of psilocybin in the setting of treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Lyons A.", "abstract": "BackgroundPatients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) who fail to respond to two or more antidepressants are often considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Many of the current options for TRD have significant side effect profiles, are expensive, and are difficult to access. There has been a revival of psychedelic research in recent years that shows promising results in the treatment of TRD.Case presentationHere, the case of a 43-year-old man with TRD is presented. TRD symptoms were greatly interfering with his life. He underwent psychological testing, lab work, adequate trials of numerous medications, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and electroconvulsive therapy, all without adequate relief of his symptoms. The patient began self-administering a microdosing regimen of psilocybin and experienced significant improvement of MDD symptoms, as characterized by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS).DiscussionIn recent years, multiple randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) have shown the benefit of psilocybin in the treatment of varying types of depression. One trial evaluated psilocybin and escitalopram as treatments for depression, and psilocybin was found to be superior.ConclusionThis case suggests the possible benefit of psilocybin in the setting of TRD, as outlined in recent research. Additional research is needed to confirm these observations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "36204170", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/36204170", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36204170\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Microdosing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1735, "title": "A Single Method for 127 Recommended and Additional DUID Drugs in Blood and Urine by LC-MS-MS.", "normalized_title": "a single method for 127 recommended and additional duid drugs in blood and urine by lc ms ms", "authors": "Farley M, Tran H, Towler S, Gevorkyan J, Pearring S, Rodda LN.", "abstract": "Driving under the influence of drug (DUID) cases continue to challenge forensic toxicologists as both the volume and complexity of casework increases. Comprehensive DUID testing should also meet the drafted Academy Standards Board (ASB)/ American National Standard Institute (ANSI) standard and the National Safety Council's Alcohol, Drugs and Impairment Division (NSC-ADID) recommendations. A simple method using protein precipitation followed by filtration extraction with an 8 minute run time by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) was developed, and a comprehensive ASB/ANSI validation was performed. Target drugs and metabolites were quantitatively assessed in blood and qualitatively assessed in urine. Included were 127 target analytes including cannabinoids (12), amphetamines (11), cocaine and metabolites (6), benzodiazepines (36), Z-drugs (5), opioids (27), anticonvulsants (3), first-generation antihistamines (6), muscle relaxants (2), dissociatives and hallucinogens (6), barbiturates (10), and miscellaneous substances (3). Limits of detection are appropriate for DUID and other forensic casework such as drug-facilitated crime (DFC) and postmortem investigations. To demonstrate applicability, 78 proficiency test blood and urine samples and 1,645 blood and urine samples from authentic cases samples demonstrated effective detection of target analytes in forensic casework. By increasing the analytical scope of multiple drug classes via a single method, this technique detects drugs that may have previously gone undetected, such as flualprazolam, etizolam, mitragynine, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and psilocin and improves laboratory efficiency by reducing the number of tests required. The described method is, to the authors' best knowledge, the only published single procedure to meet all drugs listed in the drafted ASB/ANSI standard and recommended Tier 1 and traditional drugs from Tier 2 for DUID screening, while also achieving many drug scope and sensitivity recommendations for DFC and postmortem testing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1093/jat/bkab075", "pubmed_id": "34159389", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkab075", "keywords": "Amphetamines, Cannabinoids, Chromatography, Liquid, Substance Abuse Detection, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Forensic Toxicology", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34159389\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1540, "title": "A Bayesian Reanalysis of a Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression", "normalized_title": "a bayesian reanalysis of a trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression", "authors": "", "abstract": "Objectives: To perform a Bayesian reanalysis of a recent trial of psilocybin (COMP360) versus escitalopram for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in order to provide a more informative interpretation of the indeterminate outcome of a previous frequentist analysis. Design: Reanalysis of a two-arm double-blind placebo controlled trial. Participants: Fifty-nine patients with MDD. Interventions: Two doses of psilocybin 25mg and daily oral placebo versus daily escitalopram and 2 doses of psilocybin 1mg, with psychological support for both groups. Outcome measures: Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS SR-16), and three other depression scales as secondary outcomes: HAMD-17, MADRS, and BDI-1A. Results: Using Bayes factors and ‘skeptical priors’ which bias estimates towards zero, for the hypothesis that psilocybin is superior by any margin, we found indeterminate evidence for QIDS SR-16, strong evidence for BDI-1A and MADRS, and extremely strong evidence for HAMD-17. For the stronger hypothesis that psilocybin is superior by a ‘clinically meaningful amount’ (using literature defined values of the minimally clinically important difference), we found moderate evidence against it for QIDS SR-16, indeterminate evidence for BDI-1A and MADRS, and moderate evidence supporting it for HAMD-17. Furthermore, across the board we found extremely strong evidence for psilocybin’s non-inferiority versus escitalopram. These findings were robust to prior sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: This Bayesian reanalysis supports the following inferences: 1) that psilocybin did indeed outperform escitalopram in this trial, but not to an extent that was clinically meaningful--and 2) that psilocybin is almost certainly non-inferior to escitalopram. The present results provide a more precise and nuanced interpretation to previously reported results from this trial, and support the need for further research into the relative efficacy of psilocybin therapy for depression with respect to current leading treatments.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-06-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/sb5ur_v1", "keywords": "bayesian statistics, depression, psilocybin, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"sb5ur_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3653, "title": "Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Assessing the Efficacy of Micro-dosed Psilocybin in Reducing Anxiety and or Depression Levels in Adults", "normalized_title": "randomized double blind placebo controlled assessing the efficacy of micro dosed psilocybin in reducing anxiety and or depression levels in adults", "authors": "Wake Network, Inc.", "abstract": "To investigate the efficacy of a 16 week treatment with PSIL428 patient reported anxiety levels in otherwise healthy individuals suffering from depression and or anxiety symptoms. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessing the efficacy of micro-dosed psilocybin on reducing anxiety and/or depression levels in adults Study summary: The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation reported that Anxiety disorders currently affect an estimated 275 million people worldwide, about one in 13 people (7.3 percent). COVID-19 has accelerated the rate of new anxiety diagnoses and exacerbated pre-existing diagnoses of anxiety in individuals worldwide. The effectiveness of full dose psilocybin for treatment of anxiety and depression has been shown in a number of clinical trials. While there is a significant evidence of clinical efficacy of full dose psilocybin, acute effects of the dose result in a significant impairment - perceptual and sensory distortions incapacitating the patient for the duration of drug activity. Recent work suggests while not producing perceptual changes, micro-dosing may indeed be associated with improved mood and enhanced well-being. The practice of micro-dosing is gaining popularity in the general population, while clinical data on its safety and efficacy is lacking. This will be a novel randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aimed at establishment of safety and anxiolytic efficacy of psilocybin PSIL428 administered in a micro-dosing regimen (2-5% of a full therapeutic dose) to adults suffering from depression or anxiety. The primary outcome of this study is the change in anxiety and/or depression levels from screening to week 16. Participant anxiety levels will be monitored through Beck Anxiety inventory, depression levels - through Beck Depression Inventory forms on a bi-weekly basis across the course of the study. Study Drug PSIL428 is an experimental intervention and the active ingredient psilocybin is botanically derived. Similar interventions are currently undergoing Phase IIb/III clinical trials in international jurisdictions. It is being assessed for treatment of depressive disorders. Typically psilocybin used in full therapeutic doses associated with significant acute adverse effects. The proposed trial would utilize psilocybin in different dosing regimen - as micro-dosing - ingesting of sub-perceptual doses of the drug equal to 2-10% of the full dose. The micro-dosing practice is gaining significant popularity world-wide, however evidence-based data around it is minimal. Risks and benefits associated with the trial are not definitively established, however existing pre-clinical and clinical data around full-dose use of the drug carries a favorable risk-benefit potential. The trial will be conducted in accordance with the most recently acceptable version of the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practice (GCP) according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, and applicable Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). The trial will be conducted under a protocol reviewed and approved by an IRB; the trial will be conducted by scientifically and medically qualified persons; the benefits of the study are in proportion to the risks; the rights and welfare of the subjects will be respected; each subject will give his or her written informed consent before any protocol-driven tests or evaluations are performed. The investigators are responsible for obtaining informed consent in adherence to GCP and according to applicable regulations prior to entering the subject into the trial. A positive change in Beck Anxiety and/or Beck Depression numeric levels between PSIL428 and placebo groups will mark our primary outcome achievement of confirming beneficial effects of micro-dose-administered psilocybin on study participants' overall anxiety and/or depression levels", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-06-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04989972", "keywords": "Anxiety and Depression, PSIL428, Oyster mushroom, WITHDRAWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04989972\",\"overall_status\":\"WITHDRAWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3381, "title": "Neuroimaging in psychedelic drug development: Past, present, and future", "normalized_title": "neuroimaging in psychedelic drug development past present and future", "authors": "Wall M, Harding R, Zafar R, Rabiner EA, Nutt D, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "Psychedelic therapy (PT) is an emerging paradigm with great transdiagnostic potential for treating a range of psychiatric disorders, including depression, addiction, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and others. ‘Classic’ serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), form the main focus of this movement, but other substances including ketamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ibogaine also hold promise. The development of these novel treatment modalities in the early 21st century has occurred concurrently with the wider use of advanced human neuroscientific research methods; principally neuroimaging. This has enabled assessment of drug and therapy brain effects with greater precision and quantification than any previous novel development in psychiatric pharmacology. We outline some of the major trends in existing data and suggest that the modern development of PT has benefitted greatly from the use of neuroimaging. Important gaps in existing knowledge are identified which can be addressed by future neuroimaging work, principally using combined Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) methods, plus other adjunct techniques. Suggestions for future multimodal imaging studies are discussed, which would resolve some of these questions and provide a firmer foundation for the development of PT.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-06-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/xwu4j", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xwu4j", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR512207\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1752, "title": "Psilocybin microdosers demonstrate greater observed improvements in mood and mental health at one month relative to non-microdosing controls.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin microdosers demonstrate greater observed improvements in mood and mental health at one month relative to non microdosing controls", "authors": "Rootman JM, Kiraga M, Kryskow P, Harvey K, Stamets P, Santos-Brault E, Kuypers KPC, Walsh Z.", "abstract": "Psilocybin microdosing involves repeated self-administration of mushrooms containing psilocybin at doses small enough to not impact regular functioning. Microdose practices are diverse and include combining psilocybin with substances such as lion's mane mushrooms (Hericium erinaceus; HE) and niacin (vitamin-B3). Public uptake of microdosing has outpaced evidence, mandating further prospective research. Using a naturalistic, observational design, we followed psilocybin microdosers (n = 953) and non-microdosing comparators (n = 180) for approximately 30 days and identified small- to medium-sized improvements in mood and mental health that were generally consistent across gender, age and presence of mental health concerns, as we all as improvements in psychomotor performance that were specific to older adults. Supplementary analyses indicated that combining psilocybin with HE and B3 did not impact changes in mood and mental health. However, among older microdosers combining psilocybin, HE and B3 was associated with psychomotor improvements relative to psilocybin alone and psilocybin and HE. Our findings of mood and mental health improvements associated with psilocybin microdosing add to previous studies of psychedelic microdosing by using a comparator group and by examining the consistency of effects across age, gender, and mental health. Findings regarding the combination of psilocybin, HE and B3 are novel and highlight the need for further research to confirm and elucidate these apparent effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-14512-3", "pubmed_id": "35773270", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14512-3", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Self Administration, Affect, Mental Health, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35773270\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Microdosing,Observational Study,Older Adults", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1383, "title": "Neuroimaging in psychedelic drug development: Past, present, and future", "normalized_title": "neuroimaging in psychedelic drug development past present and future", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psychedelic therapy (PT) is an emerging paradigm with great transdiagnostic potential for treating a range of psychiatric disorders, including depression, addiction, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and others. ‘Classic’ serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), form the main focus of this movement, but other substances including ketamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ibogaine also hold promise. The development of these novel treatment modalities in the early 21st century has occurred concurrently with the wider use of advanced human neuroscientific research methods; principally neuroimaging. This has enabled assessment of drug and therapy brain effects with greater precision and quantification than any previous novel development in psychiatric pharmacology. We outline some of the major trends in existing data and suggest that the modern development of PT has benefitted greatly from the use of neuroimaging. Important gaps in existing knowledge are identified which can be addressed by future neuroimaging work, principally using combined Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) methods, plus other adjunct techniques. Suggestions for future multimodal imaging studies are discussed, which would resolve some of these questions and provide a firmer foundation for the development of PT.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-06-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/xwu4j_v1", "keywords": "fMRI, Ketamine, LSD, MDMA, Neuroimaging, PET, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"xwu4j_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1754, "title": "Three Naturally-Occurring Psychedelics and Their Significance in the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders.", "normalized_title": "three naturally occurring psychedelics and their significance in the treatment of mental health disorders", "authors": "Vorobyeva N, Kozlova AA.", "abstract": "Classical psychedelics represent a family of psychoactive substances with structural similarities to serotonin and affinity for serotonin receptors. A growing number of studies have found that psychedelics can be effective in treating various psychiatric conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Mental health disorders are extremely prevalent in the general population constituting a major problem for the public health. There are a wide variety of interventions for mental health disorders, including pharmacological therapies and psychotherapies, however, treatment resistance still remains a particular challenge in this field, and relapse rates are also quite high. In recent years, psychedelics have become one of the promising new tools for the treatment of mental health disorders. In this review, we will discuss the three classic serotonergic naturally occurring psychedelics, psilocybin, ibogaine, and N, N-dimethyltryptamine, focusing on their pharmacological properties and clinical potential. The purpose of this article is to provide a focused review of the most relevant research into the therapeutic potential of these substances and their possible integration as alternative or adjuvant options to existing pharmacological and psychological therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2022.927984", "pubmed_id": "35837277", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.927984", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35837277\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1753, "title": "3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Assisted Therapy in Hawaii: A Brief Review.", "normalized_title": "3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine mdma assisted therapy in hawaii a brief review", "authors": "Inouye A, Wolfgang A.", "abstract": "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted breakthrough therapy status to 3,4-methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) in 2017 due to preliminary evidence supporting its efficacy and safety in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A series of six phase-II clinical trials studying MDMA-AT for treatment-resistant PTSD found that 54% of MDMA-AT full-dose participants no longer met the diagnosis of PTSD after two MDMA sessions, compared to 23% in the control group. In the first phase-III clinical trial, 67% no longer met the criteria for PTSD after three sessions. The effects are durable, with 67% no longer diagnosable after one year and 74% at nearly four years. The MDMA-AT is being fast-tracked for potential FDA approval by 2023. In 2021, Hawaii's Senate Bill 738 unsuccessfully proposed that psilocybin be removed from the Schedule I controlled substances list due to its clinical efficacy for major depressive disorder. Methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine is also a Schedule I controlled substance and has proven to be a treatment option that could potentially benefit the people of Hawaii.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.26402", "pubmed_id": "35915689", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.26402", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35915689\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1755, "title": "Bacillus subtilis Produces Amino Acids to Stimulate Protein Synthesis in Ruminal Tissue Explants via the Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Beta-Serine/Threonine Kinase-Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Pathway.", "normalized_title": "bacillus subtilis produces amino acids to stimulate protein synthesis in ruminal tissue explants via the phosphatidylinositol 4 5 bisphosphate 3 kinase catalytic subunit beta serine threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway", "authors": "Wang Q, Ren Y, Cui Y, Gao B, Zhang H, Jiang Q, Loor JJ, Deng Z, Xu C.", "abstract": "BackgroundBacillus subtilis is a probiotic strain that is widely used as a feed supplement for ruminants. In this study, one B. subtilis strain isolated from the ruminal fluid of Holstein dairy cows was used for an ex vivo study with ruminal tissue explants. The main goal was to assess the potential endosymbiotic links between B. subtilis and the ruminal epithelium using molecular analyses and amino acid profiling. The explant culture protocol was first optimized to determine the ideal conditions in terms of tissue viability before performing the actual experiments involving active and inactive bacteria with or without protein synthesis inhibitors, such as LY294002 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor) or rapamycin [mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor].ResultsThe mRNA levels of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta (PIK3CB), serine/threonine kinase (AKT), mTOR, P70S6K1, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 were the highest (p < 0.01), while those of programmed cell death 4 were the lowest when the tissue was incubated with 107 of B. subtilis. Compared with the inactivated bacteria, the expression levels of PIK3CB and AKT, and overall changes in mTOR and P70S6K1 were greater in rumen explants with living bacteria (p < 0.05). With an increase in B. subtilis concentration, the trends of protein and corresponding gene changes were consistent. There were differences in the concentrations of individual amino acids in the supernatants of living and inactivated bacterial culture groups, with most amino acids enriched in pathways, such as aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, cyanoamino acid metabolism, monobactam biosynthesis, or glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. The addition of psilocybin upregulated the expression levels of PIK3CB and AKT. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in PIK3CB and mTOR protein expression levels was detected after the addition of LY294002 and rapamycin. In addition, These responses were associated with the downregulation (p < 0.05) of AKT and P70S6K protein expression levels.ConclusionsWe confirmed that the in vivo ruminal tissue culture system is a suitable model for studying probiotic-induced alterations in tissue function. As such, this study provides a means for future mechanistic studies related to microbial regulation and the dietary supply of proteins. In addition, living and inactivated B. subtilis can promote protein synthesis in ruminal tissue explants by altering the expression levels of related factors in the PIK3CB-AKT-mTORC1 pathway, which could further aid in optimizing the feed efficiency and increasing the use of inactivated bacteria as additives in dairy cow farming.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fvets.2022.852321", "pubmed_id": "35832333", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.852321", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35832333\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1721, "title": "Self-Reported Efficacy of Treatments in Cluster Headache: a Systematic Review of Survey Studies.", "normalized_title": "self reported efficacy of treatments in cluster headache a systematic review of survey studies", "authors": "Rusanen SS, De S, Schindler EAD, Artto VA, Storvik M.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewThe use and efficacy of various substances in the treatment of CH have been studied in several retrospective surveys. The aim of the study is to systematically review published survey studies to evaluate the reported efficacies of both established and unconventional substances in abortive and prophylactic treatment of both episodic and chronic CH, specifically assessing the consistency of the results.Recent findingsNo systematic review have been conducted of these studies previously. A systematic literature search with a set of search terms was conducted on PubMed. Retrospective surveys that quantified the self-reported efficacy of two or more CH treatments, published in English during 2000-2020, were included. Several key characteristics and results of the studies were extracted. A total of 994 articles were identified of which 9 were found to be eligible based on the selection criteria. In total, 5419 respondents were included. Oxygen and subcutaneous triptan injections were most reported as effective abortive treatments, while psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide were most commonly reported as effective prophylactic treatments. The reported efficacy of most substances was consistent across different studies, and there were marked differences in the reported efficacies of different substances. The reported order of efficacy is generally in agreement with clinical studies. The findings suggest that retrospective surveys can be used to obtain supporting information on the effects of various substances used in the treatment of CH and to form hypotheses about novel treatment methods. The consistently reported efficacy of psilocybin and LSD in prophylactic treatment indicates need for clinical studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11916-022-01063-5", "pubmed_id": "35759175", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-022-01063-5", "keywords": "Humans, Cluster Headache, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Retrospective Studies, Self Report, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35759175\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1756, "title": "Associations between classic psychedelics and nicotine dependence in a nationally representative sample.", "normalized_title": "associations between classic psychedelics and nicotine dependence in a nationally representative sample", "authors": "Jones G, Lipson J, Nock MK.", "abstract": "Tobacco use is the single largest cause of preventable death worldwide, but none of the established treatments aimed at smoking cessation work for a majority of smokers. As such, there is an urgent need for interventions capable of reliably treating nicotine addiction. The use of classic psychedelics has been associated with lower odds of many forms of substance dependence. Here we tested whether lifetime use of classic psychedelics (tryptamine, lysergamide, and phenethylamine) is associated with lower odds of current nicotine dependence. We tested these associations in a sample of 214,505 adult participants in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015-2019) using multivariable logistic regression models. Lifetime psilocybin use was associated with reduced odds of odds of current nicotine dependence (aOR 0.87-0.93). Lifetime use of peyote and mescaline also conferred reduced odds of multiple subdomains of a main nicotine dependence measure (Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale [NDSS]) (aOR 0.79-0.91). Conversely, lifetime use of LSD was associated with increased odds of nicotine dependence (aOR 1.17-1.24). Psilocybin, mescaline, and peyote use are associated with lowered odds of nicotine dependence. Experimental studies are needed to establish whether these associations are causal. These results make the case for further research into the efficacy of both tryptamine and phenethylamine psychedelics in promoting smoking cessation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-21", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-14809-3", "pubmed_id": "35732796", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14809-3", "keywords": "Humans, Tobacco Use Disorder, Mescaline, Hallucinogens, Smoking Cessation, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35732796\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1609, "title": "Sustained effects of single doses of classical psychedelics in humans.", "normalized_title": "sustained effects of single doses of classical psychedelics in humans", "authors": "Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "The serotonergic classical psychedelics include compounds that primarily activate the brain's serotonin 2 A receptor (5-HT2AR), such as LSD, psilocybin, and DMT (ayahuasca). The acute effects of these compounds are well-known as are their ability to increase the emotional state both in healthy people and in those with neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular psilocybin, the psychoactive constituent in \"magic mushrooms\", has shown great potential for treatment of anxiety and depression. A unique and compelling feature of psychedelics is that intake of just a single psychedelic dose is associated with long-lasting effects. This includes effects on personality, e.g., higher openness, and amelioration of depressive symptoms. This review focuses on these stunning effects and summarizes our current knowledge on which behavioral, biochemical, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological data support that the intriguing effects of psychedelics on the human brain and mind are based on neural plasticity. The review also points to so far understudied areas and suggests research questions to be addressed in future studies which potentially can help to understand the intriguing long-term effects after intake of a single (or a few) psychedelic doses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-20", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-022-01361-x", "pubmed_id": "35729252", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01361-x", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Personality, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35729252\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1551, "title": "[Attitudes of Mental Health Experts Towards Psilocybin].", "normalized_title": "attitudes of mental health experts towards psilocybin", "authors": "Schmidt C, Wolff M, Gründer G, Jungaberle H.", "abstract": "ObjectiveIn recent years, studies investigating the use of psilocybin to treat mental disorders have shown promising results. In this context, this online survey investigated attitudes of trained psychiatrists and psychotherapists towards psilocybin and psilocybin-assisted therapies.Materials and methodsA total of 530 valid responses from individuals with suitable job profiles were collected in this online survey. Statistical analysis was used to identify relevant predictors of attitude measures.ResultsThe opinions of experts in the treatment of mental disorders with psilocybin and psilocybin-assisted therapies varied widely, and the level of knowledge of the participants to some extent was low. A large number of participants considered treatment of mental disorders with psilocybin to be promising and treatment of depression with psilocybin was seen as promising by the majority of the participants. The results of this study suggest that a higher level of knowledge about psilocybin is associated with more optimistic views about its use in a therapeutic setting. Having additional scientific information led in some cases to more optimistic attitudes towards psilocybin and the use of psilocybin in the treatment of mental disorders.ConclusionIf the scientific and public discourse on psilocybin continues to grow in the future, changes in the attitudes of psychotherapists and psychiatrists can be expected.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-19", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1055/a-1846-1161", "pubmed_id": "35724682", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1846-1161", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Attitude, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35724682\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1757, "title": "Psilocybin-Mediated Attenuation of Gamma Band Auditory Steady-State Responses (ASSR) Is Driven by the Intensity of Cognitive and Emotional Domains of Psychedelic Experience.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin mediated attenuation of gamma band auditory steady state responses assr is driven by the intensity of cognitive and emotional domains of psychedelic experience", "authors": "Viktorin V, Griškova-Bulanova I, Voicikas A, Dojčánová D, Zach P, Bravermanová A, Andrashko V, Tylš F, Korčák J, Viktorinová M, Koudelka V, Hájková K, Kuchař M, Horáček J, Brunovský M, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a classical serotoninergic psychedelic that induces cognitive disruptions similar to psychosis. Gamma activity is affected in psychosis and is tightly related to cognitive processing. The 40 Hz auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) are frequently used as indicators to test the ability to generate gamma activity. Based on previous literature, we studied the impact of psilocybin on 40 Hz ASSR in healthy volunteers. The study was double blind and placebo controlled with a crossover design. A sample of 20 healthy subjects (10M/10F) received psilocybin orally 0.26 mg/kg or placebo. Participants were measured four times in total, one time before ingestion of psilocybin/placebo and one time after ingestion, during the peak of intoxication. A series of 500 ms click trains were used for stimulation. Psilocybin induced a psychedelic effect and decreased 40 Hz ASSR phase-locking index compared to placebo. The extent of the attenuation was related to Cognition and Affect on the Hallucinogen Rating Scale. The current study shows that psilocybin lowers the synchronization level and the amplitude of 40 Hz auditory steady-state responses, which yields further support for the role of gamma oscillations in cognitive processing and its disturbance.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-18", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/jpm12061004", "pubmed_id": "35743788", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12061004", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35743788\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1758, "title": "Effect of Psilocybin and Ketamine on Brain Neurotransmitters, Glutamate Receptors, DNA and Rat Behavior.", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin and ketamine on brain neurotransmitters glutamate receptors dna and rat behavior", "authors": "Wojtas A, Bysiek A, Wawrzczak-Bargiela A, Szych Z, Majcher-Maślanka I, Herian M, Maćkowiak M, Gołembiowska K.", "abstract": "Clinical studies provide evidence that ketamine and psilocybin could be used as fast-acting antidepressants, though their mechanisms and toxicity are still not fully understood. To address this issue, we have examined the effect of a single administration of ketamine and psilocybin on the extracellular levels of neurotransmitters in the rat frontal cortex and reticular nucleus of the thalamus using microdialysis. The genotoxic effect and density of glutamate receptor proteins was measured with comet assay and Western blot, respectively. An open field test, light-dark box test and forced swim test were conducted to examine rat behavior 24 h after drug administration. Ketamine (10 mg/kg) and psilocybin (2 and 10 mg/kg) increased dopamine, serotonin, glutamate and GABA extracellular levels in the frontal cortex, while psilocybin also increased GABA in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. Oxidative DNA damage due to psilocybin was observed in the frontal cortex and from both drugs in the hippocampus. NR2A subunit levels were increased after psilocybin (10 mg/kg). Behavioral tests showed no antidepressant or anxiolytic effects, and only ketamine suppressed rat locomotor activity. The observed changes in neurotransmission might lead to genotoxicity and increased NR2A levels, while not markedly affecting animal behavior.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-15", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ijms23126713", "pubmed_id": "35743159", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126713", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Rats, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Ketamine, Receptors, Glutamate, DNA, Neurotransmitter Agents, Antidepressive Agents, Behavior, Animal, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35743159\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1703, "title": "Psychedelics as preventive treatment in headache and chronic pain disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as preventive treatment in headache and chronic pain disorders", "authors": "Schindler EAD.", "abstract": "The effects of psychedelic drugs in headache and chronic pain disorders have been reported for several decades, and now controlled studies are emerging. The existing evidence supports a lasting therapeutic benefit after limited dosing, a unique feature of the drug class that distinguishes it from conventional treatment. This commentary summarizes these reports of preventive effects of psychedelic drugs in headache and chronic pain disorders. The recently published controlled trial of psilocybin in migraine is reviewed, including its limitations. Several neurobiological targets of psychedelics that are related to headache and chronic pain are highlighted, though a clear separation of acute and lasting effects is key in uncovering the unique clinical effects of this drug class. Considerable investigation is required before the effects, safety, and mechanism of action of psychedelics in headache and chronic pain disorders can be known.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-15", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109166", "pubmed_id": "35718005", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109166", "keywords": "Humans, Headache, Hallucinogens, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35718005\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1759, "title": "Validation of the forced swim test in Drosophila, and its use to demonstrate psilocybin has long-lasting antidepressant-like effects in flies.", "normalized_title": "validation of the forced swim test in drosophila and its use to demonstrate psilocybin has long lasting antidepressant like effects in flies", "authors": "Hibicke M, Nichols CD.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has been shown to be a powerful, long-lasting antidepressant in human clinical trials and in rodent models. Although rodents have commonly been used to model psychiatric disorders, Drosophila have neurotransmitter systems similar to mammals and many comparable brain structures involved in similar behaviors. The forced swim test (FST), which has been used extensively to evaluate compounds for antidepressant efficacy, has recently been adapted for Drosophila. The fly FST has potential to be a cost-effective, high-throughput assay for evaluating potential antidepressants. For this study we pharmacologically validated the fly FST using methamphetamine, DL-α-methyltyrosine, and the antidepressant citalopram. While methamphetamine and DL-α-methyltyrosine altered overall locomotor activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor System (DAMS), they had no significant impact on measures of immobility in the FST. Conversely, chronic citalopram decreased measures of immobility in the FST in both sexes without increasing DAMS activity. We used the validated FST to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of high (3.5 mM) and low (0.03 mM) doses of psilocybin. Both doses of psilocybin significantly reduced measures of immobility in male flies, but not females. 0.03 mM had an effect size comparable to chronic citalopram, and 3.5 mM had an effect size approximately twice that of chronic citalopram.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-14", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-14165-2", "pubmed_id": "35705666", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14165-2", "keywords": "Animals, Mammals, Humans, Drosophila, Methamphetamine, Citalopram, alpha-Methyltyrosine, Antidepressive Agents, Motor Activity, Swimming, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35705666\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1734, "title": "Genetic Survey of Psilocybe Natural Products.", "normalized_title": "genetic survey of psilocybe natural products", "authors": "Dörner S, Rogge K, Fricke J, Schäfer T, Wurlitzer JM, Gressler M, Pham DNK, Manke DR, Chadeayne AR, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "Psilocybe magic mushrooms are best known for their main natural product, psilocybin, and its dephosphorylated congener, the psychedelic metabolite psilocin. Beyond tryptamines, the secondary metabolome of these fungi is poorly understood. The genomes of five species (P. azurescens, P. cubensis, P. cyanescens, P. mexicana, and P. serbica) were browsed to understand more profoundly common and species-specific metabolic capacities. The genomic analyses revealed a much greater and yet unexplored metabolic diversity than evident from parallel chemical analyses. P. cyanescens and P. mexicana were identified as aeruginascin producers. Lumichrome and verpacamide A were also detected as Psilocybe metabolites. The observations concerning the potential secondary metabolome of this fungal genus support pharmacological and toxicological efforts to find a rational basis for yet elusive phenomena, such as paralytic effects, attributed to consumption of some magic mushrooms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-08", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1002/cbic.202200249", "pubmed_id": "35583969", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202200249", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Biological Products, Psilocybe", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35583969\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Genomics,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1704, "title": "Natural language signatures of psilocybin microdosing.", "normalized_title": "natural language signatures of psilocybin microdosing", "authors": "Sanz C, Cavanna F, Muller S, de la Fuente L, Zamberlan F, Palmucci M, Janeckova L, Kuchar M, Carrillo F, García AM, Pallavicini C, Tagliazucchi E.", "abstract": "RationaleSerotonergic psychedelics are being studied as novel treatments for mental health disorders and as facilitators of improved well-being, mental function, and creativity. Recent studies have found mixed results concerning the effects of low doses of psychedelics (\"microdosing\") on these domains. However, microdosing is generally investigated using instruments designed to assess larger doses of psychedelics, which might lack sensitivity and specificity for this purpose.ObjectivesDetermine whether unconstrained speech contains signatures capable of identifying the acute effects of psilocybin microdoses.MethodsNatural speech under psilocybin microdoses (0.5 g of psilocybin mushrooms) was acquired from thirty-four healthy adult volunteers (11 females: 32.09 ± 3.53 years; 23 males: 30.87 ± 4.64 years) following a double-blind and placebo-controlled experimental design with two measurement weeks per participant. On Wednesdays and Fridays of each week, participants consumed either the active dose (psilocybin) or the placebo (edible mushrooms). Features of interest were defined based on variables known to be affected by higher doses: verbosity, semantic variability, and sentiment scores. Machine learning models were used to discriminate between conditions. Classifiers were trained and tested using stratified cross-validation to compute the AUC and p-values.ResultsExcept for semantic variability, these metrics presented significant differences between a typical active microdose and the inactive placebo condition. Machine learning classifiers were capable of distinguishing between conditions with high accuracy (AUC [Formula: see text] 0.8).ConclusionsThese results constitute first evidence that low doses of serotonergic psychedelics can be identified from unconstrained natural speech, with potential for widely applicable, affordable, and ecologically valid monitoring of microdosing schedules.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-08", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06170-0", "pubmed_id": "35676541", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06170-0", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Language, Mental Disorders, Adult, Female, Male, Creativity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35676541\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Wellbeing,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1722, "title": "Don't be afraid, try to meditate- potential effects on neural activity and connectivity of psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based intervention for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "don t be afraid try to meditate potential effects on neural activity and connectivity of psilocybin assisted mindfulness based intervention for social anxiety disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Felsch CL, Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "BackgroundCurrent first-line treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD), one of the most prevalent anxiety disorders, is limited in its efficacy. Hence, novel treatment approaches are urgently needed. The current review suggests a combination of meditation-based interventions and the administration of a psychedelic as a future alternative treatment approach. While both separate treatments show promise in the treatment of (other) clinical conditions, their combination has not yet been investigated in the treatment of psychopathologies.AimWith a systematic literature review, we aim to identify the potential mechanisms by which combined psilocybin and mindfulness treatment could adjust anomalous neural activity underlying SAD and exert therapeutic effects.ResultsThirty experimental studies investigating the neural effects of meditation or psilocybin treatment in healthy and patient samples were included. Findings suggest that psilocybin-assisted meditation interventions might change cognitive processes like biased attention to threat linked to SAD by modulating connectivity of the salience network, balancing the activity and connectivity of cortical-midline structures, and increasing frontoparietal control over amygdala reactivity.ConclusionsFuture studies should investigate whether psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based intervention can provide therapeutic benefits to SAD patients who are do not remit following conventional therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104724", "pubmed_id": "35679988", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104724", "keywords": "Humans, Meditation, Fear, Mindfulness, Psilocybin, Phobia, Social", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35679988\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1760, "title": "Optimization through a Box-Behnken Experimental Design of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction of the Psychoactive Compounds in Hallucinogenic Fungi (Psylocibe cubensis).", "normalized_title": "optimization through a box behnken experimental design of the microwave assisted extraction of the psychoactive compounds in hallucinogenic fungi psylocibe cubensis", "authors": "Polo-Castellano C, Álvarez JÁ, Palma M, Barbero GF, Ayuso J, Ferreiro-González M.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic fungi, mainly those from the Psilocybe genus, are being increasingly consumed even though there is no control on their culture conditions. Due to the therapeutic potential as antidepressants and anxiolytics of the alkaloids that they produce (psilocin and psilocybin), some form of control on their production would be highly recommended. Prior to identifying their optimal culture condition, a methodology that allows their study is required. Microwave-assisted extraction method (MAE) is a technique that has proven its efficiency to extract different compounds from solid matrices. For this reason, this study intends to optimize a MAE method to extract the alkaloids found in Psylocibe cubensis. A surface-response Box-Behnken design has been employed to optimize such extraction method and significantly reduce time and other resources in the extraction process. Based on the Box-Behnken design, 50 °C temperature, 60% methanol as extraction solvent, 0.6 g:10 mL sample mass:solvent ratio and 5 min extraction time, were established as optimal conditions. These mild conditions, combined with a rapid and efficient UHPLC analysis result in a practical and economical methodology for the extraction of psilocin and psilocybin from Psylocibe cubensis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/jof8060598", "pubmed_id": "35736081", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8060598", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35736081\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1723, "title": "Phosphate moiety in FDA-approved pharmaceutical salts and prodrugs.", "normalized_title": "phosphate moiety in fda approved pharmaceutical salts and prodrugs", "authors": "Fulmali A, Bharate SS.", "abstract": "The salification and prodrug approaches modulate the physicochemical properties and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity parameters of drugs and lead candidates. The \"phosphate\" is one of the key counterions/promoiety used in the salt formation and prodrug synthesis. Salification with phosphoric acid enhances the aqueous solubility and thereby facilitates the administration of a drug by the parenteral route. Phosphate moiety in prodrug synthesis mainly improves permeability by lipophilic substitution. Histamine phosphate is the first phosphate salt, and hydrocortisone phosphate was the first prodrug approved by FDA in 1939 and 1952, respectively. The orange book enlists 12 phosphate salts and 17 phosphate prodrugs. Phosphate prodrugs, namely combretastatin A-4 diphosphate, combretastatin A-4 phosphate, lufotrelvir, TP-1287, pyridoxal phosphate, riboflavin phosphate, and psilocybin are clinical candidates. This review focuses on the FDA-approved phosphate salts and prodrugs from 1939 to 2021. The biopharmaceutical advantage of phosphate salts and prodrugs over the parent molecule is also deliberated.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-06-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1002/ddr.21953", "pubmed_id": "35656613", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21953", "keywords": "Phosphates, Salts, Pyrrolidinones, Indoles, Leucine, Prodrugs, Solubility", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35656613\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1776, "title": "Serotonin toxicity of serotonergic psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "serotonin toxicity of serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Malcolm B, Thomas K", "abstract": "In recent years, psychedelic substances with serotonergic mechanisms have accumulated substantial evidence that they may provide therapeutic benefits for people suffering with psychiatric symptoms. Psychiatric disorders targeted by these psychedelic-assisted therapies are managed with serotonergic drugs like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as the current standard of care, so it is important to evaluate the potential risks of drug-drug interactions and serotonin toxicity (ST) between these agents. A critical evaluation of the scientific literature is necessary to delineate the risks of ST when combining psychedelics with available serotonergic pharmacotherapy options. This review article describes signs and symptoms of ST, characterizes mechanisms of ST risk, summarizes what is known about serotonergic psychedelic drug interactions, and outlines potential management strategies. True ST typically occurs with a serotonergic drug overdose or in combinations in which a drug that can increase intrasynaptic serotonin is combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Serotonergic psychotropics that do not contain MAOIs are low risk in combination with psychedelics that also do not contain MAOIs. Signs and symptoms warranting immediate medical attention include myoclonus, extreme and fluctuating vital signs, agitation or comatose mental state, muscle rigidity, pronounced hyperthermia (fever), and/or seizure activity. Serotonin-related adverse reactions exist along a spectrum with serotonin syndrome being the most severe manifestations of ST. Due to varying serotonergic mechanisms of psychedelics and psychotropics, with varying propensities to increase intrasynaptic serotonin, some combinations may present a significant risk for serotonin toxicity (ST) while others are likely benign.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-05-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-05876-x", "pubmed_id": "34251464", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34251464/", "keywords": "Hallucinogen, MDMA, Monoamine oxidase inhibitor, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Serotonin syndrome, Serotonin toxicity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34251464\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1775, "title": "Sex-specific effects of psychedelics on prepulse inhibition of startle in 129S6/SvEv mice.", "normalized_title": "sex specific effects of psychedelics on prepulse inhibition of startle in 129s6 svev mice", "authors": "Vohra HZ, Saunders JM, Jaster AM, de la Fuente Revenga M, Jimenez J, Fernández-Teruel A, Wolstenholme JT, Beardsley PM, González-Maeso J", "abstract": "Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle is a sensorimotor gating phenomenon perturbed in a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions. Psychedelics disrupt PPI in rats and humans, but their effects and involvement of the serotonin 5-HT receptor (5-HTR) in mice remain unexplored. We tested the effect of the psychedelic 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) on startle amplitude and %PPI in response to acoustic stimuli under up to four different experimental conditions that included changes in background and stimulus intensity, prepulse and pulse duration, and interstimulus interval in male and female 129S6/SvEv mice. We also evaluated the effect of the 5-HTR antagonist M100,907 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) on DOI-induced startle amplitude and %PPI, as well as the effect of the psychedelic LSD (0.24 mg/kg, i.p.) and the dopamine agonists apomorphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) and SKF-82,958 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) in male 129S6/SvEv mice. DOI altered startle amplitude with either pulse alone or prepulse + pulse presentations in all PPI conditions, and increased %PPI in three out of four PPI conditions in male mice - an effect that was prevented by M100,907. In female mice, DOI increased %PPI without affecting startle amplitude. %PPI was positively correlated with startle amplitude in males while being negatively correlated in female mice. In male mice, LSD also increased %PPI, although it did not affect startle amplitude, whereas apomorphine and SKF-82,958 induced decreases in %PPI. Our findings highlight a distinct effect of the psychedelic DOI on PPI in 129S6/SvEv mice, suggesting 5-HTR-dependent PPI improvement in a paradigm-dependent and sex-dependent manner.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-05-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-05913-9", "pubmed_id": "34345931", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34345931/", "keywords": "G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), Hallucinogens, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), Prepulse inhibition (PPI), Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Psychopharmacology, Sensorimotor gating, Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, Sex differences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34345931\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1763, "title": "How to account for hallucinations in the interpretation of the antidepressant effects of psychedelics: a translational framework.", "normalized_title": "how to account for hallucinations in the interpretation of the antidepressant effects of psychedelics a translational framework", "authors": "van den Berg M, Magaraggia I, Schreiber R, Hillhouse TM, Porter JH", "abstract": "Recent trials with psychedelics in major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression showed remarkable improvements in depressive symptoms that can last for up to several months after even a single administration. The lack of an appropriate placebo control group-as patients are often able to discriminate the subjective effects of the drug-and an incomplete understanding of the role of the hallucinogenic and mystical experience, hampers the interpretation of these therapeutic effects. To control for these factors, we developed a translational framework based on establishing pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships in rodents and humans for hallucinogenic (i.e., discriminative stimulus effects in rodents and humans; head twitch responses in rodents; questionnaires in humans) and therapeutic effects. For the latter, we selected the pattern separation and attentional set-shifting tasks as measures for cognitive flexibility because of their high translational value. We predict that these PK/PD analyses will lead to a more objective evaluation of improvements in patients compared to relying only on the currently used self-reported questionnaires. We hypothesize that-if the role of the hallucinogenic experience is not central in the antidepressant effects of psychedelics-the ED's for the therapeutic effects will be significantly lower than for the hallucinogenic and mystical effects. Our framework will help to inform future studies that aim at the elucidation of the mechanism(s) of action of psychedelics in depression, and the role of the acute subjective and/or hallucinogenic experience in their effects.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2022-05-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06106-8", "pubmed_id": "35348806", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35348806/", "keywords": "Cognitive flexibility, Depression, Drug discrimination, Head twitch response (HTR), Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), Pattern separation (PS), Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35348806\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1762, "title": "Can the revival of serotonergic psychedelic drugs as treatments for mental disorders help to characterize their risks and benefits?", "normalized_title": "can the revival of serotonergic psychedelic drugs as treatments for mental disorders help to characterize their risks and benefits", "authors": "Husain MI, Umer M, Mulsant BH", "abstract": "", "journal": "Expert opinion on drug safety", "publication_date": "2022-05-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/14740338.2022.2063274", "pubmed_id": "35387542", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35387542/", "keywords": "MDMA, Psychedelics, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, psilocybin, psychotherapy, substance use disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35387542\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1742, "title": "Neural mechanisms underlying psilocybin's therapeutic potential - the need for preclinical in vivo electrophysiology.", "normalized_title": "neural mechanisms underlying psilocybin s therapeutic potential the need for preclinical in vivo electrophysiology", "authors": "Smausz R, Neill J, Gigg J.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound with profound perception-, emotion- and cognition-altering properties and great potential for treating brain disorders. However, the neural mechanisms mediating its effects require in-depth investigation as there is still much to learn about how psychedelic drugs produce their profound and long-lasting effects. In this review, we outline the current understanding of the neurophysiology of psilocybin's psychoactive properties, highlighting the need for additional preclinical studies to determine its effect on neural network dynamics. We first describe how psilocybin's effect on brain regions associated with the default-mode network (DMN), particularly the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, likely plays a key role in mediating its consciousness-altering properties. We then outline the specific receptor and cell types involved and discuss contradictory evidence from neuroimaging studies regarding psilocybin's net effect on activity within these regions. We go on to argue that in vivo electrophysiology is ideally suited to provide a more holistic, neural network analysis approach to understand psilocybin's mode of action. Thus, we integrate information about the neural bases for oscillatory activity generation with the accumulating evidence about psychedelic drug effects on neural synchrony within DMN-associated areas. This approach will help to generate important questions for future preclinical and clinical studies. Answers to these questions are vital for determining the neural mechanisms mediating psilocybin's psychotherapeutic potential, which promises to improve outcomes for patients with severe depression and other difficulty to treat conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221092508", "pubmed_id": "35638159", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221092508", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Electrophysiology, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35638159\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1724, "title": "Postpartum depression: A role for psychedelics?", "normalized_title": "postpartum depression a role for psychedelics", "authors": "Jairaj C, Rucker JJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPostpartum depression (PPD) is a major public health concern and has, at its core, a sense of maternal 'disconnection' - from the self, the infant, and the support system. While PPD bears similarities with MDD, there is increasing evidence for its distinct nature, especially with the unique aspect of the mother-infant relationship. Current treatment modalities for PPD, largely based on those used in major depressive disorder (MDD), have low remission rates with emerging evidence for treatment resistance. It is, therefore, necessary to explore alternative avenues of treatment for PPD.ObjectiveIn this narrative review, we outline the potential therapeutic rationale for serotonergic psychedelics in the treatment of PPD, and highlight safety and pragmatic considerations for the use of psychedelics in the postpartum period.MethodsWe examined the available evidence for the treatment of PPD and the evidence for psychedelics in the treatment of MDD. We explored safety considerations in the use of psychedelics in the postpartum period.ResultsThere is increasing evidence for safety, and encouraging signals for efficacy, of psilocybin in the treatment of MDD. Psilocybin has been shown to catalyse a sense of 'reconnection' in participants with MDD. This effect in PPD, by fostering a sense of 'reconnection' for the mother, may allow for improved mood and maternal sensitivity towards the infant, which can positively impact maternal role gratification and the mother-infant relationship.ConclusionPsychedelic assisted therapy in PPD may have a positive effect on the mother-infant dyad and warrants further examination.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221093793", "pubmed_id": "35638179", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221093793", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Postpartum, Hallucinogens, Mothers, Female, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35638179\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Aging,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1713, "title": "Review of potential psychedelic treatments for PTSD.", "normalized_title": "review of potential psychedelic treatments for ptsd", "authors": "Henner RL, Keshavan MS, Hill KP.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental illness with limited treatment options and a high treatment dropout rate. Psychedelics, often in combination with psychotherapy, are now under investigation as a potential treatment option for a variety of psychiatric conditions including PTSD. This paper reviews the proposed mechanism of action for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and classical psychedelics such as psilocybin in treating PTSD, along with available clinical evidence, safety and side effects. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is in FDA phase III clinical trials for PTSD and is purported to work by way of increased empathy and decreased amygdala activation during the therapeutic encounter and trauma processing. Classical psychedelics may create change by a subjective transformative experience along with an observable process of brain network alterations, though these substances have not been clinically studied in the context PTSD. In recent human-subject studies MDMA-assisted therapy resulted in significant improvement in PTSD symptoms with a good safety and side effect profile. There is not yet direct clinical evidence for classical psychedelics in treating PTSD, but the evidence supports such a trial. The studies to date have been relatively small, and participants are wellscreened for potential co-morbidities which could increase the risks of psychedelic treatment. Nonetheless, the data is promising for psychedelic-assisted treatment to become a much-needed treatment option for PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-29", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.jns.2022.120302", "pubmed_id": "35700643", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2022.120302", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Combined Modality Therapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35700643\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1779, "title": "Spatiotemporal Mapping of Online Interest in Cannabis and Popular Psychedelics before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland.", "normalized_title": "spatiotemporal mapping of online interest in cannabis and popular psychedelics before and during the covid 19 pandemic in poland", "authors": "Al-Imam A, Motyka MA, Witulska Z, Younus M, Michalak M.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics represent a unique subset of psychoactive substances that can induce an aberrant state of consciousness principally via the neuronal 5-HT2A receptor. There is limited knowledge concerning the interest in these chemicals in Poland and how they changed during the pandemic. Nonetheless, these interests can be surveyed indirectly via the web.ObjectivesWe aim to conduct a spatial-temporal mapping of online information-seeking behavior concerning cannabis and the most popular psychedelics before and during the pandemic.MethodsWe retrieved online information search data via Google Trends concerning twenty of the most popular psychedelics from 1 January 2017 to 1 January 2022 in Poland. We conducted Holt-Winters exponential smoothing for time series analysis to infer potential seasonality. We utilized hierarchical clustering analysis based on Ward's method to find similarities of psychedelics' interest within Poland's voivodships before and during the pandemic.ResultsTwelve (60%) psychedelics had significant seasonality; we proved that psilocybin and ayahuasca had annual seasonality (p-value = 0.0120 and p = 0.0003, respectively), and four substances-LSD, AL-LAD, DXM, and DOB-exhibited a half-yearly seasonality, while six psychedelics had a quarterly seasonal pattern, including cannabis, dronabinol, ergine, NBOMe, phencyclidine, and salvinorin A. Further, the pandemic influenced a significant positive change in the trends for three substances, including psilocybin, ergine, and DXM.ConclusionsDifferent seasonal patterns exist for psychedelics, and some might correlate with school breaks or holidays in Poland. The pandemic induced some changes in the temporal and spatial trends. The spatial-temporal trends could be valuable information to health authorities and policymakers responsible for monitoring and preventing addictions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ijerph19116619", "pubmed_id": "35682204", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116619", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Poland, Pandemics, Psilocybin, COVID-19", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35682204\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1726, "title": "Analytical profile, in vitro metabolism and behavioral properties of the lysergamide 1P-AL-LAD.", "normalized_title": "analytical profile in vitro metabolism and behavioral properties of the lysergamide 1p al lad", "authors": "Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Pulver B, Schwelm HM, Whitelock K, Stratford A, Auwärter V, Halberstadt AL.", "abstract": "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is known to induce powerful psychoactive effects in humans, which cemented its status as an important tool for clinical research. A range of analogues and derivatives has been investigated over the years, including those classified as new psychoactive substances. This study presents the characterization of the novel lysergamide N,N-diethyl-1-propanoyl-6-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-9,10-didehydroergoline-8β-carboxamide (1P-AL-LAD) using various mass spectrometric, gas- and liquid chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. In vitro metabolism studies using pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) confirmed that 1P-AL-LAD converted to AL-LAD as the most abundant metabolite consistent with the hypothesis that 1P-AL-LAD may act as a prodrug. Fourteen metabolites were detected in total; metabolic reactions included hydroxylation of the core lysergamide ring structure or the N6 -allyl group, formation of dihydrodiol metabolites, N-dealkylation, N1 -deacylation, dehydrogenation, and combinations thereof. The in vivo behavioral activity of 1P-AL-LAD was evaluated using the mouse head twitch response (HTR), a 5-HT2A -mediated head movement that serves as a behavioral proxy in rodents for human hallucinogenic effects. 1P-AL-LAD induced a dose-dependent increase in HTR counts with an inverted U-shaped dose-response function, similar to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and other psychedelics. Following intraperitoneal injection, the median effective dose (ED50 ) for 1P-AL-LAD was 491 nmol/kg, making it almost three times less potent than AL-LAD (174.9 nmol/kg). Previous studies have shown that N1 -substitution disrupts the ability of lysergamides to activate the 5-HT2A receptor; based on the in vitro metabolism data, 1P-AL-LAD may induce the HTR because it acts as a prodrug and is metabolized to AL-LAD after administration to mice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1002/dta.3281", "pubmed_id": "35524430", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3281", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Mice, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Prodrugs, Chromatography, Liquid", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35524430\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1780, "title": "Unraveling the Mysteries of Mental Illness With Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "unraveling the mysteries of mental illness with psilocybin", "authors": "Sotille R, Singh H, Weisman A, Vida T.", "abstract": "Current medications have not been effective in reducing the prevalence of mental illness worldwide. The prevalence of illnesses such as treatment-resistant depression has increased despite the widespread use of a broad set of psychopharmaceuticals. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and ketamine therapy are making great strides in improving treatment-resistant depression outcomes but they have limitations. New psychotherapeutics are required that specifically target the underlying cellular pathologies leading to neuronal atrophy. This neuronal atrophy model is supplanting the long-held neurotransmitter deficit hypothesis to explain mental illness. Interest in psychedelics as therapeutic molecules to treat mental illness is experiencing a 21st-century reawakening that is on the cusp of a transformation. Psilocybin is a pro-drug, found in various naturally occurring mushrooms, that is dephosphorylated to produce psilocin, a classic tryptamine psychedelic functional as a 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist. We have focused this review to include studies in the last two years that suggest psilocybin promotes neuronal plasticity, which may lead to changes in brain network connectivity. Recent advancements in clinical trials using pure psilocybin in therapy suggest that it may effectively relieve the symptoms of depression in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Sophisticated cellular and molecular experiments at the systems level have produced evidence that demonstrates psilocybin promotes neuritogenesis in the mouse brain - a mechanism that may address the root cause of depression at the cellular level. Finally, studies with psilocybin therapy for major depressive disorder suggest that this ancient molecule can promote functionally connected intrinsic networks in the human brain, resulting in durable improvements in the severity of depressive symptoms. Although further research is necessary, the prospect of using psilocybin for the treatment of mental illness is an enticing possibility.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.25414", "pubmed_id": "35769681", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.25414", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35769681\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3398, "title": "Unique Effects of Sedatives, Dissociatives, Psychedelics, Stimulants, and Cannabinoids on Episodic Memory: A Review and Reanalysis of Acute Drug Effects on Recollection, Familiarity, and Metamemory", "normalized_title": "unique effects of sedatives dissociatives psychedelics stimulants and cannabinoids on episodic memory a review and reanalysis of acute drug effects on recollection familiarity and metamemory", "authors": "Doss MK, Samaha J, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR, de Wit H, Gallo DA, Koen JD.", "abstract": "Despite distinct classes of psychoactive drugs producing putatively unique states of consciousness, there is surprising overlap in terms of their effects on episodic memory and cognition more generally. Episodic memory is supported by multiple subprocesses that have been mostly overlooked in psychopharmacology and could differentiate drug classes. Here, we reanalyzed episodic memory confidence data from 10 previously published datasets (28 drug conditions total) using signal detection models to estimate 2 conscious states involved in episodic memory and 1 consciously-controlled metacognitive process of memory: the retrieval of specific details from one’s past (recollection), noetic recognition in the absence of retrieved details (familiarity), and accurate introspection of memory decisions (metamemory). We observed that sedatives, dissociatives, psychedelics, stimulants, and cannabinoids had unique patterns of effects on these mnemonic processes dependent on which phase of memory (encoding, consolidation, or retrieval) was targeted. All drugs at encoding except stimulants impaired recollection, and sedatives, dissociatives, and cannabinoids at encoding impaired familiarity. The effects of sedatives on metamemory were mixed, whereas dissociatives and cannabinoids at encoding tended to enhance metamemory. Surprisingly, psychedelics at encoding tended to enhance familiarity and did not impact metamemory. Stimulants at encoding and retrieval enhanced metamemory, but at consolidation, they impaired metamemory. Together, these findings may have relevance to mechanisms underlying unique subjective phenomena under different drug classes, such as blackouts from sedatives or déjà vu from psychedelics. This study provides a framework for interrogating drug effects within a domain of cognition beyond the global impairments on task performance typically reported in psychopharmacology. Public significance statement This systematic review and reanalysis of several datasets indicate that sedatives (alcohol, zolpidem, triazolam), dissociatives (ketamine, dextromethorphan), psychedelics (psilocybin, MDMA), stimulants (dextroamphetamine, dextromethamphetamine), and cannabinoids (THC) can each have idiosyncratic effects on episodic memory, differentially impairing certain mnemonic processes while sparing or even facilitating others. Such findings inform how different drugs can produce unique subjective phenomena and provide a framework for future work to differentiate the effects of psychoactive drugs within a domain of cognition.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-05-23", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.05.20.492842", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.20.492842", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR496762\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1784, "title": "New Paradigms of Old Psychedelics in Schizophrenia.", "normalized_title": "new paradigms of old psychedelics in schizophrenia", "authors": "Mahmood D, Alenezi SK, Anwar MJ, Azam F, Qureshi KA, Jaremko M.", "abstract": "Psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (magic mushrooms), and mescaline exhibit intense effects on the human brain and behaviour. In recent years, there has been a surge in studies investigating these drugs because clinical studies have shown that these once banned drugs are well tolerated and efficacious in medically supervised low doses called microdosing. Psychedelics have demonstrated efficacy in treating neuropsychiatric maladies such as difficult to treat anxiety, depression, mood disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, suicidal ideation, posttraumatic stress disorder, and also in treating substance use disorders. The primary mode of action of psychedelics is activation of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors affecting cognition and brain connectivity through the modulation of several downstream signalling pathways via complex molecular mechanisms. Some atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) primarily exhibit pharmacological actions through 5-HT2A receptors, which are also the target of psychedelic drugs. Psychedelic drugs including the newer second generation along with the glutamatergic APDs are thought to mediate pharmacological actions through a common pathway, i.e., a complex serotonin-glutamate receptor interaction in cortical neurons of pyramidal origin. Furthermore, psychedelic drugs have been reported to act via a complex interplay between 5HT2A, mGlu2/3, and NMDA receptors to mediate neurobehavioral and pharmacological actions. Findings from recent studies have suggested that serotoninergic and glutamatergic neurotransmissions are very closely connected in producing pharmacological responses to psychedelics and antipsychotic medication. Emerging hypotheses suggest that psychedelics work through brain resetting mechanisms. Hence, there is a need to dig deeply into psychedelic neurobiology to uncover how psychedelics could best be used as scientific tools to benefit psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-22", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/ph15050640", "pubmed_id": "35631466", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15050640", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35631466\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1781, "title": "Psychoactive Drugs in the Management of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Promising New Horizon.", "normalized_title": "psychoactive drugs in the management of post traumatic stress disorder a promising new horizon", "authors": "Elsouri KN, Kalhori S, Colunge D, Grabarczyk G, Hanna G, Carrasco C, Aleman Espino A, Francisco A, Borosky B, Bekheit B, Ighanifard M, Astudillo AA, Demory Beckler M.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that often presents after exposure to a traumatic, life-threatening event. Experiencing a traumatic event is not rare, with inciting incidents ranging from being burglarized to politically motivated genocide. While traditional psychopharmacology and psychotherapy are the mainstays of the treatment of PTSD currently, psychoactive drugs (otherwise known as psychedelics) are being explored for their novel role in the treatment of PTSD patients. Psychoactive drugs such as MDMA, ketamine, and psilocybin have been shown to specifically target and decrease fear and anxiety pathways in the brain. These unique properties hold the potential to be utilized in addressing symptoms of trauma in those with refractory or treatment-resistant PTSD. Historically, federal and state laws have restricted research into how psychoactive drugs can be used to treat mental illness due to the widespread belief that these drugs present more harm than benefit. However, the current shift in public opinion on psychedelics has propelled research to look into the benefits of these drugs for patients with mental illness. This article aims to discuss the mechanisms of how MDMA, ketamine, and psilocybin work in the PTSD brain, as well as their beneficial role in treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-22", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.25235", "pubmed_id": "35747039", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.25235", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35747039\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3676, "title": "Psilocybin Versus Ketamine - Fast Acting Antidepressant Strategies in Treatment-resistant Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin versus ketamine fast acting antidepressant strategies in treatment resistant depression", "authors": "National Institute of Mental Health, Czech Republic", "abstract": "The main goal is to compare the antidepressant effects of psilocybin and ketamine in patients with TRD versus the antidepressant inactive substance midazolam. The primary endpoint will be the antidepressant effect on the Montgomery- Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) 24 hours after treatment, the key secondary endpoints being the duration of antidepressant effect, the number of responses and remissions, and the time to standard antidepressant treatment during 3 months of observation. The exploratory part of the study aims to monitor changes in the functional brain states using simultaneous EEG / fMRI, before treatment versus 1 day and 1 week after. Based on literature data and recent data from healthy volunteers who participated in a previous study with psilocybin, the investigator will correlate antidepressant effects of drugs (using psychometric scales and reactions to emotionally salient stimuli (eye tracker)) with entropy and functional connectivity measures. Finally the investigator will explore the role of plasmatic neurobiological biomarkers in depression (BDNF, prolactin, ACTH and oxytocin). The main aim of the study is to verify the efficacy and safety of a single dose of psilocybin 20 mg in the treatment of TRD in adults in a randomized clinical trial with active comparator ketamine 200 mg (rapid onset acting antidepressant) and negative control midazolam 5 mg (drug with no antidepressant properties). Primary objective: 1) verification of the rapid antidepressant effect of psilocybin compared to ketamine using the MADRS scale at 24 hours. Secondary objectives: 1) on days 3, 7 and 14 and 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 weeks after application of the substances, evaluate / compare: a) the duration of effects of both substances using the MADRS scale b) antidepressant effects according to the subjective evaluation of patients - QIDS scale. c) response rate (50% reduction on the MADRS scale) and remission (MADRS? 10). 2) time to return of depressive symptoms defined according to the criteria for the use of antidepressants within 12 weeks 3) safety profile of study medication Exploratory objectives: 1) Evaluate the antidepressant effect depending on: a) the intensity of acute psychological effects assessed using the subjective scale of 5D-ASCs and the objective scale of BPRS, b) depending on the retrospective assessment of persistent effects using the Persisting effects scale, c) the degree of eye contact with negative and neutral emotion faces measured by eye-tracking before and after treatment (on days 1 and 7). 2) To evaluate the neurobiology of the antidepressant effect in relation to: a) plasma levels of the major metabolite of psilocin, markers of neuroplasticity, antidepressant effect and stress (BDNF, prolactin, oxytocin, ACTH) at 90 min, 3, and 6 h after administration of study medication compared to pre-administration levels, b) changes in resting-state brain activity (connectivity, entropy) measured by simultaneous EEG / fMRI functional imaging methods before and after 1 and 7 days after treatment.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-05-19", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05383313", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Psilocybin, Ketamine Hydrochloride, Midazolam Ph. Eur 9.0, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05383313\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1786, "title": "Alternative Options for Complex, Recurrent Pain States Using Cannabinoids, Psilocybin, and Ketamine: A Narrative Review of Clinical Evidence.", "normalized_title": "alternative options for complex recurrent pain states using cannabinoids psilocybin and ketamine a narrative review of clinical evidence", "authors": "Edinoff AN, Fort JM, Singh C, Wagner SE, Rodriguez JR, Johnson CA, Cornett EM, Murnane KS, Kaye AM, Kaye AD.", "abstract": "With emerging information about the potential for morbidity and reduced life expectancy with long-term use of opioids, it is logical to evaluate nonopioid analgesic treatments to manage pain states. Combinations of drugs can provide additive and/or synergistic effects that can benefit the management of pain states. In this regard, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) modulate nociceptive signals and have been studied for chronic pain treatment. Psilocybin, commonly known as \"magic mushrooms\", works at the serotonin receptor, 5-HT2A. Psilocybin has been found in current studies to help with migraines since it has a tryptamine structure and works similarly to triptans. Psilocybin also has the potential for use in chronic pain treatment. However, the studies that have looked at alternative plant-based medications such as THC, CBD, and psilocybin have been small in terms of their sample size and may not consider the demographic or genetic differences in the population because of their small sample sizes. At present, it is unclear whether the effects reported in these studies translate to the general population or even are significant. In summary, additional studies are warranted to evaluate chronic pain management with alternative and combinations of medications in the treatment of chronic pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-17", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/neurolint14020035", "pubmed_id": "35645354", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14020035", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35645354\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1785, "title": "Chronic Treatment With Psilocybin Decreases Changes in Body Weight in a Rodent Model of Obesity.", "normalized_title": "chronic treatment with psilocybin decreases changes in body weight in a rodent model of obesity", "authors": "Huang J, Pham M, Panenka WJ, Honer WG, Barr AM.", "abstract": "BackgroundThere are currently relatively few effective pharmacological treatments for obesity, and existing ones may be associated with limiting side-effects. In the search for novel anti-obesity agents, drugs that modify central serotonergic systems have historically proven to be effective in promoting weight loss. Psilocin, which is rapidly metabolized from psilocybin, is an agonist at multiple serotonin receptors. In the present study we assessed the effects of psilocybin and a positive control (metformin) on changes in body weight in a rat model of obesity.MethodsFive groups of adult male rats were pre-conditioned with a cafeteria diet until obese (>600 g) and then treated with either psilocybin (0.1, 1, or 5 mg/kg, i.p.), metformin (300 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle control. Treatments were for 27 consecutive weekdays, and body weights and high calorie food intake were recorded daily. Fasting glucose levels were recorded after 11 days of treatment. At the end of treatment rats completed a glucose tolerance test, and multiple fat pads were dissected out to assess adiposity.ResultsThe medium dose psilocybin group had to be terminated from the study prematurely. Both the low and high dose psilocybin groups caused a significant decrease in changes in body weight compared to controls. The metformin group produced a greater decrease in change in body weight than either psilocybin groups or controls. Both high dose psilocybin and metformin decreased consumption of the high calorie diet, and exhibited decreased central adiposity.ConclusionPsilocybin demonstrated modest but significant effects on weight gain. Further study is recommended.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-17", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.891512", "pubmed_id": "35664477", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.891512", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35664477\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1739, "title": "Assessment of Bioactivity-Modulating Pseudo-Ring Formation in Psilocin and Related Tryptamines.", "normalized_title": "assessment of bioactivity modulating pseudo ring formation in psilocin and related tryptamines", "authors": "Lenz C, Dörner S, Trottmann F, Hertweck C, Sherwood A, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "Psilocybin (1) is the major alkaloid found in psychedelic mushrooms and acts as a prodrug to psilocin (2, 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), a potent psychedelic that exerts remarkable alteration of human consciousness. In contrast, the positional isomer bufotenin (7, 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) differs significantly in its reported pharmacology. A series of experiments was designed to explore chemical differences between 2 and 7 and specifically to test the hypothesis that the C-4 hydroxy group of 2 significantly influences the observed physical and chemical properties through pseudo-ring formation via an intramolecular hydrogen bond (IMHB). NMR spectroscopy, accompanied by quantum chemical calculations, was employed to compare hydrogen bond behavior in 4- and 5-hydroxylated tryptamines. The results provide evidence for a pseudo-ring in 2 and that sidechain/hydroxyl interactions in 4-hydroxytryptamines influence their oxidation kinetics. We conclude that the propensity to form IMHBs leads to a higher number of uncharged species that easily cross the blood-brain barrier, compared to 7 and other 5-hydroxytryptamines, which cannot form IMHBs. Our work helps understand a fundamental aspect of the pharmacology of 2 and should support efforts to introduce it (via the prodrug 1) as an urgently needed therapeutic against major depressive disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-17", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1002/cbic.202200183", "pubmed_id": "35483009", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202200183", "keywords": "Humans, Tryptamines, Hallucinogens, Prodrugs, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35483009\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Consciousness,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1787, "title": "Psilocybin-induced takotsubo cardiomyopathy.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced takotsubo cardiomyopathy", "authors": "Kotts WJ, Gamble DT, Dawson DK, Connor D.", "abstract": "We present a case of takotsubo cardiomyopathy following recreational ingestion of Psilocybe semilanceata (known as 'magic mushrooms'). The patient presented with respiratory distress and pulmonary oedema responding to standard medical measures. Investigations included: echocardiogram, cardiac MRI and angiogram. Based on our search, we suggest this is only the second recognised case in the published literature.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-16", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1136/bcr-2021-245863", "pubmed_id": "35580942", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-245863", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35580942\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1788, "title": "Safety considerations in the evolving legal landscape of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "safety considerations in the evolving legal landscape of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Mocanu V, Mackay L, Christie D, Argento E.", "abstract": "International drug policy is rapidly evolving in tandem with promising evidence for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) in treating a range of mental health conditions. Canada is among the countries increasingly expanding access to psychedelic substances for therapeutic purposes. The 8-year ban on medical exemptions through the Canadian Special Access Programme was recently reversed in January 2022 and the first exemptions for legal possession and personal use of psilocybin mushrooms were granted in 2020, nearly 50 years since their criminalization. In view of the evolving evidence base and regulatory landscape for PAP illustrated by recent shifts in Canadian and international drug policy, this piece seeks to clarify the special range of factors which ought to be considered to safely expand access to psychedelics. Streamlining access to safe and evidence-based compassionate use of PAP will provide a timely treatment option to those currently in need while encouraging further research and outcome surveillance to refine best practices.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1186/s13011-022-00468-0", "pubmed_id": "35568884", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-022-00468-0", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Canada, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35568884\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1714, "title": "Special considerations for evaluating psilocybin-facilitated psychotherapy in vulnerable populations.", "normalized_title": "special considerations for evaluating psilocybin facilitated psychotherapy in vulnerable populations", "authors": "Ortiz CE, Dourron HM, Sweat NW, Garcia-Romeu A, MacCarthy S, Anderson BT, Hendricks PS.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-facilitated psychotherapy shows potential transdiagnostic efficacy for a range of mental health conditions. Though vulnerable populations bear disproportionate mental health burden, they have been largely neglected in the clinical psilocybin literature. However, if the field is to best respond to the diverse needs of individuals from vulnerable populations, care must be taken to ensure these individuals are represented in the empirical research. This report calls attention to this concern by detailing the challenges and opportunities associated with evaluating psilocybin-facilitated psychotherapy in vulnerable populations. First, we show how working with vulnerable populations must be considered in the context of an often-problematic past and differential exposure to and experience with classic psychedelics. We then provide actionable recommendations for future research testing psilocybin-facilitated psychotherapy in vulnerable populations, including an emphasis on recruitment strategies, the appropriate communication and assessment of subjective effects, building therapeutic alliance, multicultural competence, and flexible study designs. On these premises we call for future work in this area, underscoring that there is vast room for improvement and expansion in this rapidly advancing field of study.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-12", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109127", "pubmed_id": "35577136", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109127", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Vulnerable Populations, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35577136\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3770, "title": "A critique of: Skepticism About Recent Evidence that Psilocybin Opens Depressed Minds", "normalized_title": "a critique of skepticism about recent evidence that psilocybin opens depressed minds", "authors": "Carhart-Harris R, Daws RE, Nutt D.", "abstract": "This document details an authors' response to a critique of their work entitled: Skepticism About Recent Evidence that Psilocybin Opens Depressed Minds.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-05-09", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/pdbf5", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/pdbf5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:20", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR491363\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3221, "title": "A critique of: Skepticism About Recent Evidence that Psilocybin Opens Depressed Minds", "normalized_title": "a critique of skepticism about recent evidence that psilocybin opens depressed minds", "authors": "", "abstract": "This document details an authors' response to a critique of their work entitled: Skepticism About Recent Evidence that Psilocybin Opens Depressed Minds.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-05-09", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/pdbf5_v1", "keywords": "Psychiatry, Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"pdbf5_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1705, "title": "Magic mushroom extracts in lipid membranes.", "normalized_title": "magic mushroom extracts in lipid membranes", "authors": "Nguyen TQT, Lund FW, Zanjani AAH, Khandelia H.", "abstract": "The active hallucinogen of magic mushrooms, psilocin, is being repurposed to treat nicotine addiction and treatment-resistant depression. Psilocin belongs to the tryptamine class of psychedelic compounds which include the hormone serotonin. It is believed that psilocin exerts its effect by binding to the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. However, recent in-vivo evidence suggests that psilocin may employ a different mechanism to exert its effects. Membrane-mediated receptor desensitization of neurotransmitter receptors is one such mechanism. We compare the impact of the neutral and charged versions of psilocin and serotonin on the properties of zwitterionic and anionic lipid membranes using molecular dynamics simulations and calorimetry. Both compounds partition to the lipid interface and induce membrane thinning. The tertiary amine in psilocin, as opposed to the primary amine in serotonin, limits psilocin's impact on the membrane although more psilocin partitions into the membrane than serotonin. Calorimetry corroborates that both compounds induce a classical melting point depression like anesthetics do. Our results also lend support to a membrane-mediated receptor-binding mechanism for both psilocin and serotonin and provide physical insights into subtle chemical changes that can alter the membrane-binding of psychedelic compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-05-09", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183957", "pubmed_id": "35561790", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183957", "keywords": "Serotonin, Lipids, Hallucinogens, Protein Binding, Psilocybe", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35561790\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1789, "title": "The psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression: a systematic review protocol.", "normalized_title": "the psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression a systematic review protocol", "authors": "Johansen L, Liknaitzky P, Nedeljkovic M, Mastin-Purcell L, Murray G", "abstract": "There is currently renewed interest in the use of psychedelic therapy in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including depression. The proposed systematic review will aim to identify, evaluate and summarise the psychological processes of change underlying psychedelic therapy for depression in the current literature and consider the implications these processes may have on the psychotherapy component of treatment. Scopus, PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science databases will be searched using relevant terms. Studies will be included if they discuss the use of a classic psychedelic to treat depression symptomology in an adult population and report or propose psychological processes responsible for depression symptom change. Two authors will independently screen articles, complete quality assessment tools and conduct data extraction. Empirical and non-empirical research will be extracted and synthesised separately. A narrative synthesis approach will be used to report psychological processes identified in the literature. This systematic review will be the first to collate available evidence on the psychological processes associated with psychedelic therapy for depression. The preliminary nature of this research field is expected to result in the review having several limitations, namely heterogeneity between studies and the inclusion of limited empirical research. We intend for this review to present the current state of the literature, identify gaps and generate candidate variables that warrant further investigation. PROSPERO CRD42020197202.", "journal": "Systematic reviews", "publication_date": "2022-05-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1186/s13643-022-01930-7", "pubmed_id": "35513876", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35513876/", "keywords": "Depression, LSD, Narrative synthesis, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, Psychological processes, Systematic review", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35513876\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1790, "title": "The Pharmacology and Clinical Applications of Psychedelic Medicines Within Midwifery Practice.", "normalized_title": "the pharmacology and clinical applications of psychedelic medicines within midwifery practice", "authors": "Stein CA, Penn A, Van Hope S, Dorsen CG, Mangini M", "abstract": "The research and use of psychedelic medicines to treat common mental health disorders has increased substantially in the past 2 decades. At the same time, knowledge is relatively uncommon among midwives regarding (1) the relative benefits of psychedelic-assisted therapy, (2) best practices associated with the delivery of psychedelic-assisted therapy, and (3) responsible integration of this potentially useful intervention into mental health treatment plans. The purpose of this review is to describe current applications of psychedelic medicines to treat common mental health disorders, to describe the current legal status of these medicines used in this context, and to explore the potential for midwifery practice in this area with further training. This article also addresses the disparities regarding LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC populations in relation to this topic and their historical exclusion from research and treatment access in this field.", "journal": "Journal of midwifery & women's health", "publication_date": "2022-04-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1111/jmwh.13371", "pubmed_id": "35522087", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35522087/", "keywords": "MDMA, PTSD, depression, ketamine, midwives, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35522087\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3659, "title": "Phase II, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group, Single Center Study of Psilocybin Efficacy in Major Depression", "normalized_title": "phase ii randomized double blind placebo controlled parallel group single center study of psilocybin efficacy in major depression", "authors": "University of Zurich", "abstract": "Effects of serotonin 2A/1A receptor stimulation by psilocybin on mood and emotion processing in major depressive disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the world's greatest contributor to the global burden of disease and MDD affects around 17% of the Swiss population (Tomonaga et al. 2013). It is a chronic condition and can cause the affected person to suffer greatly and function poorly at work, at school and in the family. More than 1'000 suicides were recorded in Switzerland in 2014, about 90% of these fatalities were related to depression or other psychiatric problems. Suicide is the second leading cause of death in individuals 15-24 years of age (Insel \\& Charney 2003). Current pharmacotherapies, including monoaminergic-acting antidepressants, require prolonged administration (weeks if not months) for clinical improvement. This lag time, as well as a high non-response rate, emphasizes the need for better and faster-acting antidepressant medications. However, psychopharmacological research has largely failed to produce novel and more efficacious treatment options for MDD since decades. Advanced pharmaceutical antidepressants should ideally facilitate the psychotherapeutic process for patients, reduce the time onset of antidepressant efficacy, and prime neuroplastic adaptations relevant to symptom improvement. Such novel therapeutics are much needed and would address this detrimental public health problem, particularly in treatment-resistant patients. Early clinical studies using the psychotropic compound psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) as an adjunct in psychotherapy reported a significant improvement of clinical symptoms in depression and anxiety disorder (Leuner 1961, 1981). Psilocybin is the main psychoactive principle of the group of hallucinogenic fungi (Hofmann 1968), commonly known as magic mushrooms, and acts as partial agonist at cortical and sub-cortical serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors. At moderate doses, psilocybin produces a dream-like state of consciousness (Kraehenmann et al. 2016) characterized by perceptual alterations, enhanced mood, facilitated autobiographic memory recollection, and a change of perspective on the self (Leuner 1981; Studerus et al. 2011). Recent clinical studies applying placebo-controlled designs support and extend these early findings by showing that a single dose of psilocybin leads to a fast and sustained reduction in anxiety and depression as well as an improvement of quality of life in advanced cancer patients (Griffiths 2015, Grob et al. 2011). Furthermore, a recent open-label feasibility study showed rapid-onset, sustained symptom improvements over 3 weeks in a small sample of treatment-resistant depressed patients following two psilocybin treatment sessions (Carhart-Harris et al. 2016). Accumulating evidence from pharmacological and neuroimaging studies suggests that psilocybin may produce its antidepressant effects via activation of 5-HT2A receptors located in prefrontal-limbic structures that are also implicated in the pathophysiology of depression (Kraehenmann \\& Vollenweider et al. 2015; Vollenweider und Kometer 2010; Disner et al. 2011). In addition, molecular studies suggest that the enduring symptom improvement after a single dose of psilocybin may be mediated through downstream effects on the glutamate system and a subsequent activation of neuroplastic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Catlow et al. 2013, Barre et al. 2016). The present clinical trial aims at investigating the putative antidepressant effects of a single moderate dose of psilocybin (0.215 mg/kg) in patients suffering from MDD by applying a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. The specific aims of this project are: 1. To investigate whether psilocybin in combination with short-term focused psychotherapy will reduce core symptoms in patients with MDD. 2. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to longitudinally assess whether a single dose of psilocybin will post-acutely change the negative emotion processing bias in patients with MDD and whether the change in emotion processing bias will predict subsequent symptom improvement. In addition, the investigators will analyze whether psilocybin will lead to sustained changes in functional neuronal network connectivity (FC), e.g. in amygdala-prefrontal FC. 3. To investigate whether psilocybin will increase BDNF plasma concentration and whether the change in BDNF is related to changes in fMRI markers and the subsequent mood improvement. Recent reviews indicate that impaired neuroplasticity is at the core of the pathophysiology moods and stress-related disorders. Current available antidepressants have been developed with the aim of providing symptom relief rather than targeting neuroplastic impairments. In contrast to this, the present proposal builds on promising new findings that single dose of psilocybin, presumably via a 5-HT2A receptor driven glutamatergic mechanism, leads to a rapid enhancement in neuronal resilience and a to a change in the function of neuronal networks underlying depressive symptoms and behavior. Targeting neuroplasticity with such novel approaches appears to be important for reversing cognitive schemata and emotion processing biases, fostering enduring improvements in mood and cognitive flexibility (Krystal et al. 2009). Expected value: this is the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (RCT) of psilocybin treatment in MDD. Using state-of-the art behavioral, neuroimaging, and neuroplasticity methodology, the results of this study will help elucidate urgently needed new treatment mechanisms in MDD. Should it turn out that a single moderate dose of psilocybin vs. placebo in conjunction with psychotherapy may rapidly and sustainedly reduce depressive symptoms, this will be a major breakthrough in finding a novel and fast acting treatment strategy in depressed patients. Therefore, the results of this study will have high impact on the field of pharmacological research into novel antidepressant medication.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-04-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03715127", "keywords": "Depressive Disorder, Major, Psilocybine oral capsule, Placebo oral capsule, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03715127\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Aging,Resilience,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3194, "title": "Sex-Specific Effects of Psychedelic Drug Exposure on Central Amygdala Reactivity and Behavioral Responding", "normalized_title": "sex specific effects of psychedelic drug exposure on central amygdala reactivity and behavioral responding", "authors": "Effinger D, Quadir S, Ramage M, Cone M, Herman M.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Psilocybin, and its active metabolite psilocin, have been shown to elicit rapid and long-lasting symptom improvements in a variety of affective psychiatric illnesses. However, the region-specific alterations underlying these therapeutic effects remain relatively unknown. The central amygdala (CeA) is a primary output region within the extended amygdala that is dysregulated in affective psychiatric disorders. Here, we measured CeA activity using the activity marker c-Fos and CeA reactivity using fiber photometry paired with an aversive air-puff stimulus. We found that psilocin administration acutely increased CeA activity in both males and females and increased stimulus specific CeA reactivity in females, but not males. In contrast, psilocin produced time-dependent decreases in reactivity in males, but not females as early as 2-days and lasting to 28-days post administration. We also measured behavioral responses to the air-puff stimulus and found sex-dependent changes in threat responding but not exploratory behavior or general locomotion. Repeated presentations of the auditory component of the air-puff were also performed and sex-specific effects of psilocin on CeA reactivity to the auditory-alone stimulus were also observed. This study provides new evidence that a single dose of psilocin produces sex-specific, time-dependent, and enduring changes in CeA reactivity and behavioral responding to specific components of an aversive stimulus.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-04-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.04.28.489882", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.28.489882", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR487102\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3796, "title": "Skepticism About Recent Evidence that Psilocybin Opens Depressed Minds", "normalized_title": "skepticism about recent evidence that psilocybin opens depressed minds", "authors": "Doss M, Barrett FS, Corlett PR.", "abstract": "Here we raise issues in Daws et al. (2022) published in Nature Medicine.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-04-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/a25wb", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/a25wb", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR492581\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3365, "title": "Skepticism About Recent Evidence that Psilocybin Opens Depressed Minds", "normalized_title": "skepticism about recent evidence that psilocybin opens depressed minds", "authors": "", "abstract": "Here we raise issues in Daws et al. (2022) published in Nature Medicine.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2022-04-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/a25wb_v1", "keywords": "depression, fMRI, psilocybin, Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"a25wb_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1761, "title": "Safety issues of psilocybin and LSD as potential rapid acting antidepressants and potential challenges.", "normalized_title": "safety issues of psilocybin and lsd as potential rapid acting antidepressants and potential challenges", "authors": "Rossi GN, Hallak JEC, Bouso Saiz JC, Dos Santos RG.", "abstract": "IntroductionA limited number of preliminary open-label (n = 3) and placebo-controlled clinical trials (n = 5) have suggested psilocybin and LSD as potential rapid antidepressants. In this context, there is a growing need to verify and document their safety and tolerability as therapeutic agents, discuss the challenges associated with their administration, and develop safety protocols for their use as next-generation therapeutic agents.Areas coveredWe have analyzed all randomized, double-blind, and controlled trials that assessed the antidepressant effects of psilocybin and LSD in clinical populations to date, taking special attention to adverse events (AEs) related to their use. Prevalence, significance, and mechanisms of action related to AEs were systematically extracted, analyzed, and discussed.Expert opinionThere were no serious AEs related to psilocybin and LSD administration. Most AEs were expected, manageable, and transient. Nevertheless, safety and tolerability concerns regarding some effects, such as dissociation, paranoia, and confusion, remain. Thus, randomized controlled trials with bigger samples are warranted to confirm their therapeutic effects and further investigate their safety and tolerability.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-04-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/14740338.2022.2066650", "pubmed_id": "35426754", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2022.2066650", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Antidepressive Agents, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35426754\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1653, "title": "Diverse therapeutic developments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicate common mechanisms of memory modulation.", "normalized_title": "diverse therapeutic developments for post traumatic stress disorder ptsd indicate common mechanisms of memory modulation", "authors": "Raut SB, Marathe PA, van Eijk L, Eri R, Ravindran M, Benedek DM, Ursano RJ, Canales JJ, Johnson LR.", "abstract": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), characterized by abnormally persistent and distressing memories, is a chronic debilitating condition in need of new treatment options. Current treatment guidelines recommend psychotherapy as first line management with only two drugs, sertraline and paroxetine, approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of PTSD. These drugs have limited efficacy as they only reduce symptoms related to depression and anxiety without producing permanent remission. PTSD remains a significant public health problem with high morbidity and mortality requiring major advances in therapeutics. Early evidence has emerged for the beneficial effects of psychedelics particularly in combination with psychotherapy for management of PTSD, including psilocybin, MDMA, LSD, cannabinoids, ayahuasca and ketamine. MDMA and psilocybin reduce barrier to therapy by increasing trust between therapist and patient, thus allowing for modification of trauma related memories. Furthermore, research into the memory reconsolidation mechanisms has allowed for identification of various pharmacological targets to disrupt abnormally persistent memories. A number of pre-clinical and clinical studies have investigated novel and re-purposed pharmacological agents to disrupt fear memory in PTSD. Novel therapeutic approaches like neuropeptide Y, oxytocin, cannabinoids and neuroactive steroids have also shown potential for PTSD treatment. Here, we focus on the role of fear memory in the pathophysiology of PTSD and propose that many of these new therapeutic strategies produce benefits through the effect on fear memory. Evaluation of recent research findings suggests that while a number of drugs have shown promising results in preclinical studies and pilot clinical trials, the evidence from large scale clinical trials would be needed for these drugs to be incorporated in clinical practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-04-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108195", "pubmed_id": "35489438", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108195", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Cannabinoids, Fear, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35489438\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1744, "title": "The Effects of Psilocybin in Adults with Major Depressive Disorder and the General Population: Findings from Neuroimaging Studies.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin in adults with major depressive disorder and the general population findings from neuroimaging studies", "authors": "Gill H, Puramat P, Patel P, Gill B, Marks CA, Rodrigues NB, Castle D, Cha DS, Mansur RB, Rosenblat JD, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "The use of psilocybin as treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) has been examined as a promising alternative to traditional first-line options. We reviewed existing literature to provide a synthesis of the extant neuroimaging observations with psilocybin, and to identify putative therapeutic targets for target engagement studies with psilocybin, and potentially other psychedelics. We assessed neuroimaging observations with psilocybin among participants with MDD and healthy populations. A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar and PsycINFO from database inception to November 17th, 2021. The study quality (i.e., risk of bias) was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. A total of ten studies evaluated psilocybin in healthy populations and three studies assessed psilocybin in MDD participants using neuroimaging techniques. Following psilocybin administration, a decrease in amygdala activity and a reduction in depressive symptoms was observed in two studies. Changes in functional connectivity and activation of prefrontal limbic structures, specifically the ventral medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala, was seen in healthy populations. There was high heterogeneity in methodology (e.g., dosing schedule and imaging methods) amongst included studies. Longitudinal studies are needed to further elucidate psilocybin treatment for MDD, its long-term effects and the possibility of sustained therapeutic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-04-25", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114577", "pubmed_id": "35580433", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114577", "keywords": "Amygdala, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Adult, Neuroimaging, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35580433\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1727, "title": "Serotonergic psychedelic drugs LSD and psilocybin reduce the hierarchical differentiation of unimodal and transmodal cortex.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelic drugs lsd and psilocybin reduce the hierarchical differentiation of unimodal and transmodal cortex", "authors": "Girn M, Roseman L, Bernhardt B, Smallwood J, Carhart-Harris R, Nathan Spreng R.", "abstract": "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are serotonergic psychedelic compounds with potential in the treatment of mental health disorders. Past neuroimaging investigations have revealed that both compounds can elicit significant changes to whole-brain functional organization and dynamics. A recent proposal linked past findings into a unified model and hypothesized reduced whole-brain hierarchical organization as a key mechanism underlying the psychedelic state, but this has yet to be directly tested. We applied a non-linear dimensionality reduction technique previously used to map hierarchical connectivity gradients to assess cortical organization in the LSD and psilocybin state from two previously published pharmacological resting-state fMRI datasets (N = 15 and 9, respectively). Results supported our primary hypothesis: The principal gradient of cortical connectivity, describing a hierarchy from unimodal to transmodal cortex, was significantly flattened under both drugs relative to their respective placebo conditions. Between-condition contrasts revealed that this was driven by a reduction of functional differentiation at both hierarchical extremes - default and frontoparietal networks at the upper end, and somatomotor at the lower. Gradient-based connectivity mapping indicated that this was underpinned by a disruption of modular unimodal connectivity and increased unimodal-transmodal crosstalk. Results involving the second and third gradient, which, respectively represent axes of sensory and executive differentiation, also showed significant alterations across both drugs. These findings provide support for a recent mechanistic model of the psychedelic state relevant to therapeutic applications of psychedelics. More fundamentally, we provide the first evidence that macroscale connectivity gradients are sensitive to an acute pharmacological manipulation, supporting a role for psychedelics as scientific tools to perturb cortical functional organization.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-04-24", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119220", "pubmed_id": "35483649", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119220", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35483649\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1792, "title": "Will psilocybin lose its magic in the clinical setting?", "normalized_title": "will psilocybin lose its magic in the clinical setting", "authors": "Hayes C, Wahba M, Watson S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin as a novel treatment for depression is garnering a lot of attention from both the mainstream media and the academic community. Although phase 3 trials are only just beginning, we feel that it is important for clinicians to consider what psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy might look like in the clinical setting. In this narrative review article we have considered the difficulties that may arise as psilocybin emerges from the research setting, which may hamper its progress towards becoming a licenced medication. Psilocybin has its own unique challenges: the expectation patients come to dosing with having read overwhelmingly positive media; patient suggestibility under the influence of psilocybin and requirement for specialised therapists to name a few. We have also made some recommendations for measures that should be taken in both the phase 3 trials and with clinicians to try and minimise some of the issues raised. In doing so our hope is that psilocybin will continue towards becoming a licenced medication that suitable patients are able to access with relative ease. Practicing psychiatrists need to have an awareness of the potential pitfalls of psilocybin as they will be responsible for prescribing it in the future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-04-21", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/20451253221090822", "pubmed_id": "35480296", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253221090822", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35480296\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1428, "title": "Is PTSD an Evolutionary Survival Adaptation Initiated by Unrestrained Cytokine Signaling and Maintained by Epigenetic Change?", "normalized_title": "is ptsd an evolutionary survival adaptation initiated by unrestrained cytokine signaling and maintained by epigenetic change", "authors": "Rudzki S.", "abstract": "IntroductionTreatment outcomes for PTSD with current psychological therapies are poor, with very few patients achieving sustained symptom remission. A number of authors have identified physiological and immune disturbances in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients, but there is no unifying hypothesis that explains the myriad features of the disorder.Materials and methodsThe medical literature was reviewed over a 6-year period primarily using the medical database PUBMED.ResultsThe literature contains numerous papers that have identified a range of physiological and immune dysfunction in association with PTSD. This paper proposes that unrestrained cytokine signaling induces epigenetic changes that promote an evolutionary survival adaptation, which maintains a defensive PTSD phenotype. The brain can associate immune signaling with past threat and initiate a defensive behavioral response. The sympathetic nervous system is pro-inflammatory, while the parasympathetic nervous system is anti-inflammatory. Prolonged cholinergic withdrawal will promote a chronic inflammatory state. The innate immune cytokine IL-1β has pleiotropic properties and can regulate autonomic, glucocorticoid, and glutamate receptor functions, sleep, memory, and epigenetic enzymes. Changes in epigenetic enzyme activity can potentially alter phenotype and induce an adaptation. Levels of IL-1β correlate with severity and duration of PTSD and PTSD can be prevented by bolus administration of hydrocortisone in acute sepsis, consistent with unrestrained inflammation being a risk factor for PTSD. The nervous and immune systems engage in crosstalk, governed by common receptors. The benefits of currently used psychiatric medication may arise from immune, as well as synaptic, modulation. The psychedelic drugs (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, and ketamine) have potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects on the adaptive immune system, which may contribute to their reported benefit in PTSD. There may be distinct PTSD phenotypes induced by innate and adaptive cytokine signaling.ConclusionIn order for an organism to survive, it must adapt to its environment. Cytokines signal danger to the brain and can induce epigenetic changes that result in a persistent defensive phenotype. PTSD may be the price individuals pay for the genomic flexibility that promotes adaptation and survival.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-04-20", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1093/milmed/usac095", "pubmed_id": "35446412", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usac095", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35446412\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Epigenetics,Review Article,Safety,Genomics,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1795, "title": "Psychedelics: Alternative and Potential Therapeutic Options for Treating Mood and Anxiety Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics alternative and potential therapeutic options for treating mood and anxiety disorders", "authors": "Lowe H, Toyang N, Steele B, Grant J, Ali A, Gordon L, Ngwa W.", "abstract": "The word \"psychedelic\" (psyche (i.e., the mind or soul) and delos (i.e., to show)) has Greek origin and was first coined by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond in 1956, who had been conducting research on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at the time. Psychedelic drugs such as N,N-DMT/DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine), 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) and psilocybin have had significant value as an entheogen in spiritual, religious (shamanic) and sociocultural rituals in Central and South American cultures for thousands of years. In the 1960s, the globalization of these drugs and their subsequent spread outside of their indigenous, old-world cultures, led to the subsequent implementation of strict drug control laws in many Western countries. Even today, psychedelics are still classified as Schedule I drugs, resulting in a still lingering negative stigmatization/perception, vilification, and ultimate criminalization of psychedelics. This controversy still lingers and still limits scientific research and full medical acceptance. For many years up until recently, the spiritual, religious and medicinal value of these drugs could not be explored in a scientific context. More recently, a second wave of psychedelic research is now focusing on psychedelics as neuropharmaceuticals to treat alcohol and tobacco addiction, general mood and anxiety disorders and cancer-related depression. There is now a vast array of promising evidence-based data to confirm the years of anecdotal evidence of the medicinal values of psychedelics. Natural therapeutic alternatives such as psychedelic drugs may provide a safe and efficacious alternate to conventional drugs used to treat mood and anxiety disorders. In a Western context in particular, psychedelic drugs as therapeutic agents for mood and anxiety disorders are becoming increasingly of interest amidst increasing rates of such disorders globally, changing social constructions, the implementation of government regulations and increasing investment opportunities, that ultimately allow for the scientific study to generate evidenced-based data. Alternative psychotherapeutic interventions are gaining interest also, because of their low physiological toxicity, relatively low abuse potential, safe psychological effects, and no associated persisting adverse physiological or psychological effects during and after use. On the other hand, conventional psychotic drugs and anti-depressants are becoming less favorable because of their adverse side effects. Psychedelic neuropharmaceutical interventions may with medical oversight be the solution to conventional psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety, and an alternative to conventional psychiatric treatment options. This paper will review the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs as alternative therapeutic options for mood and anxiety disorders in a controlled, clinical setting, where the chances of adverse psychological episodes occurring are mitigated.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-04-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/molecules27082520", "pubmed_id": "35458717", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082520", "keywords": "Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35458717\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Spirituality,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1798, "title": "Increased global integration in the brain after psilocybin therapy for depression.", "normalized_title": "increased global integration in the brain after psilocybin therapy for depression", "authors": "Daws RE, Timmermann C, Giribaldi B, Sexton JD, Wall MB, Erritzoe D, Roseman L, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Psilocybin therapy shows antidepressant potential, but its therapeutic actions are not well understood. We assessed the subacute impact of psilocybin on brain function in two clinical trials of depression. The first was an open-label trial of orally administered psilocybin (10 mg and 25 mg, 7 d apart) in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was recorded at baseline and 1 d after the 25-mg dose. Beck's depression inventory was the primary outcome measure ( MR/J00460X/1 ). The second trial was a double-blind phase II randomized controlled trial comparing psilocybin therapy with escitalopram. Patients with major depressive disorder received either 2 × 25 mg oral psilocybin, 3 weeks apart, plus 6 weeks of daily placebo ('psilocybin arm') or 2 × 1 mg oral psilocybin, 3 weeks apart, plus 6 weeks of daily escitalopram (10-20 mg) ('escitalopram arm'). fMRI was recorded at baseline and 3 weeks after the second psilocybin dose ( NCT03429075 ). In both trials, the antidepressant response to psilocybin was rapid, sustained and correlated with decreases in fMRI brain network modularity, implying that psilocybin's antidepressant action may depend on a global increase in brain network integration. Network cartography analyses indicated that 5-HT2A receptor-rich higher-order functional networks became more functionally interconnected and flexible after psilocybin treatment. The antidepressant response to escitalopram was milder and no changes in brain network organization were observed. Consistent efficacy-related brain changes, correlating with robust antidepressant effects across two studies, suggest an antidepressant mechanism for psilocybin therapy: global increases in brain network integration.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-04-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41591-022-01744-z", "pubmed_id": "35411074", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01744-z", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Psilocybin, Escitalopram, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35411074\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1796, "title": "Associations between classic psychedelics and opioid use disorder in a nationally-representative U.S. adult sample.", "normalized_title": "associations between classic psychedelics and opioid use disorder in a nationally representative u s adult sample", "authors": "Jones G, Ricard JA, Lipson J, Nock MK.", "abstract": "Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major source of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. and there is a pressing need to identify additional treatments for the disorder. Classic psychedelics (psilocybin, peyote, mescaline, LSD) have been linked to the alleviation of various substance use disorders and may hold promise as potential treatments for OUD. The aim of this study was to assess whether the aforementioned classic psychedelic substances conferred lowered odds of OUD. Furthermore, this study aimed to replicate and extend findings from Pisano et al. (2017) who found classic psychedelic use to be linked to lowered odds of OUD in a nationally representative sample. We used recent data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015-2019) (N = 214,505) and multivariable logistic regression to test whether lifetime use (yes/no) of classic psychedelics was associated with lowered odds of OUD. Lifetime psilocybin use was associated with lowered odds of OUD (aOR: 0.70; 95% CI [0.60, 0.83]). No other substances, including other classic psychedelics, were associated with lowered odds of OUD. Additionally, sensitivity analyses revealed psilocybin use to be associated with lowered odds of seven of the 11 DSM-IV criteria for OUD (aOR range: 0.66-0.83). Future clinical trials and longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these associations are causal.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-04-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-08085-4", "pubmed_id": "35393455", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08085-4", "keywords": "Humans, Opioid-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Data Collection, Logistic Models, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35393455\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1728, "title": "Adverse experiences resulting in emergency medical treatment seeking following the use of magic mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "adverse experiences resulting in emergency medical treatment seeking following the use of magic mushrooms", "authors": "Kopra EI, Ferris JA, Winstock AR, Young AH, Rucker JJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin-containing mushrooms are used for recreational, spiritual, self-development and therapeutic purposes. However, physiologically relatively nontoxic, adverse reactions are occasionally reported.AimsThis study investigated the 12-month prevalence and nature of magic mushroom-related adverse reactions resulting in emergency medical treatment seeking in a global sample of people reporting magic mushroom use.MethodsWe use data from the 2017 Global Drug Survey - a large anonymous online survey on patterns of drug use conducted between November 2016 and January 2017.ResultsOut of 9233 past year magic mushroom users, 19 (0.2%) reported having sought emergency medical treatment, with a per-event risk estimate of 0.06%. Young age was the only predictor associated with higher risk of emergency medical presentations. The most common symptoms were psychological, namely anxiety/panic and paranoia/suspiciousness. Poor 'mindset', poor 'setting' and mixing substances were most reported reasons for incidents. All but one respondent returned back to normality within 24 h.ConclusionsThe results confirm psilocybin mushrooms are a relatively safe drug, with serious incidents rare and short lasting. Providing harm-reduction information likely plays a key role in preventing adverse effects. More research is needed to examine the detailed circumstances and predictors of adverse reactions including rarer physiological reactions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-04-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811221084063", "pubmed_id": "35388724", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221084063", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35388724\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Spirituality,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2018, "title": "Production and extraction of psilocybin and psilocin from Psilocybe spp. mushrooms", "normalized_title": "production and extraction of psilocybin and psilocin from psilocybe spp mushrooms", "authors": "Costa Fernandes Joana Margarida, Filho Cesar, Machado Brito-da-Costa Andreia, Marin-Bruzos Marieta, Saayman Jean, Sanders Daniel, Dinis-Oliveira Ricardo Jorge", "abstract": "", "journal": "RevSALUS - Revista Científica da Rede Académica das Ciências da Saúde da Lusofonia", "publication_date": "2022-04-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.51126/revsalus.v4isup.456", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.51126/revsalus.v4isup.456", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.51126/revsalus.v4isup.456\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2017, "title": "Evaluation of a quantitative analytical method for psilocin and psilocybin using HPLC-DAD", "normalized_title": "evaluation of a quantitative analytical method for psilocin and psilocybin using hplc dad", "authors": "Filho Cesar, Costa Fernandes Joana Margarida, Machado Brito-da-Costa Andreia, Marin-Bruzos Marieta, Saayman Jean, Sanders Daniel, Dinis-Oliveira Ricardo Jorge", "abstract": "", "journal": "RevSALUS - Revista Científica da Rede Académica das Ciências da Saúde da Lusofonia", "publication_date": "2022-04-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.51126/revsalus.v4isup.455", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.51126/revsalus.v4isup.455", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.51126/revsalus.v4isup.455\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2016, "title": "Psylocybin and Psilocin as new tools to fight depression: an overview of the Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms", "normalized_title": "psylocybin and psilocin as new tools to fight depression an overview of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms", "authors": "Lemos Martins Sofia, Machado Brito-da-Costa Andreia, Madureira-Carvalho Áurea, Dinis-Oliveira Ricardo Jorge, Dias da Silva Diana", "abstract": "", "journal": "RevSALUS - Revista Científica da Rede Académica das Ciências da Saúde da Lusofonia", "publication_date": "2022-04-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.51126/revsalus.v4isup.271", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.51126/revsalus.v4isup.271", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.51126/revsalus.v4isup.271\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1797, "title": "Psilocybin increases brain network integration in patients with depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin increases brain network integration in patients with depression", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41591-022-01769-4", "pubmed_id": "35411079", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01769-4", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35411079\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1794, "title": "Models of psychedelic drug action: modulation of cortical-subcortical circuits.", "normalized_title": "models of psychedelic drug action modulation of cortical subcortical circuits", "authors": "Doss MK, Madden MB, Gaddis A, Nebel MB, Griffiths RR, Mathur BN, Barrett FS.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have recaptured the imagination of both science and popular culture, and may have efficacy in treating a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Human and animal studies of psychedelic drug action in the brain have demonstrated the involvement of the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor and the cerebral cortex in acute psychedelic drug action, but different models have evolved to try to explain the impact of 5-HT2A activation on neural systems. Two prominent models of psychedelic drug action (the cortico-striatal thalamo-cortical, or CSTC, model and relaxed beliefs under psychedelics, or REBUS, model) have emphasized the role of different subcortical structures as crucial in mediating psychedelic drug effects. We describe these models and discuss gaps in knowledge, inconsistencies in the literature and extensions of both models. We then introduce a third circuit-level model involving the claustrum, a thin strip of grey matter between the insula and the external capsule that densely expresses 5-HT2A receptors (the cortico-claustro-cortical, or CCC, model). In this model, we propose that the claustrum entrains canonical cortical network states, and that psychedelic drugs disrupt 5-HT2A-mediated network coupling between the claustrum and the cortex, leading to attenuation of canonical cortical networks during psychedelic drug effects. Together, these three models may explain many phenomena of the psychedelic experience, and using this framework, future research may help to delineate the functional specificity of each circuit to the action of both serotonergic and non-serotonergic hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1093/brain/awab406", "pubmed_id": "34897383", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab406", "keywords": "Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34897383\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1793, "title": "Psilocybin Therapy of Psychiatric Disorders Is Not Hampered by hERG Potassium Channel-Mediated Cardiotoxicity.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy of psychiatric disorders is not hampered by herg potassium channel mediated cardiotoxicity", "authors": "Hackl B, Todt H, Kubista H, Kubista H, Hilber K, Koenig X.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a hallucinogen contained in \"magic\" mushrooms, holds great promise for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, and early clinical trials are encouraging. Adverse cardiac events after intake of high doses of psilocybin and a trial reporting QT interval prolongation in the electrocardiogram attributed to the drug's main metabolite, psilocin, gave rise to safety concerns. Here we show that clinical concentrations of psilocin do not cause significant human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channel inhibition, a major risk factor for adverse cardiac events. We conclude that hERG channel blockage by psilocin is not liable for psilocybin- associated cardiotoxic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyab085", "pubmed_id": "34871422", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyab085", "keywords": "Humans, Potassium Channels, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Cardiotoxicity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34871422\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Clinical Trial,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1802, "title": "Therapeutic Alliance and Rapport Modulate Responses to Psilocybin Assisted Therapy for Depression.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic alliance and rapport modulate responses to psilocybin assisted therapy for depression", "authors": "Murphy R, Kettner H, Zeifman R, Giribaldi B, Kartner L, Martell J, Read T, Murphy-Beiner A, Baker-Jones M, Nutt D, Erritzoe D, Watts R, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Background: Across psychotherapeutic frameworks, the strength of the therapeutic alliance has been found to correlate with treatment outcomes; however, its role has never been formally assessed in a trial of psychedelic-assisted therapy. We aimed to investigate the relationships between therapeutic alliance and rapport, the quality of the acute psychedelic experience and treatment outcomes. Methods: This 2-arm double-blind randomized controlled trial compared escitalopram with psychedelic-assisted therapy for moderate-severe depressive disorder (N = 59). This analysis focused on the psilocybin condition (n = 30), who received two oral doses of 25 mg psilocybin, 3-weeks apart, with psychological preparation, in-session support, and integration therapy. A new psychedelic therapy model, called \"Accept-Connect-Embody\" (ACE), was developed in this trial. The primary outcome was depression severity 6 weeks post treatment (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, QIDS-SR-16). Path analyses tested the hypothesis that therapeutic alliance (Scale To Assess the Therapeutic Relationship Patient Version, STAR-P) would predict depression outcomes via its influence on the acute psychedelic experience, specifically emotional-breakthrough (EBI) and mystical-type experiences (MEQ). The same analysis was performed on the escitalopram arm to test specificity. Results: The strength of therapeutic alliance predicted pre-session rapport, greater emotional-breakthrough and mystical-type experience (maximum EBI and MEQ scores across the two psilocybin sessions) and final QIDS scores (β = -0.22, R2 = 0.42 for EBIMax; β = -0.19, R2 = 0.32 for MEQMax). Exploratory path models revealed that final depression outcomes were more strongly affected by emotional breakthrough during the first, and mystical experience during the second session. Emotional breakthrough, but not mystical experience, during the first session had a positive effect on therapeutic alliance ahead of the second session (β = 0.79, p < 0.0001). Therapeutic alliance ahead of the second session had a direct impact on final depression scores, not mediated by the acute experience, with a weaker alliance ahead of the second psilocybin session predicting higher absolute depression scores at endpoint (β = -0.49, p < 0.001) Discussion: Future research could consider therapist training and characteristics; specific participant factors, e.g., attachment style or interpersonal trauma, which may underlie the quality of the therapeutic relationship, the psychedelic experience and clinical outcomes; and consider how therapeutic approaches might adapt in cases of weaker therapeutic alliance. Clinical Trial Registration: This trial is registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov, identifier (NCT03429075).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-30", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2021.788155", "pubmed_id": "35431912", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.788155", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35431912\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1745, "title": "Tentative identification of in vitro metabolites of O-acetylpsilocin (psilacetin, 4-AcO-DMT) by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS.", "normalized_title": "tentative identification of in vitro metabolites of o acetylpsilocin psilacetin 4 aco dmt by uhplc q orbitrap ms", "authors": "Zhai W, Li L, Zhao J, Xiang P, Liu M, Shi Y, Dang Y.", "abstract": "4-Acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-AcO-DMT, psilacetin, O-acetylpsilocin) is a synthetic tryptamine with psychedelic properties. Psilacetin may also act as precursor drug of psilocin, similar to psilocybin, but little is known about its metabolism. In this study, the phase I and phase II in vitro metabolism of 4-AcO-DMT was investigated with pooled human liver microsomes, and the reaction mixture was analyzed using liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry. Fifteen metabolites were formed after incubation of pooled human liver microsomes with 4-AcO-DMT (12 phase I metabolites and 3 phase II metabolites). The proposed metabolite structures were based on accurate mass analysis and MS/MS fragmentation patterns. The biotransformations included hydrolysis, hydroxylation, N-demethylation, oxidation, and conjugation with glucuronic acid. The hydrolysis metabolite was the most abundant compound. For the development of new methods for the identification of 4-AcO-DMT consumption, the beta-hydroxylation metabolite of 4-AcO-DMT (M2-1) is recommended as a biomarker. The data reported in this work might be applicable to metabolic transformation of 4-AcO-DMT in vivo and also forensically helpful.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1002/dta.3255", "pubmed_id": "35312166", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3255", "keywords": "Microsomes, Liver, Humans, Tryptamines, Chromatography, Liquid, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Tandem Mass Spectrometry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35312166\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Epigenetics,Clinical Trial,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1803, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Compassion Focused Therapy for Depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted compassion focused therapy for depression", "authors": "Pots W, Chakhssi F.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, i.e., psilocybin treatment with psychological support, has demonstrated the efficacy of psilocybin to reduce depressive symptoms. However, in clinical trials, the structure of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is primarily based on preparation, navigation (support during dosing sessions), and integration. For psychotherapeutic guidance, the application of this structure is favored over the usage of theoretical models. The applied psychotherapeutic models may be of critical importance if the effects are augmented due to the psychologically insightful experiences during the navigation and integration sessions. One of the important next steps is to provide therapists with guidance on how to provide psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. We present an integrated protocol for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for depression based on the theoretical model and psychotherapeutic framework of Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT). We hypothesize that CFT can provide the theoretical model and compassion practices that will reinforce the experiences during the navigation and follow-up therapy sessions. In this paper, we describe the rationale for selecting CFT, the compatibility of CFT and psilocybin-therapy, an overview of the psilocybin-assisted CFT protocol, the study protocol, and limitations to this approach.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-24", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2022.812930", "pubmed_id": "35401294", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.812930", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35401294\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1804, "title": "Race, Ethnic, and Sex Differences in Prevalence of and Trends in Hallucinogen Consumption Among Lifetime Users in the United States Between 2015 and 2019.", "normalized_title": "race ethnic and sex differences in prevalence of and trends in hallucinogen consumption among lifetime users in the united states between 2015 and 2019", "authors": "Davis AK, Arterberry BJ, Xin Y, Agin-Liebes G, Schwarting C, Williams MT.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe current study is one of the first to examine race, ethnic, and sex differences in the prevalence of and trends in hallucinogen use among lifetime users in the United States.MethodsData came from the 2015-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health and included respondent's reporting ever-using hallucinogens (n = 41,060; female = 40.4%). Descriptive and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted in Stata.ResultsHighest prevalence of past year hallucinogen use was among Asian females (35.06%), which was two-or-more times larger than prevalence of past year use among White males/females and Native American males. More than half of White males/females, Multiracial males, and Hispanic males reported had ever-used psilocybin or LSD, whereas less than one-quarter of Black males/females reported lifetime psilocybin use, and less than a third of Black females reported lifetime LSD use. Native American males had the lowest prevalence of lifetime MDMA use (17.62-33.30%) but had the highest lifetime prevalence of peyote use (40.37-53.24%). Pacific Islander males had the highest prevalence of lifetime mescaline use (28.27%), and lifetime DMT use was highest among Pacific Islander males/females (15.68-38.58%). Black, Asian, and Multiracial people had greater odds of past-year (ORs = 1.20-2.02; ps < 0.05) and past-month (ORs = 1.39-2.06; ps < 0.05) hallucinogen use compared to White people. Females had lower odds of past-year (OR = 0.79; ps < 0.05), past-month (OR = 0.78; ps < 0.05) hallucinogen use compared to males, except for lifetime use of MDMA (OR = 1.29; ps < 0.05).ConclusionsThese findings should inform public health initiatives regarding potential benefits and risks of hallucinogen use among racial/ethnic groups and women.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-22", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fepid.2022.876706", "pubmed_id": "38455323", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fepid.2022.876706", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38455323\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1610, "title": "How Important Is a Guide Who Has Taken Psilocybin in Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Depression?", "normalized_title": "how important is a guide who has taken psilocybin in psilocybin assisted therapy for depression", "authors": "Earleywine M, Low F, Altman BR, De Leo J.", "abstract": "Promising outcomes of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy (PAT) for depression have generated concerted efforts to replicate, extend, and refine protocols to maximize efficacy. Psychotherapy research reveals that clients benefit most when important components of treatment align with their personal preferences. One open question related to PAT concerns the importance of the psilocybin experience of the guides (trained professionals present during acute effects). We sought to assess the importance of a guide who had used psilocybin to potential clients with depressive symptoms. Over 800 MTurk respondents with depressive symptoms rated the import of a guide who had used psilocybin relative to alternative characteristics in guides and cognitive behavioral (CBT) therapists. Importance ratings for guides who had used psilocybin significantly exceeded the \"somewhat important\" level (50 on a 0-100 scale), other guide-related qualities, and comparable ratings for a cognitive behavioral therapist who shared demographics, had experience with depression and received cognitive therapy personally. People of color (those who are not Caucasian) and those who had previous therapy gave significantly higher importance ratings for guides who had used psilocybin. Participants who chose to list other qualities important for guides listed very similar ones for CBT therapists, often emphasizing proper training and an empathic demeanor. Guides who have used psilocybin, who inform clients of the fact, might have advantages for facilitating PAT's antidepressant effects, as least in a subset of clients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-22", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2047842", "pubmed_id": "35318904", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2047842", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35318904\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3206, "title": "Shared and distinct brain regions targeted for immediate early gene expression by ketamine and psilocybin", "normalized_title": "shared and distinct brain regions targeted for immediate early gene expression by ketamine and psilocybin", "authors": "Davoudian PA, Shao L, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Psilocybin is a psychedelic with therapeutic potential. While there is growing evidence that psilocybin exerts its beneficial effects through enhancing neural plasticity, the exact brain regions involved are not completely understood. Determining the impact of psilocybin on plasticity-related gene expression throughout the brain can broaden our understanding of the neural circuits involved in psychedelic-evoked neural plasticity. In this study, whole-brain serial two-photon microscopy and light sheet microscopy were employed to map the expression of the immediate early gene, c-Fos, in male and female mice. The drug-induced c-Fos expression following psilocybin administration was compared to that of subanesthetic ketamine and saline control. Psilocybin and ketamine produced acutely comparable elevations in c-Fos expression in numerous brain regions, including anterior cingulate cortex, locus coeruleus, primary visual cortex, central and basolateral amygdala, medial and lateral habenula, and claustrum. Select regions exhibited drug-preferential differences, such as dorsal raphe and insular cortex for psilocybin and the CA1 subfield of hippocampus for ketamine. To gain insights into the contributions of receptors and cell types, the c-Fos expression maps were related to brain-wide in situ hybridization data. The transcript analyses showed that the endogenous levels of Grin2a and Grin2b are predictive of whether a cortical region is sensitive to drug-evoked neural plasticity for both ketamine and psilocybin. Collectively, the systematic mapping approach produced an unbiased list of brain regions impacted by psilocybin and ketamine. The data are a resource that highlights previously underappreciated regions for future investigations. Furthermore, the robust relationships between drug-evoked c-Fos expression and endogenous transcript distributions suggest glutamatergic receptors as a potential convergent target for how psilocybin and ketamine produce their rapid-acting and long-lasting therapeutic effects.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-03-19", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.03.18.484437", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.18.484437", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR470947\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1765, "title": "The promises and perils of psychedelic pharmacology for psychiatry.", "normalized_title": "the promises and perils of psychedelic pharmacology for psychiatry", "authors": "McClure-Begley TD, Roth BL.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs including psilocybin, N,N'-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are undergoing a renaissance as potentially useful drugs for various neuropsychiatric diseases, with a rapid onset of therapeutic activity. Notably, phase II trials have shown that psilocybin can produce statistically significant clinical effects following one or two administrations in depression and anxiety. These findings have inspired a 'gold rush' of commercial interest, with nearly 60 companies already formed to explore opportunities for psychedelics in treating diverse diseases. Additionally, these remarkable phenomenological and clinical observations are informing hypotheses about potential molecular mechanisms of action that need elucidation to realize the full potential of this investigative space. In particular, despite compelling evidence that the 5-HT2A receptor is a critical mediator of the behavioural effects of psychedelic drugs, uncertainty remains about which aspects of 5-HT2A receptor activity in the central nervous system are responsible for therapeutic effects and to what degree they can be isolated by developing novel chemical probes with differing specificity and selectivity profiles. Here, we discuss this emerging area of therapeutics, covering both controversies and areas of consensus related to the opportunities and perils of psychedelic and psychedelic-inspired therapeutics. We highlight how basic science breakthroughs can guide the discovery and development of psychedelic-inspired medications with the potential for improved efficacy without hallucinogenic or rewarding actions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-16", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41573-022-00421-7", "pubmed_id": "35301459", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-022-00421-7", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35301459\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1806, "title": "Phenomenological assessment of psychedelics induced experiences: Translation and validation of the German Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) and Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI).", "normalized_title": "phenomenological assessment of psychedelics induced experiences translation and validation of the german challenging experience questionnaire ceq and ego dissolution inventory edi", "authors": "Dworatzyk K, Jansen T, Schmidt TT.", "abstract": "Several measures have been designed to assess subjective experiences induced by psychedelic substances or other mind-altering drugs as well as non-pharmacological methods. Recently, two self-report questionnaires have been introduced to measure acute adverse effects following psilocybin ingestion and the phenomenon of ego-dissolution associated with the use of psychedelics, respectively. The 26-item Challenging Experience Questionnaire assesses multiple facets of psilocybin induced experiences on seven subscales, whereas the 8-item Ego-Dissolution Inventory consists of a unidimensional scale. In the present study, these questionnaires were translated into German and their psychometric properties then evaluated in an online survey on psychedelics induced experiences. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested an acceptable fit of the 7-factor structure of the German Challenging Experience Questionnaire with overall good internal consistency for all subscales. The factor structure did not differ based on gender or prior struggle with a psychiatric disorder, furthering the evidence of internal validity. Correlations with the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory and the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale demonstrated convergent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis did not support the hypothesized single-factor structure of the German Ego-Dissolution Inventory and exploratory factor analysis suggested an alternative factor structure, where only five items loaded onto a common factor that was interpreted as ego-dissolution. Internal consistency of this 5-item measure was high and correlation with selected items of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale supported convergent validity. Translation and validation of these questionnaires contribute to the advancement of common standards in the psychological and neuroscientific study of altered states of consciousness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-15", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0264927", "pubmed_id": "35294453", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264927", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Reproducibility of Results, Ego, Psychometrics, Solubility, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35294453\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1764, "title": "Development of an E. coli-based norbaeocystin production platform and evaluation of behavioral effects in rats.", "normalized_title": "development of an e coli based norbaeocystin production platform and evaluation of behavioral effects in rats", "authors": "Adams AM, Anas NA, Sen AK, Hinegardner-Hendricks JD, O'Dell PJ, Gibbons WJ, Flower JE, McMurray MS, Jones JA.", "abstract": "Interest in the potential therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin and other psychedelic compounds has escalated significantly in recent years. To date, little is known regarding the biological activity of the psilocybin pathway intermediate, norbaeocystin, due to limitations around sourcing the phosphorylated tryptamine metabolite for in vivo testing. To address this limitation, we first developed a novel E. coli platform for the rapid and scalable production of gram-scale amounts of norbaeocystin. Through this process we compare the genetic and fermentation optimization strategies to that of a similarly constructed and previously reported psilocybin producing strain, uncovering the need for reoptimization and balancing upon even minor genetic modifications to the production host. We then perform in vivo measurements of head twitch response to both biosynthesized psilocybin and norbaeocystin using both a cell broth and water vehicle in Long-Evans rats. The data show a dose response to psilocybin while norbaeocystin does not elicit any pharmacological response, suggesting that norbaeocystin and its metabolites may not have a strong affinity for the serotonin 2A receptor. The findings presented here provide a mechanism to source norbaeocystin for future studies to evaluate its disease efficacy in animal models, both individually and in combination with psilocybin, and support the safety of cell broth as a drug delivery vehicle.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.mec.2022.e00196", "pubmed_id": "35310468", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mec.2022.e00196", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35310468\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1552, "title": "A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the effect of psilocybin and methylenedioxymethamphetamine on mental, behavioural or developmental disorders.", "normalized_title": "a systematic literature review and meta analysis of the effect of psilocybin and methylenedioxymethamphetamine on mental behavioural or developmental disorders", "authors": "Kisely S, Connor M, Somogyi AA, Siskind D.", "abstract": "ObjectivesThere is an increasing interest in combining psilocybin or methylenedioxymethamphetamine with psychological support in treating psychiatric disorders. Although there have been several recent systematic reviews, study and participant numbers have been limited, and the field is rapidly evolving with the publication of more studies. We therefore conducted a systematic review of PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and CINAHL for randomised controlled trials of methylenedioxymethamphetamine and psilocybin with either inactive or active controls.MethodsOutcomes were psychiatric symptoms measured by standardised, validated and internationally recognised instruments at least 2 weeks following drug administration, Quality was independently assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework.ResultsThere were eight studies on methylenedioxymethamphetamine and six on psilocybin. Diagnoses included post-traumatic stress disorder, long-standing/treatment-resistant depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety in adults with autism, and anxiety or depression in life-threatening disease. The most information and strongest association was for the change in methylenedioxymethamphetamine scores compared to active controls in post-traumatic stress disorder (k = 4; standardised mean difference = -0.86; 95% confidence interval = [-1.23, -0.50]; p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-11", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/00048674221083868", "pubmed_id": "35285280", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674221083868", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Anxiety Disorders, Developmental Disabilities, Adult, Child, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35285280\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1809, "title": "Mycotherapy: Potential of Fungal Bioactives for the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders and Morbidities of Chronic Pain.", "normalized_title": "mycotherapy potential of fungal bioactives for the treatment of mental health disorders and morbidities of chronic pain", "authors": "Meade E, Hehir S, Rowan N, Garvey M.", "abstract": "Mushrooms have been used as traditional medicine for millennia, fungi are the main natural source of psychedelic compounds. There is now increasing interest in using fungal active compounds such as psychedelics for alleviating symptoms of mental health disorders including major depressive disorder, anxiety, and addiction. The anxiolytic, antidepressant and anti-addictive effect of these compounds has raised awareness stimulating neuropharmacological investigations. Micro-dosing or acute dosing with psychedelics including Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin may offer patients treatment options which are unmet by current therapeutic options. Studies suggest that either dosing regimen produces a rapid and long-lasting effect on the patient post administration with a good safety profile. Psychedelics can also modulate immune systems including pro-inflammatory cytokines suggesting a potential in the treatment of auto-immune and other chronic pain conditions. This literature review aims to explore recent evidence relating to the application of fungal bioactives in treating chronic mental health and chronic pain morbidities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/jof8030290", "pubmed_id": "35330292", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030290", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35330292\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1810, "title": "Psilocybin-Induced Mystical-Type Experiences are Related to Persisting Positive Effects: A Quantitative and Qualitative Report.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced mystical type experiences are related to persisting positive effects a quantitative and qualitative report", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Grzywacz MZ, Madsen MK, Jensen PS, Ozenne B, Armand S, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM, Stenbæk DS.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin have shown substantial promise for the treatment of several psychiatric conditions including mood and addictive disorders. They also have the remarkable property of producing persisting positive psychological changes in healthy volunteers for at least several months. In this study (NCT03289949), 35 medium-high doses of psilocybin were administered to 28 healthy volunteers (12 females). By the end of the dosing day, participants reported the intensity of their acute experience using the 30-item Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ) and an open-form qualitative report from home. Persisting psychological effects attributed to the psilocybin experience were measured using the Persisting Effects Questionnaire (PEQ) 3-months after administration. Using a linear latent-variable model we show that the MEQ total score is positively associated with the later emergence of positive PEQ effects (p = 3 × 10-5). Moreover, the MEQ subscales \"Positive Mood\" (pcorr = 4.1 × 10-4) and \"Mysticality\" (pcorr = 2.0 × 10-4) are associated with positive PEQ whereas the subscales \"Transcendence of Time and Space\" (pcorr = 0.38) and \"Ineffability\" (pcorr = 0.45) are not. Using natural language pre-processing, we provide the first qualitative descriptions of the \"Complete Mystical Experience\" induced by orally administered psilocybin in healthy volunteers, revealing themes such as a sense of connection with the Universe, familial love, and the experience of profound beauty. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods, this paper expands understanding of the acute psilocybin induced experience in healthy volunteers and suggests an importance of the type of experience in predicting lasting positive effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-08", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2022.841648", "pubmed_id": "35355714", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.841648", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35355714\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3198, "title": "Psilocybin Combines Rapid Synaptogenic And Anti-Inflammatory Effects In Vitro", "normalized_title": "psilocybin combines rapid synaptogenic and anti inflammatory effects in vitro", "authors": "Smedfors G, Glotfelty E, Kalani N, Hjelle CP, Horntvedt O, Wellfelt K, Brodin A, von Kieseritzky F, Olson L, Karlsson T.", "abstract": "Abstract Psilocybin is a psychedelic substance approaching clinical use. The drug has long-lasting effects after single or multiple administrations and enhances structural plasticity in the brain. Little is known if the plasticity inducing effects of psilocybin could be timed to other treatments and promote a larger effect. We investigated the effect of psilocybin on cultured mouse hippocampal neurons, examining the plasticity promoting effects from 5 min to 72 h post-treatment. We found robust effects on pre- and postsynaptic (Piccolo and Homer1) protein expression 1-3 h following treatment. Presynaptic Synapsin-1 expression mirrored these findings, with peak expression 72 h post-treatment. Our studies suggest psilocybin opens a window of plasticity that rapidly normalizes. As psilocybin has been shown to have an effect treating diseases (e.g. depression and cluster headache) linked with inflammation, we used an immortalized microglia cell line (IMG) to demonstrate its anti-inflammatory effects against a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (we show reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) secretion). Altogether, our studies show discrete and acute cell type specific effects of psilocybin that provides insight into its mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic value.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2022-03-07", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-1321542/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1321542/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR465041\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Headache / Migraine,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1813, "title": "Depression and Long-Term Prescription Opioid Use and Opioid Use Disorder: Implications for Pain Management in Cancer.", "normalized_title": "depression and long term prescription opioid use and opioid use disorder implications for pain management in cancer", "authors": "Bates N, Bello JK, Osazuwa-Peters N, Sullivan MD, Scherrer JF.", "abstract": "Opinion statementPreventing depression in cancer patients on long-term opioid therapy should begin with depression screening before opioid initiation and repeated screening during treatment. In weighing the high morbidity of depression and opioid use disorder in patients with chronic cancer pain against a dearth of evidence-based therapies studied in this population, patients and clinicians are left to choose among imperfect but necessary treatment options. When possible, we advise engaging psychiatric and pain/palliative specialists through collaborative care models and recommending mindfulness and psychotherapy to all patients with significant depression alongside cancer pain. Medications for depression should be reserved for moderate to severe symptoms. We recommend escitalopram/citalopram or sertraline among selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), or the serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) duloxetine, venlafaxine, or desvenlafaxine if patients have a significant component of neuropathic pain or fibromyalgia. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (consider nortriptyline or desipramine, which have better anticholinergic profiles) should be considered for patients who do not respond to or tolerate SSRI/SNRIs. Existing evidence is inadequate to definitively recommend methylphenidate or novel agents, such as ketamine or psilocybin, as adjunctive treatments for cancer-related depression and pain. Physicians who treat patients with cancer pain should utilize universal precautions to limit the risk of non-medical opioid use (non-medical opioid use). Patients should be screened for non-medical opioid use behaviors at initial consultation and at regular intervals during treatment using a non-judgmental approach that reduces stigma. Co-management with an addiction specialist may be indicated for patients at high risk of non-medical opioid use and opioid use disorder. Buprenorphine and methadone are indicated for the treatment of opioid use disorder, and while they have not been systematically studied for treatment of opioid use disorder in patients with cancer pain, they do provide analgesia for cancer pain. While an interdisciplinary team approach to manage psychological stress may be beneficial, this may not be possible for patients treated outside of comprehensive cancer centers.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11864-022-00954-4", "pubmed_id": "35254595", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-022-00954-4", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Pain, Opioid-Related Disorders, Analgesics, Opioid, Depression, Prescriptions, Pain Management, Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors, Cancer Pain, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35254595\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Cancer Patients,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1811, "title": "Methodological challenges in psychedelic drug trials: Efficacy and safety of psilocybin in treatment-resistant major depression (EPIsoDE) - Rationale and study design.", "normalized_title": "methodological challenges in psychedelic drug trials efficacy and safety of psilocybin in treatment resistant major depression episode rationale and study design", "authors": "Mertens LJ, Koslowski M, Betzler F, Evens R, Gilles M, Jungaberle A, Jungaberle H, Majić T, Ströhle A, Wolff M, Wellek S, Gründer G.", "abstract": "Psychedelics such as psilocybin have recently gained remarkable interest in both the specialist literature and the lay press because studies suggest that these substances may have great therapeutic potential in various psychiatric disorders, including major depression. However, clinical trials with psychedelic drugs pose particular methodological challenges to researchers, some of which differ considerably from those with other psychotropic drugs. These include the problem of successful blinding, which can hardly be guaranteed in clinical trials with psychedelic substances and - directly related - the high risk of expectation bias and nocebo effects. Some of these challenges are being addressed in the given clinical trial on the efficacy and safety of psilocybin in treatment-resistant major depression. It is a phase II randomized, double-blind, active placebo-controlled parallel group trial with 144 patients. The rationale, the study design, and the core features of the study are presented here. The trial (EPIsoDE trial; EudraCT number: 2019-003984-24; NCT04670081) is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01EN2006 ​A/B).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2022.100104", "pubmed_id": "40656230", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2022.100104", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"40656230\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1766, "title": "Drug-drug interactions between psychiatric medications and MDMA or psilocybin: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "drug drug interactions between psychiatric medications and mdma or psilocybin a systematic review", "authors": "Sarparast A, Thomas K, Malcolm B, Stauffer CS.", "abstract": "Rationale & objectives ± 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybin are currently moving through the US Food and Drug Administration's phased drug development process for psychiatric treatment indications: posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, respectively. The current standard of care for these disorders involves treatment with psychiatric medications (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), so it will be important to understand drug-drug interactions between MDMA or psilocybin and psychiatric medications.MethodsIn accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we queried the MEDLINE database via PubMed for publications of human studies in English spanning between the first synthesis of psilocybin (1958) and December 2020. We used 163 search terms containing 22 psychiatric medication classes, 135 specific psychiatric medications, and 6 terms describing MDMA or psilocybin.ResultsForty publications were included in our systematic review: 26 reporting outcomes from randomized controlled studies with healthy adults, 3 epidemiologic studies, and 11 case reports. Publications of studies describe interactions between MDMA (N = 24) or psilocybin (N = 5) and medications from several psychiatric drug classes: adrenergic agents, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, NMDA antagonists, psychostimulants, and several classes of antidepressants. We focus our results on pharmacodynamic, physiological, and subjective outcomes of drug-drug interactions.ConclusionsAs MDMA and psilocybin continue to move through the FDA drug development process, this systematic review offers a compilation of existing research on psychiatric drug-drug interactions with MDMA or psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06083-y", "pubmed_id": "35253070", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06083-y", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Drug Interactions, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35253070\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1812, "title": "Virtual Reality as a Moderator of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "virtual reality as a moderator of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Sekula AD, Downey L, Puspanathan P.", "abstract": "Psychotherapy with the use of psychedelic substances, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ketamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), has demonstrated promise in treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, addiction, and treatment-resistant depression. Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PP) represents a unique psychopharmacological model that leverages the profound effects of the psychedelic experience. That experience is characterized by strong dependency on two key factors: participant mindset and the therapeutic environment. As such, therapeutic models that utilize psychedelics reflect the need for careful design that promotes an open, flexible, trusting mindset and a supportive setting. To meet this need, the PP model is increasingly supplemented by auxiliary methods, including meditation, relaxation, visualization or spiritual practices. We suggest virtual reality (VR) as a full-spectrum tool able to capitalize on and catalyze the innately therapeutic aspects of the psychedelic experience, such as detachment from familiar reality, alteration of self-experience, augmentation of sensory perception and induction of mystical-type experiences. This is facilitated by VR's evidenced capacity to: aid relaxation and reduce anxiety; buffer from external stimuli; promote a mindful presence; train the mind to achieve altered states of consciousness (ASC); evoke mystical states; enhance therapeutic alliance and encourage self-efficacy. While these unique VR features appear promising, VR's potential role in PP remains speculative due to lack of empirical evidence on the combined use of VR and PP. Given the increased commercial interest in this synergy there is an urgent need to evaluate this approach. We suggest specific VR models and their role within PP protocols to inspire future direction in scientific research, and provide a list of potential disadvantages, side effects and limitations that need to be carefully considered. These include sensory overstimulation, cyber-sickness, triggering memories of past traumatic events as well as distracting from the inner experience or strongly influencing its contents. A balanced, evidence-based approach may provide continuity across all phases of treatment, support transition into and out of an ASC, deepen acute ASC experiences including mystical states and enrich the psychotherapeutic process of integration. We conclude that the potential application of VR in modulating psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy demands further exploration and an evidence-based approach to both design and implementation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-03", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2022.813746", "pubmed_id": "35310225", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.813746", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35310225\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Consciousness,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3226, "title": "Psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organizaton and connectivity", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organizaton and connectivity", "authors": "Gaddis A, Lidstone DE, Nebel MB, Griffiths R, Mostofsky SH, Mejia A, Barrett F.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Background Serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT 2AR ) agonist psychedelics including psilocybin and LSD (“classic” psychedelics) evoke acute alterations in perception and cognition. Altered thalamocortical connectivity has been proposed to underlie these effects, which is supported by some functional MRI (fMRI) studies. Likely due to sample size limitations, these studies have treated the thalamus as a unitary structure, despite known differential 5-HT 2AR expression and functional specificity of different intrathalamic nuclei. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) has been employed to generate functional subdivisions of the thalamus from resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) data. This report utilizes a novel data-sparing ICA approach in order to examine psilocybin-induced changes in intrathalamic functional organization and thalamocortical connectivity. Methods Baseline rsfMRI data (n=38) was utilized to generate a template, which was then applied in a novel ICA-based analysis of the acute effects of psilocybin on intra- and extra-thalamic functional organization and connectivity in a smaller sample (n=18). Correlations with subjective reports of drug effect and comparisons with a previously reported analytic approach (treating the thalamus as a single functional unit) were conducted. Results Several intrathalamic components showed significant psilocybin-induced alterations in intrathalamic spatial organization, largely localized to the mediodorsal and pulvinar nuclei, and correlated with reported subjective effects. These same components demonstrated alterations in thalamocortical connectivity, largely with visual and default mode networks. Analysis in which the thalamus is treated as a singular unitary structure showed an overall numerical increase in thalamocortical connectivity, consistent with previous literature using this approach, but this increase did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions Utilization of a novel analytic approach demonstrated changes in intra- and extra-thalamic functional organization and connectivity of intrathalamic nuclei and cortical networks known to express the 5-HT 2AR. Given that these changes were not observed using whole-thalamus analyses, it seems that psilocybin may cause widespread but modest increases in thalamocortical connectivity that are offset by strong focal decreases in functionally relevant intrathalamic nuclei.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-03-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.02.28.482395", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.28.482395", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR463548\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3155, "title": "Persisting decreases in state and trait anxiety post-psilocybin: A naturalistic, observational study among retreat attendees", "normalized_title": "persisting decreases in state and trait anxiety post psilocybin a naturalistic observational study among retreat attendees", "authors": "Kiraga M, Kuypers KPC, Uthaug MV, Ramaekers J, Mason NL.", "abstract": "Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychiatric disorders among Western countries. Evidence-based treatment modalities including pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral therapy result in relatively low response rates (average range: 51 - 58%). Historical and recent research suggests psychedelic drugs may be efficacious in alleviating anxiety-related symptoms among healthy and clinical populations. The main aim of the present study was investigation of the effects of psilocybin-containing truffles, when taken in a supportive group setting, on ratings of state and trait anxiety across self-reported healthy volunteers. Attendees of psilocybin ceremonies were asked to complete a test battery at three separate occasions: before the ceremony (baseline), the morning after, and one week after the ceremony. The test battery included questionnaires assessing state and trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), mindfulness capacities (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire), and personality (Big Five Inventory). Additionally, the psychedelic experience was quantified with the Persisting Effects Questionnaire and the Ego Dissolution Inventory. The total amount of psilocybin-containing truffles consumed by each participant was recorded, and a sample of the truffles was analyzed to determine psilocin concentrations. Fifty-two attendees (males= 25; females= 25; others= 2) completed parts of the baseline assessment, 46 (males= 21; females= 24; others= 1) completed assessments the morning after the ceremony, and 23 (males= 10; females= 13) completed assessments at the one-week follow-up. Average psilocin consumption across individuals was 27.1 mg. We observed medium to large reductions in anxiety measures (both state and trait) compared to baseline which persisted over a one-week period post-ceremony. At one week post-ceremony, the non-judging facet of the mindfulness scale was increased, while the personality trait neuroticism decreased, when compared to baseline. Additionally, we found neuroticism and ratings of ego dissolution to be the strongest predictors of reductions in trait and state anxiety, respectively. In sum, results indicate rapid and persisting (up to one week) anxiolytic effects in psilocybin retreat attendees, which are related to the acute experience of ego dissolution, as well as lasting changes in trait neuroticism. To understand whether these effects extend to wider populations suffering from heightened anxiety, and the mechanisms involved, further experimental research is needed.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-03-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.03.02.22271743", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.02.22271743", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR463532\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Personality Change,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1769, "title": "The therapeutic potential of psilocybin: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin a systematic review", "authors": "van Amsterdam J, van den Brink W.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsychedelic drugs were used quite extensively before their prohibition in 1968 which delayed research. However, since the 1990s, studies on the potential therapeutic benefits of psychedelics have rapidly increased.Areas coveredThis systematic review provides an overview of the clinical effects of psilocybin in the treatment of a variety of mental disorders. Only (randomized) clinical trials were selected. A total of 11 studies (15 publications) were selected, including seven randomized controlled trials (eight publications) and four single arm open-label studies (seven publications). In total, 488 patients were included in the selected studies: 333 patients treated with psilocybin and 155 patients treated with (active) placebo. In nine studies, psychotherapeutic support was provided as an integral part of the psilocybin treatment. The findings of these studies collectively show that psilocybin has a positive benefit-risk balance in the treatment of various mental disorders with an immediate and prolonged effect following 1-3 doses of psilocybin and a few (serious) adverse events.Expert opinionPsilocybin - mostly combined with psychotherapy or psychotherapeutic support - shows a promise as a treatment for various (treatment-resistant) mental disorders. Larger double-blind RCTs with objective (long-term) outcomes are needed to confirm these findings before standard clinical use of psilocybin can be considered.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/14740338.2022.2047929", "pubmed_id": "35225143", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2022.2047929", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35225143\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1768, "title": "Effects of the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist volinanserin on head-twitch response and intracranial self-stimulation depression induced by different structural classes of psychedelics in rodents.", "normalized_title": "effects of the 5 ht2a receptor antagonist volinanserin on head twitch response and intracranial self stimulation depression induced by different structural classes of psychedelics in rodents", "authors": "Jaster AM, Elder H, Marsh SA, de la Fuente Revenga M, Negus SS, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "BackgroundClinical studies suggest that psychedelics exert robust therapeutic benefits in a number of psychiatric conditions including substance use disorder. Preclinical studies focused on safety and efficacy of these compounds are necessary to determine the full range of psychedelics' effects.ObjectivesThe present study explores the behavioral pharmacology of structurally distinct psychedelics in paradigms associated with serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) activation and behavioral disruption in two rodent models. Utilizing the selective 5-HT2AR antagonist volinanserin, we aimed to provide further pharmacological assessment of psychedelic effects in rodents.MethodsWe compared volinanserin (0.0001-0.1 mg/kg) antagonism of the phenethylamine 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI, 1.0 mg/kg) and the ergoline lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, 0.32 mg/kg) in preclinical assays predictive of hallucinations (head-twitch response or HTR in mice) and behavioral disruption (intracranial self-stimulation or ICSS in rats). Volinanserin antagonism of the phenethylamine mescaline, the tryptamine psilocybin, and the k-opioid receptor agonist salvinorin A was also evaluated in the rat ICSS assay.ResultsVolinanserin had similar potency, effectiveness, and time-course to attenuate DOI-induced HTR in mice and ICSS depression in rats. Volinanserin completely blocked LSD-induced HTR in mice, but not LSD-induced ICSS depression in rats. Volinanserin also reversed ICSS depression by mescaline, but it was only partially effective to reduce the effects of psilocybin, and it exacerbated ICSS depression by salvinorin A.ConclusionAlthough hallucination-related HTR behavior induced by phenethylamine, ergoline, and tryptamine psychedelics appears to be 5-HT2AR-mediated, the receptor(s) responsible for behavioral disruptive effects may differ among these three structural classes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06092-x", "pubmed_id": "35233648", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06092-x", "keywords": "Animals, Rodentia, Mice, Rats, Tryptamines, Serotonin, Phenethylamines, Mescaline, Fluorobenzenes, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Piperidines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Depression, Self Stimulation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35233648\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1767, "title": "Effects of ketamine optical isomers, psilocybin, psilocin and norpsilocin on time estimation and cognition in rats.", "normalized_title": "effects of ketamine optical isomers psilocybin psilocin and norpsilocin on time estimation and cognition in rats", "authors": "Popik P, Hogendorf A, Bugno R, Khoo SY, Zajdel P, Malikowska-Racia N, Nikiforuk A, Golebiowska J.", "abstract": "RationaleKetamine and psilocybin belong to the rapid-acting antidepressants but they also produce psychotomimetic effects including timing distortion. It is currently debatable whether these are essential for their therapeutic actions. As depressed patients report that the \"time is dragging,\" we hypothesized that ketamine and psilocybin-like compounds may produce an opposite effect, i.e., time underestimation, purportedly contributing to their therapeutic properties.ObjectivesTiming was tested following administration of (R)- and (S)-ketamine, and psilocybin, psilocin, and norpsilocin in the discrete-trial temporal discrimination task (TDT) in male rats. Timing related to premature responses, and cognitive and unspecific effects of compounds were tested in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) in the standard 1-s, and \"easier\" 2-s stimulus duration conditions, as well as in the vITI variant promoting impulsive responses.Results(S)-ketamine (15 but not 3.75 or 7.5 mg/kg) shifted psychometric curve to the right in TDT and reduced premature responses in 5-CSRTT, suggesting expected time underestimation, but it also decreased the accuracy of temporal discrimination and increased response and reward latencies, decreased correct responses, and increased incorrect responses. While (R)-ketamine did not affect timing and produced no unspecific actions, it reduced incorrect responses in TDT and increased accuracy in 5-CSRTT, suggesting pro-cognitive effects. Psilocin and psilocybin produced mainly unspecific effects in both tasks, while norpsilocin showed no effects.ConclusionsTime underestimation produced by (S)-ketamine could be associated with its antidepressant effects; however, it was accompanied with severe behavioral disruption. We also hypothesize that behavioral disruption produced by psychedelics objectively reflects their psychotomimetic-like actions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-03-01", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-06020-5", "pubmed_id": "35234983", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-06020-5", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Rats, Serotonin, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Cognition, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35234983\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1815, "title": "Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science.", "normalized_title": "adverse effects of psychedelics from anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science", "authors": "Schlag AK, Aday J, Salam I, Neill JC, Nutt DJ", "abstract": "Despite an increasing body of research highlighting their efficacy to treat a broad range of medical conditions, psychedelic drugs remain a controversial issue among the public and politicians, tainted by previous stigmatisation and perceptions of risk and danger. This narrative review examines the evidence for potential harms of the classic psychedelics by separating anecdotes and misinformation from systematic research. Taking a high-level perspective, we address both psychological and psychiatric risks, such as abuse liability and potential for dependence, as well as medical harms, including toxicity and overdose. We explore the evidence base for these adverse effects to elucidate which of these harms are based largely on anecdotes versus those that stand up to current scientific scrutiny. Our review shows that medical risks are often minimal, and that many - albeit not all - of the persistent negative perceptions of psychological risks are unsupported by the currently available scientific evidence, with the majority of reported adverse effects not being observed in a regulated and/or medical context. This highlights the importance for clinicians and therapists to keep to the highest safety and ethical standards. It is imperative not to be overzealous and to ensure balanced media reporting to avoid future controversies, so that much needed research can continue.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2022-02-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211069100", "pubmed_id": "35107059", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35107059/", "keywords": "Psilocybin, abuse liability/dependence, ayahuasca, d-lysergic acid diethylamide, dimethyltryptamine, hallucinogen persistent perception disorder, hypertension, mescaline, toxicity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35107059\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Toxicity,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1814, "title": "The Acceptance/Avoidance-Promoting Experiences Questionnaire (APEQ): A theory-based approach to psychedelic drugs' effects on psychological flexibility.", "normalized_title": "the acceptance avoidance promoting experiences questionnaire apeq a theory based approach to psychedelic drugs effects on psychological flexibility", "authors": "Wolff M, Mertens LJ, Walter M, Enge S, Evens R.", "abstract": "BackgroundMany benefits and some harms associated with psychedelic use could be attributable to these drugs' acceptance/avoidance-promoting effects and corresponding changes in psychological flexibility. Underlying psychological mechanisms are insufficiently understood.AimThe purpose of this study was the validation of a psychological model of acceptance/avoidance-promoting psychedelic experiences, which included the development of a theory-based self-report instrument: the Acceptance/Avoidance-Promoting Experiences Questionnaire (APEQ). Its two main scales, acceptance-related experience (ACE) and avoidance-related experience (AVE), represent the theorized model's core constructs. We aimed to test the model's central assumptions of complementarity (ACE and AVE may occur alternatingly but not simultaneously, and are therefore empirically independent), intertwinedness (subaspects within ACE and AVE are mutually contingent and therefore highly inter-correlated), context-dependence (ACE and AVE depend on context factors) and interaction (longer-term outcomes depend on the interplay between ACE and AVE).MethodA bilingual retrospective online survey including 997 English- and 836 German-speaking participants. Each participant reported on one psychedelic experience occasioned by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline, or ayahuasca.ResultsWhereas ACE and AVE were found to be relatively independent aspects of participants' reported psychedelic experiences (complementarity), their subaspects were mostly distinguishable but strongly correlated among each other (intertwinedness). Therapeutic, escapist, and hedonic use motives were differentially associated with ACE and AVE (context-dependence), which were in turn associated with retrospective changes in psychological flexibility following participants' reported experiences. The positive association between ACE and increased psychological flexibility was significantly moderated by AVE (interaction).ConclusionThese results provide an initial validation of the APEQ and its underlying theoretical model, suggesting the two can help clarify the psychological mechanisms of psychedelic-induced benefits and harms. Both should be further investigated in prospective-longitudinal and clinical studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-28", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211073758", "pubmed_id": "35253518", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211073758", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35253518\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Psychological Flexibility,Observational Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1611, "title": "The Use of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders with Attention to Relative Safety Profile: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "the use of psilocybin in the treatment of psychiatric disorders with attention to relative safety profile a systematic review", "authors": "Hodge AT, Sukpraprut-Braaten S, Narlesky M, Strayhan RC.", "abstract": "There has been a reemergence of research into the use of substances such as LSD, MDMA, and psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. This increase in consideration toward the medicinal use of these compounds has been termed the \"Psychedelic Renaissance.\" This article specifically explores the background of psilocybin, a psychoactive compound that is naturally derived from certain species of fungi. Pubmed was searched by one doctoral-level researcher using specific Boolean operator terms. The results were filtered by title and abstract and 76 articles were screened and analyzed in full detail. Oral psilocybin is showing itself to be clinically efficacious by producing statistically significant reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms over time versus control in multiple clinical trials. It has also been shown to reduce cigarettes per day and drinks per day in patients with substance use disorders. Thus far, there have been no significant adverse clinical events from psilocybin and there also have been no verifiable recorded deaths reported. Larger studies need to be performed before the drug can potentially become approved for use in the general population.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-27", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2022.2044096", "pubmed_id": "35225726", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2044096", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35225726\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1791, "title": "Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects.", "normalized_title": "direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double blind placebo controlled study in healthy subjects", "authors": "Holze F, Ley L, Müller F, Becker AM, Straumann I, Vizeli P, Kuehne SS, Roder MA, Duthaler U, Kolaczynska KE, Varghese N, Eckert A, Liechti ME.", "abstract": "Growing interest has been seen in using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin in psychiatric research and therapy. However, no modern studies have evaluated differences in subjective and autonomic effects of LSD and psilocybin or their similarities and dose equivalence. We used a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design in 28 healthy subjects (14 women, 14 men) who underwent five 25 h sessions and received placebo, LSD (100 and 200 µg), and psilocybin (15 and 30 mg). Test days were separated by at least 10 days. Outcome measures included self-rating scales for subjective effects, autonomic effects, adverse effects, effect durations, plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), prolactin, cortisol, and oxytocin, and pharmacokinetics. The doses of 100 and 200 µg LSD and 30 mg psilocybin produced comparable subjective effects. The 15 mg psilocybin dose produced clearly weaker subjective effects compared with both doses of LSD and 30 mg psilocybin. The 200 µg dose of LSD induced higher ratings of ego-dissolution, impairments in control and cognition, and anxiety than the 100 µg dose. The 200 µg dose of LSD increased only ratings of ineffability significantly more than 30 mg psilocybin. LSD at both doses had clearly longer effect durations than psilocybin. Psilocybin increased blood pressure more than LSD, whereas LSD increased heart rate more than psilocybin. However, both LSD and psilocybin showed comparable cardiostimulant properties, assessed by the rate-pressure product. Both LSD and psilocybin had dose-proportional pharmacokinetics and first-order elimination. Both doses of LSD and the high dose of psilocybin produced qualitatively and quantitatively very similar subjective effects, indicating that alterations of mind that are induced by LSD and psilocybin do not differ beyond the effect duration. Any differences between LSD and psilocybin are dose-dependent rather than substance-dependent. However, LSD and psilocybin differentially increased heart rate and blood pressure. These results may assist with dose finding for future psychedelic research.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03604744.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-24", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-022-01297-2", "pubmed_id": "35217796", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01297-2", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Female, Male, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35217796\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1819, "title": "Psilocin acutely alters sleep-wake architecture and cortical brain activity in laboratory mice.", "normalized_title": "psilocin acutely alters sleep wake architecture and cortical brain activity in laboratory mice", "authors": "Thomas CW, Blanco-Duque C, Bréant BJ, Goodwin GM, Sharp T, Bannerman DM, Vyazovskiy VV.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelic drugs, such as psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), profoundly alter the quality of consciousness through mechanisms which are incompletely understood. Growing evidence suggests that a single psychedelic experience can positively impact long-term psychological well-being, with relevance for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including depression. A prominent factor associated with psychiatric disorders is disturbed sleep, and the sleep-wake cycle is implicated in the homeostatic regulation of neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity. However, it remains largely unknown to what extent psychedelic agents directly affect sleep, in terms of both acute arousal and homeostatic sleep regulation. Here, chronic electrophysiological recordings were obtained in mice to track sleep-wake architecture and cortical activity after psilocin injection. Administration of psilocin led to delayed REM sleep onset and reduced NREM sleep maintenance for up to approximately 3 h after dosing, and the acute EEG response was associated primarily with an enhanced oscillation around 4 Hz. No long-term changes in sleep-wake quantity were found. When combined with sleep deprivation, psilocin did not alter the dynamics of homeostatic sleep rebound during the subsequent recovery period, as reflected in both sleep amount and EEG slow-wave activity. However, psilocin decreased the recovery rate of sleep slow-wave activity following sleep deprivation in the local field potentials of electrodes targeting the medial prefrontal and surrounding cortex. It is concluded that psilocin affects both global vigilance state control and local sleep homeostasis, an effect which may be relevant for its antidepressant efficacy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-22", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-022-01846-9", "pubmed_id": "35197453", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-01846-9", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Mice, Sleep Deprivation, Electroencephalography, Wakefulness, Sleep, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35197453\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3223, "title": "Natural language signatures of psilocybin microdosing", "normalized_title": "natural language signatures of psilocybin microdosing", "authors": "Sanz C, Cavanna F, Muller S, de la Fuente L, Zamberlan F, Palmucci M, Janeckova L, Kuchar M, Carrillo F, García AM, Pallavicini C, Tagliazucchi E.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics are being studied as novel treatments for mental health disorders and as facilitators of improved well-being, mental function and creativity. Recent studies have found mixed results concerning the effects of low doses of psychedelics (“microdosing”) on these domains. However, microdosing is generally investigated using instruments designed to assess larger doses of psychedelics, which might lack sensitivity and specificity for this purpose. Following a double-blind and placebo-controlled experimental design, we explored natural language as a resource to identify speech produced under the acute effects of psilocybin microdoses, focusing on variables known to be affected by higher doses: verbosity, semantic variability and sentiment scores. Except for semantic variability, these metrics presented significant differences between a typical active microdose of 0.5 g of psilocybin mushrooms and an inactive placebo condition. Moreover, machine learning classifiers trained using these metrics were capable of distinguishing between conditions with high accuracy (AUC≈0.8). Our results constitute first proof that low doses of serotonergic psychedelics can be identified from unconstrained natural speech, with potential for widely applicable, affordable, and ecologically valid monitoring of microdosing schedules.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-02-21", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.02.20.481177", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.20.481177", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR459897\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Wellbeing,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1820, "title": "Exploring protective associations between the use of classic psychedelics and cocaine use disorder: a population-based survey study.", "normalized_title": "exploring protective associations between the use of classic psychedelics and cocaine use disorder a population based survey study", "authors": "Jones GM, Nock MK.", "abstract": "Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) is a significant public health problem associated with elevated morbidity and mortality within the United States. Current behavioral treatments have limited efficacy and there are currently no FDA approved pharmacological treatments for CUD. Classic psychedelics might be associated with lowered odds of substance misuse and may effectively treat various forms of addiction. Thus, the goal of this study is to assess protective associations that lifetime use of classic psychedelics may share with CUD within a nationally representative sample of the U.S. We used data from The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (2015-2019) and conducted survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression to test whether each of four classic psychedelics (peyote, mescaline, psilocybin, LSD) conferred lowered odds of CUD and its related 11 sub-criteria. Participants were 214,505 adults in the NSDUH (2015-2019) aged 18 and older. Peyote conferred lowered odds of CUD, reducing the odds of CUD by over 50% (aOR: 0.47). All other substances (including other classic psychedelics) either shared no association to CUD or conferred increased odds of CUD. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses revealed peyote to confer sharply lowered odds of the majority (seven of 11) of CUD criteria as well (aOR range: 0.26-0.47). Peyote use is associated with lowered odds of CUD. Future inquiries into third variable factors (i.e., demographic/personality profiles of individuals who use peyote, motivational/contextual factors surrounding peyote use) that may underlie our observed associations may reveal protective factors that can inform treatment development for CUD. Additionally, future longitudinal studies can shed further light on whether there is a temporal link between peyote use and lowered odds of CUD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-15", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-06580-2", "pubmed_id": "35173246", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06580-2", "keywords": "Humans, Cocaine-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35173246\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Personality Change,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3227, "title": "Increased low-frequency brain responses to music after psilocybin therapy for depression", "normalized_title": "increased low frequency brain responses to music after psilocybin therapy for depression", "authors": "Wall MB, Lam C, Ertl N, Kaelen M, Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy with psilocybin is an emerging therapy with great promise for depression, and modern psychedelic therapy (PT) methods incorporate music as a key element. Music is an effective emotional/hedonic stimulus that could also be useful in assessing changes in emotional responsiveness following psychedelic therapy. Brain responses to music were assessed before and after PT using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and ALFF (Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuations) analysis methods. Nineteen patients with treatment-resistant depression underwent two treatment sessions involving administration of psilocybin, with MRI data acquired one week prior and the day after completion of the second of two psilocybin dosing sessions. Comparison of music-listening and resting-state scans revealed significantly greater ALFF in bilateral superior temporal cortex for the post-treatment music scan, and in the right ventral occipital lobe for the post-treatment resting-state scan. ROI analyses of these clusters revealed a significant effect of treatment in the superior temporal lobe for the music scan only. Somewhat consistently, voxelwise comparison of treatment effects showed relative increases for the music scan in the bilateral superior temporal lobes and supramarginal gyrus, and relative decreases in the medial frontal lobes for the resting-state scan. ALFF in these music-related clusters was significantly correlated with intensity of subjective effects felt during the dosing sessions. These data suggest a specific effect of PT on the brain’s response to a hedonic stimulus (music), implying an elevated responsiveness to music after psilocybin therapy that was related to subjective drug effects felt during dosing.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2022-02-14", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1101/2022.02.13.480302", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.13.480302", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR454661\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3508, "title": "A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Psilocybin-Facilitated Experience on the Psychology and Effectiveness of Professional Leaders in Religion", "normalized_title": "a randomized controlled trial of the effects of psilocybin facilitated experience on the psychology and effectiveness of professional leaders in religion", "authors": "NYU Langone Health", "abstract": "The current protocol is a pilot study of the effects and possible utility of psilocybin-facilitated experiences for professional religious leaders. We hypothesize that religious professionals, given their interests, training, and life experience, will be able to make nuanced discriminations of their psilocybin experiences, thus contributing to the scientific understanding of mystical-type experience. As we better characterize the phenomenology of psilocybin-induced mystical experiences, we may apply this knowledge to improve potential treatment studies in the future. A primary objective is to investigate changes in psychological functioning, spirituality, health, well-being, prosocial attitudes and behavior in professional religious leaders that may occur after receiving psilocybin under supportive conditions. A secondary objective is to determine whether participants who report having had the strongest mystical-type effects during psilocybin sessions will show the largest positive changes in the Interim Questionnaire. This randomized-controlled pilot study uses a wait-list control design. A wait-list design includes a control group that is assigned to a waiting list to receive an intervention after the active treatment group does. In this study, the active group will receive the psilocybin at weeks 5 and 9 and the wait-list control group will receive psilocybin at weeks 30 and 34. The wait-list control group serves the purpose of providing an untreated comparison for the active treatment group, while at the same time allowing the wait-list participants an opportunity to obtain the intervention at a later date. This study's procedures include screening, preparatory meetings, psilocybin sessions, and follow-up assessments. A large battery of behavioral and psychological measures will be assessed throughout. The study team will consent and enroll up to 86 subjects to obtain a total of 12 completer participants as well as 2-3 family members or friends per study participant who can assess said completers on the Observer Rating Form (COM-R). This number will account for screen-failures and dropouts as well. The 12 participants will be randomly assigned to either an immediate participation group (N=6) or a 6-month delayed participation group (N=6). Although statistical power calculations show that 12 participants will be sufficient to detect the major effects anticipated in this study, the sponsor of this study (The Council on Spiritual Practices) is concurrently funding Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine to conduct a methodologically identical study with 12 additional participants (IND #59009). This will permit the two sites to collaborate post study completion and combine the data from the two studies to provide statistical power to detect even more subtle effects of the psilocybin intervention. Twelve volunteers (6 from each group) will participate at Johns Hopkins and 12 at New York University. Randomization and data analysis will be conducted at New York University.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2022-02-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02421263", "keywords": "Religious or Spiritual Problem, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT02421263\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1822, "title": "Trajectory of Antidepressant Effects after Single- or Two-Dose Administration of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review and Multivariate Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "trajectory of antidepressant effects after single or two dose administration of psilocybin a systematic review and multivariate meta analysis", "authors": "Yu CL, Liang CS, Yang FC, Tu YK, Hsu CW, Carvalho AF, Stubbs B, Thompson T, Tsai CK, Yeh TC, Yang SN, Shin JI, Chu CS, Tseng PT, Su KP.", "abstract": "We examined the cardiovascular safety, acceptability, and trajectory of the antidepressant effects of psilocybin after single- or two-dose administration. Four major electronic databases were systematically searched. Data were pooled using a multivariate random-effects meta-analysis. Primary outcomes were changes in depressive symptoms. Secondary outcomes were cardiovascular safety and acceptability. Ten studies were included. The estimated effect sizes (standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals) for psilocybin were -0.75 (-1.15 to -0.35) on day 1, -1.74 (-2.15 to -1.32) at 1 week, -1.35 (-1.77 to -0.93) at 1 month, -0.91 (-1.31 to -0.51) at 3 months, and -1.12 (-1.56 to -0.68) at 6 months. Higher doses and two sessions of psilocybin treatment were significantly associated with superior antidepressant effects. The all-cause discontinuation and heart rate after psilocybin administration were comparable to placebo; meanwhile, psilocybin increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 19.00 mmHg and 8.66 mmHg, respectively. There were no significant differences between SMD derived from placebo-controlled trials compared to those from pre-post changes and SMD in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared to those in non-RCTs. The present study demonstrates that single- or two-dose psilocybin administration has rapid and sustained antidepressant effects for up to 6 months, with favorable cardiovascular safety and acceptability.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/jcm11040938", "pubmed_id": "35207210", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11040938", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35207210\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1799, "title": "Diversity, biology, and history of psilocybin-containing fungi: Suggestions for research and technological development.", "normalized_title": "diversity biology and history of psilocybin containing fungi suggestions for research and technological development", "authors": "Van Court RC, Wiseman MS, Meyer KW, Ballhorn DJ, Amses KR, Slot JC, Dentinger BTM, Garibay-Orijel R, Uehling JK.", "abstract": "Therapeutic use of psilocybin has become a focus of recent international research, with preliminary data showing promise to address a range of treatment-resistant mental health conditions. However, use of psilocybin as a healing entheogen has a long history through traditional consumption of mushrooms from the genus Psilocybe. The forthcoming adoption of new psilocybin-assisted therapeutic practices necessitates identification of preferred sources of psilocybin; consequently, comprehensive understanding of psilocybin-containing fungi is fundamental to consumer safety. Here we examine psilocybin producing fungi, discuss their biology, diversity, and ethnomycological uses. We also review recent work focused on elucidation of psilocybin biosynthetic production pathways, especially those from the genus Psilocybe, and their evolutionary history. Current research on psilocybin therapies is discussed, and recommendations for necessary future mycological research are outlined.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.funbio.2022.01.003", "pubmed_id": "35314062", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2022.01.003", "keywords": "Agaricales, Biology, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35314062\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1770, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic-assisted Therapies for Symptom Control in Patients Diagnosed With Serious Illness: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psychedelic assisted therapies for symptom control in patients diagnosed with serious illness a systematic review", "authors": "Maia LO, Beaussant Y, Garcia ACM.", "abstract": "ContextPeople affected by serious illness usually experience suffering in its various dimensions, not only in the physical but also in the psychosocial and spiritual aspects. The interest in psychedelic-assisted therapies as a potential new therapeutic modality has increased since evidence suggests a significant impact of their use on the outcomes of patients with serious illness.ObjectivesTo systematically review the available evidence on the effects of psychedelic-assisted therapies for symptom control in patients diagnosed with serious illness.MethodsThe protocol of this systematic review has been prepared according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols guidelines. This review included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. A comprehensive search for studies was carried out in the main scientific databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE. There were no limitations regarding the year or language of publication.ResultsThe sample was composed of 20 studies. The results suggest positive effects of psychedelic-assisted therapies for symptom control in patients diagnosed with serious illness, with considerable safety of use. Most studies have been conducted with lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and N,N-dipropyltryptamine in cancer patients. The adverse effects reported were of physical and/or psychological nature and of mild to moderate intensity, transient, and self-resolutive.ConclusionThe evaluated evidence suggests positive effects of psychedelic-assisted therapies for symptom control in patients diagnosed with serious illness, especially regarding symptoms of psychological and spiritual nature.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-10", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.01.024", "pubmed_id": "35157985", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.01.024", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35157985\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1823, "title": "Psilocybin for Treating Psychiatric Disorders: A Psychonaut Legend or a Promising Therapeutic Perspective?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treating psychiatric disorders a psychonaut legend or a promising therapeutic perspective", "authors": "Coppola M, Bevione F, Mondola R.", "abstract": "Psychedelics extracted from plants have been used in religious, spiritual, and mystic practices for millennia. In 1957, Dr. Hofmann identified and synthesized the prodrug psilocybin, a substance present in more than 200 species of psychedelic mushrooms. Although there were limitations related to the scientific design of many studies, clinical observations performed during the 1950s and 1960s showed a potential therapeutic effect of psilocybin for patients affected by depressive symptoms, anxiety, and conversion disorder. Psilocybin was classed as a schedule I substance in 1970, but the fascination with psychedelics has remained almost unchanged over time, promoting a new scientific interest starting in the 1990s. Recent studies have provided further evidence supporting the suggestive hypothesis of the therapeutic use of psilocybin for treating various psychiatric disorders, including pathological anxiety, mood depressive disorder, and addiction.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/jox12010004", "pubmed_id": "35225956", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jox12010004", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35225956\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1821, "title": "Psilocybin: Characterization of the Metastable Zone Width (MSZW), Control of Anhydrous Polymorphs, and Particle Size Distribution (PSD).", "normalized_title": "psilocybin characterization of the metastable zone width mszw control of anhydrous polymorphs and particle size distribution psd", "authors": "Kargbo RB, Sherwood AM, Meisenheimer P, Lenoch K, Abebe S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a serotonergic agonist, was granted a \"breakthrough therapy\" status by the Food and Drug Administration for clinical trials involving major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. The direct phosphorylation of psilocin to psilocybin that uses a fast crystallization associated with a kinetically controlled process resulted in a smaller particle size distribution. Herein, the measurement of the metastable zone width (MSZW) and nucleation induction enabled a thermodynamically controlled crystallization process, which leads to the formation of a crystal structure with stronger interactions, controlled particle size distribution (PSD), and improved impurity profile. Employing a high-resolution inline microscopy viewer allowed the real-time monitoring of the crystallization process and the measurement of the particle size. We also present a comprehensive study of the formation of polymorph B (trihydrate), polymorph A (anhydrate), and polymorph H (anhydrate) using water recrystallization, which indicates that the formation of polymorph B (trihydrate) is independent of the crystallization method. However, polymorphs A and H are dependent on the mode of drying: drying at room temperature under vacuum gives rise to mainly polymorph A, and when heated even at relatively low temperatures, a mixture of polymorphs A and H beings to form.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-06", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1021/acsomega.1c06708", "pubmed_id": "35187358", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c06708", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35187358\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1824, "title": "Genomic Analysis of Stropharia rugosoannulata Reveals Its Nutritional Strategy and Application Potential in Bioremediation.", "normalized_title": "genomic analysis of stropharia rugosoannulata reveals its nutritional strategy and application potential in bioremediation", "authors": "Yang Y, Meng G, Ni S, Zhang H, Dong C.", "abstract": "Stropharia rugosoannulata is not only a popular edible mushroom, but also has excellent potential in bioremediation. In this study, we present a high-quality genome of a monokaryotic strain of the S. rugosoannulata commercial cultivar in China. The assembly yielded an N50 length of 2.96 Mb and a total size of approximately 48.33 Mb, encoding 11,750 proteins. The number of heme peroxidase-encoding genes in the genome of S. rugosoannulata was twice the average of all of the tested Agaricales. The genes encoding lignin and xenobiotic degradation enzymes accounted for more than half of the genes encoding plant cell wall degradation enzymes. The expansion of genes encoding lignin and xenobiotic degradation enzymes, and cytochrome P450 involved in the xenobiotic metabolism, were responsible for its strong bioremediation and lignin degradation abilities. S. rugosoannulata was classified as a litter-decomposing (LD) fungus, based on the analysis of the cell wall degrading enzymes. Substrate selection for fruiting body cultivation should consider both the nutritional strategy of LD and a strong lignin degradation ability. Consistent with safe usage as an edible mushroom, the S. rugosoannulata genome does not contain genes for known psilocybin biosynthesis. Genome analysis will be helpful for understanding its nutritional strategy to guide fruiting body cultivation and for providing insight into its application in bioremediation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-05", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3390/jof8020162", "pubmed_id": "35205916", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8020162", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35205916\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1825, "title": "Analysis of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in Medicine: A Narrative Review.", "normalized_title": "analysis of psilocybin assisted therapy in medicine a narrative review", "authors": "Ziff S, Stern B, Lewis G, Majeed M, Gorantla VR.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-containing mushrooms have been consumed by various cultures in many different parts of the world for thousands of years. Psilocybin, a classic psychedelic, contains unique psychoactive properties and has been incorporated into religious ceremonies and investigated for its medicinal value. In the mid-20th century, psilocybin, along with most other classic psychedelics (5HT-2A agonists), was classified as a Schedule I substance, bringing a halt to research on its medicinal utility. The resurgence of clinical trials involving psilocybin in the 21st century has produced promising results concerning the treatment of addiction, depression, and end-of-life mood disorders. Results from these trials have shown significant reductions in depression and anxiety when compared with a placebo, and one trial found no significant difference when compared to a routinely prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Studies conducted with patients with advanced-stage cancer have demonstrated that psilocybin may also be beneficial at reducing depression and anxiety associated with psychological crises due to a terminal diagnosis. Psilocybin therapy in the treatment of addiction, which is notoriously difficult to treat, has shown encouraging results. Due to its low toxicity and low risk of overuse, psilocybin has the potential to have a significant influence in the field of addiction medicine. Psilocybin addiction research has been primarily focused on nicotine and alcohol and, in a few small, open-label trials, has shown superiority over traditional therapies. Psilocybin has a relatively unique and incompletely understood mechanism of action, which allows it to be given at several isolated periods. This infrequent dosing regimen has been shown to produce durable effects with minimal toxicity. This review analyzes the potential of psilocybin in the treatment of addiction, depression, and end-of-life mood disorders. In addition, it will discuss the difficulties involved with conducting scientific research on psychedelic compounds, adverse effects, and the therapeutic measures that are necessary to accompany the safe and effective administration of these psychoactive chemicals.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-02-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.21944", "pubmed_id": "35273885", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21944", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35273885\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1830, "title": "Hallucinogen Use and Misuse in Older Adults.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogen use and misuse in older adults", "authors": "Redden WM, Paracha SU, Sheheryar Q.", "abstract": "Hallucinogens, or psychedelics, are substances/drugs that have been used for over a millennium. The most well known are LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and PCP. These substances may induce hallucinations as well as cause somatic and psychological symptoms. Because of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, there has been very little research done to determine the long-term consequences or perhaps potential benefit of misuse and abuse of hallucinogens. Typically, these drugs are not abused but more often misused. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in these compounds, which may lead to possible therapeutic options.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1016/j.cger.2021.07.007", "pubmed_id": "34794703", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2021.07.007", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Aged, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34794703\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Older Adults", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1828, "title": "Crystallographic hallucinations.", "normalized_title": "crystallographic hallucinations", "authors": "Toby BH", "abstract": "In a detailed powder diffraction study of the structural forms of psilocybin, Sherwood [ C, 36-55] cast doubt that any other anhydrous polymorphs could exist.", "journal": "Acta crystallographica. Section C, Structural chemistry", "publication_date": "2022-01-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1107/s2053229622000511", "pubmed_id": "35119383", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35119383/", "keywords": "Rietveld, pharmaceutical, psilocybin, psychedelic, quantitative phase analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35119383\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1827, "title": "Efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted treatment for major depressive disorder: Prospective 12-month follow-up.", "normalized_title": "efficacy and safety of psilocybin assisted treatment for major depressive disorder prospective 12 month follow up", "authors": "Gukasyan N, Davis AK, Barrett FS, Cosimano MP, Sepeda ND, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "BackgroundPreliminary data suggest that psilocybin-assisted treatment produces substantial and rapid antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), but little is known about long-term outcomes.AimsThis study sought to examine the efficacy and safety of psilocybin through 12 months in participants with moderate to severe MDD who received psilocybin.MethodsThis randomized, waiting-list controlled study enrolled 27 patients aged 21-75 with moderate to severe unipolar depression (GRID-Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (GRID-HAMD) ⩾ 17). Participants were randomized to an immediate or delayed (8 weeks) treatment condition in which they received two doses of psilocybin with supportive psychotherapy. Twenty-four participants completed both psilocybin sessions and were followed through 12 months following their second dose.ResultsAll 24 participants attended all follow-up visits through the 12-month timepoint. Large decreases from baseline in GRID-HAMD scores were observed at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up (Cohen d = 2.3, 2.0, 2.6, and 2.4, respectively). Treatment response (⩾50% reduction in GRID-HAMD score from baseline) and remission were 75% and 58%, respectively, at 12 months. There were no serious adverse events judged to be related to psilocybin in the long-term follow-up period, and no participants reported psilocybin use outside of the context of the study. Participant ratings of personal meaning, spiritual experience, and mystical experience after sessions predicted increased well-being at 12 months, but did not predict improvement in depression.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that the substantial antidepressant effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy may be durable at least through 12 months following acute intervention in some patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211073759", "pubmed_id": "35166158", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211073759", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Time Factors, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35166158\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1826, "title": "Investigational drugs for assisting psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): emerging approaches and shifting paradigms in the era of psychedelic medicine.", "normalized_title": "investigational drugs for assisting psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder ptsd emerging approaches and shifting paradigms in the era of psychedelic medicine", "authors": "Averill LA, Abdallah CG", "abstract": "", "journal": "Expert opinion on investigational drugs", "publication_date": "2022-01-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/13543784.2022.2035358", "pubmed_id": "35188023", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35188023/", "keywords": "MDMA, Posttraumatic stress disorder, ketamine, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted therapy, psychedelics, synaptic connectivity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35188023\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Neuroplasticity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1816, "title": "[Are psychedelics fast acting antidepressant agents?]", "normalized_title": "are psychedelics fast acting antidepressant agents", "authors": "Gründer G, Brand M, Kärtner L, Scharf D, Schmitz C, Spangemacher M, Mertens LJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelics, such as psilocybin represent one of the most promising current therapeutic approaches in psychiatry.ObjectivePsychedelics seem to have not only potent antidepressant effects. Do they also work particularly quickly, i.e. within one day?Material and methodsThe available literature on clinical studies of psychedelics in depressive syndromes is presented both from the period up to the prohibition of these substances in the late 1960s as well as after the resumption of research in the 2000s. One focus is the speed of onset of antidepressant action.ResultsOnly the clinical studies published since 2016 that meet modern methodological standards have also systematically examined the speed of the antidepressant onset of action. The published studies, which were almost exclusively carried out with psilocybin, so far show small sample sizes (the total number of patients with depression treated in published clinical studies is", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-31", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00115-021-01255-1", "pubmed_id": "35103814", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-021-01255-1", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Psychiatry, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35103814\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1832, "title": "Evaluating the Potential Use of Serotonergic Psychedelics in Autism Spectrum Disorder.", "normalized_title": "evaluating the potential use of serotonergic psychedelics in autism spectrum disorder", "authors": "Markopoulos A, Inserra A, De Gregorio D, Gobbi G.", "abstract": "Recent clinical and preclinical evidence points towards empathogenic and prosocial effects elicited by psychedelic compounds, notably the serotonin 5-HT2A agonists lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and their derivatives. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds for some of the behavioural traits associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by atypical social behaviour. In this review, we highlight evidence suggesting that psychedelics may potentially ameliorate some of the behavioural atypicalities of ASD, including reduced social behaviour and highly co-occurring anxiety and depression. Next, we discuss dysregulated neurobiological systems in ASD and how they may underlie or potentially limit the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. These phenomena include: 1) synaptic function, 2) serotonergic signaling, 3) prefrontal cortex activity, and 4) thalamocortical signaling. Lastly, we discuss clinical studies from the 1960s and 70s that assessed the use of psychedelics in the treatment of children with ASD. We highlight the positive behavioural outcomes of these studies, including enhanced mood and social behaviour, as well as the adverse effects of these trials, including increases in aggressive behaviour and dissociative and psychotic states. Despite preliminary evidence, further studies are needed to determine whether the benefits of psychedelic treatment in ASD outweigh the risks associated with the use of these compounds in this population, and if the 5-HT2A receptor may represent a target for social-behavioural disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2021.749068", "pubmed_id": "35177979", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.749068", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35177979\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1831, "title": "Structure-based discovery of nonhallucinogenic psychedelic analogs.", "normalized_title": "structure based discovery of nonhallucinogenic psychedelic analogs", "authors": "Cao D, Yu J, Wang H, Luo Z, Liu X, He L, Qi J, Fan L, Tang L, Chen Z, Li J, Cheng J, Wang S.", "abstract": "Drugs that target the human serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) are used to treat neuropsychiatric diseases; however, many have hallucinogenic effects, hampering their use. Here, we present structures of 5-HT2AR complexed with the psychedelic drugs psilocin (the active metabolite of psilocybin) and d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), as well as the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin and the nonhallucinogenic psychedelic analog lisuride. Serotonin and psilocin display a second binding mode in addition to the canonical mode, which enabled the design of the psychedelic IHCH-7113 (a substructure of antipsychotic lumateperone) and several 5-HT2AR β-arrestin-biased agonists that displayed antidepressant-like activity in mice but without hallucinogenic effects. The 5-HT2AR complex structures presented herein and the resulting insights provide a solid foundation for the structure-based design of safe and effective nonhallucinogenic psychedelic analogs with therapeutic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1126/science.abl8615", "pubmed_id": "35084960", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abl8615", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Mice, Hallucinations, Serotonin, Lisuride, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Arrestin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Ligands, Crystallography, X-Ray, Signal Transduction, Binding Sites, Protein Conformation, Structure-Activity Relationship, Drug Design, Psilocybin, Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35084960\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1706, "title": "Comment and Response: (Lugo-Radillo & Cortez-Lopez, 2020) Long-Term Amelioration of OCD Symptoms in a Patient with Chronic Consumption of Psilocybin-Containing Mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "comment and response lugo radillo cortez lopez 2020 long term amelioration of ocd symptoms in a patient with chronic consumption of psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Fitzpatrick CM, Anderson BT, Agin-Liebes G, Guydish J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-26", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2021.1983673", "pubmed_id": "35083957", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1983673", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Review Literature as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35083957\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1771, "title": "Flashback phenomena after administration of LSD and psilocybin in controlled studies with healthy participants.", "normalized_title": "flashback phenomena after administration of lsd and psilocybin in controlled studies with healthy participants", "authors": "Müller F, Kraus E, Holze F, Becker A, Ley L, Schmid Y, Vizeli P, Liechti ME, Borgwardt S.", "abstract": "BackgroundLSD and psilocybin are increasingly used in phase I trials and evaluated as therapeutic agents for mental disorders. The phenomenon of reoccurring drug-like experiences after the acute substance effects have worn off was described for both substances and especially attributed to LSD. According to the DSM-V, the persisting and distressing manifestation of these experiences is called hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD). Data on both conditions is very limited.ObjectiveThis study aims to provide descriptive data on reoccurring drug-like experiences after the administration of LSD and psilocybin in controlled studies with healthy participants.Methods and materialsData from 142 healthy subjects enrolled in six double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized cross-over studies were analyzed. In total, 60 subjects received LSD; 27 subjects received LSD, MDMA, and D-amphetamine; 31 subjects received LSD and psilocybin; and 25 subjects received psilocybin and escitalopram. At the end-of-study visit (mean 39.8 days after last study session, SD37.2), subjects were asked for any reoccurring drug effects since the initial substance effects had worn off. Those reporting reoccurring perception changes more than 24 h after administration were contacted for follow-up (mean follow-up duration: 31.2 months, SD28.6).ResultsThirteen out of 142 subjects reported reoccurring drug-like experiences (LSD: seven, psilocybin: two, both: four). The reported phenomena were predominantly mild and perceived as neutral to pleasant. Flashbacks were mostly of visual nature, lasted for seconds to minutes, and occurred within a week after the last drug administration. Two subjects reported distressing experiences that subsided spontaneously. One subject reported brief and pleasant visual perception changes which reoccurred for 7 months. None of the subjects reported impairment in their daily lives. None of the cases met DSM-V criteria for HPPD.ConclusionReoccurring drug-like experiences after the administration of LSD and psilocybin are a common phenomenon occurring in up to 9.2% of healthy subjects (7.8% for LSD, 8.3% for psilocybin and 14.3% if both substances are administered). Additionally, our work suggests that flashback phenomena are not a clinically relevant problem in controlled studies with healthy participants.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-24", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06066-z", "pubmed_id": "35076721", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06066-z", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35076721\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1772, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of major depression: a synthesis of phenomenological explanations.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of major depression a synthesis of phenomenological explanations", "authors": "Miceli McMillan R, Jordens C.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted Psychotherapy (PAP) combines the use of psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, with psychotherapy. PAP has shown some promise as a novel treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and empirical research suggests that its efficacy turns on the altered states induced by psychedelic compounds. In this paper we draw on the literature of phenomenology to explain the therapeutic potential of psychedelic experiences. Svenaeus characterises mental illness as a form of suffering that entails three distinct but related experiences of alienation or \"unhomelike being-in-the-world\": (1) illness suffering, which relates to embodiment; (2) existential suffering, which relates to self-narratives, and (3) political suffering, which relates to social relationships. Ratcliffe further characterises the experience of MDD in phenomenological terms as a loss of pre-intentional possibility that manifests as excessive noematic feeling in the experience of embodiment, restrictive narratives in the construction of self, and disconnectedness in experience of the social world. We contend that PAP ameliorates the suffering associated with MDD by inducing and consolidating a state of broadened pre-intentional possibility-one that entails sudden, profound and enduring changes in embodiment, self-narratives, and social experience. We argue further that this phenomenological account is consistent with a bio-psycho-social model of mental health and illness, and we frame it as an argument supporting the plausibility of recent claims about treatment success. This helps to justify ongoing future empirical research in this setting.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-21", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s11019-022-10070-7", "pubmed_id": "35064398", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-022-10070-7", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35064398\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1833, "title": "Human Cortical Serotonin 2A Receptor Occupancy by Psilocybin Measured Using [11C]MDL100,907 Dynamic PET and a Resting-State fMRI-Based Brain Parcellation.", "normalized_title": "human cortical serotonin 2a receptor occupancy by psilocybin measured using 11c mdl100 907 dynamic pet and a resting state fmri based brain parcellation", "authors": "Barrett FS, Zhou Y, Carbonaro TM, Roberts JM, Smith GS, Griffiths RR, Wong DF.", "abstract": "Psilocybin (a serotonin 2A, or 5-HT2A, receptor agonist) has shown preliminary efficacy as a treatment for mood and substance use disorders. The current report utilized positron emission tomography (PET) with the selective 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist radioligand [11C]MDL100,907 (a.k.a. M100,907) and cortical regions of interest (ROIs) derived from resting-state functional connectivity-based brain parcellations in 4 healthy volunteers (2 females) to determine regional occupancy/target engagement of 5-HT2A receptors after oral administration of a psychoactive dose of psilocybin (10 mg/70 kg). Average 5-HT2A receptor occupancy across all ROIs was 39.5% (± 10.9% SD). Three of the ROIs with greatest occupancy (between 63.12 and 74.72% occupancy) were within the default mode network (subgenual anterior cingulate and bilateral angular gyri). However, marked individual variability in regional occupancy was observed across individuals. These data support further investigation of the relationship between individual differences in the acute and enduring effects of psilocybin and the degree of regional 5-HT2A receptor occupancy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-19", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fnrgo.2021.784576", "pubmed_id": "38235248", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnrgo.2021.784576", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38235248\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1746, "title": "Novel Antidepressants in the Pipeline (Phase II and III): A Systematic Review of the US Clinical Trials Registry.", "normalized_title": "novel antidepressants in the pipeline phase ii and iii a systematic review of the us clinical trials registry", "authors": "Sakurai H, Yonezawa K, Tani H, Mimura M, Bauer M, Uchida H.", "abstract": "IntroductionThere is an imminent need for faster-acting and more effective antidepressants beyond the monoaminergic hypothesis.MethodsWe systematically searched the US Clinical Trials registry for antidepressant compounds with completed phase II and III trials. Compounds that demonstrated significant superiority over placebo in the primary outcome measure in the latest phase of phase II and III trials were identified. The collateral information was gathered via a PubMed search and press releases.ResultsNine compounds were identified. AXS-05 (a combination of dextromethorphan and bupropion) and ansofaxine hydrochloride showed a positive result over placebo in a phase III study for major depressive disorder or treatment-resistant depression. MIJ821, nitrous oxide, psilocybin, ayahuasca, facial injection of botulinum toxin A, prasterone, and casopitant demonstrated at least one positive result in phase II trials. Ayahuasca showed a greater response rate than placebo at week one, indicating the rapid antidepressant effect.DiscussionThese new compounds with novel mechanisms of action are expected to provide a greater variety of treatment options for depression if preliminary positive results are confirmed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-18", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1055/a-1714-9097", "pubmed_id": "35045580", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1714-9097", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Registries, Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35045580\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1834, "title": "[Psilocybin compared with escitalopram for depression].", "normalized_title": "psilocybin compared with escitalopram for depression", "authors": "Strous JFM.", "abstract": "Carhart-Harris et al. performed a study in which they compared psilocybin in combination with psychotherapy to escitalopram in combination with psychotherapy for depression. In this commentary, the author first summarizes the study results: in this double blind randomized controlled trial, psilocybin yielded an antidepressant effect comparable to escitalopram. Then, the author reflects on both the implications this study might have for future clinical practice and on the still existing shortcomings pertaining to psychedelic research in psychiatry. Psychedelic treatments might become guideline-based treatment after phase III trials have been performed. However, to date, only phase II trials have been performed and little is known about psilocybin's ability to maintain its antidepressant effect. In addition, blinding issues with psychedelic treatments remain, and media might have presented a premature and overly positive image of psychedelics as a possible treatment for psychiatric illness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-16", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "35138714", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/35138714", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psychiatry, Psilocybin, Escitalopram", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35138714\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1829, "title": "Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance.", "normalized_title": "analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance", "authors": "Hase A, Erdmann M, Limbach V, Hasler G.", "abstract": "Rationale and objectivesDifferences among psychedelic substances regarding their subjective experiences are clinically and scientifically interesting. Quantitative linguistic analysis is a powerful tool to examine such differences. This study compared five psychedelic substance report groups and a non-psychedelic report group on quantitative linguistic markers of psychological states and processes derived from recreational use-based online experience reports.MethodsUsing 2947 publicly available online reports, we compared Ayahuasca and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT, analyzed together), ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin (mushroom), and antidepressant drug use experiences. We examined word frequencies related to various psychological states and processes and semantic proximity to psychedelic and mystical experience scales.ResultsLinguistic markers of psychological function indicated distinct effect profiles. For example, MDMA experience reports featured an emotionally intensifying profile accompanied by many cognitive process words and dynamic-personal language. In contrast, Ayahuasca and DMT experience reports involved relatively little emotional language, few cognitive process words, increased analytical thinking-associated language, and the most semantic similarity with psychedelic and mystical experience descriptions. LSD, psilocybin mushroom, and ketamine reports showed only small differences on the emotion-, analytical thinking-, psychedelic, and mystical experience-related language outcomes. Antidepressant reports featured more negative emotional and cognitive process-related words, fewer positive emotional and analytical thinking-related words, and were generally not similar to mystical and psychedelic language.ConclusionThis article addresses an existing research gap regarding the comparison of different psychedelic drugs on linguistic profiles of psychological states, processes, and experiences. The large sample of experience reports involving multiple psychedelic drugs provides valuable information that would otherwise be difficult to obtain. The results could inform experimental research into psychedelic drug effects in healthy populations and clinical trials for psychedelic treatments of psychiatric problems.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-14", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3", "pubmed_id": "35031816", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35031816\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Biomarkers,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1835, "title": "In Silico Studies on Psilocybin Drug Derivatives Against SARS-CoV-2 and Cytokine Storm of Human Interleukin-6 Receptor.", "normalized_title": "in silico studies on psilocybin drug derivatives against sars cov 2 and cytokine storm of human interleukin 6 receptor", "authors": "Khan FI, Hassan F, Lai D.", "abstract": "Various metabolites identified with therapeutic mushrooms have been found from different sources and are known to have antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer properties. Over thousands soil growth-based mushroom metabolites have been discovered, and utilized worldwide to combat malignancy. In this study, psilocybin-mushroom that contains the psychedelic compounds such as psilacetin, psilocin, and psilocybine were screened and found to be inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mprotease. It has been found that psilacetin, psilocin, and psilocybine bind to Mprotease with -6.0, -5.4, and -5.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Additionally, the psilacetin was found to inhibit human interleukin-6 receptors to reduce cytokine storm. The binding of psilacetin to Mprotease of SARS-CoV-2 and human interleukin-6 receptors changes the structural dynamics and Gibbs free energy patterns of proteins. These results suggested that psilocybin-mushroom could be utilized as viable potential chemotherapeutic agents for SARS-CoV-2.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-13", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2021.794780", "pubmed_id": "35095870", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.794780", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Receptors, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-6, Antiviral Agents, Virus Replication, Psilocybin, Cytokine Release Syndrome, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Drug Treatment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35095870\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1773, "title": "Assessing the risk-benefit profile of classical psychedelics: a clinical review of second-wave psychedelic research.", "normalized_title": "assessing the risk benefit profile of classical psychedelics a clinical review of second wave psychedelic research", "authors": "Bender D, Hellerstein DJ.", "abstract": "RationaleA broad reassessment of the potential benefits of psychedelic drugs has led to the initiation of multiple major clinical trials in an effort to advance their status to become FDA-approved medications, as well as local legislative efforts to legalize or decriminalize their use.ObjectivesTo use recently published data to assess potential risks and benefits of psychedelic drugs as therapeutics, as well as to synthesize what is currently known in order to generate fruitful future research directions.MethodsA review of studies conducted since 1991 identified 14 clinical trials of classical psychedelics, including 11 of psilocybin (N = 257 participants), 1 of lysergic acid diethylamide (N = 12 participants), and 2 of ayahuasca (N = 46 participants). Other published studies (e.g., of healthy volunteers, survey studies, case reports, neuroimaging) were also considered for review.ResultsPublished studies since 1991 largely support the hypothesis that small numbers of treatments with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can offer significant and sustained alleviation to symptoms of multiple psychiatric conditions. No serious adverse events attributed to psychedelic therapy have been reported. Existing studies have several limitations, including small sample sizes, inherent difficulty in blinding, relatively limited follow-up, and highly screened treatment populations.ConclusionsSubstantial data have been gathered in the past 30 years suggesting that psychedelics are a potent treatment for a variety of common psychiatric conditions, though the ideal means of employing these substances to minimize adverse events and maximize therapeutic effects remains controversial. Unique factors related to study design are vital for clinical researchers in the field to address.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-12", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-06049-6", "pubmed_id": "35022823", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-06049-6", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Risk Assessment, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35022823\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1612, "title": "Knowledge, Perceptions, and Use of Psychedelics among Individuals with Fibromyalgia.", "normalized_title": "knowledge perceptions and use of psychedelics among individuals with fibromyalgia", "authors": "Glynos NG, Pierce J, Davis AK, McAfee J, Boehnke KF.", "abstract": "Fibromyalgia (FM) is a difficult to treat chronic pain condition for which there is strong interest in alternative treatments. There is growing interest in the potential of psychedelic substances (e.g., psilocybin) in conjunction with psychotherapy to treat chronic pain. Via a cross-sectional, anonymous, online survey, we aimed to characterize knowledge, perceptions, and past use of serotonergic (\"classic\") and non-serotonergic psychedelics among a population of individuals with FM, and to investigate interest in psychedelic-based FM treatments. Among a North American population of 354 participants with FM, 29.9% reported past use of a psychedelic, with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin mushrooms being most commonly used. Perceptions of benefit from psychedelic use were generally neutral (59.4%) or positive (36.8%), with", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-09", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2021.2022817", "pubmed_id": "35001856", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.2022817", "keywords": "Humans, Fibromyalgia, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35001856\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1849, "title": "MDMA/ecstasy use and psilocybin use are associated with lowered odds of psychological distress and suicidal thoughts in a sample of US adults.", "normalized_title": "mdma ecstasy use and psilocybin use are associated with lowered odds of psychological distress and suicidal thoughts in a sample of us adults", "authors": "Jones GM, Nock MK.", "abstract": "BackgroundSuicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and rates within the United States have risen over the past two decades. Hence, there is a critical need for novel tools to treat suicidal ideation and related mental health conditions. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)/ecstasy and classic psychedelics may be two such tools.AimsThe aim of this study was to assess non-causal associations between MDMA/ecstasy and classic psychedelic use and psychological distress and suicide risk.MethodsIn this study, we examined the aforementioned associations among 484,732 adult participants in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2008-2019).ResultsLifetime MDMA/ecstasy use was associated with reduced odds of past year suicidal thinking (10% reduced odds; odds ratio (OR) = 0.90; 95% confidence interval, CI = (0.84-0.97); p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211058923", "pubmed_id": "34983249", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211058923", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Health Surveys, Stress, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Suicidal Ideation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34983249\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1848, "title": "Lifetime use of MDMA/ecstasy and psilocybin is associated with reduced odds of major depressive episodes.", "normalized_title": "lifetime use of mdma ecstasy and psilocybin is associated with reduced odds of major depressive episodes", "authors": "Jones GM, Nock MK.", "abstract": "BackgroundDepression is a major mental health issue worldwide, with high rates of chronicity and non-recovery associated with the condition. Existing treatments such as antidepressant medication and psychological treatments have modest effectiveness, suggesting the need for alternative interventions.AimThe aim of this study was to examine the relationships between MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)/ecstasy and psilocybin use and major depressive episodes (MDEs).MethodsThis observational study used data from a large (N = 213,437) nationally representative sample of US adults to test the association of lifetime use of MDMA/ecstasy, psilocybin and other classic psychedelics (lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), peyote, mescaline), other illegal substances (e.g. cocaine, phencyclidine (PCP)), and legal/medicinal substances of misuse (e.g. pain relievers, tranquilizers) with lifetime, past year, and past year severe MDEs.ResultsResults revealed that lifetime MDMA/ecstasy use was associated with significantly lowered odds of a lifetime MDE (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.84; p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-04", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211066714", "pubmed_id": "34983261", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211066714", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Health Surveys, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Patient Acuity, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34983261\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1847, "title": "The effects of psilocybin on cognitive and emotional functions in healthy participants: Results from a phase 1, randomised, placebo-controlled trial involving simultaneous psilocybin administration and preparation.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin on cognitive and emotional functions in healthy participants results from a phase 1 randomised placebo controlled trial involving simultaneous psilocybin administration and preparation", "authors": "Rucker JJ, Marwood L, Ajantaival RJ, Bird C, Eriksson H, Harrison J, Lennard-Jones M, Mistry S, Saldarini F, Stansfield S, Tai SJ, Williams S, Weston N, Malievskaia E, Young AH.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin, a psychoactive serotonin receptor partial agonist, has been reported to acutely reduce clinical symptoms of depressive disorders. Psilocybin's effects on cognitive function have not been widely or systematically studied.AimThe aim of this study was to explore the safety of simultaneous administration of psilocybin to healthy participants in the largest randomised controlled trial of psilocybin to date. Primary and secondary endpoints assessed the short- and longer-term change in cognitive functioning, as assessed by a Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) Panel, and emotional processing scales. Safety was assessed via endpoints which included cognitive function, assessed by CANTAB global composite score, and treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) monitoring.MethodsIn this phase 1, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, healthy participants (n = 89; mean age 36.1 years; 41 females, 48 males) were randomised to receive a single oral dose of 10 or 25 mg psilocybin, or placebo, administered simultaneously to up to six participants, with one-to-one psychological support - each participant having an assigned, dedicated therapist available throughout the session.ResultsIn total, 511 TEAEs were reported, with a median duration of 1.0 day; 67% of all TEAEs started and resolved on the day of administration. There were no serious TEAEs, and none led to study withdrawal. There were no clinically relevant between-group differences in CANTAB global composite score, CANTAB cognitive domain scores, or emotional processing scale scores.ConclusionsThese results indicate that 10 mg and 25 mg doses of psilocybin were generally well tolerated when given to up to six participants simultaneously and did not have any detrimental short- or long-term effects on cognitive functioning or emotional processing.Clinical trial registrationEudraCT (https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/) number: 2018-000978-30.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-03", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211064720", "pubmed_id": "35090363", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211064720", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Cognition, Neuropsychological Tests, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35090363\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1654, "title": "Exploring the Credibility of Psilocybin-assisted Therapy and Cognitive-behavioral Therapy for Depression.", "normalized_title": "exploring the credibility of psilocybin assisted therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for depression", "authors": "Altman BR, Earleywine M, De Leo J.", "abstract": "Depression treatments succeed with many but leave others unimproved, and they can generate concerns about side effects, time, and cost. Psilocybin has generated media attention and empirical support for antidepressant effects, but lay impressions of its effectiveness are unclear. Although perceptions of treatment credibility contribute to outcome, beliefs about the credibility of psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) among potential patients remain uninvestigated, especially relative to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), a common, empirically-validated approach. The present study examined credibility ratings for CBT and PAT among individuals reporting depressive symptoms. Participants (N = 803) from Amazon's MTurk platform reported demographics, depressive symptoms, and psychotherapy experience, then read data-based vignettes describing each therapy and rated their credibility. Individuals rated CBT as more credible than PAT. Those with therapy experience rated CBT as more credible than those without. Men and lifetime hallucinogen users rated PAT more credible than women and non-users, but few other predictors accounted for much variance in credibility. Results suggest that potential clients appear cautious about PAT. As continued work examines the effectiveness of psychedelic-assisted interventions, researchers and clinicians must consider patients' beliefs about treatments as potential predictors of outcomes. Additionally, the paradigm used here might have potential for examining credibility of many interventions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2022-01-02", "publication_year": 2022, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2021.2020382", "pubmed_id": "34979875", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.2020382", "keywords": "Humans, Female, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34979875\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Healthcare Workers,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2020, "title": "Rats hallucinate in a similar manner to humans after psilocin", "normalized_title": "rats hallucinate in a similar manner to humans after psilocin", "authors": "Vejmola Č., Syrová K., Šíchová K., Vlastimil K., Klučková T., Kelemen E., Páleníček T.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuroscience Applied", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2022.100950", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2022.100950", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.nsa.2022.100950\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2019, "title": "Unravelling a New Conformer of Psilocin Through Computational Methods", "normalized_title": "unravelling a new conformer of psilocin through computational methods", "authors": "Bhadoria Poonam, Venkatnarayan Ramanathan", "abstract": "", "journal": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.4162669", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4162669", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.2139/ssrn.4162669\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.2174/1568026613666131213155252\",\"10.2174/1570159x13666141210222409\",\"10.1016/s0278-5846(98)00031-1\",\"10.1139/b63-072\",\"10.1007/bf00377168\",\"10.1016/0028-3908(90)90001-8\",\"10.1097/00001756-199812010-00024\",\"10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.008\",\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.005\",\"10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x\",\"10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7\",\"10.4088/jcp.v67n1110\",\"10.1177/0269881116675513\",\"10.1177/0269881116675512\",\"10.1177/0269881114565144\",\"10.1177/0269881114548296\",\"10.1073/pnas.63.4.1063\",\"10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00805\",\"10.1021/ja5112749\",\"10.1063/1.464913\",\"10.1063/1.456153\",\"10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.10.043\",\"10.1002/jcc.22885\",\"10.1080/00268977000101561\",\"10.1103/physrevb.18.7165\",\"10.1021/jp0225774\",\"10.1039/c1ob05856h\",\"10.1103/physrevlett.52.997\",\"10.1103/physrev.126.1028\",\"10.1080/00268977400100711\",\"10.1021/ja00179a005\",\"10.1063/1.471789\",\"10.1002/anie.198406271\",\"10.1016/s0009-2614(98)00036-0\",\"10.1021/ja9616793\",\"10.1039/d1ra04900c\",\"10.1021/cr00088a005\",\"10.1007/bf00549096\",\"10.1016/j.saa.2011.07.046\",\"10.1021/np030059u\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81831-8\",\"10.1111/j.1556-4029.2005.00033.x\",\"10.1021/jp810292n\"],\"reference_count\":63}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1861, "title": "Psychedelics as Novel Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease: Rationale and Potential Mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as novel therapeutics in alzheimer s disease rationale and potential mechanisms", "authors": "Garcia-Romeu A, Darcy S, Jackson H, White T, Rosenberg P", "abstract": "Serotonin 2A receptor (5-HTR) agonist \"classic psychedelics\" are drawing increasing interest as potential mental health treatments. Recent work suggests psychedelics can exert persisting anxiolytic and antidepressant effects lasting up to several months after a single administration. Data indicate acute subjective drug effects as important psychological factors involved in observed therapeutic benefits. Additionally, animal models have shown an important role for 5-HTR agonists in modulating learning and memory function with relevance for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and related dementias. A number of biological mechanisms of action are under investigation to elucidate 5-HTR agonists' therapeutic potential, including enhanced neuroplasticity, anti-inflammatory effects, and alterations in brain functional connectivity. These diverse lines of research are reviewed here along with a discussion of AD pathophysiology and neuropsychiatric symptoms to highlight classic psychedelics as potential novel pharmacotherapies for patients with AD. Human clinical research suggests a possible role for high-dose psychedelic administration in symptomatic treatment of depressed mood and anxiety in early-stage AD. Preclinical data indicate a potential for low- or high-dose psychedelic treatment regimens to slow or reverse brain atrophy, enhance cognitive function, and slow progression of AD. In conclusion, rationale and potential approaches for preliminary research with psychedelics in patients with AD are presented, and ramifications of this line of investigation for development of novel AD treatments are discussed.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2021_267", "pubmed_id": "34734390", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34734390/", "keywords": "Alzheimer’s disease, Dementia, Hallucinogen, Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Psilocybin, Psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34734390\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1860, "title": "Dosing Psychedelics and MDMA.", "normalized_title": "dosing psychedelics and mdma", "authors": "Liechti ME, Holze F.", "abstract": "Classic psychedelics, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), dimethyltryptamine, and mescaline, and entactogens/empathogens, especially 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, have received renewed attention in psychiatric research and may be developed into medications for such indications as anxiety, depression, cluster headache, and posttraumatic stress disorder, among others. However, identifying proper doses is crucial. Controlled study data on dosing using well-characterized pharmaceutical formulations of the substances are scarce. The dose equivalence of different substances, dose-response effects, and subjective effects of different doses are of great interest and practically important for their clinical use in psychotherapy. Furthermore, the so-called microdosing of psychedelics has recently gained popularity, and the first placebo-controlled studies of LSD have been published. This chapter discusses different aspects of psychedelic dosing, including pharmaceutical aspects, definitions and characteristics of different doses, including microdoses, aspects of personalized dosing, and non-pharmacological factors, that can influence the response to psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2021_270", "pubmed_id": "34734392", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2021_270", "keywords": "N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34734392\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Headache / Migraine,Microdosing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1859, "title": "Psilocybin for the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders", "authors": "Ehrmann K, Allen JJB, Moreno FA.", "abstract": "Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent and disabling condition for which currently available treatments are insufficiently effective and alternatives merit priority attention. Psilocybin may represent a safe and effective avenue for treatment of individuals affected by this condition. In this chapter we briefly introduce OCD symptoms, epidemiology, as well as relevant hypotheses on the mechanism of disease that may inform treatment interventions. We briefly describe currently available treatments, mechanisms of action, and efficacy limitations, as preamble to the potential use of psilocybin and perhaps similar compounds in the treatment of OCD and related conditions. Although much is reviewed throughout this book about the mechanisms of action of psychedelic agents, a focused discussion of psilocybin effects as they pertain to OCD is also included. Our experience with incidental observation, prospective research, and current explorations of psilocybin in OCD are also described.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2021_279", "pubmed_id": "34784024", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2021_279", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Prospective Studies, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34784024\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1857, "title": "Psilocybin for the Treatment of Depression: A Promising New Pharmacotherapy Approach.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for the treatment of depression a promising new pharmacotherapy approach", "authors": "Agin-Liebes G, Davis AK.", "abstract": "Depression is highly prevalent and represents the leading cause of global disability and primary contributor to overall global burden of disease. Several lines of evidence from early-phase experimental trials suggest that serotonergic psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, with therapeutic support show great promise in the treatment of depression with large effect sizes. Neuroimaging data have also revealed the dynamic effects of psilocybin on functional activity within and between neural regions. This chapter reviews the methods and findings from three small human laboratory clinical trials examining the effects of psilocybin therapy for patients with major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Insights from functional magnetic resonance imaging and qualitative analyses are also presented, as well as a discussion of study limitations and future directions for the research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2021_282", "pubmed_id": "34811715", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2021_282", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34811715\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1855, "title": "Psychedelics and Hallucinogens in Psychiatry: Finding New Pharmacological Targets.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and hallucinogens in psychiatry finding new pharmacological targets", "authors": "Sousa TR, Rema J, Machado S, Novais F.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe therapeutic options for neurobehavioral disorders are still limited, and in many cases, they lack a satisfactory balance between efficacy and side effects.ObjectivesThis work aims to review current evidence regarding the potential contribution of psychedelics and hallucinogens to the discovery of new drugs for treating different psychiatric disorders.DiscussionAyahuasca/N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin have evidence supporting their use in depression, and psilocybin and ayahuasca have also shown good results in treatment-resistant depression. In randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted with anxious patients, there were symptomatic improvements with psilocybin and LSD. Psilocybin diminished Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) scores in a small obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) sample. The evidence is less robust regarding substance use disorders, but it suggests a possible role for LSD and psilocybin in alcohol use disorders and for psilocybin in tobacco addiction. In a clinical setting, these substances seem to be safe and well-tolerated. Their mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated, but there seems to be a preponderant role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) 2A agonism, as well as connectivity changes within the default mode network (DMN) and amygdala and some other molecular modifications.ConclusionThe studies underlying the conclusions have small samples and are heterogeneous in their methods. However, the results suggest that the use of psychedelics and hallucinogens could be considered in some disorders. More studies are needed to reinforce their evidence as potential new drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.2174/1568026621666211201145800", "pubmed_id": "34852736", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026621666211201145800", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34852736\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1854, "title": "Psychedelic medicines for mood disorders: current evidence and clinical considerations.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic medicines for mood disorders current evidence and clinical considerations", "authors": "Sarris J, Pinzon Rubiano D, Day K, Galvão-Coelho NL, Perkins D.", "abstract": "Purpose of reviewDespite advances in treatment modalities for mood disorders over recent decades, further therapeutic options are still required. Increased research is occurring, with the pursuit of psychedelic-based pharmacotherapies for a range of mood disorders and other conditions.Recent findingsSerotonergic psychedelics have been found to modulate brain networks underlying various psychiatric disorders, as well promoting neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Randomized placebo-controlled trials have found psilocybin with psychological support effective at treating depression, including treatment-resistant depression; with emergent research also signalling N,N-dimethyltryptamine/ayahuasca also as a potential option for the treatment of depression. Lysergic acid diethylamide has been found to have anxiolytic effects, whereas 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been used effectively to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with Phase III clinical trial evidence. Microdosing of psychedelics is a growing phenomenon that has shown benefits in some preclinical data; however, a recent self-directed controlled trial reported no evidence of improved mood.SummaryCurrent research with medicinal psychedelics, usually as an adjunct to psychotherapy, has shown encouraging results in treating mood disorders. However, there are challenges regarding blinding and sample sizes remain small, and there have been no definitive Phase III studies (aside from MDMA for PTSD). Further work exploring novel formulations, interface with pharmacogenomics and the microbiome, and inflammatory pathways can be advised.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1097/yco.0000000000000759", "pubmed_id": "34855694", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000759", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mood Disorders, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34855694\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Genomics,Microbiome,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1853, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy for Substance Use Disorders and Potential Mechanisms of Action.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy for substance use disorders and potential mechanisms of action", "authors": "Rieser NM, Herdener M, Preller KH", "abstract": "Substance use disorders (SUD) represent a significant public health issue with a high need for novel and efficacious treatment options. In light of this high unmet need, recent results reporting beneficial outcomes of psychedelic-assisted therapy in SUD are particularly relevant. However, several questions remain with regard to this treatment approach. The clinical mechanisms of action of psychedelic substances in the treatment of SUD are not well understood. Closing this knowledge gap is critical to inform and optimize the psychotherapeutic embedding of the acute substance administration. In this chapter, we discuss potential mechanisms that have implications on psychotherapeutic approaches including induced neuroplasticity, alterations in brain network connectivity, reward and emotion processing, social connectedness, insight, and mystical experiences. Furthermore, we outline considerations and approaches that leverage these mechanisms in order to optimize the therapeutic embedding by maximizing synergy between substance effects and psychotherapy. Understanding the mechanisms of action, developing psychotherapeutic approaches accordingly, and evaluating their synergistic efficacy in scientific studies will be critical to advance the framework of psychedelic-assisted therapy for addiction, create evidence-based approaches, and achieve the best treatment outcome for patients with SUD.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2021_284", "pubmed_id": "34910289", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34910289/", "keywords": "Addiction, Hallucinogen, LSD, Mechanism of action, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, SUD, Substance use disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34910289\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1851, "title": "The Potential of Psychedelics for End of Life and Palliative Care.", "normalized_title": "the potential of psychedelics for end of life and palliative care", "authors": "Yaden DB, Nayak SM, Gukasyan N, Anderson BT, Griffiths RR", "abstract": "End of life and palliative care has improved in recent decades but the psychopharmacological options available to clinicians and patients in these contexts remain limited. In particular, psychological factors such as depression, existential distress, and well-being remain challenging to address with current medications. Here, we review recent research on the use of psychedelics in clinical settings with a particular focus on patients with life-threatening diagnoses. We propose that psychedelics may provide clinicians with an additional psychopharmacological treatment in the context of end of life and palliative care.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2021_278", "pubmed_id": "34958455", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34958455/", "keywords": "End of Life, Palliative care, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34958455\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1850, "title": "Psilocybin: crystal structure solutions enable phase analysis of prior art and recently patented examples.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin crystal structure solutions enable phase analysis of prior art and recently patented examples", "authors": "Sherwood AM, Kargbo RB, Kaylo KW, Cozzi NV, Meisenheimer P, Kaduk JA.", "abstract": "Psilocybin {systematic name: 3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yl dihydrogen phosphate} is a zwitterionic tryptamine natural product found in numerous species of fungi known for their psychoactive properties. Following its structural elucidation and chemical synthesis in 1959, purified synthetic psilocybin has been evaluated in clinical trials and has shown promise in the treatment of various mental health disorders. In a recent process-scale crystallization investigation, three crystalline forms of psilocybin were repeatedly observed: Hydrate A, Polymorph A, and Polymorph B. The crystal structure for Hydrate A was solved previously by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This article presents new crystal structure solutions for the two anhydrates, Polymorphs A and B, based on Rietveld refinement using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray diffraction data, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Utilizing the three solved structures, an investigation was conducted via Rietveld method (RM) based quantitative phase analysis (QPA) to estimate the contribution of the three different forms in powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns provided by different sources of bulk psilocybin produced between 1963 and 2021. Over the last 57 years, each of these samples quantitatively reflect one or more of the hydrate and anhydrate polymorphs. In addition to quantitatively evaluating the composition of each sample, this article evaluates correlations between the crystal forms present, corresponding process methods, sample age, and storage conditions. Furthermore, revision is recommended on characterizations in recently granted patents that include descriptions of crystalline psilocybin inappropriately reported as a single-phase `isostructural variant.' Rietveld refinement demonstrated that the claimed material was composed of approximately 81% Polymorph A and 19% Polymorph B, both of which have been identified in historical samples. In this article, we show conclusively that all published data can be explained in terms of three well-defined forms of psilocybin and that no additional forms are needed to explain the diffraction patterns.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1107/s2053229621013164", "pubmed_id": "34982048", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1107/s2053229621013164", "keywords": "Crystallization, X-Ray Diffraction, Crystallography, X-Ray, Hydrogen Bonding, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34982048\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1846, "title": "Psilocybin use is associated with lowered odds of crime arrests in US adults: A replication and extension.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin use is associated with lowered odds of crime arrests in us adults a replication and extension", "authors": "Jones GM, Nock MK.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe United States boasts the largest prison population in the world, conferring significant direct and indirect costs (e.g. lost wages for the incarcerated, increased morbidity/mortality, etc.) to society. Recidivism rates are high for the imprisoned and most interventions to reduce criminality are minimally effective. Thus, in addition to the need for criminal justice reform, there is a need to better understand factors linked to lowered criminal behavior.AimThe aim of this study was to assess the relationships between the use of classic psychedelic substances (psilocybin, LSD, peyote, and mescaline) and past year arrests for various crimes (i.e. property, violence, alcohol and substance use, miscellaneous crimes).MethodsThis study used nationally representative data from The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (2015-2019) (N = 211,549) to test the aforementioned associations.ResultsLifetime psilocybin use was associated with lowered odds of seven of 11 past year arrest variables (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) range = 0.30-0.73). Peyote was associated with reduced odds of motor vehicle theft (aOR = 0.30) and driving under the influence (aOR = 0.52), and mescaline was associated with reduced odds of drug possession/sale (aOR = 0.51). Virtually all other substances either shared no relationship to our outcomes or conferred higher odds of arrest.ConclusionThis study suggests that use of classic psychedelic substances is associated with lowered odds of crime arrests. Future research should explore whether causal factors and/or third variable factors (e.g. personality, political orientation) underlie the relationship between classic psychedelic use and reduced criminal behavior.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211058933", "pubmed_id": "35090364", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211058933", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Health Surveys, Crime, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Criminal Behavior, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35090364\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Personality Change,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1844, "title": "Psilocybin Conspectus: Status, Production Methods, and Considerations.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin conspectus status production methods and considerations", "authors": "Plotnik L, Gibbs G, Graham T.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a psychoactive alkaloid that is produced naturally by approximately 200 species of mushrooms. The potential medical use of this molecule for the treatment of mental illness is gaining renewed momentum. As demand grows and clinical trials progress, appropriate methods for producing a quality pharmaceutical product are needed. This review highlights the methods currently available, such as the prominent synthetic method and its biosynthetic alternatives, as well as others on the near horizon. This article further seeks to discuss the rapid and evolving nature of the psilocybin industry in the 21st century.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2021041921", "pubmed_id": "35442591", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2021041921", "keywords": "Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35442591\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1843, "title": "Psychedelics in the Treatment of Headache and Chronic Pain Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in the treatment of headache and chronic pain disorders", "authors": "Schindler EAD.", "abstract": "The therapeutic potential of psychedelics in headache and chronic pain disorders is documented over decades of anecdotal and early investigational reports, which have paved the way for the first controlled studies of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in these disorders. The reported lasting clinical effects after limited dosing with psychedelics present a novel means for disease management, but considerable further study will be required to address disease-specific treatments, uncover mechanism(s) of action, and verify safety. In this chapter, these topics are reviewed with particular attention to the neurobiological systems that offer potential sources of psychedelics' unique clinical effects in headache and pain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2022_365", "pubmed_id": "35546382", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_365", "keywords": "Humans, Headache, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35546382\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1842, "title": "Psychedelics and Anti-inflammatory Activity in Animal Models.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and anti inflammatory activity in animal models", "authors": "Flanagan TW, Nichols CD", "abstract": "The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 2A receptor is most well known as the common target for classic psychedelic compounds. Interestingly, the 5-HT receptor is the most widely expressed mammalian serotonin receptor and is found in nearly every examined tissue type including neural, endocrine, endothelial, immune, and muscle, suggesting it could be a novel and pharmacological target for several types of disorders. Despite this, the bulk of research on the 5-HT receptor is focused on its role in the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, activation of 5-HT receptors has emerged as a new anti-inflammatory strategy. This review will describe recent findings regarding psychedelics as anti-inflammatory compounds, as well as parse out differences in functional selectivity and immune regulation that exist between a number of well-known hallucinogenic compounds.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2022_367", "pubmed_id": "35546383", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35546383/", "keywords": "(R)-DOI, Anti-inflammatory, Asthma, Enhanced pause, IL-6, Psilocybin, Psychedellic, Whole-body plethysmography", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35546383\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1841, "title": "Classic Psychedelics in Addiction Treatment: The Case for Psilocybin in Tobacco Smoking Cessation.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics in addiction treatment the case for psilocybin in tobacco smoking cessation", "authors": "Johnson MW.", "abstract": "This manuscript reviews research suggesting that classic psychedelics (5-HT2A receptor agonists) are effective in treating addictions including tobacco use disorder. I review historical research from the 1950s to 1970s suggesting that classic psychedelics are associated with addiction recovery across pharmacologically distinct drugs of addiction. I then review anthropological reports about ceremonial use of classic psychedelics and epidemiological studies that are consistent with anti-addiction efficacy. I review modern research using psilocybin in the treatment of alcohol use disorder and tobacco use disorder. Both lines of research show high success rates in preliminary studies. General anti-addiction efficacy across a variety of classes of addictive drugs is consistent with the notion that the persisting positive behavior change prompted by psychedelic therapy is due to amplification of psychotherapeutic processes. Future research should examine classic psychedelic treatment of additional substance use disorders including for opioids, cocaine, methamphetamine, and cannabis, and other disorders broadly characterized as addictions (e.g., obesity, problem gambling, hypersexual disorder). Future research should also explore addiction treatments with other classic psychedelics including LSD, mescaline, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and yet-to-be-discovered compounds. Experimental research is also needed to test different protocols for the delivery of classic psychedelic therapy for addictions. Given the staggering society costs of substance use disorders, including the mortality caused by tobacco smoking, it is critical that public funding be made available for scientists to follow up on promising early findings of classic psychedelics in addiction treatment. The costs and risks of not conducting such research are too great.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2022_327", "pubmed_id": "35704271", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_327", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Tobacco Use Disorder, Hallucinogens, Smoking Cessation, Psilocybin, Nicotiana", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35704271\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1840, "title": "Psilocybin for Trauma-Related Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for trauma related disorders", "authors": "Khan AJ, Bradley E, O'Donovan A, Woolley J.", "abstract": "Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating, chronic disorder and efficacy rates of current PTSD treatments are underwhelming. There is a critical need for innovative approaches. We provide an overview of trauma and PTSD and cite literature providing converging evidence of the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for PTSD. No study to date has investigated psilocybin or psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) as treatments for PTSD. An open-label study in traumatized AIDS survivors found that PAP reduced PTSD symptoms, attachment anxiety, and demoralization. Several PAP trials show preliminary efficacy in facilitating confronting traumatic memories, decreasing emotional avoidance, depression, anxiety, pessimism, and disconnection from others, and increasing acceptance, self-compassion, and forgiveness of abusers, all of which are relevant to PTSD recovery. There is also early evidence that other classic psychedelics may produce large reductions in PTSD symptoms in combat veterans. However, this body of literature is small, mechanisms are not yet well understood, and the risks of using psychedelic compounds for trauma-related disorders need further study. In sum, evidence supports further investigation of PAP as a radically new approach for treating PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2022_366", "pubmed_id": "35711024", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_366", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35711024\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Veterans,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1839, "title": "[A Novel System for Discovering High-affinity Antibody Mutants That Enables Immunoassays with Higher Sensitivities -Development and Application of Clonal Array Profiling (CAP)].", "normalized_title": "a novel system for discovering high affinity antibody mutants that enables immunoassays with higher sensitivities development and application of clonal array profiling cap", "authors": "Kiguchi Y.", "abstract": "Antibody engineering is a powerful method used to generate high-affinity antibodies that enables sensitive immunoassays. It is commonly performed with the following steps: First, antibody fragments (e.g., single-chain Fv fragments; scFvs) with various mutations are displayed on the surface of filamentous bacteriophages to generate a diverse scFv-phages library. Then, rare clones with improved affinities are selected from the library via \"panning\" against target antigens immobilized on solid phases. However, this process often fails because of biased proliferation of scFv-phage clones and competition with large excesses of clones with weaker affinities. To overcome these limitations, we developed a clonal array profiling (CAP) method in which scFv-phage members in a library are individually examined for their antigen-binding ability. The advantage of CAP over conventional panning was evident in a comparative study that explored a library of anti-cortisol scFvs. CAP isolated five scFv mutants with >30-fold enhanced affinity (Ka) compared with wild-type scFv, enabling >11-fold more sensitive immunoassays. In contrast, no clones showing >5-fold higher Ka were found via panning. Considering the unique features of the primary structures of the improved scFvs found via CAP, we constructed new anti-cortisol scFv libraries where amino acid substitutions or insertions were introduced into the heavy-chain framework region 1 (VH-FR1). As expected, we obtained 21 mutants with >15-fold enhanced affinities. This VH-FR1-targeting mutagenesis also succeeded in generating affinity-matured scFvs against psilocybin, a hallucinogenic compound found in some mushrooms, which could be applied for developing on-site identification systems for hallucinogenic mushrooms, e.g. as immunochromatography devices.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1248/yakushi.22-00141", "pubmed_id": "36328444", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.22-00141", "keywords": "Bacteriophages, Peptide Library, Immunoassay, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Amino Acid Substitution, Mutagenesis, Single-Chain Antibodies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36328444\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1837, "title": "Psychedelic Identity Shift: A Critical Approach to Set And Setting.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic identity shift a critical approach to set and setting", "authors": "Devenot N, Seale-Feldman A, Smith E, Noorani T, Garcia-Romeu A, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "While the literature on psychedelic medicine emphasizes the importance of set and setting alongside the quality of subjective drug effects for therapeutic efficacy, few scholars have explored the therapeutic frameworks that are used alongside psychedelics in the lab or in the clinic. Based on a narrative analysis of the treatment manual and post-session experience reports from a pilot study of psilocybin-assisted treatment for tobacco smoking cessation, this article examines how therapeutic frameworks interact with the psychedelic substance in ways that can rapidly reshape participants' identity and sense of self. We identified multiple domains relating to identity shift that appear to serve as smoking cessation mechanisms during psilocybin sessions, each of which had an identifiable presence in the manualized treatment. As psychedelic medicine becomes mainstream, consensual and evidence-based approaches to psychedelic-assisted identity shift that respect patient autonomy and encourage empowerment should become areas of focus in the emergent field of psychedelic bioethics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1353/ken.2022.0022", "pubmed_id": "38588216", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2022.0022", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"38588216\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1807, "title": "Effects of Naturalistic Psychedelic Use on Depression, Anxiety, and Well-Being: Associations With Patterns of Use, Reported Harms, and Transformative Mental States.", "normalized_title": "effects of naturalistic psychedelic use on depression anxiety and well being associations with patterns of use reported harms and transformative mental states", "authors": "Raison CL, Jain R, Penn AD, Cole SP, Jain S", "abstract": "Survey-based studies suggest naturalistic psychedelic use provides mental health benefits similar to those observed in clinical trials. The current study sought to confirm these findings in a large group of psychedelic users and to conduct a novel examination of associations between amount of psychedelic use and behavioral outcomes, as well as frequency of harms ascribed to psychedelic use. A cross-sectional, online survey was completed by 2,510 adults reporting at least one lifetime psychedelic experience. Participants retrospectively completed a battery of instruments assessing depression, anxiety, and emotional well-being prior to and following psychedelic exposure. Participants also reported preferred psychedelic agent, number of uses, and harms attributed to psychedelic use. Psychedelic use was associated with significant improvements in depressive and anxious symptoms and with increased emotional well-being. These improvements increased in magnitude with increasing psychedelic exposure, with a ceiling effect. However, improvements were noted following a single lifetime use. Strong evidence for benefit of one preferred psychedelic agent over another was not observed, but enduring increases in factors related to mystical-experience and prosocial perspective taking associated with enhanced mental health. Thirteen percent of the survey sample ( = 330) endorsed at least one harm from psychedelic use, and these participants reported less mental health benefit. Results from the current study add to a growing database indicating that psychedelic use-even outside the context of clinical trials-may provide a wide range of mental health benefits, while also posing some risk for harm in a minority of individuals.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.831092", "pubmed_id": "35370864", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35370864/", "keywords": "anxiety, ayahuasca, depression, harms, patterns of use, psilocybin, psychedelics, well-being", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35370864\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1805, "title": "Corrigendum: Psychedelic Mushrooms in the USA: Knowledge, Patterns of Use, and Association With Health Outcomes.", "normalized_title": "corrigendum psychedelic mushrooms in the usa knowledge patterns of use and association with health outcomes", "authors": "Matzopoulos R, Morlock R, Morlock A, Lerer B, Lerer L", "abstract": "[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.780696.].", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.877390", "pubmed_id": "35401265", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35401265/", "keywords": "anxiety, depression, health insurance, healthcare resource utilization, population based survey, psilocybin mushroom, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35401265\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1783, "title": "Psychedelics and Psychotherapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches as Default.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and psychotherapy cognitive behavioral approaches as default", "authors": "Yaden DB, Earp D, Graziosi M, Friedman-Wheeler D, Luoma JB, Johnson MW", "abstract": "The acute subjective effects of psychedelics are responsive to users' expectations and surroundings (i.e., \"set and setting\"). Accordingly, a great deal of thought has gone into designing the psychosocial context of psychedelic administration in clinical settings. But what theoretical paradigms inform these considerations about set and setting? Here, we describe several historical, sociological influences on current psychedelic administration in mainstream European and American clinical research settings, including: indigenous practices, new age spirituality from the 1960s, psychodynamic/psychoanalytic approaches, and cognitive-behavioral approaches. We consider each of these paradigms and determine that cognitive-behavioral therapies, including newer branches such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), have the strongest rationale for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy going forward. Our primary reasons for advocating for cognitive-behavioral approaches include, (1) they avoid issues of cultural insensitivity, (2) they make minimal speculative assumptions about the nature of the mind and reality, (3) they have the largest base of empirical support for their safety and effectiveness outside of psychedelic therapy. We then propose several concepts from cognitive-behavioral therapies such as CBT, DBT, and ACT that can usefully inform the preparation, session, and integration phases of psychedelic psychotherapy. Overall, while there are many sources from which psychedelic psychotherapy could draw, we argue that current gold-standard, evidence-based psychotherapeutic paradigms provide the best starting point in terms of safety and efficacy.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychology", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873279", "pubmed_id": "35677124", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35677124/", "keywords": "LSD, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), psilocybin, psychedelic assisted psychotherapy, psychedelic assisted therapy, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35677124\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1782, "title": "The Psychedelic Integration Scales: Tools for Measuring Psychedelic Integration Behaviors and Experiences.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic integration scales tools for measuring psychedelic integration behaviors and experiences", "authors": "Frymann T, Whitney S, Yaden DB, Lipson J", "abstract": "In this study, we describe the development and initial validation of two psychometric scales for measuring psychedelic integration. Psychedelic integration refers to the post-acute period of time following psychedelic drug administration. We created the Integration Engagement Scale (IES) to capture positive behavioral engagement with integration and the Experienced Integration Scale (EIS) to capture internal aspects of feeling integrated. These scales were developed to measure post-acute psychedelic administration dynamics in order to inform the creation of enhanced integration support and to help refine a general conceptual understanding of the construct of psychedelic integration. The scales are brief and face valid instruments designed for practical use in applied and research settings. Scale items were generated and refined using the Iterative Process Model of scale development, with input from psychedelics experts and clinicians. Content validity, internal structure, and reliability were assessed expert surveys, content validity analysis, cognitive interviewing, convergent validity analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. The data indicates the scales are valid and reliable measurements of the behavioral and experiential forms of Psychedelic Integration.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychology", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2022.863247", "pubmed_id": "35677137", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35677137/", "keywords": "harm reduction, integration, psilocybin, psychedelic, psychedelic integration, psychedelic therapy, psychedelics, psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35677137\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1732, "title": "Editorial: Psychedelic sociality: Pharmacological and extrapharmacological perspectives.", "normalized_title": "editorial psychedelic sociality pharmacological and extrapharmacological perspectives", "authors": "Roseman L, Preller KH, Fotiou E, Winkelman MJ", "abstract": "", "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2022.979764", "pubmed_id": "35935854", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35935854/", "keywords": "5-HT2A receptor, LSD, biopsychosocial, culture, interdisciplinary research, psilocybin, set and setting, social pharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35935854\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1716, "title": "Neuroimaging Correlates of Treatment Response with Psychedelics in Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "neuroimaging correlates of treatment response with psychedelics in major depressive disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Kuburi S, Di Passa AM, Tassone VK, Mahmood R, Lalovic A, Ladha KS, Dunlop K, Rizvi S, Demchenko I, Bhat V.", "abstract": "Preliminary evidence supports the use of psychedelics for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, less attention has been given to the neural mechanisms behind their effects. We conducted a systematic review examining the neuroimaging correlates of antidepressant response following psychedelic interventions for MDD. Through MEDLINE, Embase, and APA PsycINFO, 187 records were identified and 42 articles were screened. Six published studies and one conference abstract were included. Five ongoing trials were included from subjective outcomesTrials.gov. Our search covered several psychedelics, though included studies were specific to psilocybin, ayahuasca, and lysergic acid diethylamide. Three psilocybin studies noted amygdala activity and functional connectivity (FC) alterations that correlated with treatment response. Two psilocybin studies reported that FC changes in the medial and ventromedial prefrontal cortices correlated with treatment response. Two trials from a single study reported global decreases in brain network modularity which correlated with antidepressant response. One ayahuasca study reported increased activity in the limbic regions following treatment. Preliminary evidence suggests that the default mode and limbic networks may be a target for future research on the neural mechanisms of psychedelics. More data is required to corroborate these initial findings as the evidence summarized in this review is based on four datasets.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/24705470221115342", "pubmed_id": "35936944", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221115342", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35936944\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1708, "title": "Attitudes and Beliefs about the Therapeutic Use of Psychedelic Drugs among Psychologists in the United States.", "normalized_title": "attitudes and beliefs about the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs among psychologists in the united states", "authors": "Davis AK, Agin-Liebes G, España M, Pilecki B, Luoma J", "abstract": "Psychologists are a vital component of mental health treatment and their perceptions of psychedelic-assisted therapy are critical for future implementation. This cross-sectional quasi-experimental electronic survey study explored the attitudes about psychedelics used in treatment among 366 clinical psychologists in the United States. Participants expressed cautiously favorable attitudes toward therapeutic psychedelic experiences but indicated concern about possible psychiatric and neurocognitive risks. Most participants indicated that they lack an understanding of the full range of effects of psychedelics, would need to seek out additional consultation, and endorsed positive beliefs in the potential of psychedelic treatment and the need for further research. Overall, this research identified the need to increase education and training about psychedelics for psychologists in order to help increase knowledge and reduce stigma about psychedelic therapies.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2021.1971343", "pubmed_id": "34468293", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34468293/", "keywords": "Psychedelics, hallucinogens, psilocybin, psychologists, survey", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34468293\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1634, "title": "Classic psychedelics, health behavior, and physical health.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics health behavior and physical health", "authors": "Simonsson O, Hendricks PS, Chambers R, Osika W, Goldberg SB", "abstract": "Preliminary evidence suggests that classic psychedelics may be effective in the treatment of some psychiatric disorders, yet little remains known about their effects on health behavior and physical health. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations of lifetime classic psychedelic use and psychological insight during one's most insightful classic psychedelic experience with health behavior and physical health. Using data representative of the US population with regard to sex, age, and ethnicity ( = 2822), this study examined associations of lifetime classic psychedelic use and psychological insight with health behavior and physical health. Lifetime classic psychedelic use was associated with more healthy tobacco-related and diet-related behavior ( = 0.05 and 0.09, respectively). Among lifetime classic psychedelic users ( = 613), greater Psychological Insight Questionnaire (PIQ) total scale, PIQ Avoidance and Maladaptive Patterns (AMP) subscale, and PIQ Goals and Adaptive Patterns (GAP) subscale scores were each associated with higher odds of more healthy exercise-related behavior [adjusted odds ratios (aOR) (95% confidence interval, CI = 1.38 (1.13-1.68), 1.38 (1.13-1.68), and 1.32 (1.10-1.60), respectively] and higher odds of having a healthy body mass index (BMI) [aOR (95% CI) = 1.32 (1.07-1.63), 1.36 (1.10-1.69), and 1.23 (1.01-1.50), respectively], and greater GAP subscale scores were associated with more healthy diet-related behavior ( = 0.10). All PIQ scales were positively associated with some health behavior improvements (overall, diet, exercise) attributed to respondents' most insightful classic psychedelic experience ( = 0.42, 0.18, and 0.17; = 0.40, 0.19, and 0.17; and = 0.40, 0.15, and 0.15, respectively), but only PIQ total scale and AMP subscale scores were positively associated with alcohol-related health behavior improvements ( = 0.13 and 0.16, respectively). Although these results cannot demonstrate causality, they suggest that psychological insight during a classic psychedelic experience may lead to positive health behavior change and better physical health in some domains, in particular in those related to weight management.", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/20451253221135363", "pubmed_id": "36465958", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36465958/", "keywords": "BMI, behavior, health, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36465958\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1622, "title": "The economics of psychedelic-assisted therapies: A research agenda.", "normalized_title": "the economics of psychedelic assisted therapies a research agenda", "authors": "Marseille E, Bertozzi S, Kahn JG", "abstract": "After a long hiatus, psychiatry is undergoing a resurgence of interest in psychedelic drugs as therapy for a wide range of mental health disorders Accumulating clinical evidence suggests substantial potential for psychedelics used in a therapeutic context, as treatment for, among other disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and addictions to tobacco, opioids and alcohol. As soon as 2024, powerful new therapeutic modalities could become available for individuals with mental health problems refractory to traditional therapies. Yet research has lagged on economic considerations, such as costs and cost-effectiveness, the economic effects of widespread implementation, pricing, and economic appraisal's methodological considerations relevant to psychedelic therapies. These issues are critical if psychedelic therapies are to become widely accessible. We describe six types of economic analyses and their rationale for decisions and planning including the needs of health care payers. We also outline desirable features of this research, including scientific rigor, long horizons, equity, and a global view.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1025726", "pubmed_id": "36545038", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36545038/", "keywords": "MDMA, cost-effectiveness, health economics, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36545038\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1583, "title": "Editorial: Old and new psychoactive substances: Pharmacology and potential applications.", "normalized_title": "editorial old and new psychoactive substances pharmacology and potential applications", "authors": "Mayer FP, Luethi D, Areal LB, Sitte HH", "abstract": "", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1087005", "pubmed_id": "36684007", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36684007/", "keywords": "MDMA, PTSD, cathinone, ketamine, new psychoactive substance (NPS), psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36684007\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1561, "title": "Serotonergic psychedelics for depression: What do we know about neurobiological mechanisms of action?", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics for depression what do we know about neurobiological mechanisms of action", "authors": "Husain MI, Ledwos N, Fellows E, Baer J, Rosenblat JD, Blumberger DM, Mulsant BH, Castle DJ", "abstract": "Current treatment options for major depressive disorder (MDD) have limited efficacy and are associated with adverse effects. Recent studies investigating the antidepressant effect of serotonergic psychedelics-also known as classic psychedelics-have promising preliminary results with large effect sizes. In this context, we conducted a review of the putative neurobiological underpinnings of the mechanism of antidepressant action of these drugs. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed to identify published articles evaluating the antidepressant mechanism of action of serotonergic psychedelics. Serotonergic psychedelics have serotonin (5HT)2A agonist or partial agonist effects. Their rapid antidepressant effects may be mediated-in part-by their potent 5HT2A agonism, leading to rapid receptor downregulation. In addition, these psychedelics impact brain derived neurotrophic factor and immunomodulatory responses, both of which may play a role in their antidepressant effect. Several neuroimaging and neurophysiology studies evaluating mechanistic change from a network perspective can help us to further understand their mechanism of action. Some, but not all, data suggest that psychedelics may exert their effects, in part, by disrupting the activity of the default mode network, which is involved in both introspection and self-referential thinking and is over-active in MDD. The mechanisms of action underlying the antidepressant effect of serotonergic psychedelics remains an active area of research. Several competing theories are being evaluated and more research is needed to determine which ones are supported by the most robust evidence.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2021-12-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1076459", "pubmed_id": "36844032", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36844032/", "keywords": "LSD, ayahuasca, connectivity, depression, hallucinogen, neurobiology, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:38", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"36844032\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1747, "title": "A systematic literature review of clinical trials and therapeutic applications of ibogaine.", "normalized_title": "a systematic literature review of clinical trials and therapeutic applications of ibogaine", "authors": "Köck P, Froelich K, Walter M, Lang U, Dürsteler KM.", "abstract": "BackgroundIboga and its primary alkaloids, ibogaine and noribogaine, have been of interest to researchers and practitioners, mainly due to their putative efficacy in treating substance use disorders (SUDs). For many SUDs, still no effective pharmacotherapies exist. Distinct psychoactive and somatic effects of the iboga alkaloids set them apart from classic hallucinogens like LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin.AimsThe study team performed this systematic review focusing on clinical data and therapeutic interventions involving ibogaine and noribogaine.MethodsThe team conducted a search for all publications up to December 7, 2020, using PubMed and Embase following PRISMA guidelines.ResultsIn total, we identified 743 records. In this review, we consider 24 studies, which included 705 individuals receiving ibogaine or noribogaine. This review includes two randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials, one double-blind controlled clinical trial, 17 open-label studies or case series (including observational or retrospective studies), three case reports, and one retrospective survey. The published data suggest that ibogaine is an effective therapeutic intervention within the context of SUDs, reducing withdrawal symptoms and craving. Data also point toward a beneficial impact on depressive and trauma-related psychological symptoms. However, studies have reported severe medical complications and deaths, which seem to be associated with neuro- and cardiotoxic effects of ibogaine. Two of these fatalities were described in the 24 studies included in this review.ConclusionTreatment of SUDs and persisting comorbidities requires innovative treatment approaches. Rapid-onset therapies such as the application of ibogaine may offer novel treatment opportunities for specific individuals. Rigorous study designs within medical settings are necessary to warrant safe application, monitoring, and, possibly, medical intervention.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-29", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108717", "pubmed_id": "35012793", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108717", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Alkaloids, Ibogaine, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Observational Studies as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35012793\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3526, "title": "LSD Treatment in Persons Suffering From Anxiety Symptoms in Severe Somatic Diseases or in Psychiatric Anxiety Disorders: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Phase II Study", "normalized_title": "lsd treatment in persons suffering from anxiety symptoms in severe somatic diseases or in psychiatric anxiety disorders a randomized double blind placebo controlled phase ii study", "authors": "University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland", "abstract": "Background: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was extensively investigated in humans in the 1950s and 1960s. Particularly, LSD attenuated anxiety in patients with cancer. Clinical research with LSD ended in the 1970s due to regulatory restrictions but its use for personal and recreational purposes continued. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the use hallucinogens in psychiatric research and practices. LSD and psilocybin were reused in experimental studies in healthy subjects and in the treatment for anxiety in patients with life-threatening diseases. Specifically, a pilot study documented that LSD can be used safely and may reduce anxiety in these patients. Larger well-designed and placebo-controlled studies are warranted. Similar studies have recently been completed with the hallucinogen psilocybin. Objective: To test the efficacy of LSD in patients with anxiety with or without life-threatening diseases. Design: Double-blind, placebo-controlled random-order cross-over trial using two LSD (200 µg) and two placebo sessions with subjects acting as their own control. Participants: 40 patients aged \\> 25 years with anxiety disorder (according to DSM-IV or a state-trait anxiety inventory score \\>40 in the STAI trait or state scale) with or without life-threatening illness. Main outcome measures: Reduction in anxiety (STAI), depression (Hamilton depression rating scale, HDRS and Beck depression inventory, BDI), and general psychopathological symptoms (Symptom Check List 90 items, SCL-90) at 2, 8, and 16 weeks after LSD- compared with placebo-assisted psychotherapy. Significance: Anxiety disorder (alone or in the context of life-threatening illness) is frequent and often insufficiently managed with available medications. This study will evaluate the potential benefits of single treatments with LSD in anxiety disorder.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2021-12-21", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03153579", "keywords": "Patients, Anxiety Disorders, LSD, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03153579\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3391, "title": "Predictors of Psychedelic Experience: A Thematic Analysis", "normalized_title": "predictors of psychedelic experience a thematic analysis", "authors": "McCartney A, McGovern H, De Foe A.", "abstract": "Research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances is rapidly expanding. A major limitation within this field is the unpredictability of individual responses to psychedelic substances. A better understanding of factors that can predict psychedelic experience is essential to both clinical progress and wider harm reduction frameworks. Ketamine, MDMA, LSD and psilocybin were selected for comparison due to their promising therapeutic effects and different mechanisms of action. The current study aimed to (a) identify factors that predict both positive and adverse psychedelic experience, and (b) compare these predictors across the four psychedelic substances. A thematic analysis was conducted on twenty-four subjective, first-person reports of psychedelic use (six per substance), sourced from the Erowid online database. The analysis revealed three external predictors (nature, music and preparation) and three internal predictors (understanding, mindset and motivation). Each predictor contained two sub-themes that further elucidated their meaning and impact. Nature and music emerged as potential tools for de-escalating adverse reactions to psychedelics, which was a novel finding. A comparison between substances further revealed that these predictors actually had different impacts, depending on the substance being taken. Finally, the importance of, and interrelationship between, preparation, mindset, understanding and motivation was made clear. The broader clinical and sociological implications of this were discussed, with particular reference to developing harm reduction frameworks. As psychedelic therapy and research continues to gain momentum, these findings constitute an early step in developing a more nuanced understanding of the factors shaping psychedelic experience.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-12-20", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/5d7fc", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5d7fc", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR435107\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1401, "title": "Predictors of Psychedelic Experience: A Thematic Analysis", "normalized_title": "predictors of psychedelic experience a thematic analysis", "authors": "", "abstract": "Research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances is rapidly expanding. A major limitation within this field is the unpredictability of individual responses to psychedelic substances. A better understanding of factors that can predict psychedelic experience is essential to both clinical progress and wider harm reduction frameworks. Ketamine, MDMA, LSD and psilocybin were selected for comparison due to their promising therapeutic effects and different mechanisms of action. The current study aimed to (a) identify factors that predict both positive and adverse psychedelic experience, and (b) compare these predictors across the four psychedelic substances. A thematic analysis was conducted on twenty-four subjective, first-person reports of psychedelic use (six per substance), sourced from the Erowid online database. The analysis revealed three external predictors (nature, music and preparation) and three internal predictors (understanding, mindset and motivation). Each predictor contained two sub-themes that further elucidated their meaning and impact. Nature and music emerged as potential tools for de-escalating adverse reactions to psychedelics, which was a novel finding. A comparison between substances further revealed that these predictors actually had different impacts, depending on the substance being taken. Finally, the importance of, and interrelationship between, preparation, mindset, understanding and motivation was made clear. The broader clinical and sociological implications of this were discussed, with particular reference to developing harm reduction frameworks. As psychedelic therapy and research continues to gain momentum, these findings constitute an early step in developing a more nuanced understanding of the factors shaping psychedelic experience.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-12-20", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/5d7fc_v1", "keywords": "context, experience, psychedelics, qualitative, setting, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"5d7fc_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1871, "title": "Palliative care provider attitudes toward existential distress and treatment with psychedelic-assisted therapies.", "normalized_title": "palliative care provider attitudes toward existential distress and treatment with psychedelic assisted therapies", "authors": "Niles H, Fogg C, Kelmendi B, Lazenby M", "abstract": "Existential distress is a significant source of suffering for patients facing life-threatening illness. Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies (PAT) are novel treatments that have shown promise in treating existential distress, but openness to providing PAT may be limited by stigma surrounding psychedelics and the paucity of education regarding their medical use. How PAT might be integrated into existing treatments for existential distress within palliative care remains underexplored. The present study aimed to elucidate the attitudes of palliative care clinicians regarding treatments for existential distress, including PAT. We recruited palliative care physicians, advanced practice nurses, and spiritual and psychological care providers from multiple US sites using purposive and snowball sampling methods. Attitudes toward PAT were unknown prior to study involvement. Semi-structured interviews targeted at current approaches to existential distress and attitudes toward PAT were analyzed for thematic content. Nineteen respondents (seven physicians, four advanced practice nurses, four chaplains, three social workers, and one psychologist) were interviewed. Identified themes were 1) Existential distress is a common experience that is frequently insufficiently treated within the current treatment framework; 2) Palliative care providers ultimately see existential distress as a psychosocial-spiritual problem that evades medicalized approaches; 3) Palliative care providers believe PAT hold promise for treating existential distress but that a stronger evidence base is needed; 4) Because PAT do not currently fit existing models of existential distress treatment, barriers remain. PAT is seen as a potentially powerful tool to treat refractory existential distress. Larger clinical trials and educational outreach are needed to clarify treatment targets and address safety concerns. Further work to adapt PAT to palliative care settings should emphasize collaboration with spiritual care as well as mental health providers and seek to address unresolved concerns about equitable access.", "journal": "BMC palliative care", "publication_date": "2021-12-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1186/s12904-021-00889-x", "pubmed_id": "34930220", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34930220/", "keywords": "Demoralization, Existential distress, Psilocybin, Psychedelic-assisted therapy, Spiritual distress", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34930220\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3138, "title": "A whole genome atlas of 81 Psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production.", "normalized_title": "a whole genome atlas of 81 psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production", "authors": "McKernan K, Kane L, Helbert Y, Zhang L, Houde N, McLaughlin S.", "abstract": "The Psilocybe genus is well known for the synthesis of valuable psychoactive compounds such as Psilocybin, Psilocin, Baeocystin and Aeruginascin. The ubiquity of Psilocybin synthesis in Psilocybe has been attributed to a horizontal gene transfer mechanism of a ~20Kb gene cluster. A recently published highly contiguous reference genome derived from long read single molecule sequencing has underscored interesting variation in this Psilocybin synthesis gene cluster. This reference genome has also enabled the shotgun sequencing of spores from many Psilocybe strains to better catalog the genomic diversity in the Psilocybin synthesis pathway. Here we present the de novo assembly of 81 Psilocybe genomes compared to the P.envy reference genome. Surprisingly, the genomes of Psilocybe galindoi, Psilocybe tampanensis and Psilocybe azurescens lack sequence coverage over the previously described Psilocybin synthesis pathway but do demonstrate amino acid sequence homology to a less contiguous gene cluster and may illuminate the previously proposed evolution of psilocybin synthesis.", "journal": "F1000Res", "publication_date": "2021-12-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.12688/f1000research.55301.2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55301.2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR433636\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"F1000Res\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3087, "title": "Psilocybin modulation of dynamic functional connectivity is associated with plasma psilocin and subjective effects", "normalized_title": "psilocybin modulation of dynamic functional connectivity is associated with plasma psilocin and subjective effects", "authors": "Olsen AS, Lykkebo-Valløe A, Ozenne B, Madsen MK, Stenbæk DS, Armand S, Mørup M, Ganz M, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "Background Psilocin, the neuroactive metabolite of psilocybin, is a serotonergic psychedelic that induces an acute altered state of consciousness, evokes lasting changes in mood and personality in healthy individuals, and has potential as an antidepressant treatment. Examining the acute effects of psilocin on resting-state dynamic functional connectivity implicates network-level connectivity motifs that may underlie acute and lasting behavioral and clinical effects. Aim Evaluate the association between resting-state dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) characteristics and plasma psilocin level (PPL) and subjective drug intensity (SDI) before and right after intake of a psychedelic dose of psilocybin in healthy humans. Methods Fifteen healthy individuals completed the study. Before and at multiple time points after psilocybin intake, we acquired 10-minute resting-state blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Leading Eigenvector Dynamics Analysis (LEiDA) and diametrical clustering were applied to estimate discrete, sequentially active brain states. We evaluated associations between the fractional occurrence of brain states during a scan session and PPL and SDI using linear mixed-effects models. We examined associations between brain state dwell time and PPL and SDI using frailty Cox proportional hazards survival analysis. Results Fractional occurrences for two brain states characterized by lateral frontoparietal and medial fronto-parietal-cingulate coherence were statistically significantly negatively associated with PPL and SDI. Dwell time for these brain states was negatively associated with SDI and, to a lesser extent, PPL. Conversely, fractional occurrence and dwell time of a fully connected brain state was positively associated with PPL and SDI. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the acute perceptual psychedelic effects induced by psilocybin may stem from drug-level associated decreases in the occurrence and duration of lateral and medial frontoparietal connectivity motifs in exchange for increases in a uniform connectivity structure. We apply and argue for a modified approach to modeling eigenvectors produced by LEiDA that more fully acknowledges their underlying structure. Together these findings contribute to a more comprehensive neurobiological framework underlying acute effects of serotonergic psychedelics. Highlights We examined psilocybin effects on resting-state fMRI dynamic functional connectivity Diametrical clustering described as improved strategy for LEiDA-defined brain states Individual brain state dynamics defined by fractional occurrence and dwell time Two frontoparietal states and a fully connected brain state affected by psilocybin Brain state dynamics associated with psilocin level and subjective experience", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-12-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.12.17.21267992", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.17.21267992", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:00", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR433963\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1852, "title": "Psilocybin microdosing does not affect emotion-related symptoms and processing: A preregistered field and lab-based study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin microdosing does not affect emotion related symptoms and processing a preregistered field and lab based study", "authors": "Marschall J, Fejer G, Lempe P, Prochazkova L, Kuchar M, Hajkova K, van Elk M.", "abstract": "BackgroundMicrodoses of psychedelics (i.e. a sub-hallucinogenic dose taken every third day) can reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress according to anecdotal reports and observational studies. Research with medium to high doses of psilocybin points towards potential underlying mechanisms, including the modulation of emotion and interoceptive processing.AimsIn this preregistered study, we investigated whether psilocybin microdoses alter self-reported interoceptive awareness and whether repeated microdosing over 3 weeks modulates emotion processing and reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression.MethodsWe used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover design. Participants completed the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness Questionnaire 1½ h after self-administering their second dose (or placebo), and the emotional go/no-go task and the shortened Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 1½ h after self-administering their seventh dose.ResultsOur confirmatory analyses revealed that psilocybin microdosing did not affect emotion processing or symptoms of anxiety and depression compared with placebo. Our exploratory analyses revealed that psilocybin microdosing did not affect self-reported interoceptive awareness, that symptoms of depression and stress were significantly reduced in the first block compared with baseline, that participants broke blind in the second block and that there was no effect of expectations. Further research in a substance-naïve population with clinical range anxiety and depressive symptoms is needed to substantiate the potential beneficial effects of microdosing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211050556", "pubmed_id": "34915762", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211050556", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Emotions, Anxiety, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34915762\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3671, "title": "Double-blind Placebo-controlled Naturalistic Study of Microdosing With Psilocybin: Effects on Brain Activity, Behavior, Cognition, Creativity, and Mental Health", "normalized_title": "double blind placebo controlled naturalistic study of microdosing with psilocybin effects on brain activity behavior cognition creativity and mental health", "authors": "National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina", "abstract": "This study seeks to understand the neural, cognitive and behavioral effects of low doses of psilocybin administered in the form of dried mushroom material (0.5 g of Psilocybe cubensis) consumed in natural settings following a placebo-controlled double-blind experimental design. Sub-threshold doses of serotonergic psychedelics are frequently consumed as cognitive enhancers, and due to their purported positive effects on mood, energy and creativity (\"microdosing\"). The acute and short-term effects of psilocybin (the psychoactive compound of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms) on several variables will be investigated, comprising spontaneous and evoked electrophysiological brain activity, perception and cognitive function (cognitive flexibility, attention, inhibitory control, conscious access, visual perception), creativity (problem solving, divergent and convergent thinking), behavior (actigraphy and sleep patterns, natural language production) and several domains related to well-being and mental health of the participants. This study is simultaneously naturalistic (i.e. recruited subjects are intrinsically motivated to microdose, as they have decided to embark in a microdosing protocol) and controlled by expectations, following a double-blind placebo-controlled design. Participants will microdose according to the following schedule: Two sessions (0.5 g dried Psilocybin mushrooms vs. dried edible mushroom material without psychoactive effects as a placebo condition) will be conducted. A third party will be in charge of generating their active dose and placebo capsules, and they will also implement a blinding procedure. Each session will span one week of measurements. Subjects will be given a smartwatch to monitor activity and sleeping patterns at the beginning of the week. At days 3 and 5, subjects will take capsules with active mushroom material or placebo, and then several variables will be recorded. Experiments will be conducted in a setting that is natural and comfortable for the participants, e.g. their homes. The main outcome measures consist of resting state activity recorded with EEG, evoked response potentials and performance during cognitive tasks, behavioral variables obtained with actigraphy and automated sleep scoring, natural language analysis, and several measurs self-reported via standarized questionnaires. After completion, this study will provide direct evidence concerning the efficacy of microdosing for cognitive enhancement under natural conditions, i.e. those most frequently used by individuals who microdose, as well as provide information concerning the potential underlying neurobiological mechanisms.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2021-12-15", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05160220", "keywords": "Cognitive Change, Creativity, Mood Change, Sleep, Psilocybin, Placebo, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT05160220\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 1817, "title": "Beating pain with psychedelics: Matter over mind?", "normalized_title": "beating pain with psychedelics matter over mind", "authors": "Elman I, Pustilnik A, Borsook D.", "abstract": "Basic pain research has shed light on key cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying nociceptive and phenomenological aspects of pain. Despite these advances, we still yearn for the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies to address the unmet needs of about 70 % of chronic neuropathic pain patients whose pain fails to respond to opioids as well as to other conventional analgesic agents. Importantly, a substantial body of clinical observations over the past decade cumulatively suggests that the psychedelic class of drugs may possess heuristic value for understanding and treating chronic pain conditions. The present review presents a theoretical framework for hitherto insufficiently understood neuroscience-based mechanisms of psychedelics' potential analgesic effects. To that end, searches of PubMed-indexed journals were performed using the following Medical Subject Headings' terms: pain, analgesia, inflammatory, brain connectivity, ketamine, psilocybin, functional imaging, and dendrites. Recursive sets of scientific and clinical evidence extracted from this literature review were summarized within the following key areas: (1) studies employing psychedelics for alleviation of physical and emotional pain; (2) potential neuro-restorative effects of psychedelics to remediate the impaired connectivity underlying the dissociation between pain-related conscious states/cognitions and the subcortical activity/function leading to the eventual chronicity through immediate and long-term effects on dentritic plasticity; (3) anti-neuroinflammatory and pro-immunomodulatory actions of psychedelics as the may pertain to the role of these factors in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain; (4) safety, legal, and ethical consideration inherent in psychedelics' pharmacotherapy. In addition to direct beneficial effects in terms of reduction of pain and suffering, psychedelics' inclusion in the analgesic armamentarium will contribute to deeper and more sophisticated insights not only into pain syndromes but also into frequently comorbid psychiatric condition associated with emotional pain, e.g., depressive and anxiety disorders. Further inquiry is clearly warranted into the above areas that have potential to evolve into further elucidate the mechanisms of chronic pain and affective disorders, and lead to the development of innovative, safe, and more efficacious neurobiologically-based therapeutic approaches.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-15", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.005", "pubmed_id": "34922987", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.005", "keywords": "Humans, Analgesics, Analgesics, Opioid, Hallucinogens, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34922987\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1808, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for depression: Emerging research on a psychedelic compound with a rich history.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for depression emerging research on a psychedelic compound with a rich history", "authors": "Pearson C, Siegel J, Gold JA.", "abstract": "There is a serious need for novel therapies that treat individuals with depression, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). An emerging body of research has demonstrated that psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, combined with supportive psychotherapy, exert rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. The use of psychedelics is not new: they have a rich history with evidence of their use in ritual and medical settings. However, due to political, social, and cultural pressures, their use was limited until modern clinical trials began to emerge in the 2010s. This review provides a comprehensive look at the potential use of psilocybin in the treatment of depression and TRD. It includes an overview of the history, pharmacology, and proposed mechanism of psilocybin, and describes several published studies in the last decade which have provided evidence of the efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for individuals with depression. It also includes a discussion of the limitations and barriers of current research on psychedelics. The results of these studies are contextualized within the current treatment landscape through an overview of the pathophysiology of depression and the treatments currently in use, as well as the clinical needs these novel therapies have the promise to fulfill.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-15", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.jns.2021.120096", "pubmed_id": "34942586", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2021.120096", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34942586\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3500, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin in Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin in major depressive disorder", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "The proposed pilot study will assess whether people with major depressive disorder experience psychological and behavioral benefits and/or harms from psilocybin. This study will investigate acute and persisting effects of psilocybin on depressive symptoms and other moods, attitudes, and behaviors. The primary hypothesis is that psilocybin will lead to rapid and sustained antidepressant response, as measured with standard depression rating scales.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2021-12-14", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03181529", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03181529\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3773, "title": "A Quantitative and Qualitative Report of Psilocybin Induced Mystical-Type Experiences and Their Relation to Lasting Positive Effects", "normalized_title": "a quantitative and qualitative report of psilocybin induced mystical type experiences and their relation to lasting positive effects", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Grzywacz MZ, Madsen MK, Jensen PS, Ozenne B, Armand S, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM, Stenbæk DS.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin are under investigation for the treatment of several psychiatric conditions. They also have the remarkable property of producing persisting positive psychological changes in healthy volunteers for at least several months. In this study, 35 medium-high doses of psilocybin were administered to 28 healthy volunteers (12 females). By the end of the dosing day, participants reported the intensity of their acute experience using the 30-item Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ) and an open-form qualitative report from home. Persisting psychological effects attributed to the psilocybin experience were measured using the Persisting Effects Questionnaire (PEQ) three-months after administration. Using a linear latent-variable model we show that the MEQ total score is positively associated with the later emergence of positive PEQ effects (p = 3x10-5). Moreover, the MEQ subscales “Positive Mood” (pcorr = 4.1x10-4) and “Mysticality” (pcorr = 2.0x10-4) are associated with positive PEQ whereas the subscales “Transcendence of Time and Space” (pcorr = 0.38) and “Ineffability” (pcorr = 0.45) are not. Using natural language pre-processing, we provide the first qualitative descriptions of the “Complete Mystical Experience” induced by orally administered psilocybin in healthy volunteers, revealing themes such as a sense of connection with the universe, familial love, and the experience of profound beauty. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods, this paper expands understanding of the acute psilocybin induced experience in healthy volunteers and suggests an importance of the type of experience in predicting lasting positive effects.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-12-13", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/xqzu2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xqzu2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:20", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR432278\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3234, "title": "A Quantitative and Qualitative Report of Psilocybin Induced Mystical-Type Experiences and Their Relation to Lasting Positive Effects", "normalized_title": "a quantitative and qualitative report of psilocybin induced mystical type experiences and their relation to lasting positive effects", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin are under investigation for the treatment of several psychiatric conditions. They also have the remarkable property of producing persisting positive psychological changes in healthy volunteers for at least several months. In this study, 35 medium-high doses of psilocybin were administered to 28 healthy volunteers (12 females). By the end of the dosing day, participants reported the intensity of their acute experience using the 30-item Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ) and an open-form qualitative report from home. Persisting psychological effects attributed to the psilocybin experience were measured using the Persisting Effects Questionnaire (PEQ) three-months after administration. Using a linear latent-variable model we show that the MEQ total score is positively associated with the later emergence of positive PEQ effects (p = 3x10-5). Moreover, the MEQ subscales “Positive Mood” (pcorr = 4.1x10-4) and “Mysticality” (pcorr = 2.0x10-4) are associated with positive PEQ whereas the subscales “Transcendence of Time and Space” (pcorr = 0.38) and “Ineffability” (pcorr = 0.45) are not. Using natural language pre-processing, we provide the first qualitative descriptions of the “Complete Mystical Experience” induced by orally administered psilocybin in healthy volunteers, revealing themes such as a sense of connection with the universe, familial love, and the experience of profound beauty. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods, this paper expands understanding of the acute psilocybin induced experience in healthy volunteers and suggests an importance of the type of experience in predicting lasting positive effects.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-12-13", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/xqzu2_v1", "keywords": "beauty, connection, entheogen, hallucinogen, mental health, mystical, neuroscience, pharmacology, psilocybin, psychedelic, Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"xqzu2_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1873, "title": "1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: A Future Approach to the Metabolic Profiling of Psychedelics in Human Biofluids?", "normalized_title": "1h nuclear magnetic resonance a future approach to the metabolic profiling of psychedelics in human biofluids", "authors": "Vilca-Melendez S, Uthaug MV, Griffin JL.", "abstract": "While psychedelics may have therapeutic potential for treating mental health disorders such as depression, further research is needed to better understand their biological effects and mechanisms of action when considering the development of future novel therapy approaches. Psychedelic research could potentially benefit from the integration of metabonomics by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy which is an analytical chemistry-based approach that can measure the breakdown of drugs into their metabolites and their metabolic consequences from various biofluids. We have performed a systematic review with the primary aim of exploring published literature where 1H NMR analysed psychedelic substances including psilocin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), LSD derivatives, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and bufotenin. The second aim was to assess the benefits and limitations of 1H NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics as a tool in psychedelic research and the final aim was to explore potential future directions. We found that the most current use of 1H NMR in psychedelic research has been for the structural elucidation and analytical characterisation of psychedelic molecules and that no papers used 1H NMR in the metabolic profiling of biofluids, thus exposing a current research gap and the underuse of 1H NMR. The efficacy of 1H NMR spectroscopy was also compared to mass spectrometry, where both metabonomics techniques have previously shown to be appropriate for biofluid analysis in other applications. Additionally, potential future directions for psychedelic research were identified as real-time NMR, in vivo 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and 1H NMR studies of the gut microbiome. Further psychedelic studies need to be conducted that incorporate the use of 1H NMR spectroscopy in the analysis of metabolites both in the peripheral biofluids and in vivo to determine whether it will be an effective future approach for clinical and naturalistic research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.742856", "pubmed_id": "34966300", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.742856", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34966300\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Metabolomics,Microbiome", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3273, "title": "Microevidence for microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms: a double-blind placebo-controlled study of subjective effects, behavior, creativity, perception, cognition, and brain activity", "normalized_title": "microevidence for microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms a double blind placebo controlled study of subjective effects behavior creativity perception cognition and brain activity", "authors": "Cavanna F, Muller S, de la Fuente LA, Zamberlan F, Palmucci M, Janeckova L, Kuchar M, Pallavicini C, Tagliazucchi E.", "abstract": "The use of low sub-hallucinogenic doses of psychedelics (“microdosing”) has gained popularity in recent years. Although anecdotal reports claim multiple benefits associated with this practice, the lack of placebo-controlled studies limits our knowledge of microdosing and its effects. Moreover, research conducted in laboratory settings might fail to capture the motivation of individuals engaged in microdosing protocols. We recruited 34 individuals planning to microdose with psilocybin mushrooms ( Psilocybe cubensis ), one of the materials most frequently used for this purpose. Following a double-blind placebo-controlled design, we investigated the effects of 0.5 g dried mushrooms on subjective experience, behavior, creativity, perception, cognition, and brain activity. The reported acute effects were significantly more intense for the active dose compared to the placebo, which could be explained by unblinding. For the other measurements, we observed either null effects or a trend towards cognitive impairment and, in the case of EEG, towards reduced theta band spectral power. Our findings support the possibility that expectation effects underlie at least some of the anecdotal benefits attributed to microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-12-06", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.11.30.470657", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.30.470657", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR429397\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Microdosing,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1874, "title": "A Spectrum of Selves Reinforced in Multilevel Coherence: A Contextual Behavioural Response to the Challenges of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy Development.", "normalized_title": "a spectrum of selves reinforced in multilevel coherence a contextual behavioural response to the challenges of psychedelic assisted therapy development", "authors": "Whitfield HJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted therapy research for depression and PTSD has been fast tracked in the United States with the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) granting breakthrough designations for MDMA (post-traumatic stress disorder) and psilocybin (major depressive disorder). The psychotherapeutic treatments accompanying these psychedelics have not been well-studied and remain controversial. This article reviews the challenges unique to psychedelic-assisted therapy and introduces a newly optimised psychological flexibility model that adapts Contextual Behavioural Science (CBS)/Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to those multiple challenges, including ego inflation, traumatic memories, and the perceived presence of entities. A methodology aligned with biological mechanisms, psychological processes and therapeutic contexts may be advantageous for improving outcomes. This model expands ACT by integrating practices and data from psychedelic-assisted therapy research into a Contextual Behavioural Science framework, allowing both fields to inform each other. Psychological flexibility processes are questioned and adapted to a psychedelic context, and interventions that operationalise these processes are considered. The principle through-line of the paper is to consider varied constructs of Self, as understood by these fields, and integrates respective elements of varied self-models, interventions and data into a Spectrum of Selves model for psychedelic-assisted therapy. Secondly the paper examines how to select and retain new self-perspectives and their corresponding behaviours systemically, drawing from evolutionary science principles. A case example of such behavioural reinforcement is provided, as well as a psychedelic integration checklist to guide the practical implementation of such an approach. This method can enable a coherent therapeutic framework with clear operational relationships between (1) problematic behaviour patterns that an individual wishes to address (2) the guided psychedelic experiences of that individual, and (3) the barriers to maintaining any changes, thus increasing theoretical-practical coherence, broadening treatment benefits and reducing relapse in psychedelic-assisted therapy. Research questions for further developing a CBS-consistent psychedelic-assisted therapy are offered.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-12-06", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727572", "pubmed_id": "34950063", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727572", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34950063\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Psychological Flexibility,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2022, "title": "P.0553 Effect of chronic microdosing of psilocin on cell proliferation and behavior in rats", "normalized_title": "p 0553 effect of chronic microdosing of psilocin on cell proliferation and behavior in rats", "authors": "Olejníková L., Danda H., Lhotková E., Kútná V., Šíchová K., Syrová K., Mazochová K., Páleníček T.", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-11-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.523", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.523", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.523\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2021, "title": "P.0858 Psilocin induces perceptual alterations in rats: visual discrimination study", "normalized_title": "p 0858 psilocin induces perceptual alterations in rats visual discrimination study", "authors": "Vejmola Č., Syrová K., Koudelka V., Šíchová K., Tesař M., Dodoková A., Kelemen E., Páleníček T.", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-11-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.715", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.715", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.715\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1001/archneurol.2010.35\",\"10.1136/bcr-2018-224340\",\"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.025\",\"10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.040\"],\"reference_count\":4}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1876, "title": "Homebrewed psilocybin: can new routes for pharmaceutical psilocybin production enable recreational use?", "normalized_title": "homebrewed psilocybin can new routes for pharmaceutical psilocybin production enable recreational use", "authors": "Gibbons WJ, McKinney MG, O'Dell PJ, Bollinger BA, Jones JA.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a drug most commonly recognized as a recreational psychedelic, is quickly gaining attention as a promising therapy for an expanding range of neurological conditions, including depression, anxiety, and addiction. This growing interest has led to many recent advancements in psilocybin synthesis strategies, including multiple in vivo fermentation-based approaches catalyzed by recombinant microorganisms. In this work, we show that psilocybin can be produced in biologically relevant quantities using a recombinant E. coli strain in a homebrew style environment. In less than 2 days, we successfully produced approximately 300 mg/L of psilocybin under simple conditions with easily sourced equipment and supplies. This finding raises the question of how this new technology should be regulated as to not facilitate clandestine biosynthesis efforts, while still enabling advancements in psilocybin synthesis technology for pharmaceutical applications. Here, we present our homebrew results, and suggestions on how to address the regulatory concerns accompanying this new technology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1080/21655979.2021.1987090", "pubmed_id": "34607532", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.1987090", "keywords": "Humans, Escherichia coli, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Fermentation, Metabolic Engineering, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34607532\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1875, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for the treatment of resistant major depressive disorder (PsiDeR): protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled feasibility trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for the treatment of resistant major depressive disorder psider protocol for a randomised placebo controlled feasibility trial", "authors": "Rucker J, Jafari H, Mantingh T, Bird C, Modlin NL, Knight G, Reinholdt F, Day C, Carter B, Young A.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin-assisted therapy may be a new treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), with encouraging data from pilot trials. In this trial (short name: PsiDeR) we aimed to test the feasibility of a parallel-group, randomised, placebo-controlled design. The primary outcomes in this trial are measures of feasibility: recruitment rates, dropout rates and the variance of the primary outcome measure of depression.Methods and analysisWe are recruiting up to 60 participants at a single centre in London, UK who are unresponsive to, or intolerant of, at least two evidence-based treatments for MDD. Participants are randomised to receive a single dosing session of 25 mg psilocybin or a placebo. All participants receive a package of psychological therapy. The primary outcome measure for depression is the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale collected by blinded, independent raters. The primary endpoint is at 3 weeks, and the total follow-up is 6 weeks. With further informed consent, this study collects neuroimaging and omics data for mechanism and biomarker analyses and offers participants an open label extension consisting of a further, open label dose of 25 mg of psilocybin.Ethics and disseminationAll participants will be required to provide written informed consent. The trial has been authorised by the National Research Ethics Committee (20-LO/0206), Health Research Authority (252750) and Medicine's and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (CTA14523/0284/001-0001) in the UK. Dissemination of results will occur via a peer-reviewed publication and other relevant media.Trial registration numbersEUDRACT2018-003573-97; NCT04959253.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056091", "pubmed_id": "34853114", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056091", "keywords": "Humans, Treatment Outcome, Feasibility Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34853114\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Biomarkers,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1749, "title": "Molecular insights into psychedelic drug action.", "normalized_title": "molecular insights into psychedelic drug action", "authors": "Slocum ST, DiBerto JF, Roth BL.", "abstract": "A confluence of factors has renewed interest in the scientific understanding and translational potential of psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin: the desire for additional approaches to mental health care, incremental progress in basic and clinical research, and the reconsideration and relaxation of existing drug policies. With the United States Food and Drug Administration's designation of psilocybin as a \"Breakthrough Therapy\" for treatment-resistant depression, a new path has been forged for the conveyance of psychedelics to the clinic. Essential to the further development of such applications, however, is a clearer understanding of how these drugs exert their effects at the molecular level. Here we review the current knowledge regarding the molecular details of psychedelic drug actions and suggest that these discoveries can facilitate new insights into their hallucinogenic and therapeutic mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1111/jnc.15540", "pubmed_id": "34797943", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15540", "keywords": "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34797943\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1881, "title": "Interaction Profiles of Central Nervous System Active Drugs at Human Organic Cation Transporters 1-3 and Human Plasma Membrane Monoamine Transporter.", "normalized_title": "interaction profiles of central nervous system active drugs at human organic cation transporters 1 3 and human plasma membrane monoamine transporter", "authors": "Angenoorth TJF, Stankovic S, Niello M, Holy M, Brandt SD, Sitte HH, Maier J", "abstract": "Many psychoactive compounds have been shown to primarily interact with high-affinity and low-capacity solute carrier 6 (SLC6) monoamine transporters for norepinephrine (NET; norepinephrine transporter), dopamine (DAT; dopamine transporter) and serotonin (SERT; serotonin transporter). Previous studies indicate an overlap between the inhibitory capacities of substances at SLC6 and SLC22 human organic cation transporters (SLC22A1-3; hOCT1-3) and the human plasma membrane monoamine transporter (SLC29A4; hPMAT), which can be classified as high-capacity, low-affinity monoamine transporters. However, interactions between central nervous system active substances, the OCTs, and the functionally-related PMAT have largely been understudied. Herein, we report data from 17 psychoactive substances interacting with the SLC6 monoamine transporters, concerning their potential to interact with the human OCT isoforms and hPMAT by utilizing radiotracer-based in vitro uptake inhibition assays at stably expressing human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293) cells. Many compounds inhibit substrate uptake by hOCT1 and hOCT2 in the low micromolar range, whereas only a few substances interact with hOCT3 and hPMAT. Interestingly, methylphenidate and ketamine selectively interact with hOCT1 or hOCT2, respectively. Additionally, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a potent inhibitor of hOCT1 and 2 and hPMAT. Enantiospecific differences of R- and S-α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (R- and S-α-PVP) and R- and S-citalopram and the effects of aromatic substituents are explored. Our results highlight the significance of investigating drug interactions with hOCTs and hPMAT, due to their role in regulating monoamine concentrations and xenobiotic clearance.", "journal": "International journal of molecular sciences", "publication_date": "2021-11-29", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ijms222312995", "pubmed_id": "34884800", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34884800/", "keywords": "O-desmethyltramadol, bupropion, cocaine, d-amphetamine, diazepam, escitalopram, ketamine, modafinil, psilocybin, tramadol", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34884800\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3335, "title": "Bibliometric Analysis of Academic Journal Articles Reporting Results of Psychedelic Clinical Studies", "normalized_title": "bibliometric analysis of academic journal articles reporting results of psychedelic clinical studies", "authors": "Weleff J, Akiki TJ, Barnett BS.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT After a decades long period of investigational dormancy, there is renewed interest in employing psychedelics as treatments for mental illness and addiction. The academic journals, journal articles, academic institutions, and countries that have helped sustain clinical psychedelic research and the evolution of the literature on clinical studies of psychedelic compounds have only been minimally investigated. Therefore, in we conducted a bibliometric analysis of clinical studies of 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ibogaine, mescaline, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and psilocybin published from 1965-2018. Our search revealed 320 articles published across 106 journals. After a nearly quarter century lull between the 1970s and 1990s, publications in this area have resurged over the last two decades and continue on an upward trajectory, with most clinical studies now focusing on LSD, MDMA, and psilocybin. A subanalysis of the ten most cited articles in psychedelic research prior to 2010 and afterwards demonstrated a shift from research on risks of psychedelics, primarily those of MDMA, to research on therapeutic applications, predominantly those of psilocybin. We also conducted network analyses of inter-country collaborations in psychedelic research, which suggested that psychedelic researchers in the United Kingdom have more diverse international collaborations.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-11-23", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.11.22.21266718", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.22.21266718", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR423856\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1882, "title": "Psilocybin, a Naturally Occurring Indoleamine Compound, Could Be Useful to Prevent Suicidal Behaviors.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin a naturally occurring indoleamine compound could be useful to prevent suicidal behaviors", "authors": "Strumila R, Nobile B, Korsakova L, Lengvenyte A, Olie E, Lopez-Castroman J, Guillaume S, Courtet P.", "abstract": "The available interventions for people who are at risk of suicide have limited efficacy. Recently, research on new mental health treatments has started to consider psychedelic compounds, particularly psilocybin, a molecule with a few thousand years of history of use in human societies. The possible effects of psilocybin on suicidal ideation and behaviors have not been specifically studied yet; however, the current knowledge on the suicidal process and the available data on es/ketamine suggest that psylocibin could be used to modulate the thoughts and behavioral patterns in individuals who are at risk of suicidal behaviors. Here, we summarize the available evidence on the possible mechanisms underlying psilocybin positive effects on suicide risk. Major pathways related to suicidal behaviors that might be modulated by psylocibin include serotonin receptors. Specifically, psylocibin directly stimulates the serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2A), targeting the inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways and leading to a rapid increase in brain plasticity and inflammation suppression and increases in cognitive flexibility, spirituality, and empathy. We also present preliminary epidemiological data and provide a rationale for studying psilocybin in individuals with suicidal ideation or who are at risk of suicidal behaviors. This review presents a framework to understand the basis for psilocybin use in individuals who are at risk of suicidal behaviors and calls for clinical studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-23", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ph14121213", "pubmed_id": "34959614", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14121213", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34959614\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Oxidative Stress,Spirituality,Review Article,Safety,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3766, "title": "Examining attitudes to psilocybin: Should candidates for medical psilocybin be required to pass a contextual suitability test", "normalized_title": "examining attitudes to psilocybin should candidates for medical psilocybin be required to pass a contextual suitability test", "authors": "Molumby M, Gaynor K, Guerin S.", "abstract": "Background: Due to increasing evidence of efficacy in treating mental health disorders, psilocybin may become a legal medicinal drug. This study tested the validity of Carhart-Harris & Nutt (2017) model of extra-pharmacological (EP) factors and examined whether such factors should be taken into account in any psychological suitability test for medicinally prescribed psilocybin. Method: 219 participants (101 self-identified females, 109 males, 7 non-binary people and 2 who preferred not to say), with an age range of 18 to 68, completed three online measures of ‘personality’; ‘set, setting and intention’, and the ‘Attitudes Towards Psilocybin’ (ATP) scale. The sample was equally divided between those who had used psychedelics (52.1%) and those who had no previous psychedelic use (47.5%). A series of stepwise linear regressions were run to examine of extra-pharmcological factor predictors of ATP. Results: The ATP scale was tested in terms of its reliability, construct validity, determinant validity and was deemed an appropriate measure. A model consisting of Set, Openness to Experience and Extraversion significantly predicted ATP scores. Conclusion: These findings supported the EP model and suggest that a suitability test may be a useful tool when determining whether a prescription of psilocybin is an appropriate course of treatment.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-11-22", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/6f9qp", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6f9qp", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:19", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR424957\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3205, "title": "Examining attitudes to psilocybin: Should candidates for medical psilocybin be required to pass a contextual suitability test", "normalized_title": "examining attitudes to psilocybin should candidates for medical psilocybin be required to pass a contextual suitability test", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Due to increasing evidence of efficacy in treating mental health disorders, psilocybin may become a legal medicinal drug. This study tested the validity of Carhart-Harris & Nutt (2017) model of extra-pharmacological (EP) factors and examined whether such factors should be taken into account in any psychological suitability test for medicinally prescribed psilocybin. Method: 219 participants (101 self-identified females, 109 males, 7 non-binary people and 2 who preferred not to say), with an age range of 18 to 68, completed three online measures of ‘personality’; ‘set, setting and intention’, and the ‘Attitudes Towards Psilocybin’ (ATP) scale. The sample was equally divided between those who had used psychedelics (52.1%) and those who had no previous psychedelic use (47.5%). A series of stepwise linear regressions were run to examine of extra-pharmcological factor predictors of ATP. Results: The ATP scale was tested in terms of its reliability, construct validity, determinant validity and was deemed an appropriate measure. A model consisting of Set, Openness to Experience and Extraversion significantly predicted ATP scores. Conclusion: These findings supported the EP model and suggest that a suitability test may be a useful tool when determining whether a prescription of psilocybin is an appropriate course of treatment.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-11-22", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/6f9qp_v1", "keywords": "mental health disorders, personality, psilocybin, psychopharmacology, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Paraphilic Disorders, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"6f9qp_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1856, "title": "Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for the treatment of depression anxiety and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness a systematic review", "authors": "Schimmers N, Breeksema JJ, Smith-Apeldoorn SY, Veraart J, van den Brink W, Schoevers RA.", "abstract": "BackgroundTerminally ill patients may experience existential distress, depression, or anxiety, limiting quality of life in the final stage. Existing psychotherapeutic or pharmacological interventions have (time) limited efficacy. Psychedelic treatment may be a safe and effective alternative treatment option.AimSystematically review studies on psychedelic treatment with and without psychotherapy for existential distress, depression, and anxiety in terminally ill patients.MethodsMedline, PsycINFO, and Embase were searched for original-data studies on the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress with classical or a-typical psychedelics in patients with a terminal illness, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.ResultsA total of 1850 records were screened, and 33 articles were included in this review: 14 studies on classical psychedelics (DPT, LSD, and psilocybin) and 19 studies on atypical psychedelics (MDMA and ketamine). Results of early pre-post studies are promising but have serious methodological flaws. Recent (controlled) trials with LSD, psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA are of higher methodological quality and indicate positive effects on existential and spiritual well-being, quality of life, acceptance, and reduction of anxiety and depression with few adverse and no serious adverse effects.ConclusionsBoth classical and a-typical psychedelics are promising treatment options in patients with terminal illness. To draw final conclusions on effectiveness and safety of psychedelics, we need larger high-quality studies for classical psychedelics and MDMA. Ketamine studies should pay more attention to existential dimensions of well-being and the psychotherapeutic context of the treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-22", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-06027-y", "pubmed_id": "34812901", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-06027-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Quality of Life, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34812901\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1800, "title": "Acute Effects of Psilocybin After Escitalopram or Placebo Pretreatment in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects.", "normalized_title": "acute effects of psilocybin after escitalopram or placebo pretreatment in a randomized double blind placebo controlled crossover study in healthy subjects", "authors": "Becker AM, Holze F, Grandinetti T, Klaiber A, Toedtli VE, Kolaczynska KE, Duthaler U, Varghese N, Eckert A, Grünblatt E, Liechti ME.", "abstract": "The psychedelic psilocybin is being investigated for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Unclear is whether antidepressant treatments interact with psilocybin. The present study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design with two experimental test sessions to investigate the response to psilocybin (25 mg) in healthy subjects after pretreatment with escitalopram or placebo. The treatment order was random and counterbalanced. Pretreatment consisted of 10 mg escitalopram daily for 7 days, followed by 20 mg daily for 7 days, including the day of psilocybin administration, or 14 days of placebo pretreatment before psilocybin administration. Psilocybin treatments were separated by at least 16 days. The outcome measures included self-rating scales that evaluated subjective effects, autonomic effects, adverse effects, plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, electrocardiogram QTc time, whole-blood HTR2A and SCL6A4 gene expression, and pharmacokinetics. Escitalopram pretreatment had no relevant effect on positive mood effects of psilocybin but significantly reduced bad drug effects, anxiety, adverse cardiovascular effects, and other adverse effects of psilocybin compared with placebo pretreatment. Escitalopram did not alter the pharmacokinetics of psilocin. The half-life of psychoactive free (unconjugated) psilocin was 1.8 hours (range 1.1-2.2 hours), consistent with the short duration of action of psilocybin. Escitalopram did not alter HTR2A or SCL6A4 gene expression before psilocybin administration, QTc intervals, or circulating BDNF levels before or after psilocybin administration. Further studies are needed with a longer antidepressant pretreatment time and patients with psychiatric disorders to further define interactions between antidepressants and psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-21", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1002/cpt.2487", "pubmed_id": "34743319", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2487", "keywords": "Humans, Citalopram, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Antidepressive Agents, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, Escitalopram", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34743319\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1885, "title": "Adults who microdose psychedelics report health related motivations and lower levels of anxiety and depression compared to non-microdosers.", "normalized_title": "adults who microdose psychedelics report health related motivations and lower levels of anxiety and depression compared to non microdosers", "authors": "Rootman JM, Kryskow P, Harvey K, Stamets P, Santos-Brault E, Kuypers KPC, Polito V, Bourzat F, Walsh Z.", "abstract": "The use of psychedelic substances at sub-sensorium 'microdoses', has gained popular academic interest for reported positive effects on wellness and cognition. The present study describes microdosing practices, motivations and mental health among a sample of self-selected microdosers (n = 4050) and non-microdosers (n = 4653) via a mobile application. Psilocybin was the most commonly used microdose substances in our sample (85%) and we identified diverse microdose practices with regard to dosage, frequency, and the practice of stacking which involves combining psilocybin with non-psychedelic substances such as Lion's Mane mushrooms, chocolate, and niacin. Microdosers were generally similar to non-microdosing controls with regard to demographics, but were more likely to report a history of mental health concerns. Among individuals reporting mental health concerns, microdosers exhibited lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress across gender. Health and wellness-related motives were the most prominent motives across microdosers in general, and were more prominent among females and among individuals who reported mental health concerns. Our results indicate health and wellness motives and perceived mental health benefits among microdosers, and highlight the need for further research into the mental health consequences of microdosing including studies with rigorous longitudinal designs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-17", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-021-01811-4", "pubmed_id": "34795334", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01811-4", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Anxiety, Motivation, Mental Health, Cognition, International Cooperation, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34795334\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1884, "title": "Psilocybin targets a common molecular mechanism for cognitive impairment and increased craving in alcoholism.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin targets a common molecular mechanism for cognitive impairment and increased craving in alcoholism", "authors": "Meinhardt MW, Pfarr S, Fouquet G, Rohleder C, Meinhardt ML, Barroso-Flores J, Hoffmann R, Jeanblanc J, Paul E, Wagner K, Hansson AC, Köhr G, Meier N, von Bohlen Und Halbach O, Bell RL, Endepols H, Neumaier B, Schönig K, Bartsch D, Naassila M, Spanagel R, Sommer WH.", "abstract": "Alcohol-dependent patients commonly show impairments in executive functions that facilitate craving and can lead to relapse. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to executive dysfunction in alcoholism are poorly understood, and new effective pharmacological treatments are desired. Here, using a bidirectional neuromodulation approach, we demonstrate a causal link between reduced prefrontal mGluR2 function and both impaired executive control and alcohol craving. A neuron-specific prefrontal mGluR2 knockdown in rats generated a phenotype of reduced cognitive flexibility and excessive alcohol seeking. Conversely, virally restoring prefrontal mGluR2 levels in alcohol-dependent rats rescued these pathological behaviors. In the search for a pharmacological intervention with high translational potential, psilocybin was capable of restoring mGluR2 expression and reducing relapse behavior. Last, we propose a FDG-PET biomarker strategy to identify mGluR2 treatment-responsive individuals. In conclusion, we identified a common molecular pathological mechanism for both executive dysfunction and alcohol craving and provided a personalized mGluR2 mechanism-based intervention strategy for medication development for alcoholism.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.abh2399", "pubmed_id": "34788104", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh2399", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34788104\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1858, "title": "Molecular Mechanisms of Psilocybin and Implications for the Treatment of Depression.", "normalized_title": "molecular mechanisms of psilocybin and implications for the treatment of depression", "authors": "Ling S, Ceban F, Lui LMW, Lee Y, Teopiz KM, Rodrigues NB, Lipsitz O, Gill H, Subramaniapillai M, Mansur RB, Lin K, Ho R, Rosenblat JD, Castle D, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "Therapeutic deficiencies with monoaminergic antidepressants invites the need to identify and develop novel rapid-acting antidepressants. Hitherto, ketamine and esketamine are identified as safe, well-tolerated rapid-acting antidepressants in adults with treatment-resistant depression, and also mitigate measures of suicidality. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychoactive alkaloid and non-selective agonist at many serotonin receptors, especially at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, and is found in the Psilocybe genus of mushrooms. Preliminary studies with psilocybin have shown therapeutic promise across diverse populations including major depressive disorder. The pharmacodynamic mechanisms mediating the antidepressant and psychedelic effects of psilocybin are currently unknown but are thought to involve the modulation of the serotonergic system, primarily through agonism at the 5-HT2A receptors and downstream changes in gene expression. It is also established that indirect effects on dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems are contributory, as well as effects at other lower affinity targets. Along with the direct effects on neurochemical systems, psilocybin alters neural circuitry and key brain regions previously implicated in depression, including the default mode network and amygdala. The aim of this review is to synthesize the current understanding of the receptor pharmacology and neuronal mechanisms underlying the psychedelic and putative antidepressant properties of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-021-00877-y", "pubmed_id": "34791625", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-021-00877-y", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34791625\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1845, "title": "Human behavioral pharmacology of psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "human behavioral pharmacology of psychedelics", "authors": "Strickland JC, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth of research on the basic science and clinical understanding of psychedelics. This chapter provides an overview of the human behavioral pharmacology of psychedelics focusing on three prototypic classic psychedelics-psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and dimethyltryptamine (DMT). A brief historical overview of the classic psychedelics and naming and drug classification is first specified. Next, special considerations in the conduct of human behavioral pharmacology work with psychedelics is described including the role of set and setting, mystical experience measurement, the use of effective blinding and placebos, and the abuse liability of psychedelics. Following, a description of the subjective, physiological, and clinical effects of psilocybin, LSD, and DMT is provided. This body of work clearly documents a unique and complex collection of subjective effects following psychedelic use, both during acute drug administration and as related to long-term behavior change following use. Clinical research demonstrates potential therapeutic utility with early phase clinical trials showing positive and enduring effects in many difficult-to-treat conditions including treatment-resistant depression, alcohol use disorder, and cigarette smoking. Future work in this newly reemerged field is needed to reveal mechanisms of behavior change in psychedelic drug action. Behavioral pharmacology is ultimately well served to provide this direction answering questions at the intersection of environment and pharmacology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-10", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/bs.apha.2021.10.003", "pubmed_id": "35341564", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2021.10.003", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35341564\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1818, "title": "[Rapid-acting antidepressants-neurobiological mechanisms of action].", "normalized_title": "rapid acting antidepressants neurobiological mechanisms of action", "authors": "Gass P, Vasilescu AN, Inta D.", "abstract": "Rapid-acting antidepressants disprove the dogma that antidepressants need several weeks to become clinically effective. Ketamine, the prototype of a rapid-acting antidepressant, is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocking agent. A single i.v. application of ketamine induces rapid changes in glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems, leading to preferential activation of glutamatergic alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. This evokes the activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), causing plastic changes in the central nervous system within 24 h. In the prefrontal cortex ketamine leads to a regeneration of synaptic contacts, which have been damaged by chronic stress. This regeneration correlates with improvement of depression-like behavioral changes in rodent models. Classical monoaminergic antidepressants can cause similar changes but with considerably longer latency periods. For clinical application a nasal spray of esketamine has been developed, since this enantiomer has the highest affinity for NMDA receptors; however, since R-ketamine and certain ketamine metabolites also have antidepressant effects in preclinical models, these are currently being tested in clinical studies. Moreover, there are many other glutamatergic substances under clinical investigation for antidepressant effects without ketamine-like adverse effects. In addition, there are also several promising rapid-acting antidepressants that do not primarily act via the glutamate system, such as the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor modulator brexanolone or the serotonin receptor agonist psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-10", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s00115-021-01225-7", "pubmed_id": "34766186", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-021-01225-7", "keywords": "Central Nervous System, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Neurobiology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34766186\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1887, "title": "Daily briefing: Largest trial shows psilocybin is effective to treat depression.", "normalized_title": "daily briefing largest trial shows psilocybin is effective to treat depression", "authors": "Graham F.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-09", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1038/d41586-021-03413-6", "pubmed_id": "34764467", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-03413-6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34764467\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1888, "title": "Psilocybin therapy increases cognitive and neural flexibility in patients with major depressive disorder.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapy increases cognitive and neural flexibility in patients with major depressive disorder", "authors": "Doss MK, Považan M, Rosenberg MD, Sepeda ND, Davis AK, Finan PH, Smith GS, Pekar JJ, Barker PB, Griffiths RR, Barrett FS.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has shown promise for the treatment of mood disorders, which are often accompanied by cognitive dysfunction including cognitive rigidity. Recent studies have proposed neuropsychoplastogenic effects as mechanisms underlying the enduring therapeutic effects of psilocybin. In an open-label study of 24 patients with major depressive disorder, we tested the enduring effects of psilocybin therapy on cognitive flexibility (perseverative errors on a set-shifting task), neural flexibility (dynamics of functional connectivity or dFC via functional magnetic resonance imaging), and neurometabolite concentrations (via magnetic resonance spectroscopy) in brain regions supporting cognitive flexibility and implicated in acute psilocybin effects (e.g., the anterior cingulate cortex, or ACC). Psilocybin therapy increased cognitive flexibility for at least 4 weeks post-treatment, though these improvements were not correlated with the previously reported antidepressant effects. One week after psilocybin therapy, glutamate and N-acetylaspartate concentrations were decreased in the ACC, and dFC was increased between the ACC and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Surprisingly, greater increases in dFC between the ACC and PCC were associated with less improvement in cognitive flexibility after psilocybin therapy. Connectome-based predictive modeling demonstrated that baseline dFC emanating from the ACC predicted improvements in cognitive flexibility. In these models, greater baseline dFC was associated with better baseline cognitive flexibility but less improvement in cognitive flexibility. These findings suggest a nuanced relationship between cognitive and neural flexibility. Whereas some enduring increases in neural dynamics may allow for shifting out of a maladaptively rigid state, larger persisting increases in neural dynamics may be of less benefit to psilocybin therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-11-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-021-01706-y", "pubmed_id": "34750350", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01706-y", "keywords": "Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34750350\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1886, "title": "Policy in focus: Is psilocybin the next cannabis?", "normalized_title": "policy in focus is psilocybin the next cannabis", "authors": "Basky G.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-10-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1503/cmaj.1095974", "pubmed_id": "34782381", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1095974", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Combined Modality Therapy, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Health Policy, Canada, United States, Medical Marijuana, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34782381\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1883, "title": "Psilocybin Induces Aberrant Prediction Error Processing of Tactile Mismatch Responses-A Simultaneous EEG-FMRI Study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces aberrant prediction error processing of tactile mismatch responses a simultaneous eeg fmri study", "authors": "Duerler P, Brem S, Fraga-González G, Neef T, Allen M, Zeidman P, Stämpfli P, Vollenweider FX, Preller KH.", "abstract": "As source of sensory information, the body provides a sense of agency and self/non-self-discrimination. The integration of bodily states and sensory inputs with prior beliefs has been linked to the generation of bodily self-consciousness. The ability to detect surprising tactile stimuli is essential for the survival of an organism and for the formation of mental body representations. Despite the relevance for a variety of psychiatric disorders characterized by altered body and self-perception, the neurobiology of these processes is poorly understood. We therefore investigated the effect of psilocybin (Psi), known to induce alterations in self-experience, on tactile mismatch responses by combining pharmacological manipulations with simultaneous electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) recording. Psi reduced activity in response to tactile surprising stimuli in frontal regions, the visual cortex, and the cerebellum. Furthermore, Psi reduced tactile mismatch negativity EEG responses at frontal electrodes, associated with alterations of body- and self-experience. This study provides first evidence that Psi alters the integration of tactile sensory inputs through aberrant prediction error processing and highlights the importance of the 5-HT2A system in tactile deviancy processing as well as in the integration of bodily and self-related stimuli. These findings may have important implications for the treatment of psychiatric disorders characterized by aberrant bodily self-awareness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-10-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1093/cercor/bhab202", "pubmed_id": "34255821", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab202", "keywords": "Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Electroencephalography, Body Image, Touch, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34255821\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1750, "title": "From psychiatry to neurology: Psychedelics as prospective therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.", "normalized_title": "from psychiatry to neurology psychedelics as prospective therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders", "authors": "Kozlowska U, Nichols C, Wiatr K, Figiel M.", "abstract": "The studies of psychedelics, especially psychedelic tryptamines like psilocybin, are rapidly gaining interest in neuroscience research. Much of this interest stems from recent clinical studies demonstrating that they have a unique ability to improve the debilitating symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) long-term after only a single treatment. Indeed, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently designated two Phase III clinical trials studying the ability of psilocybin to treat forms of MDD with \"Breakthrough Therapy\" status. If successful, the use of psychedelics to treat psychiatric diseases like depression would be revolutionary. As more evidence appears in the scientific literature to support their use in psychiatry to treat MDD on and substance use disorders (SUD), recent studies with rodents revealed that their therapeutic effects might extend beyond treating MDD and SUD. For example, psychedelics may have efficacy in the treatment and prevention of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease. Preclinical work has highlighted psychedelics' ability to induce neuroplasticity and synaptogenesis, and neural progenitor cell proliferation. Psychedelics may also act as immunomodulators by reducing levels of proinflammatory biomarkers, including IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Their exact molecular mechanisms, and induction of cellular interactions, especially between neural and glial cells, leading to therapeutic efficacy, remain to be determined. In this review, we discuss recent findings and information on how psychedelics may act therapeutically on cells within the central nervous system (CNS) during brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-10-21", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1111/jnc.15509", "pubmed_id": "34519052", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15509", "keywords": "Humans, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Psychiatry, Neurology, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34519052\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Drug Interactions,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1894, "title": "Study Protocol for \"Psilocybin as a Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa: A Pilot Study\".", "normalized_title": "study protocol for psilocybin as a treatment for anorexia nervosa a pilot study", "authors": "Spriggs MJ, Douglass HM, Park RJ, Read T, Danby JL, de Magalhães FJC, Alderton KL, Williams TM, Blemings A, Lafrance A, Nicholls DE, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious and life-threatening psychiatric condition. With a paucity of approved treatments, there is a desperate need for novel treatment avenues to be explored. Here, we present (1) an overview of the ways through which Public Patient Involvement (PPI) has informed a trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy for AN and (2) a protocol for a pilot study of psilocybin-assisted therapy in AN currently underway at Imperial College London. The study aims to assess the feasibility, brain mechanisms and preliminary outcomes of treating anorexia nervosa with psilocybin. Methods: (1) PPI: Across two online focus groups, eleven individuals with lived experience of AN were presented with an overview of the protocol. Their feedback not only identified solutions to possible barriers for future participants, but also helped the research team to better understand the concept of \"recovery\" from the perspective of those with lived experience. (2) Protocol: Twenty female participants [21-65 years old, body mass index (BMI) 15 kg/m2 or above] will receive three oral doses of psilocybin (up to 25 mg) over a 6-week period delivered in a therapeutic environment and enveloped by psychological preparation and integration. We will work with participant support networks (care teams and an identified support person) throughout and there will be an extended remote follow-up period of 12 months. Our two-fold primary outcomes are (1) psychopathology (Eating Disorder Examination) across the 6-month follow-up and (2) readiness and motivation to engage in recovery (Readiness and Motivation Questionnaire) across the 6-week trial period. Neurophysiological outcome measures will be: (1) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain changes from baseline to 6-week endpoint and (2) post-acute changes in electroencephalography (EEG) activity, including an electrophysiological marker of neuronal plasticity. Discussion: The results of this pilot study will not only shed light on the acceptability, brain mechanisms, and impression of the potential efficacy of psilocybin as an adjunct treatment for AN but will be essential in shaping a subsequent Randomised Control Trial (RCT) that would test this treatment against a suitable control condition. Clinical Trial Registration: identifier: NCT04505189.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-10-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735523", "pubmed_id": "34744825", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735523", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34744825\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders,End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3459, "title": "The Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin in Cancer Patients With Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in cancer patients with major depressive disorder", "authors": "Maryland Oncology Hematology, PA", "abstract": "This is a Phase II, single-center, fixed dose, open label trial to explore the safety, tolerability and efficacy of a 25mg dose of psilocybin in cancer patients with MDD. The study population will include adult men and women, 18 years of age or above, with MDD, diagnosed with a malignant neoplasm. MDD is defined as those who meet DSM5 diagnostic criteria for a single or recurrent episode of MDD without psychotic features. A diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm is defined as having a diagnostic code from C00 to C97 according to the ICD-10. Recent randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of psilocybin therapy for anxiety and depression associated with cancer diagnosis showed significant improvement in study endpoints reflecting psychological distress, as compared to placebo. The effects of a single psilocybin therapy session endured for up to six months with no specific follow-up care. In this study, we aim to explore the safety and efficacy of psilocybin therapy in cancer patients, diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2021-10-14", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04593563", "keywords": "Major Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04593563\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3806, "title": "Psychedelics and Mindfulness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and mindfulness a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Radakovic C, Radakovic R, Peryer G, Geere J.", "abstract": "Background and Aims: The benefits of classic serotonergic psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca) are becoming more widely known with the resurgence in research in the past decade. Furthermore, the benefits of mindfulness are well documented. However, no systematic reviews have examined linkage of mindfulness and psychedelics use. The aim of this systematic review is to explore the link between psychedelics and characteristics of mindfulness. Methods: We conducted a systematic search across multiple databases, inclusive of grey literature and backwards/forward-citation tracking, on the 18 January 2021. The search strategy included terms relating to mindfulness and psychedelics, with no restriction on clinical or non-clinical conditions. Study quality was assessed. An exploratory random-effects meta-analysis was conducted on pre-post mindfulness data relative to psychedelic ingestion. Results: Of 1805 studies screened, 13 were included in the systematic review. There was substantial variability in participant characteristics, psychedelic administration method and measurement of mindfulness. The ingestion of psychedelics is associated with an increase in mindfulness, specifically relating to domains of acceptance, which encompasses non-judgement of inner experience and non-reactivity. The meta-analysis of a subset of studies (N=6) showed small effects overall relative to ayahuasca ingestion, increasing mindfulness facets of non-judgement of inner experience and non-reactivity, as well as acting with awareness. Conclusions: Further methodologically robust research is needed to elucidate the relationship between psychedelics and mindfulness. However, mindfulness and specific facets relating to acceptance have been shown to increase following ingestion of psychedelics in a number of studies.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-10-10", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/yu7jf", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yu7jf", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR406297\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3394, "title": "Psychedelics and Mindfulness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and mindfulness a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background and Aims: The benefits of classic serotonergic psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca) are becoming more widely known with the resurgence in research in the past decade. Furthermore, the benefits of mindfulness are well documented. However, no systematic reviews have examined linkage of mindfulness and psychedelics use. The aim of this systematic review is to explore the link between psychedelics and characteristics of mindfulness. Methods: We conducted a systematic search across multiple databases, inclusive of grey literature and backwards/forward-citation tracking, on the 18 January 2021. The search strategy included terms relating to mindfulness and psychedelics, with no restriction on clinical or non-clinical conditions. Study quality was assessed. An exploratory random-effects meta-analysis was conducted on pre-post mindfulness data relative to psychedelic ingestion. Results: Of 1805 studies screened, 13 were included in the systematic review. There was substantial variability in participant characteristics, psychedelic administration method and measurement of mindfulness. The ingestion of psychedelics is associated with an increase in mindfulness, specifically relating to domains of acceptance, which encompasses non-judgement of inner experience and non-reactivity. The meta-analysis of a subset of studies (N=6) showed small effects overall relative to ayahuasca ingestion, increasing mindfulness facets of non-judgement of inner experience and non-reactivity, as well as acting with awareness. Conclusions: Further methodologically robust research is needed to elucidate the relationship between psychedelics and mindfulness. However, mindfulness and specific facets relating to acceptance have been shown to increase following ingestion of psychedelics in a number of studies.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-10-10", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/yu7jf_v1", "keywords": "ayahuasca, meta-analysis, mindfulness, psychedelics, systematic review, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Psychology, other, Clinical Psychology, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"yu7jf_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1899, "title": "Psilocybin for End-of-Life Anxiety Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for end of life anxiety symptoms a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Yu CL, Yang FC, Yang SN, Tseng PT, Stubbs B, Yeh TC, Hsu CW, Li DJ, Liang CS.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo systematically examine the effectiveness and tolerability of psilocybin for treating end-of-life anxiety symptoms.MethodsThe Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, and PsycINFO databases were searched up to November 25, 2020. We enrolled clinical trials investigating psilocybin for treating end-of-life anxiety symptoms. Meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects model.ResultsOverall, five studies were included, revealing that psilocybin was superior to the placebo in treating state anxiety at 1 day (Hedges' g, -0.70; 95% confidence interval, -1.01 to -0.39) and 2 weeks (-1.03; -1.47 to -0.60) after treatment. Psilocybin was more effective than placebo in treating trait anxiety at 1 day (-0.71; -1.15 to -0.26), 2 weeks (-1.08; -1.80 to -0.36), and 6 months (-0.84; -1.37 to -0.30) after treatment. Psilocybin was associated with transient elevation in systolic (19.00; 13.58-24.41 mm Hg) and diastolic (8.66; 5.18-12.15 mm Hg) blood pressure compared with placebo. The differences between psilocybin and placebo groups with regard to allcause discontinuation, serious adverse events, and heart rates were nonsignificant.ConclusionPsilocybin-assisted therapy could ameliorate end-of-life anxiety symptoms without serious adverse events. Because of the small sample sizes of the included studies and high heterogeneity on long-term outcomes, future randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes are needed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-10-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.30773/pi.2021.0209", "pubmed_id": "34619818", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2021.0209", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34619818\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1862, "title": "United States National Institutes of Health grant funding for psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trials from 2006-2020.", "normalized_title": "united states national institutes of health grant funding for psychedelic assisted therapy clinical trials from 2006 2020", "authors": "Barnett BS, Parker SE, Weleff J.", "abstract": "BackgroundMedicine is currently experiencing a \"psychedelic renaissance\", said by many to have commenced in 2006. Since then, clinical trials have consistently demonstrated promising findings for psychedelic-assisted therapies in the treatment of various mental health conditions and addictions. While most of this work has been privately funded, governmental biomedical research funding bodies in countries such as Australia, Canada, Israel, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom have begun supporting it. Given that the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the largest public funder of biomedical research in the world, it is important to understand the degree to which the organization is supporting clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapies. We are unaware of existing literature quantifying direct NIH grant support for psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trials, so we sought to answer this important question by searching all NIH grants awarded since the beginning of the psychedelic renaissance.MethodsWe queried NIH RePORTER, NIH's grant database, for grants awarded from 2006-2020 mentioning the psychedelics 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ibogaine, lysergic acid (LSD), mescaline, peyote, and psilocybin. We manually reviewed resulting grants to determine whether they directly funded psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trials.ResultsWe identified zero NIH grants directly funding psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trials during the study period.ConclusionWhile governmental biomedical research funding bodies in other countries have begun funding clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapies during the psychedelic renaissance, NIH has yet to directly fund a single psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trial. Concerns about risks related to psychedelics, a federal law preventing promotion of legalization of Schedule 1 drugs, and prioritization of grants for other types of studies on psychedelics may explain the dearth of NIH funding for psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-10-05", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103473", "pubmed_id": "34624734", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103473", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34624734\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1774, "title": "Low doses of LSD reduce broadband oscillatory power and modulate event-related potentials in healthy adults.", "normalized_title": "low doses of lsd reduce broadband oscillatory power and modulate event related potentials in healthy adults", "authors": "Murray CH, Tare I, Perry CM, Malina M, Lee R, de Wit H.", "abstract": "RationaleClassical psychedelics, including psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), are under investigation as potential therapeutic agents in psychiatry. Whereas most studies utilize relatively high doses, there are also reports of beneficial effects of \"microdosing,\" or repeated use of very low doses of these drugs. The behavioral and neural effects of these low doses are not fully understood.ObjectivesTo examine the effects of LSD (13 μg and 26 μg) versus placebo on resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potential (ERP) responses in healthy adults.MethodsTwenty-two healthy men and women, 18 to 35 years old, participated in 3 EEG sessions in which they received placebo or LSD (13 μg and 26 μg) under double-blind conditions. During each session, participants completed drug effect and mood questionnaires at hourly intervals, and physiological measures were recorded. During expected peak drug effect, EEG recordings were obtained, including resting-state neural oscillations in scalp electrodes over default mode network (DMN) regions and P300, N170, and P100 ERPs evoked during a visual oddball paradigm.ResultsLSD dose-dependently reduced oscillatory power across delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands during both eyes closed and eyes open resting conditions. During the oddball task, LSD dose-dependently reduced ERP amplitudes for P300 and N170 components and increased P100 latency. LSD also produced dose-related increases in positive mood, elation, energy, and anxiety and increased heart rate and blood pressure. On a measure of altered states of consciousness, LSD dose-dependently increased Blissful State, but not other indices of perceptual or sensory effects typical of psychedelic drugs. The subjective effects of the drug were not correlated with the EEG measures.ConclusionsLow doses of LSD produced broadband cortical desynchronization over the DMN during resting state and reduced P300 and N170 amplitudes, patterns similar to those reported with higher doses of psychedelics. Notably, these neurophysiological effects raise the possibility that very low doses of LSD may produce subtle behavioral and perhaps therapeutic effects that do not rely on the full psychedelic experience.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-10-05", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-05991-9", "pubmed_id": "34613430", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05991-9", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Affect, Evoked Potentials, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34613430\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Microdosing,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1898, "title": "Psilocin, LSD, mescaline, and DOB all induce broadband desynchronization of EEG and disconnection in rats with robust translational validity.", "normalized_title": "psilocin lsd mescaline and dob all induce broadband desynchronization of eeg and disconnection in rats with robust translational validity", "authors": "Vejmola Č, Tylš F, Piorecká V, Koudelka V, Kadeřábek L, Novák T, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics are recently gaining a lot of attention as a potential treatment of several neuropsychiatric disorders. Broadband desynchronization of EEG activity and disconnection in humans have been repeatedly shown; however, translational data from animals are completely lacking. Therefore, the main aim of our study was to assess the effects of tryptamine and phenethylamine psychedelics (psilocin 4 mg/kg, LSD0.2 mg/kg, mescaline 100 mg/kg, and DOB5 mg/kg) on EEG in freely moving rats. A system consisting of 14 cortical EEG electrodes, co-registration of behavioral activity of animals with subsequent analysis only in segments corresponding to behavioral inactivity (resting-state-like EEG) was used in order to reach a high level of translational validity. Analyses of the mean power, topographic brain-mapping, and functional connectivity revealed that all of the psychedelics irrespective of the structural family induced overall and time-dependent global decrease/desynchronization of EEG activity and disconnection within 1-40 Hz. Major changes in activity were localized on the large areas of the frontal and sensorimotor cortex showing some subtle spatial patterns characterizing each substance. A rebound of occipital theta (4-8 Hz) activity was detected at later stages after treatment with mescaline and LSD. Connectivity analyses showed an overall decrease in global connectivity for both the components of cross-spectral and phase-lagged coherence. Since our results show almost identical effects to those known from human EEG/MEG studies, we conclude that our method has robust translational validity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-10-01", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-021-01603-4", "pubmed_id": "34601495", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01603-4", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Electroencephalography, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34601495\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1897, "title": "Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine, Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo.", "normalized_title": "many drugs of abuse may be acutely transformed to dopamine norepinephrine and epinephrine in vivo", "authors": "Fitzgerald PJ", "abstract": "It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.", "journal": "International journal of molecular sciences", "publication_date": "2021-10-01", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ijms221910706", "pubmed_id": "34639047", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34639047/", "keywords": "DMT, LSD, MDMA, amphetamine, atropine, buprenorphine, cocaine, ecstasy, ephedrine, fentanyl, heroin, mescaline, methamphetamine, morphine, naloxone, naltrexone, nightshades, oxycontin, psilocybin, scopolamine", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34639047\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1900, "title": "Magic mushroom: all is not as it seems.", "normalized_title": "magic mushroom all is not as it seems", "authors": "Castro BN, Prata Saraiva R, Afonso João D, Dantas Costa S", "abstract": "The late adverse effects of radiotherapy are caused by microvascular injury or depletion of differentiated cells. Here we describe a clinical case of a late and unusual complication related to radiotherapy, in a patient with a history of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. The patient presented with a large perianal vegetating lesion suspicious of local recurrence, however the biopsy of the lesion did not show malignancy. Fortunately, all is not as it seems, and what appeared as a suspected relapse turned out to be a benign reactive lesion, consequence of radiotherapy.", "journal": "Acta chirurgica Belgica", "publication_date": "2021-09-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1080/00015458.2021.1972590", "pubmed_id": "34427171", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34427171/", "keywords": "Radiotherapy, squamous cell carcinoma", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34427171\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1893, "title": "Analysis of Five Mushroom Toxins in Blood by UPLC-HRMS.", "normalized_title": "analysis of five mushroom toxins in blood by uplc hrms", "authors": "Liu WQ, Shi Y, Xiang P, Yu F, Xie B, Dong M, Ha J, Ma CL, Wen D.", "abstract": "ObjectivesTo develop a method for the simultaneous and rapid detection of five mushroom toxins (α-amanitin, phallacidin, muscimol, muscarine and psilocin) in blood by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS).MethodsThe blood samples were precipitated with acetonitrile-water solution(Vacetonitril∶Vwater=3∶1) and PAX powder, then separated on ACQUITY Premier C18 column, eluted gradient. Five kinds of mushroom toxins were monitored by FullMS-ddMS2/positive ion scanning mode, and qualitative and quantitative analysis was conducted according to the accurate mass numbers of primary and secondary fragment ions.ResultsAll the five mushroom toxins had good linearity in their linear range, with a determination coefficient (R2)≥0.99. The detection limit was 0.2-20 ng/mL. The ration limit was 0.5-50 ng/mL. The recoveries of low, medium and high additive levels were 89.6%-101.4%, the relative standard deviation was 1.7%-6.7%, the accuracy was 90.4%-101.3%, the intra-day precision was 0.6%-9.0%, the daytime precision was 1.7%-6.3%, and the matrix effect was 42.2%-129.8%.ConclusionsThe method is simple, rapid, high recovery rate, and could be used for rapid and accurate qualitative screening and quantitative analysis of various mushroom toxins in biological samples at the same time, so as to provide basis for the identification of mushroom poisoning events.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.301001", "pubmed_id": "35187916", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.301001", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Mushroom Poisoning, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Tandem Mass Spectrometry", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35187916\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1892, "title": "A potential effect of psilocybin on anxiety in neurotic personality structures in adolescents.", "normalized_title": "a potential effect of psilocybin on anxiety in neurotic personality structures in adolescents", "authors": "Bogadi M, Kaštelan S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "34730895", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/34730895", "keywords": "Humans, Anxiety, Personality, Adolescent, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34730895\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Personality Change,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1573, "title": "Novel antidepressant drugs: Beyond monoamine targets.", "normalized_title": "novel antidepressant drugs beyond monoamine targets", "authors": "Gonda X, Dome P, Neill JC, Tarazi FI.", "abstract": "Treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) including treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a major unmet need. Although there are several classes of dissimilar antidepressant drugs approved for MDD, the current drugs have either limited efficacy or are associated with undesirable side effects and withdrawal symptoms. The efficacy and side effects of antidepressant drugs are mainly attributed to their actions on different monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine). Development of new antidepressants with novel targets beyond the monoamine pathways may fill the unmet need in treatment of MDD and TRD. The recent approval of intranasal Esketamine (glutamatergic agent) in conjunction with an oral antidepressant for the treatment of adult TRD patients was the first step toward expanding beyond the monoamine targets. Several other glutamatergic (AXS-05, REL-1017, AV-101, SLS-002, AGN24175, and PCN-101) and GABAergic (brexanolone, zuranolone, and ganaxolone) drugs are currently in different stages of clinical development for MDD, TRD and other indications. The renaissance of psychedelic drugs and the emergence of preliminary positive clinical trial results with psilocybin, Ayahuasca, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may pave the way towards establishing this class of drugs as effective therapies for MDD, TRD and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Going beyond the monoamine targets appears to be an effective strategy to develop novel antidepressant drugs with superior efficacy, safety, and tolerability for the improved treatment of MDD and TRD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-29", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1017/s1092852921000791", "pubmed_id": "34588093", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852921000791", "keywords": "Humans, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Antidepressive Agents, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34588093\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1903, "title": "The Effects of Tryptamine Psychedelics in the Brain: A meta-Analysis of Functional and Review of Molecular Imaging Studies.", "normalized_title": "the effects of tryptamine psychedelics in the brain a meta analysis of functional and review of molecular imaging studies", "authors": "Castelhano J, Lima G, Teixeira M, Soares C, Pais M, Castelo-Branco M.", "abstract": "There is an increasing interest in the neural effects of psychoactive drugs, in particular tryptamine psychedelics, which has been incremented by the proposal that they have potential therapeutic benefits, based on their molecular mimicry of serotonin. It is widely believed that they act mainly through 5HT2A receptors but their effects on neural activation of distinct brain systems are not fully understood. We performed a quantitative meta-analysis of brain imaging studies to investigate the effects of substances within this class (e.g., LSD, Psilocybin, DMT, Ayahuasca) in the brain from a molecular and functional point of view. We investigated the question whether the changes in activation patterns and connectivity map into regions with larger 5HT1A/5HT2A receptor binding, as expected from indolaemine hallucinogens (in spite of the often reported emphasis only on 5HT2AR). We did indeed find that regions with changed connectivity and/or activation patterns match regions with high density of 5HT2A receptors, namely visual BA19, visual fusiform regions in BA37, dorsal anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and regions involved in theory of mind such as the surpramarginal gyrus, and temporal cortex (rich in 5HT1A receptors). However, we also found relevant patterns in other brain regions such as dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Moreover, many of the above-mentioned regions also have a significant density of both 5HT1A/5HT2A receptors, and available PET studies on the effects of psychedelics on receptor occupancy are still quite scarce, precluding a metanalytic approach. Finally, we found a robust neuromodulatory effect in the right amygdala. In sum, the available evidence points towards strong neuromodulatory effects of tryptamine psychedelics in key brain regions involved in mental imagery, theory of mind and affective regulation, pointing to potential therapeutic applications of this class of substances.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2021.739053", "pubmed_id": "34658876", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.739053", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34658876\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Meta-Analysis,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1902, "title": "Psychedelics, Sociality, and Human Evolution.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics sociality and human evolution", "authors": "Rodríguez Arce JM, Winkelman MJ.", "abstract": "Our hominin ancestors inevitably encountered and likely ingested psychedelic mushrooms throughout their evolutionary history. This assertion is supported by current understanding of: early hominins' paleodiet and paleoecology; primate phylogeny of mycophagical and self-medicative behaviors; and the biogeography of psilocybin-containing fungi. These lines of evidence indicate mushrooms (including bioactive species) have been a relevant resource since the Pliocene, when hominins intensified exploitation of forest floor foods. Psilocybin and similar psychedelics that primarily target the serotonin 2A receptor subtype stimulate an active coping strategy response that may provide an enhanced capacity for adaptive changes through a flexible and associative mode of cognition. Such psychedelics also alter emotional processing, self-regulation, and social behavior, often having enduring effects on individual and group well-being and sociality. A homeostatic and drug instrumentalization perspective suggests that incidental inclusion of psychedelics in the diet of hominins, and their eventual addition to rituals and institutions of early humans could have conferred selective advantages. Hominin evolution occurred in an ever-changing, and at times quickly changing, environmental landscape and entailed advancement into a socio-cognitive niche, i.e., the development of a socially interdependent lifeway based on reasoning, cooperative communication, and social learning. In this context, psychedelics' effects in enhancing sociality, imagination, eloquence, and suggestibility may have increased adaptability and fitness. We present interdisciplinary evidence for a model of psychedelic instrumentalization focused on four interrelated instrumentalization goals: management of psychological distress and treatment of health problems; enhanced social interaction and interpersonal relations; facilitation of collective ritual and religious activities; and enhanced group decision-making. The socio-cognitive niche was simultaneously a selection pressure and an adaptive response, and was partially constructed by hominins through their activities and their choices. Therefore, the evolutionary scenario put forward suggests that integration of psilocybin into ancient diet, communal practice, and proto-religious activity may have enhanced hominin response to the socio-cognitive niche, while also aiding in its creation. In particular, the interpersonal and prosocial effects of psilocybin may have mediated the expansion of social bonding mechanisms such as laughter, music, storytelling, and religion, imposing a systematic bias on the selective environment that favored selection for prosociality in our lineage.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425", "pubmed_id": "34659037", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34659037\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1904, "title": "Rediscovering Psilocybin as an Antidepressive Treatment Strategy.", "normalized_title": "rediscovering psilocybin as an antidepressive treatment strategy", "authors": "Zeiss R, Gahr M, Graf H.", "abstract": "There has recently been a renewal of interest in psychedelic research on the use of psilocybin in psychiatric treatment and, in particular, for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Several state-of-the-art studies have provided new insight into the mechanisms of action of psilocybin and its therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered. With this review, we provide an overview of the current state of research on the potential mechanisms of psilocybin, its antidepressant potential, and the associated risks and adverse effects, to provide an update on a controversial topic discussed in psychopharmacology. A database search was conducted in Medline including articles on psilocybin over the period of the last 20 years. Despite the promising progress in understanding the mechanisms of psilocybin, the exact antidepressive mechanism and the role of the psychedelic experience remain elusive. The studies included in this review found high treatment effect sizes for psilocybin as an antidepressant. However, the results must be regarded as preliminary due to several limitations. Although the current studies observed no severe adverse events, several questions regarding safety and utility remain and must be subject of future research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-27", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ph14100985", "pubmed_id": "34681209", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14100985", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34681209\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1890, "title": "Neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics", "authors": "Aleksandrova LR, Phillips AG.", "abstract": "The emerging therapeutic efficacy of ketamine and classical psychedelics for depression has inspired tremendous interest in the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. We review preclinical and clinical evidence supporting neuroplasticity as a convergent downstream mechanism of action for these novel fast-acting antidepressants. Through their primary glutamate or serotonin receptor targets, ketamine and psychedelics [psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)] induce synaptic, structural, and functional changes, particularly in pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex. These include increased glutamate release, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) activation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated signaling, expression of synaptic proteins, and synaptogenesis. Such influences may facilitate adaptive rewiring of pathological neurocircuitry, thus providing a neuroplasticity-focused framework to explain the robust and sustained therapeutic effects of these compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-23", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.tips.2021.08.003", "pubmed_id": "34565579", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2021.08.003", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Glutamic Acid, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34565579\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1863, "title": "Dose effect of psilocybin on primary and secondary depression: a preliminary systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "dose effect of psilocybin on primary and secondary depression a preliminary systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Li NX, Hu YR, Chen WN, Zhang B.", "abstract": "BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that psilocybin has antidepressant effects. In the current study, we aim to explore the dose effects of psilocybin on primary (major depression patients) and secondary depression (depressed cancer patients).MethodsPublished studies concerning psilocybin for depression were retrieved. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, 6 databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Clinicaltrials.gov 2.3 and WanFang database) were searched for research studies published or still in progress from inception to 30 November, 2020, with language restricted to English and Chinese. Hedges' g of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score changes was calculated as the primary outcome.Results7 articles were finally included, with a total of 136 participants. In terms of efficacy, Hedges' g was 1.289 (95%CI=[1.020, 1.558], heterogeneity I2=50.995%, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.041", "pubmed_id": "34587546", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.041", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34587546\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1907, "title": "Derivatization-assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for identifying hallucinogenic mushrooms with enhanced sensitivity.", "normalized_title": "derivatization assisted enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for identifying hallucinogenic mushrooms with enhanced sensitivity", "authors": "Morita I, Kiguchi Y, Oyama H, Takeuchi A, Tode C, Tanaka R, Ogata J, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Kobayashi N.", "abstract": "A sensitive immunochemical method for identifying hallucinogenic mushrooms (magic mushrooms) is required for regulating their illicit use. We have previously generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that targets psilocin (Psi), the major psychoactive compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms, and developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, this ELISA failed to achieve the expected low-picomole-range sensitivity, as a result of insufficient affinity of the mAb to Psi. It is recognized that haptenic antigens with a larger molecular mass tend to induce antibodies with higher affinities. Thus, we herein report a \"derivatization-assisted ELISA,\" in which the \"real analyte\" Psi was determined as a \"surrogate analyte,\" the tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether analog thereof (TBS/Psi) having a 1.6-fold greater molecular mass (Mr 318.53) than Psi. A novel mAb against TBS/Psi, prepared by immunizing mice with a TBS/Psi-albumin conjugate showed a 69-fold higher affinity to TBS/Psi residues (Ka = 3.6 × 107 M-1 as IgG) than that of our previous mAb against Psi. This mAb consequently enabled a competitive ELISA for measuring TBS/Psi with the desired sensitivity: the dose-response curve midpoint (12.1 pmol per assay) was >100-fold lower than that of the previous ELISA for determining Psi. Extracts of dried mushroom powders were mixed with TBS triflate for 30 min at room temperature, converting Psi into TBS/Psi in approximately 50% yield. The reaction mixture was then subjected to an ELISA using the anti-TBS/Psi mAb to determine TBS/Psi. Psilocybe cubensis, a species of hallucinogenic mushrooms, gave rise to positive signals, indicating the presence of Psi therein in the expected quantity, while no detectable response was observed for four kinds of edible mushrooms available in the markets.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-15", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1039/d1ay01157j", "pubmed_id": "34528944", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ay01157j", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Psilocybe", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34528944\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1906, "title": "Neuropsychological Functioning in Users of Serotonergic Psychedelics - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.", "normalized_title": "neuropsychological functioning in users of serotonergic psychedelics a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Basedow LA, Riemer TG, Reiche S, Kreutz R, Majić T.", "abstract": "Background: Serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) like LSD, psilocybin, DMT, and mescaline are a heterogeneous group of substances that share agonism at 5-HT2a receptors. Besides the ability of these substances to facilitate profoundly altered states of consciousness, persisting psychological effects have been reported after single administrations, which outlast the acute psychedelic effects. In this review and meta-analysis, we investigated if repeated SP use associates with a characteristic neuropsychological profile indicating persisting effects on neuropsychological function. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating the neuropsychological performance in SP users, searching studies in Medline, Web of Science, embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and EudraCT. Studies were included if they reported at least one neuropsychological measurement in users of SPs. Studies comparing SP users and non-users that reported mean scores and standard deviations were included in an exploratory meta-analysis. Results: 13 studies (N = 539) published between 1969 and 2020 were included in this systematic review. Overall, we found that only three SPs were specifically investigated: ayahuasca (6 studies, n = 343), LSD (5 studies, n = 135), and peyote (1 study, n = 61). However, heterogeneity of the methodological quality was high across studies, with matching problems representing the most important limitation. Across all SPs, no uniform pattern of neuropsychological impairment was identified. Rather, the individual SPs seemed to be associated with distinct neuropsychological profiles. For instance, one study (n = 42) found LSD users to perform worse in trials A and B of the Trail-Making task, whereas meta-analytic assessment (5 studies, n = 352) of eleven individual neuropsychological measures indicated a better performance of ayahuasca users in the Stroop incongruent task (p = 0.03) and no differences in the others (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: The majority of the included studies were not completely successful in controlling for confounders such as differences in non-psychedelic substance use between SP-users and non-users. Our analysis suggests that LSD, ayahuasca and peyote may have different neuropsychological consequences associated with their use. While LSD users showed reduced executive functioning and peyote users showed no differences across domains, there is some evidence that ayahuasca use is associated with increased executive functioning.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-15", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2021.739966", "pubmed_id": "34603053", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.739966", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34603053\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1864, "title": "Assessing the effects of methodological differences on outcomes in the use of psychedelics in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "assessing the effects of methodological differences on outcomes in the use of psychedelics in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Leger RF, Unterwald EM.", "abstract": "BackgroundClassical psychedelics are a group of drugs which act as agonists on the serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor. Evidence suggests they may have a uniquely rapid and enduring positive effect on mood. However, marked heterogeneity between methodological designs in this emerging field remains a significant concern.AimsTo determine how differences in the type of psychedelic agent used and the number of dosing sessions administered affect subjects' depression and anxiety outcomes and adverse drug reactions (ADR).MethodsThis review collected and screened 1591 records from the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases for clinical trials reporting objective data on mood for subjects with a known anxiety or depression.ResultsAfter screening, nine clinical trials met inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of these studies showed significant, large positive effect sizes for measures of anxiety (Cohen's d = 1.26) and depression (Cohen's d = 1.38) overall. These positive effects were also significant at acute (⩽1 week) and extended (>1 week) time points. No significant differences were observed between trials using different psychedelic agents (psilocybin, ayahuasca or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)), however, a significant difference was observed in favour of trials with multiple dosing sessions. No serious ADR were reported.ConclusionPsilocybin, ayahuasca and LSD all appear to be effective and relatively safe agents capable of producing rapid and sustained improvements in anxiety and depression. Moreover, the findings of the present analysis suggest that they may show a greater efficacy when given to patients over multiple sessions as compared to the more common single session used in many of the existing trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-13", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211044688", "pubmed_id": "34519567", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211044688", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34519567\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1895, "title": "Psilocin Derivatives as Serotonergic Psychedelic Agents for the Treatment of CNS Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psilocin derivatives as serotonergic psychedelic agents for the treatment of cns disorders", "authors": "Kargbo RB.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-11", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00467", "pubmed_id": "34676027", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00467", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34676027\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1908, "title": "Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and neuroplasticity a systematic review unraveling the biological underpinnings of psychedelics", "authors": "de Vos CMH, Mason NL, Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "Clinical studies suggest the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, including ayahuasca, DMT, psilocybin, and LSD, in stress-related disorders. These substances induce cognitive, antidepressant, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects suggested to arise from biological changes similar to conventional antidepressants or the rapid-acting substance ketamine. The proposed route is by inducing brain neuroplasticity. This review attempts to summarize the evidence that psychedelics induce neuroplasticity by focusing on psychedelics' cellular and molecular neuroplasticity effects after single and repeated administration. When behavioral parameters are encountered in the selected studies, the biological pathways will be linked to the behavioral effects. Additionally, knowledge gaps in the underlying biology of clinical outcomes of psychedelics are highlighted. The literature searched yielded 344 results. Title and abstract screening reduced the sample to 35; eight were included from other sources, and full-text screening resulted in the final selection of 16 preclinical and four clinical studies. Studies (n = 20) show that a single administration of a psychedelic produces rapid changes in plasticity mechanisms on a molecular, neuronal, synaptic, and dendritic level. The expression of plasticity-related genes and proteins, including Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), is changed after a single administration of psychedelics, resulting in changed neuroplasticity. The latter included more dendritic complexity, which outlasted the acute effects of the psychedelic. Repeated administration of a psychedelic directly stimulated neurogenesis and increased BDNF mRNA levels up to a month after treatment. Findings from the current review demonstrate that psychedelics induce molecular and cellular adaptations related to neuroplasticity and suggest those run parallel to the clinical effects of psychedelics, potentially underlying them. Future (pre)clinical research might focus on deciphering the specific cellular mechanism activated by different psychedelics and related to long-term clinical and biological effects to increase our understanding of the therapeutic potential of these compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-09", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606", "pubmed_id": "34566723", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34566723\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Mechanism of Action,Systematic Review,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1909, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy After COVID-19: The Therapeutic Uses of Psilocybin and MDMA for Pandemic-Related Mental Health Problems.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted psychotherapy after covid 19 the therapeutic uses of psilocybin and mdma for pandemic related mental health problems", "authors": "Argento E, Christie D, Mackay L, Callon C, Walsh Z.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-05", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.716593", "pubmed_id": "34552518", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.716593", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34552518\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1707, "title": "The Role of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy to Support Patients With Cancer: A Critical Scoping Review of the Research.", "normalized_title": "the role of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy to support patients with cancer a critical scoping review of the research", "authors": "Lehto RH, Miller M, Sender J.", "abstract": "Treatments for addressing psychiatric mental health issues in vulnerable patients with cancer are established. Yet, many patients persist with unrelenting psychological difficulties despite intervention. There is growing interest in the role of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for managing treatment-resistant mental health challenges in patients with cancer. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring compound derived from certain mushroom species that can induce entheogenic experiences or an altered state of consciousness. Reed's Self-Transcendence Theory provides a holistic lens to examine existential concerns and mental health in individuals who perceive their illness as potentially life threatening, such as those with cancer. This scoping literature review used Arksey and O'Malley's template to evaluate research examining psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for patients with cancer. Eight articles met inclusion/exclusion criteria (four quantitative, two mixed methods, and two qualitative). Review findings indicated that the majority of patient experiences were positive, centering on themes of death acceptance, reflection, and broadened spirituality. Although psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is in early stages of clinical testing, it thus shows promise for carefully screened patients with cancer who have persistent existential suffering. It will be critical for investigators to tailor this emerging intervention to select patients and for clinicians to be engaged in assessment of outcomes and efficacy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-09-05", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/08980101211039086", "pubmed_id": "34482761", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/08980101211039086", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Anxiety, Mental Health, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34482761\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Consciousness,Aging,Spirituality,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1910, "title": "Treatment-Resistant Depression: Approaches to Treatment.", "normalized_title": "treatment resistant depression approaches to treatment", "authors": "Kverno KS, Mangano E.", "abstract": "Approximately 30% of people treated for a major depressive episode will not achieve remission after two or more treatment trials of first-line antidepressants and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Because the odds of remission decrease with every subsequent medication trial, it is important for clinicians to understand the characteristics and risk factors for TRD, subtypes of major depressive disorder that are more likely to be less responsive to first-line anti-depressants, and the available treatment options. In the current article, we review the approved treatments for TRD, including esketamine, and the evidence for psilocybin and pramipexole. Although limited in specificity, guidelines to help prescribers identify person-centered treatments for TRD are available. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59(9), 7-11.].", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3928/02793695-20210816-01", "pubmed_id": "34459676", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20210816-01", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Drug Therapy, Combination, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34459676\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1905, "title": "A Complex Impact of Systemically Administered 5-HT2A Receptor Ligands on Conditioned Fear.", "normalized_title": "a complex impact of systemically administered 5 ht2a receptor ligands on conditioned fear", "authors": "Hagsäter SM, Pettersson R, Pettersson C, Atanasovski D, Näslund J, Eriksson E.", "abstract": "BackgroundThough drugs binding to serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors have long been claimed to influence human anxiety, it remains unclear if this receptor subtype is best described as anxiety promoting or anxiety dampening. Whereas conditioned fear expressed as freezing in rats is modified by application of 5-HT2A-acting drugs locally into different brain regions, reports on the effect of systemic administration of 5-HT2A receptor agonists and 5-HT2A antagonists or inverse agonists on this behavior remain sparse.MethodsWe assessed the possible impact of systemic administration of 5-HT2A receptor agonists, 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonists, and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-per se or in combination-on the freezing displayed by male rats when re-exposed to a conditioning chamber in which they received foot shocks 7 days earlier.ResultsThe 5-HT2A receptor agonists psilocybin and 25CN-NBOH induced a reduction in conditioned fear that was countered by pretreatment with 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist MDL100907. While both MDL100907 and another 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist, pimavanserin, failed to impact freezing per se, both compounds unmasked a robust fear-reducing effect of an SSRI, escitalopram, which by itself exerted no such effect.ConclusionsThe results indicate that 5-HT2A receptor activation is not a prerequisite for normal conditioned freezing in rats but that this receptor subtype, when selectively over-activated prior to expression, exerts a marked fear-reducing influence. However, in the presence of an SSRI, the 5-HT2A receptor, on the contrary, appears to counter an anti-freezing effect of the enhanced extracellular serotonin levels following reuptake inhibition.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyab040", "pubmed_id": "34228806", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyab040", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Methylamines, Fluorobenzenes, Urea, Piperidines, Ligands, Behavior, Animal, Fear, Conditioning, Classical, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Psilocybin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34228806\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1915, "title": "Blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials.", "normalized_title": "blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials", "authors": "Muthukumaraswamy SD, Forsyth A, Lumley T.", "abstract": "Introduction: There is increasing interest in the potential for psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD and ketamine to treat several mental health disorders, with a growing number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) being conducted to investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of psychedelics.Areas covered: We review previous literature on expectancy effects and blinding in the context of psychedelic RCTs - literature which strongly suggest that psychedelic RCTs might be confounded by de-blinding and expectancy. We conduct systematic reviews of psychedelic RCTs using Medline, PsychInfo and EMBASE (Jan 1990 - Nov 2020) and show that currently reported psychedelic RCTs have generally not reported pre-trial expectancy, nor the success of blinding procedures.Expert opinion: While psychedelic RCTs have generally shown promising results, with large effect sizes reported, we argue that treatment effect sizes in psychedelic RCTs are likely over-estimated due to de-blinding of participants and high levels of response expectancy. We suggest that psychedelic RCTs should routinely measure de-blinding and expectancy. Careful attention should be paid to clinical trial design and the instructions given to participants to allow these confounds to be reduced, estimated and removed from effect size estimates. We urge caution in interpreting effect size estimates from extant psychedelic RCTs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-25", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2021.1933434", "pubmed_id": "34038314", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2021.1933434", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Research Design, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34038314\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2128, "title": "Psychedelics and Consciousness: Distinctions, Demarcations, and Opportunities.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and consciousness distinctions demarcations and opportunities", "authors": "Yaden DB, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Doss MK, Garcia-Romeu A, Nayak S, Gukasyan N, Mathur BN, Barrett FS", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances produce unusual and compelling changes in conscious experience that have prompted some to propose that psychedelics may provide unique insights explaining the nature of consciousness. At present, psychedelics, like other current scientific tools and methods, seem unlikely to provide information relevant to the so-called \"hard problem of consciousness,\" which involves explaining how first-person experience can emerge. However, psychedelics bear on multiple \"easy problems of consciousness,\" which involve relations between subjectivity, brain function, and behavior. In this review, we discuss common meanings of the term \"consciousness\" when used with regard to psychedelics and consider some models of the effects of psychedelics on the brain that have also been associated with explanatory claims about consciousness. We conclude by calling for epistemic humility regarding the potential for psychedelic research to aid in explaining the hard problem of consciousness while pointing to ways in which psychedelics may advance the study of many specific aspects of consciousness.", "journal": "The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2021-08-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyab026", "pubmed_id": "33987652", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33987652/", "keywords": "Altered states of consciousness, LSD, consciousness, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33987652\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2129, "title": "Spontaneous Spiritual Awakenings: Phenomenology, Altered States, Individual Differences, and Well-Being.", "normalized_title": "spontaneous spiritual awakenings phenomenology altered states individual differences and well being", "authors": "Corneille JS, Luke D.", "abstract": "Spontaneous Spiritual Awakenings (SSAs) are subjective experiences characterised by a sudden sense of direct contact, union, or complete nondual merging (experience of oneness) with a perceived ultimate reality, the universe, \"God,\" or the divine. These profound transformative experiences have scarcely been researched, despite extensive anecdotal evidence suggesting their potential to catalyse drastic, long-term, and often positive shifts in perception, world-view, and well-being. The aims of this study were to investigate the phenomenological variances of these experiences, including the potential differences between SSAs and Spontaneous Kundalini Awakenings (SKAs), a subset of awakening experiences that the authors postulate may produce a higher likelihood of both physical and negative effects; to explore how these experiences compare to other altered states of consciousness (ASCs), including those mediated by certain psychedelic substances; and understand their impact on well-being. Personality trait absorption and temporal lobe lability (TLL) were assessed as predictors of Spontaneous Spiritual and Kundalini Awakenings (SSA/SKAs). A mixed within and between-participants self-report survey design was adopted. A total of 152 participants reporting their most powerful SSA/SKAs completed questionnaires measuring nondual, kundalini, and mystical experience, as well as depth of ASC, and trait absorption and TLL. Spontaneous Kundalini Awakenings were found to be significantly more physical, but not significantly more negative than SSAs, and overall, both sets of experiences were perceived to be overwhelmingly more positive than negative, even in cases where the experience was initially challenging. The phenomenological distribution of SSA/SKAs was similar to other measured ASCs although greater in magnitude, and appeared most similar in distribution and in magnitude to drug-induced ASCs, particularly classic psychedelics DMT and psilocybin. Temporal lobe lability and trait absorption were found to predict the SSA/SKA experience. The limitations and implications of these findings are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-18", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720579", "pubmed_id": "34489825", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720579", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34489825\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3395, "title": "Therapeutic interventions for PTSD - current evidence on the the role of psychedelics", "normalized_title": "therapeutic interventions for ptsd current evidence on the the role of psychedelics", "authors": "Figueiredo I, Viegas F, Ferreira F, Santos A, Ramos J, Miranda J.", "abstract": "Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often a chronic condition, despite the existence of evidence-based treatment options. Psychotherapy is the designated first line treatment for PTSD, although high rates of psychiatric and medical comorbidity are observed among patients who have undergone treatment. The psychoactive properties of psychedelics may be of particular interest within a substance-assisted psychotherapy approach, offering new treatment opportunities for this debilitating disorder. Objectives Review current evidence, therapeutic context, and possible mechanisms of action of different types of psychedelics in the treatment of PTSD. Methods Literature review using Medline database. Results 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy appears to be a potentially safe, effective, and durable treatment for individuals with treatment-refractory PTSD. Based on a small number of studies, ketamine administration appears to result in temporary symptom relief and may, in combination with psychotherapy, lead to lasting reductions in PTSD symptoms. Although these have not yet been investigated in controlled studies, it is known that psilocybin and LSD induce psychoactive effects that could as well contribute to the psychotherapeutic treatment of PTSD. Conclusions The use of psychedelic compounds within a substance-assisted psychotherapy framework offers a novel method for pharmacotherapy-psychotherapy integration, although there is still much to learn from both a clinical and neurobiological perspective. It is necessary to generate more data regarding the safety and efficacy of psychedelics, in addition to research on cost-effectiveness, its use in mental health care infrastructure and also regarding the training of specialized therapists.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9475922", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9475922\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3371, "title": "Psychedelics and psychiatric disorders: A emerging role", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and psychiatric disorders a emerging role", "authors": "Peixoto C, Santos F, Rego D, Medeiros H.", "abstract": "Introduction Recently there has been renewal in interest of psychedelic research. Classic psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin and mescaline act pharmacologically as agonists at the 5-HT2A receptor. The entactogens like methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), acts as a serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline agonist. All of these drugs are potential candidates in the treatment of multiple psychiatric illnesses. Objectives The authors intend to review the literature on the clinical application of psychedelic drugs in psychiatric disorders. Methods Non-systematic review of the literature. Results In recent clinical trial the psychedelic is given with psychotherapeutic input. In a supportive setting, psychedelics produced immediate and significant anti-depressant and anxiolytic effects that were endured for several months. Randomized clinical trials support the efficace of psilocybin in the treatment of depression and those with anxiety and depression symptoms provoked by life-threatening cancer. There have also been studies showing efficacy in both alcohol and tobacco dependence. When administered safely LSD can reduce anxiety and have anti-addictive property. Randomized clinical trials support the efficacy of MDMA in the treatment of PTSD. Psychedelics were well-tolerated, few adverse effects have been reported. The most common adverse effects were transient anxiety, short-lived headaches, nausea and mild increases in heart rate and blood pressure, with no persisting adverse effects. Serious adverse events, such as persistent psychosis and suicidality, have not been demonstrated. Conclusions Psychedelics appear to be effective in multiple psychiatric disorders and are well-tolerated, although further evidence is required, to better see they therapeutic potential. Disclosure No significant relationships.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9470409", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9470409\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3346, "title": "Treating addiction with psychedelics - are we waking up?", "normalized_title": "treating addiction with psychedelics are we waking up", "authors": "Miranda J, Barbosa M, Figueiredo I, Mota P, Tarelho A.", "abstract": "Introduction Classic psychedelics have been administered in sacramental contexts since ancient times. They were of prominent interest within psychiatry and neuroscience in the 1950s to 1960s, but the association between classic psychedelics and the emerging counterculture put an end to their research. Modern research with classic psychedelics has reinitiated interest in the treatment of both cancer-related distress and addiction, with really promising results. Objectives We aim to provide a review about history and new insights regarding research with psychedelics specially as treatment of addictive disorders. Methods A framing analysis of articles, searched on Pubmed (articles between 2010-2020) with the key words: “ psychedelics”, “psilocybin”, “substance use disorder”, “addiction”. Results Classic psychedelics are 5HT2AR agonists such as LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin. They were shown to occasion mystical experiences, which are experiences reported throughout different cultures and religions involving a strong sense of unity. These experiences are scientifically important because they appear to cause abrupt and sustained changes in behavior and perception, that can be very useful in the substance use disorder field. From this analysis is possible to understand that the use of psychadelics in the treatment of some addictions is currently at an early stage of research. However, they show interesting results with no clinically significant adverse events when risk individuals are excluded. Conclusions In comparison to psychedelic research about cancer-related psychological distress, studies with addictions are less developed, but if they continue to suggest safety and efficacy, may be the use of psilocybin for the treatment of specific addiction can happen in a close future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9480123", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9480123\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3339, "title": "Psychedelics: A new era of treatment?", "normalized_title": "psychedelics a new era of treatment", "authors": "Torres S.", "abstract": "Introduction Psychedelics - including LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), psilocybin, DMT (N, N-dimethyltryptamine), ayahuasca and mescaline - have an ancient history across various civilizations. In 1950, after LSD’s discovery by Hofmann, psychedelics enjoyed a short-lived relationship with psychiatry, before prohibitive legislature emerging in response to the recreational use in the mid-1960s. However, the last decade has witnessed a renewed scientific interest in psychedelics - a phenomenon referred to as the ‘Psychedelic Renaissance’. Objectives Review the pharmacology of psychedelic drugs and the latest evidence of its therapeutic potentials in anxiety, mood and addictive disorders. Methods Literature review performed on PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using the keywords “psychedelics”, “hallucinogens”, “d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)”, “psilocybin”, “ayahuasca”, “mescaline”, “DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine)”. Results The psychedelics or “classic hallucinogens” can be subdivided into three sub-classes: the plant-derived tryptamines (psilocybin and ibogaine) and phenethylamines (mescaline), and the semisynthetic ergolines (LSD). The therapeutic potentials are mediated by an agonist action on 5-HT2A receptors expressed in frontal and paralimbic structures involved in mood and emotion regulation, introspection, interoception and self-consciousness. Stimulation of 5-HT2ARincreases the glutamatergic tone and neuroplasticity and is accompanied by reduced amygdala activity, reducing anxiety. Experimental, open-label, and RCTs showed anxiolytic, antidepressive, and antiaddictive effects with psychedelics. As examples, psilocybin and LSD reduced anxiety and depression in cancer patients and symptoms of alcohol and tobacco dependence, and ayahuasca reduced depression in treatment-resistant depression. Conclusions Despite the promising effects of psychedelics on anxiety, depression and addiction, the evidence is still preliminary, waiting for long-term studies with bigger samples. Conflict of interest No significant relationships.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9475866", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9475866\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3211, "title": "Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin assisted therapy on treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Fraga A, Esteves-Sousa D, Facucho-Oliveira J, Albuquerque M, Costa M, Dos Santos P, Moura N, Moutinho A.", "abstract": "Introduction Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent clinical condition, affecting more than 300 million individuals worldwide. About 1/3 of patients with MDD fail to achieve remission despite treatment with multiple antidepressants and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Novel antidepressants with rapid and sustained effects on mood and cognition could represent a breakthrough in the TRD and may potentially improve or save lives. Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, more commonly found in the Psilocybe mushrooms has a combined serotonergic and glutamatergic action. The preliminary evidence of antidepressant effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy indicates the potential of psilocybin-assisted therapy as a novel antidepressant intervention. Objectives The authors elaborate a narrative literature review about the effects of Psilocybin-based therapy on patients diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression. Methods PubMed database searched using the terms “Treatment-Resistant Depression AND Psilocybin” and targeting clinical trials. References of selected articles and review articles were also assessed. Results 2 articles evaluate psilocybin effects in 32 patients with TRD and showed that two doses of psilocybin alongside psychological support significantly reduces depressive symptoms. All patients presented some reduction in symptoms from baseline to one week after the second dose and reproduced immediate and substantial improvements in depression that ultimately could sustain up to 6 months. Conclusions Psilocybin-assisted therapy is a very appealing new possibility in the treatment of depression. However, due to the small populations of the existing trials, future studies are needed to prove this positive association and to fully understand Psilocybin’s mechanisms of actions and effects. Disclosure No significant relationships.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9480034", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9480034\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3156, "title": "Psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: What do we know so far?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder what do we know so far", "authors": "Descalço N, Medeiros A, Santos C, Borges G.", "abstract": "Introduction Psilocybin is a naturally occurring plant alkaloid in mushrooms and a prodrug of psilocin. It is a serotonin receptor (5-HT2A) agonist and known psychedelic, with similar hallucinatory properties to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It has been identified as a safe and effective option in treatment-resistant depression. Literature focus mainly on its use on depressive but its interest in other psychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has grown. Objectives To review the clinical evidence for the use of hallucinogens such as psilocybin in OCD. Methods Non-systematic review of literature found on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and Google Scholar, using the keywords “obsessive-compulsive disorder”, “psilocybin” and “hallucinogens”. Articles may include clinical trials, case report or case series. Articles found were admitted according to their relevance for the topic in review; only articles in English were included. Ongoing research trials on this topic were checked on ClinicalTrials.gov. Results So far, only one open-label non-randomized study directly assessed the effects of psilocybin on OCD patients that found acute reductions of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Case reports of patients improving with off-label use of psilocybin are reported. There are two ongoing phase I research trials, aiming to explore the effect of the substance on symptomatology, hypothesizing that psilocybin will normalize cerebral connectivity and thus correlate with clinical improvement. Conclusions More research to establish the usefulness of psilocybin in OCD patients is needed; the collected data is encouraging are there may be a role for its use on this disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9476072", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:47", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC9476072\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2132, "title": "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Psilocybin and Dimethyltryptamine in Depression Treatment: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "lysergic acid diethylamide psilocybin and dimethyltryptamine in depression treatment a systematic review", "authors": "Więckiewicz G, Stokłosa I, Piegza M, Gorczyca P, Pudlo R.", "abstract": "Despite many different kinds of substances available for depression treatment, depression itself still appears to be a clinical challenge. Recently, formerly illicit substances came to scientists' attention, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin and dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Some studies suggest that these substances might be effective in depression treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of LSD, psilocybin and DMT in depression treatment in the light of current medical literature. The authors followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for this systematic review. The authors searched the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases to identify relevant publications. Finally, 10 papers were included. Most of the selected studies showed significant correlation between psilocybin and DMT use and reduction in depression symptom intensity. By analyzing qualified studies, it can be concluded that psilocybin and DMT could be useful in depression treatment, but further observations are still required.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-11", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ph14080793", "pubmed_id": "34451890", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14080793", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34451890\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2134, "title": "Effects of Ayahuasca on Personality: Results of Two Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials in Healthy Volunteers.", "normalized_title": "effects of ayahuasca on personality results of two randomized placebo controlled trials in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Mendes Rocha J, Rossi GN, Osório FL, Bouso Saiz JC, Silveira GO, Yonamine M, Crevelin EJ, Queiroz ME, Cecílio Hallak JE, Dos Santos RG.", "abstract": "Rationale: Previous studies with the serotonergic hallucinogens LSD and psilocybin showed that these drugs induced changes in personality traits, such as increases in Openness. However, results are inconsistent, and the effects of ayahuasca on personality were never investigated in a controlled trial. Objectives: To assess the effects of ayahuasca on personality in two randomized, placebo-controlled trials in healthy volunteers. Methods: Data from two parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled trials in healthy volunteers were included. In the first trial, 15 volunteers ingested ayahuasca or placebo, while in the second trial 15 volunteers received placebo+ayahuasca or cannabidiol (CBD)+ayahuasca. Personality was assessed with the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) at baseline and 21 days post-treatment. Results: There were significant differences between groups in baseline Openness scores, but not on day 21. A significant increase in Openness scores was observed in the placebo + ayahuasca group in study 2. No other within-group differences were observed for any other domain. Conclusions: Ayahuasca produced inconsistent effects on personality since it induced significant increase in Openness 21 days post-drug intake only in one of the trials. The absence of significant differences in the other ayahuasca groups could be due to small sample sizes and baseline differences among groups. The effects of ayahuasca and other serotonergic hallucinogens on personality should be further investigated in clinical samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-05", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.688439", "pubmed_id": "34421675", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.688439", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34421675\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2135, "title": "Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Four Psilocybin-Containing Magic Mushroom Water Extracts in vitro on 15-Lipoxygenase Activity and on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 and Inflammatory Cytokines in Human U937 Macrophage Cells.", "normalized_title": "anti inflammatory effects of four psilocybin containing magic mushroom water extracts in vitro on 15 lipoxygenase activity and on lipopolysaccharide induced cyclooxygenase 2 and inflammatory cytokines in human u937 macrophage cells", "authors": "Nkadimeng SM, Steinmann CML, Eloff JN.", "abstract": "PurposeDuring a pathological inflammation, macrophages are activated to produce accumulation of inflammatory mediators such as induced-cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pathological inflammation is a significant problem in many chronic diseases. As a result, more research into natural remedies with anti-inflammatory potential is crucial. Since ancient times, psilocybin-containing mushrooms, also known as magic mushrooms, were used for mind healing and also to advance the quality of life. However, not much is known about their anti-inflammatory potential. This study aimed at investigating the anti-inflammatory effects of four psilocybin-containing mushrooms (Panaeolus cyanescens, Psilocybe natalensis, Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe cubensis leucistic A+ strain) from genus Panaeolus and Psilocybe for the first time in vitro on 15-LOX activity and also on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in human U937 macrophage cells.MethodsMushrooms were grown and extracted with boiling hot water. Effects of the four water extracts on 15-LOX activity were determined. Confluent human U937 cells were differentiated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and treated with the hot-water extracts (25 and 50 µg/mL) 2 hours before being stimulated with 1 µg/mL LPS over 24 hours. Quercetin was used as a positive control. Control cells were differentiated but not LPS-induced nor treated. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 concentrations were measured. Levels of COX-2 and mitochondrial activity were also determined.ResultsThe four water extracts had poor 15-LOX inhibition activity with IC50 > 250 µg/mL. Extracts were safe at the concentration studied and inhibited the LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators, TNF-α and IL-1β significantly and lowered IL-6 and COX-2 concentrations in treated human U937 macrophage cells. Water extracts also increased percentage viability of treated cells and levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10 non-significantly.ConclusionThe study suggested that the hot-water extracts of the four psilocybin-containing magic mushrooms have potential anti-inflammatory effects executed by down-regulating pro-inflammatory mediators.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.2147/jir.s317182", "pubmed_id": "34385833", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/jir.s317182", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34385833\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mitochondrial Function,In Vitro Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1877, "title": "Use of hallucinogens in Slovakia: Does it differ from global trends?", "normalized_title": "use of hallucinogens in slovakia does it differ from global trends", "authors": "Lukačovič M, Masaryk R.", "abstract": "BackgroundPeople have been using hallucinogens for thousands of years and interest in these substances has grown in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the basic socio-demographic data, preferences, experiences, and attitudes associated with hallucinogen use in Slovakia.MethodsA cross-sectional research design was used whereby an online survey included participants who had had at least one experience with hallucinogens (N = 422, age M = 27.78; SD = 7.84; SE = 0.38; 35.1% females). Due to the illegal, intimate, and minority nature of the phenomena studied, data was collected using the snowball sampling method via an online social network in groups that declared a drug focus.ResultsUsers of hallucinogens were mostly employed (61,8%) and in some form of partnership (57,6%); they usually have a high school diploma (46,68%) or a university degree (45,41%). They most often use psilocybin mushrooms, while the age of initial use (M = 19,61; SD = 5,39) as well as lifetime frequency use (M = 18,26; SD = 24,21; Median = 10) are similar to global trends. Free use without rituals was preferred to ceremonial use. In general, our sample of hallucinogen users considered the integration of psychedelic experiences to be simple rather than challenging. Concurrently, they tended to see hallucinogens as useful to humans, but realised that they are not without risk and can be somewhat dangerous. Males used hallucinogens for the first time at a younger age (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103385", "pubmed_id": "34364200", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103385", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Slovakia, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34364200\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1911, "title": "Classic Psychedelic Coadministration with Lithium, but Not Lamotrigine, is Associated with Seizures: An Analysis of Online Psychedelic Experience Reports.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelic coadministration with lithium but not lamotrigine is associated with seizures an analysis of online psychedelic experience reports", "authors": "Nayak SM, Gukasyan N, Barrett FS, Erowid E, Erowid F, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsychedelics show promise in treating unipolar depression, though patients with bipolar disorder have been excluded from recent psychedelic trials. There is limited information on the use of classic psychedelics (e. g., LSD or psilocybin) in individuals using mood stabilizers to treat bipolar disorder. This is important to know, as individuals with bipolar depression may attempt to treat themselves with psychedelics while on a mood stabilizer, particularly given enthusiastic media reports of the efficacy of psilocybin for depression.MethodsThis study analyzed reports of classic psychedelics administered with mood stabilizers from 3 websites (Erowid.org, Shroomery.org, and Reddit.com).ResultsStrikingly, 47% of 62 lithium plus psychedelic reports involved seizures, and an additional 18% resulted in bad trips while none of 34 lamotrigine reports did. Further, 39% of lithium reports involved medical attention. Most of the lamotrigine reports (65%) but few (8%) of the lithium reports were judged to not affect the psychedelic experience.DiscussionAlthough further research is needed, we provisionally conclude that psychedelic use may pose a significant seizure risk for patients on lithium.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-08-03", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1055/a-1524-2794", "pubmed_id": "34348413", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1524-2794", "keywords": "Humans, Seizures, Lithium, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin, Lamotrigine", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34348413\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2137, "title": "Migraine prevalence in visual snow with prior illicit drug use (hallucinogen persisting perception disorder) versus without.", "normalized_title": "migraine prevalence in visual snow with prior illicit drug use hallucinogen persisting perception disorder versus without", "authors": "van Dongen RM, Alderliefste GJ, Onderwater GLJ, Ferrari MD, Terwindt GM", "abstract": "This study was undertaken to investigate migraine prevalence in persons with hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) presenting as visual snow syndrome (VSS). Persons with visual snow as a persisting symptom after illicit drug use (HPPD) were recruited via a Dutch consulting clinic for recreational drug use. A structured interview on (visual) perceptual symptomatology, details of drugs use, and medical and headache history was taken. As a control group, persons with visual snow who had never used illicit drugs prior to onset were included. The primary outcome was lifetime prevalence of migraine. Symptom severity was evaluated by the Visual Snow Handicap Inventory (VHI), a 25-item questionnaire. None of the 24 HPPD participants had migraine, whereas 20 of 37 (54.1%) controls had migraine (p", "journal": "European journal of neurology", "publication_date": "2021-07-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1111/ene.14914", "pubmed_id": "33979006", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33979006/", "keywords": "ecstasy, hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, illicit drugs, migraine, visual snow", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33979006\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2136, "title": "Pharmacologic Similarities and Differences Among Hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "pharmacologic similarities and differences among hallucinogens", "authors": "Waters K.", "abstract": "Hallucinogens constitute a unique class of substances that cause changes in the user's thoughts, perceptions, and mood through various mechanisms of action. Although the serotonergic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine have been termed the classical hallucinogens, many hallucinogens elicit their actions through other mechanisms such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism, opioid receptor agonism, or inhibition of the reuptake of monoamines including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The aim of this article is to compare the pharmacologic similarities and differences among substances within the hallucinogen class and their impact on physical and psychiatric effects. Potential toxicities, including life-threatening and long-term effects, will be reviewed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1002/jcph.1917", "pubmed_id": "34396556", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1917", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Biogenic Monoamines, Tryptamines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptors, Opioid, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34396556\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2130, "title": "The cranial windows of perception.", "normalized_title": "the cranial windows of perception", "authors": "DiBerto JF, Roth BL.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has emerged as a potentially rapidly acting antidepressant with enduring actions. In this issue of Neuron, Shao et al. (2021) show that psilocybin quickly induces dendritic spine formation in cortical layer V pyramidal neurons. These results provide a potential cellular substrate for psilocybin's therapeutic actions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2021.07.017", "pubmed_id": "34411534", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2021.07.017", "keywords": "Pyramidal Cells, Neurons, Hallucinogens, Perception, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34411534\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1919, "title": "Psilocybin for Depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for depression", "authors": "Wiley JF, Bei B.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1056/nejmc2108082", "pubmed_id": "34437794", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmc2108082", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34437794\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2139, "title": "The Potential Role of Serotonergic Hallucinogens in Depression Treatment.", "normalized_title": "the potential role of serotonergic hallucinogens in depression treatment", "authors": "Psiuk D, Nowak E, Cholewa K, Łopuszańska U, Samardakiewicz M.", "abstract": "Due to an increasing number of depression diagnoses and limited effective treatments, researchers continue to explore novel therapeutic strategies for this disorder. Recently, interest has revolved around the use of serotonergic psychedelics to reduce the symptoms of depression. In this systematic review, we summarize the currently available knowledge on the safety and efficacy of psychedelic substances for the treatment of depression. A literature search of the PubMed/MEDLINE database identified 14 clinical trials from the last 10 years that examined the use of psilocybin, MDMA, DMT, or LSD for the treatment of depression symptoms. Some psychedelics, especially psilocybin, demonstrated an ability to reduce depressive symptoms as measured by several psychological scales, which was often sustained for months after the last psychedelic session. Moreover, one study revealed that psilocybin has comparable efficacy to escitalopram in the treatment of depression. None of the studies reported any serious adverse events associated with psychedelic administration. The reviewed studies suggest that psychedelics have great potential in depression therapy and, after addressing and overcoming the current study limitations, may be used as a novel method of treating depression in the future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/life11080765", "pubmed_id": "34440508", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/life11080765", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34440508\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2140, "title": "Serotonin Heteroreceptor Complexes and Their Integration of Signals in Neurons and Astroglia-Relevance for Mental Diseases.", "normalized_title": "serotonin heteroreceptor complexes and their integration of signals in neurons and astroglia relevance for mental diseases", "authors": "Borroto-Escuela DO, Ambrogini P, Narvaez M, Di Liberto V, Beggiato S, Ferraro L, Fores-Pons R, Alvarez-Contino JE, Lopez-Salas A, Mudò G, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Fuxe K.", "abstract": "The heteroreceptor complexes present a novel biological principle for signal integration. These complexes and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions are bidirectional and novel targets for treatment of CNS diseases including mental diseases. The existence of D2R-5-HT2AR heterocomplexes can help explain the anti-schizophrenic effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs not only based on blockade of 5-HT2AR and of D2R in higher doses but also based on blocking the allosteric enhancement of D2R protomer signaling by 5-HT2AR protomer activation. This research opens a new understanding of the integration of DA and 5-HT signals released from DA and 5-HT nerve terminal networks. The biological principle of forming 5-HT and other heteroreceptor complexes in the brain also help understand the mechanism of action for especially the 5-HT hallucinogens, including putative positive effects of e.g., psilocybin and the indicated prosocial and anti-stress actions of MDMA (ecstasy). The GalR1-GalR2 heterodimer and the putative GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1 heteroreceptor complexes are targets for Galanin N-terminal fragment Gal (1-15), a major modulator of emotional networks in models of mental disease. GPCR-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) heteroreceptor complexes can operate through transactivation of FGFR1 via allosteric mechanisms and indirect interactions over GPCR intracellular pathways involving protein kinase Src which produces tyrosine phosphorylation of the RTK. The exciting discovery was made that several antidepressant drugs such as TCAs and SSRIs as well as the fast-acting antidepressant drug ketamine can directly bind to the TrkB receptor and provide a novel mechanism for their antidepressant actions. Understanding the role of astrocytes and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in modulating forebrain glutamate synapses with impact on dorsal raphe-forebrain serotonin neurons is also of high relevance for research on major depressive disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-26", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/cells10081902", "pubmed_id": "34440670", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10081902", "keywords": "Brain, Astrocytes, Animals, Humans, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Receptor, Galanin, Type 1, Receptor, Galanin, Type 2, Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Antipsychotic Agents, Antidepressive Agents, Mental Disorders, Signal Transduction, Receptor Cross-Talk, Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1, Dopaminergic Neurons, Serotonergic Neurons", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34440670\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1878, "title": "Classic psychedelics in the treatment of substance use disorder: Potential synergies with twelve-step programs.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics in the treatment of substance use disorder potential synergies with twelve step programs", "authors": "Yaden DB, Berghella AP, Regier PS, Garcia-Romeu A, Johnson MW, Hendricks PS.", "abstract": "Several pilot studies have provided evidence supporting the potential of classic psychedelics like psilocybin in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs). If larger trials confirm efficacy, classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy may eventually be integrated into existing addiction treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy, contingency management, and medication-assisted therapies. Many individuals seeking treatment for SUDs also join twelve-step facilitation (TSF) programs like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), which are among the most widely available and accessed treatments for alcohol use disorder worldwide. For such individuals, engaging in classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy could be seen as controversial, as members of AA/TSF programs have historically rejected medication-assisted treatments in favor of a pharmacotherapy-free approach. We argue that classic psychedelics and the subjective experiences they elicit may represent a special, more compatible case than conventional medications. In support of this claim, we describe Bill Wilson's (the founder of AA) little known experiences with psychedelics and on this basis, we argue that aspects of classic psychedelic treatments could complement AA/TSF programs. We provide a review of clinical trials evaluating psychedelics in the context of SUDs and discuss their potential large-scale impact should they be ultimately integrated into AA/TSF.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-26", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103380", "pubmed_id": "34329952", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103380", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34329952\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1879, "title": "Systematized Review of Psychotherapeutic Components of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "systematized review of psychotherapeutic components of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Horton DM, Morrison B, Schmidt J.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis systematized review sought to fill a gap in psilocybin research by investigating the structure and format of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP), with a focus on the counseling components of the treatment.MethodsA systematized review of PAP was conducted by using the PubMed and PsycInfo databases to search for peer-reviewed studies of human clinical trials, published within the past 25 years, in which psilocybin was administered with psychological support in a clinical setting.ResultsEleven articles matched the criteria necessary for inclusion in this review. PAP was found to consist of three stages: pretreatment sessions to prepare participants for psilocybin, treatment sessions in which psilocybin was administered, and posttreatment sessions to integrate the experience with daily life. Conventional psychotherapy was primarily seen in the pre- and posttreatment sessions. Psychotherapies included in PAP differed among studies, but most often included music therapy and a nondirective supportive approach to treatment.ConclusionsThis systematized review found important commonalities among clinical trials of PAP published within the past 25 years and revealed key differences among studies in psychotherapy's incorporation into PAP. Additional research is needed to identify the unique effect of psychotherapy in PAP.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-22", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20200055", "pubmed_id": "34293927", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20200055", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34293927\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3481, "title": "A Randomised, Placebo Controlled Trial of Psilocybin in Treatment Resistant Depression: A Feasibility Study", "normalized_title": "a randomised placebo controlled trial of psilocybin in treatment resistant depression a feasibility study", "authors": "King's College London", "abstract": "A single centre clinical trial to evaluate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of psilocybin, given under supportive conditions, in a randomised, blinded design in adult participants with treatment resistant major depressive disorder. The primary objective is to evaluate feasibility by measuring recruitment rates, dropout rates and by estimating the variance of the primary outcome measure (MADRS).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2021-07-21", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04959253", "keywords": "Treatment Resistant Depression, Psilocybin assisted therapy, Placebo assisted therapy, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT04959253\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3403, "title": "Both partners practicing orgasmic meditation report having a mystical-type experience: results using the Mystical Experience Questionnaire", "normalized_title": "both partners practicing orgasmic meditation report having a mystical type experience results using the mystical experience questionnaire", "authors": "Siegel V, Emmert-Aronson B.", "abstract": "Background: Practitioners in a variety of spiritual/religious traditions have described “mystical experiences”, defined by a common set of qualities. The “Mystical Experience Questionnaire” (MEQ30) provides a validated and quantitative measure of mystical experience, and has been used successfully to demonstrate that the hallucinogenic substance psilocybin triggers a mystical-type experience. Orgasmic Meditation (OM) is a structured, partnered meditative practice involving manual stimulation of the clitoris. Although the partners in an OM have different roles (one is stroking, and the other is being stroked), both claim benefit from the practice. The aim of the current study is to use the MEQ30 to assess to what extent participants report mystical experiences during OM, and to what extent that experience is correlated between the partners. Methods:: In Study 1, 780 participants completed the MEQ30 with a single powerful OM in mind. In Study 2, 56 pairs of participants (both partners) completed the MEQ30 after their next OM. If the respondent had a score ≥60% of the maximum possible score on each of the four subscales of the MEQ30, this was considered a “complete” mystical experience. Results:: Respondents from Study 1 reported an MEQ total score of 3.35 (SD = 1.08), with 62% of respondents reporting a complete mystical experience. Respondents from Study 2 reported an MEQ total score of 3.21 (SD = 0.92), with 23% reporting a complete mystical experience. We found strong relationships between MEQ total score and role (i.e., stroker or strokee), interrater agreement within-group index (aWG) = 0.46, and an even stronger relationship between partners and MEQ total score, aWG=0.71. Conclusions:: These findings suggest that OM can trigger a substantial mystical experience in both partners. Whether the brains of people who OM show similar activity changes to those having other mystical experiences awaits future study.", "journal": "F1000Res", "publication_date": "2021-07-21", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.12688/f1000research.53496.1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.53496.1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR373071\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"F1000Res\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1801, "title": "Verbal behavior related to drug reinforcement in polysubstance cannabis users: Comparison across drugs.", "normalized_title": "verbal behavior related to drug reinforcement in polysubstance cannabis users comparison across drugs", "authors": "Cox DJ, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "Verbal reports of drug effects are often used in behavioral pharmacology. Two reports related to reinforcement are drug use (Harford, 1978; Liu et al., 2018) frequency and drug preference. Anecdotally, some individuals may specify a favorite/preferred drug (e.g., psilocybin) despite using another drug more frequently (e.g., tobacco). Research comparing these two measures has led to contradictory findings and included ratings from participants who may not have experience with the rated drugs. No comparisons have been made between use frequency and preference across multiple drugs in polysubstance users. To compare use frequency and preference for drug classes, and examine relations across drug classes, individuals reporting polysubstance use (N = 428) provided frequency and preference ratings for nine drug classes. Mean ratings showed smoked tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis were the most frequently used and most preferred drugs. Mean ratings showed 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and classic hallucinogens were the least frequently used and least preferred drugs. However, more divergence between use frequency and preference was observed when these metrics were examined among individuals. Correlation coefficients between use frequency and preference were lower than previously published literature. The majority of polydrug comparisons were nonsignificant, and correlations between different drug classes differed depending on whether use frequency or preference was examined. Verbal reports about use frequency are likely not strongly predictive of verbal reports about the same drug preference. Clinicians and researchers should recognize that different verbal reports related to drug reinforcement might be proxies for distinct aspects of reinforcement and should consider these implications for assessment and research findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-21", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1037/pha0000404", "pubmed_id": "34291991", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000404", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabis, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Verbal Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34291991\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1865, "title": "Exploring the Use of Psilocybin Therapy for Existential Distress: A Qualitative Study of Palliative Care Provider Perceptions.", "normalized_title": "exploring the use of psilocybin therapy for existential distress a qualitative study of palliative care provider perceptions", "authors": "Mayer CE, LeBaron VT, Acquaviva KD.", "abstract": "There is a growing body of research suggesting that palliative care patients coping with existential distress may benefit from psilocybin. However, there is a large gap regarding the perceptions of palliative care providers who may provide education, counseling services, recommendations, and/or prescriptions for psilocybin if it is decriminalized, commercialized, and/or federally rescheduled and legalized. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences and perceptions of interdisciplinary palliative care providers regarding existential distress and the use of psilocybin therapy. Five (n = 5) health care providers from a hospital-based palliative care team completed a semi-structured interview related to their experiences supporting patients with existential distress and their beliefs and attitudes related to psilocybin as a possible treatment modality. A qualitative descriptive approach was used to identify key themes which included: 1) multiple barriers to addressing existential distress at the cultural, institutional/organizational, relational, and individual levels, 2) the duality and power of presence, 3) suffering as an intrinsically subjective phenomenon, and 4) uncertainty about the risks and benefits of psilocybin. To inform an inclusive, safe, and holistic approach, more research is needed regarding the possible integration of psilocybin therapy within palliative care for the treatment of existential distress.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-15", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2021.1916659", "pubmed_id": "34266372", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1916659", "keywords": "Humans, Palliative Care, Adaptation, Psychological, Existentialism, Qualitative Research, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34266372\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3802, "title": "Naturalistic Entheogenics: Précis of Philosophy of Psychedelics", "normalized_title": "naturalistic entheogenics précis of philosophy of psychedelics", "authors": "Letheby C.", "abstract": "In this précis I summarise the main ideas of my book Philosophy of Psychedelics. The book discusses philosophical issues arising from the therapeutic use of classic psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD. The book is organised around what I call the Comforting Delusion Objection to psychedelic therapy: the concern that this novel and promising treatment relies essentially on the induction of non-naturalistic metaphysical beliefs, rendering it epistemically (and perhaps, therefore, ethically) objectionable. In the book I develop a new response to this Objection which involves showing that a popular conception of psychedelics as agents of insight and spirituality is both consistent with a naturalistic worldview and plausible in light of current scientific knowledge. Exotic metaphysical ideas do sometimes come up, but they are not, on closer inspection, the central driver of change in psychedelic therapy. Psychedelics cause therapeutic benefits by altering the sense of self, and changing how people relate to their own minds and lives--not by changing their beliefs about the ultimate nature of reality. Thus, an \"Entheogenic Conception\" of psychedelics as agents of insight and spirituality can be reconciled with naturalism (the philosophical position that the natural world is all there is). Controlled psychedelic use can lead to genuine forms of knowledge gain and spiritual growth--even if no Cosmic Consciousness or divine Reality exists.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-07-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/ztewb", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ztewb", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR367370\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3388, "title": "Naturalistic Entheogenics: Précis of Philosophy of Psychedelics", "normalized_title": "naturalistic entheogenics précis of philosophy of psychedelics", "authors": "", "abstract": "In this précis I summarise the main ideas of my book Philosophy of Psychedelics. The book discusses philosophical issues arising from the therapeutic use of classic psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD. The book is organised around what I call the Comforting Delusion Objection to psychedelic therapy: the concern that this novel and promising treatment relies essentially on the induction of non-naturalistic metaphysical beliefs, rendering it epistemically (and perhaps, therefore, ethically) objectionable. In the book I develop a new response to this Objection which involves showing that a popular conception of psychedelics as agents of insight and spirituality is both consistent with a naturalistic worldview and plausible in light of current scientific knowledge. Exotic metaphysical ideas do sometimes come up, but they are not, on closer inspection, the central driver of change in psychedelic therapy. Psychedelics cause therapeutic benefits by altering the sense of self, and changing how people relate to their own minds and lives--not by changing their beliefs about the ultimate nature of reality. Thus, an \"Entheogenic Conception\" of psychedelics as agents of insight and spirituality can be reconciled with naturalism (the philosophical position that the natural world is all there is). Controlled psychedelic use can lead to genuine forms of knowledge gain and spiritual growth--even if no Cosmic Consciousness or divine Reality exists.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-07-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ztewb_v1", "keywords": "ayahuasca, comforting delusion, DMT, entheogen, epistemology, hallucinogen, LSD, mescaline, philosophy, psilocybin, psychedelic, psychedelic therapy, self-consciousness, spirituality, Meta-science", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"ztewb_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1912, "title": "Psilocybin-induced changes in brain network integrity and segregation correlate with plasma psilocin level and psychedelic experience.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced changes in brain network integrity and segregation correlate with plasma psilocin level and psychedelic experience", "authors": "Madsen MK, Stenbæk DS, Arvidsson A, Armand S, Marstrand-Joergensen MR, Johansen SS, Linnet K, Ozenne B, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "The emerging novel therapeutic psilocybin produces psychedelic effects via engagement of cerebral serotonergic targets by psilocin (active metabolite). The serotonin 2A receptor critically mediates these effects by altering distributed neural processes that manifest as increased entropy, reduced functional connectivity (FC) within discrete brain networks (i.e., reduced integrity) and increased FC between networks (i.e., reduced segregation). Reduced integrity of the default mode network (DMN) is proposed to play a particularly prominent role in psychedelic phenomenology, including perceived ego-dissolution. Here, we investigate the effects of a psychoactive peroral dose of psilocybin (0.2-0.3 mg/kg) on plasma psilocin level (PPL), subjective drug intensity (SDI) and their association in fifteen healthy individuals. We further evaluate associations between these measures and resting-state FC, measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging, acquired over the course of five hours after psilocybin administration. We show that PPL and SDI correlate negatively with measures of network integrity (including DMN) and segregation, both spatially constrained and unconstrained. We also find that the executive control network and dorsal attention network desegregate, increasing connectivity with other networks and throughout the brain as a function of PPL and SDI. These findings provide direct evidence that psilocin critically shapes the time course and magnitude of changes in the cerebral functional architecture and subjective experience following psilocybin administration. Our findings provide novel insight into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying profound perceptual experiences evoked by this emerging transnosological therapeutic and implicate the expression of network integrity and segregation in the psychedelic experience and consciousness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.06.001", "pubmed_id": "34246868", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.06.001", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34246868\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2023, "title": "Structure Elucidation and Spectroscopic Analysis of Chromophores Produced by Oxidative Psilocin Dimerization.", "normalized_title": "structure elucidation and spectroscopic analysis of chromophores produced by oxidative psilocin dimerization", "authors": "Lenz C, Dörner S, Sherwood A, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "Psilocin (1) is the dephosphorylated and psychotropic metabolite of the mushroom natural product psilocybin. Oxidation of the phenolic hydroxy group at the C-4 position of 1 results in formation of oligomeric indoloquinoid chromophores responsible for the iconic blueing of bruised psilocybin-producing mushrooms. Based on previous NMR experiments, the hypothesis included that the 5,5'-coupled quinone dimer of 1 was the primary product responsible for the blue color. To test this hypothesis, ring-methylated 1 derivatives were synthesized to provide stable analogs of 1 dimers that could be completely characterized. The chemically oxidized derivatives were spectroscopically analyzed and compared to computationally derived absorbance spectra. Experimental evidence did not support the original hypothesis. Rather, the blue color was shown to stem from the quinoid 7,7'-coupled dimer of 1.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-05", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1002/chem.202101382", "pubmed_id": "34062028", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202101382", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Dimerization, Oxidative Stress, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34062028\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Oxidative Stress", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3769, "title": "Psilocybin for Depression: The ACE Model Manual", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for depression the ace model manual", "authors": "Watts R.", "abstract": "\"The Psilocybin for Depression: The ACE Manual '' describes the structure, procedures, and scripts used in the two Imperial College London studies (Psilodep) researching psilocybin treatment for major depression.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-07-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/5x2bu", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5x2bu", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:20", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR365611\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3214, "title": "Psilocybin for Depression: The ACE Model Manual", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for depression the ace model manual", "authors": "", "abstract": "\"The Psilocybin for Depression: The ACE Manual '' describes the structure, procedures, and scripts used in the two Imperial College London studies (Psilodep) researching psilocybin treatment for major depression.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-07-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/5x2bu_v1", "keywords": "Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"5x2bu_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2131, "title": "Psilocybin induces rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines in frontal cortex in vivo.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines in frontal cortex in vivo", "authors": "Shao LX, Liao C, Gregg I, Davoudian PA, Savalia NK, Delagarza K, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic with untapped therapeutic potential. There are hints that the use of psychedelics can produce neural adaptations, although the extent and timescale of the impact in a mammalian brain are unknown. In this study, we used chronic two-photon microscopy to image longitudinally the apical dendritic spines of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mouse medial frontal cortex. We found that a single dose of psilocybin led to ∼10% increases in spine size and density, driven by an elevated spine formation rate. The structural remodeling occurred quickly within 24 h and was persistent 1 month later. Psilocybin also ameliorated stress-related behavioral deficit and elevated excitatory neurotransmission. Overall, the results demonstrate that psilocybin-evoked synaptic rewiring in the cortex is fast and enduring, potentially providing a structural trace for long-term integration of experiences and lasting beneficial actions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-07-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.008", "pubmed_id": "34228959", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.008", "keywords": "Pyramidal Cells, Cerebral Cortex, Frontal Lobe, Dendrites, Dendritic Spines, Animals, Mice, Synaptic Transmission, Neuronal Plasticity, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34228959\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2141, "title": "A dynamic and multilocus metabolic regulation strategy using quorum-sensing-controlled bacterial small RNA.", "normalized_title": "a dynamic and multilocus metabolic regulation strategy using quorum sensing controlled bacterial small rna", "authors": "Bao SH, Jiang H, Zhu LY, Yao G, Han PG, Wan XK, Wang K, Song TY, Liu CJ, Wang S, Zhang ZY, Zhang DY, Meng E.", "abstract": "Metabolic regulation strategies have been developed to redirect metabolic fluxes to production pathways. However, it is difficult to screen out target genes that, when repressed, improve yield without affecting cell growth. Here, we report a strategy using a quorum-sensing system to control small RNA transcription, allowing cell-density-dependent repression of target genes. This strategy is shown with convenient operation, dynamic repression, and availability for simultaneous regulation of multiple genes. The parameters Ai, Am, and RA (3-oxohexanoyl-homoserine lactone [AHL] concentrations at which half of the maximum repression and the maximum repression were reached and value of the maximum repression when AHL was added manually, respectively) are defined and introduced to characterize repression curves, and the variant LuxRI58N is identified as the most suitable tuning factor for shake flask culture. Moreover, it is shown that dynamic overexpression of the Hfq chaperone is the key to combinatorial repression without disruptions on cell growth. To show a broad applicability, the production titers of pinene, pentalenene, and psilocybin are improved by 365.3%, 79.5%, and 302.9%, respectively, by applying combinatorial dynamic repression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-06-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109413", "pubmed_id": "34289355", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109413", "keywords": "Escherichia coli, Cyclopentanes, RNA, Bacterial, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Glycolysis, Quorum Sensing, Biosynthetic Pathways, Genetic Loci, Psilocybin, Bicyclic Monoterpenes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34289355\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2026, "title": "Sensitive quantitative analysis of psilocin and psilocybin in hair samples from suspected users and their distribution in seized hallucinogenic mushrooms", "normalized_title": "sensitive quantitative analysis of psilocin and psilocybin in hair samples from suspected users and their distribution in seized hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Zhou Liying, Xiang Ping, Wen Di, Shen Baohua, Wang Xin, Li Le, Deng Hongxiao, Chen Hang, Yan Hui, Shen Min, Shi Yan, Liu Wanhui", "abstract": "Abstract Purpose In this study, we developed a very sensitive method for quantitative analysis of psilocin and psilocybin in hair samples of magic mushroom consumers. Methods The analyses were performed with pretreatments of samples, followed by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (LC) connected to a Q-Trap type tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). For LC, mobile phase (A) consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water, and mobile phase (B) was acetonitrile for gradient elution using a Acquity™ UPLC HSS T3 column. For MS/MS, electrospray ionization measurements in positive selected reaction monitoring mode were used. Results The calibration curves were linear from 5 to 500 pg/mg (r > 0.99) and no selectivity problems occurred. The limit of detection was 1 pg/mg, and the lower limit of quantitation was 5 pg/mg. The ranges of the matrix effects and recovery rates were 90.4-107% and 76.0-102%, respectively. Conclusions The concentrations of psilocin in two authentic hair were 161 and 150 pg/mg, respectively, and psilocybin was not detected from both samples. This method was also used to analyze the distribution of psilocin and psilocybin in seven hallucinogenic mushrooms. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of psilocin concentrations in hair samples of hallucinogenic mushroom consumers, and also our method is most sensitive for quantitative analysis of psilocin and psilocybin in hair samples.", "journal": "Forensic Toxicology", "publication_date": "2021-06-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s11419-020-00566-3", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-020-00566-3", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11419-020-00566-3\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1002/hlca.19590420518\",\"10.1016/s0031-6865(97)00014-9\",\"10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.071\",\"10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.03.004\",\"10.1007/s11419-006-0006-2\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81831-8\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(01)99190-3\",\"10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.07.003\",\"10.1007/s00414-012-0796-1\",\"10.1007/s00414-011-0652-8\",\"10.1016/s0379-0738(98)00168-6\",\"10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00213-9\",\"10.1520/jfs15014j\",\"10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.013\",\"10.1520/jfs2004276\",\"10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.030\",\"10.1016/s1355-0306(06)71579-9\",\"10.1016/j.jpba.2014.08.006\",\"10.1080/20961790.2016.1271098\",\"10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.021\",\"10.1093/jat/bkt054\",\"10.1021/ac020361s\",\"10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.007\",\"10.1093/jat/bku141\",\"10.1101/gad.852400\",\"10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.08.009\",\"10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.031\",\"10.1016/j.cca.2006.02.019\"],\"reference_count\":29}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1866, "title": "Lasting effects of a single psilocybin dose on resting-state functional connectivity in healthy individuals.", "normalized_title": "lasting effects of a single psilocybin dose on resting state functional connectivity in healthy individuals", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Madsen MK, Stenbæk DS, Kristiansen S, Ozenne B, Jensen PS, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a psychedelic drug that has shown lasting positive effects on clinical symptoms and self-reported well-being following a single dose. There has been little research into the long-term effects of psilocybin on brain connectivity in humans.AimEvaluate changes in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) at 1 week and 3 months after one psilocybin dose in 10 healthy psychedelic-naïve volunteers and explore associations between change in RSFC and related measures.MethodsParticipants received 0.2-0.3 mg/kg psilocybin in a controlled setting. Participants completed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans at baseline, 1-week and 3-month post-administration and [11C]Cimbi-36 PET scans at baseline and 1 week. We examined changes in within-network, between-network and region-to-region RSFC. We explored associations between changes in RSFC and psilocybin-induced phenomenology as well as changes in psychological measures and neocortex serotonin 2A receptor binding.ResultsPsilocybin was well tolerated and produced positive changes in well-being. At 1 week only, executive control network (ECN) RSFC was significantly decreased (Cohen's d = -1.73, pFWE = 0.010). We observed no other significant changes in RSFC at 1 week or 3 months, nor changes in region-to-region RSFC. Exploratory analyses indicated that decreased ECN RSFC at 1 week predicted increased mindfulness at 3 months (r = -0.65).ConclusionsThese findings in a small cohort indicate that psilocybin affects ECN function within the psychedelic 'afterglow' period. Our findings implicate ECN modulation as mediating psilocybin-induced, long-lasting increases in mindfulness. Although our findings implicate a neural pathway mediating lasting psilocybin effects, it is notable that changes in neuroimaging measures at 3 months, when personality changes are observed, remain to be identified.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-06-29", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211026454", "pubmed_id": "34189985", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211026454", "keywords": "Brain, Neural Pathways, Humans, Benzylamines, Phenethylamines, Hallucinogens, Positron-Emission Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Follow-Up Studies, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Executive Function, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34189985\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2149, "title": "Sustained, Multifaceted Improvements in Mental Well-Being Following Psychedelic Experiences in a Prospective Opportunity Sample.", "normalized_title": "sustained multifaceted improvements in mental well being following psychedelic experiences in a prospective opportunity sample", "authors": "Mans K, Kettner H, Erritzoe D, Haijen ECHM, Kaelen M, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "In the last 15 years, psychedelic substances, such as LSD and psilocybin, have regained legitimacy in clinical research. In the general population as well as across various psychiatric populations, mental well-being has been found to significantly improve after a psychedelic experience. Mental well-being has large socioeconomic relevance, but it is a complex, multifaceted construct. In this naturalistic observational study, a comprehensive approach was taken to assessing well-being before and after a taking a psychedelic compound to induce a \"psychedelic experience.\" Fourteen measures of well-being related constructs were included in order to examine the breadth and specificity of change in well-being. This change was then analysed to examine clusters of measures changing together. Survey data was collected from volunteers that intended to take a psychedelic. Four key time points were analysed: 1 week before and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 2 years after the experience (N = 654, N = 315, N = 212, and N = 64, respectively). Change on the included measures was found to cluster into three factors which we labelled: 1) \"Being well\", 2) \"Staying well,\" and 3) \"Spirituality.\" Repeated Measures Multivariate Analysis of Variance revealed all but the spirituality factor to be improved in the weeks following the psychedelic experience. Additional Mixed model analyses revealed selective increases in Being Well and Staying Well (but not Spirituality) that remained statistically significant up to 2 years post-experience, albeit with high attrition rates. Post-hoc examination suggested that attrition was not due to differential acute experiences or mental-health changes in those who dropped out vs. those who did not. These findings suggest that psychedelics can have a broad, robust and sustained positive impact on mental well-being in those that have a prior intention to use a psychedelic compound. Public policy implications are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-06-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647909", "pubmed_id": "34267683", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647909", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34267683\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Spirituality,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3232, "title": "Psilocybin for Treating Psychiatric Disorders: Is it a Psychonaut Legend or a Promising Therapeutic Perspective?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treating psychiatric disorders is it a psychonaut legend or a promising therapeutic perspective", "authors": "Coppola M, Bevione F, Mondola R.", "abstract": "Psychedelics extracted by plants have been used in religious, spiritual and mystic practices for millennia. In 1957, Dr. Hofmann have identified and synthesized the prodrug psilocybin, a substance present in more than 200 species of psychedelic mushrooms. Although the limitations related to the scientific design of many studies, clinical observations performed during the 1950s and the 1960s have shown a potential therapeutic effect of psilocybin in patients affected by depressive symptoms, anxiety, and conversion disorder. Psilocybin was classed as a schedule I substance in 1970, but the fascination for psychedelics remained almost unchanged over time promoting a new scientific interest starting from the 1990s. Recent studies provided further evidences supporting the suggestive hypothesis of a therapeutic use of psilocybin for treating various psychiatric disorders including: pathological anxiety, mood depressive disorder and addiction.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2021-06-27", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202106.0682.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202106.0682.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR363172\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3786, "title": "Psychedelic Assisted Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder: A Review", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy for major depressive disorder a review", "authors": "McCartney A, McGovern H, De Foe A.", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and ketamine may represent the future of antidepressant treatment, due to their rapid and prolonged effects on mood and cognition. The current body of psychedelic research has focused on administration and treatment within a psychiatric context. Here, instead, we put to the test the contention that it is necessary to evaluate the current state of this literature from a broader biopsychosocial perspective. Examining these arguably neglected social and psychological aspects of psychedelic treatment can provide a more holistic understanding of the interplay between the interconnected domains. This review of six major clinical trials applies a biopsychosocial model to evaluate the antidepressant effects of psilocybin and ketamine assisted therapy. We conclude that combination psychedelic treatment and psychotherapy facilitate more enduring and profound antidepressant effects than produced by ketamine or psilocybin alone. Emphasising the advantages of therapeutic intervention will encourage those who may attempt to self-medicate with psychedelics to instead seek a framework of psychological support, minimising associated risks of unregulated use.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-06-26", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/9kuhs", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9kuhs", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:22", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR363034\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3336, "title": "Psychedelic Assisted Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder: A Review", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapy for major depressive disorder a review", "authors": "", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and ketamine may represent the future of antidepressant treatment, due to their rapid and prolonged effects on mood and cognition. The current body of psychedelic research has focused on administration and treatment within a psychiatric context. Here, instead, we put to the test the contention that it is necessary to evaluate the current state of this literature from a broader biopsychosocial perspective. Examining these arguably neglected social and psychological aspects of psychedelic treatment can provide a more holistic understanding of the interplay between the interconnected domains. This review of six major clinical trials applies a biopsychosocial model to evaluate the antidepressant effects of psilocybin and ketamine assisted therapy. We conclude that combination psychedelic treatment and psychotherapy facilitate more enduring and profound antidepressant effects than produced by ketamine or psilocybin alone. Emphasising the advantages of therapeutic intervention will encourage those who may attempt to self-medicate with psychedelics to instead seek a framework of psychological support, minimising associated risks of unregulated use.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-06-26", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/9kuhs_v1", "keywords": "depression, ketamine, major depressive disorder, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychotherapy, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Intervention Research, Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Therapy, Psychotherapy, Psychopharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"9kuhs_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3208, "title": "Psilocybin: the magic medicine for depression?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin the magic medicine for depression", "authors": "Corrigan A, Burchill E, Pelton L, Marrocu A, Mazzoleni A, Shackshaft L.", "abstract": "Aims Depression is the single largest contributor to global disability. However, effective treatments are currently lacking, resulting in a significant burden of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, found as the active compound in 'magic mushrooms', has been proposed as a novel therapeutic avenue for TRD. We aimed to evaluate the future feasibility and implications of psilocybin as a new antidepressant therapy. Method We reviewed and critically analysed the available literature on the efficacy and safety of psilocybin as a treatment for depression, and the potential pharmacological and psychological mechanisms of the therapeutic benefit. We discussed the relative contributions to this therapeutic effect of the pharmacological drug treatment, placebo effects, and the context and parameters of the psychotherapeutic experience. We reviewed legal, social, and economic barriers to primary research and clinical implementation. Result Psilocybin in combination with psychotherapy has been shown to be safe and effective in TRD. Its mechanism of action in TRD has not been fully elucidated, however reviewing functional neuroimaging studies demonstrated disparate short and long-term modifications of default mode network connectivity, suggested to represent a ‘reset’ mechanism of acute modular disintegration and subsequent reintegration which restores normal function, reviving emotional responsiveness. Research suggests psychedelic treatment induces lasting personality, belief and attitude changes. The psychedelic drug itself, the context of the psychotherapeutic experience, and the post-drug integration therapy all appear to have a significant role. Preparation prior to treatment, the environment, context and support during the psychedelic experience itself, and the following long-term integration and support process must be considered. Despite novel findings Psilocybin is a Schedule I drug; this imposes a persisting ethical barrier to clinical use. Prohibition of psilocybin results in high costs of drug supply, and potential for harmful drug-seeking behaviours. Therefore, complex socio-political factors currently limit wider implementation. Conclusion Psilocybin in combination with psychotherapy is safe and effective in TRD. The interacting and elusive therapeutic mechanisms have implications for clinical implementation. Preparation prior to treatment, the physical and social environment in which the psychedelic experience takes place, and long-term integration and support are considered to play a significant role. Optimisation of these parameters and cost-benefit analyses are required prior to this being feasible as a widely available therapy. Systemic legislative, political and social change will also be key to enable widespread clinical use. The promise of this therapy on a background of inadequate current antidepressant treatments indicates these must be a priority.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-06-17", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8770735", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC8770735\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2150, "title": "Cross-Sectional Associations Between Lifetime Use of Psychedelic Drugs and Psychometric Measures During the COVID-19 Confinement: A Transcultural Study.", "normalized_title": "cross sectional associations between lifetime use of psychedelic drugs and psychometric measures during the covid 19 confinement a transcultural study", "authors": "Révész D, Ona G, Rossi GN, Rocha JM, Dos Santos RG, Hallak JEC, Alcázar-Córcoles MÁ, Bouso JC.", "abstract": "Background: One of the main public health strategies adopted at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic consisted of implementing strict lockdowns to stop the transmission of the virus. Despite being an effective measure, the confinement and the associated social isolation create a stressful, potentially lengthy situations that has been proven to have several psychological consequences. Given the potential benefits that certain psychedelic drugs have shown for the treatment of psychological disorders, this study aimed to assess the impact of lifetime psychedelic drug use on mental health in relation to the first strict lockdown adopted by various countries (April-July 2020). Methods: Subjects completed an online survey that inquired about sociodemographic factors, activities, and lifestyle factors during confinement, as well as health and mental health related factors. Subjects were asked about their lifetime use of psychedelic drugs (MDMA, ayahuasca, psilocybin-containing mushrooms, LSD, peyote, San Pedro, Bufo alvarius or 5-MeO-DMT, and others), being classified as regular users (more than once per 6 months), occasional users, or non-users. The survey included psychometric tests used to assess psychological distress, peritraumatic stress, social support, psychopathological symptoms, and personality. Linear regressions were performed with psychedelic drug users as the independent variable and psychometric factors as the outcomes, while correcting for age, gender, language, religion, spirituality, and use of non-psychedelic drugs. Results: The study included 2,974 English, Portuguese, and Spanish speakers (497 regular users of psychedelic drugs, 606 occasional users, and 1,968 non-users). On average, respondents were 36 years old and 70% were female. Psychedelic drug users, especially regular ones, reported less psychological distress, less peritraumatic stress, and more social support. Regarding personality measures, psychedelic drug users scored higher on the novelty-seeking and self-transcendence scales, and lower on cooperativeness. Conclusion: Our findings showed that regular users of psychedelic drugs had less psychological stress and some personality differences when compared to occasional users and non-users. This suggests that either the use of psychedelics might be a protective factor itself or people with certain previous traits are more prone to frequently using psychedelic drugs. Future prospective longitudinal research should investigate the underlying processes observed in this study to develop consistent hypotheses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-06-15", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.687546", "pubmed_id": "34220590", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.687546", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34220590\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Spirituality,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2166, "title": "A draft reference assembly of the Psilocybe cubensis genome", "normalized_title": "a draft reference assembly of the psilocybe cubensis genome", "authors": "McKernan K, Kane LT, Crawford S, Chin C, Trippe A, McLaughlin S.", "abstract": "We describe the use of high-fidelity single molecule sequencing to assemble the genome of the psychoactive Psilocybe cubensis mushroom. The genome is 46.6Mb, 46% GC, and in 32 contigs with an N50 of 3.3Mb. The BUSCO completeness scores are 97.6% with 1.2% duplicates. The Psilocybin synthesis cluster exists in a single 3.2Mb contig. The dataset is available from NCBI BioProject with accessions PRJNA687911 and PRJNA700437.", "journal": "F1000Res", "publication_date": "2021-06-14", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.12688/f1000research.51613.2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51613.2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR356998\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"F1000Res\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1777, "title": "Psychedelic perceptions: mental health service user attitudes to psilocybin therapy.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic perceptions mental health service user attitudes to psilocybin therapy", "authors": "Corrigan K, Haran M, McCandliss C, McManus R, Cleary S, Trant R, Kelly Y, Ledden K, Rush G, O'Keane V, Kelly JR.", "abstract": "IntroductionDespite the rapid advance of psychedelic science and possible translation of psychedelic therapy into the psychiatric clinic, very little is known about mental health service user attitudes.ObjectivesTo explore mental health service user attitudes to psychedelics and psilocybin therapy.MethodsA questionnaire capturing demographics, diagnoses, previous psychedelic and other drug use, and attitudes to psychedelics and psilocybin therapy was distributed to mental health service users.ResultsNinety-nine participants completed the survey (52% female, mean age 42 years). The majority (72%) supported further research, with 59% supporting psilocybin as a medical treatment. A total of 27% previously used recreational psilocybin, with a male preponderance (p = 0.01). Younger age groups, those with previous psychedelic experience, and those with non-religious beliefs were more likely to have favourable attitudes towards psilocybin. A total of 55% of the total sample would accept as a treatment if doctor recommended, whereas 20% would not. Fewer people with depression/anxiety had used recreational psychedelics (p = 0.03) but were more likely to support government funded studies (p = 0.02). A minority (5%) of people with conditions (psychosis and bipolar disorder) that could be exacerbated by psilocybin thought it would be useful for them. One fifth of the total sample viewed psychedelics as addictive and unsafe even under medical supervision. Concerns included fear of adverse effects, lack of knowledge, insufficient research, illegality, and relapse if medications were discontinued.ConclusionsThe majority supported further research into psilocybin therapy. Younger people, those with previous recreational psychedelic experience, and those with non-religious beliefs were more likely to have favourable attitudes towards psilocybin therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-06-14", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s11845-021-02668-2", "pubmed_id": "34131812", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02668-2", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Attitude, Mental Health Services, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34131812\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3809, "title": "Microdosing psychedelics and its effect on creativity: Lessons learned from three double-blind placebo controlled longitudinal trials", "normalized_title": "microdosing psychedelics and its effect on creativity lessons learned from three double blind placebo controlled longitudinal trials", "authors": "Prochazkova L, van Elk M, Marschall JC, Rifkin BD, Fejer G, Schoen N, Fiacchino D, Kuchar M, Hommel B.", "abstract": "Introduction: Microdosing refers to the repetitive administration of tiny doses of psychedelics (LSD, Psilocybin) over an extended period of time. This practice has been linked to alleged cognitive benefits, such as improved mood and creativity, potentiated by targeting serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors and facilitating cognitive flexibility. Nonetheless, in the absence of robust, quantitative and double-blind research on the effect of microdosing, such claims remain anecdotal. Methods: Here, our main aim was to quantitatively explore the effect of microdosing psychedelic truffles on two creativity tasks assumed to rely on separable processes: the Picture Concept Task assessing convergent thinking and the Alternative Uses Task assessing divergent thinking. We present results from 3 double-blind placebo-controlled longitudinal trials (of which one was pre-registered) conducted in a semi-naturalistic setting. Furthermore, we controlled for expectation and learning biases, and the data were mega-analyzed across trials with a pooled sample of 175 participants in order to maximize statistical power. Results: In the final analyses we found that active microdosing increased the ratio of original responses (originality/fluency), indicating higher quality of divergent answers in the active microdosing condition. The unadjusted originality score was significantly more pronounced in the active microdosing condition, but only when relative dosage (dose/weight of participants) was considered. These effects were present after controlling for expectation and demographic biases. No effects of active microdosing were found for convergent thinking or any other divergent-thinking score. The results suggest that the effects of truffle mirodosing are limited to divergent quality and are more subtle than initially anticipated. Our findings furthermore highlighted the importance of controlling for expectation biases, placebo effects, and prior psychedelic experience in microdosing practice and research.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-06-13", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/emcxw", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/emcxw", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR356778\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3401, "title": "Microdosing psychedelics and its effect on creativity: Lessons learned from three double-blind placebo controlled longitudinal trials", "normalized_title": "microdosing psychedelics and its effect on creativity lessons learned from three double blind placebo controlled longitudinal trials", "authors": "", "abstract": "Introduction: Microdosing refers to the repetitive administration of tiny doses of psychedelics (LSD, Psilocybin) over an extended period of time. This practice has been linked to alleged cognitive benefits, such as improved mood and creativity, potentiated by targeting serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors and facilitating cognitive flexibility. Nonetheless, in the absence of robust, quantitative and double-blind research on the effect of microdosing, such claims remain anecdotal. Methods: Here, our main aim was to quantitatively explore the effect of microdosing psychedelic truffles on two creativity tasks assumed to rely on separable processes: the Picture Concept Task assessing convergent thinking and the Alternative Uses Task assessing divergent thinking. We present results from 3 double-blind placebo-controlled longitudinal trials (of which one was pre-registered) conducted in a semi-naturalistic setting. Furthermore, we controlled for expectation and learning biases, and the data were mega-analyzed across trials with a pooled sample of 175 participants in order to maximize statistical power. Results: In the final analyses we found that active microdosing increased the ratio of original responses (originality/fluency), indicating higher quality of divergent answers in the active microdosing condition. The unadjusted originality score was significantly more pronounced in the active microdosing condition, but only when relative dosage (dose/weight of participants) was considered. These effects were present after controlling for expectation and demographic biases. No effects of active microdosing were found for convergent thinking or any other divergent-thinking score. The results suggest that the effects of truffle mirodosing are limited to divergent quality and are more subtle than initially anticipated. Our findings furthermore highlighted the importance of controlling for expectation biases, placebo effects, and prior psychedelic experience in microdosing practice and research.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-06-13", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/emcxw_v1", "keywords": "Convergent thinking, Creativity, Divergent thinking, Double-blind, Field study, Microdosing, Placebo-controlled, Psychedelics, Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Cognitive Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"emcxw_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3400, "title": "Psychedelic resting-state neuroimaging: a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "normalized_title": "psychedelic resting state neuroimaging a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Knudsen GM, Barrett FS, Doss M, Deco G, Carhart-Harris R, Rosas F, Preller K, Ramaekers J, Mason N, Müller F, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "Clinical research into serotonergic psychedelic drugs including psilocybin, LSD and N,N-DMT (e.g., in ‘ayahuasca’) is expanding rapidly and clinical trials across a range of psychiatric conditions have shown promising efficacy, with larger trials ongoing. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has emerged as a brain imaging strategy commonly used to identify associated neural mechanisms in both clinical and healthy populations. To date, 42 research articles have been published analysing resting-state fMRI data from 17 unique datasets involving the administration of a psychedelic drug. This provides a promising foundation for resolving imaging markers of the perceptual and clinical effects of psychedelics. Here we review the existing psychedelic resting-state fMRI literature through a lens that brings attention to emerging variation in core methodological decisions and promote strategies that aim to strengthen the field. We find a large degree of heterogeneity across the existing literature, with nearly all studies varying in data processing and analysis or drug evaluated. Two datasets are the foundation of more than half of the published literature, and terms such as “entropy” are often used to denote distinct metrics across studies. In light of these observations, we offer suggestions for future studies that we hope encourages coherence in the field. As a budding field of interest, psychedelic resting-state imaging will benefit from the development of novel models, hypotheses and quantification methods that may expand our understanding of the neural mechanisms mediating the intriguing acute perceptual and lasting clinical effects. Our review of the existing literature suggests that the psychedelic resting-state brain imaging field is at a crossroads at which it must also consider the critical importance of consistency and replicability to effectively converge on stable representations of the neural effects of psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-06-09", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/64kyg", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/64kyg", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR355494\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1913, "title": "Further development of a liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry-based strategy for analyzing eight biomarkers in human urine indicating toxic mushroom or Ricinus communis ingestions.", "normalized_title": "further development of a liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry mass spectrometry based strategy for analyzing eight biomarkers in human urine indicating toxic mushroom or ricinus communis ingestions", "authors": "Bambauer TP, Wagmann L, Weber AA, Meyer MR.", "abstract": "Recently, we presented a strategy for analysis of eight biomarkers in human urine to verify toxic mushroom or Ricinus communis ingestions. However, screening for the full panel is not always necessary. Thus, we aimed to develop a strategy to reduce analysis time and by focusing on two sets of analytes. One set (A) for biomarkers of late-onset syndromes, such as phalloides syndrome or the syndrome after castor bean intake. Another set (B) for biomarkers of early-onset syndromes, such as pantherine-muscaria syndrome and muscarine syndrome. Both analyses should be based on hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS)/MS (HILIC-HRMS/MS). For A, urine samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction using dichloromethane and subsequent solid-phase extraction of the aqueous supernatant. For B urine was precipitated using acetonitrile. Method A was validated for ricinine and α- and β-amanitin and method B for muscarine, muscimol, and ibotenic acid according to the specifications for qualitative analytical methods. In addition, robustness of recovery and normalized matrix factors to matrix variability measured by urinary creatinine was tested. Moreover, applicability was tested using 10 urine samples from patients after suspected mushroom intoxication. The analytes α- and β-amanitin, muscarine, muscimol, and ibotenic acid could be successfully identified. Finally, psilocin-O-glucuronide could be identified in two samples and unambiguously distinguished from bufotenine-O-glucuronide via their MS2 patterns. In summary, the current workflow offers several advantages towards the previous method, particularly being more labor-, time-, and cost-efficient, more robust, and more sensitive.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-06-09", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1002/dta.3106", "pubmed_id": "34080326", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3106", "keywords": "Humans, Ricinus, Mushroom Poisoning, Creatinine, Chromatography, Liquid, Time Factors, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Solid Phase Extraction, Biomarkers", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34080326\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1743, "title": "Psychedelic resting-state neuroimaging: a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "normalized_title": "psychedelic resting state neuroimaging a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses", "authors": "", "abstract": "Clinical research into serotonergic psychedelic drugs including psilocybin, LSD and N,N-DMT (e.g., in ‘ayahuasca’) is expanding rapidly and clinical trials across a range of psychiatric conditions have shown promising efficacy, with larger trials ongoing. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has emerged as a brain imaging strategy commonly used to identify associated neural mechanisms in both clinical and healthy populations. To date, 42 research articles have been published analysing resting-state fMRI data from 17 unique datasets involving the administration of a psychedelic drug. This provides a promising foundation for resolving imaging markers of the perceptual and clinical effects of psychedelics. Here we review the existing psychedelic resting-state fMRI literature through a lens that brings attention to emerging variation in core methodological decisions and promote strategies that aim to strengthen the field. We find a large degree of heterogeneity across the existing literature, with nearly all studies varying in data processing and analysis or drug evaluated. Two datasets are the foundation of more than half of the published literature, and terms such as “entropy” are often used to denote distinct metrics across studies. In light of these observations, we offer suggestions for future studies that we hope encourages coherence in the field. As a budding field of interest, psychedelic resting-state imaging will benefit from the development of novel models, hypotheses and quantification methods that may expand our understanding of the neural mechanisms mediating the intriguing acute perceptual and lasting clinical effects. Our review of the existing literature suggests that the psychedelic resting-state brain imaging field is at a crossroads at which it must also consider the critical importance of consistency and replicability to effectively converge on stable representations of the neural effects of psychedelics.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-06-09", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/64kyg_v1", "keywords": "ayahuasca, DMT, entropy, fMRI, LSD, neuroimaging, neuroscience, psilocybin, psychedelic, replication, resting-state, review, Neuroscience, Computational Neuroscience, Systems Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"64kyg_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1751, "title": "Psilocybin: A brief overview for psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin a brief overview for psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners", "authors": "Fradkin D.", "abstract": "The use of psychedelics, such as psilocybin, has emerged in recent literature as a novel therapeutic treatment for various psychiatric disorders, including substance use, depression, and anxiety. While international and domestic trials are currently underway, there is data demonstrating both the relative safety and potential efficacy of psilocybin. Psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners are essential mental health providers that may be at the forefront of delivering these new treatment modalities. Therefore, they must be aware of the psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic tenets of psilocybin to be prepared to treat patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-06-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1111/ppc.12888", "pubmed_id": "34101846", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12888", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Nurse Practitioners, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34101846\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1901, "title": "Ethnoracial health disparities and the ethnopsychopharmacology of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies.", "normalized_title": "ethnoracial health disparities and the ethnopsychopharmacology of psychedelic assisted psychotherapies", "authors": "Fogg C, Michaels TI, de la Salle S, Jahn ZW, Williams MT.", "abstract": "Emerging evidence from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials suggests psychedelic compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), when administered as an adjunct to psychotherapy, that is, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP), may be beneficial for treating substance use disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric conditions. Previous ethnopsychopharmacological research has identified ethnoracial differences in the metabolism, safety, and efficacy of psychotropic drugs, yet no studies have directly investigated the impact of ethnoracially based differences in psychedelic drug pharmacology. Although there is an extensive global history of psychedelic use among peoples of various cultures, ethnicities, and intersectional identities, psychedelic research has been conducted almost exclusively on White populations in North America and Western Europe. The failure to include Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) in psychedelic research trials neglects the ethnic, racial, and cultural factors that may impact individual responses to PAP and thereby prevents generalizability of findings. This article investigates the impact of biological and social factors related to culture, ethnicity, and race on pharmacological responses to PAP, as well as clinical outcomes. The limitations of ethnopsychopharmacology are discussed, and the authors present expected cultural, clinical, and public health benefits of expanding funding for this area. This work will draw attention to the unique and individualized needs of ethnoracially diverse clients in therapeutic settings and is intended to inform future PAP trials. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-06-06", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1037/pha0000490", "pubmed_id": "34096755", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000490", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34096755\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2143, "title": "Predicting changes in substance use following psychedelic experiences: natural language processing of psychedelic session narratives.", "normalized_title": "predicting changes in substance use following psychedelic experiences natural language processing of psychedelic session narratives", "authors": "Cox DJ, Garcia-Romeu A, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "Background: Experiences with psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), are sometimes followed by changes in patterns of tobacco, opioid, and alcohol consumption. But, the specific characteristics of psychedelic experiences that lead to changes in drug consumption are unknown.Objective: Determine whether quantitative descriptions of psychedelic experiences derived using Natural Language Processing (NLP) would allow us to predict who would quit or reduce using drugs following a psychedelic experience.Methods: We recruited 1141 individuals (247 female, 894 male) from online social media platforms who reported quitting or reducing using alcohol, cannabis, opioids, or stimulants following a psychedelic experience to provide a verbal narrative of the psychedelic experience they attributed as leading to their reduction in drug use. We used NLP to derive topic models that quantitatively described each participant's psychedelic experience narrative. We then used the vector descriptions of each participant's psychedelic experience narrative as input into three different supervised machine learning algorithms to predict long-term drug reduction outcomes.Results: We found that the topic models derived through NLP led to quantitative descriptions of participant narratives that differed across participants when grouped by the drug class quit as well as the long-term quit/reduction outcomes. Additionally, all three machine learning algorithms led to similar prediction accuracy (~65%, CI = ±0.21%) for long-term quit/reduction outcomes.Conclusions: Using machine learning to analyze written reports of psychedelic experiences may allow for accurate prediction of quit outcomes and what drug is quit or reduced within psychedelic therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-06-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1080/00952990.2021.1910830", "pubmed_id": "34096403", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2021.1910830", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Alcohol Drinking, Emotions, Natural Language Processing, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34096403\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3385, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, or Substance Use Disorders", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted psychotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder anxiety disorders mood disorders or substance use disorders", "authors": "Chao YS, Horton J.", "abstract": "Hallucinogens include many different drugs, which are often called “psychedelic” drugs. The US National Institute on Drug Abuse categorizes these drugs into 2 categories: classic hallucinogens and dissociative drugs. Both types of psychedelics can lead to hallucinations - sensations and images that seem real although they are imaginary. In addition, an individual using dissociative drugs can feel out of control or disconnected from their body and environment. Classic serotonergic psychedelics act primarily by a complete or partial agonist action on brain serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors. Examples of classic psychedelics are LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, and ayahuasca (also identified as N,N- dimethyltryptamine [DMT]). Examples of dissociative drugs are phencyclidine, ketamine, dextromethorphan, and Salvia (Salvia divinorum). Psychedelics were tested for clinical use prior to the 1960s. However, methodological issues in clinical trials and political concerns have prevented the use of psychedelics in mainstream medicine. In 2010, it was reported that psychedelics were used by more than 30 million consumers in the US. Clinically, researchers acknowledge psychedelics as a potential effective drug for mental health conditions. Researchers and clinicians are testing the clinical effectiveness of psychedelics for mental illness treatment due to the improvement in research methods that reduce ethical and methodological concerns toward psychedelic trials. The wider application of psychedelics has also been motivated by a perceived lack of innovation in mental illness treatment. The number of new molecular entities for psychiatric conditions approved by the US FDA decreased from 13 in 1996 to 1 in 2016. One example of the psychedelics adopted for treatment is ketamine (not used in combination with psychotherapies) that has been used for the treatment of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as reviewed in 2 CADTH reports. Other psychedelics, such as psilocybin and ayahuasca are increasingly being tested for their efficacy in treating mental illnesses. In addition to their use as stand-alone agents, psychedelics can be used in combination with psychotherapy (i.e., psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy). There are a wide variety of psychotherapies that may be used for the treatment of mental health conditions, including guided support that helps patients focus inward on their thoughts and better facilitate participant introspection and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) that combines different types of cognitive therapy and behavioural therapy. Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is often led by licensed professionals with training in administering psychedelics and monitoring their use. Psychedelics may work by altering a patient’s consciousness. They may also affect a patient’s subjective perspectives and approaches to processing thoughts, emotions, and behaviours, thereby providing an alternative therapeutic experience to psychotherapy alone. While psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has been recently tried in patients with anxiety, depression, substance use disorder, and PTSD, some researchers consider the treatment response to be unsatisfactory in patients with mood disorder. This report aims to summarize the clinical effectiveness and safety of psychedelic drug-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, or substance use disorders, in addition to clinical guidelines for the use of psychedelic drug-assisted psychotherapy.", "journal": "Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa (ON)", "publication_date": "2021-05-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "36170470", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/36170470", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36170470\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa (ON)\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3808, "title": "Spontaneous Spiritual Awakenings: Phenomenology, Altered States, Individual Differences, and Wellbeing", "normalized_title": "spontaneous spiritual awakenings phenomenology altered states individual differences and wellbeing", "authors": "Corneille JS, Luke D.", "abstract": "Spontaneous Spiritual Awakenings (SSAs) are subjective experiences characterised by a sud- den sense of direct contact, union or merging with a perceived ultimate reality, the universe, or the divine. These profound transformative experiences have scarcely been researched, de- spite extensive anecdotal evidence suggesting their potential to catalyse drastic, long-term and often positive shifts in perception, world-view, and wellbeing. The aims of this study were to investigate the potential phenomenological differences between SSAs and Spontaneous Kundalini Awakenings (SKAs), a subset of awakening experiences that the authors postulate may produce a higher likelihood of both physical and negative effects; to assess how these ex- periences compare to other altered states of consciousness (ASCs); and understand their im- pact on mental wellbeing. Personality trait absorption and temporal lobe lability (TLL) were assessed as predictors of SSA/SKAs. A quasi-experimental mixed within and between-partici- pants self-report survey design was adopted. 152 participants reporting their most powerful SSA/SKAs completed questionnaires measuring non-dual, kundalini and mystical experience, as well as depth of ASC, and trait absorption and TLL. SKAs were found to be significantly more physical and significantly more negative than SSAs, however, both sets of experiences were perceived to be overwhelmingly more positive than negative, even when the experiences were initially challenging. The phenomenological distribution of SSA/SKAs were similar to other ASCs although greater in magnitude, and appeared most similar in distribution and in depth to drug-induced ASCs, particularly classic psychedelics DMT and psilocybin. TLL and absorption were found to predict the SSA/SKA experience. The limitations and implications of these findings are discussed.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-05-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/8aeyf", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8aeyf", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR350226\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3399, "title": "Spontaneous Spiritual Awakenings: Phenomenology, Altered States, Individual Differences, and Wellbeing", "normalized_title": "spontaneous spiritual awakenings phenomenology altered states individual differences and wellbeing", "authors": "", "abstract": "Spontaneous Spiritual Awakenings (SSAs) are subjective experiences characterised by a sud- den sense of direct contact, union or merging with a perceived ultimate reality, the universe, or the divine. These profound transformative experiences have scarcely been researched, de- spite extensive anecdotal evidence suggesting their potential to catalyse drastic, long-term and often positive shifts in perception, world-view, and wellbeing. The aims of this study were to investigate the potential phenomenological differences between SSAs and Spontaneous Kundalini Awakenings (SKAs), a subset of awakening experiences that the authors postulate may produce a higher likelihood of both physical and negative effects; to assess how these ex- periences compare to other altered states of consciousness (ASCs); and understand their im- pact on mental wellbeing. Personality trait absorption and temporal lobe lability (TLL) were assessed as predictors of SSA/SKAs. A quasi-experimental mixed within and between-partici- pants self-report survey design was adopted. 152 participants reporting their most powerful SSA/SKAs completed questionnaires measuring non-dual, kundalini and mystical experience, as well as depth of ASC, and trait absorption and TLL. SKAs were found to be significantly more physical and significantly more negative than SSAs, however, both sets of experiences were perceived to be overwhelmingly more positive than negative, even when the experiences were initially challenging. The phenomenological distribution of SSA/SKAs were similar to other ASCs although greater in magnitude, and appeared most similar in distribution and in depth to drug-induced ASCs, particularly classic psychedelics DMT and psilocybin. TLL and absorption were found to predict the SSA/SKA experience. The limitations and implications of these findings are discussed.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-05-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/8aeyf_v1", "keywords": "Absorption, Altered States of Consciousness, DMT, Epilepsy, Exceptional Human Experiences, Extraordinary Experiences, Individual Differences, Mental Health, Mystical Experiences, Non-ordinary States of Consciousness, Phenomenology, Psilocybin, Spiritual Awakening, Spirituality, Transcendence, Wellbeing, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Psychology, other", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"8aeyf_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1867, "title": "Psychedelics and health behaviour change.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and health behaviour change", "authors": "Teixeira PJ, Johnson MW, Timmermann C, Watts R, Erritzoe D, Douglass H, Kettner H, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Healthful behaviours such as maintaining a balanced diet, being physically active and refraining from smoking have major impacts on the risk of developing cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and other serious conditions. The burden of the so-called 'lifestyle diseases'-in personal suffering, premature mortality and public health costs-is considerable. Consequently, interventions designed to promote healthy behaviours are increasingly being studied, e.g., using psychobiological models of behavioural regulation and change. In this article, we explore the notion that psychedelic substances such as psilocybin could be used to assist in promoting positive lifestyle change conducive to good overall health. Psilocybin has a low toxicity, is non-addictive and has been shown to predict favourable changes in patients with depression, anxiety and other conditions marked by rigid behavioural patterns, including substance (mis)use. While it is still early days for modern psychedelic science, research is advancing fast and results are promising. Here we describe psychedelics' proposed mechanisms of action and research findings pertinent to health behaviour change science, hoping to generate discussion and new research hypotheses linking the two areas. Therapeutic models including psychedelic experiences and common behaviour change methods (e.g., Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Motivational Interviewing) are already being tested for addiction and eating disorders. We believe this research may soon be extended to help promote improved diet, exercise, nature exposure and also mindfulness or stress reduction practices, all of which can contribute to physical and psychological health and well-being.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-05-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/02698811211008554", "pubmed_id": "34053342", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211008554", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Health Behavior, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin, Healthy Lifestyle", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34053342\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1914, "title": "Improving cognitive functioning in major depressive disorder with psychedelics: A dimensional approach.", "normalized_title": "improving cognitive functioning in major depressive disorder with psychedelics a dimensional approach", "authors": "Magaraggia I, Kuiperes Z, Schreiber R.", "abstract": "The high symptomatic and biological heterogeneity of major depressive disorder (MDD) makes it very difficult to find broadly efficacious treatments that work against all symptoms. Concentrating on single core symptoms that are biologically well understood might consist of a more viable approach. The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework is a trans-diagnostic dimensional approach that focuses on symptoms and their underlying neurobiology. Evidence is accumulating that psychedelics may possess antidepressant activity, and this can potentially be explained through a multi-level (psychobiological, circuitry, (sub)cellular and molecular) analysis of the cognitive systems RDoC domain. Cognitive deficits, such as negative emotional processing and negativity bias, often lead to depressive rumination. Psychedelics can increase long-term cognitive flexibility, leading to normalization of negativity bias and reduction in rumination. We propose a theoretical model that explains how psychedelics can reduce the negativity bias in depressed patients. At the psychobiological level, we hypothesize that the negativity bias in MDD is due to impaired pattern separation and that psychedelics such as psilocybin help in depression because they enhance pattern separation and hence reduce negativity bias. Pattern separation is a mnemonic process that relies on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, where similar inputs are made more distinct, which is essential for optimal encoding of contextual information. Impairment in this process may underlie the negative cognitive bias in MDD by, for example, increased pattern separation of cues with a negative valence that can lead to excessive deliberation on aversive outcomes. On the (sub) cellular level, psychedelics stimulate hippocampal neurogenesis as well as synaptogenesis, spinogenesis and dendritogenesis in the prefrontal cortex. Together, these effects help restoring resilience to chronic stress and lead to modulation of the major connectivity hubs of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Based on these observations, we propose a new translational framework to guide the development of a novel generation of therapeutics to treat the cognitive symptoms in MDD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-05-25", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107467", "pubmed_id": "34048913", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107467", "keywords": "Hippocampus, Prefrontal Cortex, Humans, Hallucinogens, Neuronal Plasticity, Anhedonia, Psilocybin, Cognitive Dysfunction, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34048913\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Resilience,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3230, "title": "Decreased brain modularity after psilocybin therapy for depression.", "normalized_title": "decreased brain modularity after psilocybin therapy for depression", "authors": "Daws R, Timmerman C, Giribaldi B, Sexton J, Wall M, Erritzoe D, Roseman L, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Abstract Importance Psilocybin therapy shows antidepressant potential; our data link its antidepressant effects to decreased brain network modularity post-treatment. Objective To assess the sub-acute impact of psilocybin on brain activity in patients with depression. Design Pre vs post-treatment resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) was recorded in two trials: 1) Open-label treatment-resistant depression (TRD) trial with baseline vs 1 day post-treatment fMRI (April-2015 to April-2016); 2) Two-arm double-blind RCT in major depressive disorder (MDD), fMRI baseline vs 3 week after psilocybin-therapy or 6 weeks of daily escitalopram (January-2019 to March-2020). Setting Study visits occurred at the NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility.Participants Adult male and female patients with TRD or MDD. Intervention(s) (for clinical trials) or Exposure(s) (for observational studies)Study 1: Two oral doses of psilocybin (10mg and 25mg, fixed order, 7 days apart). fMRI was recorded at baseline and one day after the 25mg dose. Study 2: either: 2 x 25mg oral psilocybin, 3 weeks apart, plus 6 weeks of daily placebo (‘psilocybin-arm’), or 2 x 1mg oral psilocybin, 3 weeks apart, plus 6 weeks of daily escitalopram [10-20mg] (‘escitalopram-arm’). fMRI was recorded at baseline and 3 weeks after the 2nd psilocybin dose, which was the final day of the 6-week daily capsule ingestion. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s) Beck Depression Inventory and fMRI network modularity. Results Study 1: In 16 adults (mean age [SD], 42.8 [10.1] years, 4 [25%] female), psilocybin therapy was associated with markedly decreased BDI scores at 1 week (mean difference, -21; 95% CI=[-27.3, -14.7], P", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2021-05-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-513323/v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-513323/v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR344499\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3420, "title": "Future Directions for Clinical Psilocybin Research: The Relaxed Symptom Network", "normalized_title": "future directions for clinical psilocybin research the relaxed symptom network", "authors": "", "abstract": "Objective: Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that psilocybin may have strong antidepressant effects, and may be effective in the treatment of depressive disorders when embedded in a psychotherapeutic protocol (psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy; PAP). However, despite promising results, the mechanism(s) that may be responsible for the antidepressant effects of PAP remain contested. Within this article, it is argued that the ‘Network Theory of Mental Disorders’ may be a useful tool for clinical research with psilocybin, and may help elucidate the antidepressant elements of PAP. Method: The clinical research using PAP for depressive disorders is briefly summarised, as are the potential mechanisms of PAP. In addition to this, the fundamental tenets of the network theory is presented, with particular reference to depression. In brief, the network theory proposes that depression is an emergent phenomenon, due to strong interactions in a complex dynamic symptom network. Results: A model of action based on a symptom network is proposed. It is hypothesised that, if PAP is successful, the connections between symptoms in a network will weaken, thereby rendering the patient less vulnerable to developing/relapsing into depression. It is argued that the application of the network theory may ultimately improve responsiveness and reduce relapse in PAP. Practical guidance in using the network theory for future clinical research with psilocybin is also provided. Conclusion: This article presents the primary hypothesis of the authors (The Relaxed Symptom Network), and intends to inform future researchers on how to integrate the network theory with future clinical studies using PAP.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-05-18", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1037/pne0000290", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/q3ymd_v1", "keywords": "Depression, Network Theory, Psychedelics, Psychopathology, Psychotherapy, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:24", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"q3ymd_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3247, "title": "Future Directions for Clinical Psilocybin Research: The Relaxed Symptom Network", "normalized_title": "future directions for clinical psilocybin research the relaxed symptom network", "authors": "Lewis-Healey E, Laukkonen RE, van Elk M.", "abstract": "Objective: Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that psilocybin may have strong antidepressant effects, and may be effective in the treatment of depressive disorders when embedded in a psychotherapeutic protocol (psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy; PAP). However, despite promising results, the mechanism(s) that may be responsible for the antidepressant effects of PAP remain contested. Within this article, it is argued that the ‘Network Theory of Mental Disorders’ may be a useful tool for clinical research with psilocybin, and may help elucidate the antidepressant elements of PAP. Method: The clinical research using PAP for depressive disorders is briefly summarised, as are the potential mechanisms of PAP. In addition to this, the fundamental tenets of the network theory is presented, with particular reference to depression. In brief, the network theory proposes that depression is an emergent phenomenon, due to strong interactions in a complex dynamic symptom network. Results: A model of action based on a symptom network is proposed. It is hypothesised that, if PAP is successful, the connections between symptoms in a network will weaken, thereby rendering the patient less vulnerable to developing/relapsing into depression. It is argued that the application of the network theory may ultimately improve responsiveness and reduce relapse in PAP. Practical guidance in using the network theory for future clinical research with psilocybin is also provided. Conclusion: This article presents the primary hypothesis of the authors (The Relaxed Symptom Network), and intends to inform future researchers on how to integrate the network theory with future clinical studies using PAP.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-05-18", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/q3ymd", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q3ymd", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR344010\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2145, "title": "Registered clinical studies investigating psychedelic drugs for psychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "registered clinical studies investigating psychedelic drugs for psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Siegel AN, Meshkat S, Benitah K, Lipsitz O, Gill H, Lui LMW, Teopiz KM, McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are a hallucinogenic class of psychoactive drugs with the primary effect of activating non-ordinary states of consciousness. Due to the positive preliminary findings of these drugs in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, the number of registered clinical studies has risen significantly. In this paper, clinical studies registered on clinicaltrials.gov that evaluate the treatment of any psychiatric disorder with psychedelics (excluding ketamine) are summarized and analyzed. 70 registered studies were identified from a clinicaltrials.gov search on December 3, 2020. The majority of studies aim to investigate methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (45.7%) and psilocybin (41.4%). Studies evaluating ayahuasca, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ibogaine hydrochloride, salvia divinorum, 5-MeO-DMT and DMT fumarate were less common at 1.4%, 4.2%, 2.8%, 1.4%, 1.4% and 1.4% of total registered studies, respectively. Most of the studies on MDMA, psilocybin, ayahuasca and salvia divinorum investigated their therapeutic effect on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). LSD was investigated for MDD, anxiety, and severe somatic disorders and ibogaine hydrochloride was investigated for substance and alcohol use disorders. 5-MeO-DMT and DMT fumarate were both investigated for MDD. Only 21/70 registered studies had published results with the majority not yet completed. In view of the large number of ongoing studies investigating psychedelics, it is imperative that these studies are considered by researchers and stakeholders in deciding the most relevant research priorities for future proposed studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-05-17", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.019", "pubmed_id": "34048997", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.019", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34048997\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1891, "title": "An episode of mania following self-reported ingestion of psilocybin mushrooms in a woman previously not diagnosed with bipolar disorder: A case report.", "normalized_title": "an episode of mania following self reported ingestion of psilocybin mushrooms in a woman previously not diagnosed with bipolar disorder a case report", "authors": "Hendin HM, Penn AD.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-05-17", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1111/bdi.13095", "pubmed_id": "33934465", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.13095", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Bipolar Disorder, Eating, Female, Self Report, Psilocybin, Mania", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33934465\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3269, "title": "LSD and psilocybin flatten the brain’s energy landscape: insights from receptor-informed network control theory", "normalized_title": "lsd and psilocybin flatten the brain s energy landscape insights from receptor informed network control theory", "authors": "Singleton SP, Luppi AI, Carhart-Harris RL, Cruzat J, Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Deco G, Kringelbach ML, Stamatakis EA, Kuceyeski A.", "abstract": "Psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin offer a powerful window into the function of the human brain and mind, by temporarily altering subjective experience through their neurochemical effects. A recent model postulates that serotonin 2a (5-HT2a) receptor agonism allows the brain to explore its dynamic landscape more readily, as reflected by more diverse (entropic) brain activity. We postulate that this increase in entropy may arise in part from a flattening of the brain’s control energy landscape, which can be observed using network control theory to quantify the energy required to transition between recurrent brain states measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in individuals under LSD, psilocybin, and placebo conditions. We show that LSD and psilocybin reduce the amount of control energy required for brain state transitions, and, furthermore, that, across individuals, LSD’s reduction in control energy correlates with more frequent state transitions and increased entropy of brain state dynamics. Through network control analysis that incorporates the spatial distribution of 5-HT2a receptors from publicly available (non-drug) positron emission tomography (PET) maps, we demonstrate the specific role of this receptor in reducing control energy. Our findings provide evidence that 5-HT2a receptor agonist compounds allow for more facile state transitions and more temporally diverse brain activity. More broadly, by combining receptor-informed network control theory with pharmacological modulation, our work highlights the potential of this approach in studying the impacts of targeted neuropharmacological manipulation on brain activity dynamics. Significance Statement We present a multi-modal framework for quantifying the effects of two psychedelic drugs (LSD and psilocybin) on brain dynamics by combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion MRI (dMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and network control theory. Our findings provide evidence that psychedelics flatten the brain’s control energy landscape, allowing for more facile state transitions and more temporally diverse brain activity. We also demonstrate that the spatial distribution of serotonin 2a receptors - the main target of LSD and psilocybin - is optimized for generating these effects. This approach could be used to understand how drugs act on different receptors in the brain to influence brain activity dynamics.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-05-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.05.14.444193", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.14.444193", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR341322\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2152, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin", "authors": "Lowe H, Toyang N, Steele B, Valentine H, Grant J, Ali A, Ngwa W, Gordon L.", "abstract": "The psychedelic effects of some plants and fungi have been known and deliberately exploited by humans for thousands of years. Fungi, particularly mushrooms, are the principal source of naturally occurring psychedelics. The mushroom extract, psilocybin has historically been used as a psychedelic agent for religious and spiritual ceremonies, as well as a therapeutic option for neuropsychiatric conditions. Psychedelic use was largely associated with the \"hippie\" counterculture movement, which, in turn, resulted in a growing, and still lingering, negative stigmatization for psychedelics. As a result, in 1970, the U.S. government rescheduled psychedelics as Schedule 1 drugs, ultimately ending scientific research on psychedelics. This prohibition on psychedelic drug research significantly delayed advances in medical knowledge on the therapeutic uses of agents such as psilocybin. A2004 pilot study from the University of California, Los Angeles, exploring the potential of psilocybin treatment in patients with advanced-stage cancer managed to reignite interest and significantly renewed efforts in psilocybin research, heralding a new age in exploration for psychedelic therapy. Since then, significant advances have been made in characterizing the chemical properties of psilocybin as well as its therapeutic uses. This review will explore the potential of psilocybin in the treatment of neuropsychiatry-related conditions, examining recent advances as well as current research. This is not a systematic review.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-05-14", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/molecules26102948", "pubmed_id": "34063505", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102948", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Molecular Structure, Biomedical Research, Clinical Studies as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34063505\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2146, "title": "The Potential Role of Psychedelic Drugs in Mental Health Care of the Future.", "normalized_title": "the potential role of psychedelic drugs in mental health care of the future", "authors": "Gründer G, Jungaberle H.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), or dimethyltryptamine (DMT), as well as psychoactive drugs that trigger phenomenologically- related experiences like 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ketamine, belong to the most promising treatment approaches in contemporary psychiatry. Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is not only a new treatment paradigm in psychopharmacology, but it also requires a redefinition of psychotherapeutic processes and the contextualization of psychopharmacological interventions within a new treatment infrastructure. Crucial for future practice and research in the field are (1) informed patient referral and co-treatment practices, (2) screening (e. g., choosing the right patients for these therapies), (3) the dosing preparation sessions, (4) the assisted dosing sessions as well as after-care procedures such as (5) psychological integration and (6) supporting the development of structured patient communities. Definition of future treatment delivery infrastructures and requirements for therapist training are further challenges for research and practice. Finally, the implementation of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy in routine mental health care must be embedded into public communication about the potential and risks of these innovative therapeutic approaches. This paper provides a synopsis of challenges for practitioners, researchers, and regulators to be addressed in the approval processes of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-05-11", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1055/a-1486-7386", "pubmed_id": "33979868", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1486-7386", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Mental Health, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33979868\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3805, "title": "New insights into the clinical and nonclinical effects of psychedelic substances: an integrative review", "normalized_title": "new insights into the clinical and nonclinical effects of psychedelic substances an integrative review", "authors": "Forstmann M, Sagioglou C.", "abstract": "After decades of stagnancy, research on psychedelic substances (such as LSD, psilocybin or DMT) has experienced a renaissance over the last 10 years, with various major research programs being conducted across Europe and the United States. This research primarily investigates the potential of psychedelics in the treatment of mental health disorders, their short and long term effects on recreational users, and the neurological and cognitive processes responsible for their effects. The present review provides a concise summary of the most recent insights gained from this research. We briefly outline the history of psychedelic research, the objective and subjective effects caused by these substances, the prevalence and socio-psychological correlates of their use, as well as their potential for harm. Subsequently, we review empirical research on the beneficial effects of psychedelics in clinical samples, focusing on their efficacy in the treatment of major depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, and discuss research on the proposed neural and cognitive mechanisms behind these effects. We then review research on their effects on healthy subjects, focusing on psychological wellbeing as well as changes in personality, nature relatedness, and creativity. Finally, we review empirical evidence regarding long-term effects of single experiences with psychedelics, and conclude with a brief summary and outlook.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-05-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/2489x", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2489x", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR336905\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Creativity,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3393, "title": "New insights into the clinical and nonclinical effects of psychedelic substances: an integrative review", "normalized_title": "new insights into the clinical and nonclinical effects of psychedelic substances an integrative review", "authors": "", "abstract": "After decades of stagnancy, research on psychedelic substances (such as LSD, psilocybin or DMT) has experienced a renaissance over the last 10 years, with various major research programs being conducted across Europe and the United States. This research primarily investigates the potential of psychedelics in the treatment of mental health disorders, their short and long term effects on recreational users, and the neurological and cognitive processes responsible for their effects. The present review provides a concise summary of the most recent insights gained from this research. We briefly outline the history of psychedelic research, the objective and subjective effects caused by these substances, the prevalence and socio-psychological correlates of their use, as well as their potential for harm. Subsequently, we review empirical research on the beneficial effects of psychedelics in clinical samples, focusing on their efficacy in the treatment of major depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, and discuss research on the proposed neural and cognitive mechanisms behind these effects. We then review research on their effects on healthy subjects, focusing on psychological wellbeing as well as changes in personality, nature relatedness, and creativity. Finally, we review empirical evidence regarding long-term effects of single experiences with psychedelics, and conclude with a brief summary and outlook.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-05-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/2489x_v1", "keywords": "ayahuasca, clinical application, DMT, drugs, LSD, mental health, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychoactive substances, psychopharmacology, review, social health, well-being, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Social and Personality Psychology, Psychology, other, Health Psychology, Social health, Mental Health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"2489x_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Creativity,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2153, "title": "Association Between Lifetime Classic Psychedelic Use and Hypertension in the Past Year.", "normalized_title": "association between lifetime classic psychedelic use and hypertension in the past year", "authors": "Simonsson O, Hendricks PS, Carhart-Harris R, Kettner H, Osika W", "abstract": "[Figure: see text].", "journal": "Hypertension (Dallas, Tex.: 1979)", "publication_date": "2021-05-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16715", "pubmed_id": "33677982", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33677982/", "keywords": "adults, blood pressure, hypertension, odds ratio, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33677982\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2159, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Supportive Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Major Depression-Quo Vadis?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted supportive psychotherapy in the treatment of major depression quo vadis", "authors": "Reynolds CF.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2901", "pubmed_id": "33146675", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2901", "keywords": "Humans, Depression, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33146675\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2158, "title": "Errors in a Response Rate and in Effect Sizes in Study of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder.", "normalized_title": "errors in a response rate and in effect sizes in study of psilocybin assisted therapy for major depressive disorder", "authors": "Davis AK, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4638", "pubmed_id": "33566073", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4638", "keywords": "Humans, Treatment Outcome, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33566073\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2157, "title": "Clinical and biological predictors of psychedelic response in the treatment of psychiatric and addictive disorders: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "clinical and biological predictors of psychedelic response in the treatment of psychiatric and addictive disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Romeo B, Hermand M, Pétillion A, Karila L, Benyamina A", "abstract": "The use of psychedelic treatments has shown very promising results in some psychiatric and addictive disorders, but not all patients achieved a response. The aim of this review is to explore the clinical and biological factors which could predict the response to psychedelics in psychiatric and addictive disorders. A systematic research was performed on MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Web of science, and Scopus databases from January 1990 to May 2020. All studies investigating the predictive factors of response to psychedelics regardless of psychiatric or addictive disorders, were included. Twenty studies investigating addictive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with life-threatening cancer were included in this review. We found that, in all indications, the main predictive factor of response to psychedelics is the intensity of the acute psychedelic experience. Indeed, we found this factor for alcohol and tobacco use disorders, treatment-resistant depression, and anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with life-threatening cancer, but not for obsessive-compulsive disorder. The intensity of the acute psychedelic experience was the main predicting factor of response. The action mechanism of this experience was not clear, but some hypotheses could be made, such as a modulation of serotoninergic system by 5-HT2A receptors agonism, a modulation of the default mode network (DMN) with an acute modular disintegration of the DMN followed by a re-integration of this network with a normal functioning, or an anti-inflammatory effect of this treatment.", "journal": "Journal of psychiatric research", "publication_date": "2021-04-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.002", "pubmed_id": "33730602", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33730602/", "keywords": "Addictive disorders, Ayahuasca, Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Psychiatric disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33730602\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2156, "title": "Effects of Ayahuasca on the Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotions in Naive Healthy Volunteers: A Pilot, Proof-of-Concept, Randomized Controlled Trial.", "normalized_title": "effects of ayahuasca on the recognition of facial expressions of emotions in naive healthy volunteers a pilot proof of concept randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Rocha JM, Rossi GN, de Lima Osório F, Bouso JC, de Oliveira Silveira G, Yonamine M, Campos AC, Bertozi G, Cecílio Hallak JE, Dos Santos RG.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe recognition of emotions in facial expressions (REFE) is a core aspect of social cognition. Previous studies with the serotonergic hallucinogens lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin showed that these drugs reduced the recognition of negative (fear) faces in healthy volunteers. This trial assessed the acute and prolonged effects of a single dose of ayahuasca on the REFE.MethodsTwenty-two healthy volunteers participated in a pilot, proof-of-concept, randomized trial. Study variables included a REFE task performed before and 4 hours after drug intake, subjective effects (self-reports/observer impressions), tolerability measures (cardiovascular measures, self-reports), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasma levels. The REFE task was applied again 1, 7, 14, and 21 days and 3 months after drug intake. Stability of ayahuasca alkaloids during the study was also assessed (room temperature, 18 months).FindingsCompared with placebo, ayahuasca did not modify the REFE. No significant effects were observed on cardiovascular measures and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Volunteers reported visual effects, tranquility/relaxation, and well-being, with few reports of transient anxiety/confusion. Ayahuasca was well tolerated, producing mainly nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, and vomiting. A significant time-dependent deterioration of alkaloids was observed, especially for dimethyltryptamine.ConclusionsAbsence of significant effects on the REFE task could be due to lack of effects of ayahuasca (at the doses used), alkaloid degradation, learning effects, and the high educational level of the sample. Further trials with different samples are needed to better understand the effects of ayahuasca and other serotonergic hallucinogens on the REFE. Future trials should improve methods to guarantee the stability of ayahuasca alkaloids.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1097/jcp.0000000000001396", "pubmed_id": "33843820", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000001396", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Hallucinogens, Plant Preparations, Pilot Projects, Double-Blind Method, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Facial Recognition, Proof of Concept Study", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33843820\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Healthy Volunteers,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2154, "title": "Psilocybin and MDMA for the treatment of trauma-related psychopathology.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and mdma for the treatment of trauma related psychopathology", "authors": "Bird CIV, Modlin NL, Rucker JJH.", "abstract": "This review examines the role of trauma in psychiatric morbidity and analogous psychoneurobiological changes. Trauma is a necessary criterion for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), however, trauma history is highly correlated with a variety of psychiatric conditions. Some evidence suggests that Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric condition that arises following trauma. Approximately 50% of PTSD cases present with co-morbid MDD. Overlapping symptomatology and neurobiology between these conditions underlie the debate over whether these phenomena result from problematic nosology or whether comorbid MDD + PTSD is a distinct phenotype of trauma-related psychopathology. Regardless, similar treatment approaches have been employed historically, with varying success. The drug-assisted psychotherapy treatment model, which combines pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches, is currently being trialled as a novel treatment approach in psychiatry. Both psilocybin- and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy have received Food and Drug Administration 'breakthrough therapy' designation for the treatment of resistant MDD and PTSD, respectively. This paper reviews the therapeutic rationale of both psilocybin and MDMA for treating both trauma-related MDD and PTSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1080/09540261.2021.1919062", "pubmed_id": "34121583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2021.1919062", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Treatment Outcome, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34121583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2024, "title": "Effects of the putative antidepressant psilocin on the lipid-raft proteome and lipid-raft signaling", "normalized_title": "effects of the putative antidepressant psilocin on the lipid raft proteome and lipid raft signaling", "authors": "Senese Nicolas, Nguyen Thu, Cologna Stephanie, Rasenick Mark", "abstract": "Serotonergic hallucinogens psilocybin, and its active metabolite psilocin, have shown promise as rapid-acting antidepressants. The FDA granted breakthrough therapy designation for psilocybin's use as an antidepressant in 2019, and phase II clinical trials are currently ongoing. Psilocybin is converted to psilocin following oral administration, and this metabolite is the primary active compound found in the central nervous system. As such, it is critically important to understand the cellular and molecular processes contributing to psilocin's antidepressant action, as well as the similarities and differences between the cellular effects of psilocin and those of more traditional antidepressants. Both traditional and rapid-acting antidepressants cause translocation of Gα s from lipid-rafts to non-raft membranes. The sequelae of this translocation event include increased overall Gα s activity, leading to increased cellular cAMP. Antidepressants also accumulate in lipid-raft membranes, even in cellular models lacking the presumed binding target for these drugs. The lipid-raft binding target(s) are currently unknown, and the processes which contribute to Gα s translocation have not been fully elucidated. In this study we utilize a proteomic approach in a cellular model to investigate psilocin's effects on both the lipid-raft and non-raft proteome. We expect that additional proteins besides Gα s exhibit raft to non-raft translocation following antidepressant treatment. Proteins exhibiting this translocation pattern may represent as-of-yet unrecognized contributors to antidepressant efficacy, or may serve as antidepressant biomarkers. We also measure signaling downstream of Gα s and Gα q in intact cells, as well as purified lipid-raft membranes, using modified cAMP (AlphaScreen, cADDis) and inositol monophosphate (IP-One) detection assays. We hypothesize that both psilocin and desipramine attenuate lipid-raft Gα s (but notGα q ) downstream signaling due to the loss of Gα s fromthese membranes. Membranes treated with psilocin or the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine are compared in order to identify candidate proteins that may be generally affected following antidepressant treatment. Both drugs cause raft to non-raft translocation of hundreds of proteins. Several of these translocated proteins are common to both drug treatments, and we expect to identify novel contributors to the antidepressant response from this subset of proteins. In particular, observed effects on specific integrins, G-proteins, and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways will be followed up with more in-depth analyses in future studies. We also show that antidepressant treatments reduce lipid-raft Gα s signaling, while simultaneously increasing whole cell Gα s signaling. This effect can persist for over 24 hr after drug withdrawal. These results represent one of the first direct measurements of lipid-raft signaling following antidepressant treatment, and may provide a more complete understanding of both antidepressant action, and the molecular mechanisms by which hallucinogens achieve antidepressant efficacy.", "journal": "The FASEB Journal", "publication_date": "2021-04-30", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.03168", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.03168", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.03168\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Proteomics", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1778, "title": "Effects of psilocybin microdosing on awe and aesthetic experiences: a preregistered field and lab-based study.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin microdosing on awe and aesthetic experiences a preregistered field and lab based study", "authors": "van Elk M, Fejer G, Lempe P, Prochazckova L, Kuchar M, Hajkova K, Marschall J.", "abstract": "There is an increased societal trend to engage in microdosing, in which small sub-hallucinogenic amounts of psychedelics are consumed on a regular basis. Following subjective reports that microdosing enhances the experience of nature and art, in the present study we set out to study the effects of psilocybin microdosing on feelings of awe and art perception. In this preregistered combined field- and lab-based study, participants took part in a microdosing workshop after which they volunteered to self-administer a psilocybin microdose or a placebo for three consecutive weeks, while the condition was kept blind to the participants and researchers. Following a 2-week break, the condition assignment was reversed. During each block, participants visited the lab twice to measure the effects of psilocybin microdosing vs. placebo. We used standardized measures of awe, in which participants reported their experiences in response to short videos or when viewing abstract artworks from different painters. Our confirmatory analyses showed that participants felt more awe in response to videos representing funny animals and moving objects in the microdosing compared to the placebo condition. However, about two-third of our participants were breaking blind to their experimental condition. Our exploratory findings suggest that expectancy-effects may be a driving factor underlying the subjective benefits of microdosing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-29", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-021-05857-0", "pubmed_id": "33928421", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05857-0", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Esthetics, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33928421\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Microdosing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3487, "title": "Characterization of Altered Waking States of Consciousness in Healthy Humans", "normalized_title": "characterization of altered waking states of consciousness in healthy humans", "authors": "University of Zurich", "abstract": "Altered waking states of consciousness and its underlying functional organization have gained increasing interest in recent years, i.e. in identifying the neural basis of consciousness. To overcome fundamental shortcomings of current methods to objectively assess the level of consciousness, the investigators propose here to apply a novel and empirically validated measure called 'perturbational complexity index' (PCI) based on the integrated information theory (IIT). This involves a combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and highdensity electroencephalography (hd-EEG) to measure electrocortical responses as distributed cerebral interactions ('integration') and spatiotemporal pattern ('information'). Given the finding of subjectively expanded consciousness as induced here by psilocybin, the investigators hypothesize that the PCI may be higher in such states. This will be the first TMS/hd-EEG study to investigate quantitatively the level of consciousness in a pharmacologically altered waking state of consciousness. In this study the investigators will apply navigated TMS/high-density(hd)-EEG to directly stimulate defined cortical areas and investigate quantitatively the level of consciousness in psilocybin-induced altered brain states. For this purpose, PCI is the primary outcome in psilocybin versus placebo condition. Given the findings and the subjective feeling of an 'expanded' consciousness in such states, the investigators primarily hypothesize that psilocybin will induce a higher PCI as compared to placebo in TMS/hd-EEG measurements over all targeted cortical areas in the acute phase of treatment (80 minutes after substance intake). Measurements will be done over the premotor cortex (Brodmann-Areal BA06), the midline sensorimotor cortex (BA04) and the superior occipital gyrus/cuneus (BA19) and may be related to the experience of an altered sense of self, e.g. measures of selflessness and egodissolution. This study further seeks to characterize the effects of psilocybin compared to placebo on resting state EEG. To this aim, the current source density and the lagged phase synchronization of neuronal oscillations across distributed brain regions will be computed and correlated to reproduce interesting results in a recent work of Kometer and colleagues. More specifically, psilocybin decreased the current source density of neuronal oscillations within a neural network comprising the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices and parahippocampal regions. Even more, psilocybin-induced insightfulness and spiritual experience correlated with the lagged phase synchronization of delta oscillations between the retrosplenial cortex, the parahippocampus and the lateral orbitofrontal area, showing evidence for a direct association of spatiotemporal neuronal mechanism with enhanced insight into life and existence. The investigators therefore hypothesize that current source density of neuronal oscillations within the cingulate cortices and the parahippocampal regions (1.5-20 Hz) will be decreased and the lagged-phase synchronization of delta oscillations (1.5-4 Hz) between the retrosplenial cortex, the parahippocampus and the lateral orbitofrontal area will be correlated to insightfulness. Additionally, psychometric assessment of the sense of self, of perceptual alterations and of mood will be conducted before and after each TMS session (Hood's Mysticism-Scale; 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale; Positive and Negative Affect Schedule). the investigators expect to find a relationship between substance induced changes in perception and mood as indexed by these questionnaires. Furthermore, the investigators will be conducting a probabilistic learning task (emotLearn) to examine the computational processes behind the interaction between reward learning and subconscious versus conscious emotional processing to estimate how emotional stimuli affect the learning rate in psilocybin compared to placebo condition. The investigators hypothesize that psilocybin decreases the conscious and subconscious learning rate by attenuating the processing of emotional cues. The study design will be randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled with one-time application of a single dose for each substance (moderate psilocybin dose of 20mg versus mannitol), within-subject and single center at the Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zurich. The number of participants is 25 healthy subjects as determined by power analysis. Inclusion criteria are healthy male or female volunteers aged 18-40 years. Exclusion criteria are personal and family history of major psychiatric disease (e.g. major depression, bipolar disorder, psychotic disorder) as defined in the DSM-V, any major medical condition (e.g. neurologic, cardiovascular, metabolic disease), family history of seizure disorder, current psychopharmacological treatment or pregnant respectively breastfeeding women. The study comprises a total of 3 visits in 3 weeks - 1 screening visit and 2 investigational visits and a written follow-up 12 weeks after the last investigational visit per participant. On the investigational visits participants will receive placebo or psilocybin in a randomized and counterbalanced order. The screening visit consists of a psychiatric assessment, physical examination, routine lab/toxicology, electrocardiogram (ECG), EEG and cranial T1 weighted magnetic resonance tomography (MRT). Study duration will be 2-3 years. The research project was approved by the local ethics committee (KEK Zurich) in December 2018 as \"Other clinical trial\" as specified in the \"Ordinance on Clinical Trials in Human Research\" (KlinV, Chapter 2) without health-related intervention or investigational Medical Product (IMP) \\[25\\], Category B.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2021-04-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03853577", "keywords": "Altered Waking States of Consciousness in Healthy Humans, TMS/EEG, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03853577\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3441, "title": "Direct Comparison of Altered States of Consciousness Induced by LSD and Psilocybin in a Random-order Placebo-controlled Cross-over Study in Healthy Subjects", "normalized_title": "direct comparison of altered states of consciousness induced by lsd and psilocybin in a random order placebo controlled cross over study in healthy subjects", "authors": "University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland", "abstract": "LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) and psilocybin (the active substance in \"magic mushrooms\") are widely used for recreational purposes. Both substances are also increasingly used in psychiatric and psychological research to induce and investigate alterations in waking consciousness and associated brain functions (functional brain imaging, \"model psychosis\"). However, it has never been studied whether there are differences in the alterations in mind produced by these two substances. Both LSD and psilocybin are thought to induce hallucinations primarily via stimulation of the 5-HT2A receptor. However, there are differences in the receptor activation profiles between the two substances that may also induce different subjective effects. LSD potently stimulates the 5-HT2A receptor but also 5-HT2B/C, 5-HT1 and D1-3 receptors. Psilocin (the active metabolite of the prodrug psilocybin) also stimulates the 5-HT2A receptor but additionally inhibits the 5-HT transporter. In contrast to LSD, psilocybin has no affinity for D2 receptors. Both substances are used in neuroscience as pharmacological tools. However, there are no modern studies comparing these two substances directly within the same clinical study and research subjects and using validated psychometric tools. Therefore, the investigators will compare the acute effects of LSD, psilocybin and placebo.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2021-04-26", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03604744", "keywords": "Healthy, LSD, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03604744\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 2163, "title": "Molecular and Functional Imaging Studies of Psychedelic Drug Action in Animals and Humans.", "normalized_title": "molecular and functional imaging studies of psychedelic drug action in animals and humans", "authors": "Cumming P, Scheidegger M, Dornbierer D, Palner M, Quednow BB, Martin-Soelch C.", "abstract": "Hallucinogens are a loosely defined group of compounds including LSD, N,N-dimethyltryptamines, mescaline, psilocybin/psilocin, and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methamphetamine (DOM), which can evoke intense visual and emotional experiences. We are witnessing a renaissance of research interest in hallucinogens, driven by increasing awareness of their psychotherapeutic potential. As such, we now present a narrative review of the literature on hallucinogen binding in vitro and ex vivo, and the various molecular imaging studies with positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). In general, molecular imaging can depict the uptake and binding distribution of labelled hallucinogenic compounds or their congeners in the brain, as was shown in an early PET study with N1-([11C]-methyl)-2-bromo-LSD ([11C]-MBL); displacement with the non-radioactive competitor ketanserin confirmed that the majority of [11C]-MBL specific binding was to serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. However, interactions at serotonin 5HT1A and other classes of receptors and pleotropic effects on second messenger pathways may contribute to the particular experiential phenomenologies of LSD and other hallucinogenic compounds. Other salient aspects of hallucinogen action include permeability to the blood-brain barrier, the rates of metabolism and elimination, and the formation of active metabolites. Despite the maturation of radiochemistry and molecular imaging in recent years, there has been only a handful of PET or SPECT studies of radiolabeled hallucinogens, most recently using the 5-HT2A/2C agonist N-(2[11CH3O]-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy- 4-bromophenethylamine ([11C]Cimbi-36). In addition to PET studies of target engagement at neuroreceptors and transporters, there is a small number of studies on the effects of hallucinogenic compounds on cerebral perfusion ([15O]-water) or metabolism ([18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose/FDG). There remains considerable scope for basic imaging research on the sites of interaction of hallucinogens and their cerebrometabolic effects; we expect that hybrid imaging with PET in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) should provide especially useful for the next phase of this research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-21", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/molecules26092451", "pubmed_id": "33922330", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092451", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Carrier Proteins, Hallucinogens, Positron-Emission Tomography, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, Drug Monitoring, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Molecular Structure, Protein Binding, Energy Metabolism, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Molecular Imaging, Biomarkers, Clinical Studies as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33922330\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2164, "title": "Psilocybin: From Serendipity to Credibility?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin from serendipity to credibility", "authors": "Rucker JJ, Young AH.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has a long history of non-medical use and some seem to infer from this that it has therapeutic utility. Early phase clinical trials with psilocybin are encouraging, but suggest only that larger, multicentre trials are required. These are ongoing but will take many years to complete. Meanwhile, retreat centers offering paid experiences with psilocybin truffles have opened in some countries, often using early phase clinical trial data as a basis for bold, public facing claims. This seems unwise. Early phase trials are not designed for their results to be generalized outside the setting they were undertaken in. To do so risks being misleading. Providing what may be seen as an unregulated drug intervention as a paid service is difficult to reconcile with long-held ethical principles underpinning human research and treatment development that were laid down by the 1947 Nuremberg Code and the 1962 Kefauver Harris Amendments. By using psilocybin before it has been properly tested, retreat centers may be undermining their own credibility and the credibility of the wider field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-20", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.659044", "pubmed_id": "33967860", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.659044", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33967860\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2138, "title": "[Efficacy of psychedelics in psychiatry, a systematic review of the literature].", "normalized_title": "efficacy of psychedelics in psychiatry a systematic review of the literature", "authors": "Berkovitch L, Roméo B, Karila L, Gaillard R, Benyamina A.", "abstract": "ObjectivesPsychedelics are powerful psychoactive substances. Natural psychedelics have been used for millennia by human civilizations, in particular in Latin America, while synthetic psychedelics were discovered in the 50s, giving rise to a lot of research before they were prohibited. More recently, their therapeutic properties have been studied especially to help patients with psychiatric conditions, psychological distress or substance use disorders. This article is a systematic review of the literature which aims to provide an overview of all studies that assessed the efficacy of psychedelics, i.e. psilocybin, ayahuasca and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), on psychiatric diseases and addictions.MethodsWe conducted this literature review following the PRISMA recommendations. MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Web of Science and Scopus were searched from January 1990 to May 2020 with the following keywords \"(ayahuasca OR psilocybin OR lysergic acid diethylamide) AND (depression OR anxiety OR major depressive disorder OR bipolar disorder OR anxiety disorder OR substance use disorder OR dependence)\".ResultsTwenty-five articles met the inclusion criteria. Five articles studied psychedelic efficacy in the treatment of life-threatening diseases related to anxiety and depression: four were randomized controlled crossover trials (three with psilocybin for a total of 92 patients, and one with LSD, n=12), and one was a long-term follow-up study. Eleven articles explored the efficacy of psychedelics in the treatment of major depressive episodes: two were open-labeled trials (one with ayahuasca, n=17, one with psilocybin, n=20), one was a randomized controlled trial using ayahuasca against placebo (n=29), and the others were long-term follow-up studies or assessed more precise dimensions of the depressive disorder, such as suicidality, emotion processing or personality traits. Eight articles studied the efficacy of psychedelics in the treatment of addictions: two were open-labeled studies using psilocybin (one in alcohol use disorder, n=10, and one in tobacco use disorder, n=15), and the others were long-term follow-up studies or retrospective observational descriptive studies on alcohol, tobacco, opioids, cannabis, and psychostimulants. One study explored the efficacy of psilocybin in obsessional-compulsive disorder (n=9). Overall, these studies found a quick and important response after psychedelic administration that lasted for several months, even after a single dose. However most of these studies were descriptive or open-label studies conducted on small size samples. No severe adverse events occurred.ConclusionsPsychedelics are promising treatments for anxiety, depression and addiction, their efficacy is quick and sustainable, and they are well tolerated. These effects need to be confirmed in larger studies and compared to standard care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.encep.2020.12.002", "pubmed_id": "33888297", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.12.002", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Psychiatry, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33888297\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1838, "title": "Multi-locus identification of Psilocybe cubensis by high-resolution melting (HRM).", "normalized_title": "multi locus identification of psilocybe cubensis by high resolution melting hrm", "authors": "Zhang X, Yu H, Wang Z, Yang Q, Xia R, Qu Y, Tao R, Shi Y, Xiang P, Zhang S, Li C.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic mushroom is a kind of toxic strain containing psychoactive tryptamine substances such as psilocybin, psilocin and ibotenic acid, etc. The mushrooms containing hallucinogenic components are various, widely distributed and lack of standard to define, which made a great challenge to identification. Traditional identification methods, such as morphology and toxicology analysis, showed shortcomings in old or processed samples, while the DNA-based identification of hallucinogenic mushrooms would allow to identify these samples due to the stability of DNA. In this paper, four primer sets are designed to target Psilocybe cubensis DNA for increasing resolution of present identification method, and the target markers include largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (marked as PC-R1), psilocybin-related phosphotransferase gene (marked as PC-PT), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (marked as PC-3) and translation EF1α (marked as PC-EF). Real-time PCR with high-resolution melting (HRM) assay were used for the differentiation of the fragments amplified by these primer sets, which were tested for specificity, reproducibility, sensitivity, mixture analysis and multiplex PCR. It was shown that the melting temperatures of PC-R1, PC-PT, PC-3 and PC-EF of P. cubensis were (87.93 ± 0.12) °C, (82.21 ± 0.14) °C, (79.72 ± 0.12) °C and (80.11 ± 0.19) °C in our kinds of independent experiments. Significant HRM characteristic can be shown with a low concentration of 62.5 pg/µL DNA sample, and P. cubensis could be detected in mixtures with Homo sapiens or Cannabis sativa. In summary, the method of HRM analysis can quickly and specifically distinguish P. cubensis from other species, which could be utilized for forensic science, medical diagnosis and drug trafficking cases. Supplemental data for this article are available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2021.1875580.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-12", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1080/20961790.2021.1875580", "pubmed_id": "36353314", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2021.1875580", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"36353314\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2174, "title": "Spontaneous and deliberate creative cognition during and after psilocybin exposure.", "normalized_title": "spontaneous and deliberate creative cognition during and after psilocybin exposure", "authors": "Mason NL, Kuypers KPC, Reckweg JT, Müller F, Tse DHY, Da Rios B, Toennes SW, Stiers P, Feilding A, Ramaekers JG.", "abstract": "Creativity is an essential cognitive ability linked to all areas of our everyday functioning. Thus, finding a way to enhance it is of broad interest. A large number of anecdotal reports suggest that the consumption of psychedelic drugs can enhance creative thinking; however, scientific evidence is lacking. Following a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design, we demonstrated that psilocybin (0.17 mg/kg) induced a time- and construct-related differentiation of effects on creative thinking. Acutely, psilocybin increased ratings of (spontaneous) creative insights, while decreasing (deliberate) task-based creativity. Seven days after psilocybin, number of novel ideas increased. Furthermore, we utilized an ultrahigh field multimodal brain imaging approach, and found that acute and persisting effects were predicted by within- and between-network connectivity of the default mode network. Findings add some support to historical claims that psychedelics can influence aspects of the creative process, potentially indicating them as a tool to investigate creativity and subsequent underlying neural mechanisms. Trial NL6007; psilocybin as a tool for enhanced cognitive flexibility; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/6007.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-04-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1038/s41398-021-01335-5", "pubmed_id": "33833225", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01335-5", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cognition, Creativity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33833225\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Default Mode Network,Aging,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3255, "title": "Evaluating the Risk of Psilocybin for the Treatment of Bipolar Depression: A Review of the Research Literature and Published Case Studies", "normalized_title": "evaluating the risk of psilocybin for the treatment of bipolar depression a review of the research literature and published case studies", "authors": "Gard DE, Pleet MM, Bradley ER, Penn A, Gallenstein ML, Riley LS, DellaCrosse M, Garfinkle E, Michalak EE, Woolley JD.", "abstract": "Growing evidence suggests that psilocybin, the active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushrooms, can rapidly and durably improve symptoms of depression, leading to recent breakthrough status designation by the FDA and legalization for mental health treatment in some jurisdictions. Depression in bipolar disorder is associated with significant morbidity and has few effective treatments. However, there is little available scientific data on the risk of psilocybin use in people with bipolar disorder. Individuals with bipolar disorder have been excluded from modern clinical trials, out of understandable concerns of activating mania or worsening the illness course. As psilocybin becomes more available, people with these disorders will likely seek psilocybin treatment for depression and have likely already been doing so in unregulated settings. Our goal here is to summarize the known risks of psilocybin use (and similar substances) in bipolar disorder and to systematically evaluate examples of published case history data, in order to critically evaluate the relative risk of psilocybin as a treatment for bipolar depression. We found 17 cases suggesting that there is potential risk for activating a manic episode, thereby warranting caution. Nonetheless, the relative lack of systematic data or common case examples indicating risk appears to show that a cautious trial, using modern trial methods focusing on appropriate ‘set’ and ‘setting’, targeted at those lowest at risk for mania in the bipolar spectrum (e.g., bipolar 2 disorder), is very much needed, especially given the degree to which depression impacts this population.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-04-06", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.04.02.21254838", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.02.21254838", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR308148\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3800, "title": "Phenomenological assessment of psychedelic induced experiences: Translation and validation of the German Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) and Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI)", "normalized_title": "phenomenological assessment of psychedelic induced experiences translation and validation of the german challenging experience questionnaire ceq and ego dissolution inventory edi", "authors": "Dworatzyk K, Jansen T, Schmidt TT.", "abstract": "Several measures have been designed to assess subjective experiences induced by psychedelic substances and other mind-altering drugs or non-pharmacological methods. Recently, two self-report questionnaires have been introduced to measure acute adverse effects following psilocybin ingestion and the phenomenon of ego-dissolution associated with psychedelic use, respectively. The 26-item Challenging Experience Questionnaire assesses multiple dimensions of psilocybin induced experiences, whereas the 8-item Ego-Dissolution Inventory consists of a uni-dimensional scale. In the present study, these questionnaires were translated into German and their psychometric properties then evaluated in an online survey on psychedelic induced experiences. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 7-factor structure of the German Challenging Experience Questionnaire with overall good internal consistency for all subscales. The factor structure did not differ based on gender or prior struggle with anxiety or depression, furthering the evidence of internal validity. Correlations with the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory and the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale demonstrated convergent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis did not confirm the hypothesized single-factor structure of the German Ego-Dissolution Inventory and exploratory factor analysis suggested an alternative factor structure, where only five items loaded onto a common factor that was interpreted as ego-dissolution. Internal consistency of this 5-item measure was high and correlation with selected items of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale supported convergent validity. Translation and validation of these questionnaires contribute to the advancement of common standards in the psychological and neuroscientific study of altered states of consciousness.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-04-01", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/kxmgq", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/kxmgq", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR321530\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3378, "title": "Phenomenological assessment of psychedelic induced experiences: Translation and validation of the German Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) and Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI)", "normalized_title": "phenomenological assessment of psychedelic induced experiences translation and validation of the german challenging experience questionnaire ceq and ego dissolution inventory edi", "authors": "", "abstract": "Several measures have been designed to assess subjective experiences induced by psychedelic substances and other mind-altering drugs or non-pharmacological methods. Recently, two self-report questionnaires have been introduced to measure acute adverse effects following psilocybin ingestion and the phenomenon of ego-dissolution associated with psychedelic use, respectively. The 26-item Challenging Experience Questionnaire assesses multiple dimensions of psilocybin induced experiences, whereas the 8-item Ego-Dissolution Inventory consists of a uni-dimensional scale. In the present study, these questionnaires were translated into German and their psychometric properties then evaluated in an online survey on psychedelic induced experiences. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 7-factor structure of the German Challenging Experience Questionnaire with overall good internal consistency for all subscales. The factor structure did not differ based on gender or prior struggle with anxiety or depression, furthering the evidence of internal validity. Correlations with the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory and the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale demonstrated convergent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis did not confirm the hypothesized single-factor structure of the German Ego-Dissolution Inventory and exploratory factor analysis suggested an alternative factor structure, where only five items loaded onto a common factor that was interpreted as ego-dissolution. Internal consistency of this 5-item measure was high and correlation with selected items of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale supported convergent validity. Translation and validation of these questionnaires contribute to the advancement of common standards in the psychological and neuroscientific study of altered states of consciousness.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-04-01", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/kxmgq_v1", "keywords": "bad trip, challenging experiences, ego-disintegration, ego-dissolution, hallucinogen, mystical experience, psilocybin, psychedelic, questionnaire, scale development, self-experience, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Cognitive Psychology, Consciousness", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"kxmgq_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2176, "title": "Associations between lifetime classic psychedelic use and markers of physical health.", "normalized_title": "associations between lifetime classic psychedelic use and markers of physical health", "authors": "Simonsson O, Sexton JD, Hendricks PS", "abstract": "In recent years, there has been significant research on the mental health effects of classic psychedelic use, but there is very little evidence on how classic psychedelics might influence physical health. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the associations between lifetime classic psychedelic use and markers of physical health. Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015-2018) with 171,766 (unweighted) adults aged 18 or above in the United States, the current study examined the associations between lifetime classic psychedelic use and three markers of physical health (self-reported overall health, body mass index, and heart condition and/or cancer in the past 12 months) while controlling for a range of covariates. Respondents who reported having tried a classic psychedelic at least once in their lifetime had significantly higher odds of greater self-reported overall health and significantly lower odds of being overweight or obese versus having a normal weight. The association between lifetime classic psychedelic use and having a heart condition and/or cancer in the past 12 months approached conventional levels of significance, with lower odds of having a heart condition and/or cancer in the past 12 months for respondents who had tried a classic psychedelic at least once. The results of the present study suggest that classic psychedelics may be beneficial to physical health. Future research should investigate the causal effects of classic psychedelics on physical health and evaluate possible mechanisms.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2021-03-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/0269881121996863", "pubmed_id": "33719688", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33719688/", "keywords": "Classic psychedelics, LSD, body mass index, cancer, health, heart disease, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33719688\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2165, "title": "Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression.", "normalized_title": "trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression", "authors": "Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R, Baker-Jones M, Murphy-Beiner A, Murphy R, Martell J, Blemings A, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin may have antidepressant properties, but direct comparisons between psilocybin and established treatments for depression are lacking.MethodsIn a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial involving patients with long-standing, moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder, we compared psilocybin with escitalopram, a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, over a 6-week period. Patients were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive two separate doses of 25 mg of psilocybin 3 weeks apart plus 6 weeks of daily placebo (psilocybin group) or two separate doses of 1 mg of psilocybin 3 weeks apart plus 6 weeks of daily oral escitalopram (escitalopram group); all the patients received psychological support. The primary outcome was the change from baseline in the score on the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR-16; scores range from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating greater depression) at week 6. There were 16 secondary outcomes, including QIDS-SR-16 response (defined as a reduction in score of >50%) and QIDS-SR-16 remission (defined as a score of ≤5) at week 6.ResultsA total of 59 patients were enrolled; 30 were assigned to the psilocybin group and 29 to the escitalopram group. The mean scores on the QIDS-SR-16 at baseline were 14.5 in the psilocybin group and 16.4 in the escitalopram group. The mean (±SE) changes in the scores from baseline to week 6 were -8.0±1.0 points in the psilocybin group and -6.0±1.0 in the escitalopram group, for a between-group difference of 2.0 points (95% confidence interval [CI], -5.0 to 0.9) (P = 0.17). A QIDS-SR-16 response occurred in 70% of the patients in the psilocybin group and in 48% of those in the escitalopram group, for a between-group difference of 22 percentage points (95% CI, -3 to 48); QIDS-SR-16 remission occurred in 57% and 28%, respectively, for a between-group difference of 28 percentage points (95% CI, 2 to 54). Other secondary outcomes generally favored psilocybin over escitalopram, but the analyses were not corrected for multiple comparisons. The incidence of adverse events was similar in the trial groups.ConclusionsOn the basis of the change in depression scores on the QIDS-SR-16 at week 6, this trial did not show a significant difference in antidepressant effects between psilocybin and escitalopram in a selected group of patients. Secondary outcomes generally favored psilocybin over escitalopram, but the analyses of these outcomes lacked correction for multiple comparisons. Larger and longer trials are required to compare psilocybin with established antidepressants. (Funded by the Alexander Mosley Charitable Trust and Imperial College London's Centre for Psychedelic Research; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03429075.).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-03-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1056/nejmoa2032994", "pubmed_id": "33852780", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2032994", "keywords": "Humans, Citalopram, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation, Double-Blind Method, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Self Report, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33852780\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2161, "title": "Harnessing psilocybin: antidepressant-like behavioral and synaptic actions of psilocybin are independent of 5-HT2R activation in mice.", "normalized_title": "harnessing psilocybin antidepressant like behavioral and synaptic actions of psilocybin are independent of 5 ht2r activation in mice", "authors": "Hesselgrave N, Troppoli TA, Wulff AB, Cole AB, Thompson SM.", "abstract": "Depression is a widespread and devastating mental illness and the search for rapid-acting antidepressants remains critical. There is now exciting evidence that the psychedelic compound psilocybin produces not only powerful alterations of consciousness, but also rapid and persistent antidepressant effects. How psilocybin exerts its therapeutic actions is not known, but it is widely presumed that these actions require altered consciousness, which is known to be dependent on serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) activation. This hypothesis has never been tested, however. We therefore asked whether psilocybin would exert antidepressant-like responses in mice and, if so, whether these responses required 5-HT2AR activation. Using chronically stressed male mice, we observed that a single injection of psilocybin reversed anhedonic responses assessed with the sucrose preference and female urine preference tests. The antianhedonic response to psilocybin was accompanied by a strengthening of excitatory synapses in the hippocampus-a characteristic of traditional and fast-acting antidepressants. Neither behavioral nor electrophysiological responses to psilocybin were prevented by pretreatment with the 5-HT2A/2C antagonist ketanserin, despite positive evidence of ketanserin's efficacy. We conclude that psilocybin's mechanism of antidepressant action can be studied in animal models and suggest that altered perception may not be required for its antidepressant effects. We further suggest that a 5-HT2AR-independent restoration of synaptic strength in cortico-mesolimbic reward circuits may contribute to its antidepressant action. The possibility of combining psychedelic compounds and a 5-HT2AR antagonist offers a potential means to increase their acceptance and clinical utility and should be studied in human depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-03-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2022489118", "pubmed_id": "33850049", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022489118", "keywords": "Hippocampus, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Ketanserin, Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2, Hallucinogens, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Depression, Stress, Psychological, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33850049\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2147, "title": "Cannabis-induced oceanic boundlessness.", "normalized_title": "cannabis induced oceanic boundlessness", "authors": "Earleywine M, Ueno LF, Mian MN, Altman BR.", "abstract": "BackgroundDespite tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)'s reputation for creating dramatic effects at high doses, empirical work rarely addresses cannabis's impact on subjective responses common to the tryptamine psychedelics. We focused on these effects because they have preceded and covaried with the therapeutic impact of psilocybin in previous work.AimsThe current study examined if self-reported responses to cannabis products might parallel those found in clinical trials of psilocybin administration. We also investigated if measures of demographics and cannabis use might correlate with these responses.MethodsParticipants reported the subjective effect of their highest THC experience using 27 items that assess oceanic boundlessness, a correlate of mystical experiences. They also answered infrequency items and questions on demographics and cannabis consumption.ResultsIn an effort to address concerns about replication, we divided respondents who passed infrequency items into two random samples. Self-reported \"breakthrough\" experiences were significantly greater than zero but significantly lower than those reported in randomized clinical trials of psilocybin (17-19% vs. 59%). Total scores covaried with perceived dosages of THC, but only in one sample. Heavier users of cannabis reported lower scores.ConclusionsSelf-report data suggest that high doses of cannabis can create subjective effects comparable to those identified in trials of psilocybin that precede relief from cancer-related distress, treatment-resistant depression, alcohol problems, and cigarette dependence. Given the disparate mechanisms of action, comparing THC-induced to psilocybin-induced effects might improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying subjective experiences. This work might also support the development of a cannabis-assisted psychotherapy comparable to psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-03-27", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/0269881121997099", "pubmed_id": "33779383", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881121997099", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Self Report, Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists, Dronabinol", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33779383\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Adolescents,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3799, "title": "Psychedelics and Health Behavior Change - Journal of Psychopharmacology (in press)", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and health behavior change journal of psychopharmacology in press", "authors": "Teixeira PJ, Johnson M, Timmermann C, Watts R, Erritzoe D, Douglass H, Kettner H, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "Healthful behaviors such as maintaining a balanced diet, being physically active, and refraining from smoking have major impacts on the risk of developing cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other serious conditions. The burden of the so-called “lifestyle diseases” - in personal suffering, premature mortality, and public health costs - is considerable. Consequently, interventions designed to promote healthy behaviors are increasingly being studied, e.g. using psychobiological models of behavioral regulation and change. In this article, we explore the notion that psychedelic substances such as psilocybin could be used to assist in promoting positive lifestyle change conducive to good overall health. Psilocybin has a low toxicity, is non-addictive, and has been shown to predict favorable changes in patients with depression, anxiety, and other conditions marked by rigid behavioral patterns, including substance (mis)use. While it is still early days for modern psychedelic science, research is advancing fast and results are promising. Here we describe psychedelics’ proposed mechanisms of action and research findings pertinent to health behavior change science, hoping to generate discussion and new research hypotheses linking the two areas. Therapeutic models including psychedelic experiences and common behavior change methods (e.g., Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Motivational Interviewing) are already being tested for addiction and eating disorders. We believe this research may soon be extended to help promote improved diet, exercise, nature exposure, and also mindfulness or stress reduction practices, all of which can contribute to physical and psychological health and wellbeing.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-03-23", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/8vks6", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8vks6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR321591\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3374, "title": "Psychedelics and Health Behavior Change - Journal of Psychopharmacology (in press)", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and health behavior change journal of psychopharmacology in press", "authors": "", "abstract": "Healthful behaviors such as maintaining a balanced diet, being physically active, and refraining from smoking have major impacts on the risk of developing cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other serious conditions. The burden of the so-called “lifestyle diseases” - in personal suffering, premature mortality, and public health costs - is considerable. Consequently, interventions designed to promote healthy behaviors are increasingly being studied, e.g. using psychobiological models of behavioral regulation and change. In this article, we explore the notion that psychedelic substances such as psilocybin could be used to assist in promoting positive lifestyle change conducive to good overall health. Psilocybin has a low toxicity, is non-addictive, and has been shown to predict favorable changes in patients with depression, anxiety, and other conditions marked by rigid behavioral patterns, including substance (mis)use. While it is still early days for modern psychedelic science, research is advancing fast and results are promising. Here we describe psychedelics’ proposed mechanisms of action and research findings pertinent to health behavior change science, hoping to generate discussion and new research hypotheses linking the two areas. Therapeutic models including psychedelic experiences and common behavior change methods (e.g., Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Motivational Interviewing) are already being tested for addiction and eating disorders. We believe this research may soon be extended to help promote improved diet, exercise, nature exposure, and also mindfulness or stress reduction practices, all of which can contribute to physical and psychological health and wellbeing.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-03-23", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/8vks6_v1", "keywords": "health behaviour change, interventions, psilocybin, psychedelics, public health, self-determination, therapy, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Health Psychology, Mental Health, Health-related Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"8vks6_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1880, "title": "Medicinal psychedelics for mental health and addiction: Advancing research of an emerging paradigm.", "normalized_title": "medicinal psychedelics for mental health and addiction advancing research of an emerging paradigm", "authors": "Perkins D, Sarris J, Rossell S, Bonomo Y, Forbes D, Davey C, Hoyer D, Loo C, Murray G, Hood S, Schubert V, Galvão-Coelho NL, O'Donnell M, Carter O, Liknaitzky P, Williams M, Siskind D, Penington D, Berk M, Castle D.", "abstract": "The medical use of psychedelic substances (e.g. psilocybin, ayahuasca, lysergic acid diethylamide and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is attracting renewed interest, driven by a pressing need for research and development of novel therapies for psychiatric disorders, as well as promising results of contemporary studies. In this Viewpoint, we reflect upon the 'Clinical Memorandum on Psychedelics' recently released by the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists and note subsequent developments including the application for down-scheduling of psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine presently being considered by the Therapeutic Goods Administration and approvals for access via the Special Access Scheme. We suggest that this field is worthy of rigorous research to assess potential benefits, address safety parameters and clarify therapeutic mechanisms. To this end, we outline recent research findings, provide an overview of current knowledge relating to mechanisms of action and discuss salient aspects of the psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy treatment model. The sum of this research points towards medicinal psychedelics as a potential new class of psychiatric treatments when used within a medically supervised framework with integrated psychotherapeutic support. However, before widespread translation into clinical use can occur, appropriately designed and sufficiently powered trials are required to detect both potential positive and negative outcomes. Unique safety and regulatory challenges also need to be addressed. As for any new medical therapy, psychedelic research needs to be conducted in a rigorous manner, through the dispassionate lens of scientific enquiry. Carte blanche availability to practitioners, without specific protocols and appropriate training, would be potentially harmful to individuals and detrimental to the field.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-03-20", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/0004867421998785", "pubmed_id": "33745287", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867421998785", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Australia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33745287\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2175, "title": "Hallucinogenic/psychedelic 5HT2A receptor agonists as rapid antidepressant therapeutics: Evidence and mechanisms of action.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic psychedelic 5ht2a receptor agonists as rapid antidepressant therapeutics evidence and mechanisms of action", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Hallak JE, Baker G, Dursun S.", "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent mental health disorders worldwide, and it is associated with a reduced quality of life and enormous costs to health care systems. Available drug treatments show low-to-moderate response in most patients, with almost a third of patients being non-responders (treatment-resistant). Furthermore, most currently available medications need several weeks to achieve therapeutic effects, and the long-term use of these drugs is often associated with significant unwanted side effects and resultant reductions in treatment compliance. Therefore, more effective, safer, and faster-acting antidepressants with enduring effects are needed. Together with ketamine, psychedelics (or classic or serotoninergic hallucinogens) such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and ayahuasca are among the few compounds with recent human evidence of fast-acting antidepressant effects. Several studies in the 1950s to 1970s reported antidepressive and anxiolytic effects of these drugs, which are being confirmed by modern trials (LSD, one trial; psilocybin, five trials; ayahuasca, two trials). The effects of these drugs appear to be produced primarily by their agonism at serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors, especially the 5-HT2A receptor. Considering the overall burden of MDD and the necessity of new therapeutic options, the promising (but currently limited) evidence of safety and efficacy of psychedelics has encouraged the scientific community to explore more fully their beneficial effects in MDD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-03-18", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/0269881120986422", "pubmed_id": "33740877", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120986422", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Depressive Disorder, Clinical Trials as Topic, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33740877\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2188, "title": "Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Gymnopilus junonius.", "normalized_title": "complete mitochondrial genome sequence of gymnopilus junonius", "authors": "Cho SE, Jo JW, Kwag YN, Lee H, Chung JW, Oh SH, Kim CS.", "abstract": "Gymnopilus junonius, a well-known poisonous mushroom, is distributed worldwide. It contains a hallucinogenic alkaloid psilocybin and several other bioactive compounds. The mitochondrial genome, a circular DNA molecule of 161,145 bp, comprises 15 protein-coding genes, 24 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. The guanine-cytosine content was 31.56%. Based on the mitochondrial genome sequence, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to demonstrate the phylogenetic relationship. In this study, the phylogenetic positions of G. junonius and its related genera were determined.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-03-17", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1080/23802359.2021.1895692", "pubmed_id": "33796724", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2021.1895692", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33796724\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mitochondrial Function,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2168, "title": "Acute and Sustained Reductions in Loss of Meaning and Suicidal Ideation Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for Psychiatric and Existential Distress in Life-Threatening Cancer.", "normalized_title": "acute and sustained reductions in loss of meaning and suicidal ideation following psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric and existential distress in life threatening cancer", "authors": "Ross S, Agin-Liebes G, Lo S, Zeifman RJ, Ghazal L, Benville J, Franco Corso S, Bjerre Real C, Guss J, Bossis A, Mennenga SE.", "abstract": "People with advanced cancer are at heightened risk of desire for hastened death (DHD), suicidal ideation (SI), and completed suicide. Loss of Meaning (LoM), a component of demoralization, can be elevated by a cancer diagnosis and predicts DHD and SI in this population. We completed a randomized controlled trial in which psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) produced rapid and sustained improvements in depression, demoralization, and hopelessness in people with cancer. Converging epidemiologic and clinical trial findings suggests a potential antisuicidal effect of this treatment. To probe our hypothesis that PAP relieves SI through its beneficial impacts on depression and demoralization (LoM in particular), we performed secondary analyses assessing within- and between-group differences with regard to LoM and an SI composite score. Among participants with elevated SI at baseline, PAP was associated with within-group reductions in SI that were apparent as early as 8 h and persisted for 6.5 months postdosing. PAP also produced large reductions in LoM from baseline that were apparent 2 weeks after treatment and remained significant and robust at the 6.5 month and 3.2 and 4.5 year follow-ups. Exploratory analyses support our hypothesis and suggest that PAP may be an effective antisuicidal intervention following a cancer diagnosis due to its positive impact on hopelessness and demoralization and its effects on meaning-making in particular. These preliminary results implicate psilocybin treatment as a potentially effective alternative to existing antidepressant medications in patients with cancer that are also suicidal, and warrant further investigation in participants with elevated levels of depression and suicidality.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-03-17", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.1c00020", "pubmed_id": "33860185", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.1c00020", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33860185\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2189, "title": "A Rare Presentation of Anticholinergic Toxicity in a Young Patient Due to Over-The-Counter Cold Medicines.", "normalized_title": "a rare presentation of anticholinergic toxicity in a young patient due to over the counter cold medicines", "authors": "Khan A, Singh G, Jacob J.", "abstract": "Anticholinergic toxicity is a relatively uncommon occurrence. When it does occur, it is usually attributed to an overdose of anticholinergic agents, especially in the elderly population. In younger patients, anticholingeric toxicity is usually due to an intentional overdose in a suicide attempt, accidental exposure to jimson weed or deadly nightshade plant, or the combination of anticholinergic drugs with recreational drugs (psilocybin mushroom). Over-the-counter cold medicines are well known to contain a variety of anticholinergic substances, the most well-known being diphenhydramine. Uncommonly, these readily available substances can produce anticholinergic toxicity in elderly patients, even when appropriate dosages are consumed. Younger patients are less likely to develop this clinical picture, due to higher renal clearance and lower drug volume of distribution. Nonetheless, clinical suspicion should remain high in the younger population. Patients can present with fever, tachycardia, diplopia, urinary retention, dry mucous membranes, and altered mental status. This case provides awareness to the unlikely complication of over-the-counter cold medicines in a young 19-year-old patient, while highlighting the need for diligent history taking and deliberate use of physostigmine in patients with altered mental status.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-03-15", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.7759/cureus.13919", "pubmed_id": "33880270", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.13919", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33880270\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Older Adults,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2025, "title": "Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of psilocybin and psilocin from magic mushroom in rats and humans", "normalized_title": "development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic pbpk model of psilocybin and psilocin from magic mushroom in rats and humans", "authors": "Musikaphongsakul P, Ya K, Subsoontorn P, Lohitnavy M.", "abstract": "Background:: Psilocybin (PB) is a psychoactive compound commonly found in magic mushroom ( Psilocybe cubensis ). PB is quickly converted by the body to psilocin (PI), which has a psychedelic effect through the activation of the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. The objective of this study is to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of PB and PI in rats and humans for predicting concentrations of the psychoactive substance in the brain. Methods:: Following a search in PubMed, three studies were retrieved and information concerning concentration - time profiles of PI were extracted from the selected studies. In the study in rats, PI was orally administered with a dose of 10.1 mg / kg. There were two studies in humans following a single intravenous dose of PB (1 mg) and oral dose of PB (0.224 mg / kg and 0.3 mg / kg). Berkeley Madonna software was used for computer coding and simulations. The developed PBPK model consisted of seven organ compartments (i.e. lung, heart, brain, fat, muscle, kidney, and liver). Results:: The simulations show a good agreement between observed and simulated data, although results for oral administration in rats and humans showed under - predictions and results for intravenous administration in humans showed over - predictions. Conclusions:: A PBPK model of PB and PI in rats and humans was developed and could predict concentration-time profiles of PI in plasma, particularly in the brain, following intravenous and oral administration of PB. This model may be useful for a safer dosage regimen of PB for patients with some disorders.", "journal": "F1000Res", "publication_date": "2021-03-14", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.12688/f1000research.28133.1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.28133.1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR297119\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"F1000Res\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2173, "title": "On the Relationship between Classic Psychedelics and Suicidality: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "on the relationship between classic psychedelics and suicidality a systematic review", "authors": "Zeifman RJ, Singhal N, Breslow L, Weissman CR.", "abstract": "Use of classic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin, ayahuasca, and lysergic acid diethylamide) is increasing, and psychedelic therapy is receiving growing attention as a novel mental health intervention. Suicidality remains a potential safety concern associated with classic psychedelics and is, concurrently, a mental health concern that psychedelic therapy may show promise in targeting. Accordingly, further understanding of the relationship between classic psychedelics and suicidality is needed. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the relationship between classic psychedelics (both non-clinical psychedelic use and psychedelic therapy) and suicidality. We identified a total of 64 articles, including 41 articles on the association between non-clinical classic psychedelic use and suicidality and 23 articles on the effects of psychedelic therapy on suicidality. Findings on the association between lifetime classic psychedelic use and suicidality were mixed, with studies finding positive, negative, and no significant association. A small number of reports of suicide and decreased suicidality following non-clinical classic psychedelic use were identified. Several cases of suicide in early psychedelic therapy were identified; however, it was unclear whether this was due to psychedelic therapy itself. In recent psychedelic therapy clinical trials, we found no reports of increased suicidality and preliminary evidence for acute and sustained decreases in suicidality following treatment. We identify some remaining questions and provide suggestions for future research on the association between classic psychedelics and suicidality.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-03-10", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.1c00024", "pubmed_id": "33860173", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.1c00024", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33860173\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3804, "title": "Blinding and Expectancy Confounds in Psychedelic Randomised Controlled Trials", "normalized_title": "blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomised controlled trials", "authors": "Muthukumaraswamy S, Forsyth A, Lumley T.", "abstract": "There is increasing interest in the potential for psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD and ketamine to treat a number of mental health disorders. To gain evidence for the therapeutic effectiveness of psychedelics, a number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted using the traditional RCT framework and these trials have generally shown promising results, with large effect sizes reported. However, in this paper we argue that estimation of treatment effect sizes in psychedelic clinical trials are likely over-estimated due to de-blinding of participants and high levels of response expectancy generated by RCT trial contingencies. The degree of over-estimation is at present difficult to estimate. We conduct systematic reviews of psychedelic RCTs and show that currently reported RCTs have failed to measure and report expectancy and malicious de-blinding. In order to overcome these confounds we argue that RCTs should routinely measure de-blinding and expectancy and that careful attention should be paid to the clinical trial design used and the instructions given to participants to allow these confounds to be estimated and removed from effect size estimates. We urge caution in interpreting effect size estimates from extant psychedelic RCTs.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-03-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/q2hzm", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q2hzm", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR322173\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3390, "title": "Blinding and Expectancy Confounds in Psychedelic Randomised Controlled Trials", "normalized_title": "blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomised controlled trials", "authors": "", "abstract": "There is increasing interest in the potential for psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD and ketamine to treat a number of mental health disorders. To gain evidence for the therapeutic effectiveness of psychedelics, a number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted using the traditional RCT framework and these trials have generally shown promising results, with large effect sizes reported. However, in this paper we argue that estimation of treatment effect sizes in psychedelic clinical trials are likely over-estimated due to de-blinding of participants and high levels of response expectancy generated by RCT trial contingencies. The degree of over-estimation is at present difficult to estimate. We conduct systematic reviews of psychedelic RCTs and show that currently reported RCTs have failed to measure and report expectancy and malicious de-blinding. In order to overcome these confounds we argue that RCTs should routinely measure de-blinding and expectancy and that careful attention should be paid to the clinical trial design used and the instructions given to participants to allow these confounds to be estimated and removed from effect size estimates. We urge caution in interpreting effect size estimates from extant psychedelic RCTs.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-03-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/q2hzm_v1", "keywords": "blinding, expectancy effects, ketamine, LSD, masking, psilocybin, psychedelics, randomised controlled trials, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"q2hzm_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3212, "title": "The DMT and Psilocin Treatment Changes CD11b+ Activated Microglia Immunological Phenotype", "normalized_title": "the dmt and psilocin treatment changes cd11b activated microglia immunological phenotype", "authors": "Kozłowska U, Klimczak A, Wiatr K, Figiel M.", "abstract": "Psychedelics are new, promising candidate molecules for clinical use in psychiatric disorders such as Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). They were recently also proposed as molecules supporting neural tissue repair by anti-inflammatory properties. Here we reported that two classic psychedelics, DMT and psilocin, can influence microglial functions by reducing the level of TLR4, p65, CD80 proteins, which are markers of the immune response, and upregulat TREM2 neuroprotective receptor. Psilocin also secured neuronal survival in the neuron-microglia co-culture model by attenuating the phagocytic function of microglia. We conclude that DMT and psilocin regulate the immunomodulatory potential of microglia. Of note, psychedelics were previously reported as a relatively safe treatment approach. The demonstrated regulation of inflammatory molecules and microglia phagocytosis suggests that psychedelics or their analogs are candidates in the therapy of neurological disorders where microglia and inflammation significantly contribute to pathogenic disease mechanisms.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-03-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.03.07.434103", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.07.434103", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR293601\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2191, "title": "The Use of Classic Hallucinogens/Psychedelics in a Therapeutic Context: Healthcare Policy Opportunities and Challenges.", "normalized_title": "the use of classic hallucinogens psychedelics in a therapeutic context healthcare policy opportunities and challenges", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Bouso JC, Rocha JM, Rossi GN, Hallak JE.", "abstract": "Psychedelics or serotonergic hallucinogens are a group of substances that share the agonism of serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors as their main mechanism of action. Its main effects include changes in perception, cognitive process, and mood. Despite being used for centuries by different cultures in ritual contexts, these substances have currently aroused the interest of science and industry for their promising antidepressant, anxiolytic, and anti-addictive effects. Considering this evidence, this article aims to explore some of the possible health policy challenges to integrate these therapeutic tools into broad and heterogeneous health systems. As a main benefit, these substances produce rapid and enduring effects with the administration of single or few doses, which could lead to new treatment possibilities for patients with severe mental disorders resistant to the usual medications. The main challenge is associated with the fact that these substances remain scheduled in most countries and are associated with social stigma related to their recreational use (especially LSD and psilocybin). This situation makes it exceedingly difficult to conduct clinical trials, although international conventions allow such research. Ethically, this could be interpreted as a violation of human rights since thousands of people are prevented from having access to possible benefits. Interestingly, ritual ayahuasca use is more acceptable to the public than the use of psilocybin-containing mushrooms or LSD. The controlled, clinical use of LSD and psilocybin seems to be less criticized and is being explored by the industry. Rigorous scientific evidence coupled with industrial interests (LSD and psilocybin), together with respect for traditional uses (ayahuasca) and international conventions, seems to be the best way for these drugs to be integrated into health systems in the next years. Which highlights the need for an urgent dialogue between science, health system, society, and politics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-03-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.2147/rmhp.s300656", "pubmed_id": "33707976", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s300656", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33707976\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2162, "title": "Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 5-Methylpsilocybin: A Tryptamine with Potential Psychedelic Activity.", "normalized_title": "chemoenzymatic synthesis of 5 methylpsilocybin a tryptamine with potential psychedelic activity", "authors": "Fricke J, Sherwood AM, Halberstadt AL, Kargbo RB, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "A novel analogue of psilocybin was produced by hybrid chemoenzymatic synthesis in sufficient quantity to enable bioassay. Utilizing purified 4-hydroxytryptamine kinase from Psilocybe cubensis, chemically synthesized 5-methylpsilocin (2) was enzymatically phosphorylated to provide 5-methylpsilocybin (1). The zwitterionic product was isolated from the enzymatic step with high purity utilizing a solvent-antisolvent precipitation approach. Subsequently, 1 was tested for psychedelic-like activity using the mouse head-twitch response assay, which indicated activity that was more potent than the psychedelic dimethyltryptamine, but less potent than that of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-03-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00087", "pubmed_id": "33667102", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00087", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Tryptamines, Hallucinogens, Molecular Structure, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33667102\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2178, "title": "Dose-response relationships of psilocybin-induced subjective experiences in humans.", "normalized_title": "dose response relationships of psilocybin induced subjective experiences in humans", "authors": "Hirschfeld T, Schmidt TT.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is the psychoactive component in Psilocybe mushrooms ('magic mushrooms'). Whether and how the quality of the psilocybin-induced experience might mediate beneficial health outcomes is currently under investigation, for example, in therapeutic applications. However, to date, no meta-analysis has investigated the dose-dependency of subjective experiences across available studies.AimEstablishing dose-response relationships of the subjective experiences induced by psilocybin in healthy study participants and a comparison of patient groups.MethodWe applied a linear meta-regression approach, based on the robust variance estimation framework, to obtain linear dose-response relationship estimates on questionnaire ratings after oral psilocybin administration. Data were obtained from the Altered States Database, which contains data extracted from MEDLINE-listed journal articles that used standardized and validated questionnaires: the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and the Hallucinogen Rating Scale.ResultsPsilocybin dose positively correlated with ratings on most factors and scales, mainly those referring to perceptual alterations and positively experienced ego dissolution. Measures referring to challenging experiences exhibited small effects and were barely modulated by dose.ConclusionPsilocybin intensified almost all characteristics of altered states of consciousness assessed with the given questionnaires. Because subjective experiences are not only determined by dose, but also by individual and environmental factors, the results may only apply to controlled laboratory experiments and not to recreational use. This paper may serve as a general literature citation for the use of psilocybin in experimental and clinical research, to compare expected and observed subjective experiences.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-03-03", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/0269881121992676", "pubmed_id": "33663259", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881121992676", "keywords": "Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Hallucinations, Hallucinogens, Psychometrics, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Mysticism, Behavior Rating Scale, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33663259\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Meta-Analysis", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2194, "title": "Low Doses of Psilocybin and Ketamine Enhance Motivation and Attention in Poor Performing Rats: Evidence for an Antidepressant Property.", "normalized_title": "low doses of psilocybin and ketamine enhance motivation and attention in poor performing rats evidence for an antidepressant property", "authors": "Higgins GA, Carroll NK, Brown M, MacMillan C, Silenieks LB, Thevarkunnel S, Izhakova J, Magomedova L, DeLannoy I, Sellers EM.", "abstract": "Long term benefits following short-term administration of high psychedelic doses of serotonergic and dissociative hallucinogens, typified by psilocybin and ketamine respectively, support their potential as treatments for psychiatric conditions such as major depressive disorder. The high psychedelic doses induce perceptual experiences which are associated with therapeutic benefit. There have also been anecdotal reports of these drugs being used at what are colloquially referred to as \"micro\" doses to improve mood and cognitive function, although currently there are recognized limitations to their clinical and preclinical investigation. In the present studies we have defined a low dose and plasma exposure range in rats for both ketamine (0.3-3 mg/kg [10-73 ng/ml]) and psilocybin/psilocin (0.05-0.1 mg/kg [7-12 ng/ml]), based on studies which identified these as sub-threshold for the induction of behavioral stereotypies. Tests of efficacy were focused on depression-related endophenotypes of anhedonia, amotivation and cognitive dysfunction using low performing male Long Evans rats trained in two food motivated tasks: a progressive ratio (PR) and serial 5-choice (5-CSRT) task. Both acute doses of ketamine (1-3 mg/kg IP) and psilocybin (0.05-0.1 mg/kg SC) pretreatment increased break point for food (PR task), and improved attentional accuracy and a measure of impulsive action (5-CSRT task). In each case, effect size was modest and largely restricted to test subjects characterized as \"low performing\". Furthermore, both drugs showed a similar pattern of effect across both tests. The present studies provide a framework for the future study of ketamine and psilocybin at low doses and plasma exposures, and help to establish the use of these lower concentrations of serotonergic and dissociative hallucinogens both as a valid scientific construct, and as having a therapeutic utility.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-02-25", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2021.640241", "pubmed_id": "33716753", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.640241", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33716753\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3370, "title": "Classic psychedelic coadministration with lithium, but not lamotrigine, is associated with seizures: an analysis of online psychedelic experience reports", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelic coadministration with lithium but not lamotrigine is associated with seizures an analysis of online psychedelic experience reports", "authors": "Nayak S, Gukasyan N, Barrett FS, Erowid E, Erowid F, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Introduction: Psychedelics show promise in treating unipolar depression, though patients with bipolar disorder have been excluded from recent psychedelic trials. There is limited information on the use of classic psychedelics (e.g. LSD or psilocybin) in individuals using mood stabilizers to treat bipolar disorder. This is important to know as individuals with bipolar depression may attempt to treat themselves with psychedelics while on a mood stabilizer, particularly given enthusiastic media reports of the efficacy of psilocybin for depression. Methods: This study analyzed reports of classic psychedelics administered with mood stabilizers from three websites (Erowid.org, Shroomery.org, and Reddit.com). Results: Strikingly, 47% of 62 lithium plus psychedelic reports involved seizures and an additional 18% resulted in bad trips while none of 34 lamotrigine reports did. Further, 39% of lithium reports involved medical attention. Most of the lamotrigine reports (65%) but few (8%) of the lithium reports were judged to have no effect on the psychedelic experience. Discussion: Although further research is needed, we provisionally conclude that psychedelic use may pose a significant seizure risk for patients on lithium.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2021-02-23", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/r726d", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r726d", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR322793\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2196, "title": "Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in Inocybe Mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "chemistry and toxicology of major bioactive substances in inocybe mushrooms", "authors": "Patocka J, Wu R, Nepovimova E, Valis M, Wu W, Kuca K.", "abstract": "Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year around the world. It attracts the attention of researchers, especially in the aspects of toxin composition, toxic mechanism and toxin application in poisonous mushroom. Inocybe is a large genus of mushrooms and contains toxic substances including muscarine, psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, lectins and baeocystin. In order to prevent and remedy mushroom poisoning, it is significant to clarify the toxic effects and mechanisms of these bioactive substances. In this review article, we summarize the chemistry, most known toxic effects and mechanisms of major toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms, especially muscarine, psilocybin and psilocin. Their available toxicity data (different species, different administration routes) published formerly are also summarized. In addition, the treatment and medical application of these toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms are also discussed. We hope that this review will help understanding of the chemistry and toxicology of Inocybe mushrooms as well as the potential clinical application of its bioactive substances to benefit human beings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-02-22", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ijms22042218", "pubmed_id": "33672330", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042218", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Mushroom Poisoning, Muscarine, Tryptamines, Organophosphorus Compounds, Lectins, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33672330\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2195, "title": "The Evolved Psychology of Psychedelic Set and Setting: Inferences Regarding the Roles of Shamanism and Entheogenic Ecopsychology.", "normalized_title": "the evolved psychology of psychedelic set and setting inferences regarding the roles of shamanism and entheogenic ecopsychology", "authors": "Winkelman MJ.", "abstract": "This review illustrates the relevance of shamanism and its evolution under effects of psilocybin as a framework for identifying evolved aspects of psychedelic set and setting. Effects of 5HT2 psychedelics on serotonin, stress adaptation, visual systems and personality illustrate adaptive mechanisms through which psychedelics could have enhanced hominin evolution as an environmental factor influencing selection for features of our evolved psychology. Evolutionary psychology perspectives on ritual, shamanism and psychedelics provides bases for inferences regarding psychedelics' likely roles in hominin evolution as exogenous neurotransmitter sources through their effects in selection for innate dispositions for psychedelic set and setting. Psychedelics stimulate ancient brain structures and innate modular thought modules, especially self-awareness, other awareness, \"mind reading,\" spatial and visual intelligences. The integration of these innate modules are also core features of shamanism. Cross-cultural research illustrates shamanism is an empirical phenomenon of foraging societies, with its ancient basis in collective hominid displays, ritual alterations of consciousness, and endogenous healing responses. Shamanic practices employed psychedelics and manipulated extrapharmacological effects through stimulation of serotonin and dopamine systems and augmenting processes of the reptilian and paleomammalian brains. Differences between chimpanzee maximal displays and shamanic rituals reveal a zone of proximal development in hominin evolution. The evolution of the mimetic capacity for enactment, dance, music, and imitation provided central capacities underlying shamanic performances. Other chimp-human differences in ritualized behaviors are directly related to psychedelic effects and their integration of innate modular thought processes. Psychedelics and other ritual alterations of consciousness stimulate these and other innate responses such as soul flight and death-and-rebirth experiences. These findings provided bases for making inferences regarding foundations of our evolved set, setting and psychology. Shamanic setting is eminently communal with singing, drumming, dancing and dramatic displays. Innate modular thought structures are prominent features of the set of shamanism, exemplified in animism, animal identities, perceptions of spirits, and psychological incorporation of spirit others. A shamanic-informed psychedelic therapy includes: a preparatory set with practices such as sexual abstinence, fasting and dream incubation; a set derived from innate modular cognitive capacities and their integration expressed in a relational animistic worldview; a focus on internal imagery manifesting a presentational intelligence; and spirit relations involving incorporation of animals as personal powers. Psychedelic research and treatment can adopt this shamanic biogenetic paradigm to optimize set, setting and ritual frameworks to enhance psychedelic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-02-22", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2021.619890", "pubmed_id": "33732156", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.619890", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33732156\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Personality Change,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2177, "title": "Cannabidiol (CBD) and other drug use among young adults who use cannabis in Los Angeles.", "normalized_title": "cannabidiol cbd and other drug use among young adults who use cannabis in los angeles", "authors": "Fedorova EV, Wong CF, Ataiants J, Iverson E, Conn BM, Lankenau SE.", "abstract": "IntroductionCannabidiol (CBD) is purportedly a promising therapeutic agent to provide relief for a variety of medical conditions with mild or no psychoactive effects. However, little is known about young adults who use cannabis and CBD-dominant products, and associations between CBD use and other drug use.MethodsYoung adults (aged 24-32) who currently used cannabis (n = 239) were surveyed in Los Angeles in March 2019 through March 2020. The sample was divided into CBD-dominant (at least 1:1 CBD:THC ratio) and THC-dominant product users. We described CBD forms, reasons and conditions for CBD use and examined between-group differences in sociodemographic characteristics, cannabis practices, health and other drug use.ResultsCBD-dominant users were more likely to be female, use cannabis at lower frequency and amount (except for edible/drinkable/oral products), self-report medical motivation for cannabis use, use cannabis for pain and report more health problems. Oil, flower, topicals and sprays/drops/tinctures were the most prevalent CBD forms. Psychological problems and pain were commonly reported conditions and medical reasons for CBD use. CBD-dominant users were more likely to report illicit drug use, where psilocybin use was markedly different between the two groups.ConclusionsCBD use was associated with health histories and motivations linked to pain and psychological problems. Positive association between CBD use and illicit drug use may indicate self-medication for psychological conditions. Future studies should evaluate the effectiveness of various CBD forms and dose regimens for treatment of pain and psychological problems, and as a potential intervention for decreasing other drug use and associated harms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-02-21", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108648", "pubmed_id": "33676073", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108648", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabis, Pain, Substance-Related Disorders, Cannabidiol, Hallucinogens, Cohort Studies, Longitudinal Studies, Adolescent, Adult, Los Angeles, Female, Male, Young Adult, Self Report, Dronabinol, Marijuana Use", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33676073\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2179, "title": "Optimal dosing for psilocybin pharmacotherapy: Considering weight-adjusted and fixed dosing approaches.", "normalized_title": "optimal dosing for psilocybin pharmacotherapy considering weight adjusted and fixed dosing approaches", "authors": "Garcia-Romeu A, Barrett FS, Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "BackgroundGrowing evidence suggests psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic, is a safe and promising pharmacotherapy for treatment of mood and substance use disorders when administered as part of a structured intervention. In most trials to date, psilocybin dose has been administered on a weight-adjusted basis rather than the more convenient procedure of administering a fixed dose.AimsThe present post hoc analyses sought to determine whether the subjective effects of psilocybin are affected by body weight when psilocybin is administered on a weight-adjusted basis and when psilocybin is administered as a fixed dose.MethodsWe analyzed acute subjective drug effects (mystical, challenging, and intensity) associated with therapeutic outcomes from ten previous studies (total N = 288) in which psilocybin was administered in the range 20 to 30 mg/70 kg (inclusive). Separate multivariate regression analyses examined the relationships between demographic variables including body weight and subjective effects in participants receiving 20 mg/70 kg (n = 120), participants receiving 30 mg/70 kg (n = 182), and participants whose weight-adjusted dose was about 25 mg (to approximate the fixed dose that is currently being evaluated in registration trials for major depressive disorder) (n = 103).ResultsIn the 20 mg/70 kg and 30 mg/70 kg weight-adjusted groups, and in the fixed dose group, no significant associations were found between subjective effects and demographic variables including body weight or sex. Across a wide range of body weights (49 to 113 kg) the present results showed no evidence that body weight affected subjective effects of psilocybin.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the convenience and lower cost of administering psilocybin as a fixed dose outweigh any potential advantage of weight-adjusted dosing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-02-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/0269881121991822", "pubmed_id": "33611977", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881121991822", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Body Weight, Hallucinogens, Drug Monitoring, Treatment Outcome, Affect, Grief, Fear, Self Concept, Sex Factors, Mysticism, Adult, Female, Male, Drug Dosage Calculations, Self-Assessment, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin, Cigarette Smoking, Psychosocial Functioning, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33611977\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3260, "title": "Psilocybin induces rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines in frontal cortex in vivo", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines in frontal cortex in vivo", "authors": "Shao L, Liao C, Gregg I, Davoudian PA, Savalia NK, Delagarza K, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "Summary Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic with untapped therapeutic potential. There are hints that the use of psychedelics can produce neural adaptations, although the extent and time scale of the impact in a mammalian brain are unknown. In this study, we used chronic two-photon microscopy to image longitudinally the apical dendritic spines of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mouse medial frontal cortex. We found that a single dose of psilocybin led to ∼10% increases in spine size and density, driven by an elevated spine formation rate. The structural remodeling occurred quickly within 24 hours and was persistent 1 month later. Psilocybin also ameliorated stress-related behavioral deficit and elevated excitatory neurotransmission. Overall, the results demonstrate that psilocybin-evoked synaptic rewiring in the cortex is fast and enduring, potentially providing a structural trace for long-term integration of experiences and lasting beneficial actions.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-02-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.02.17.431629", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.17.431629", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR285136\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3203, "title": "Psilocin acutely disrupts sleep and affects local but not global sleep homeostasis in laboratory mice", "normalized_title": "psilocin acutely disrupts sleep and affects local but not global sleep homeostasis in laboratory mice", "authors": "Thomas CW, Blanco-Duque C, Bréant B, Goodwin GM, Sharp T, Bannerman DM, Vyazovskiy VV.", "abstract": "Serotonergic psychedelic drugs, such as psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), profoundly alter the quality of consciousness through mechanisms which are incompletely understood. Growing evidence suggests that a single psychedelic experience can positively impact long-term psychological well-being, with relevance for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including depression. A prominent factor associated with psychiatric disorders is disturbed sleep, and the sleep-wake cycle is implicated in the regulation of neuronal firing and activity homeostasis. It remains unknown to what extent psychedelic agents directly affect sleep, in terms of both acute arousal and homeostatic sleep regulation. Here, chronic in vivo electrophysiological recordings were obtained in mice to track sleep-wake architecture and cortical activity after psilocin injection. Administration of psilocin led to delayed REM sleep onset and reduced NREM sleep maintenance for up to approximately 3 hours after dosing, and the acute EEG response was associated primarily with an enhanced oscillation around 4 Hz. No long-term changes in sleep-wake quantity were found. When combined with sleep deprivation, psilocin did not alter the dynamics of homeostatic sleep rebound during the subsequent recovery period, as reflected in both sleep amount and EEG slow wave activity. However, psilocin decreased the recovery rate of sleep slow wave activity following sleep deprivation in the local field potentials of electrodes targeting medial prefrontal and surrounding cortex. It is concluded that psilocin affects both global vigilance state control and local sleep homeostasis, an effect which may be relevant for its antidepressant efficacy.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-02-16", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.02.16.431276", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.16.431276", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:48", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR285218\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3112, "title": "Psilocybin-induced changes in brain network integrity and segregation correlate with plasma psilocin level and psychedelic experience", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced changes in brain network integrity and segregation correlate with plasma psilocin level and psychedelic experience", "authors": "Madsen MK, Stenbæk DS, Arvidsson A, Armand S, Marstrand-Joergensen MR, Johansen SS, Linnet K, Ozenne B, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "The emerging novel therapeutic psilocybin produces psychedelic effects via engagement of cerebral serotonergic targets by psilocin (active metabolite). The serotonin 2A receptor critically mediates these effects by altering distributed neural processes that manifest as increased entropy, reduced functional connectivity (FC) within discrete brain networks (i.e., reduced integrity) and increased FC between networks (i.e., reduced segregation). Reduced integrity of the default mode network (DMN) is proposed to play a particularly prominent role in psychedelic phenomenology, including perceived ego-dissolution. Here, we investigate the effects of a psychoactive oral dose of psilocybin (0.2-0.3 mg/kg) on plasma psilocin level (PPL), subjective drug intensity (SDI) and their association in fifteen healthy individuals. We further evaluate associations between these measures and resting-state FC, measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging, acquired over the course of five hours after psilocybin administration. We show that PPL and SDI correlate negatively with measures of network integrity (including DMN) and segregation, both spatially constrained and unconstrained. We also find that the executive control network and dorsal attention network desegregate, increasing connectivity with other networks and throughout the brain as a function of PPL and SDI. These findings provide direct evidence that psilocin critically shapes the time course and magnitude of changes in the cerebral functional architecture and subjective experience following psilocybin administration. Our findings provide novel insight into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying profound perceptual experiences evoked by this emerging transnosological therapeutic and implicate the expression of network integrity and segregation in the psychedelic experience and consciousness.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-02-04", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.02.03.429325", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.03.429325", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR278731\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2198, "title": "Development and Evaluation of a Therapist Training Program for Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Clinical Research.", "normalized_title": "development and evaluation of a therapist training program for psilocybin therapy for treatment resistant depression in clinical research", "authors": "Tai SJ, Nielson EM, Lennard-Jones M, Johanna Ajantaival RL, Winzer R, Richards WA, Reinholdt F, Richards BD, Gasser P, Malievskaia E.", "abstract": "Introduction: Psychological support throughout psilocybin therapy is mandated by regulators as an essential part of ensuring participants' physical and psychological safety. There is an increased need for specially trained therapists who can provide high-quality care to participants in clinical studies. This paper describes the development and practical implementation of a therapist training program of psychological support within a current phase IIb international, multicenter, randomized controlled study of psilocybin therapy for people experiencing treatment-resistant depression. Description of Training Program: This new and manualized approach, based on current evidence-based psychotherapeutic approaches, was developed in partnership with different mental health researchers, practitioners, and experts; and has been approved by the FDA. Training consists of four components: an online learning platform; in-person training; applied clinical training; and ongoing individual mentoring and participation in webinars.This paper provides a brief overview of the method of support, the rationale and methodology of the training program, and describes each stage of training. The design and implementation of fidelity procedures are also outlined. Lessons Learned: As part of the phase IIb study of psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression, 65 health care professionals have been fully trained as therapists and assisting therapists, across the US, Canada and Europe. Therapists provided informal feedback on the training program. Feedback indicates that the didactic and experiential interactive learning, delivered through a combination of online and in-person teaching, helped therapists build conceptual understanding and skill development in the therapeutic approach. Clinical training and engagement in participant care, under the guidance of experienced therapists, were considered the most beneficial and challenging aspects of the training. Conclusions: Clinical training for therapists is essential for ensuring consistently high-quality psilocybin therapy. Development of a rigorous, effective and scalable training methodology has been possible through a process of early, active and ongoing collaborations between mental health experts. To maximize impact and meet phase III and post-approval need, enhanced online learning and establishing pathways for clinical training are identified as critical points for quality assurance. This will require close public, academic and industry collaboration.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-02-02", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.586682", "pubmed_id": "33643087", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.586682", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33643087\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1916, "title": "Trends in the Top-Cited Articles on Classic Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "trends in the top cited articles on classic psychedelics", "authors": "Lawrence DW, Sharma B, Griffiths RR, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "This study was designed to identify trends in the top-cited classic psychedelic publications. The top 50 publications on classic psychedelics with the greatest total of number of citations and annual citation rate were identified and pooled. Unique articles (n = 76) were dichotomized by median year of publication (2010.5); the differential distribution of study characteristics between the \"Recent Cohort\" (n = 38) and \"Older Cohort\" (n = 38) were documented. The Recent Cohort had a greater annual citation rate (median 76.0, IQR38.5 to 101.5) compared to the Older Cohort (median10.0, IQR5.2 to 19.3, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-02-02", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2021.1874573", "pubmed_id": "33535907", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1874573", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33535907\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Animal Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1869, "title": "Psychedelic philanthropy: The nonprofit sector and Timothy Leary's 1960s psychedelic movement.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic philanthropy the nonprofit sector and timothy leary s 1960s psychedelic movement", "authors": "Elcock C.", "abstract": "Little has been written on the financial support behind Timothy Leary's unorthodox research into mind-altering drugs like LSD and psilocybin and his subsequent psychedelic movement. Indeed several individuals and organizations helped the psychedelic cause by directly funding Leary's ventures, offering legal and logistic assistance, and organizing fund-raising campaigns. I argue that classic philanthropic attitudes and wealthy patrons played a major supporting role for Leary's psychedelic movement in the first part of the decade and that the changes in Leary's research objectives and his transition from academic to LSD guru were accompanied by changes in the patterns of support that occurred throughout the 1960s. This paper also connects Leary's legal troubles in the second part of the decade with the rise of the movement to legalize cannabis and points to historical continuity by looking at contemporary endeavors to fund psychedelic research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-31", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1002/jhbs.22083", "pubmed_id": "33524159", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.22083", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabis, Hallucinogens, Fund Raising, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33524159\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3253, "title": "Lasting effects of a single psilocybin dose on resting-state functional connectivity in healthy individuals", "normalized_title": "lasting effects of a single psilocybin dose on resting state functional connectivity in healthy individuals", "authors": "McCulloch DE, Madsen MK, Stenbæk DS, Kristiansen S, Ozenne B, Jensen PS, Knudsen GM, Fisher PM.", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Background Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug that has shown lasting positive effects on clinical symptoms and self-reported well-being following a single dose. There has been little research into the long-term effects of psilocybin on brain connectivity in humans. Aims Evaluate changes in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) at one-week and three-months after one psilocybin dose in 10 healthy psychedelic-naïve volunteers and explore associations between change in RSFC and related measures. Methods Participants received 0.2-0.3 mg/kg psilocybin in a controlled setting. Participants completed resting-state fMRI scans at baseline, one-week and three-months post-administration and [ 11 C]Cimbi-36 PET scans at baseline and one-week. We examined changes in within-network, between-network and region-to-region RSFC. We explored associations between changes in RSFC and psilocybin-induced phenomenology as well as changes in psychological measures and neocortex serotonin 2A receptor binding. Results Psilocybin was well tolerated and produced positive changes in well-being. At one-week only, executive control network (ECN) RSFC was significantly decreased (Cohen’s d=-1.73, p FWE =0.010). We observed no other significant changes in RSFC at one-week or three-months, nor changes in region-to-region RSFC. Exploratory analyses indicated that decreased ECN RSFC at one-week predicted increased mindfulness at three-months (r =-0.65). Conclusions These findings in a small cohort indicate that psilocybin affects ECN function within the psychedelic “afterglow” period. Our findings implicate ECN modulation as mediating psilocybin-induced, long-lasting increases in mindfulness. Although our findings implicate a neural pathway mediating lasting psilocybin effects, it is notable that changes in neuroimaging measures at three-months, when personality changes are observed, remain to be identified.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2021-01-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1101/2021.01.28.428377", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.28.428377", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR275481\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 1917, "title": "Sociological investigations of human enhancement drugs: The case of microdosing psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "sociological investigations of human enhancement drugs the case of microdosing psychedelics", "authors": "Liokaftos D.", "abstract": "Microdosing psychedelics is the regular use of sub-perceptive threshold doses of substances such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin ('magic') mushrooms. The phenomenon has attracted increasing public and scientific attention in numerous countries in recent years. This commentary looks at microdosing psychedelics as an emerging facet of human enhancement through drugs. After presenting a narrative based on a multidisciplinary body of literature on human enhancement drugs and microdosing, the commentary maps out directions for further sociological studies of the phenomenon as well as outlining the different fields such research can contribute to.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-28", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103099", "pubmed_id": "33518382", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103099", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Narration, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33518382\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2180, "title": "Use and abuse of dissociative and psychedelic drugs in adolescence.", "normalized_title": "use and abuse of dissociative and psychedelic drugs in adolescence", "authors": "Bates MLS, Trujillo KA.", "abstract": "Adolescence is a period of profound developmental changes, which run the gamut from behavioral and neural to physiological and hormonal. It is also a time at which there is an increased propensity to engage in risk-taking and impulsive behaviors like drug use. This review examines the human and preclinical literature on adolescent drug use and its consequences, with a focus on dissociatives (PCP, ketamine, DXM), classic psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin), and MDMA. It is the case for all the substances reviewed here that very little is known about their effects in adolescent populations. An emerging aspect of the literature is that dissociatives and MDMA produce mixed reinforcing and aversive effects and that the balance between reinforcement and aversion may differ between adolescents and adults, with consequences for drug use and addiction. However, many studies have failed to directly compare adults and adolescents, which precludes definitive conclusions about these consequences. Other important areas that are largely unexplored are sex differences during adolescence and the long-term consequences of adolescent use of these substances. We provide suggestions for future work to address the gaps we identified in the literature. Given the widespread use of these drugs among adolescent users, and the potential for therapeutic use, this work will be crucial to understanding abuse potential and consequences of use in this developmental stage.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-27", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173129", "pubmed_id": "33515586", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173129", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Dextromethorphan, Phencyclidine, Hallucinogens, Risk-Taking, Age Factors, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33515586\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article,Animal Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2212, "title": "5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors as potential targets for the treatment of nicotine use and dependence.", "normalized_title": "5 ht2a and 5 ht2c receptors as potential targets for the treatment of nicotine use and dependence", "authors": "Higgins GA, Sellers EM.", "abstract": "Nicotine use and dependence, typically achieved through cigarette smoking, but increasingly through vape products, is the leading cause of preventable death today. Despite a recognition that many current smokers would like to quit, the success rate at doing so is low and indicative of the persistent nature of nicotine dependence and the high urge to relapse. There are currently three main forms of pharmacotherapy approved as aids to treat nicotine dependence: a variety of nicotine replacement products (NRT's), the mixed NA/DA reuptake inhibitor bupropion (Zyban®), and the preferential nicotinic α4β2 receptor agonist drug, varenicline (Chantix®); the latter being generally recognized to be the most effective. However, each of these approaches afford only limited efficacy, and various other pharmacological approaches are being explored. This chapter focusses on approaches targeted to the serotonin (5-HT) system, namely, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) which served a pioneer role in the investigation of serotoninergic modulators in human smoking cessation trials; and secondly drugs selectively interacting with the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor systems. From an efficacy perspective, measured as smoking abstinence, the 5-HT2A agonist psychedelics, namely psilocybin, seem to show the most promise; although as the article highlights, these findings are both preliminary and there are significant challenges to the route to approval, and therapeutic use of this class should they reach approval status. Additional avenues include 5-HT2C receptor agonists, which until recently was pioneered by lorcaserin, and 5-HT2A receptor antagonists represented by pimavanserin. Each of these approaches has distinct profiles across preclinical tests of nicotine dependence, and may have therapeutic potential. It is anticipated as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers emerge, they may provide opportunities for subject stratification and opportunities for personalizing smoking cessation treatment. The clinical assessment of SSRI, 5-HT2A and/or 5-HT2C receptor-based treatments may be best served by this process.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-21", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.007", "pubmed_id": "33541678", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.007", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, Nicotine, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C, Smoking Cessation, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Varenicline, Tobacco Use Cessation Devices", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33541678\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2203, "title": "[Treatment with psilocybin: applications for patients with psychiatric disorders].", "normalized_title": "treatment with psilocybin applications for patients with psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Breeksema JJ, Koolen MHB, Somers M, Schoevers RA.", "abstract": "After a cessation of almost 40 years, there is renewed interest into therapeutic applicationsof the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin for the treatment of patients with various psychiatric disorders. PubMed was searched for clinical trials into \"psilocybin\" between 2000 and 2020, complemented by handsearching. Articles were also screened for explanatory models and working mechanisms. Psilocybin has been studied in 9 clinical trials: for the treatment of substance use disorders, depression, end-of-life anxiety, demoralization, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Results show that psilocybin is well tolerated, with only limited side-effects, while even patients with treatment-resistant disorders sometimes show marked, long-term improvements after one or a few sessions. Initial results are encouraging, but there are several limitations. More research is needed to determine which patient populations can benefit, what role setting and the placebo response play, and how these novel treatments can be optimized.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-20", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "33560605", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33560605", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Mental Disorders, Adult, Female, Male, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33560605\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2144, "title": "Psychedelic Psychiatry and the Consult-Liaison Psychiatrist: A Primer.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic psychiatry and the consult liaison psychiatrist a primer", "authors": "Barnett BS, Greer GR.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychedelic compounds such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) share a long and complex history with psychiatry. A half century ago, psychedelics were widely employed by psychiatrists in investigational and clinical settings, with studies demonstrating promising findings for their use in the treatment of mental illness and substance use disorders. However, concerns were also raised about their abuse potential and other adverse effects. Owing to these worries and psychedelics' association with the counterculture movement, psychedelics were largely outlawed in the United States in 1970, bringing research on their therapeutic potential to a halt. However, in recent years, a resurgence of psychedelic research has revealed compelling, though early, evidence for the use of psychedelic-assisted therapy in treating alcohol use disorder, nicotine use disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression.ObjectiveHere we provide an overview of psychiatry's complicated relationship with psychedelics, while reviewing contemporary findings on psychedelic-assisted therapy, safety of psychedelic-assisted therapy, and risks of nonmedical use. We also make the case that psychiatry should consider preparing now for the possibility of Food and Drug Administration approval of psychedelic-assisted therapies in the near future. We conclude by discussing how growing societal interest in psychedelics could impact the work of consult-liaison psychiatrists, while also exploring how consult-liaison psychiatrists might contribute to future delivery of psychedelic treatments.MethodsWe reviewed literature on psychedelic-assisted therapies and adverse events resulting from nonmedical psychedelic use.ResultsWe found a small, but rapidly growing literature indicating that psychedelic-assisted therapies may have treatment potential for mental illness and addiction. Our search also revealed a variety of rare adverse events stemming from nonmedical psychedelic use.ConclusionsDespite past concerns about psychedelics, current data indicate psychedelic-assisted therapy may potentially reduce suffering owing to mental illness and addiction if administered thoughtfully and cautiously by trained professionals in medical settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-20", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1016/j.jaclp.2020.12.011", "pubmed_id": "34210406", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaclp.2020.12.011", "keywords": "N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychiatry, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34210406\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2148, "title": "Classical Psychedelics as Therapeutics in Psychiatry - Current Clinical Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms in Substance Use and Mood Disorders.", "normalized_title": "classical psychedelics as therapeutics in psychiatry current clinical evidence and potential therapeutic mechanisms in substance use and mood disorders", "authors": "Mertens LJ, Preller KH.", "abstract": "Classical psychedelics, primarily psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), have been used and extensively studied in Western medicine as part of substance-assisted psychotherapy in the 1950s and 1960s. Modern clinical research is currently gaining momentum and provides new evidence for the safety and efficacy of classical psychedelics (primarily psilocybin, but also LSD and ayahuasca) in the treatment of different psychiatric conditions, including substance use and mood disorders.In this review article, we outline common pathological mechanisms of substance use disorders (SUD) and unipolar depression. Next, the current literature on the effects of psychedelics is summarized in order to generate hypotheses regarding their potential therapeutic mechanisms of action in treating these psychiatric conditions. Finally, we review and discuss clinical trials published since 2011 investigating the effects of psychedelics in SUD and depression.While results from those modern clinical trials are promising, most of them do not meet the methodological requirements to allow firm conclusions on the clinical efficacy of psychedelics. Larger, blinded, randomized controlled trials (RCT) with clearly defined patient groups and well-defined primary endpoints are needed. Additionally, the therapeutic mechanisms of classical psychedelics are currently unknown. This review presents hypotheses derived from preclinical and human studies that need to be tested in future trials to better understand the clinical potential of psychedelic substances in modern psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-19", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1055/a-1341-1907", "pubmed_id": "33472250", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1341-1907", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Mood Disorders, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33472250\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2204, "title": "A Single Dose of Psilocybin Increases Synaptic Density and Decreases 5-HT2A Receptor Density in the Pig Brain.", "normalized_title": "a single dose of psilocybin increases synaptic density and decreases 5 ht2a receptor density in the pig brain", "authors": "Raval NR, Johansen A, Donovan LL, Ros NF, Ozenne B, Hansen HD, Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "A single dose of psilocybin, a psychedelic and serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonist, may be associated with antidepressant effects. The mechanism behind its antidepressive action is unknown but could be linked to increased synaptogenesis and down-regulation of cerebral 5-HT2AR. Here, we investigate if a single psychedelic dose of psilocybin changes synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) and 5-HT2AR density in the pig brain. Twenty-four awake pigs received either 0.08 mg/kg psilocybin or saline intravenously. Twelve pigs (n = 6/intervention) were euthanized one day post-injection, while the remaining twelve pigs were euthanized seven days post-injection (n = 6/intervention). We performed autoradiography on hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) sections with [3H]UCB-J (SV2A), [3H]MDL100907 (5-HT2AR antagonist) and [3H]Cimbi-36 (5-HT2AR agonist). One day post psilocybin injection, we observed 4.42% higher hippocampal SV2A density and lowered hippocampal and PFC5-HT2AR density (-15.21% to -50.19%). These differences were statistically significant in the hippocampus for all radioligands and in the PFC for [3H]Cimbi-36 only. Seven days post-intervention, there was still significantly higher SV2A density in the hippocampus (+9.24%) and the PFC (+6.10%), whereas there were no longer any differences in 5-HT2AR density. Our findings suggest that psilocybin causes increased persistent synaptogenesis and an acute decrease in 5-HT2AR density, which may play a role in psilocybin's antidepressive effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-14", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.3390/ijms22020835", "pubmed_id": "33467676", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020835", "keywords": "Brain, Hippocampus, Prefrontal Cortex, Synapses, Animals, Swine, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Ligands, Autoradiography, Female, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33467676\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2200, "title": "Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants.", "normalized_title": "classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms a meta analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants", "authors": "Galvão-Coelho NL, Marx W, Gonzalez M, Sinclair J, de Manincor M, Perkins D, Sarris J.", "abstract": "RationaleMajor depressive disorder is one of the leading global causes of disability, for which the classic serotonergic psychedelics have recently reemerged as a potential therapeutic treatment option.ObjectiveWe present the first meta-analytic review evaluating the clinical effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics vs placebo for mood state and symptoms of depression in both healthy and clinical populations (separately).ResultsOur search revealed 12 eligible studies (n = 257; 124 healthy participants, and 133 patients with mood disorders), with data from randomized controlled trials involving psilocybin (n = 8), lysergic acid diethylamide ([LSD]; n = 3), and ayahuasca (n = 1). The meta-analyses of acute mood outcomes (3 h to 1 day after treatment) for healthy volunteers and patients revealed improvements with moderate significant effect sizes in favor of psychedelics, as well as for the longer-term (16 to 60 days after treatments) mood state of patients. For patients with mood disorder, significant effect sizes were detected on the acute, medium (2-7 days after treatment), and longer-term outcomes favoring psychedelics on the reduction of depressive symptoms.ConclusionDespite the concerns over unblinding and expectancy, the strength of the effect sizes, fast onset, and enduring therapeutic effects of these psychotherapeutic agents encourage further double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials assessing them for management of negative mood and depressive symptoms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-10", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-020-05719-1", "pubmed_id": "33427944", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05719-1", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Affect, Mood Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33427944\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2193, "title": "The acute effects of classic psychedelics on memory in humans.", "normalized_title": "the acute effects of classic psychedelics on memory in humans", "authors": "Healy CJ.", "abstract": "RationaleMemory plays a central role in the psychedelic experience. The spontaneous recall and immersive reliving of autobiographical memories has frequently been noted by researchers and clinicians as a salient phenomenon in the profile of subjective effects of classic psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca. The ability for psychedelics to provoke vivid memories has been considered important to their clinical efficacy.ObjectiveThis review aims to examine and aggregate the findings from experimental, observational, and qualitative studies on the acute modulation of memory by classic psychedelics in humans.MethodA literature search was conducted using PubMed and PsycInfo as well as manual review of references from eligible studies. Publications reporting quantitative and/or qualitative findings were included; animal studies and case reports were excluded.ResultsClassic psychedelics produce dose-dependently increasing impairments in memory task performance, such that low doses produce no impairment and higher doses produce increasing levels of impairment. This pattern has been observed in tasks assessing spatial and verbal working memory, semantic memory, and non-autobiographical episodic memory. Such impairments may be less pronounced among experienced psychedelic users. Classic psychedelics also increase the vividness of autobiographical memories and frequently stimulate the recall and/or re-experiencing of autobiographical memories, often memories that are affectively intense (positively or negatively valenced) and that had been avoided and/or forgotten prior to the experience.ConclusionsClassic psychedelics dose-dependently impair memory task performance but may enhance autobiographical memory. These findings are relevant to the understanding of psychological mechanisms of action of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-08", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-020-05756-w", "pubmed_id": "33420592", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05756-w", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Memory Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Memory, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Psychotherapy, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Memory, Episodic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33420592\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2182, "title": "Development of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire among a sample of people who have consumed psilocybin or LSD.", "normalized_title": "development of the psychological insight questionnaire among a sample of people who have consumed psilocybin or lsd", "authors": "Davis AK, Barrett FS, So S, Gukasyan N, Swift TC, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "BackgroundSeveral measures have been developed to examine acute psychedelic effects (e.g. mystical-type and challenging experiences), but no measure assesses acute psychologically insightful experiences that may occur during psychedelic experiences.AimThe purpose of this study was to develop and examine the psychometric properties of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire.MethodA cross-sectional survey study among psilocybin and LSD users. Respondents (n=1661; Mage=22.9, standard deviation=8.5; Caucasian/White=83%; non-Hispanic=91%; men=72%; United States resident=66%) completed an Internet-based survey.ResultsThe Psychological Insight Questionnaire consists of 23 items with two subscales: (a) Avoidance and Maladaptive Patterns Insights and (b) Goals and Adaptive Patterns Insights. Construct validity of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire was supported by strong correlations of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire (and Avoidance and Maladaptive Patterns Insights and Goals and Adaptive Patterns Insights subscales) scores with the insight subscale of the Session Impacts Scale, and weak-to-moderate correlations with the Mystical Experiences and Challenging Experiences Questionnaires. Furthermore, Psychological Insight Questionnaire (and Avoidance and Maladaptive Patterns Insights and Goals and Adaptive Patterns Insights subscales) scores were moderately-to-strongly correlated with retrospectively reported increases in psychological flexibility, and well-being/life satisfaction that were attributed to a memorable psychedelic experience. Lastly, incremental validity was established showing that the Psychological Insight Questionnaire (and Avoidance and Maladaptive Patterns Insights subscale) scores predict unique variance in changes in psychological flexibility, and Psychological Insight Questionnaire (and Avoidance and Maladaptive Patterns Insights and Goals and Adaptive Patterns Insights subscales) scores predict changes in well-being and life satisfaction, beyond measures of acute mystical-type and challenging effects.ConclusionsThe Psychological Insight Questionnaire has the potential to extend the understanding of the acute and enduring effects of psychedelics. Further longitudinal research is necessary to determine the long-term predictive validity of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire and to examine the role of psychological insight in predicting therapeutic outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-08", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1177/0269881120967878", "pubmed_id": "33427007", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120967878", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Reproducibility of Results, Adaptation, Psychological, Avoidance Learning, Psychometrics, Mysticism, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33427007\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Mystical Experience,Psychological Flexibility,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2028, "title": "Psilacetin derivatives: fumarate salts of the meth-yl-ethyl, meth-yl-allyl and diallyl variants of the psilocin prodrug.", "normalized_title": "psilacetin derivatives fumarate salts of the meth yl ethyl meth yl allyl and diallyl variants of the psilocin prodrug", "authors": "Pham DNK, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR.", "abstract": "The solid-state structures of the salts of three psilacetin derivatives, namely, 4-acet-oxy-N-eth-yl-N-methyl-tryptammonium (4-AcO-MET) hydro-fumarate {sys-tematic name: [2-(4-acet-yloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)ethyl-aza-nium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-enoate}, C15H21N2O2 +·C4H3O4 -, 4-acet-oxy-N-allyl-N-methyl-tryptammonium (4-AcO-MALT) hydro-fumarate {systematic name: [2-(4-acet-yl-oxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)prop-2-enyl-aza-nium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-eno-ate}, C16H21N2O2 +·C4H3O4 -, and 4-acet-oxy-N,N-di-allyl-tryptammonium (4-AcO-DALT) fumarate-fumaric acid (1/1) (systematic name: bis-{[2-(4-acet-yloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]diprop-2-enyl-aza-nium} but-2-enedioate-(E)-butenedioic acid (1/1)), 2C18H23N2O2 +·C4H2O4 2-·C4H4O4, are reported. All three salts possess a protonated tryptammonium cation. The 4-AcO-MET and 4-AcO-MALT compounds are charge-balanced by 3-carb-oxy-acrylate (hydro-fumarate) anions. The 4-AcO-DALT complex crystallizes as a two-to-one tryptammonium-to-fumarate salt, which co-crystallizes with a fumaric acid mol-ecule. Each structure is consolidated by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-07", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1107/s2056989021000116", "pubmed_id": "33614134", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1107/s2056989021000116", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33614134\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3556, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted Group Therapy for Demoralization in Long-term AIDS Survivors", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted group therapy for demoralization in long term aids survivors", "authors": "Joshua Woolley", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to determine whether psilocybin-assisted group psychotherapy is a safe and feasible treatment for demoralization in long-term AIDS survivors (LTAS). This study is an open-label mixed-methods pilot study of an individual oral psilocybin drug session combined with ten sessions of an evidence-based, manualized brief group psychotherapy for existential distress in palliative care patients.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2021-01-06", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02950467", "keywords": "Distress, Depression, Grief, Psilocybin, 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Indocybin, Modified brief Supportive Expressive Group Therapy, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT02950467\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,End-of-Life Distress", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 2206, "title": "Draft Genome Sequence of the Termite-Associated \"Cuckoo Fungus,\" Athelia (Fibularhizoctonia) sp. TMB Strain TB5.", "normalized_title": "draft genome sequence of the termite associated cuckoo fungus athelia fibularhizoctonia sp tmb strain tb5", "authors": "Konkel Z, Scott K, Slot JC.", "abstract": "Atheliales is a diverse order of crust-forming Basidiomycota fungi. Here, we report the draft genome of the \"cuckoo fungus,\" Athelia (Fibularhizoctonia) sp. TMB strain TB5 (Atheliales), which forms termite-egg-mimicking sclerotia that termites tend. We further compare its repertoire of psilocybin gene homologs to homologs previously reported for Fibularhizoctonia psychrophila.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2021-01-06", "publication_year": 2021, "doi": "10.1128/mra.01230-20", "pubmed_id": "33414338", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.01230-20", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33414338\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2988, "title": "Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and psychedelic assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Reiff CM, Richman EE, Nemeroff CB, Carpenter LL, Widge AS, Rodriguez CI, Kalin NH, McDonald WM, Work Group on Biomarkers and Novel Treatments, a Division of the American Psychiatric Association Council of Research", "abstract": "(Reprinted with permission from 2020; 177:391-410).", "journal": "Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing)", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1176/appi.focus.19104", "pubmed_id": "34483775", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34483775/", "keywords": "Ayahuasca, Drug-Psychotherapy Combination, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, MDMA, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34483775\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2218, "title": "Making \"bad trips\" good: How users of psychedelics narratively transform challenging trips into valuable experiences.", "normalized_title": "making bad trips good how users of psychedelics narratively transform challenging trips into valuable experiences", "authors": "Gashi L, Sandberg S, Pedersen W", "abstract": "We study the significance of stories about bad trips among users of psychedelics. Drawing on narrative theory, we describe the characteristics of such stories and explore the work they do. In-depth qualitative interviews with 50 Norwegian users of psychedelics. Almost all participants had frightening experiences when using psychedelics and many described these as bad trips. The key feature of a bad trip was a feeling of losing oneself or going crazy, or ego dissolution. Most users said that these experiences could be avoided by following certain rules, based on tacit knowledge in the subcultures of users. Possessing such knowledge was part of symbolic boundary work that distinguished between drug culture insiders and outsiders. Some also rejected the validity of the term bad trip altogether, arguing that such experiences reflected the lack of such competence. Finally, and most importantly, most participants argued that unpleasant experiences during bad trips had been beneficial and had sometimes given them deep existential and life-altering insights. Bad trip experiences are common among users of psychedelics. Such experiences are often transformed into valuable experiences through storytelling. Bad trip narratives may be a potent coping mechanism for users of psychedelics in non-controlled environments, enabling them to make sense of frightening experiences and integrate these into their life stories. Such narrative sense-making, or narrative work, facilitates the continued use of psychedelics, even after unpleasant experiences with the drugs.", "journal": "The International journal on drug policy", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102997", "pubmed_id": "33080454", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33080454/", "keywords": "Bad trip, DMT, LSD, Narratives, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33080454\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2214, "title": "Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in psychiatry neuroplastic immunomodulatory and neurotransmitter mechanisms", "authors": "Inserra A, De Gregorio D, Gobbi G.", "abstract": "Mounting evidence suggests safety and efficacy of psychedelic compounds as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. Ketamine has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in a new class of antidepressants, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is undergoing phase III clinical trials for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are being investigated in several phase II and phase I clinical trials. Hence, the concept of psychedelics as therapeutics may be incorporated into modern society. Here, we discuss the main known neurobiological therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics, which are thought to be mediated by the effects of these compounds on the serotonergic (via 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors) and glutamatergic [via N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors] systems. We focus on 1) neuroplasticity mediated by the modulation of mammalian target of rapamycin-, brain-derived neurotrophic factor-, and early growth response-related pathways; 2) immunomodulation via effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, nuclear factor ĸB, and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1, 6, and 10 production and release; and 3) modulation of serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and norepinephrinergic receptors, transporters, and turnover systems. We discuss arising concerns and ways to assess potential neurobiological changes, dependence, and immunosuppression. Although larger cohorts are required to corroborate preliminary findings, the results obtained so far are promising and represent a critical opportunity for improvement of pharmacotherapies in psychiatry, an area that has seen limited therapeutic advancement in the last 20 years. Studies are underway that are trying to decouple the psychedelic effects from the therapeutic effects of these compounds. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychedelic compounds are emerging as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. However, understanding of molecular mechanisms mediating improvement remains limited. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the effects of psychedelic compounds on pathways that modulate neuroplasticity, immunity, and neurotransmitter systems. This work aims to be a reference for psychiatrists who may soon be faced with the possibility of prescribing psychedelic compounds as medications, helping them assess which compound(s) and regimen could be most useful for decreasing specific psychiatric symptoms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056", "pubmed_id": "33328244", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056", "keywords": "Pituitary-Adrenal System, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Humans, Neurotransmitter Agents, Hallucinogens, Psychiatry, Neuronal Plasticity, United States, Immunomodulation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33328244\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2213, "title": "How ecstasy and psilocybin are shaking up psychiatry.", "normalized_title": "how ecstasy and psilocybin are shaking up psychiatry", "authors": "Tullis P.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1038/d41586-021-00187-9", "pubmed_id": "33505033", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00187-9", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Serotonin, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Niacin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Depression, Efficiency, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Neuronal Plasticity, Certification, Clinical Trials as Topic, Drug Prescriptions, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Rumination, Cognitive, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33505033\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2211, "title": "Psychedelic Medicines in Major Depression: Progress and Future Challenges.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic medicines in major depression progress and future challenges", "authors": "Bouso JC, Ona G, Dos Santos RG, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "The volume of research on the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs has been increasing during the last decades. Partly because of the need of innovative treatments in psychiatry, several studies have assessed the safety and efficacy of drugs like psilocybin or ayahuasca for a wide range of mental disorders, including major depression. The first section of this chapter will offer an introduction to psychedelic research, including a brief historical overview and discussions about appropriate terminology. In the second section, the recently published clinical trials in which psychedelic drugs were administered to patients will be analysed in detail. Then, in the third section, the main neurobiological mechanisms of these drugs will be described, noting that while some of these mechanisms could be potentially associated with their therapeutic properties, they are commonly used as adjuvants in psychotherapeutic processes. The last section suggests future challenges for this groundbreaking field of research and therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_26", "pubmed_id": "33834416", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_26", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Psychiatry, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33834416\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2208, "title": "A Trip Through Employment Law: Protecting Therapeutic Psilocybin Users in the Workplace.", "normalized_title": "a trip through employment law protecting therapeutic psilocybin users in the workplace", "authors": "Sheppard B.", "abstract": "In 2020, Oregon voters legalized therapeutic psilocybin in response to a plethora of scientific studies showing symptom reduction for depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, opioid addictions, migraines, other mental illnesses, HIV/AIDS, and cancer. The legal rethinking regarding therapeutic psilocybin continues in both state legislatures and city councils. Yet, despite state and local legalization or decriminalization of therapeutic psilocybin it remains illegal under the federal Controlled Substances Act. This tension between local and federal law places therapeutic psilocybin users and their employers in a difficult position. Because all types of psilocybin use remain illegal under federal law, a zero-tolerance drug use workplace policy would discipline a state sanctioned psilocybin user for off-site or off-hours therapeutic psilocybin use. Therefore, this article proposes that as states and cities legalize therapeutic psilocybin, jurisdictions should adopt employment protections for therapeutic psilocybin users like states have adopted for medical cannabis users. The proposed statute in this article protects therapeutic psilocybin users from adverse action based solely on off-site and off-hours drug use and balances employers' rights.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "35026878", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/35026878", "keywords": "Public Policy, Employment, Workplace, Medical Marijuana, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"35026878\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Headache / Migraine", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2197, "title": "What is the clinical evidence on psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders? A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "what is the clinical evidence on psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Castro Santos H, Gama Marques J.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a predominant agonist of 5HT1A and 5HT2A/C receptors and was first isolated in 1958, shortly before it became a controlled substance. Research on the potential therapeutic effects of this compound has recently re-emerged alongside what is being addressed as a psychedelic renaissance.MethodsIn this paper we performed a systematic review of the clinical trials conducted so far regarding the therapeutic effects of psilocybin on psychiatric disorders. The eligibility criteria included clinical trials that assessed psilocybin's potential therapeutic effects on patients with psychiatric disorders. Nine hundred seven articles were found and screened in regard to the title, from which 94 were screened through abstract and 9 met the eligibility criteria and were included.ResultsThe papers published focused on 3 disorders: depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorder (namely tobacco and alcohol). Psilocybin has shown a relatively safe profile and very promising results, with reductions found on most of the psychiatric rating scales' scores. Research on depression showed the most solid evidence, supported by 3 randomized controlled trials. Studies on OCD and substance use disorder showed more limitations due to their open-label design.ConclusionsAltogether, the results from the studies reviewed in this paper suggest a substantial therapeutic potential. This calls for further research to confirm the results observed so far and further explain the underlying mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000128", "pubmed_id": "33884324", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000128", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33884324\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2190, "title": "Psychedelic Harm Reduction and Integration: A Transtheoretical Model for Clinical Practice.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic harm reduction and integration a transtheoretical model for clinical practice", "authors": "Gorman I, Nielson EM, Molinar A, Cassidy K, Sabbagh J", "abstract": "Psychedelic Harm Reduction and Integration (PHRI) is a transtheoretical and transdiagnostic clinical approach to working with patients who are using or considering using psychedelics in any context. The ongoing discussion of psychedelics in academic research and mainstream media, coupled with recent law enforcement deprioritization of psychedelics and compassionate use approvals for psychedelic-assisted therapy, make this model exceedingly timely. Given the prevalence of psychedelic use, the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, and the unique cultural and historical context in which psychedelics are placed, it is important that mental health providers have an understanding of the unique motivations, experiences, and needs of people who use them. PHRI incorporates elements of harm reduction psychotherapy and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, and can be applied in both brief and ongoing psychotherapy interactions. PHRI represents a shift away from assessment limited to untoward outcomes of psychedelic use and abstinence-based addiction treatment paradigms and toward a stance of compassionate, destigmatizing acceptance of patients' choices. Considerations for assessment, preparation, and working with difficult experiences are presented.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychology", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645246", "pubmed_id": "33796055", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33796055/", "keywords": "MDMA, PHRI, harm reduction, integration, preparation, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33796055\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2167, "title": "Ethical Concerns about Psilocybin Intellectual Property.", "normalized_title": "ethical concerns about psilocybin intellectual property", "authors": "Gerber K, Flores IG, Ruiz AC, Ali I, Ginsberg NL, Schenberg EE.", "abstract": "Since a 1957 exposé in Life Magazine, chemical compounds derived from Psilocybe mushrooms have been the focus of dozens of attempted and successful patents, most recently to treat depression. Regrettably, the Mazatec indigenous communities who stewarded these traditional medicines for millenia are not party to any of these patents, despite a number of international treaties asserting indigenous rights to their intangible cultural heritage.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171", "pubmed_id": "33860186", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33860186\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2155, "title": "A \"Trip\" to the Intensive Care Unit: An Intravenous Injection of Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "a trip to the intensive care unit an intravenous injection of psilocybin", "authors": "Giancola NB, Korson CJ, Caplan JP, McKnight CA.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.jaclp.2020.12.012", "pubmed_id": "34102133", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaclp.2020.12.012", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Injections, Intravenous, Intensive Care Units, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"34102133\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2142, "title": "Does Psychedelic Therapy Have a Transdiagnostic Action and Prophylactic Potential?", "normalized_title": "does psychedelic therapy have a transdiagnostic action and prophylactic potential", "authors": "Kočárová R, Horáček J, Carhart-Harris R", "abstract": "Addressing global mental health is a major 21st-century challenge. Current treatments have recognized limitations; in this context, new ones that are prophylactic and effective across diagnostic boundaries would represent a major advance. The view that there exists a core of transdiagnostic overlap between psychiatric disorders has re-emerged in recent years, and evidence that psychedelic therapy holds promise for a range of psychiatric disorders supports the position that it may be transdiagnostically effective. Here, we propose that psychedelic therapy's core, transdiagnostically relevant action lies in its ability to increase neuronal and mental plasticity, thus enhancing the potential for change, which we consider to be a key to its therapeutic benefits. Moreover, we suggest that enhanced plasticity psychedelics, combined with a psychotherapeutic approach, can aid healthy adaptability and resilience, which are protective factors for long-term well-being. We present candidate neurological and psychological markers of this plasticity and link them with a predictive processing model of the action of psychedelics. We propose that a model of psychedelic-induced plasticity combined with an adequate therapeutic context has prophylactic and transdiagnostic potential, implying that it could have a broad, positive impact on public health.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.661233", "pubmed_id": "34349678", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34349678/", "keywords": "hallucinogens, plasticity, prevention, psilocybin, psychedelics, psychological flexibility, transdiagnostic, well-being", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34349678\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Biomarkers,Wellbeing,Resilience,Psychological Flexibility", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2133, "title": "Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.", "normalized_title": "examining the potential synergistic effects between mindfulness training and psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Eleftheriou ME, Thomas E", "abstract": "Mindfulness-based interventions and psychedelic-assisted therapy have been experimentally utilised in recent years as alternative treatments for various psychopathologies with moderate to great success. Both have also demonstrated significant post-acute and long-term decreases in clinical symptoms and enhancements in well-being in healthy participants. These two therapeutic interventions share various postulated salutogenic mechanisms, such as the ability to alter present-moment awareness and anti-depressive action, corresponding neuromodulatory effects. Recent preliminary evidence has also demonstrated that psychedelic administration can enhance mindfulness capacities which has already been demonstrated robustly as a result of mindfulness-based interventions. These shared mechanisms between mindfulness-based interventions and psychedelic therapy have led to scientists theorising, and recently demonstrating, synergistic effects when both are used in combination, in the form of potentiated therapeutic benefit. These synergistic results hold great promise but require replication in bigger sample groups and better controlled methodologies, to fully delineate the effect of set and setting, before they can be extended onto clinical populations.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707057", "pubmed_id": "34456763", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34456763/", "keywords": "5-MeO-DMT, MBSR, ayahuasca, decentering, meditation, mindfulness, psilocybin, psychedelic therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34456763\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1896, "title": "Psychedelics and Other Psychoplastogens for Treating Mental Illness.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and other psychoplastogens for treating mental illness", "authors": "Vargas MV, Meyer R, Avanes AA, Rus M, Olson DE", "abstract": "Psychedelics have inspired new hope for treating brain disorders, as they seem to be unlike any treatments currently available. Not only do they produce sustained therapeutic effects following a single administration, they also appear to have broad therapeutic potential, demonstrating efficacy for treating depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorder, and alcohol use disorder, among others. Psychedelics belong to a more general class of compounds known as psychoplastogens, which robustly promote structural and functional neural plasticity in key circuits relevant to brain health. Here we discuss the importance of structural plasticity in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases, as well as the evidence demonstrating that psychedelics are among the most effective chemical modulators of neural plasticity studied to date. Furthermore, we provide a theoretical framework with the potential to explain why psychedelic compounds produce long-lasting therapeutic effects across a wide range of brain disorders. Despite their promise as broadly efficacious neurotherapeutics, there are several issues associated with psychedelic-based medicines that drastically limit their clinical scalability. We discuss these challenges and how they might be overcome through the development of non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogens. The clinical use of psychedelics and other psychoplastogenic compounds marks a paradigm shift in neuropsychiatry toward therapeutic approaches relying on the selective modulation of neural circuits with small molecule drugs. Psychoplastogen research brings us one step closer to actually curing mental illness by rectifying the underlying pathophysiology of disorders like depression, moving beyond simply treating disease symptoms. However, determining how to most effectively deploy psychoplastogenic medicines at scale will be an important consideration as the field moves forward.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727117", "pubmed_id": "34671279", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34671279/", "keywords": "depression, hallucinogenic, ketamine, neuroplasticity, prefrontal cortex, psilocybin, psychedelic, psychoplastogen", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34671279\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Neuroplasticity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1889, "title": "Translating Psychedelic Therapies From Clinical Trials to Community Clinics: Building Bridges and Addressing Potential Challenges Ahead.", "normalized_title": "translating psychedelic therapies from clinical trials to community clinics building bridges and addressing potential challenges ahead", "authors": "Williams ML, Korevaar D, Harvey R, Fitzgerald PB, Liknaitzky P, O'Carroll S, Puspanathan P, Ross M, Strauss N, Bennett-Levy J", "abstract": "Research exploring the potential of psychedelic-assisted therapies to treat a range of mental illnesses is flourishing, after the problematic sociopolitical history of psychedelics led to the shutdown of clinical research for almost 40 years. Encouraged by positive results, clinicians and patients are now hopeful that further interruptions to research will be avoided, so that the early promise of these therapies might be fulfilled. At this early stage of renewed interest, researchers are understandably focusing more on clinical trials to investigate safety and efficacy, than on longer-term goals such as progression to community practice. Looking to identify and avoid potential pitfalls on the path to community clinics, the authors, a group of Australian clinicians and researchers, met to discuss possible obstacles. Five broad categories of challenge were identified: 1) inherent risks; 2) poor clinical practice; 3) inadequate infrastructure; 4) problematic perceptions; and 5) divisive relationships and fractionation of the field. Our analysis led us to propose some strategies, including public sector support of research and training to establish best practice and optimize translation, and funding to address issues of equitable access to treatment. Above all, we believe that strategic planning and professional cohesion will be crucial for success. Accordingly, our key recommendation is the establishment of a multidisciplinary advisory body, broadly endorsed and representing all major stakeholders, to guide policy and implementation of psychedelic-assisted therapies in Australia. Although these challenges and strategies are framed within the Australian context, we sense that they may generalize to other parts of the world. Wherever they apply, we believe that anticipation of potential difficulties, and creative responses to address them, will be important to avoid roadblocks in the future and keep the \"psychedelic renaissance\" on track.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737738", "pubmed_id": "34803761", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34803761/", "keywords": "clinical research, community clinics, depression, mental health, psilocybin, psychedelics, translation, trauma", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34803761\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Creativity,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1872, "title": "Psychedelic Therapy's Transdiagnostic Effects: A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Perspective.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy s transdiagnostic effects a research domain criteria rdoc perspective", "authors": "Kelly JR, Gillan CM, Prenderville J, Kelly C, Harkin A, Clarke G, O'Keane V", "abstract": "Accumulating clinical evidence shows that psychedelic therapy, by synergistically combining psychopharmacology and psychological support, offers a promising transdiagnostic treatment strategy for a range of disorders with restricted and/or maladaptive habitual patterns of emotion, cognition and behavior, notably, depression (MDD), treatment resistant depression (TRD) and addiction disorders, but perhaps also anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and eating disorders. Despite the emergent transdiagnostic evidence, the specific clinical dimensions that psychedelics are efficacious for, and associated underlying neurobiological pathways, remain to be well-characterized. To this end, this review focuses on pre-clinical and clinical evidence of the acute and sustained therapeutic potential of psychedelic therapy in the context of a transdiagnostic dimensional systems framework. Focusing on the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) as a template, we will describe the multimodal mechanisms underlying the transdiagnostic therapeutic effects of psychedelic therapy, traversing molecular, cellular and network levels. These levels will be mapped to the RDoC constructs of negative and positive valence systems, arousal regulation, social processing, cognitive and sensorimotor systems. In summarizing this literature and framing it transdiagnostically, we hope we can assist the field in moving toward a mechanistic understanding of how psychedelics work for patients and eventually toward a precise-personalized psychedelic therapy paradigm.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.800072", "pubmed_id": "34975593", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34975593/", "keywords": "dimethyltryptamine (DMT), hallucinogens, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, psychedelics, psychiatry, research domain criteria (RDoC)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"34975593\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1870, "title": "Erratum: A Spectrum of Selves Reinforced in Multilevel Coherence: A Contextual Behavioural Response to the Challenges of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy Development.", "normalized_title": "erratum a spectrum of selves reinforced in multilevel coherence a contextual behavioural response to the challenges of psychedelic assisted therapy development", "authors": "Frontiers Production Office", "abstract": "[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727572.].", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.832766", "pubmed_id": "35002818", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35002818/", "keywords": "acceptance and commitment therapy, integration, internal family systems, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelic, psychological flexibility, relapse prevention, self-perspective taking", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35002818\"}", "topic_tags": "Psychological Flexibility", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1836, "title": "Psychedelic Mushrooms in the USA: Knowledge, Patterns of Use, and Association With Health Outcomes.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic mushrooms in the usa knowledge patterns of use and association with health outcomes", "authors": "Matzopoulos R, Morlock R, Morlock A, Lerer B, Lerer L", "abstract": "Popular media coverage of psychedelics use, growing research into this class of compounds for psychiatry and decriminalization initiatives, are transforming the public perception of psychedelics. However, little is known about levels of knowledge and psychedelic mushroom (PM) use among American adults. We examined PM use and various measures of health status, quality of life, and self-reported mental health outcome measures obtained through a national on-line, cross-sectional survey of adults with a demographic composition representative of the US adult population by region, gender, age, and race (weighted = 251,297,495) from November 2020-March 2021. General mental health and well-being were popular reasons for PM use (63.6%), although use for medically-diagnosed (31.8%) and self-diagnosed (19.0%) conditions was also common. PM users reported more depression and anxiety as reflected in higher GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores. Factors predictive of PM use included being male [OR1.54 95%CI1.09-2.15] and having higher Charlson Comorbidity Index scores [OR1.42; 95%CI1.22-1.65]. Self-reported PM use was less likely among participants with health insurance [OR = 0.50 (0.35-0.72)], increased age [OR = 0.92 (0.90-0.93)] and, relative to those living in the west US census region, living in the northeast [OR = 0.27 (0.15-0.50)], midwest [OR = 0.34 (0.20-0.56)], and south [OR = 0.38 (0.26-0.55)]. A significant number of Americans are already \"self-medicating\" with PM and as growing positive media coverage of psychedelics drives public interest in the health benefits of PM, this number will increase. The association between PM use and poor mental health requires further research to inform policy.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-12-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.780696", "pubmed_id": "35046855", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35046855/", "keywords": "anxiety, depression, health insurance, healthcare resource utilization, population based survey, psilocybin mushroom, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"35046855\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3814, "title": "Phenylketonuria with mental retardation and valproate-induced hyperammonemia", "normalized_title": "phenylketonuria with mental retardation and valproate induced hyperammonemia", "authors": "Delia Sterpu", "abstract": "Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disorder caused by a variable reduction in the activity of the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), leading to an accumulation of phenylalanine (Phe). This accumulation affects the neurobiology of the brain, which, in turn, can cause multiple neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Common management involves phenylalanine restriction and supplementation with a Phe-free amino acid mixture. We present the case of a patient with PKU exhibiting aggressive behavior, with difficulties in the pharmacological management of this symptom. The patient was non-adherent to dietary restrictions and pharmacological treatment. Management with valproic acid was attempted, resulting in the development of valproate-induced hyperammonemia. Although no studies support a direct link between phenylketonuria and valproate-induced hyperammonemia, demyelination and neurotransmitter imbalances caused by PKU may contribute to the development of valproate-induced hyperammonemia.", "journal": "Romanian Journal of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy", "publication_date": "2020-12-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.37897/rjpp.2020.4.5", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.37897/rjpp.2020.4.5", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Addiction, Anxiety, Medicine, Clinical trial, Adverse effect, Randomized controlled trial, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Pharmacology, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4376487140\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4376487140\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Delia Sterpu\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387289208\",\"source_display_name\":\"Romanian Journal of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.37897/rjpp.2020.4.5\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3816, "title": "Case Report: Magic Mushroom (Psilocybe Cubensis) Intoxication", "normalized_title": "case report magic mushroom psilocybe cubensis intoxication", "authors": "Andrian Fajar Kusumadewi", "abstract": "A B S T R A C TIntroduction Psilocybe mushroom, or widely known as the magic mushroom is avariety of mushroom commonly consumed because of hallucinogenic traits it causestoward its consumer. This hallucinogenic effect is caused by Psilocybin, ahallucinogenic substance often found within Psilocybe mushroom. This substanceaffects mental state of the consumer and has similar effect to those of LSD andMescaline. Aside from its effect to cause mental disturbance, consumption of thismushroom may cause acute renal injury which leads to a fatal and life-threateningsituation.Case presentation: A case of Psilocybe intoxication had been reported in a22 years old male with a confirmed history of consuming Psilocybe mushroom. Patientfirst came with a symptom of disorientation and restlessness. Patient also often shookhis head off, laughed out, screamed, and continuously making bizarre movements.Psychiatric examination confirmed a sign of auditory hallucination, unstable mood,and stereotypical behavior experienced by the patient. Conclusion: An approach isneeded in the form of a physical examination and support that supports a promptand precise diagnosis, as well as comprehensive management that focuses on thedirect management of life-threatening symptoms and symptomatic treatment, takinginto account the signs and symptoms of life-threatening nephrotoxicity", "journal": "Archives of The Medicine and Case Reports", "publication_date": "2020-12-29", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.37275/amcr.v1i2.505", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.37275/amcr.v1i2.505", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Mescaline, Psychiatry, Medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4252645580\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4252645580\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079536508\",\"display_name\":\"Andrian Fajar Kusumadewi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6610-2470\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210212594\",\"source_display_name\":\"Archives of The Medicine and Case Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.37275/amcr.v1i2.505\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Case Report,Toxicity", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3815, "title": "Case Report: Magic Mushroom (Psilocybe Cubensis) Intoxication", "normalized_title": "case report magic mushroom psilocybe cubensis intoxication", "authors": "Andrian Fajar Kusumadewi", "abstract": "A B S T R A C TIntroduction Psilocybe mushroom, or widely known as the magic mushroom is avariety of mushroom commonly consumed because of hallucinogenic traits it causestoward its consumer. This hallucinogenic effect is caused by Psilocybin, ahallucinogenic substance often found within Psilocybe mushroom. This substanceaffects mental state of the consumer and has similar effect to those of LSD andMescaline. Aside from its effect to cause mental disturbance, consumption of thismushroom may cause acute renal injury which leads to a fatal and life-threateningsituation.Case presentation: A case of Psilocybe intoxication had been reported in a22 years old male with a confirmed history of consuming Psilocybe mushroom. Patientfirst came with a symptom of disorientation and restlessness. Patient also often shookhis head off, laughed out, screamed, and continuously making bizarre movements.Psychiatric examination confirmed a sign of auditory hallucination, unstable mood,and stereotypical behavior experienced by the patient. Conclusion: An approach isneeded in the form of a physical examination and support that supports a promptand precise diagnosis, as well as comprehensive management that focuses on thedirect management of life-threatening symptoms and symptomatic treatment, takinginto account the signs and symptoms of life-threatening nephrotoxicity", "journal": "Archives of The Medicine and Case Reports", "publication_date": "2020-12-29", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.37275/amcr.v1i2.13", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.37275/amcr.v1i2.13", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Mescaline, Psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3120202862\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3120202862\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079536508\",\"display_name\":\"Andrian Fajar Kusumadewi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6610-2470\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210212594\",\"source_display_name\":\"Archives of The Medicine and Case Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.37275/amcr.v1i2.13\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Case Report,Toxicity", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3352, "title": "Set and Setting: A Randomized Study of Different Musical Genres in Supporting Psychedelic Therapy", "normalized_title": "set and setting a randomized study of different musical genres in supporting psychedelic therapy", "authors": "Strickland JC, Garcia-Romeu A, Johnson M.", "abstract": "Mounting evidence supports the serotonin 2A receptor agonist psilocybin as a psychiatric pharmacotherapy. Little research has experimentally examined how session “set and setting” impacts subjective and therapeutic effects. We analyzed effects of musical genre played during sessions of a psilocybin study for tobacco smoking cessation. Participants (N=10) received psilocybin (20-30mg/70kg) in two sessions, each with a different genre (Western classical versus overtone-based), with order counterbalanced. Participants chose one genre for a third session (30mg/70kg). Mystical experiences scores tended to be higher in overtone-based than Western classical sessions. Six of ten participants chose overtone-based music for a third session. Biologically-confirmed smoking abstinence was similar based on musical choice, with a slight benefit for participants choosing the overtone-based playlist (66.7% versus 50%). These data call into question whether Western classical music typically used in psychedelic therapy holds unique benefit. Broadly, they call for experimentally examining session components toward optimizing psychedelic therapeutic protocols.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2020-12-28", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/f5dmt", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/f5dmt", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR323964\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2172, "title": "Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Substituted Tryptamines in Rats", "normalized_title": "discriminative stimulus effects of substituted tryptamines in rats", "authors": "Michael B. Gatch, Adam C. Hoch, Theresa M. Carbonaro", "abstract": "Novel synthetic compounds have been available for decades as quasi-legal alternatives to controlled substances. The hallucinogen-like effects of eight novel substituted tryptamines were evaluated to determine their potential abuse liability. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM, 0.5 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min) from saline. 4-Acetoxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine (4-AcO-DET), 4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine (4-OH-MET), 4-hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine (4-OH-DET), 4-acetoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (4-AcO-MiPT), 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-AcO-DMT), 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-OH-DMT, psilocin), 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-MiPT), 4-acetoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (4-AcO-DiPT), and 4-hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (4-OH-DiPT) were tested for their ability to substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of DOM. All test compounds fully substituted for DOM with potencies less than or equal to that of DOM. 4-OH-MET, 4-OH-DET, 4-OH-DMT, and 4-AcO-DMT decreased response rate at doses that fully substituted. Because the test compounds produced DOM-like discriminative stimulus effects, they may have similar abuse liability as DOM. 4-Acetoxy substituted compounds were less potent than 4-hydroxy substituted compounds, and the N,N-diisopropyl compounds were less potent than the dimethyl, diethyl, N-methyl-N-ethyl, and N-methyl-N-isopropyl compounds.", "journal": "ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science", "publication_date": "2020-12-28", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.0c00173", "pubmed_id": "33860176", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00173", "keywords": "Tryptamines, Chemistry, Stimulus control, Hallucinogen, Abuse liability, Pharmacology, Stereochemistry, Medicinal chemistry, Tryptamine, Biochemistry, Medicine, Internal medicine, Drug, Nicotine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3116234192\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3116234192\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":13,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038101237\",\"display_name\":\"Michael B. Gatch\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3474-211X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053326651\",\"display_name\":\"Adam C. Hoch\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083415921\",\"display_name\":\"Theresa M. Carbonaro\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210207642\",\"source_display_name\":\"ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00173\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2171, "title": "Set and Setting: A Randomized Study of Different Musical Genres in Supporting Psychedelic Therapy", "normalized_title": "set and setting a randomized study of different musical genres in supporting psychedelic therapy", "authors": "Justin C. Strickland, Albert Garcia-Romeu, Matthew W. Johnson", "abstract": "Mounting evidence supports the serotonin 2A receptor agonist psilocybin as a psychiatric pharmacotherapy. Little research has experimentally examined how session “set and setting” impacts subjective and therapeutic effects. We analyzed the effects of the musical genre played during sessions of a psilocybin study for tobacco smoking cessation. Participants (N = 10) received psilocybin (20-30 mg/70 kg) in two sessions, each with a different musical genre (Western classical versus overtone-based), with the order counterbalanced. Participants chose one genre for a third session (30 mg/70 kg). Mystical experiences scores tended to be higher in overtone-based sessions than in Western classical sessions. Six of ten participants chose the overtone-based music for a third session. Biologically confirmed smoking abstinence was similar based on musical choice, with a slight benefit for participants choosing the overtone-based playlist (66.7% versus 50%). These data call into question whether Western classical music typically used in psychedelic therapy holds a unique benefit. Broadly, we call for experimentally examining session components toward optimizing psychedelic therapeutic protocols.", "journal": "ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science", "publication_date": "2020-12-28", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.0c00187", "pubmed_id": "33860177", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00187", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Musical, Session (web analytics), Psychology, Music therapy, Overtone, Set (abstract data type), Audiology, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, Medicine, Art, Hallucinogen, Visual arts, Computer science, World Wide Web, Programming language, Physics, Spectral line, Astronomy, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3117921577\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3117921577\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":89,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027917357\",\"display_name\":\"Justin C. Strickland\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1077-0394\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091708678\",\"display_name\":\"Albert Garcia-Romeu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-1644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210207642\",\"source_display_name\":\"ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00187\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2192, "title": "Investigating the role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor activation in the effects of psilocybin, DOI, and citalopram on marble burying in mice", "normalized_title": "investigating the role of 5 ht2a and 5 ht2c receptor activation in the effects of psilocybin doi and citalopram on marble burying in mice", "authors": "Anna U. Odland, Jesper L. Kristensen, Jesper T. Andreasen", "abstract": "", "journal": "Behavioural Brain Research", "publication_date": "2020-12-27", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113093", "pubmed_id": "33359368", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113093", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Antagonist, Citalopram, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Receptor antagonist, Ketanserin, Digging, Receptor, Chemistry, 5-HT receptor, Serotonin, Medicine, Internal medicine, Hippocampus, Psychiatry, Antidepressant, History, Archaeology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3116827302\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3116827302\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":60,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052517556\",\"display_name\":\"Anna U. Odland\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6464-4831\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016691908\",\"display_name\":\"Jesper L. Kristensen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009287984\",\"display_name\":\"Jesper T. Andreasen\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S81474683\",\"source_display_name\":\"Behavioural Brain Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113093\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2183, "title": "A Dendrite-Focused Framework for Understanding the Actions of Ketamine and Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "a dendrite focused framework for understanding the actions of ketamine and psychedelics", "authors": "Savalia NK, Shao LX, Kwan AC.", "abstract": "Pilot studies have hinted that serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin may relieve depression, and could possibly do so by promoting neural plasticity. Intriguingly, another psychotomimetic compound, ketamine, is a fast-acting antidepressant and induces synapse formation. The similarities in behavioral and neural effects have been puzzling because the compounds target distinct molecular receptors in the brain. In this opinion article, we develop a conceptual framework that suggests the actions of ketamine and serotonergic psychedelics may converge at the dendrites, to both enhance and suppress membrane excitability. We speculate that mismatches in the opposing actions on dendritic excitability may relate to these compounds' cell-type and region selectivity, their moderate range of effects and toxicity, and their plasticity-promoting capacities.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-12-20", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.tins.2020.11.008", "pubmed_id": "33358035", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2020.11.008", "keywords": "Dendrites, Humans, Ketamine, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Neuronal Plasticity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33358035\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3817, "title": "Research Round Up", "normalized_title": "research round up", "authors": "Seema Kang", "abstract": "", "journal": "The Lancet Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-12-17", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30535-6", "pubmed_id": "33341164", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30535-6", "keywords": "Medicine, Psilocybin, Socioeconomic status, Depression (economics), Psychiatry, Randomized controlled trial, Population, Mental illness, Psychology, Mental health, Pediatrics, Internal medicine, Hallucinogen, Economics, Macroeconomics, Environmental health, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications, Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4229866546\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4229866546\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043119743\",\"display_name\":\"Seema Kang\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2531556786\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Lancet Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30535-6\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Adolescents", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2221, "title": "Effects and safety of Psilocybe cubensis and Panaeolus cyanescens magic mushroom extracts on endothelin-1-induced hypertrophy and cell injury in cardiomyocytes", "normalized_title": "effects and safety of psilocybe cubensis and panaeolus cyanescens magic mushroom extracts on endothelin 1 induced hypertrophy and cell injury in cardiomyocytes", "authors": "Sanah Malomile Nkadimeng, Christiaan M.L. Steinmann, J.N. Eloff", "abstract": "Prevalence of major depression in people with chronic heart failure is higher than in normal populations. Depression in heart failure has become a major issue. Psilocybin-containing mushrooms commonly known as magic mushrooms, have been used since ancient times for their mind healing properties. Their safety in cardiovascular disease conditions is not fully known and may pose as a risk for users suffering from these illnesses. Study investigates the effects and safety of Psilocybe cubensis and Panaeolus cyanescens magic mushrooms use from genus Psilocybe and Panaeolus respectively, in a pathological hypertrophy conditions in which endothelin-1 disorder is a contributor to pathogenesis. We examined the effects of the mushrooms extracts on endothelin-1-induced hypertrophy and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α)-induced cell injury in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Mushrooms were oven dried and extracted with cold and boiling-hot water. H9C2 cardiomyocytes were induced with endothelin-1 prior to treatment with extracts over 48 h. Cell injury was stimulated with TNF-α. Results proposed that the water extracts of Panaeolus cyanescens and Psilocybe cubensis did not aggravate the pathological hypertrophy induced by endothelin-1 and also protected against the TNF-α-induced injury and cell death in concentrations used. Results support medicinal safe use of mushrooms under controlled conditions and cautioned use of higher concentrations.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2020-12-17", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-020-79328-5", "pubmed_id": "33339902", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79328-5", "keywords": "Endothelin receptor, Muscle hypertrophy, Pathological, Mushroom, Medicine, Biology, Internal medicine, Botany, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Fungal Biology and Applications, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3115524456\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3115524456\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":31,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007223200\",\"display_name\":\"Sanah Malomile Nkadimeng\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5647-7156\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113698949\",\"display_name\":\"Christiaan M.L. Steinmann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086386072\",\"display_name\":\"J.N. Eloff\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1494-9842\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79328-5\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2169, "title": "Investigation of the Structure-Activity Relationships of Psilocybin Analogues", "normalized_title": "investigation of the structure activity relationships of psilocybin analogues", "authors": "Adam K. Klein, Muhammad Chatha, Lauren J. Laskowski, Emilie I. Anderson, Simon D. Brandt, Stephen J. Chapman, John D. McCorvy, Adam L. Halberstadt", "abstract": "The 5-HT2A receptor is thought to be the primary target for psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and other serotonergic hallucinogens (psychedelic drugs). Although a large amount of experimental work has been conducted to characterize the pharmacology of psilocybin and its dephosphorylated metabolite psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), there has been little systematic investigation of the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of 4-substituted tryptamine derivatives. In addition, structural analogs of psilocybin containing a 4-acetoxy group, such as 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-AcO-DMT), have appeared as new designer drugs, but almost nothing is known about their pharmacological effects. To address the gap of information, studies were conducted with 17 tryptamines containing a variety of symmetrical and asymmetrical N,N-dialkyl substituents and either a 4-hydroxy or 4-acetoxy group. Calcium mobilization assays were conducted to assess functional activity at human and mouse 5-HT2 subtypes. Head-twitch response (HTR) studies were conducted in C57BL/6J mice to assess 5-HT2A activation in vivo. All of the compounds acted as full or partial agonists at 5-HT2 subtypes, displaying similar potencies at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors, but some tryptamines with bulkier N-alkyl groups had lower potency at 5-HT2C receptors and higher 5-HT2B receptor efficacy. In addition, O-acetylation reduced the in vitro 5-HT2A potency of 4-hydroxy-N,N-dialkyltryptamines by about 10- to 20-fold but did not alter agonist efficacy. All of the compounds induce head twitches in mice, consistent with an LSD-like behavioral profile. In contrast to the functional data, acetylation of the 4-hydroxy group had little effect on HTR potency, suggesting that O-acetylated tryptamines may be deacetylated in vivo, acting as prodrugs. In summary, the tryptamine derivatives have psilocybin-like pharmacological properties, supporting their classification as psychedelic drugs.", "journal": "ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science", "publication_date": "2020-12-13", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.0c00176", "pubmed_id": "33860183", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00176", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Tryptamines, Tryptamine, Chemistry, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Agonist, Partial agonist, 5-HT2 receptor, Serotonin, Receptor, Stereochemistry, Metabolite, In vivo, Harmine, 5-HT receptor, Biochemistry, Biology, Biotechnology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3110733646\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3110733646\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":103,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022631404\",\"display_name\":\"Adam K. Klein\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1640-9324\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110707086\",\"display_name\":\"Muhammad Chatha\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005638789\",\"display_name\":\"Lauren J. Laskowski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3979-7507\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5114107372\",\"display_name\":\"Emilie I. Anderson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005457342\",\"display_name\":\"Simon D. Brandt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8632-5372\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027660601\",\"display_name\":\"Stephen J. Chapman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0617-4330\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049197736\",\"display_name\":\"John D. McCorvy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7555-9413\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036162393\",\"display_name\":\"Adam L. Halberstadt\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210207642\",\"source_display_name\":\"ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00176\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2222, "title": "Self-Reported Illicit Drug Use Among Norwegian University and College Students. Associations With Age, Gender, and Geography", "normalized_title": "self reported illicit drug use among norwegian university and college students associations with age gender and geography", "authors": "Ove Heradstveit, Jens Christoffer Skogen, Marit Edland-Gryt, Morten Hesse, Lotte Vallentin-Holbech, Kari-Jussie Lønning, Børge Sivertsen", "abstract": "Background and Aims: Several studies have pointed to relatively high levels of illicit drug use among students in higher education compared to the general population. The aim of the present study was to provide an updated examination of self-reported illicit drug use among Norwegian University and college students. Methods: Data stem from the SHoT study (Students' Health and Well-being Study), a nationwide cross-sectional survey for higher education in Norway including Norwegian full-time students aged 18-35. Self-reported illicit drug use across a range of specified drugs comprised the outcome variables. Information on gender, age, and study location (geographical area) was also collected and used as stratification variables. The SHoT-survey from 2018 ( N = 50,054) was used for the analyses of associations between demographical variables and illicit drug use, while trends in illicit drug use were estimated by comparing the 2018-results with data from the SHoT-surveys conducted in 2010 and 2014. Results: The proportion of students reporting having ever tried illicit drugs increased from 2014 to 2018, for both males (30.8 vs. 36.7%) and females (17.5 vs. 24.0%, both p < 0.001), while only minimal changes occurred between 2010 and 2014. The most commonly used illicit drugs during the past 12 months in 2018 were cannabis (15.2%), followed by MDMA (4.0%), cocaine (3.0%), and LSD/psilocybin (2.1%). Illicit drug use showed both linear increase with age, and inverted U-shaped relationships that peaked in the age span from 23 to 28 years of age. Males reported higher illicit drug use compared with females for all drugs. Proportions of illicit drug use varied across geographical areas within the country, with the highest use being reported in the Oslo area (the largest city and capital of Norway). Conclusions: The present study reports an increase from 2010 to 2018 among Norwegian University and college students in the proportion of those reporting to have tried illicit drugs. Despite varying proportions of use across type of drug, age, gender, and geographical location, the overall high levels of illicit drug use past 12 months confirm the need to address illicit drug use in this population.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-12-09", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2020.543507", "pubmed_id": "33362594", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.543507", "keywords": "Norwegian, Illicit drug, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Drug, Medicine, Demography, Environmental health, Geography, Psychiatry, Sociology, Philosophy, Linguistics, Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes, Opioid Use Disorder Treatment, Mental Health Treatment and Access", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3112932345\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3112932345\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":19,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040992821\",\"display_name\":\"Ove Heradstveit\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0243-4075\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069733582\",\"display_name\":\"Jens Christoffer Skogen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0722-5440\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013333003\",\"display_name\":\"Marit Edland-Gryt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0504-9490\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068085008\",\"display_name\":\"Morten Hesse\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6849-6554\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060922291\",\"display_name\":\"Lotte Vallentin-Holbech\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5118-563X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057093957\",\"display_name\":\"Kari-Jussie Lønning\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1192-0462\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062483765\",\"display_name\":\"Børge Sivertsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4654-9296\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.543507\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Wellbeing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2210, "title": "People of color in North America report improvements in racial trauma and mental health symptoms following psychedelic experiences", "normalized_title": "people of color in north america report improvements in racial trauma and mental health symptoms following psychedelic experiences", "authors": "Monnica T. Williams, Alan K. Davis, Yitong Xin, Nathan D. Sepeda, Pamela Colón Grigas, Sinead M. Sinnott, Angela M. Haeny", "abstract": "This study examined how psychedelics reduced symptoms of racial trauma among black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) subsequent to an experience of racism. A cross-sectional internet-based survey included questions about experiences with racism, mental health symptoms, and acute and enduring psychedelic effects. Changes in mental health were assessed by retrospective report of symptoms in the 30 days before and 30 days after an experience with psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), or 3,4-Methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine (MDMA). We recruited 313 diverse BIPOC in the US and Canada. Results revealed a significant (p", "journal": "Drugs Education Prevention and Policy", "publication_date": "2020-12-09", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/09687637.2020.1854688", "pubmed_id": "34349358", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2020.1854688", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Mental health, Anxiety, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Psychopathology, Depression (economics), Psychology, Hallucinogen, Racism, Medicine, Political science, Macroeconomics, Law, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Natural Compound Pharmacology Studies, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3112172827\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3112172827\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":100,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065680812\",\"display_name\":\"Monnica T. Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0095-3277\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038141719\",\"display_name\":\"Alan K. Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-8893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042913979\",\"display_name\":\"Yitong Xin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5871-1137\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061776312\",\"display_name\":\"Nathan D. Sepeda\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045828431\",\"display_name\":\"Pamela Colón Grigas\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025939157\",\"display_name\":\"Sinead M. Sinnott\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0088-1867\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066098048\",\"display_name\":\"Angela M. Haeny\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3004-6977\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S133407512\",\"source_display_name\":\"Drugs Education Prevention and Policy\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2020.1854688\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3818, "title": "Acute and subacute psychoactive effects of Kambô, the secretion of the Amazonian Giant Maki Frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor): retrospective reports", "normalized_title": "acute and subacute psychoactive effects of kambô the secretion of the amazonian giant maki frog phyllomedusa bicolor retrospective reports", "authors": "Timo Torsten Schmidt, Simon Reiche, Caroline L. C. Hage, Felix Bermpohl, Tomislav Majić", "abstract": "Kambô, the secretion of the Amazonian Giant Leaf Frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor) contains a plethora of bioactive peptides and was originally used by indigenous communities from the Amazon basin as medicine for improving hunting capacities. In the last 20 years, Kambô has spread to Western urban healing circles. To date it is still controversial whether the acute effects of Kambô include alterations of consciousness similar to known psychoactive substance like serotonergic psychedelics. Here we retrospectively assessed psychological effects of Kambô in a sample of anonymous users (n = 22, mean age: 39 years, ± 8.5; 45.5% female), administering standardized questionnaires for the assessment of altered states of consciousness (ASC), including the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory (PCI), the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ), the Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) for acute effects and the Persisting Effects Questionnaire (PEQ) and a scale assessing connectedness for subacute effects. The intensity of retrospectively reported acute psychological effects remained on a mild to moderate level, with no psychedelic-type distortions of perception or thinking. Conversely, persisting effects were predominantly described as positive and pleasant, revealing high scores on measures of personal and spiritual significance.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2020-12-08", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-020-78527-4", "pubmed_id": "33298999", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78527-4", "keywords": "Consciousness, Psilocybin, Medicine, Psychology, Amazonian, Mysticism, Level of consciousness, Ayahuasca, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Amazon rainforest, Ecology, Anesthesia, Biology, Art, Neuroscience, Literature, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques, Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3113209383\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3113209383\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":12,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013656947\",\"display_name\":\"Timo Torsten Schmidt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1612-1301\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080123719\",\"display_name\":\"Simon Reiche\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7424-2262\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077986053\",\"display_name\":\"Caroline L. C. Hage\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072564468\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Bermpohl\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3260-6328\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065637165\",\"display_name\":\"Tomislav Majić\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2950-6673\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78527-4\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2170, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Group Therapy and Attachment: Observed Reduction in Attachment Anxiety and Influences of Attachment Insecurity on the Psilocybin Experience", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted group therapy and attachment observed reduction in attachment anxiety and influences of attachment insecurity on the psilocybin experience", "authors": "Christopher S. Stauffer, B. Anderson, Kile Ortigo, Joshua Woolley", "abstract": "Attachment insecurity is determined early in life, is a risk factor for psychopathology, and can be measured on two separate continuous dimensions: attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. Therapeutic changes toward more secure attachment correlate with reduction in psychiatric symptoms. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated promise in the treatment of psychopathology, such as treatment-resistant depression and substance use disorders. We hypothesized that psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy would reduce attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance, thus increasing attachment security. We also hypothesized that baseline measures of attachment insecurity, which can reflect a diminished capacity for trust and exploration, would inform the quality of the psilocybin session. Participants were male long-term AIDS survivors with moderate-severe demoralization (n = 18). Using the Experiences in Close Relationships scale, we measured attachment insecurity at baseline as well as immediately, and 3 months, after completion of a brief group therapy course, which included a single midtreatment open-label psilocybin session conducted individually. Clinically important aspects of the psilocybin session were assessed using the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire and the Challenging Experience Questionnaire the day following psilocybin administration. Self-reported ratings of attachment anxiety decreased significantly from baseline to 3-months post-intervention, t(16) = −2.2; p = 0.045; drm = 0.45; 95% CI0.01, 0.87. Attachment avoidance did not change significantly. Baseline attachment anxiety was strongly correlated with psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experiences, r(15) = 0.53, p = 0.029, and baseline attachment avoidance was strongly correlated with psilocybin-related challenging experiences, r(16) = 0.62, p = 0.006. These findings have important implications for the general treatment of psychopathology as well as optimizing psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a broadly applicable treatment modality.", "journal": "ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science", "publication_date": "2020-12-08", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1021/acsptsci.0c00169", "pubmed_id": "33860182", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00169", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Anxiety, Psychopathology, Attachment theory, Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Psychotherapist, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3112557491\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3112557491\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":65,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077197149\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher S. Stauffer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0888-095X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009662036\",\"display_name\":\"B. Anderson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5023-660X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021880959\",\"display_name\":\"Kile Ortigo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2047-8485\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101826991\",\"display_name\":\"Joshua Woolley\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6753-2093\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210207642\",\"source_display_name\":\"ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00169\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mystical Experience,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2027, "title": "Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the bioanalysis of psilocybin’s main metabolites, psilocin and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, in human plasma", "normalized_title": "development and validation of an lc ms ms method for the bioanalysis of psilocybin s main metabolites psilocin and 4 hydroxyindole 3 acetic acid in human plasma", "authors": "Karolina E. Kolaczynska, Matthias E. Liechti, Urs Duthaler", "abstract": "Psilocin is the active metabolite of psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic substance. It is used recreationally and investigated in substance-assisted psychotherapy. The pharmacokinetic properties of psilocin are only partially characterized. Therefore, we developed and validated a rapid LC-MS/MS method to quantify psilocin and its metabolite 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (4-HIAA) in human plasma. Plasma samples were processed by protein precipitation using methanol. The injected sample was mixed with water in front of a C18 analytical column to increase retention of the analytes. Psilocin and 4-HIAA were detected by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive and negative electrospray ionisation mode, respectively. An inter-assay accuracy of 100-109% and precision of ≤8.7% was recorded over three validation runs. The recovery was near to complete (≥94.7%) and importantly, consistent over different concentration levels and plasma batches (CV%: ≤4.1%). The plasma matrix caused negligible ion suppression and endogenous interferences could be separated from the analytes. Psilocin and 4-HIAA plasma samples could be thawed and re-frozen for three cycles, kept at room temperature for 8 h or 1 month at −20 °C without showing degradation (≤10%). The linear range (R ≥ 0.998) of the method covered plasma concentrations observed in humans following a common therapeutic oral dose of 25 mg psilocybin and was therefore able to assess the pharmacokinetics of psilocin and 4-HIAA. The LC-MS/MS method was convenient and reliable for measuring psilocin and 4-HIAA in plasma and will facilitate the clinical development of psilocybin.", "journal": "Journal of Chromatography B", "publication_date": "2020-12-06", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122486", "pubmed_id": "33485158", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122486", "keywords": "Chemistry, Chromatography, Psilocybin, Protein precipitation, Metabolite, Selected reaction monitoring, Bioanalysis, Analyte, Mass spectrometry, Electrospray ionization, Tandem mass spectrometry, Electrospray, Detection limit, Sample preparation, Acetic acid, Pharmacokinetics, Hallucinogen, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3113337956\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3113337956\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":55,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055068028\",\"display_name\":\"Karolina E. Kolaczynska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1714-0758\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071962736\",\"display_name\":\"Matthias E. Liechti\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1765-9659\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024133720\",\"display_name\":\"Urs Duthaler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7811-3932\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S103248676\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Chromatography B\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122486\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2215, "title": "Effects of a single dose of psilocybin on behaviour, brain 5-HT2A receptor occupancy and gene expression in the pig", "normalized_title": "effects of a single dose of psilocybin on behaviour brain 5 ht2a receptor occupancy and gene expression in the pig", "authors": "Lene Lundgaard Donovan, Jens Vilstrup Johansen, Nídia Fernandez Ros, Elham Jaberi, Kristían Línnet, Sys Stybe Johansen, Brice Ozenne, Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas, Hanne D. Hansen, Gitte M. Knudsen", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-12-03", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.013", "pubmed_id": "33288378", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.013", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Psychology, Medicine, Neuroscience, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3112700248\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3112700248\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":45,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060262643\",\"display_name\":\"Lene Lundgaard Donovan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055551036\",\"display_name\":\"Jens Vilstrup Johansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7094-6801\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112591683\",\"display_name\":\"Nídia Fernandez Ros\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081715219\",\"display_name\":\"Elham Jaberi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078174062\",\"display_name\":\"Kristían Línnet\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6974-5535\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013055423\",\"display_name\":\"Sys Stybe Johansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9555-5134\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021739634\",\"display_name\":\"Brice Ozenne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9694-2956\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000432230\",\"display_name\":\"Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0369-424X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005785269\",\"display_name\":\"Hanne D. Hansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-7627\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.013\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2223, "title": "The Effects of Daytime Psilocybin Administration on Sleep: Implications for Antidepressant Action", "normalized_title": "the effects of daytime psilocybin administration on sleep implications for antidepressant action", "authors": "Dudysová Daniela, Janku Karolina, Smotek Michal, Saifutdinova Elizaveta, Koprivova Jana, Bušková Jitka, Mander Bryce Anthony, Brunovský Martin, Zach Peter, Korčák Jakub, Andrashko Veronika, Viktorinová Michaela, Tylš Filip, Bravermanová Anna, Froese Tom, Páleníček Tomáš, Horáček Jiří", "abstract": "Serotonergic agonist psilocybin is a psychedelic with antidepressant potential. Sleep may interact with psilocybin’s antidepressant properties like other antidepressant drugs via induction of neuroplasticity. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of psilocybin on sleep architecture on the night after psilocybin administration. Regarding the potential antidepressant properties, we hypothesized that psilocybin, similar to other classical antidepressants, would reduce rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and prolong REM sleep latency. Moreover, we also hypothesized that psilocybin would promote slow-wave activity (SWA) expression in the first sleep cycle, a marker of sleep-related neuroplasticity. Twenty healthy volunteers (10 women, age 28-53) underwent two drug administration sessions, psilocybin or placebo, in a randomized, double-blinded design. Changes in sleep macrostructure, SWA during the first sleep cycle, whole night EEG spectral power across frequencies in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep, and changes in subjective sleep measures were analyzed. The results revealed prolonged REM sleep latency after psilocybin administration and a trend toward a decrease in overall REM sleep duration. No changes in NREM sleep were observed. Psilocybin did not affect EEG power spectra in NREM or REM sleep when examined across the whole night. However, psilocybin suppressed SWA in the first sleep cycle. No evidence was found for sleep-related neuroplasticity, however, a different dosage, timing, effect on homeostatic regulation of sleep, or other mechanisms related to antidepressant effects may play a role. Overall, this study suggests that potential antidepressant properties of psilocybin might be related to changes in sleep.", "journal": "Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)", "publication_date": "2020-12-02", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://id.nii.ac.jp/1394/00001681/", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Antidepressant, Non-rapid eye movement sleep, Sleep (system call), Slow-wave sleep, Rapid eye movement sleep, Psychology, Medicine, Serotonergic, Eye movement, Electroencephalography, Neuroscience of sleep, Sleep Stages, Anxiolytic, Sleep induction, Sleep Bruxism, Sleep spindle, Vigilance (psychology), Anesthesia, Imipramine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Agonist, Sleep onset, Mirtazapine, Reuptake inhibitor, Sleep deprivation, Mianserin, Pharmacology, Audiology, Sleep disorder, Benzodiazepine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Sleep and Wakefulness Research, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7145041657\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7145041657\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131636900\",\"display_name\":\"Dudysová Daniela\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003029418\",\"display_name\":\"Janku Karolina\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055944515\",\"display_name\":\"Smotek Michal\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131666032\",\"display_name\":\"Saifutdinova Elizaveta\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062222226\",\"display_name\":\"Koprivova Jana\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131633914\",\"display_name\":\"Bušková Jitka\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131897039\",\"display_name\":\"Mander Bryce Anthony\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131757219\",\"display_name\":\"Brunovský Martin\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131539698\",\"display_name\":\"Zach Peter\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131599111\",\"display_name\":\"Korčák Jakub\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131743604\",\"display_name\":\"Andrashko Veronika\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131814198\",\"display_name\":\"Viktorinová Michaela\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131608681\",\"display_name\":\"Tylš Filip\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131613073\",\"display_name\":\"Bravermanová Anna\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131902705\",\"display_name\":\"Froese Tom\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131781456\",\"display_name\":\"Páleníček Tomáš\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5131634482\",\"display_name\":\"Horáček Jiří\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407056385\",\"source_display_name\":\"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://id.nii.ac.jp/1394/00001681/\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3819, "title": "Describing the Unspeakable: Psychedelic Communication Technologies and the Development of a Posthuman Language", "normalized_title": "describing the unspeakable psychedelic communication technologies and the development of a posthuman language", "authors": "Benjamin Dueck", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Over the last three decades, the renaissance of interdisciplinary research into psychedelic drugs has challenged the Cartesian notions of subjectivity and identity that have endured throughout modernity. But as work in this field reaches new degrees of complexity, the limitations of verbal and textual language are presenting barriers to conventional forms of scholarship. Across the disciplines, qualitative researchers mapping the subjective dimensions of the psychedelic experience, both in themselves and in others, must grapple with the ineffable nature of these transpersonal states of consciousness. To address these roadblocks, this paper introduces a new way of thinking about the neurological and phenomenological effects of the classic psychedelics DMT, LSD, and psilocybin. By interpreting neuroscientific research on these compounds using ideas from Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari’s Capitalism and Schizophrenia series, I argue that they can be understood not only as spiritual sacraments, psychoactive molecules, and healing medicines, but also as communication technologies that prime the human brain for higher-dimensional forms of language production. I begin by describing the effects that psychedelics have on normal human brain functioning, with an overview of contemporary neuroscientific research. Next, I introduce Deleuze and Guattari’s concepts of deterritorialization and stratification, which I argue can bring the subjective and empirical dimensions of the psychedelic experience together in a single descriptive framework. After a brief overview of contemporary psychedelic philosophy, I conclude by exploring how these molecules are playing a role in the development of multisensory (and posthuman) forms of language.", "journal": "Journal of Posthuman Studies", "publication_date": "2020-11-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.5325/jpoststud.4.2.0166", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5325/jpoststud.4.2.0166", "keywords": "Posthuman, Subjectivity, Consciousness, Sociology, Epistemology, Posthumanism, Transpersonal, Psychology, Cognitive science, Philosophy, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3116603287\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3116603287\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":3,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073480667\",\"display_name\":\"Benjamin Dueck\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-817X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210179722\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Posthuman Studies\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpoststud.4.2.0166\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3491, "title": "Effects of Serotonin Transporter Inhibition on the Subjective Response to Psilocybin in Healthy Subjects", "normalized_title": "effects of serotonin transporter inhibition on the subjective response to psilocybin in healthy subjects", "authors": "University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a classic serotonergic hallucinogen acting on the 5-HT2A receptor. It is used recreationally and in psychiatric research. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like escitalopram are first-line treatments for depression. They inhibit the serotonin transporter (SERT). This might cause a possible downregulation of postsynaptic 5-HT receptors, e.g. the 5-HT2A receptor. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of psilocybin after escitalopram and Placebo pretreatment. Subjective and physiological effects as well as effects on gene expression will be assessed. Psilocybin (the active substance in \"magic mushrooms\") is a classic serotonergic hallucinogen acting on the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. Psilocybin is used recreationally and in psychiatric research. First studies suggest efficacy in psychiatric disorders, such as depression. SSRIs like escitalopram are currently among the first-line treatments of this disorder. Escitalopram acts as a serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitor. However, the link between this mechanism and its positive effects on mood remains to be established. Several studies suggest a possible downregulation of postsynaptic serotonin (5-HT) receptors such as the 5-HT2A receptor. The aim of the study is to assess whether SERT inhibition reduces expression of the gene coding for the 5-HT2A receptor and the response to psilocybin. Participants will be treated with escitalopram (10 mg in the 1st and 20 mg in the 2nd week) or placebo for 14 days. Pretreatment is followed the first study day. A single dose of psilocybin (25 mg) will be administered. Primary study endpoint are the subjective effects on consciousness (measured by the 5D-ASC total score). Secondary study endpoints include additional psychological measurements, plasma concentrations of psilocybin and escitalopram, hydroxytryptamine receptor (HTR) gene expression, as well as some safety measures (autonomic effects, ECG). The washout between the first study day and the second pretreatment will be at least 2 days. In the second pretreatment period, participants will be treated with placebo or escitalopram (cross-over) for another 14 days. This is followed by the second study day and administration of psilocybin (25 mg). Based on a power analysis the sample size is 24 participants (12 female and 12 male).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2020-11-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03912974", "keywords": "Healthy, Escitalopram, Placebo oral capsule, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03912974\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 2230, "title": "Historic psychedelic drug trials and the treatment of anxiety disorders.", "normalized_title": "historic psychedelic drug trials and the treatment of anxiety disorders", "authors": "Weston NM, Gibbs D, Bird CIV, Daniel A, Jelen LA, Knight G, Goldsmith D, Young AH, Rucker JJ", "abstract": "In this paper, we systematically review literature from 1940 to 2000 relating to the combined use of psychological therapies and psychedelic drugs in the treatment of ICD-10 anxiety disorders. The databases Ovid MEDLINE(R), PsycINFO, and Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) were searched for case reports and trials involving humans in the treatment of ICD-10 anxiety and related disorders. Twenty-four studies are described; four describe anxiety symptoms in diverse patient groups, 14 studies describe historic diagnoses that usefully correspond with ICD-10 anxiety disorders, six studies pooled results or failed to detail results specific to contemporary ICD-10 anxiety disorders. Two of the 24 studies reported are individual case reports while two of them were inadequate in terms of the reporting of outcome measures. Thus 20 studies were ultimately included in the summary analysis. Three of the 20 studies reviewed described improvements in anxiety by standardized measures (p The majority of studies indicate that a combination of psychedelic drug administration and psychological therapy was most beneficial. We found no study suggesting that the pharmacological action of psychedelic drugs in isolation is sufficient.", "journal": "Depression and anxiety", "publication_date": "2020-11-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1002/da.23065", "pubmed_id": "32627308", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32627308/", "keywords": "LSD, anxiety, psilocybin, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"32627308\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Review Article,Case Report", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2226, "title": "Psychedelic Psychiatry: Preparing for Novel Treatments Involving Altered States of Consciousness.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic psychiatry preparing for novel treatments involving altered states of consciousness", "authors": "Holoyda B", "abstract": "The past decade has seen a renaissance of research interest into the psychotherapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds. In 2019, Oakland and Denver became the first two jurisdictions in the United States to decriminalize the possession of psychedelic-containing organisms. As research and public policy continue to evolve, it becomes increasingly plausible that psychedelics will become viable treatment options for psychiatric conditions. Psychiatrists should be integral to models of psychedelic prescription and patient management. The risk for adverse psychological and medical effects from psychedelic sessions necessitates psychiatric supervision. The literature on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy may provide wisdom regarding practical aspects of managing patients' treatment sessions.", "journal": "Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)", "publication_date": "2020-11-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ps.202000213", "pubmed_id": "33050796", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33050796/", "keywords": "LSD, psilocybin, psychedelic drugs, psychedelic psychiatry, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33050796\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Aging,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2201, "title": "Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review of modern-era clinical studies.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics a systematic review of modern era clinical studies", "authors": "Andersen KAA, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review of modern-era (post-millennium) clinical studies assessing the therapeutic effects of serotonergic psychedelics drugs for mental health conditions. Although the main focus was on efficacy and safety, study characteristics, duration of antidepressants effects across studies, and the role of the subjective drug experiences were also reviewed and presented.MethodA systematic literature search (1 Jan 2000 to 1 May 2020) was conducted in PubMed and PsychINFO for studies of patients undergoing treatment with a serotonergic psychedelic.ResultsData from 16 papers, representing 10 independent psychedelic-assisted therapy trials (psilocybin = 7, ayahuasca = 2, LSD = 1), were extracted, presented in figures and tables, and narratively synthesized and discussed. Across these studies, a total of 188 patients suffering either cancer- or illness-related anxiety and depression disorders (C/I-RADD), major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or substance use disorder (SUD) were included. The reviewed studies established feasibility and evidence of safety, alongside promising early data of efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, OCD, and tobacco and alcohol use disorders. For a majority of patients, the therapeutic effects appeared to be long-lasting (weeks-months) after only 1 to 3 treatment session(s). All studies were conducted in line with guidelines for the safe conduct of psychedelic therapy, and no severe adverse events were reported.ConclusionThe resurrection of clinical psychedelic research provides early evidence for treatment efficacy and safety for a range of psychiatric conditions, and constitutes an exciting new treatment avenue in a health area with major unmet needs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-11-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1111/acps.13249", "pubmed_id": "33125716", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13249", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Psilocybin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33125716\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3271, "title": "A Single Dose of Psilocybin Increases Synaptic Density and Decreases 5-HT2A Receptor Density in the Pig Brain", "normalized_title": "a single dose of psilocybin increases synaptic density and decreases 5 ht2a receptor density in the pig brain", "authors": "Raval NR, Johansen A, Donovan LL, Ros NF, Ozenne B, Hansen HD, Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "A single dose of psilocybin, a psychedelic and serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonist, may be associated with antidepressant effects. The mechanism behind its antidepressive action is unknown but could be linked to increased synaptogenesis and down-regulation of cerebral 5-HT2AR. Here, we investigate if a single psychedelic dose of psilocybin changes synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) and 5-HT2AR density in the pig brain. Twenty-four awake pigs received either 0.08 mg/kg psilocybin or saline intravenously. Twelve pigs (n=6/intervention) were euthanized one day post-injection, while the remaining twelve pigs were euthanized seven days post-injection (n=6/intervention). We performed autoradiography on hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) sections with [3H]UCB-J (SV2A), [3H]MDL100907 (5-HT2AR antagonist) and [3H]Cimbi-36 (5-HT2AR agonist). One day post psilocybin injection, we observed 4.4% higher hippocampal SV2A density and lowered hippocampal and PFC5-HT2AR density (-15.21% to -50.19%). These differences were statistically significant in the hippocampus for all radioligands and in PFC for [3H]Cimbi-36 only. Seven days post-intervention, there was still significantly higher SV2A density in hippocampus (+9.24%) and PFC (+6.1%) whereas there were no longer any differences in 5-HT2AR density. Our findings suggest that psilocybin’s antidepressive actions are linked to increased persistent synaptogenesis and possibly also to an acute decrease in 5-HT2AR density.", "journal": "Preprints.org", "publication_date": "2020-11-29", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.20944/preprints202011.0742.v1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202011.0742.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR246628\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Preprints.org\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2199, "title": "Hallucinogens in Mental Health: Preclinical and Clinical Studies on LSD, Psilocybin, MDMA, and Ketamine.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogens in mental health preclinical and clinical studies on lsd psilocybin mdma and ketamine", "authors": "De Gregorio D, Aguilar-Valles A, Preller KH, Heifets BD, Hibicke M, Mitchell J, Gobbi G.", "abstract": "A revamped interest in the study of hallucinogens has recently emerged, especially with regard to their potential application in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In the last decade, a plethora of preclinical and clinical studies have confirmed the efficacy of ketamine in the treatment of depression. More recently, emerging evidence has pointed out the potential therapeutic properties of psilocybin and LSD, as well as their ability to modulate functional brain connectivity. Moreover, MDMA, a compound belonging to the family of entactogens, has been demonstrated to be useful to treat post-traumatic stress disorders. In this review, the pharmacology of hallucinogenic compounds is summarized by underscoring the differences between psychedelic and nonpsychedelic hallucinogens as well as entactogens, and their behavioral effects in both animals and humans are described. Together, these data substantiate the potentials of these compounds in treating mental diseases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-11-29", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.1659-20.2020", "pubmed_id": "33257322", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1659-20.2020", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33257322\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1918, "title": "Rethinking enhancement substance use: A critical discourse studies approach.", "normalized_title": "rethinking enhancement substance use a critical discourse studies approach", "authors": "Askew R, Williams L.", "abstract": "BackgroundWe draw on both interdisciplinary enhancement substance use research and critical drug studies scholarship to reconceptualise enhancement substance use. Our critical discourse approach illuminates how a variety of substances are positioned as tools for self-improvement. In reconceptualising enhancement substance use, we ask what different substances can be positioned as providing enhancement? How are they positioned as tools for achieving enhancement or self-improvement goals? What discursive repertoires are employed to achieve these aims?MethodsForty interviews were conducted with people who use substances, such as ayahuasca, psilocybin, cocaine, alcohol, nootropics and non-prescription pharmaceuticals, including Adderall and modafinil. To explore the meanings of and motivations for substance consumption, we apply the sociocognitive approach (SCA) pioneered by Teun van Dijk (2014; 2015) and examine language through the triangulation of cognition, discourse and society. We analyse how different substances are positioned as tools for achieving enhancement or self-improvement goals.ResultsWe identify three distinct discursive repertoires that frame substance use as enhancement: the discourse of transformation, the discourse of healing and the discourse of productivity. When accounting for enhancement substance use, our participants employ a number of discursive strategies, including ideological polarisation or 'othering', analogies, examples, maxims, metaphors and figurative speech. We also find evidence of interdiscursivity with most participants drawing on more than one discourse when speaking about how substances are positioned as providing enhancement.ConclusionWe conclude that the concept of enhancement has wider applicability than current understandings allow. We argue that if we reframe all substance use as providing enhancement or achieving a self-improvement goal, we have the potential to destigmatise substance use and eliminate the over-simplistic binaries that surround it.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-11-29", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102994", "pubmed_id": "33272772", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102994", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Motivation, Cognition", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:06", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33272772\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2184, "title": "Persistent Tinnitus after Inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)", "normalized_title": "persistent tinnitus after inhaled n n dimethyltryptamine dmt", "authors": "Heba Diab, Benjamin Malcolm", "abstract": "This case report describes a 39-year-old male with remote history of polysubstance use disorder and depression who developed tinnitus after use of inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Although development of ear ringing was attributed to use on a single occasion, tinnitus occurred within the context of a larger self-experiment involving weekly microdoses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Distress and anxiety over the ear ringing prompted evaluation by an audiologist, primary care physician, and consultant psychopharmacologist. Tinnitus persisted for several months, although intensity and ability to cope with symptoms improved over time. A microdose of psilocybin mushrooms exacerbated tinnitus on two separate occasions, after which psychedelics were discontinued. Psychedelics are associated with a range of acute sensory changes including auditory phenomenon, although have not previously been associated with tinnitus in medical literature. Here, we present a probable case of tinnitus associated with DMT use and review potential underlying mechanisms connecting psychedelics and tinnitus.", "journal": "Journal of Psychoactive Drugs", "publication_date": "2020-11-25", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2020.1847366", "pubmed_id": "33242285", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1847366", "keywords": "Tinnitus, Psilocybin, Hyperacusis, Audiology, Context (archaeology), Distress, Psychology, Anxiety, Polysubstance dependence, Medicine, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Clinical psychology, Substance use, Paleontology, Biology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques, Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3109167753\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3109167753\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109480985\",\"display_name\":\"Heba Diab\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055088191\",\"display_name\":\"Benjamin Malcolm\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9293-9036\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S149515109\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1847366\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Microdosing,Review Article,Case Report", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2216, "title": "Taking Different Roads: l-Tryptophan as the Origin of Psilocybe Natural Products.", "normalized_title": "taking different roads l tryptophan as the origin of psilocybe natural products", "authors": "Lenz C, Sherwood A, Kargbo R, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "Psychotropic fungi of the genus Psilocybe, colloquially referred to as \"magic mushrooms\", are best known for their l-tryptophan-derived major natural product, psilocybin. Yet, recent research has revealed a more diverse secondary metabolism that originates from this amino acid. In this minireview, the focus is laid on l-tryptophan and the various Psilocybe natural products and their metabolic routes are highlighted. Psilocybin and its congeners, the heterogeneous blue-colored psilocyl oligomers, alongside β-carbolines and N,N-dimethyl-l-tryptophan, are presented as well as current knowledge on their biosynthesis is provided. The multidisciplinary character of natural product research is demonstrated, and pharmacological, medicinal, ecological, biochemical, and evolutionary aspects are included.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-11-24", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1002/cplu.202000581", "pubmed_id": "33237633", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.202000581", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33237633\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2185, "title": "Long-term Amelioration of OCD Symptoms in a Patient with Chronic Consumption of Psilocybin-containing Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "long term amelioration of ocd symptoms in a patient with chronic consumption of psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Agustín Lugo-Radillo, Jorge Luis Cortés-López", "abstract": "Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic neuropsychiatric condition, characterized by obsessions and compulsions, which is usually disabling for the suffering individual. The first-line treatment is not effective in all patients. There is evidence showing the effectiveness of psilocybin and psilocybin-containing mushrooms in the treatment of OCD symptoms. We present the case of a male adult with OCD who showed a clinically meaningful reduction of his OCD symptomatology after the consumption of psilocybin-containing mushrooms. Future research will determine if psilocybin and other psychoactive compounds of psilocybin-containing mushrooms are effective and safe for the treatment of OCD.", "journal": "Journal of Psychoactive Drugs", "publication_date": "2020-11-21", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2020.1849879", "pubmed_id": "33225874", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1849879", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Obsessive compulsive, Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoactive substance, Medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3110345791\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3110345791\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":34,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086512876\",\"display_name\":\"Agustín Lugo-Radillo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6689-2783\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088896237\",\"display_name\":\"Jorge Luis Cortés-López\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S149515109\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1849879\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "OCD", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3820, "title": "MDMA-induced changes in within-network connectivity contradict the specificity of these alterations for the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens", "normalized_title": "mdma induced changes in within network connectivity contradict the specificity of these alterations for the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens", "authors": "Felix Müller, Friederike Holze, Patrick C. Dolder, Laura Ley, Patrick Vizeli, Alain Soltermann, Matthias E. Liechti, Stefan Borgwardt", "abstract": "It has been reported that serotonergic hallucinogens like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) induce decreases in functional connectivity within various resting-state networks. These alterations were seen as reflecting specific neuronal effects of hallucinogens and it was speculated that these shifts in connectivity underlie the characteristic subjective drug effects. In this study, we test the hypothesis that these alterations are not specific for hallucinogens but that they can be induced by monoaminergic stimulation using the non-hallucinogenic serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design, 45 healthy participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) following oral administration of 125 mg MDMA. The networks under question were identified using independent component analysis (ICA) and were tested with regard to within-network connectivity. Results revealed decreased connectivity within two visual networks, the default mode network (DMN), and the sensorimotor network. These findings were almost identical to the results previously reported for hallucinogenic drugs. Therefore, our results suggest that monoaminergic substances can induce widespread changes in within-network connectivity in the absence of marked subjective drug effects. This contradicts the notion that these alterations can be regarded as specific for serotonergic hallucinogens. However, changes within the DMN might explain antidepressants effects of some of these substances.", "journal": "Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-11-19", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-020-00906-2", "pubmed_id": "33219313", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00906-2", "keywords": "Hallucinogen, Serotonergic, Monoaminergic, MDMA, Psychology, Neuroscience, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Serotonin, Default mode network, Psilocybin, Dopamine, Pharmacology, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Medicine, Internal medicine, Psychiatry, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Functional Brain Connectivity Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3101729008\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3101729008\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":43,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061374713\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Müller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4582-6610\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028081191\",\"display_name\":\"Friederike Holze\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3143-1519\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063898329\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick C. Dolder\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0952-3356\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102828957\",\"display_name\":\"Laura Ley\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9881-4693\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023301996\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick Vizeli\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-4446\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046182805\",\"display_name\":\"Alain Soltermann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071962736\",\"display_name\":\"Matthias E. Liechti\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1765-9659\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081904403\",\"display_name\":\"Stefan Borgwardt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5792-3987\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S175030738\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00906-2\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3821, "title": "USE OF NOVEL PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES (NPS) OF NATURAL ORIGIN: AN INTERNATIONAL SURVEY", "normalized_title": "use of novel psychoactive substances nps of natural origin an international survey", "authors": "Elena Deligianni, Lisa A. Lione, Christos Kontogiorgis, Georgios Papazisis, Diamanto Lazari", "abstract": "Aim NPS recreational use are mostly derived and modified from constituents of natural origin. Here we investigated the motivation of natural NPS use, perception of potential associated health risks and demographic factors associated with natural NPS use. Methodology The Bristol Online Survey was in English and advertised on the drug forum Bluelight and social media Facebook pages and via University email between 1 July and 17 November 2018 (812 responses; 458 NPS users). This pharmacoepidemiologic study was evaluated using SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics version 24;MacOS Sierra 10.12.3). Results The main motivation (67%) for natural NPS use was curiosity to ‘’experience something new and different’’ with a low perception of health risk (85%). The preferred natural NPS was magic mushrooms (psilocybin, 95%) often in combination with cannabis (63%). Gender, living area, educational background, smoking frequency and employment significantly affected (P", "journal": "University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)", "publication_date": "2020-11-17", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2299/24124", "keywords": "Natural (archaeology), Environmental health, Chemistry, Medicine, Geography, Archaeology, Nuclear Issues and Defense, Resilience and Mental Health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3165741642\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3165741642\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060570196\",\"display_name\":\"Elena Deligianni\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5119-3306\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007976560\",\"display_name\":\"Lisa A. Lione\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6694-6956\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044756549\",\"display_name\":\"Christos Kontogiorgis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7835-8246\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062605951\",\"display_name\":\"Georgios Papazisis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-9095\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027491643\",\"display_name\":\"Diamanto Lazari\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8864-131X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400241\",\"source_display_name\":\"University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://hdl.handle.net/2299/24124\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Resilience,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3397, "title": "Snapshot of narcotic drugs and psychoactive substances in Kuwait: a qualitative analysis of illicit drugs and their associated mortality in Kuwait from 2015 to 2018", "normalized_title": "snapshot of narcotic drugs and psychoactive substances in kuwait a qualitative analysis of illicit drugs and their associated mortality in kuwait from 2015 to 2018", "authors": "Al-Matrouk A, Al-Hasan M, Naqi HA, Al-Abkal N, Mohammed H, Haider M, Al-Shammeri D, Bojbarah H.", "abstract": "Abstract Background: The misuse of illicit substances is associated with increased morbidity and mortality; thus, substance abuse is a global health concern. However, a lack of laboratory-based research has limited the scientific assessment of drug misuse in the Arabian Gulf region. Thus, the primary aim of this study was to assess the problem of illicit drugs in Kuwait using laboratory-based analyses. Methods: We investigated the type and quantity of detained narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances from 2015 to 2018, number of abusers, and mortality among abusers. In total, 6220 cases from the Narcotic and Psychotropic Laboratory and 17,755 cases from the Forensic Toxicology Laboratory were reviewed and analyzed. Substances were identified and documented using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: Cannabis, including marijuana, was the most seized substance, followed by heroin, opium, and cocaine. Amphetamines, including methamphetamine, in the form of powder or pills, were seized in larger quantities than other psychoactive substances. Benzodiazepines, tramadol, Khat, synthetic cannabinoids, and psilocin were also seized. The most consumed substances were, in order, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), benzodiazepines, cannabis, and heroin. Drug misuse was considerably higher among men than among women. We report the death rate associated with the abuse of various illegal drugs according to sex. The mortality rate associated with single-drug use was the highest among abusers of heroin, benzodiazepines, and methamphetamine. The mortality rate asscoaited with multiple-drug use was the highest among abusers of heroin-benzodiazepines, cannabis-benzodiazepines, and cannabis-amphetamines. Conclusions: Our study shows the changing trends in quantity and variety of substances illegally abused and marketed in Kuwait. Additionally, we report a direct gender-based association between mortality and consumption of certain substances. These findings suggest that there is a growing need to conduct larger scale studies to implement new strategies, policies, and interventions in populations affected by illicit drugs.", "journal": "Research Square", "publication_date": "2020-11-17", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-33143/v2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-33143/v2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR239651\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Research Square\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2217, "title": "Exploratory Controlled Study of the Migraine-Suppressing Effects of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "exploratory controlled study of the migraine suppressing effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Emmanuelle A. D. Schindler, R. Andrew Sewell, Christopher Gottschalk, Christina Luddy, L. Taylor Flynn, Hayley Lindsey, Brian Pittman, Nicholas V. Cozzi, Deepak Cyril D’Souza", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neurotherapeutics", "publication_date": "2020-11-11", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/s13311-020-00962-y", "pubmed_id": "33184743", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-020-00962-y", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Migraine, Placebo, Adverse effect, Medicine, Anesthesia, Dosing, Sumatriptan, Neurology, Clinical trial, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Internal medicine, Psychiatry, Receptor, Agonist, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3105240299\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3105240299\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":136,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023659439\",\"display_name\":\"Emmanuelle A. D. Schindler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7962-0365\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064169821\",\"display_name\":\"R. Andrew Sewell\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056904977\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Gottschalk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1105-6910\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007685321\",\"display_name\":\"Christina Luddy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072937937\",\"display_name\":\"L. Taylor Flynn\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028353069\",\"display_name\":\"Hayley Lindsey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4950-0124\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056238262\",\"display_name\":\"Brian Pittman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0353-5604\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037184848\",\"display_name\":\"Nicholas V. Cozzi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7593-6063\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081806198\",\"display_name\":\"Deepak Cyril D’Souza\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3141-1462\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S75519821\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neurotherapeutics\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-020-00962-y\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2186, "title": "[Ketamine, psilocybin, and rapid acting antidepressant: new promise for psychiatry?]", "normalized_title": "ketamine psilocybin and rapid acting antidepressant new promise for psychiatry", "authors": "Bottemanne H, Claret A, Fossati P.", "abstract": "The hypothesis of monoaminergic deficiency has long dominated the conceptual framework for the development of new antidepressant strategies, but the limits of conventional antidepressant treatments targeting monoaminergic signaling have motivated the search for new antidepressant pathways. The success of ketamine in the management of depressive disorders has provoked a renewed interest in hallucinogenic substances such as psilocybin targeting the serotonergic signaling 5HT2A and neurosteroid allosteric modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors such as brexanolone. Unlike conventional treatments, these modulators of glutamatergic, serotonergic and GABAergic systems exert a rapid antidepressant effect ranging from 24hours to a week. Apart from their clinical interest and the fantasized search for a \"miracle\" molecule that jointly meets the expectations of patients and clinicians, these new targets could lead to the identification of potential new biomarkers for the development of rapid-acting antidepressants and redefine therapeutic strategies in mood disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-11-11", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.encep.2020.08.006", "pubmed_id": "33190819", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.08.006", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Psychiatry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33190819\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3822, "title": "Advancing elite athlete mental health treatment with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy", "normalized_title": "advancing elite athlete mental health treatment with psychedelic assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Courtney C. Walton, Paul Liknaitzky", "abstract": "Despite a politically vilified past, classical psychedelics, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and dimethyltryptamine (DMT), are experiencing a revival in scientific and clinical research. When used under the appropriate guidance and setting, these substances show promise for substantially improving well-being and reducing mental ill-health alongside an excellent safety profile. Elite athletes are known to experience mental health disorder symptomatology and psychological distress at similar, if not higher, rates to the general population. Therefore, this promising line of research may be relevant to mental health treatment within elite sport. Psychedelic treatment may reduce the incidence and experience of mental ill-health in athletes, particularly when related to a range of issues commonly seen in elite sport, including therapeutic resistance, challenges to identity and meaning through career transitions and injury, and managing interpersonal stress and conflict. As a number of psychedelic treatments are currently advancing through the drug development pathway in the US and EU, it is timely to develop an understanding of the clinical application of psychedelics within elite sport, and the legislative and sport-specific regulations that will need to be addressed if psychedelics become registered medicines. In this article, we outline the sport-specific relevance of psychedelic treatments, the role of sports psychologists and psychiatrists in delivering and managing prospective psychedelic treatment, the key ethical and regulatory issues this treatment raises, as well as propose initial research questions the field could address. We argue that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy should be investigated as a novel treatment option for addressing mental ill-health in elite athletes.Lay summary: Psychedelic-assisted treatments are attracting increased attention and impressive efficacy in early research. We outline the potential for psychedelic therapies to treat the mental health problems seen in athletes. We describe the rationale for their use specifically within elite athletes, the sport-specific considerations and challenges that need to be addressed, the role of sports clinicians, and define the research required to demonstrate their feasibility, safety and efficacy within athletes.IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICEWith poor mental health a growing concern in elite sport, the clinically-supported application of psychedelics may be well positioned to treat these issues and the sport-specific factors that can contribute to them.Various regulatory and sport-specific ethical factors will make research in this context challenging; however, these are tractable, and preliminary research in the application of psychedelic treatments for mental ill-health associated with elite sport is warranted.There is no evidence yet to support the safety and efficacy of psychedelic treatment in elite sport, and psychedelic compounds are not currently registered for medical use. Accordingly, the ideas explored within this commentary should not be taken as support for independent self-medication or recreational use of psychedelics.", "journal": "Journal of Applied Sport Psychology", "publication_date": "2020-11-09", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/10413200.2020.1848941", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1848941", "keywords": "Psychology, Psychotherapist, Elite, Mental health, Elite athletes, Athletes, Medicine, Physical therapy, Political science, Politics, Law, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3100320203\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3100320203\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":6,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009453920\",\"display_name\":\"Courtney C. Walton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0835-2310\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030212190\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Liknaitzky\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5690-2263\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S15510884\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Applied Sport Psychology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1848941\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Aging,Wellbeing,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3823, "title": "Psilocybin for Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for depression", "authors": "Steven Dubovsky", "abstract": "Exploratory studies have examined the usefulness of the hallucinogen psilocybin for depressed cancer patients and patients with treatment-resistant", "journal": "Journal watch", "publication_date": "2020-11-05", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1056/nejm-jw.na52780", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://www.jwatch.org/na52780/2020/11/06/psilocybin-depression", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Depression (economics), Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3097356923\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3097356923\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053936076\",\"display_name\":\"Steven Dubovsky\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764501393\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal watch\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://www.jwatch.org/na52780/2020/11/06/psilocybin-depression\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3448, "title": "Beyond the Self and Back: Neuropharmacological Mechanisms Underlying the Dissolution of the Self", "normalized_title": "beyond the self and back neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying the dissolution of the self", "authors": "University of Zurich", "abstract": "The aim of the study is to identify neural signatures, behavioral and phenomenological expressions of self-related processes including: sense of agency, semantic distinction between self and other, selflessness (altruism), social agency, embodied self (interoception), perceptual functioning of dissolved self including hallucinations and crossmodal processing, and finally the mystical type dissolution of the self. Four placebo-controlled, double blind sets of procedures using psilocybin with four independent study groups will be conducted. The number of subjects, testing procedures and dose of psilocybin for each group are as follows: group 1 (20 subjects, EEG, questionnaires, 0.200 mg/Kg body weight), group 2 (30 subjects, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), questionnaires, 0.200 mg/Kg body weight), group 3 (10 subjects, fMRI, questionnaires, 0.215 mg/Kg body weight), study group 4 (80 subjects, blood serum and saliva parameters, questionnaires, fMRI (only in 20 subjects from this group), 0.315 mg/Kg body weight). The groups 1, 2 and 3 involve healthy volunteers. The group 4 involves healthy volunteer long-term and short-term meditators during a 5-day group meditation retreat. Together, 140 subjects will participate in the study.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2020-11-03", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03736980", "keywords": "Healthy, Placebo, Psilocybine, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03736980\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"NA\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 2225, "title": "Post-acute psychological effects of classical serotonergic psychedelics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "post acute psychological effects of classical serotonergic psychedelics a systematic review and meta analysis", "authors": "Goldberg SB, Shechet B, Nicholas CR, Ng CW, Deole G, Chen Z, Raison CL.", "abstract": "BackgroundScientific interest in the therapeutic effects of classical psychedelics has increased in the past two decades. The psychological effects of these substances outside the period of acute intoxication have not been fully characterized. This study aimed to: (1) quantify the effects of psilocybin, ayahuasca, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on psychological outcomes in the post-acute period; (2) test moderators of these effects; and (3) evaluate adverse effects and risk of bias.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies (single-group pre-post or randomized controlled trials) that involved administration of psilocybin, ayahuasca, or LSD to clinical or non-clinical samples and assessed psychological outcomes ⩾24 h post-administration. Effects were summarized by study design, timepoint, and outcome domain.ResultsA total of 34 studies (24 unique samples, n = 549, mean longest follow-up = 55.34 weeks) were included. Classical psychedelics showed significant within-group pre-post and between-group placebo-controlled effects on a range of outcomes including targeted symptoms within psychiatric samples, negative and positive affect-related measures, social outcomes, and existential/spiritual outcomes, with large between-group effect in these domains (Hedges' gs = 0.84 to 1.08). Moderator tests suggest some effects may be larger in clinical samples. Evidence of effects on big five personality traits and mindfulness was weak. There was no evidence of post-acute adverse effects.ConclusionsHigh risk of bias in several domains, heterogeneity across studies, and indications of publication bias for some models highlight the need for careful, large-scale, placebo-controlled randomized trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-11-03", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1017/s003329172000389x", "pubmed_id": "33143790", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329172000389x", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Evidence-Based Practice, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33143790\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2187, "title": "Transcriptional regulation in the rat prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after a single administration of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "transcriptional regulation in the rat prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after a single administration of psilocybin", "authors": "Oskar Hougaard Jefsen, Betina Elfving, Gregers Wegener, Heidi Kaastrup Müller", "abstract": "Background: Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic found in “magic mushrooms” with a putative therapeutic potential for treatment-resistant depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and addiction. In rodents, psilocybin acutely induces plasticity-related immediate early genes in cortical tissue; however, studies into the effects on subcortical regions, of different doses, and the subsequent translation of corresponding proteins are lacking. Methods: We examined the acute effects of a single administration of psilocybin (0.5-20 mg/kg) on the expression of selected genes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In total, 46 target genes and eight reference genes were assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Corresponding protein levels of the three most commonly regulated genes were assessed using Western blotting. Results: In the prefrontal cortex, psilocybin increased the expression of Cebpb, c-Fos, Dups1, Fosb, Junb, Iκβ-α, Nr4a1, P11, Psd95, and Sgk1, and decreased the expression of Clk1. In the hippocampus, psilocybin strongly increased the expression of Arrdc2, Dusp1, Iκβ-α, and Sgk1 in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased the expression of Arc, Clk1, Egr2, and Ptgs2. Protein levels of Sgk1, Dusp1, and Iκβ-α showed only partial agreement with transcriptional patterns, stressing the importance of assessing downstream translation when investigating rapid gene responses. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that psilocybin rapidly induces gene expression related to neuroplasticity, biased towards the prefrontal cortex, compared to the hippocampus. Our findings provide further evidence for the rapid plasticity-promoting effects of psilocybin.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-11-03", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1177/0269881120959614", "pubmed_id": "33143539", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120959614", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Prefrontal cortex, Hippocampus, Neuroscience, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Cognition, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3094714065\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3094714065\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":123,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080789169\",\"display_name\":\"Oskar Hougaard Jefsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-5158\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062999838\",\"display_name\":\"Betina Elfving\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6939-5088\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012173155\",\"display_name\":\"Gregers Wegener\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0081-0068\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089941210\",\"display_name\":\"Heidi Kaastrup Müller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-8114\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120959614\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2160, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin assisted therapy on major depressive disorder", "authors": "Alan K. Davis, Frederick S. Barrett, Darrick G. May, Mary P Cosimano, Nathan D. Sepeda, Matthew W. Johnson, Patrick H. Finan, Roland R. Griffiths", "abstract": "Importance: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a substantial public health burden, but current treatments have limited effectiveness and adherence. Recent evidence suggests that 1 or 2 administrations of psilocybin with psychological support produces antidepressant effects in patients with cancer and in those with treatment-resistant depression. Objective: To investigate the effect of psilocybin therapy in patients with MDD. Design, Setting, and Participants: This randomized, waiting list-controlled clinical trial was conducted at the Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center in Baltimore, Maryland. Adults aged 21 to 75 years with an MDD diagnosis, not currently using antidepressant medications, and without histories of psychotic disorder, serious suicide attempt, or hospitalization were eligible to participate. Enrollment occurred between August 2017 and April 2019, and the 4-week primary outcome assessments were completed in July 2019. A total of 27 participants were randomized to an immediate treatment condition group (n = 15) or delayed treatment condition group (waiting list control condition; n = 12). Data analysis was conducted from July 1, 2019, to July 31, 2020, and included participants who completed the intervention (evaluable population). Interventions: Two psilocybin sessions (session 1: 20 mg/70 kg; session 2: 30 mg/70 kg) were given (administered in opaque gelatin capsules with approximately 100 mL of water) in the context of supportive psychotherapy (approximately 11 hours). Participants were randomized to begin treatment immediately or after an 8-week delay. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome, depression severity was assessed with the GRID-Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (GRID-HAMD) scores at baseline (score of ≥17 required for enrollment) and weeks 5 and 8 after enrollment for the delayed treatment group, which corresponded to weeks 1 and 4 after the intervention for the immediate treatment group. Secondary outcomes included the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Rated (QIDS-SR). Results: Of the randomized participants, 24 of 27 (89%) completed the intervention and the week 1 and week 4 postsession assessments. This population had a mean (SD) age of 39.8 (12.2) years, was composed of 16 women (67%), and had a mean (SD) baseline GRID-HAMD score of 22.8 (3.9). The mean (SD) GRID-HAMD scores at weeks 1 and 4 (8.0 [7.1] and 8.5 [5.7]) in the immediate treatment group were statistically significantly lower than the scores at the comparable time points of weeks 5 and 8 (23.8 [5.4] and 23.5 [6.0]) in the delayed treatment group. The effect sizes were large at week 5 (Cohen d = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4-3.5; P", "journal": "JAMA Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-11-03", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285", "pubmed_id": "33146667", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Randomized controlled trial, Medicine, Context (archaeology), Major depressive disorder, Psychiatry, Population, Depression (economics), Major depressive episode, Internal medicine, Cognition, Hallucinogen, Macroeconomics, Economics, Biology, Paleontology, Environmental health, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3096208965\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1264,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038141719\",\"display_name\":\"Alan K. Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-8893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015373046\",\"display_name\":\"Darrick G. May\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025469924\",\"display_name\":\"Mary P Cosimano\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061776312\",\"display_name\":\"Nathan D. Sepeda\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063337848\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick H. Finan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7525-4801\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2495708506\",\"source_display_name\":\"JAMA Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3825, "title": "EPUB Download The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms TXT,PDF,EPUB", "normalized_title": "epub download the psilocybin mushroom bible the definitive guide to growing and using magic mushrooms txt pdf epub", "authors": "EPUB Download The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms TXT,PDF,EPUB", "abstract": "Read Or Download The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms Full Books By Virginia Haze\\n\\nRead Online => Read The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms\\n\\nDownload Book => Download The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms\\n\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms pdf download\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms read online\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms epub\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms vk\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms pdf\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms amazon\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms free download pdf\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms pdf free\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms pdf\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms epub download\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms online\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms epub download\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms epub vk\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms mobi\\n\\n\\n#downloadbook #book #readonline #readbookonline #ebookcollection #ebookdownload #pdf #ebook #epub #kindle", "journal": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publication_date": "2020-11-01", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.4208978", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://zenodo.org/record/4208978", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Mushroom, MAGIC (telescope), Download, Art, Horticulture, Biology, Psychology, Botany, Computer science, World Wide Web, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Astrophysics, Physics, Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity, Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues, Health, Medicine and Society", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4287611436\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4287611436\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"EPUB Download The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms TXT,PDF,EPUB\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400562\",\"source_display_name\":\"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://zenodo.org/record/4208978\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3824, "title": "Best [PDF] The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms Full PDF Online", "normalized_title": "best pdf the psilocybin mushroom bible the definitive guide to growing and using magic mushrooms full pdf online", "authors": "Best [PDF] The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms Full PDF Online", "abstract": "Read Or Download The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms Full Books By Virginia Haze\\n\\n\\nRead Online => Read The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms\\n\\n\\nDownload Book => Download The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms\\n\\n\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms pdf download\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms read online\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms epub\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms vk\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms pdf\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms amazon\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms free download pdf\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms pdf free\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms pdf\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms epub download\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms online\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms epub download\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms epub vk\\nThe Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms mobi\\n\\n\\n\\n#downloadbook #book #readonline #readbookonline #ebookcollection #ebookdownload #pdf #ebook #epub #kindle", "journal": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "publication_date": "2020-11-01", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.4208128", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4208128", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Mushroom, MAGIC (telescope), Agaricales, Art, Biology, Botany, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Physics, Quantum mechanics, Taxonomy (biology), Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity, Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues, Health, Medicine and Society", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4287610338\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4287610338\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Best [PDF] The Psilocybin Mushroom Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing and Using Magic Mushrooms Full PDF Online\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400562\",\"source_display_name\":\"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4208128\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3826, "title": "P.804A single dose of psilocybin increases synaptic density and decreases 5-HT2A receptor density in the pig brain", "normalized_title": "p 804a single dose of psilocybin increases synaptic density and decreases 5 ht2a receptor density in the pig brain", "authors": "Nakul Ravi Raval, Annette Johansen, Lene Lundgaard Donovan, Nelson Ros, Brice Ozenne, Hanne D. Hansen, Gitte M. Knudsen", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-10-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.589", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.589", "keywords": "Ant colony optimization algorithms, Computer science, Routing (electronic design automation), Routing protocol, Sorting, Convergence (economics), Computer network, Algorithm, Mathematical optimization, Mathematics, Economic growth, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3118379705\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3118379705\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":5,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016318094\",\"display_name\":\"Nakul Ravi Raval\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5637-7219\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072267838\",\"display_name\":\"Annette Johansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0264-2368\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060262643\",\"display_name\":\"Lene Lundgaard Donovan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111458243\",\"display_name\":\"Nelson Ros\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021739634\",\"display_name\":\"Brice Ozenne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9694-2956\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005785269\",\"display_name\":\"Hanne D. Hansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-7627\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.589\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2029, "title": "P.227 Psilocybin induces resting-state functional connectivity changes, which correlate with plasma psilocin levels and psychedelic experience", "normalized_title": "p 227 psilocybin induces resting state functional connectivity changes which correlate with plasma psilocin levels and psychedelic experience", "authors": "M. Madsen, Dea Siggaard Stenbæk, Brice Ozenne, Sophia Armand, M.R. Marstrand-Jørgensen, Albin Arvidsson, Sys Stybe Johansen, Kristían Línnet, Gitte M. Knudsen, Patrick M. Fisher", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-10-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.169", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.169", "keywords": "Convergence (economics), Smoothing, Relaxation (psychology), Discretization, Multigrid method, Fourier transform, Fourier analysis, Grid, Applied mathematics, Mathematics, Computer science, Mathematical optimization, Algorithm, Mathematical analysis, Partial differential equation, Geometry, Social psychology, Economic growth, Psychology, Economics, Statistics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, advanced mathematical theories, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3108648059\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3108648059\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000203733\",\"display_name\":\"M. Madsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8836-1844\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004791170\",\"display_name\":\"Dea Siggaard Stenbæk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-4637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021739634\",\"display_name\":\"Brice Ozenne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9694-2956\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086179765\",\"display_name\":\"Sophia Armand\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6368-3329\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034227899\",\"display_name\":\"M.R. Marstrand-Jørgensen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050867683\",\"display_name\":\"Albin Arvidsson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013055423\",\"display_name\":\"Sys Stybe Johansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9555-5134\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078174062\",\"display_name\":\"Kristían Línnet\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6974-5535\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021085020\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-0611\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.169\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3827, "title": "Studies on the developmental and antidepressant-like effects of anesthetics", "normalized_title": "studies on the developmental and antidepressant like effects of anesthetics", "authors": "Marko Rosenholm", "abstract": "Anesthetics are commonly used to induce unconsciousness and insensateness during surgery. However, the impacts of anesthetics on brain function go well beyond their acute pharmacological effects. Animal research suggests that the developing brain is particularly vulnerable to anesthesia, and even a single exposure may induce persistent neurobiological and behavioral consequences. Nevertheless, anesthetics have demonstrated remarkable therapeutic potential against some prevalent and debilitating brain disorders, especially major depression. Indeed, a single subanesthetic dose of ketamine has been reproducibly shown to alleviate depression and suicidal thinking within hours of administration, and the effects can last for days. Induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptor TrkB signaling and synaptic plasticity have been intimately connected with ketamine’s antidepressant effects, but the precise mechanistic basis remains obscure. Notably, rapid antidepressant effects have also been reported with other anesthetics, including nitrous oxide (N2O) and isoflurane, and after somatic treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and sleep deprivation. \\n \\nIn the first part of this thesis, we investigated the long-term behavioral effects of early postnatal exposure to repeated brief isoflurane anesthesia. We exposed mouse pups to anesthesia on three consecutive days at two distinct developmental stages, at postnatal days 7-9 or 15-17, and later tested the behavioral phenotype of the adult animals. Isoflurane anesthesia caused modest behavioral effects on locomotor activity and spatial learning and memory of the adult mice, depending on the age of the animals during the anesthesia exposures. \\n \\nIn the second part, we investigated the effects of various anesthetics on depressive-like behavior and molecular signatures connected to the antidepressant effects of ketamine in rodents. We subjected rats to the chronic mild stress model of depression and subsequently exposed them to repeated brief isoflurane anesthesia for a total five times every three days. This administration regimen, however, was insufficient to normalize anhedonic behavior in the stressed rats. Cortical and hippocampal BDNF levels in these rats also remained unaltered. \\n \\nWe then investigated the dose-dependent and temporal effects of different anesthetics on TrkB signaling, activity-dependent immediate-early genes (IEGs), and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in mice. Here, we discovered that N2O upregulated several IEGs (markers of cortical excitation) during acute pharmacological effects, and that these effects were followed by a rebound emergence of EEG slow-wave activity (SWA) and TrkB signaling after treatment cessation. Similar concurrent upregulation of SWA and TrkB signaling was evident after a flurothyl-induced seizure (reminiscent of ECT) and during the effects of a sedative drug, medetomidine. Medetomidine, however, lacked antidepressant-like effects in the learned helplessness model of depression. This suggested that instead of only an increase in SWA and TrkB signaling, a preceding excitatory effect is also crucial for rapid antidepressant effects. This may also explain our observed lack of behavioral effects of deep isoflurane anesthesia. Moreover, even though ketamine’s antidepressant effects are associated with subanesthetic doses, we found that ketamine increases SWA and TrkB signaling, with the most pronounced effects observed at high anesthetic-sedative doses. These effects appear independent of hydroxynorketamine, an active metabolite of ketamine that has demonstrated antidepressant-like effects in rodents. \\n \\nIn conclusion, we found subanesthetic ketamine, N2O, and flurothyl to induce SWA after their acute pharmacological effects subsided. Interestingly, this phenomenon resembles the well-known postictal (i.e., after seizure) slowing of EEG activity, which has been connected to the antidepressant effects of ECT. Furthermore, the emergence of SWA coincided with the upregulation of TrkB signaling. Based on our results, we propose that rapid-acting antidepressants induce two distinct phases in the brain, with an initial excitatory phase followed by a sedative-like brain state that is characterized by SWA and TrkB signaling. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether a similar phenomenon is shared by other treatments that have demonstrated rapid antidepressant effects (e.g., isoflurane, psilocybin). The current proposal provides a novel framework for future research that encourages expanding the research focus from the acute pharmacology of the treatments to homeostatic alterations that potentially emerge as an intrinsic response of the brain to a drug challenge.", "journal": "Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja", "publication_date": "2020-10-29", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/10138/319705", "keywords": "Antidepressant, Medicine, Psychology, Anesthesia, Psychiatry, Anxiety, Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3105462218\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3105462218\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086065475\",\"display_name\":\"Marko Rosenholm\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5437-8282\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210213322\",\"source_display_name\":\"Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/319705\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2202, "title": "Stability of psilocybin and its four analogs in the biomass of the psychotropic mushroom Psilocybe cubensis", "normalized_title": "stability of psilocybin and its four analogs in the biomass of the psychotropic mushroom psilocybe cubensis", "authors": "Klára Gotvaldová, Kateřina Hájková, Jan Borovička, Radek Jurok, Petra Cihlářová, Martin Kuchař", "abstract": "Psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, and aeruginascin are tryptamines structurally similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin. Psilocybin and its pharmacologically active metabolite psilocin in particular are known for their psychoactive effects. These substances typically occur in most species of the genus Psilocybe (Fungi, Strophariaceae). Even the sclerotia of some of these fungi known as \"magic truffles\" are of growing interest in microdosing due to them improving cognitive function studies. In addition to microdosing studies, psilocybin has also been applied in clinical studies, but only its pure form has been administrated so far. Moreover, the determination of tryptamine alkaloids is used in forensic analysis. In this study, freshly cultivated fruit bodies of Psilocybe cubensis were used for monitoring stability (including storage and processing conditions of fruiting bodies). Furthermore, mycelium and the individual parts of the fruiting bodies (caps, stipes, and basidiospores) were also examined. The concentration of tryptamines in final extracts was analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. No tryptamines were detected in the basidiospores, and only psilocin was present at 0.47 wt.% in the mycelium. The stipes contained approximately half the amount of tryptamine alkaloids (0.52 wt.%) than the caps (1.03 wt.%); however, these results were not statistically significant, as the concentration of tryptamines in individual fruiting bodies is highly variable. The storage conditions showed that the highest degradation of tryptamines was seen in fresh mushrooms stored at -80°C, and the lowest decay was seen in dried biomass stored in the dark at room temperature.", "journal": "Drug Testing and Analysis", "publication_date": "2020-10-28", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1002/dta.2950", "pubmed_id": "33119971", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2950", "keywords": "Tryptamine, Psilocybin, Tryptamines, Chemistry, Mushroom, Metabolite, Mycelium, Food science, Botany, Hallucinogen, Biology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3094690508\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3094690508\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":67,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063034973\",\"display_name\":\"Klára Gotvaldová\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0774-4454\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000277095\",\"display_name\":\"Kateřina Hájková\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-2472\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071778852\",\"display_name\":\"Jan Borovička\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3966-558X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091503846\",\"display_name\":\"Radek Jurok\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5379-1745\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077896144\",\"display_name\":\"Petra Cihlářová\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6552-0697\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084865612\",\"display_name\":\"Martin Kuchař\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-6352\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S36361591\",\"source_display_name\":\"Drug Testing and Analysis\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2950\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3402, "title": "A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy", "normalized_title": "a meta analysis of placebo controlled trials of psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Luoma JB, Chwyl C, Bathje G, Davis AK, Lancelotta RL.", "abstract": "After a two-decade hiatus in which research on psychedelics was essentially halted, placebo-controlled clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy for mental health conditions have begun to be published. We identified nine randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy published since 1994. Studies examined psilocybin, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), ayahuasca (which contains a combination of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmala monoamine oxidase inhibitor alkaloids), and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). We compared the standardized mean difference between the experimental and placebo control group at the primary endpoint. Results indicated a significant mean between-groups effect size of 1.21 (Hedges g), which is larger than the typical effect size found in trials of psychopharmacological or psychotherapy interventions. For the three studies that maintained a placebo control through a follow-up assessment, effects were generally maintained at follow-up. Overall, analyses support the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy across four mental health conditions-post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety/depression associated with a life-threatening illness, unipolar depression, and social anxiety among autistic adults. While study quality was high, we identify several areas for improvement regarding the conduct and reporting of trials. Larger trials with more diverse samples are needed to examine possible moderators and mediators of effects, and to establish whether effects are maintained over time.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2020-10-27", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/nhbjk", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nhbjk", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR325838\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2235, "title": "Polypharmacology or \"Pharmacological Promiscuity\" In Psychedelic Research: What Are We Missing?", "normalized_title": "polypharmacology or pharmacological promiscuity in psychedelic research what are we missing", "authors": "Ona GS, Dos Santos RG, Hallak JEC, Bouso JC", "abstract": "Research with psychedelic drugs has mainly focused on isolated compounds. However, this approach is challenged by the \"polypharmacology\" paradigm. In this Viewpoint, we suggest that we may be missing something if we do not use the whole product in the case of ayahuasca or mushrooms. After describing how research on psychedelic drugs can be effectively combined with the polypharmacology paradigm, ethical issues are also briefly discussed.", "journal": "ACS chemical neuroscience", "publication_date": "2020-10-20", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00614", "pubmed_id": "33021777", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33021777/", "keywords": "Psychedelics, ayahuasca, polypharmacology, psilocybe, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33021777\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3429, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin on Anxiety and Psychosocial Distress in Cancer Patients", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on anxiety and psychosocial distress in cancer patients", "authors": "NYU Langone Health", "abstract": "The primary objective of this double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study is to assess the efficacy of psilocybin administration (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), a serotonergic psychoactive agent, on psychosocial distress, with the specific primary outcome variable being anxiety associated with cancer. Secondary outcome measures will look at the effect of psilocybin on symptoms of pain perception, depression, existential/psychospiritual distress, attitudes towards disease progression and death, quality of life, and spiritual/mystical states of consciousness. In addition, a secondary objective of the study is to determine the feasibility of administering psilocybin to this patient population, with regards to the following issues: safety, patient recruitment, consent for treatment, and retention. The duration of the proposed investigation will be long enough to administer the drug one time to each of thirty-two patients and to conduct follow-up assessments. This study is separate but similar to a recently completed study at the Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, run by a psychiatrist, Dr. Charles Grob. Although the outcomes measures would be similar to those used as in the Grob study, the proposed dose of psilocybin is higher at 0.3mg/kg and the total subjects for the study would be 32 instead of 12. The study utilizes a cross-over design at 7 weeks and includes prospective follow-up of 6 months duration. This study has been approved by the Bellevue Psychiatry Research Committee, the NYU Oncology PRMC Committee, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through the issuance of an IND (77,138), the New York University School of Medicine Institutional Review Board (NYU IRB), the Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC)-New York University (NYU) Clinical Translational Science Institute (CTSI), the NYU Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, and the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) through the issuance of a schedule I license. It is hypothesized that a one time experience with psilocybin will occasion dramatic shifts in consciousness and awareness that will lead to short-term (ie hours to days) and long-term (up to 6 months in this study, following the administration of the second dosing, either psilocybin or placebo) improvement in anxiety, depression, and pain associated with advanced cancer. The exact mechanism of action is unclear but based on studies done in the 60's using serotonergic hallucinogens in patients with advanced cancer, improvements in anxiety levels, mood and pain were reported. However, a treatment model developed by the famous British psychiatrist Humphrey Osmond, offers one possibility. In this model, serotonergic hallucinogens' therapeutic mechanism lies in their ability to allow the individual to access novel dimensions of consciousness and their efficacy or lack thereof relies on whether a transcendent and mystical state of awareness is attained. Another possible mechanism relates to what Dobkin de Rios and Grob have described as 'managed altered states of consciousness,' where the power of suggestibility, occurring in a safe setting, allows one to transcend a particular state of consciousness (i.e. anxiety and depression associated with advanced illness) as a means to facilitate emotional discharge and to manage irreconcilable conflict.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2020-10-19", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00957359", "keywords": "Cancer, Psilocybin, 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Niacin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT00957359\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3828, "title": "Serotonin in Fear and Anxiety", "normalized_title": "serotonin in fear and anxiety", "authors": "Melker Hagsäter", "abstract": "That the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) has a central role in fear and anxiety is\\nsupported by numerous experimental and clinical studies. Arguably the most illustrative\\nexample is the effect of serotonergic-acting drugs, and in particular the selective\\nserotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Interestingly,\\nlong-term administration is required to induce a dampening effect on anxiety, while on\\nthe contrary acute administration can aggravate the symptoms in susceptible individuals.\\nFreezing behaviour is a well-established measure of fear and anxiety, foremost assessed\\nin studies performed on rodents. The bulk of the experiments presented in this thesis\\ninvestigate the effect of pharmacological manipulations of the serotonin system on\\nconditioned and unconditioned freezing behaviour.\\nIn paper I, the importance of an intact serotonergic neurotransmission in fear\\nconditioning was explored. The serotonin system was compromised by administration of\\nthe serotonin-depleting agent para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). PCPA impaired both acquisition and expression of conditioned fear without imposing an effect on memory\\nconsolidation, supporting the notion that fear-induced release of serotonin primarily\\npromotes rather than dampens fear conditioning.\\nIn paper II, the effects of 5-HT2A receptor agonism and antagonism alone and in\\ncombination with administration of an SSRI were investigated. The first main finding was\\nthat while administration of neither the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL100907 nor the\\n5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist pimavanserin consistently reduced expression of\\nconditioned freezing, a marked reduction of fear was observed after administration of\\neither drug combined with an SSRI. The second main finding was that administration of\\nboth a selective agonist for the 5-HT2A receptor and the psychedelic drug psilocybin\\nreduced expression of conditioned freezing, an effect that was totally abolished by coadministration\\nwith MDL100907. The experiments demonstrated that the 5-HT2A\\nreceptors have the ability to modulate fear expression in both directions, putatively\\ninvolving 5-HT2A receptor populations in different areas of the brain.\\nIn paper III, the effects of chronic and acute administration of an SSRI were compared.\\nChronic administration but not acute administration induced a dampening effect on\\nanxiety. Since these findings mirror the clinical situation, context-conditioned freezing\\ncould supposedly be applied in animal studies on the mechanism of action for the sluggish\\neffects of SSRIs in anxiety disorders.In paper IV, the effect of acute administration of an SSRI was evaluated in a model of\\nunconditioned fear. Acoustic noise bursts constituted the unconditioned stimulus. The\\nSSRI increased the expression of unconditioned fear. Unconditioned models are\\ntentatively related to panic disorder, the condition in which aggravation of anxiety after\\nacute administration of an SSRI is most pronounced, suggesting that noise burst induced\\nfreezing presumably could be a useful tool in preclinical studies on the anxiety-provoking\\neffects of SSRIs.\\nIn paper V, the effect of 5-HT6 receptor manipulations on gut motility was explored. It was\\nfound that 5-HT6 receptor antagonists reduced defecation in both stressed (fear\\nconditioned) and non-stressed animals while an agonist for the same receptor was void\\nof effect. This mechanism could putatively be utilized in the treatment of irritable bowel\\nsyndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D).\\nIn summary, the studies on rats presented in this thesis suggest that i) intact serotonergic\\ntransmission is required for both acquisition and expression of conditioned fear, ii) that\\nthe 5-HT2A receptor has an important role in modulating conditioned fear, iii) that chronic\\nadministration of an SSRI, in contrast to acute administration, reduces conditioned fear,\\niv) that acute administration of an SSRI increases unconditioned fear and v) that 5-HT6\\nreceptor antagonism impairs gut motility.", "journal": "Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)", "publication_date": "2020-10-15", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/65128", "keywords": "Anxiety, Psychology, Panic, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Developmental psychology, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3093444744\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3093444744\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063836879\",\"display_name\":\"Melker Hagsäter\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401168\",\"source_display_name\":\"Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://hdl.handle.net/2077/65128\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2231, "title": "UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneously detecting 16 tryptamines and their metabolites in human hair and applications to real forensics cases.", "normalized_title": "uhplc ms ms method for simultaneously detecting 16 tryptamines and their metabolites in human hair and applications to real forensics cases", "authors": "Shi Y, Wang R, Yuan S, Qiang H, Shen M, Shen B, Drummer OH, Yu Z, Zhao Y, Xiang P.", "abstract": "Tryptamines are hallucinogenic substances many of which have appeared recently as novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Herein, we describe the establishment of a rapid UHPLC-MS/MS quantitative method for the targeted screening of 16 tryptamines of abuse in hair. Twenty milligram pieces of hair were pulverized below 4 °C in 0.5 mL of deionized water containing 0.1% formic acid and an internal standard (2 ng/mL psilocin-d10 and psilocybin-d4). After subsequent centrifugation, 5 μL of the supernatant was injected into a LC-MS/MS system fitted with a Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). The column was gradient eluted at 0.3 mL/min with mobile phases composed of 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate, 5% acetonitrile, and 0.1% formic acid in water (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B). Limits of detection ranged between 0.1 and 20 pg/mg, with limits of quantitation ranging from 3 to 50 pg/mg. The calibration curves for all analytes were linear (r > 0.992). Accuracies varied between 91% and 114%, with intraday precision RSDs", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-10-15", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122392", "pubmed_id": "33126071", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122392", "keywords": "Hair, Humans, Tryptamines, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Linear Models, Reproducibility of Results, Forensic Medicine, Adult, Middle Aged, Male, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Young Adult, Limit of Detection", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33126071\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2205, "title": "Psilocybin exerts distinct effects on resting state networks associated with serotonin and dopamine in mice", "normalized_title": "psilocybin exerts distinct effects on resting state networks associated with serotonin and dopamine in mice", "authors": "Joanes Grandjean, David Buehlmann, Michaela Buerge, Hannes Sigrist, Erich Seifritz, Franz X. Vollenweider, Christopher R. Pryce, Markus Rudin", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic agents have been proposed as potent antidepressants; this includes the serotonin (5-HT) receptor 2A agonist psilocybin. In human subjects, psilocybin alters functional connectivity (FC) within the default-mode network (DMN), a constellation of inter-connected regions that displays altered FC in depressive disorders. In this study, we investigated the effects of psilocybin on FC across the entire brain with a view to investigate underlying mechanisms. Psilocybin effects were investigated in lightly-anaesthetized mice using resting-state fMRI. Dual-regression analysis identified reduced FC within the ventral striatum in psilocybin- relative to vehicle-treated mice. Refinement of the analysis using spatial references derived from both gene expression maps and viral tracer projection fields revealed two distinct effects of psilocybin: it increased FC between 5-HT-associated networks and cortical areas, including elements of the murine DMN, thalamus, and midbrain; it decreased FC within dopamine (DA)-associated striatal networks. These results suggest that interactions between 5-HT- and DA-regulated neural networks contribute to the neural and therefore psychological effects of psilocybin. Furthermore, they highlight how information on molecular expression patterns and structural connectivity can assist in the interpretation of pharmaco-fMRI findings.", "journal": "NeuroImage", "publication_date": "2020-10-14", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117456", "pubmed_id": "33069863", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117456", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Hallucinogen, Serotonin, Default mode network, Dopamine, Thalamus, Midbrain, Psychology, Pharmacology, Biology, Medicine, Receptor, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Internal medicine, Central nervous system, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3093454394\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3093454394\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":53,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082947973\",\"display_name\":\"Joanes Grandjean\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-0491\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067678080\",\"display_name\":\"David Buehlmann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054241102\",\"display_name\":\"Michaela Buerge\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003093543\",\"display_name\":\"Hannes Sigrist\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045362944\",\"display_name\":\"Erich Seifritz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-4426\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011601366\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher R. Pryce\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108135089\",\"display_name\":\"Markus Rudin\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S103225281\",\"source_display_name\":\"NeuroImage\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117456\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3829, "title": "The use of psychedelics in the treatment of disorders of consciousness. An interview with Olivia Gosseries by Charlotte Martial.", "normalized_title": "the use of psychedelics in the treatment of disorders of consciousness an interview with olivia gosseries by charlotte martial", "authors": "Olivia Gosseries, Charlotte Martial", "abstract": "In this interview, we discuss the use of psychedelic drugs as a promising treatment in disorders of consciousness. Psilocybin, a classic psychedelic, is currently undergoing substantial clinical investigations in healthy volunteers, but also in clinical populations. Recently, experts in the field of psychedelics have addressed the attractive possibility to use such psychedelics on patients suffering from disorders of consciousness. Building on her empirical and theoretical research on disorders of consciousness, Olivia Gosseries gives us her opinion. Implementing rigorous clinical trials with psychedelics on patients with disorders of consciousness will allow their clinical efficacy to be tested. We finish the interview by briefly addressing the ethical and legal challenges and discussing other related non-pathological modified states of consciousness.", "journal": "Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège)", "publication_date": "2020-10-12", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.34700/gv0w-y052", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/254726", "keywords": "Persistent vegetative state, Psychology, Consciousness, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Minimally conscious state, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3118817849\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3118817849\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":5,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021017127\",\"display_name\":\"Olivia Gosseries\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9011-7496\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024126991\",\"display_name\":\"Charlotte Martial\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6291-3460\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400651\",\"source_display_name\":\"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/254726\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2181, "title": "Brain serotonin 2A receptor binding predicts subjective temporal and mystical effects of psilocybin in healthy humans", "normalized_title": "brain serotonin 2a receptor binding predicts subjective temporal and mystical effects of psilocybin in healthy humans", "authors": "Dea Siggaard Stenbæk, M. Madsen, Brice Ozenne, Sara Kristiansen, Daniel Burmester, David Erritzøe, Gitte M. Knudsen, Patrick M. Fisher", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic with psychoactive effects mediated by serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) activation. It produces an acute psychedelic altered state of consciousness with a unique phenomenology that can be temporally characterized by three intensity phases: onset of psychoactive effect, a peak plateau and return to normal consciousness. AIMS: We evaluated whether pre-drug brain 5-HT2AR binding predicted the three phases of psilocybin subjective drug intensity (SDI) and retrospective self-report of mystical type experiences in healthy individuals. METHOD: C]Cimbi-36 positron emission tomography scan to assess 5-HT2AR binding. On a separate day, participants completed a single psilocybin session (oral dose range 0.2-0.3 mg/kg), during which SDI was assessed every 20 min. The Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ) was completed at the end of the session. The three SDI phases were modelled using segmented linear regressions. We evaluated the associations between neocortex 5-HT2AR binding and SDI/MEQ outcomes using linear regression models. RESULTS: Neocortex 5-HT2AR was statistically significantly negatively associated with peak plateau duration and positively with time to return to normal waking consciousness. It was also statistically significantly negatively associated with MEQ total score. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate how individual brain 5-HT2AR binding predicts subjective effects of a single dose of psilocybin. Our findings reinforce the role of cerebral 5-HT2AR in shaping the temporal and mystical features of the psychedelic experience. Future studies should examine whether individual brain levels of 5-HT2AR have an impact on therapeutic outcomes in clinical studies.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-10-07", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1177/0269881120959609", "pubmed_id": "33501857", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120959609", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Serotonin, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Neuroscience, 5-HT receptor, Receptor, Internal medicine, Medicine, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3091936754\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3091936754\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":81,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004791170\",\"display_name\":\"Dea Siggaard Stenbæk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-4637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000203733\",\"display_name\":\"M. Madsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8836-1844\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021739634\",\"display_name\":\"Brice Ozenne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9694-2956\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5107600706\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Kristiansen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038013112\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Burmester\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7215-4269\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021085020\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-0611\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120959609\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1868, "title": "Microdosing psychedelics: Subjective benefits and challenges, substance testing behavior, and the relevance of intention", "normalized_title": "microdosing psychedelics subjective benefits and challenges substance testing behavior and the relevance of intention", "authors": "Rotem Petranker, Thomas Anderson, Larissa J. Maier, Monica J. Barratt, Jason Ferris, Adam Winstock", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Microdosing psychedelics is the practice of taking small, sub-hallucinogenic doses of lysergic acid diethylamide or psilocybin-containing mushrooms. Despite its surging popularity, little is known about the specific intentions to start microdosing and the effects of this practice. AIMS: First, we aimed to replicate previous findings regarding the subjective benefits and challenges reported for microdosing. Second, we assessed whether people who microdose test their substances before consumption. Third, we examined whether having an approach-intention to microdosing was predictive of more reported benefits. METHODS: The Global Drug Survey runs the world's largest online drug survey. Participants who reported last year use of lysergic acid diethylamide or psilocybin in the Global Drug Survey 2019 were offered the opportunity to answer a sub-section on microdosing. RESULTS: Data from 6753 people who reported microdosing at least once in the last 12 months were used for analyses. Our results suggest a partial replication of previously reported benefits and challenges among the present sample often reporting enhanced mood, creativity, focus and sociability. Counter to our prediction, the most common challenge participants associated with microdosing was 'None'. As predicted, most participants reported not testing their substances. Counter to our hypothesis, approach-intention - microdosing to approach a desired goal - predicted less rather than more benefits. We discuss alternate frameworks that may better capture the reasons people microdose. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest the perceived benefits associated with microdosing greatly outweigh the challenges. Microdosing may have utility for a variety of uses while having minimal side effects. Double-blind, placebo-controlled experiments are required to substantiate these reports.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-10-07", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1177/0269881120953994", "pubmed_id": "33591231", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120953994", "keywords": "Psilocybin, MicroDose, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Nocebo Effect, Pharmacology, Clinical psychology, Placebo, Medicine, Psychiatry, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Receptor, Serotonin, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3092151265\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3092151265\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":56,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012017884\",\"display_name\":\"Rotem Petranker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6354-0109\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082063863\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Anderson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2387-5219\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088549567\",\"display_name\":\"Larissa J. Maier\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4302-0488\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061940307\",\"display_name\":\"Monica J. Barratt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1015-9379\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065722206\",\"display_name\":\"Jason Ferris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-0173\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067738102\",\"display_name\":\"Adam Winstock\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-8015\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120953994\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Creativity,Observational Study,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2227, "title": "Potential safety, benefits, and influence of the placebo effect in microdosing psychedelic drugs: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "potential safety benefits and influence of the placebo effect in microdosing psychedelic drugs a systematic review", "authors": "Ona G, Bouso JC.", "abstract": "Microdosing psychedelic drugs-that is, taking sub-behavioral doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or psilocybin-is a growing practice in Western societies. Taken mainly for creative or mood-enhancing purposes, thousands of users are increasingly being exposed to (micro)doses of psychedelic drugs. In this systematic review, we searched the available evidence from human studies, focusing our results in terms of three main axes: efficacy, safety, and the influence of the placebo effect in microdosing practices. While the available evidence has some strengths (e.g. large sample sizes, robust methodologies) there are also remarkable limitations (e.g. gender bias, heterogeneity of dosing schedules and drugs used). Highly contradictory results have been found, showing both the benefits and detriments of microdosing in terms of mood, creative processes, and energy, among other regards. This review provides a general overview of the methods and approaches used, which could be useful for improving future studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-10-04", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.035", "pubmed_id": "33031815", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.035", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Placebo Effect, Female, Male, Sexism, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33031815\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Creativity,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3962, "title": "Alkaloids, Biosynthesis AND Their Applications", "normalized_title": "alkaloids biosynthesis and their applications", "authors": "R. (Renu) Tyagi, R. Kalani, C. (Chandresh) Pareek", "abstract": "Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral[2] and even weakly acidic properties.[3] Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids.[4] In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.[5] Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.[6] They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction, or solvent extractions followed by silica-gel column chromatography.[7] Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine),[8] cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine),[9] vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine),[10] antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine),[11] and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. piperine).[12] [failed verification] Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine),[13] and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine).[14] Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste.[15]", "journal": "Neliti", "publication_date": "2020-10-02", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://www.neliti.com/publications/722050/alkaloids-biosynthesis-and-their-applications", "keywords": "Chemistry, Alkaloid, Biochemistry, Biosynthesis, Drug, Sparteine, Biological activity, Stimulant, Berberine, Metabolic pathway, Structure-activity relationship, Analgesic, Enzyme, Stereochemistry, Sulfur, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Berberine and alkaloids research, Plant-based Medicinal Research", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7161662258\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7161662258\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5139849331\",\"display_name\":\"R. (Renu) Tyagi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085758476\",\"display_name\":\"R. Kalani\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5139782558\",\"display_name\":\"C. (Chandresh) Pareek\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407055263\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neliti\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://www.neliti.com/publications/722050/alkaloids-biosynthesis-and-their-applications\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3830, "title": "Turn On, Tune In, Drop In: Psychedelics, Creativity and Entrepreneurship", "normalized_title": "turn on tune in drop in psychedelics creativity and entrepreneurship", "authors": "Lawrence Silver", "abstract": "There is a long history of psychedelic use throughout history. A great deal of research was conducted on the possible benefits of psychedelics until LSD and psilocybin became street drugs in the 1960s with reported negative effects. Declared illegal in the late 1960s, research slowed on the benefits of such drugs. A new version of the “street” use of psychedelics has emerged in the form of microsoding, particularly by entrepreneurs and Silicon Valley engineers. This paper reviews the history of psychedelics, possible benefits for creativity and openness for entrepreneurs, and how the issue should be addressed in an entrepreneurship classroom.", "journal": "American Journal of Management", "publication_date": "2020-10-01", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.33423/ajm.v20i3.3104", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.33423/ajm.v20i3.3104", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Creativity, Openness to experience, Entrepreneurship, Psychology, Drop out, Sociology, Criminology, Hallucinogen, Political science, Social psychology, Economics, Law, Demographic economics, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3210930415\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3210930415\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057456949\",\"display_name\":\"Lawrence Silver\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210181230\",\"source_display_name\":\"American Journal of Management\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.33423/ajm.v20i3.3104\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Creativity,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3833, "title": "109 - Novel Treatments for Resistant Depression: Comparison of Older and Younger Patients", "normalized_title": "109 novel treatments for resistant depression comparison of older and younger patients", "authors": "", "abstract": "Treatment resistant depression (TRD) is defined as the failure to respond to two adequate antidepressant trials. TRD patients have high levels of psychosocial distress, poor levels of functioning and are at increased risk for suicide. Novel treatment approaches are being developed to address TRD involving both pharmacological and neuromodulation interventions. In this symposium, leaders in the field will outline three strategies for treating depression which has not responded to conventional therapy and contrast the efficacy of these strategies in younger vs. older patients. William McDonald MD (JB Fuqua Professor of Late -Life Depression, Emory University, Atlanta, GA) will provide a brief overview of TRD and moderate the discussion. George Petrides MD (Director of Clinical Trials Operation and Division of ECT, Zucker Hillside Hospital, New York, NY) will discuss recent data from the National Institute of Mental Health sponsored Consortium on ECT Research (CORE) outlining the response of older patients to ultrabrief right unilateral ECT in TRD. He will contrast the response to ECT in older vs, younger patients from the CORE database accumulated over the last 15 years. Collin Reiff MD (Addiction Psychiatrist, New York University Langone Health Center, NY, NY) will discuss his recent review in the American Journal of Psychiatry on Psychedelic and Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy and the implications on the treatment of medication resistant depression, including late life mood disorders. The FDA’s breakthrough designation of MDMA for the treatment of PTSD and psilocybin for the treatment of depression reflects the drugs’ potential to treat resistant psychiatric disorders. Psychedelic assisted therapy may play a unique role in late life mood disorders. Finally, Patricio Riva Posse MD (Director of the TRD and Ketamine Clinic, Emory University, Atlanta, GA) will discuss ketamine treatment in resistant depression including a comparison of response rates and safety data on ketamine treatment in older vs. younger patients. He has recently published the largest compilation of safety data for ketamine infusions and he will review a new tool to monitor safety in clinical practice. Dr. Riva Posse is medical director of the Emory TRD program and has enrolled over 1000 patients (100 in his IV ketamine clinic and about half over the age of 60 years) and followed patients through several novel treatments including transcranial magnetic stimulation, ketamine infusion therapy and ECT to start to look at differential response rates.", "journal": "International Psychogeriatrics", "publication_date": "2020-09-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1017/s1041610220001878", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220001878", "keywords": "Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Treatment-resistant depression, Major depressive disorder, Electroconvulsive therapy, Psychosocial, Psychology, Mental health, Psilocybin, Distress, Psychological intervention, Medicine, Mood disorders, Bipolar disorder, Mood, Psychotherapist, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Anxiety, Hallucinogen, Macroeconomics, Economics, Treatment of Major Depression, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4240877881\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4240877881\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S175287009\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Psychogeriatrics\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220001878\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3832, "title": "Psilocybin in the news", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in the news", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": "Field Mycology", "publication_date": "2020-09-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.fldmyc.2020.10.011", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fldmyc.2020.10.011", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Biology, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4205269177\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4205269177\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S124663017\",\"source_display_name\":\"Field Mycology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fldmyc.2020.10.011\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3831, "title": "The Role of Psychedelics and Counseling in Mental Health Treatment", "normalized_title": "the role of psychedelics and counseling in mental health treatment", "authors": "Russ Curtis, Lisen C. Roberts, Elizabeth Graves, Heather Thompson Rainey, D. D. Wynn, Daphne Krantz, Verena Wieloch", "abstract": "Psychedelics (i.e., ketamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, psilocybin) have been effectively used globally for centuries to treat mental health and addiction issues. However, in the 1950s-1970s, a number of factors, including misuse, abuse, and poorly conceptualized and conducted clinical trials, caused the Federal Drug Administration to classify most of the psychedelic substances as having no medical value. Now, however, recent research is indicating that psychedelic-assisted therapy can significantly reduce depression and suicidal ideation in treatment-resistant clients, and it may be efficacious in treating other mental health and addiction issues as well. Researchers have also identified the critical therapeutic components that ensure effective psychedelic-assisted therapy, not least the need for mental health counseling before, during, and after treatment. The purpose of this manuscript is to share the latest psychedelic therapy research and to discuss how mental health counselors can contribute to this reemerging therapeutic trend.", "journal": "Journal of Mental Health Counseling", "publication_date": "2020-09-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.17744/mehc.42.4.03", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.42.4.03", "keywords": "Mental health, Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Addiction, Suicidal ideation, Psychotherapist, Psychology, Substance abuse, Medicine, Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Suicide prevention, Poison control, Environmental health, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3094549229\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3094549229\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":28,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001039614\",\"display_name\":\"Russ Curtis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9398-6881\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031043687\",\"display_name\":\"Lisen C. Roberts\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3850-3028\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037955905\",\"display_name\":\"Elizabeth Graves\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4525-6304\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042471446\",\"display_name\":\"Heather Thompson Rainey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8792-975X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058770988\",\"display_name\":\"D. D. Wynn\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Daphne Krantz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011114391\",\"display_name\":\"Verena Wieloch\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764850752\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Mental Health Counseling\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.42.4.03\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2242, "title": "Efficacy of psychedelic treatments on depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "efficacy of psychedelic treatments on depressive symptoms a meta analysis", "authors": "Romeo B, Karila L, Martelli C, Benyamina A", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs have shown an efficacy in some psychiatric disorders and have an original mechanism of action with a 5-HT agonism. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess by a quantitative analysis the putative efficacy of psychedelic drugs on depressive symptoms and to investigate the kinetic of this efficacy. We searched the MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases through April 2019, without limits on year of publication. Means and standard deviations were extracted to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD). Scores of depressive symptoms were compared with baseline scores at days 7, 14, and 21; weeks 4-5 and 6-8; and months 3 and 6. Eight studies were included in this meta-analysis. A significant decrease of depressive symptoms was found from day 1 ( = 5 studies; SMD = -1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.33 to -0.48, = 0.003) to 6 months ( = 4 studies; SMD = -1.07, 95% CI: -1.44 to -0.7, This meta-analysis shows that psychedelic treatments were safe and could contribute to a rapid improvement of depressive symptoms.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2020-09-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1177/0269881120919957", "pubmed_id": "32448048", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32448048/", "keywords": "Psychedelics, ayahuasca, depressive symptoms, meta-analysis, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"32448048\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Meta-Analysis", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2237, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted group therapy: A new hope for demoralization", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted group therapy a new hope for demoralization", "authors": "Peter S. Hendricks", "abstract": "Anderson et al.’s [[1]Anderson B.T. Danforth A. Daroff R. Stauffer C. Ekman E. Agin-Liebes G. et al.Psilocybin-facilitated group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.Eclinical Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (74) Google Scholar] open-label pilot study of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralization among older long-term AIDS survivor (OLTAS) men is innovative and courageous. It is innovative in applying a group therapy paradigm not previously used in contemporary clinical studies of classic psychedelics. This is important because psilocybin- and other classic psychedelic-assisted treatments are typically time-intensive, involving several lengthy individual pre-drug preparatory sessions and post-drug integration sessions, raising concerns about scalability in real-world settings. The use of group therapy with classic psychedelics, though uncommon, is consistent with the anthropology of these compounds [[2]Schultes R.E. Hallucinogens of plant origin.Science. 1969; 163: 245-254Crossref PubMed Google Scholar], and may well increase the likelihood of implementing such interventions in clinical practice should they continue to prove safe and effective. Furthermore, considering the unique and ineffable nature of transcendent experiences occasioned by classic psychedelics [[3]Hendricks P.S. Awe: a putative mechanism underlying the effects of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.Int Rev Psychiatry. 2018; 30: 331-342Crossref PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar,[4]Johnson M.W. Hendricks P.S. Barrett F.S. Griffiths R.R. Classic psychedelics: an integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function.Pharmacol Ther. 2019; 197: 83-102Crossref PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar], group therapy may provide an optimal outlet for making meaning of such experiences, and critically, translating them to adaptive changes in behavior. Though comparing the effectiveness of group vs. individual therapy in this context is an objective for future research, it is nonetheless made possible by Anderson et al.’s [[1]Anderson B.T. Danforth A. Daroff R. Stauffer C. Ekman E. Agin-Liebes G. et al.Psilocybin-facilitated group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.Eclinical Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (74) Google Scholar] trailblazing work. Anderson et al.’s [[1]Anderson B.T. Danforth A. Daroff R. Stauffer C. Ekman E. Agin-Liebes G. et al.Psilocybin-facilitated group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.Eclinical Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (74) Google Scholar] study is courageous in its focus on OLTAS men, a marginalized population diagnosed with HIV/AIDS at a time when HIV/AIDS was considered a terminal diagnosis. OLTAS men endured unprecedented and devastating loss of loved ones, and consequently, demoralization-a sense of helplessness, hopelessness, and a loss of meaning in life-is a pervasive clinical concern. Anderson et al. [[1]Anderson B.T. Danforth A. Daroff R. Stauffer C. Ekman E. Agin-Liebes G. et al.Psilocybin-facilitated group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.Eclinical Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (74) Google Scholar] thus targeted a significant and difficult-to-treat problem with current demoralization-focused psychotherapies demonstrating limited effectiveness. Moreover, 50% of their sample met criteria for a comorbid mental health condition including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and borderline personality disorder. As psilocybin can produce acute anxiety/fear/panic, dysphoria, and confusion [[4]Johnson M.W. Hendricks P.S. Barrett F.S. Griffiths R.R. Classic psychedelics: an integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function.Pharmacol Ther. 2019; 197: 83-102Crossref PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar], the administration of psilocybin to a group of individuals predisposed to these difficult experiences undoubtedly presented many challenges. These challenges were unquestionably amplified by the Schedule I status of psilocybin and the heightened political lens surrounding its clinical application. Still, despite these challenges, Anderson et al. [[1]Anderson B.T. Danforth A. Daroff R. Stauffer C. Ekman E. Agin-Liebes G. et al.Psilocybin-facilitated group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.Eclinical Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (74) Google Scholar] demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and potential efficacy of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for an underserved and vulnerable population. Of course, as with any open-label pilot study, Anderson et al.’s [[1]Anderson B.T. Danforth A. Daroff R. Stauffer C. Ekman E. Agin-Liebes G. et al.Psilocybin-facilitated group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.Eclinical Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (74) Google Scholar] findings are not conclusive. Future randomized placebo-controlled trials with larger samples are required to more definitively inform the safety and effectiveness of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for OLTAS men. Nevertheless, Anderson et al.’s [[1]Anderson B.T. Danforth A. Daroff R. Stauffer C. Ekman E. Agin-Liebes G. et al.Psilocybin-facilitated group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.Eclinical Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (74) Google Scholar] findings open the door to future investigations testing psilocybin-assisted group therapy in other populations confronted with demoralization, including those with chronic pain, obesity, substance use disorders, and the elderly, among others [5Robinson S. Kissane D.W. Brooker J. Burney S. A review of the construct of demoralization: history, definitions, and future directions for palliative care.Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2016; 33: 93-101Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar, 6Tecuta L. Tomba E. Grandi S. Fava G.A. Demoralization: a systematic review on its clinical characterization.Psychol Med. 2015; 45: 673-691Crossref PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar, 7Hendricks P.S. Grob C.S. Classic psychedelics and rational suicide in the elderly: exploring the potential utility of a reemerging treatment paradigm.in: McCue R. Balasubramaniam M. Rational suicide in the elderly. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland2017Crossref Google Scholar]. PSH is on the scientific advisory board of Bright Minds Biosciences Ltd. and Silo Pharma Inc. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: An open-label safety and feasibility pilot studyWe demonstrated the feasibility, relative safety, and potential efficacy of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralization in OLTAS. Groups may be an effective and efficient means of delivering psychotherapy pre- and post-psilocybin to patients with complex medical and psychiatric needs. Full-Text PDF Open Access", "journal": "EClinicalMedicine", "publication_date": "2020-09-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100557", "pubmed_id": "33073220", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100557", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychotherapist, Medicine, Psychological intervention, Group psychotherapy, Scopus, Psychology, Psychiatry, MEDLINE, Political science, Law, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3089864945\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3089864945\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":5,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004506349\",\"display_name\":\"Peter S. Hendricks\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2898347799\",\"source_display_name\":\"EClinicalMedicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100557\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Personality Change,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article,Older Adults,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2228, "title": "The emerging role of psilocybin and MDMA in the treatment of mental illness.", "normalized_title": "the emerging role of psilocybin and mdma in the treatment of mental illness", "authors": "Gill H, Gill B, Chen-Li D, El-Halabi S, Rodrigues NB, Cha DS, Lipsitz O, Lee Y, Rosenblat JD, Majeed A, Mansur RB, Nasri F, Ho R, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "IntroductionMental illness has a chronic course of illness with a number of clinical manifestations. Affected individuals experience significant functional, emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral impairments. The growing prevalence of mental illness has been associated with significant social and economic costs. Indeed, the economic burden of mental illness is estimated to exceed $1.8 trillion USD over the next 30 years. A significant number of individuals affected by mental illness fail to respond to first-line treatment options. Therefore, there remains an unmet need for rapidly attenuating therapeutic options for mental health disorders with minimal social and economic burden.Areas coveredThe paucity of novel treatment options warrants a renewed investigation of psychedelic-based psychotherapy. Herein, the authors will evaluate the therapeutic potential of traditional psychedelics, psilocybin, and MDMA, in the treatment of mental illness with a narrative review of available literature.Expert opinionPsychedelics, such as psilocybin and MDMA, offer an alternative avenue of therapy for many mental health disorders. Available evidence indicates that psychedelics may offer a single-dose, rapid effect model that have robust effects with treatment-resistant mental disorders and a unique advantage as a possible monotherapy for mental illness. Novel clinical trials that evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy in clinically representative populations are warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-09-29", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/14737175.2020.1826931", "pubmed_id": "32954860", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2020.1826931", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32954860\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3834, "title": "Wait for the Science Before Widespread Use of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "wait for the science before widespread use of psilocybin", "authors": "Nicole Harrington Cirino", "abstract": "Back to table of contents Previous article Next article ViewpointsFull AccessWait for the Science Before Widespread Use of PsilocybinNicole Harrington Cirino, M.D.Nicole Harrington Cirino, M.D.Published Online:28 Sep 2020https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.10a32AbstractThe momentum behind psilocybin as the next big \"breakthrough\" in treating psychiatric disorders is strong, but Oregon psychiatrists and APA have had to push back psilocybin enthusiasts from making unsafe and premature laws for the use of psilocybin for vulnerable psychiatric patients looking for a cure. Over 112,000 Oregon residents signed a petition and made campaign donations topping $1.2 million to put the question of whether psilocybin-which is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-should be legalized on the November ballot in Oregon. Measure 109, The Psilocybin Program Initiative, is the first psilocybin treatment measure being proposed in the United States. It is gaining significant support from the psilocybin community. The Oregon Psilocybin Society is leading the Yes vote on the Measure 109 campaign. The society was formed by Portland-area psychotherapists Thomas and Sheri Eckert (both master's-level psychotherapists). Missing from the planning or initiation of the initiative is any mention of or oversight by Oregon psychiatrists.The Oregon Psychiatric Physicians Association (OPPA) and APA have both voiced their opposition for this measure for three main reasons: (1) safety and efficacy have not yet been established for psilocybin, (2) using majority public vote via ballot initiative to bypass FDA approval for a new medical treatment is dangerous, and (3) if passed, the use of psilocybin will not require oversight by medical professionals, particularly psychiatrists.Measure 109 as written would allow the \"manufacture, delivery, and administration\" of the hallucinogenic drug psilocybin for the treatment of \"including but not limited to addiction, depression, anxiety disorders, and end of-life psychological distress\" by nonmedical providers.Those following the scientific data know that neither safety nor efficacy has been established according to FDA guidelines or clinical trials. The psychiatric community generally agrees with the FDA-that early limited trials have shown that this new treatment has potential. The FDA has given psilocybin \"breakthrough therapy\" status for major depressive disorder to Usona pharmaceuticals whose phase 2 trials are still under way. Phase 3 trials have yet to even start for psilocybin.Psilocybin is believed to act on serotonin receptors and induce hallucinations as its main proposed mechanism of action. Studies have not yet explored basic drug interactions with other serotonergic or dopaminergic agents, the impact on psychiatric conditions vulnerable to psychosis, dose, side-effect profile, and efficacy for the treatment of substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, and other comorbid psychiatric conditions. In essence, Measure 109 allows prescribing of a non-FDA approved Schedule 1 controlled substance by a nonmedical practitioner for an overly inclusive range of psychiatric conditions.In a letter in August to Oregon Secretary of State Bev Clarno, APA CEO and Medical Director Saul Levin, M.D., M.P.A., stated, \"Treating patients with mental health and substance use disorders is complex, due to the fact that more than half of these patients also have an underlying physical illness. Given our limited understanding of psilocybin's effects on patients and how it may interact with other medications, it is dangerous to allow practitioners-especially those with no medical training-to dispense a controlled substance.\"Psychiatrists, as physicians and experts in the treatment of psychiatric conditions, urge psilocybin nonphysician enthusiasts to slow down and wait for the science. It is dangerous to promote widespread use of psilocybin to vulnerable Oregonians with psychiatric conditions. ■The views expressed in this article do not represent the views of OHSU.The letter by Saul Levin, M.D., M.P.A., is posted here.Nicole Harrington Cirino, M.D., is president of the Oregon Psychiatric Physicians Association and an associate professor of psychiatry and obstetrics and gynecology at the Oregon Health and Science University. ISSUES NewArchived", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2020-09-28", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2020.10a32", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.10a32", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Ballot, Psychiatry, Opposition (politics), Psychology, Political science, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Law, Politics, Voting, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3091539953\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3091539953\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002035022\",\"display_name\":\"Nicole Harrington Cirino\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.10a32\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3835, "title": "Drugs in therapy. LSD, MDMA, marijuana, psilocybin, designer drugs and its potential in modern medicine.", "normalized_title": "drugs in therapy lsd mdma marijuana psilocybin designer drugs and its potential in modern medicine", "authors": "Agata Tadeja", "abstract": "Drugs in therapy. LSD, MDMA, marijuana, psilocybin, designer drugs and its potential in modern medicine", "journal": "Farmacja Polska", "publication_date": "2020-09-27", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.32383/farmpol/127922", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.32383/farmpol/127922", "keywords": "Psilocybin, MDMA, Hallucinogen, Designer drug, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Medicine, Ecstasy, Pharmacology, Drug, Psychiatry, Internal medicine, Serotonin, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3089863787\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3089863787\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058537148\",\"display_name\":\"Agata Tadeja\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4334-2978\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210192982\",\"source_display_name\":\"Farmacja Polska\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.32383/farmpol/127922\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2238, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: An open-label safety and feasibility pilot study", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted group therapy for demoralized older long term aids survivor men an open label safety and feasibility pilot study", "authors": "B. Anderson, Alicia Danforth, Prof Robert Daroff, Christopher S. Stauffer, Eve Ekman, Gabrielle Agin-Liebes, Alexander Trope, Matthew Tyler Boden, James Dilley, Jennifer Mitchell, Joshua Woolley", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Psilocybin therapy has shown promise as a rapid-acting treatment for depression, anxiety, and demoralization in patients with serious medical illness (e.g., cancer) when paired with individual psychotherapy. This study assessed the safety and feasibility of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralization in older long-term AIDS survivor (OLTAS) men, a population with a high degree of demoralization and traumatic loss. METHODS: Self-identified gay men OLTAS with moderate-to-severe demoralization (Demoralization Scale-II ≥8) were recruited from the community of a major US city for a single-site open-label study of psilocybin-assisted group therapy comprising 8-10 group therapy visits and one psilocybin administration visit (0·3-0·36 mg/kg po). Primary outcomes were rate and severity of adverse events, and participant recruitment and retention. The primary clinical outcome was change in mean demoralization from baseline to end-of-treatment and to 3-month follow-up assessed with a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02950467). FINDINGS: = 0·47, 90% CI0·21-0·60). INTERPRETATION: We demonstrated the feasibility, relative safety, and potential efficacy of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralization in OLTAS. Groups may be an effective and efficient means of delivering psychotherapy pre- and post-psilocybin to patients with complex medical and psychiatric needs. FUNDING: Carey Turnbull, Heffter Research Institute, NIMH R25 MH060482, NIH UL1 TR001872, River Styx Foundation, Saisei Foundation, Sarlo Foundation, Stupski Foundation, Usona Institute, US Department of Veterans Affairs (Advanced Neurosciences Fellowship and IK2CX001495).", "journal": "EClinicalMedicine", "publication_date": "2020-09-23", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538", "pubmed_id": "33150319", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Adverse effect, Depression (economics), Population, Anxiety, Psychiatry, Internal medicine, Hallucinogen, Economics, Environmental health, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3087859780\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":270,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009662036\",\"display_name\":\"B. Anderson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5023-660X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051293419\",\"display_name\":\"Alicia Danforth\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8726-046X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104548030\",\"display_name\":\"Prof Robert Daroff\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077197149\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher S. Stauffer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0888-095X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017016462\",\"display_name\":\"Eve Ekman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-5309\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041698353\",\"display_name\":\"Gabrielle Agin-Liebes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-229X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010900227\",\"display_name\":\"Alexander Trope\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1034-9110\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026342430\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew Tyler Boden\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7184-2518\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054356516\",\"display_name\":\"James Dilley\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1108-0048\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078452831\",\"display_name\":\"Jennifer Mitchell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7567-8129\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101826991\",\"display_name\":\"Joshua Woolley\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6753-2093\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2898347799\",\"source_display_name\":\"EClinicalMedicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Veterans,Safety,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2244, "title": "Cannabis as entheogen: survey and interview data on the spiritual use of cannabis", "normalized_title": "cannabis as entheogen survey and interview data on the spiritual use of cannabis", "authors": "Petter Grahl Johnstad", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: While cannabis has a long history of spiritual use, its normalization in Western societies during the last decades has led to more recreational use. This study aimed to explore the characteristics of spiritual cannabis use as compared to recreational use and to the use of psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin. METHODS: The study employed a mixed methods research design that involved both qualitative interviews and a quantitative survey. Participants in interviews (N = 29) were recruited at various online fora for individual interviews via private messaging, and were queried in depth about their use of entheogens such as psilocybin, LSD, and DMT in spiritual contexts. The Cannabis and Psychedelics User Survey (CPUS) was constructed on the basis of the reports from these interviews, and recruited 319 participants (median age 33; 81% male) from seven different online communities. The online survey consisted of three main sections, with the first asking about demographics, personality, current and past affiliation to spiritual or religious traditions, and non-psychedelic drug use, and the second and third sections containing questions about motivations for, experience with, and consequences of cannabis and psychedelics use. The main statistical analyses used were multivariate linear and logistic regression analysis, which identified the effect from having a spiritual motivation for cannabis use on various aspects of the cannabis experience while controlling for a range of demographic, personality, and drug use variables. RESULTS: Respondents differentiated clearly between the use of psychedelics and cannabis. Their use of the psychedelic drug they chose for the survey was restricted to a median of 1-10 use occasions per year, and 69% of participants endorsed having a spiritual motivation for use. Cannabis, on the other hand, was used a median of 51-100 times per year, and 25% of participants endorsed having a spiritual motivation for use. This minority of spiritual cannabis users differed significantly from non-spiritual users in how they approached cannabis use and in the type of experiences their use gave rise to. In multivariate logistic regression models, spiritual motivation was a significant predictor (p", "journal": "Journal of Cannabis Research", "publication_date": "2020-09-21", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1186/s42238-020-00032-2", "pubmed_id": "33526128", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-020-00032-2", "keywords": "Cannabis, Psilocybin, Psychology, Recreation, Demographics, Computer-assisted web interviewing, Personality, Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Social psychology, Demography, Marketing, Political science, Law, Business, Sociology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3089027668\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3089027668\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":29,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062810092\",\"display_name\":\"Petter Grahl Johnstad\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2528-3356\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210239512\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Cannabis Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-020-00032-2\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Personality Change,Spirituality,Observational Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2219, "title": "Efficacy of Psychoactive Drugs for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of MDMA, Ketamine, LSD and Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "efficacy of psychoactive drugs for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder a systematic review of mdma ketamine lsd and psilocybin", "authors": "Varker T, Watson L, Gibson K, Forbes D, O'Donnell ML.", "abstract": "The aim of this systematic review was to examine the efficacy of MDMA, ketamine, LSD, and psilocybin for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A search of four databases for English language, peer-reviewed literature published from inception to 18th October 2019 yielded 2,959 records, 34 of which were screened on full-text. Observational studies and RCTs which tested the efficacy of MDMA, ketamine, LSD, or psilocybin for reducing PTSD symptoms in adults, and reported changes to PTSD diagnosis or symptomatology, were included. Nine trials (five ketamine and four MDMA) met inclusion criteria. Trials were rated on a quality and bias checklist and GRADE was used to rank the evidence. The evidence for ketamine as a stand-alone treatment for comorbid PTSD and depression was ranked \"very low\", and the evidence for ketamine in combination with psychotherapy as a PTSD treatment was ranked \"low\". The evidence for MDMA in combination with psychotherapy as a PTSD treatment was ranked \"moderate\".", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-09-14", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2020.1817639", "pubmed_id": "32931403", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1817639", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Psychotropic Drugs, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32931403\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3836, "title": "Classic Psychedelics as a Psychotherapeutic Aid in the Treatment of Stimulant Use Disorder: a Case Report", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics as a psychotherapeutic aid in the treatment of stimulant use disorder a case report", "authors": "Shevaugn Johnson, Quentin Black", "abstract": "", "journal": "International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction", "publication_date": "2020-09-13", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/s11469-020-00398-7", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00398-7", "keywords": "Polysubstance dependence, Stimulant, Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Psychology, Mood, Mental health, Substance abuse, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Clinical psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3084681378\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3084681378\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074779884\",\"display_name\":\"Shevaugn Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-3874\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072640627\",\"display_name\":\"Quentin Black\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S47841752\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00398-7\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3251, "title": "Psilocybin rescues sociability deficits in an animal model of autism", "normalized_title": "psilocybin rescues sociability deficits in an animal model of autism", "authors": "Mollinedo-Gajate I, Song C, Sintes-Rodriguez M, Whelan T, Soula A, Selimbeyoglu A, Hurley S, Knöpfel T.", "abstract": "Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by core deficits in social interaction. The classic serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin has been suggested as a therapeutic agent that may ameliorate in the core symptomology of ASD. We found that the acute response to psilocybin was attenuated in the prenatal valproic acid exposure mouse model of ASD, and importantly, psilocybin rescued the social behavioural abnormalities present in these ASD model mice.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2020-09-09", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1101/2020.09.09.289348", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.09.289348", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR212199\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3837, "title": "Kasus keracunan Inocybe sp. di Indonesia", "normalized_title": "kasus keracunan inocybe sp di indonesia", "authors": "Ivan Permana Putra", "abstract": "Jamur telah digunakan sejak lama sebagai bahan pangan karena berbagai kandungan nutrisi dan manfaat yang baik untuk kesehatan. Di Indonesia, sebagian besar masyarakat lokal telah terbiasa merambah jamur liar edible untuk dikonsumsi. Salah satu jamur liar konsumsi yang sering dicari oleh masyarakat adalah Termitomyces. Namun jamur ini seringkali sulit dibedakan dengan Inocybe karena sruktur morfologinya yang sama terutama untuk masyarakat awam. Inocybe diketahui memiliki spesies yang sebagian besar seringkali menyebabkan keracunan. Namun juga terdapat sedikit dari jenis dari jamur ini yang dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pangan dan obat. Tulisan ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif berbasis literatur. Selama 10 tahun terakhir, telah terjadi sebanyak 7 kasus keracunan Inocybe di Indonesia dengan total 31 orang korban dan 1 di antaranya meninggal dunia. Inocybe diketahui mengandung senyawa toksik yakni muscarine dan psilocybin. Kendala utama terkait identifikasi jamur penyebab keracunan salah satunya adalah minimnya informasi, preservasi, ataupun dokumentasi yang baik mengenai sampel jamur yang menyebabkan keracunan di Indonesia. Pengetahuan dasar mengenai aspek mikologi Inocybe dan potensi toksisitasnya merupakah salah satu hal penting untuk mencegah terjadinya keracunan jamur liar di Indonesia di masa mendatang.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-09-07", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.24252/psb.v6i1.15727", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://103.55.216.56/index.php/psb/article/download/15727/9610", "keywords": "Physics, Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection, Medicinal Plant Research, GABA and Rice Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3093488562\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3093488562\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":13,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055310292\",\"display_name\":\"Ivan Permana Putra\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8328-8764\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"http://103.55.216.56/index.php/psb/article/download/15727/9610\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2220, "title": "Chemical Composition of Traditional and Analog Ayahuasca", "normalized_title": "chemical composition of traditional and analog ayahuasca", "authors": "Helle Kaasik, Rita C. Z. Souza, Flávia da Silva Zandonadi, Luís Fernando Tófoli, Alessandra Sussulini", "abstract": "Traditional ayahuasca can be defined as a brew made from Amazonian vine Banisteriopsis caapi and Amazonian admixture plants. Ayahuasca is used by indigenous groups in Amazonia, as a sacrament in syncretic Brazilian religions, and in healing and spiritual ceremonies internationally. The study aimed to determine concentrations of the main bio- and psychoactive components of ayahuasca used in different locations and traditions. We collected 102 samples of brews from ayahuasca-using communities. Concentrations of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), tetrahydroharmine, harmine, and harmaline were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Qualitative analyses for non-traditional additives (moclobemide, psilocin, yuremamine) were performed by high resolution mass spectrometry. Higher and more variable concentrations of DMT in neoshamanic ayahuasca samples compared to indigenous samples may indicate use of higher and more variable proportions of DMT-containing admixture plants. From European samples, we found two related samples of analog ayahuasca containing moclobemide, psilocin, DMT, yuremamine, and very low concentrations of B. caapi alkaloids. Some analogs of ayahuasca (Peganum harmala, Mimosa tenuiflora) were used in Europe. No analogs were found from Brazil or Santo Daime ceremonies in Europe. We recommend awareness about the constituents of the brew and ethical self-regulation among practitioners of ayahuasca ceremonies.", "journal": "Journal of Psychoactive Drugs", "publication_date": "2020-09-07", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2020.1815911", "pubmed_id": "32896230", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1815911", "keywords": "Ayahuasca, Peganum harmala, Harmaline, Harmine, Amazon rainforest, Traditional medicine, Chemistry, Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Ecology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3084012977\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3084012977\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":54,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025192764\",\"display_name\":\"Helle Kaasik\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7807-6310\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075153849\",\"display_name\":\"Rita C. Z. Souza\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080494773\",\"display_name\":\"Flávia da Silva Zandonadi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-6019\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078895766\",\"display_name\":\"Luís Fernando Tófoli\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2262-8272\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089041328\",\"display_name\":\"Alessandra Sussulini\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5092-5867\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S149515109\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1815911\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Spirituality", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2246, "title": "Total Recall: Lateral Habenula and Psychedelics in the Study of Depression and Comorbid Brain Disorders.", "normalized_title": "total recall lateral habenula and psychedelics in the study of depression and comorbid brain disorders", "authors": "Vitkauskas M, Mathuru AS.", "abstract": "Depression impacts the lives and daily activities of millions globally. Research into the neurobiology of lateral habenula circuitry and the use of psychedelics for treating depressive states has emerged in the last decade as new directions to devise interventional strategies and therapies. Several clinical trials using deep brain stimulation of the habenula, or using ketamine, and psychedelics that target the serotonergic system such as psilocybin are also underway. The promising early results in these fields require cautious optimism as further evidence from experiments conducted in animal systems in ecologically relevant settings, and a larger number of human studies with improved spatiotemporal neuroimaging, accumulates. Designing optimal methods of intervention will also be aided by an improvement in our understanding of the common genetic and molecular factors underlying disorders comorbid with depression, as well as the characterization of psychedelic-induced changes at a molecular level. Advances in the use of cerebral organoids offers a new approach for rapid progress towards these goals. Here, we review developments in these fast-moving areas of research and discuss potential future directions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-09-06", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3390/ijms21186525", "pubmed_id": "32906643", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186525", "keywords": "Habenula, Humans, Brain Diseases, Hallucinogens, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Comorbidity, Serotonergic Neurons, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32906643\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2247, "title": "Psilocybin as a New Approach to Treat Depression and Anxiety in the Context of Life-Threatening Diseases-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a new approach to treat depression and anxiety in the context of life threatening diseases a systematic review and meta analysis of clinical trials", "authors": "Vargas AS, Luís Â, Barroso M, Gallardo E, Pereira L.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a naturally occurring tryptamine known for its psychedelic properties. Recent research indicates that psilocybin may constitute a valid approach to treat depression and anxiety associated to life-threatening diseases. The aim of this work was to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis of clinical trials to assess the therapeutic effects and safety of psilocybin on those medical conditions. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to measure the effects in depression and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to measure the effects in anxiety. For BDI, 11 effect sizes were considered (92 patients) and the intervention group was significantly favored (WMD = -4.589; 95% CI = -4.207 to -0.971; p-value = 0.002). For STAI-Trait, 11 effect sizes were considered (92 patients), being the intervention group significantly favored when compared to the control group (WMD = -5.906; 95% CI = -7.852 to -3.960; p-value ˂ 0.001). For STAI-State, 9 effect sizes were considered (41 patients) and the intervention group was significantly favored (WMD = -6.032; 95% CI = -8.900 to -3.164; p-value ˂ 0.001). The obtained results are promising and emphasize the importance of psilocybin translational research in the management of symptoms of depression and anxiety, since the compound may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety in conditions that are either resistant to conventional pharmacotherapy or for which pharmacologic treatment is not yet approved. Moreover, it may be also relevant for first-line treatment, given its safety.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-09-04", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3390/biomedicines8090331", "pubmed_id": "32899469", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8090331", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32899469\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2248, "title": "Psilocybin Can Diminish Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin can diminish depression", "authors": "Teresa Kay Jones, Steven Lippmann", "abstract": "", "journal": "The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders", "publication_date": "2020-09-01", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.4088/pcc.19br02580", "pubmed_id": "32898345", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.19br02580", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Depression (economics), Hallucinogen, Psychology, Psychiatry, Economics, Keynesian economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3082563060\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3082563060\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030238068\",\"display_name\":\"Teresa Kay Jones\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018430748\",\"display_name\":\"Steven Lippmann\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210179967\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.19br02580\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2254, "title": "Compassionate use of psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "compassionate use of psychedelics", "authors": "Greif A, Šurkala M.", "abstract": "In the present paper, we discuss the ethics of compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy and argue that it can be morally permissible. When talking about psychedelics, we mean specifically two substances: psilocybin and MDMA. When administered under supportive conditions and in conjunction with psychotherapy, therapies assisted by these substances show promising results. However, given the publicly controversial nature of psychedelics, compassionate psychedelic psychotherapy calls for ethical justification. We thus review the safety and efficacy of psilocybin- and MDMA-assisted therapies and claim that it can be rational for some patients to try psychedelic therapy. We think it can be rational despite the uncertainty of outcomes associated with compassionate use as an unproven treatment regime, as the expected value of psychedelic psychotherapy can be assessed and can outweigh the expected value of routine care, palliative care, or no care at all. Furthermore, we respond to the objection that psychedelic psychotherapy is morally impermissible because it is epistemically harmful. We argue that given the current level of understanding of psychedelics, this objection is unsubstantiated for a number of reasons, but mainly because there is no experimental evidence to suggest that epistemic harm actually takes place.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-08-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z", "pubmed_id": "32468195", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09958-z", "keywords": "Humans, Chronic Disease, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Terminal Care, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Compassionate Use Trials, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32468195\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2249, "title": "Psychedelic Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Patient Experiences in Qualitative Studies.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic treatments for psychiatric disorders a systematic review and thematic synthesis of patient experiences in qualitative studies", "authors": "Breeksema JJ, Niemeijer AR, Krediet E, Vermetten E, Schoevers RA.", "abstract": "IntroductionInterest in the use of psychedelic substances for the treatment of mental disorders is increasing. Processes that may affect therapeutic change are not yet fully understood. Qualitative research methods are increasingly used to examine patient accounts; however, currently, no systematic review exists that synthesizes these findings in relation to the use of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders.ObjectiveTo provide an overview of salient themes in patient experiences of psychedelic treatments for mental disorders, presenting both common and diverging elements in patients' accounts, and elucidating how these affect the treatment process.MethodsWe systematically searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Embase databases for English-language qualitative literature without time limitations. Inclusion criteria were qualitative research design; peer-reviewed studies; based on verbalized patient utterances; and a level of abstraction or analysis of the results. Thematic synthesis was used to analyze and synthesize results across studies. A critical appraisal of study quality and methodological rigor was conducted using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP).ResultsFifteen research articles, comprising 178 patient experiences, were included. Studies exhibited a broad heterogeneity in terms of substance, mental disorder, treatment context, and qualitative methodology. Substances included psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ibogaine, ayahuasca, ketamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Disorders included anxiety, depression, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. While the included compounds were heterogeneous in pharmacology and treatment contexts, patients reported largely comparable experiences across disorders, which included phenomenological analogous effects, perspectives on the intervention, therapeutic processes and treatment outcomes. Comparable therapeutic processes included insights, altered self-perception, increased connectedness, transcendental experiences, and an expanded emotional spectrum, which patients reported contributed to clinically and personally relevant responses.ConclusionsThis review demonstrates how qualitative research of psychedelic treatments can contribute to distinguishing specific features of specific substances, and carry otherwise undiscovered implications for the treatment of specific psychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-08-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/s40263-020-00748-y", "pubmed_id": "32803732", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-020-00748-y", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Patient Outcome Assessment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32803732\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2245, "title": "Structure of a Hallucinogen-Activated Gq-Coupled 5-HT2A Serotonin Receptor", "normalized_title": "structure of a hallucinogen activated gq coupled 5 ht2a serotonin receptor", "authors": "Kuglae Kim, Tao Che, Ouliana Panova, Jeffrey F. DiBerto, Jiankun Lyu, B. Krumm, Daniel Wacker, Michael J. Robertson, Alpay B. Seven, David E. Nichols, Brian K. Shoichet, Georgios Skiniotis, Bryan L. Roth", "abstract": "", "journal": "Cell", "publication_date": "2020-08-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.024", "pubmed_id": "32946782", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.024", "keywords": "Hallucinogen, Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Serotonin, Inverse agonist, 5-HT2 receptor, Mescaline, Agonist, Pharmacology, Partial agonist, Tryptamine, Neuroscience, Biology, 5-HT receptor, Receptor, Biochemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3086773311\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3086773311\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":493,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026571067\",\"display_name\":\"Kuglae Kim\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6660-8738\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091597046\",\"display_name\":\"Tao Che\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1620-3027\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068713188\",\"display_name\":\"Ouliana Panova\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5089-620X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084154686\",\"display_name\":\"Jeffrey F. DiBerto\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8227-2071\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005823028\",\"display_name\":\"Jiankun Lyu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0461-5454\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085368538\",\"display_name\":\"B. Krumm\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-4767\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052975669\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Wacker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4951-7230\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076249181\",\"display_name\":\"Michael J. Robertson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2610-680X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039188699\",\"display_name\":\"Alpay B. Seven\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-9908\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101815306\",\"display_name\":\"David E. Nichols\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1129-1697\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009419179\",\"display_name\":\"Brian K. Shoichet\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6098-7367\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029581589\",\"display_name\":\"Georgios Skiniotis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-7846\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007856961\",\"display_name\":\"Bryan L. Roth\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-6520\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S110447773\",\"source_display_name\":\"Cell\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.024\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2256, "title": "Phytochemical, Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Psilocybe Natalensis Magic Mushroom", "normalized_title": "phytochemical cytotoxicity antioxidant and anti inflammatory effects of psilocybe natalensis magic mushroom", "authors": "Sanah Malomile Nkadimeng, Alice Nabatanzi, Christiaan M.L. Steinmann, J.N. Eloff", "abstract": "Psilocybin-containing mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, have been used since ancient and recent times for depression and to improve quality of life. However, their anti-inflammatory properties are not known. The study aims at investing cytotoxicity; antioxidant; and, for the first time, anti-inflammatory effects of Psilocybe natalensis, a psilocybin-containing mushroom that grows in South Africa, on lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Macrophage cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and treated with different concentrations of Psilocybe natalensis mushroom extracted with boiling hot water, cold water and ethanol over 24 h. Quercetin and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester were used as positive controls. Effects of extracts on the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and cytokine activities were investigated. Phytochemical analysis, and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity of extracts, were determined. Results showed that the three extracts inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and interleukin 1β cytokine production significantly in a dose-dependent manner close to that of the positive controls. A study proposed that ethanol and water extracts of Psilocybe natalensis mushroom were safe at concentrations used, and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds in the mushroom extracts.", "journal": "Plants", "publication_date": "2020-08-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3390/plants9091127", "pubmed_id": "32878164", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091127", "keywords": "Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Lipopolysaccharide, Mushroom, Nitric oxide, Cytotoxicity, Traditional medicine, Chemistry, Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Biology, Food science, Medicine, In vitro, Immunology, Organic chemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Fungal Biology and Applications, Herbal Medicine Research Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3081977832\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3081977832\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":65,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007223200\",\"display_name\":\"Sanah Malomile Nkadimeng\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5647-7156\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062015770\",\"display_name\":\"Alice Nabatanzi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-9345\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113698949\",\"display_name\":\"Christiaan M.L. Steinmann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086386072\",\"display_name\":\"J.N. Eloff\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1494-9842\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210230202\",\"source_display_name\":\"Plants\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091127\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,In Vitro Study,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2257, "title": "The therapeutic potential of microdosing psychedelics in depression.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of microdosing psychedelics in depression", "authors": "Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "Microdosing psychedelics is the repeated use of small doses of, for example, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, typically for a few weeks. Despite the popular and scientific attention in recent years, and claims by users that it has therapeutic value in affective disorders like depression, little scientific knowledge is available to back this. The purpose of this review was to investigate whether there are scientific grounds to state that this practice could be helpful in the treatment of affective disorders, and safe to use repeatedly. To that end, the literature (PubMed, MedLine) was searched, looking for (controlled) experimental studies with low doses of LSD and/or psilocybin, in healthy volunteers and patient samples. After a selection process and the addition of relevant articles, 14 experimental studies entered this review. Findings show that both LSD (10-20 mcg) and psilocybin (", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-08-26", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1177/2045125320950567", "pubmed_id": "32922736", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125320950567", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32922736\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Microdosing,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2031, "title": "Plasma psilocin critically determines behavioral and neurobiological effects of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "plasma psilocin critically determines behavioral and neurobiological effects of psilocybin", "authors": "M. Madsen, Gitte M. Knudsen", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-08-24", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-020-00823-4", "pubmed_id": "32843702", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00823-4", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Neuroscience, Hallucinogen, Psychotherapist, Cognitive psychology, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3081047021\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3081047021\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":15,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000203733\",\"display_name\":\"M. Madsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8836-1844\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S175030738\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00823-4\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2234, "title": "Systematic Error for Extraction of Controlled Substances from Plant/Fungal Materials", "normalized_title": "systematic error for extraction of controlled substances from plant fungal materials", "authors": "Júlia Nagy, Tibor Veress", "abstract": "The aim of this work was to investigate the applicability of a mathematical model developed for the description of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of cannabinoids from marijuana and hashish for liquid extraction of other substances. The mentioned model is applicable for dynamic SFE whose implementation is analogous to liquid-solid extraction in quasi-counter current mode. According to this model, quasi-counter current liquid-solid extractions were designed by calculation of component transport constants for extractions of psilocin from hallucinogenic mushroom, mescaline from hallucinogenic cactus, harmine from tropical lyan and salvinorin A from hallucinogenic sage. The mentioned model was found to be suitable for the determination of extraction time needed to reach a predefined extraction recovery for quasi-counter current liquid-solid extractions, as well, which allows the elimination of systematic error caused by the non-extracted part. The calculated component transport constants predict the expectable velocity of the extraction, i.e., the higher the component transport constant is, the higher the extraction velocity is. For mushrooms, it could be stated that preliminary treatment of mushrooms with liquid nitrogen significantly increases the extractability of psilocin.", "journal": "Journal of Chromatographic Science", "publication_date": "2020-08-23", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1093/chromsci/bmaa067", "pubmed_id": "32945334", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmaa067", "keywords": "Chemistry, Extraction (chemistry), Chromatography, Supercritical fluid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction, Harmine, Neuroscience, Biology, Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography, Chromatography in Natural Products, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3087726897\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3087726897\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104365858\",\"display_name\":\"Júlia Nagy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078792334\",\"display_name\":\"Tibor Veress\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S144192255\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Chromatographic Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmaa067\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2258, "title": "Psychedelics as a Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease Dementia.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as a treatment for alzheimer s disease dementia", "authors": "Vann Jones SA, O'Kelly A.", "abstract": "Currently, there are no disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) or any other dementia subtype. The renaissance in psychedelic research in recent years, in particular studies involving psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), coupled with anecdotal reports of cognitive benefits from micro-dosing, suggests that they may have a therapeutic role in a range of psychiatric and neurological conditions due to their potential to stimulate neurogenesis, provoke neuroplastic changes and reduce neuroinflammation. This inevitably makes them interesting candidates for therapeutics in dementia. This mini-review will look at the basic science and current clinical evidence for the role of psychedelics in treating dementia, especially early AD, with a particular focus on micro-dosing of the classical psychedelics LSD and psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-08-20", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00034", "pubmed_id": "32973482", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00034", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32973482\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neurogenesis,Review Article,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2229, "title": "P300-mediated modulations in self-other processing under psychedelic psilocybin are related to connectedness and changed meaning: A window into the self-other overlap", "normalized_title": "p300 mediated modulations in self other processing under psychedelic psilocybin are related to connectedness and changed meaning a window into the self other overlap", "authors": "Lukasz Smigielski, Michael Kometer, Milan Scheidegger, Cornelia Stress, Katrin H. Preller, Thomas Koenig, Franz X. Vollenweider", "abstract": "The concept of self and self-referential processing has a growing explanatory value in psychiatry and neuroscience, referring to the cognitive organization and perceptual differentiation of self-stimuli in health and disease. Conditions in which selfhood loses its natural coherence offer a unique opportunity for elucidating the mechanisms underlying self-disturbances. We assessed the psychoactive effects of psilocybin (230 μg/kg p.o.), a preferential 5-HT1A/2A agonist known to induce shifts in self-perception. Our placebo-controlled, double-blind, within-subject crossover experiment (n = 17) implemented a verbal self-monitoring task involving vocalizations and participant identification of real-time auditory source- (self/other) and pitch-modulating feedback. Subjective experience and task performance were analyzed, with time-point-by-time-point assumption-free multivariate randomization statistics applied to the spatiotemporal dynamics of event-related potentials. Psilocybin-modulated self-experience, interacted with source to affect task accuracy, and altered the late phase of self-stimuli encoding by abolishing the distinctiveness of self- and other-related electric field configurations during the P300 timeframe. This last effect was driven by current source density changes within the supragenual anterior cingulate and right insular cortex. The extent of the P300 effect was associated with the intensity of psilocybin-induced feelings of unity and changed meaning of percepts. Modulations of late encoding and their underlying neural generators in self-referential processing networks via 5-HT signaling may be key for understanding self-disorders. This mechanism may reflect a neural instantiation of altered self-other and relational meaning processing in a stimulus-locked time domain. The study elucidates the neuropharmacological foundation of subjectivity, with implications for therapy, underscoring the concept of connectedness.", "journal": "Human Brain Mapping", "publication_date": "2020-08-20", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1002/hbm.25174", "pubmed_id": "32820851", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25174", "keywords": "Psychology, Psilocybin, Anterior cingulate cortex, Cognition, Cognitive psychology, Neuroscience, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Perception, Insula, Optimal distinctiveness theory, Stimulus (psychology), Anhedonia, Hallucinogen, Social psychology, Dopamine, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3080679302\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3080679302\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":42,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082806271\",\"display_name\":\"Lukasz Smigielski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-7644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021802006\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Kometer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050503083\",\"display_name\":\"Milan Scheidegger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1313-2208\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066258321\",\"display_name\":\"Cornelia Stress\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040977207\",\"display_name\":\"Katrin H. Preller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0413-7672\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066778919\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Koenig\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1472-4638\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S121666818\",\"source_display_name\":\"Human Brain Mapping\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25174\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3838, "title": "Case Report: Resolution of Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Patient Consuming Psilocybin Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "case report resolution of rheumatoid arthritis in a patient consuming psilocybin mushrooms", "authors": "Lin Denise S", "abstract": "This was a retrospective database analysis of all paediatric (< 18-years) intubations performed by HEMS physicians during a six-year period (2012-2017). The recorded findings included patient demographics, operator background, airway interventions (including intubation attempts), video-assisted intubation, and complications.", "journal": "Journal of Healthcare", "publication_date": "2020-08-18", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.36959/569/456", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.36959/569/456", "keywords": "Medicine, Intubation, Demographics, Psilocybin, Rheumatoid arthritis, Psychological intervention, Orotracheal intubation, Retrospective cohort study, Emergency medicine, Anesthesia, Surgery, Internal medicine, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Sociology, Demography, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Respiratory and Cough-Related Research, Pharmaceutical studies and practices", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3081543645\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3081543645\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109470804\",\"display_name\":\"Lin Denise S\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210191581\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Healthcare\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.36959/569/456\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Case Report,Observational Study", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2151, "title": "Psychedelic science in post-COVID-19 psychiatry", "normalized_title": "psychedelic science in post covid 19 psychiatry", "authors": "John R. Kelly, Matthew Crockett, Laith Alexander, Martin Haran, Amanda Baker, Lisa M. Burke, Christine Brennan, Veronica O’Keane", "abstract": "The medium- to long-term consequences of COVID-19 are not yet known, though an increase in mental health problems are predicted. Multidisciplinary strategies across socio-economic and psychological levels may be needed to mitigate the mental health burden of COVID-19. Preliminary evidence from the rapidly progressing field of psychedelic science shows that psilocybin therapy offers a promising transdiagnostic treatment strategy for a range of disorders with restricted and maladaptive habitual patterns of cognition and behaviour, notably depression, addiction and obsessive compulsive disorder. The COMPASS Pathways (COMPASS) phase 2b double-blind trial of psilocybin therapy in antidepressant-free, treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is underway to determine the safety, efficacy and optimal dose of psilocybin. Results from the Imperial College London Psilodep-RCT comparing the efficacy and mechanisms of action of psilocybin therapy to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram will soon be published. However, the efficacy and safety of psilocybin therapy in conjunction with SSRIs in TRD is not yet known. An additional COMPASS study, with a centre in Dublin, will begin to address this question, with potential implications for the future delivery of psilocybin therapy. While at a relatively early stage of clinical development, and notwithstanding the immense challenges of COVID-19, psilocybin therapy has the potential to play an important therapeutic role for various psychiatric disorders in post-COVID-19 clinical psychiatry.", "journal": "Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine", "publication_date": "2020-08-18", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1017/ipm.2020.94", "pubmed_id": "32811575", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.94", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Major depressive disorder, Mental health, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Psychotherapist, Medicine, Cognition, Internal medicine, Disease, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3054886531\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3054886531\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":16,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046590180\",\"display_name\":\"John R. Kelly\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9545-0615\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020522066\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew Crockett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3758-9395\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083636574\",\"display_name\":\"Laith Alexander\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1297-6548\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061273027\",\"display_name\":\"Martin Haran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8245-5978\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034304108\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Baker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3328-7146\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102738800\",\"display_name\":\"Lisa M. Burke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7836-2912\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069190672\",\"display_name\":\"Christine Brennan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-439X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020131072\",\"display_name\":\"Veronica O’Keane\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1519-099X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S27105705\",\"source_display_name\":\"Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.94\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3839, "title": "Oregon's Pioneering Effort to Enact State Law to Allow Access to Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "oregon s pioneering effort to enact state law to allow access to psilocybin", "authors": "James D. Tucker", "abstract": "Use of psilocybin reduces anxiety and depression when used as palliative care in cancer cases. Oregon is poised to legalize this drug for therapeutic use, a revolutionary step forward in the legalization process that will increase the care options for patients.", "journal": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publication_date": "2020-08-13", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID3783484_code4550530.pdf?abstractid=3783484&mirid=1", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Legalization, Anxiety, State (computer science), Palliative care, Depression (economics), Law, Political science, Psychiatry, Psychology, Medicine, Nursing, Hallucinogen, Economics, Computer science, Keynesian economics, Algorithm, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3157248359\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3157248359\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003944171\",\"display_name\":\"James D. Tucker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-2169\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210172589\",\"source_display_name\":\"SSRN Electronic Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID3783484_code4550530.pdf?abstractid=3783484&mirid=1\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3266, "title": "Delayed Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Psilocybin in Male Mice Are Supported by Acute Glucocorticoid Release", "normalized_title": "delayed anxiolytic like effects of psilocybin in male mice are supported by acute glucocorticoid release", "authors": "Jones NT, Zahid Z, Grady SM, Sultan ZW, Zheng Z, Banks MI, Wenthur CJ.", "abstract": "Despite observed correlations between acute glucocorticoid release, self-reported anxiety, and long-term treatment outcomes for human studies using psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy approaches, the mechanistic relationship between psychedelic-dependent stress and subsequent behavioral responses remains unclear. Using rodents, direct manipulation of stress-associated hormone responses can be achieved with established pharmacologic models for the assessment of antidepressant and anxiolytic therapeutics. Here, chronic oral corticosterone-induced suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is used to assess the relevance of drug-induced glucocorticoid release on the acute, post-acute, and long-term effects of psilocybin in male C57BL/6J mice. In these studies, psilocybin-induced acute anxiogenesis was found to be correlated to post-acute anxiolysis in a dose-dependent manner. Psilocybin also displayed acute increases in plasma corticosterone, but a post-acute anxiolytic effect in the novelty suppressed feeding test. Both effects were lost when psilocybin was administered in animals pre-exposed to chronic oral corticosterone. A similar long-term interaction between chronic corticosterone and psilocybin administration was observed in an open field test occurring one week after drug administration. Psilocybin administration alone led to more time spent in the center of the arena, but animals spent less time in the center with chronic corticosterone exposure. Intriguingly, these interactive effects were absent in animals exposed to brief isoflurane anesthesia after drug treatment. Overall, these experiments identify acute glucocorticoid release as a relevant biological modifier for the post-acute and long-term behavioral effects of psilocybin in mice. Rodent studies are thus suggested as a tractable means to address neuroendocrine mechanisms supporting context-dependent psychedelic effects in mammalian species.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2020-08-13", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1101/2020.08.12.248229", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.12.248229", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR200840\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3778, "title": "The Yale Manual for Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy of Depression (using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Therapeutic Frame)", "normalized_title": "the yale manual for psilocybin assisted therapy of depression using acceptance and commitment therapy as a therapeutic frame", "authors": "Guss J, Krause R, Sloshower J.", "abstract": "The Yale Manual for Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy of Depression provides researchers and therapists with methods, structure, and areas to consider regarding the use of psychedelic- assisted therapy in the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). In particular, this manual illustrates a mode of utilizing Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as a therapeutic framework for psilocybin-assisted therapy of depression.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2020-08-12", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/u6v9y", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/u6v9y", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:21", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR326119\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3276, "title": "The Yale Manual for Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy of Depression (using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Therapeutic Frame)", "normalized_title": "the yale manual for psilocybin assisted therapy of depression using acceptance and commitment therapy as a therapeutic frame", "authors": "", "abstract": "The Yale Manual for Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy of Depression provides researchers and therapists with methods, structure, and areas to consider regarding the use of psychedelic- assisted therapy in the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). In particular, this manual illustrates a mode of utilizing Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as a therapeutic framework for psilocybin-assisted therapy of depression.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2020-08-12", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/u6v9y_v1", "keywords": "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, depression, Major Depressive Disorder, psilocybin, psychedelic, psychotherapy, Psychiatry, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Depressive Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"u6v9y_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3840, "title": "Psilocybin as an Effective Treatment for Patients with Life-Threatening Cancer and Psychological Distress: A Critically Appraised Topic", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as an effective treatment for patients with life threatening cancer and psychological distress a critically appraised topic", "authors": "Callie Munson, Elyse Sunshine", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-08-07", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://commons.pacificu.edu/work/sc/b2be0580-b85b-405c-af50-8414cb3b2419", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Distress, Intensive care medicine, Psychotherapist, Medicine, Cancer, Psychological distress, Psychiatry, Critically ill, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Mental health, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3092247482\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3092247482\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043847209\",\"display_name\":\"Callie Munson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069830968\",\"display_name\":\"Elyse Sunshine\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://commons.pacificu.edu/work/sc/b2be0580-b85b-405c-af50-8414cb3b2419\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3841, "title": "Psilocybin for depression and anxiety associated with life-threatening illnesses", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for depression and anxiety associated with life threatening illnesses", "authors": "B.L. Roth, R.H.J. Olsen, J.D. McCorvy", "abstract": "[No abstract available]", "journal": "Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)", "publication_date": "2020-08-06", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.17615/zjm5-am83", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/9g54xp781", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Anxiety, Depression (economics), Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4300060754\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4300060754\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014293850\",\"display_name\":\"B.L. Roth\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079400973\",\"display_name\":\"R.H.J. Olsen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075885183\",\"display_name\":\"J.D. McCorvy\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401075\",\"source_display_name\":\"Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/9g54xp781\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3807, "title": "Confirmatory factor analysis of Mystical Experience in Freediving as a recreative way to higher efficiency in sport performance and planet saving and money making", "normalized_title": "confirmatory factor analysis of mystical experience in freediving as a recreative way to higher efficiency in sport performance and planet saving and money making", "authors": "Mitina O, Mirsaidov M, Molchanova N, Tutrin A.", "abstract": "## AimInvestigate accounts from breath-holding freedivers about high efficiency in coping with adversity and pain, immediately quitting addictions, attaining harmonious meaningful life, becoming perspicacious and compassionate, getting spontaneous religious experience. ## Findings Full Mystical Experience is confirmed to happen in freediving, i.e. it is the same Mystical experience found in psilocybin users or in religious believers. Mystical Experience Questionnaire “MEQ30” is validated for use in freediving. The total score of mysticism in self-selected 413 freedivers is normally distributed from full mystical experience to a low one. ## Further research Mystical experience is already known to increase expression of compassion and openness, to reduce suffering, resolve PTSD, cure addictions. In turn increased compassion is known to correlate with better money-making in business people. Thus business executives are possible candidates to test mystical O2-assisted static apnea in a calm mindset-and-setting, as a naturally pleasant path to mystical experience, hence to more compassion, hence to an improved money-making performance. Literature on endogenous DMT (Ayahuasca) synthesis in the lungs is suggesting a search for the DMT-NO metabolite in urines of blacked-out freedivers.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2020-08-06", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/b7mnz", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b7mnz", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR324016\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Creativity,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3396, "title": "Confirmatory factor analysis of Mystical Experience in Freediving as a recreative way to higher efficiency in sport performance and planet saving and money making", "normalized_title": "confirmatory factor analysis of mystical experience in freediving as a recreative way to higher efficiency in sport performance and planet saving and money making", "authors": "", "abstract": "## Aim Investigate accounts from breath-holding freedivers about high efficiency in coping with adversity and pain, immediately quitting addictions, attaining harmonious meaningful life, becoming perspicacious and compassionate, getting spontaneous religious experience. ## Findings Full Mystical Experience is confirmed to happen in freediving, i.e. it is the same Mystical experience found in psilocybin users or in religious believers. Mystical Experience Questionnaire “MEQ30” is validated for use in freediving. The total score of mysticism in self-selected 413 freedivers is normally distributed from full mystical experience to a low one. ## Further research Mystical experience is already known to increase expression of compassion and openness, to reduce suffering, resolve PTSD, cure addictions. In turn increased compassion is known to correlate with better money-making in business people. Thus business executives are possible candidates to test mystical O2-assisted static apnea in a calm mindset-and-setting, as a naturally pleasant path to mystical experience, hence to more compassion, hence to an improved money-making performance. Literature on endogenous DMT (Ayahuasca) synthesis in the lungs is suggesting a search for the DMT-NO metabolite in urines of blacked-out freedivers.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2020-08-06", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/b7mnz_v1", "keywords": "Social and Behavioral Sciences, Sport Psychology, Neuroscience, Other Neuroscience and Neurobiology, Emotion, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Training and Development, Health Psychology, Stress, Cognitive Psychology, Consciousness", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"b7mnz_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2260, "title": "Management of overdoses of salvia, kratom, and psilocybin mushrooms: a literature review.", "normalized_title": "management of overdoses of salvia kratom and psilocybin mushrooms a literature review", "authors": "Reinert JP, Colunga K, Etuk A, Richardson V, Dunn RL.", "abstract": "IntroductionDespite the relative reduction in opioid and other illicit substance overdoses in the past few years, clinicians must remain vigilant in keeping up to date on emerging trends with regard to potential substances of abuse. As overdoses of traditional drugs of abuse decrease in light of legislative and de-prescribing initiatives, it stands to reason that alternative agents, including natural products, have increased. Toxicities associated with these agents have been contributing to emergency department visits across the globe.Areas coveredThis evaluation covers salvia, kratom, and psilocybin mushrooms, and was accomplished through a comprehensive review of PubMed, SCOPUS, ProQuest Central, ProQuest Dissertations, and CINAHL. Thirty-one pieces of literature are included in this evaluation. The objective of this review is to provide clinicians with the information necessary to provide bedside care for overdoses of salvia, kratom, and psilocybin mushrooms.Expert opinionSalvia, kratom, and psilocybin mushrooms may not be an initial consideration when healthcare practitioners are triaging an overdose scenario; however, data from around the world demonstrate an increased use of these agents. While not typically fatal, clinicians must be prepared to assess these as a potential etiology of overdoses and provide appropriate supportive care.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-07-24", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2020.1794811", "pubmed_id": "32648791", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2020.1794811", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Salvia, Mitragyna, Mushroom Poisoning, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Drug Overdose, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32648791\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Aging,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2239, "title": "Modulatory effects of ayahuasca on personality structure in a traditional framework", "normalized_title": "modulatory effects of ayahuasca on personality structure in a traditional framework", "authors": "Nige Netzband, Simon Ruffell, Sabriya Linton, WaiFung Tsang, Tom Wolff", "abstract": "Ayahuasca is a psychoactive plant brew containing dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). It originates from the Amazon basin, where it is used primarily for ceremonial purposes. Ayahuasca tourists are now entering certain communities seeking alternative physical or psychological healing, as well as spiritual growth. RATIONALE: Recent evidence has shown that the similar acting psychedelic compound, psilocybin, facilitated long-term increases in trait openness following a single administration. OBJECTIVES: This paper assesses the impact of ayahuasca on personality in a traditional framework catering for ayahuasca tourists. METHOD: Within a mixed design, we examined the effect of ayahuasca on participants' personality (measured by the NEO Personality Inventory 3 questionnaire) across time (pre- to post-ayahuasca administration, and 6-month follow-up), relative to a comparison group (who did not ingest ayahuasca). RESULTS: The results demonstrated significant increases in agreeableness pre- and post-ayahuasca administration and significant reductions in neuroticism in 24 participants, relative to the comparison group. Both of these changes were sustained at 6-month follow-up, and trait level increases were also observed in openness at this stage. Additionally, greater perceived mystical experience (measured using the Mystical Experience Questionnaire 30) was associated with increased reductions in neuroticism. CONCLUSIONS: These findings, which indicate a positive mediating effect of ayahuasca on personality, support the growing literature suggesting potential therapeutic avenues for serotonergic psychedelics.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-07-22", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-020-05601-0", "pubmed_id": "32700023", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05601-0", "keywords": "Ayahuasca, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Openness to experience, Personality, Neuroticism, Psilocybin, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Social psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3044516305\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3044516305\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":56,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026673722\",\"display_name\":\"Nige Netzband\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081719098\",\"display_name\":\"Simon Ruffell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8250-4426\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5114290485\",\"display_name\":\"Sabriya Linton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3579-2151\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089773320\",\"display_name\":\"WaiFung Tsang\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034076566\",\"display_name\":\"Tom Wolff\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4884-251X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05601-0\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2030, "title": "Immunochemical monitoring of psilocybin and psilocin to identify hallucinogenic mushrooms", "normalized_title": "immunochemical monitoring of psilocybin and psilocin to identify hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Izumi Morita, Hiroyuki Oyama, Yuki Kiguchi, Akari Oguri, Natsumi Fujimoto, Atsuko Takeuchi, Rie Tanaka, Jun Ogata, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri, Norihiro Kobayashi", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis", "publication_date": "2020-07-20", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113485", "pubmed_id": "32866746", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113485", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Chemistry, Hallucinogen, Monoclonal antibody, Metabolite, Immunoassay, Antibody, Stereochemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Biology, Immunology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Herbal Medicine Research Studies, Silymarin and Mushroom Poisoning", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3044469818\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3044469818\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":17,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024637509\",\"display_name\":\"Izumi Morita\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6431-0214\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058999985\",\"display_name\":\"Hiroyuki Oyama\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5041-5701\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049551514\",\"display_name\":\"Yuki Kiguchi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5796-8379\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075879197\",\"display_name\":\"Akari Oguri\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043613187\",\"display_name\":\"Natsumi Fujimoto\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068283403\",\"display_name\":\"Atsuko Takeuchi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7841-2783\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029695506\",\"display_name\":\"Rie Tanaka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0719-0348\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031958800\",\"display_name\":\"Jun Ogata\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044593952\",\"display_name\":\"Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4251-1664\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101847184\",\"display_name\":\"Norihiro Kobayashi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9788-7992\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S174893293\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113485\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3842, "title": "4 Psychedelics: therapeutic mechanisms", "normalized_title": "4 psychedelics therapeutic mechanisms", "authors": "Robin Carhart-Harris", "abstract": "Robin Carhart-Harris moved to Imperial College London in 2008 after obtaining a PhD in Psychopharmacology from the University of Bristol and an MA in Psychoanalysis from Brunel University. At Imperial, he has designed and/or carried out brain imaging studies involving LSD, psilocybin, MDMA and DMT, plus a clinical trial of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression, and an ongoing study comparing psilocybin with escitalopram for major depressive disorder. In 2019, he set-up the Centre for Psychedelic Research at Imperial and he also an honorary position with the University of Oxford. The talk takes a multi-level approach to the question of how psychedelics work in the brain. Key themes include: the pharmacology of classic serotonergic psychedelics, what this tells us about the function and evolutionary purpose of the serotonin 2A receptor, the acute brain effects of psychedelics as determined by functional brain imaging, the entropic brain hypothesis, current evidence for psychedelic therapy, the ‘REBUS’ hierarchical predictive processing model of the action of psychedelics, and how this maps on to the phenomenology of the acute psychedelic experience and therapeutic outcomes.", "journal": "Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-07-19", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1136/jnnp-2020-bnpa.4", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-bnpa.4", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychoanalysis, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3044110502\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3044110502\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S134773490\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-bnpa.4\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2250, "title": "Perceived harm, motivations for use and subjective experiences of recreational psychedelic ‘magic’ mushroom use", "normalized_title": "perceived harm motivations for use and subjective experiences of recreational psychedelic magic mushroom use", "authors": "Carl Roberts, Isaac Osborne-Miller, Jon C. Cole, Suzanne H. Gage, Paul Christiansen", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Data on actual harm of magic mushrooms suggest that toxicity and abuse potential is low, however, their legal status suggests otherwise. We aimed to gauge perception of harm of magic mushrooms in both users and mushroom-naïve participants. We also aimed to observe differences in expectations of effects between users and mushroom-naïve participants, and whether motivations for use predicted their expected effects. METHOD: In total, 73 polydrug users with experience of using magic mushrooms and 78 mushroom-naïve participants completed an online survey. We asked participants to rank a list of 10 substances from most dangerous to least dangerous and questioned them about expectation of effect using a modified magic mushroom expectation questionnaire. Users were asked about their motivations for using magic mushrooms. RESULTS: Both groups perceive mushrooms to be safer than heroin, cocaine, prescription painkillers, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), ecstasy, tobacco and alcohol. However, the mushroom-naïve group ranked mushrooms as significantly more dangerous than the user group. Non-users reported greater expectancy for negative intoxication. Users reported greater expected entactogenic, prosocial, aesthetic and mood effects, and perceptual alterations. Finally, expectant effects of mushroom use were associated with different motivations for use, for example using for personal psychotherapy was associated with expectation of increased entactogenic effects and decreased negative effects. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest a general perception of harm that is in line with data on actual harm, but at odds with current legal classifications. Future clinical investigations may require management of negative intoxication expectation of participants with no prior experience of psilocybin.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-07-16", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1177/0269881120936508", "pubmed_id": "32674668", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120936508", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Harm, Mushroom, Ecstasy, Mushroom poisoning, Clinical psychology, Poison control, Social psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Environmental health, Food science, Chemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Silymarin and Mushroom Poisoning", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3043077203\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3043077203\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":33,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055775612\",\"display_name\":\"Carl Roberts\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4275-601X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040928876\",\"display_name\":\"Isaac Osborne-Miller\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034172336\",\"display_name\":\"Jon C. Cole\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3515-0183\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005961565\",\"display_name\":\"Suzanne H. Gage\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2368-1115\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012551043\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Christiansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7534-0948\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120936508\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Observational Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2259, "title": "What Psilocybin Taught Me, One Year Later", "normalized_title": "what psilocybin taught me one year later", "authors": "Anthony L. Back", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Palliative Medicine", "publication_date": "2020-07-14", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1089/jpm.2020.0018", "pubmed_id": "32790566", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0018", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Library science, Center (category theory), Download, Medicine, Family medicine, Psychiatry, World Wide Web, Hallucinogen, Computer science, Crystallography, Chemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3049320550\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3049320550\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071781938\",\"display_name\":\"Anthony L. Back\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7903-0477\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S155536936\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Palliative Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0018\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3843, "title": "Prevalence of Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) Use in Patients Admitted to Drug Detoxification Treatment", "normalized_title": "prevalence of novel psychoactive substance nps use in patients admitted to drug detoxification treatment", "authors": "Michael Specka, Thomas Kuhlmann, Jürgen Sawazki, Udo Bonnet, Renate Steinert, Monika Cybulska-Rycicki, Helmut Eich, Benita Zeiske, Antje Niedersteberg, Luzia Schaaf, Norbert Scherbaum", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: About 15 years ago, a diverse group of new recreational psychotropic substances began to emerge, which were marketed for example as \"legal highs,\" \"research chemicals,\" or \"designer drugs.\" These substances were later subsumed under the label \"Novel Psychoactive Substances\" (NPS). Important NPS classes are cathinones, synthetic cannabimimetics, phenethylamines, and herbal drugs. The health care system for psychotropic substance use disorders (SUDs) traditionally focused on a few substances, such as alcohol, heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, or cannabis. Users of illicit substances often engage in polydrug use. However little is known about the prevalence of NPS use within the group of \"classical\" illicit substance users. OBJECTIVE: We investigated lifetime and recent use of NPS and other drugs in patients who underwent in-patient detoxification treatment from illicit drugs in Germany. METHODS: In a multicenter study with eight participating facilities, patients admitted to treatment underwent a standardized interview at admission, concerning their past and current substance use. The interview comprised classical substances of abuse, NPS, and rarely used substances such as LSD. In addition, participating sites had the opportunity to analyze their patients' routine drug screenings by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which permitted detection of NPS. RESULTS: Interviews from 295 patients could be analyzed. Most patients were opiate dependent and multiple substance users. About 32% reported use of synthetic cannabimimetics during lifetime, but usually only a few times. An important reason for their use was that NPS were not detected by drug testing in prisons or drug treatment facilities. Cathinones, herbal drugs or other NPS had rarely been used during lifetime. NPS use during the last 30 days before admission was nearly zero. This was confirmed by urine analysis results. In contrast, lifetime and current use of opiates, alcohol, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and cannabis was high. In addition, 18% reported of regular unprescribed pregabalin use during lifetime, and 20% had recently used pregabalin. CONCLUSION: Patients admitted to drug detoxification treatment showed multiple substance use, but this did not include NPS use. The diversion of legal medications such as pregabalin in this group is a serious concern.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-07-06", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00569", "pubmed_id": "32733288", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00569", "keywords": "Synthetic cannabinoids, Cannabis, Psilocybin, Heroin, Drug, Detoxification (alternative medicine), Designer drug, Psychoactive substance, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Recreational Drug, Psychiatry, Illicit drug, Mephedrone, MDMA, Psychoactive drug, Substance abuse, Alternative medicine, Cannabinoid, Internal medicine, Pathology, Receptor, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Opioid Use Disorder Treatment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3042112718\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3042112718\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":42,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066328069\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Specka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5194-7876\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108452071\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Kuhlmann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088968777\",\"display_name\":\"Jürgen Sawazki\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078836773\",\"display_name\":\"Udo Bonnet\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2592-8337\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076159269\",\"display_name\":\"Renate Steinert\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029269456\",\"display_name\":\"Monika Cybulska-Rycicki\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055856290\",\"display_name\":\"Helmut Eich\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090627127\",\"display_name\":\"Benita Zeiske\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031527094\",\"display_name\":\"Antje Niedersteberg\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034990959\",\"display_name\":\"Luzia Schaaf\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026643169\",\"display_name\":\"Norbert Scherbaum\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1759-6990\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00569\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2262, "title": "Experience of Music Used With Psychedelic Therapy: A Rapid Review and Implications.", "normalized_title": "experience of music used with psychedelic therapy a rapid review and implications", "authors": "O'Callaghan C, Hubik DJ, Dwyer J, Williams M, Ross M.", "abstract": "Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music emerged following discontinuation of psychedelic therapy research in the early 1970s, but psychedelic therapy research has since revived. Music remains a vital component. This study examined participants' experiences of music in psychedelic therapy research. A rapid review of qualitative and quantitative journal articles in four major databases was conducted in February to April, 2019, using the terms hallucinogens, psychedelic, \"lysergic acid diethylamide,\" psilocybin, ayahuasca, music, and/or \"music therapy.\" Of 406 articles retrieved, 10 were included (n = 180; 18-69 years old). Participants had varied backgrounds. Music was widely considered integral for meaningful emotional and imagery experiences and self-exploration during psychedelic therapy. Music transformed through its elicitation of anthropomorphic, transportive, synesthetic, and material sensations. Music could convey love, carry listeners to other realms, be something to \"hold,\" inspire, and elicit a deep sense of embodied transformation. Therapeutic influence was especially evident in music's dichotomous elicitations: Music could simultaneously anchor and propel. Participant openness to music and provision of participant-centered music were associated with optimal immediate and longer-term outcomes. Many studies reported scarce details about the music used and incidental findings of music experienced. Further understanding of participants' idiosyncratic and shared responses to music during drug therapy phases will inform optimal development of flexible music protocols which enhance psychedelic therapy. Music therapists could be involved in the psychedelic therapy research renaissance through assisting with research to optimize music-based protocols used. If psychedelics become approved medicines, music therapists may be involved in offering psychedelic therapy as part of therapeutic teams.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-06-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1093/jmt/thaa006", "pubmed_id": "32227084", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/thaa006", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Music Therapy, Emotions, Auditory Perception, Psychotherapy, Music, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Imagery, Psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32227084\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Review Article,Adolescents", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2241, "title": "Synthesis and characterization of high-purity N,N-dimethyltryptamine hemifumarate for human clinical trials", "normalized_title": "synthesis and characterization of high purity n n dimethyltryptamine hemifumarate for human clinical trials", "authors": "Nicholas V. Cozzi, Paul F. Daley", "abstract": "Abstract Since 2006, there has been a resurgent interest in the pharmacology and therapeutics of psychedelic drugs. Psilocybin, the 4-phosphoryl ester of N,N -dimethyltryptamine (DMT), has been studied most often, but DMT itself is also appealing because of its brief but profound psychological effects and its presence as an endogenous substance in mammalian brain. Although there have been a few studies of ayahuasca, a DMT-containing water infusion, only one human study with pure DMT has been reported since the early 2000s. Newly planned clinical trials to assess the safety and efficacy of DMT in humans with major depressive disorders require high-purity water-soluble DMT for intravenous administration. Accordingly, we synthesized and characterized DMT hemifumarate for these upcoming studies. The synthetic approach of Speeter and Anthony was slightly modified to gain some efficiency in time. In particular, this is the first known report to use aluminum hydride, generated in situ from lithium aluminum hydride, to reduce the intermediate 2-(1 H -indol-3-yl)- N, N -dimethyl-2-oxoacetamide to DMT. A quench protocol was developed to produce a good yield of exceptionally pure free base DMT upon workup, which was then converted to the hemifumarate salt. Analysis of the final product included differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, residual solvent analysis by GC headspace sampling, X-ray powder diffraction analysis, and residual lithium analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The DMT hemifumarate was minimally 99.9% pure, with no significant impurities or residual solvents, thus meeting regulatory standards for administration to humans.", "journal": "Drug Testing and Analysis", "publication_date": "2020-06-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1002/dta.2889", "pubmed_id": "32608093", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2889", "keywords": "Chemistry, Mass spectrometry, Lithium (medication), Differential scanning calorimetry, Thermogravimetric analysis, Nuclear chemistry, Chromatography, Organic chemistry, Medicine, Physics, Thermodynamics, Endocrinology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3038172304\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3038172304\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":12,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037184848\",\"display_name\":\"Nicholas V. Cozzi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7593-6063\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111380005\",\"display_name\":\"Paul F. Daley\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S36361591\",\"source_display_name\":\"Drug Testing and Analysis\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2889\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2032, "title": "Direct Phosphorylation of Psilocin Enables Optimized cGMP Kilogram-Scale Manufacture of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "direct phosphorylation of psilocin enables optimized cgmp kilogram scale manufacture of psilocybin", "authors": "Robert B. Kargbo, Alexander M. Sherwood, Andrew J. Walker, Nicholas V. Cozzi, Raymond E. Dagger, Jessica Sable, Kelsey O’Hern, Kristi W. Kaylo, Tura Patterson, Gary Tarpley, Poncho Meisenheimer", "abstract": "A second-generation kilogram-scale synthesis of the psychedelic tryptamine psilocybin has been developed. The synthesis was designed to address several challenges first encountered with the scale-up of previously described literature procedures, which were not optimized for providing consistent yield and purity of products, atom economy, or being run in pilot plant-scale reactors. These challenges were addressed and circumvented with the design of the second-generation route, which featured an optimized cGMP large-scale Speeter-Anthony tryptamine synthesis to the intermediate psilocin with improved in-process control and impurity removal over the three steps. Psilocin was subsequently phosphorylated directly with phosphorous oxychloride for the first time, avoiding a tedious and poor atom economy benzyl-protecting group strategy common to all previously described methods for producing psilocybin. In this report, the challenges encountered in a 100 g scale first-generation literature-based synthesis are highlighted, followed by a detailed description of the newly developed second-generation synthesis to provide over one kilogram of high-purity psilocybin under cGMP.", "journal": "ACS Omega", "publication_date": "2020-06-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1021/acsomega.0c02387", "pubmed_id": "32685866", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c02387", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Phosphorylation, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biology, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3039457381\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3039457381\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":40,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090796568\",\"display_name\":\"Robert B. Kargbo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5539-6343\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029982811\",\"display_name\":\"Alexander M. Sherwood\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0895-0791\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014789887\",\"display_name\":\"Andrew J. Walker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7842-061X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037184848\",\"display_name\":\"Nicholas V. Cozzi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7593-6063\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072440323\",\"display_name\":\"Raymond E. Dagger\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010588647\",\"display_name\":\"Jessica Sable\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031337278\",\"display_name\":\"Kelsey O’Hern\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025194246\",\"display_name\":\"Kristi W. Kaylo\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022807425\",\"display_name\":\"Tura Patterson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033314729\",\"display_name\":\"Gary Tarpley\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002485823\",\"display_name\":\"Poncho Meisenheimer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1918-3153\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210239500\",\"source_display_name\":\"ACS Omega\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c02387\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3844, "title": "The Grand Narrative of the Mukhomor", "normalized_title": "the grand narrative of the mukhomor", "authors": "Dennis Ioffe", "abstract": "Abstract This article addresses the complex role of mushrooms, particularly that of the fly agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) [Russian: Mukhomor ], in the art of Moscow conceptualism in a broad setting. This paper explores the mythopoetic theme of mushroom-induced beliefs, which influenced the Moscow conceptualists, and employs background historical scholarship by R.G. Wasson, V.N. Toporov, T.J. Elizarenkova, and others. Aside from the mushrooms per se that were particularly important for Moscow conceptualism, this article also mentions various ethno-botanical entheogens (i.e. biochemical substances such as plants or drugs ingested in order to undergo certain spiritual experience, or “generating the divine within”). Apart from analyzing the ethnobotanical historical background of manifesting hallucinogenic mushrooms on the Russian soil (including Siberia), this article focuses on Pavel Peppershtein’s novel Mifogennaia Liubov’ Kast ( The Mythogenic Love of the Castes ), which was co-authored with Sergey Anufriev. As the narrative of the novel unfolds, its main character, the Communist Partorg (Party Organizer) Dunaev, is wounded and shell-shocked at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War (World War II ). Partorg Dunaev finds himself deep in a mysterious forest, where he inadvertently snacks on unknown hallucinogenic mushrooms. He subsequently transforms into an exceptionally strong wizard who is capable of fighting spectral enemies both on earth and in heaven. The reader discovers the so-called “parallel war” sweeping over the Russian territory where legendary Russian/Soviet fairy heroes are locked in combat with their opponents, the characters of the Western children’s tales, and books. A heroic mushroom-eater, Partorg Dunaev joins one of the sides in this fight and gradually reaches the “utmost limits of sacrifice and self-rejection.” This article contextualizes the fungi-entheogenic episodes of Moscow conceptualism into a broader sphere of constructed visionary/ hallucinogenic reality by focusing on psilocybin fungi, particularly the fly agaric/ Amanita muscaria / Mukhomor, and their cultural significance.", "journal": "The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review", "publication_date": "2020-06-29", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.30965/18763324-04702002", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.30965/18763324-04702002", "keywords": "Conceptualism, Heaven, Narrative, Literature, Aside, Scholarship, History, Art, Theme (computing), Art history, Philosophy, Political science, Epistemology, Computer science, Law, Operating system, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices, Philosophical and Historical Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3039860745\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3039860745\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041230917\",\"display_name\":\"Dennis Ioffe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7701-2662\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S91930975\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.30965/18763324-04702002\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2236, "title": "Serotonergic psychedelics LSD & psilocybin increase the fractal dimension of cortical brain activity in spatial and temporal domains", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics lsd psilocybin increase the fractal dimension of cortical brain activity in spatial and temporal domains", "authors": "Thomas F. Varley, Robin Carhart-Harris, Leor Roseman, David Menon, Emmanuel A. Stamatakis", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin and LSD, represent unique tools for researchers investigating the neural origins of consciousness. Currently, the most compelling theories of how psychedelics exert their effects is by increasing the complexity of brain activity and moving the system towards a critical point between order and disorder, creating more dynamic and complex patterns of neural activity. While the concept of criticality is of central importance to this theory, few of the published studies on psychedelics investigate it directly, testing instead related measures such as algorithmic complexity or Shannon entropy. We propose using the fractal dimension of functional activity in the brain as a measure of complexity since findings from physics suggest that as a system organizes towards criticality, it tends to take on a fractal structure. We tested two different measures of fractal dimension, one spatial and one temporal, using fMRI data from volunteers under the influence of both LSD and psilocybin. The first was the fractal dimension of cortical functional connectivity networks and the second was the fractal dimension of BOLD time-series. In addition to the fractal measures, we used a well-established, non-fractal measure of signal complexity and show that they behave similarly. We were able to show that both psychedelic drugs significantly increased the fractal dimension of functional connectivity networks, and that LSD significantly increased the fractal dimension of BOLD signals, with psilocybin showing a non-significant trend in the same direction. With both LSD and psilocybin, we were able to localize changes in the fractal dimension of BOLD signals to brain areas assigned to the dorsal-attenion network. These results show that psychedelic drugs increase the fractal dimension of activity in the brain and we see this as an indicator that the changes in consciousness triggered by psychedelics are associated with evolution towards a critical zone.", "journal": "NeuroImage", "publication_date": "2020-06-29", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117049", "pubmed_id": "32619708", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117049", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Fractal dimension, Fractal, Correlation dimension, Neuroscience, Serotonergic, Consciousness, Psychology, Pattern recognition (psychology), Fractal dimension on networks, Fractal analysis, Artificial intelligence, Computer science, Hallucinogen, Mathematics, Biology, Serotonin, Mathematical analysis, Receptor, Psychiatry, Biochemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3039116382\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3039116382\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":91,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025272478\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas F. Varley\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3317-9882\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057778218\",\"display_name\":\"David Menon\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3228-9692\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007542404\",\"display_name\":\"Emmanuel A. Stamatakis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-9601\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S103225281\",\"source_display_name\":\"NeuroImage\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117049\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2251, "title": "Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin occasioned mystical type experiences", "authors": "James E, Robertshaw TL, Hoskins M, Sessa B.", "abstract": "ObjectiveResearch into psychedelic therapy models has shown promise for the treatment of specific psychiatric conditions. Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin have been correlated with therapeutic benefits and long-term improvements in positive mental outlook and attitudes. This article aims to provide an overview of the topic, highlight strengths and weaknesses in current research, generate novel perspectives and discussion, and consider future avenues for research.DesignThis narrative review was designed to summarise and assess the state of research on psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences and applications for the treatment of specific psychiatric conditions.ResultsContemporary methods on the quantification of mystical-type experiences and their acute subjective effects are discussed. Recent studies provide some understanding of the pharmacological actions of psychedelics although the neurological similarities and differences between spontaneous and psychedelic mystical-type experiences are not well described. Applicability to modern clinical settings is assessed. Potential novel therapeutic applications include use in positive psychology interventions in healthy individuals.ConclusionsSince 2006 significant advancements in understanding the therapeutic potential of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy have been made; however, more work is required to understand the neuromechanistic processes and applicability in modern clinical settings. Despite promising results in recent studies, funding issues for clinical trials, legal concerns and socio-cultural resistance provide a counterpoint to experimental evidence.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-06-22", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1002/hup.2742", "pubmed_id": "32573835", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2742", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Research Design, Mysticism, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32573835\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3845, "title": "Molecular docking and binding interaction between psychedelic drugs and human serum albumin", "normalized_title": "molecular docking and binding interaction between psychedelic drugs and human serum albumin", "authors": "Hossein Khastar, Kobra Foroughi, Seyed Shahrokh Aghayan, Maryam Yarmohammadi, Moslem Jafarisani", "abstract": "Drug-plasma protein interaction is a critical concern in monitoring drug circulation and drug-drug interactions. The present study aimed to investigate the interaction of psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), psilocybin, psilocin, and mescaline with human serum albumin (HSA). The 3D structures of LSD, DMT, DOI, psilocybin, psilocin, mescaline, and albumin were obtained from the structural databases (www.rcsb.org, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound). The structures were then prepared for molecular docking analysis by Autodock Vina software. Ultimately, the binding energies between docked HSA and psychedelic drugs were calculated, and their interactions were predicted. It was found that the psychedelic drugs can interact with HSA in the active site and the best minimum binding energies of -7.6 kcal/mol and -6.5 kcal/mol were shown by LSD and psilocybin, respectively. Our results indicated that all psychedelic drugs tested could interact with HSA at subdomains IA and IB. The structural properties of the drugs affect their interaction sites and binding energies. It was concluded that albumin, as the most abundant protein of the serum, could act as the biodistributor of psychedelic drugs.", "journal": "BioTechnologia", "publication_date": "2020-06-15", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.5114/bta.2020.94770", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2020.94770", "keywords": "Docking (animal), Human serum albumin, Plasma protein binding, Serum albumin, Pharmacology, Chemistry, Computational biology, Medicine, Biochemistry, Biology, Nursing, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography, Protein Interaction Studies and Fluorescence Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4254574615\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4254574615\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":3,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072277468\",\"display_name\":\"Hossein Khastar\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0553-3757\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072838381\",\"display_name\":\"Kobra Foroughi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044461894\",\"display_name\":\"Seyed Shahrokh Aghayan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3821-2928\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010245938\",\"display_name\":\"Maryam Yarmohammadi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030125780\",\"display_name\":\"Moslem Jafarisani\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8341-6049\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2765028426\",\"source_display_name\":\"BioTechnologia\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2020.94770\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3404, "title": "A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy", "normalized_title": "a meta analysis of placebo controlled trials of psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Luoma JB.", "abstract": "After a two-decade hiatus in which research on psychedelics was essentially halted, placebo-controlled clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy for mental health conditions have begun to be published. We identified nine randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy published since 1994. Studies examined psilocybin, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), ayahuasca (which contains a combination of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmala monoamine oxidase inhibitor alkaloids), and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). We compared the standardized mean difference between the experimental and placebo control group at the primary endpoint. Results indicated a significant mean between-groups effect size of 1.21 (Hedges g), which is larger than the typical effect size found in trials of psychopharmacological or psychotherapy interventions. For the three studies that maintained a placebo control through a follow-up assessment, effects were generally maintained at follow-up. Overall, analyses support the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy across four mental health conditions-post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety/depression associated with a life-threatening illness, unipolar depression, and social anxiety among autistic adults. While study quality was high, we identify several areas for improvement regarding the conduct and reporting of trials. Larger trials with more diverse samples are needed to examine possible moderators and mediators of effects, and to establish whether effects are maintained over time.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2020-06-11", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/sgujx", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/sgujx", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR326377\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2252, "title": "A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy", "normalized_title": "a meta analysis of placebo controlled trials of psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Jason B. Luoma, Christina Chwyl, Geoff J. Bathje, Alan K. Davis, Rafael Lancelotta", "abstract": "After a two-decade hiatus in which research on psychedelics was essentially halted, placebo-controlled clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy for mental health conditions have begun to be published. We identified nine randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy published since 1994. Studies examined psilocybin, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), ayahuasca (which contains a combination of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmala monoamine oxidase inhibitor alkaloids), and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). We compared the standardized mean difference between the experimental and placebo control group at the primary endpoint. Results indicated a significant mean between-groups effect size of 1.21 (Hedges g), which is larger than the typical effect size found in trials of psychopharmacological or psychotherapy interventions. For the three studies that maintained a placebo control through a follow-up assessment, effects were generally maintained at follow-up. Overall, analyses support the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy across four mental health conditions - post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety/depression associated with a life-threatening illness, unipolar depression, and social anxiety among autistic adults. While study quality was high, we identify several areas for improvement regarding the conduct and reporting of trials. Larger trials with more diverse samples are needed to examine possible moderators and mediators of effects, and to establish whether effects are maintained over time.", "journal": "Journal of Psychoactive Drugs", "publication_date": "2020-06-11", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2020.1769878", "pubmed_id": "32529966", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1769878", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Placebo, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Anxiety, Psychiatry, Clinical trial, Randomized controlled trial, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Internal medicine, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3035643259\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3035643259\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":204,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009587541\",\"display_name\":\"Jason B. Luoma\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3601-7037\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075422198\",\"display_name\":\"Christina Chwyl\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9257-6650\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040898333\",\"display_name\":\"Geoff J. Bathje\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5053-0910\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038141719\",\"display_name\":\"Alan K. Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-8893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056271117\",\"display_name\":\"Rafael Lancelotta\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-3463\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S149515109\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1769878\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3278, "title": "How does it feel to be on psilocybin? Dose-response relationships of subjective experiences in humans", "normalized_title": "how does it feel to be on psilocybin dose response relationships of subjective experiences in humans", "authors": "Hirschfeld T, Schmidt TT.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is the active component of magic mushrooms and is well known for its psychoactive properties. Different questionnaires have been developed to systematically quantify altered states of consciousness induced by psychoactive drugs. The aim of this study was to obtain the dose-response relationships of the subjective experiences induced by psilocybin in healthy study participants. For this purpose, we applied a linear meta-regression approach on questionnaire ratings after oral administration of psilocybin in a controlled setting. Data was obtained from The Altered States Database, which contains psychometric data extracted from peer-reviewed articles published in MEDLINE-listed journals that used standardized and validated questionnaires. Our meta-analysis included data of the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30), and the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS). We used the Robust Variance Estimation Framework to obtain linear dose-response relationship estimates for each dimension of the given questionnaires. Ratings on most dimensions and subscales of the included questionnaires correlated positively with dose. Since subjective experiences are not only determined by dose, but also by individual differences and environmental factors, our results do not necessarily generalize to recreational use, as our analyses are based on data from controlled laboratory experiments. The paper at hand could serve as a general literature citation for the use of psilocybin in experimental and clinical research, especially for the comparison of expected and observed subjective drug experiences.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2020-06-10", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1101/2020.06.09.142802", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.09.142802", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR174204\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Meta-Analysis,Review Article", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2261, "title": "Subjective features of the psilocybin experience that may account for its self-administration by humans: a double-blind comparison of psilocybin and dextromethorphan", "normalized_title": "subjective features of the psilocybin experience that may account for its self administration by humans a double blind comparison of psilocybin and dextromethorphan", "authors": "Theresa M. Carbonaro, Matthew W. Johnson, Roland R. Griffiths", "abstract": "", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-06-04", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-020-05533-9", "pubmed_id": "32500212", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05533-9", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Placebo, Dextromethorphan, Pharmacology, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3033752070\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3033752070\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":51,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083415921\",\"display_name\":\"Theresa M. Carbonaro\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05533-9\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3847, "title": "Hallucinogens/psychedelics resurrected as new tools in psychiatric therapy", "normalized_title": "hallucinogens psychedelics resurrected as new tools in psychiatric therapy", "authors": "Rafael G. dos Santos, José Carlos Bouso, Jaime E. C. Hallak", "abstract": "", "journal": "Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-05-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1035", "pubmed_id": "32491039", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1035", "keywords": "Hallucinogen, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Psilocybin, Psychoanalysis, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3031575368\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3031575368\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":13,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058075680\",\"display_name\":\"Rafael G. dos Santos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2388-4745\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032347558\",\"display_name\":\"José Carlos Bouso\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1115-9407\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102785969\",\"display_name\":\"Jaime E. C. Hallak\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8784-0189\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S71457257\",\"source_display_name\":\"Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1035\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3846, "title": "A potential role for psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder", "normalized_title": "a potential role for psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Edward Jacobs", "abstract": "Abstract The recent revivification of interest in the therapeutic use of psychedelics has had a particular focus on mood disorders and addiction, although there is reason to think these drugs may be effective more widely. After outlining pertinent aspects of psilocybin and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the current review summarizes the evidence indicating that there may be a role for psilocybin in the treatment of OCD, as well as highlighting a range of potential therapeutic mechanisms that reflect the action of psilocybin on brain function. Although the current evidence is limited, that multiple signals point in directions consistent with treatment potential, alongside the psychological and physiological safety of clinically administered psilocybin, support the expansion of research, both in animal models and in further randomized controlled trials, to properly investigate this potential.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2020-05-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2020.00128", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2020.00128", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Obsessive compulsive, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Mood, Psychotherapist, Addiction, Psychiatry, Medicine, Clinical psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3048223422\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3048223422\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":12,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014864277\",\"display_name\":\"Edward Jacobs\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2622-7233\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226251\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2020.00128\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2269, "title": "Integrating psychotherapy and psychopharmacology: psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and other combined treatments.", "normalized_title": "integrating psychotherapy and psychopharmacology psychedelic assisted psychotherapy and other combined treatments", "authors": "Greenway KT, Garel N, Jerome L, Feduccia AA", "abstract": "Combinations of psychotherapy with antidepressants are gold-standard psychiatric treatments. They operate through complex and interactional mechanisms, not unlike the reemergent paradigm of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, which promising research suggests may also be highly effective in even challenging populations. We review the therapeutic mechanisms behind both conventional and psychedelic paradigms, including the evolution of this knowledge and the associated explanatory frameworks. We explore how psychedelics have provided insights about psychiatric illnesses and treatments over the past decades. We discuss limitations to early explanatory models while highlighting and comparing the psychological and biological mechanisms underlying many psychiatric treatments. A narrative review was conducted based on a search in Medline/Pubmed up to January 1, 2020, and iterative retrieval of references from recent reviews and clinical trials. The contextual model of the common factors of psychotherapy provides a powerful perspective on psychotherapy, antidepressants, and psychedelics, as well as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ketamine. It aligns well with key tenets of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Conventional antidepressants and especially psychedelics may improve the efficacy of psychotherapy via neurochemical changes and increased environmental sensitivity. Combined treatments hold significant promise for advancing the knowledge and treatment of many forms of psychopathology.", "journal": "Expert review of clinical pharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-05-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2020.1772054", "pubmed_id": "32478631", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32478631/", "keywords": "Psychedelics, antidepressants, ketamine, ketamine-assisted psychotherapy, lsd, mdma, mdma-assisted psychotherapy, psilocybin, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychiatry, psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"32478631\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2268, "title": "Reviewing the Potential of Psychedelics for the Treatment of PTSD.", "normalized_title": "reviewing the potential of psychedelics for the treatment of ptsd", "authors": "Krediet E, Bostoen T, Breeksema J, van Schagen A, Passie T, Vermetten E.", "abstract": "There are few medications with demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Treatment guidelines have unequivocally designated psychotherapy as a first line treatment for PTSD. Yet, even after psychotherapy, PTSD often remains a chronic illness, with high rates of psychiatric and medical comorbidity. Meanwhile, the search for and development of drugs with new mechanisms of action has stalled. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore not just novel compounds but novel approaches for the treatment of PTSD. A promising new approach involves the use of psychedelic drugs. Within the past few years, 2 psychedelics have received breakthrough designations for psychiatric indications from the US Food and Drug Administration, and several psychedelics are currently being investigated for the treatment of PTSD. This review discusses 4 types of compounds: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ketamine, classical psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide), and cannabinoids. We describe the therapeutic rationale, the setting in which they are being administered, and their current state of evidence in the treatment of PTSD. Each compound provides unique qualities for the treatment of PTSD, from their use to rapidly target symptoms to their use as adjuncts to facilitate psychotherapeutic treatments. Several questions are formulated that outline an agenda for future research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-05-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyaa018", "pubmed_id": "32170326", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaa018", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32170326\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3963, "title": "Prickly Ash Seed Kernel: A New Bio-Fumigation Material Against Tobacco Black Shank", "normalized_title": "prickly ash seed kernel a new bio fumigation material against tobacco black shank", "authors": "Yaochen Wang, Minghong Liu, Xiaobin Han, Yanfen Zheng, Jianmin Chao, Chengsheng Zhang", "abstract": "The present study evaluated the fumigant effect and potential mechanisms of Chinese prickly ash seed kernel (PSK) against tobacco black shank caused by Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan. The results showed that PSK fumigant increased the soil organic matter, hydrolysable nitrogen, available potassium, and total phosphorus significantly, while the pH was decreased. Application of 2% PSK promoted plant growth, with higher plant height, root length, and dry weight compared to those in the treatment with no PSK. Both in vitro and in vivo tests indicated that PSK fumigant effectively inhibited mycelial growth of P. nicotianae, and significantly reduced the severity of tobacco black shank. Based on the analysis of volatiles in PSK by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 28 components were identified, among which monoterpenes were the major components (accounting for 79.46% of peak area). Among the six top components, linalool, piperitone, sabinene, and limonene exhibited strong mycelial inhibition of P. nicotianae. Linalool was the most effective with an IC50 value of 18.03 μL/L. Results of GC-MS revealed that the main components of PSK extract were cis-Vaccenic acid (40.81%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (15.67%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (15.25%), Ethanone-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)- (10.32%), cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid (6.21%), and Psilocin (11.75%). Among them, Ethanone-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)- and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- have an obvious inhibitory effect on P. nicotianae. Additionally, changes in soil bacterial and fungal communities were observed. The relative abundance of some microbes, such as Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Thermomonas, Glutamicibacter, Dyella, and Trichoderma, increased, which have many beneficial microbes in these genera, indicating that microbial community shift could be one of the important outcomes of the PSK fumigant effect. In conclusion, PSK could be a new bio-fumigation material against plant soilborne pathogens, which can function as both a fungicide and fertilizer.", "journal": "Agronomy", "publication_date": "2020-05-27", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3390/agronomy10060770", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060770", "keywords": "Chemistry, Linalool, Horticulture, Limonene, Fumigation, Phosphorus, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Botany, Essential oil, Food science, Mass spectrometry, Biology, Chromatography, Organic chemistry, Plant Pathogens and Resistance, Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases, Plant Parasitism and Resistance", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3033112799\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3033112799\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":11,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076494866\",\"display_name\":\"Yaochen Wang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0528-2388\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101711288\",\"display_name\":\"Minghong Liu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5102-1915\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101076701\",\"display_name\":\"Xiaobin Han\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084679597\",\"display_name\":\"Yanfen Zheng\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0467-7487\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027731994\",\"display_name\":\"Jianmin Chao\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081239588\",\"display_name\":\"Chengsheng Zhang\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5853-3737\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2738977497\",\"source_display_name\":\"Agronomy\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060770\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3848, "title": "Journal Digest: Home Environment; Postpartum Mental Illness; Placebo in Psychedelic Study; Single Gene Mutation; Topiramate", "normalized_title": "journal digest home environment postpartum mental illness placebo in psychedelic study single gene mutation topiramate", "authors": "Nick Zagorski", "abstract": "Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Journal DigestFull AccessJournal Digest: Home Environment; Postpartum Mental Illness; Placebo in Psychedelic Study; Single Gene Mutation; TopiramateNick ZagorskiNick ZagorskiSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:28 May 2020https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.6a34Nurturing Home Environment May Protect Against DepressioniStock/recep-bgA study in the American Journal of Psychiatry has uncovered more evidence that raising children in high-quality rearing environments may reduce their future risk of depression.Researchers from Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and colleagues used linked data from multiple Swedish nationwide registries and health care data to compare depression outcomes in children who shared at least one parent with major depression and were raised either by their biological parents or adoptive parents.The full sibling database included 666 adopted individuals who had 1,254 full siblings who were raised by the biological parent(s), and the half sibling database included 2,596 adopted individuals who had 5,511 half siblings who were raised by the biological parent. The researchers tracked the full and half siblings from age 15 to the time of first registration for major depression, death, emigration, or end of follow-up (December 31, 2015).The researchers found that compared with home-reared full and half siblings, children who had been adopted had a 23% and 19% decreased risk of major depression, respectively.“This protective rearing effect was not influenced by the relative educational status of the biological and adoptive parents. However, in both full and half sibships, the protective effect of adoption disappeared when an adoptive parent or stepsibling had major depression or the adoptive home was disrupted by parental death or divorce,” they wrote. “The rearing environment has a meaningful impact on risk for major depression, and this effect is likely mediated both by parental depression and the continuity or disruption of the home environment.”Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. The Rearing Environment and Risk for Major Depression: A Swedish National High-Risk Home-Reared and Adopted-Away Co-Sibling Control Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177(5):447-453.Postpartum Mental Illness Reduces Odds of Future BirthsiStock/damircudicWomen who experience a psychiatric disorder after the birth of a first child are less likely to have more children, according to a study appearing in Human Reproduction.Researchers at Aarhus University in Denmark and colleagues used Danish health registry data to assess the birth trends of 414,571 women who had their first child between 1997 and 2015. The women were followed until a second childbirth, death, emigration, age 45, or June 2016.Of this group, 4,327 women were diagnosed with a postpartum psychiatric disorder (disorder was diagnosed six months or less after birth of first child), excluding intellectual disabilities or substance use disorders. The researchers calculated that about 69% of women with a postpartum diagnosis would have a second child within five years, compared with 82% of women with no diagnosis.After adjusting for factors such as age, they calculated that a postpartum psychiatric diagnosis reduced the probability of a second birth by 33%. However, there was no difference in probability of a second birth between women with and without a postpartum psychiatric diagnosis if the child had died. The researchers noted this difference suggests the reduced birth rate in women with a postpartum diagnosis is in part voluntary.When looking specifically at women whose disorder required hospitalization, the probability of a woman having a second childbirth was reduced by 47%, regardless of whether the child survived or not, “suggesting that the severity of maternal psychiatric disorders also directly or indirectly influences reproductive choices,” the researchers wrote.Liu X, Plana-Ripoll O, Ingstrup KG, et al. Postpartum Psychiatric Disorders and Subsequent Live Birth: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Denmark. Hum Reprod. March 29, 2020 [Epub ahead of print]Study Context Plays Role in Placebo Response in Psychedelic StudyiStock/PobytovBeing told you are taking a psychedelic (even when given a placebo) may be enough to produce psychedelic-like side effects, reports a study appearing in Psychopharmacology.“Understanding how context and expectations promote psychedelic-like effects, even without the drug, will help researchers to isolate drug effects and clinicians to maximize their therapeutic potential,” wrote the study authors from McGill University and colleagues.The study involved 33 university students who believed they were enrolling in a study evaluating the effects of iprocin (a synthetic chemical that resembles psilocybin) on creativity. All participants ingested a single placebo pill, which they believed was iprocin, before spending time together in a setting that included music, lights, and visual projections for a four-hour period. The participants were periodically asked to complete verbal and visual creativity tests (such as completing a specified drawing in one minute). Before and after the four-hour period, all students completed the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (5D-ASC), which measures 11 subjective experiences such as anxiety, insightfulness, and self-perception.Overall, 61% of the participants reported at least one consciousness-related side effect, with some individuals reporting side effects typically associated with ingesting moderate-to-high amounts of a psychedelic.“[U]nderstanding the psychedelic experience means isolating which parts are due to the drug itself and which are due to the contextual factors,” the authors wrote. “We hope that our results help shift the view of placebo effects from a necessary nuisance to a demonstration of the power of context in both modulating and creating the psychedelic experience.”Olson JA, Suissa-Rocheleau L, Lifshitz M, et al. Tripping on Nothing: Placebo Psychedelics and Contextual Factors. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2020;237(5):1371-1382.Single Gene Mutation May Explain Why Autism Is More Common in BoysiStock/AlexmiaInvestigators at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke have identified a genetic difference that might explain why autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is more common in boys than girls.The variant is near a gene called Neuroligin 4 (NLGN4). This gene encodes proteins that help to establish and maintain synapses. NLGN4 is found on the X and Y chromosomes, and researchers had previously believed the NLGN4X and NLGN4Y proteins had similar functions.Using biochemical and cell imaging analysis of neurons derived from human stem cells, the investigators found that despite these genes being 97% identical, a difference in one amino acid dramatically alters the expression of NLGN4X and NLGN4Y. The latter protein is not expressed on the neuron surface like NLGN4X, but inside the cell.The male-derived neurons in which the NLGN4X gene was mutated had severe problems forming viable synapses because NLGN4Y could not compensate for the mutation. Female-derived neurons could function normally since they have two X chromosomes.To support the importance of the NLGN4 gene, the investigators assessed the clinical literature and genetic disease databases and found several reports of children (mostly boys) with inherited forms of ASD or an intellectual disability who had mutations near the NLGN4X gene.This study was published in Neuron.Nguyen TA, Wu K, Pandey S et al. A Cluster of Autism-Associated Variants on X-linked NLGN4X Functionally Resemble NLGN4Y. Neuron. April 2, 2020. [Epub ahead of print]Topiramate May Reduce Occurrence of Sleep EatingiStock/RossHelenThe antiseizure drug topiramate can reduce nighttime eating binges and promote weight loss in people with sleep-related eating disorder, according to the results of a study in Sleep.Like sleepwalking, sleep-related eating disorder is characterized by eating food while still partially asleep followed by little memory of the event. Several case reports have suggested topiramate, which is prescribed off label to treat binge-eating disorder, might be an effective treatment.For this study, 34 adults who had experienced symptoms of sleep-related eating disorder for at least six months were randomly assigned to either daily topiramate (up to 300 mg) or placebo for 13 weeks.At the end of the trial, participants taking topiramate reported a greater drop in the percentage of nights with eating per week (74.7% to 33.2%) compared with those taking placebo (77.0% to 57.4%). The participants taking topiramate also lost more weight after 13 weeks (8.5 pounds lost vs. 1.0 pound gained for placebo group).Many of the participants taking topiramate experienced side effects, with skin tingling (paresthesia) and cognitive problems such as confusion being the most common.According to the researchers, participants who had stronger memories of their nighttime eating were more likely to benefit from topiramate. ■Winkelman JW, Wipper B, Purks J, et al. Topiramate Reduces Nocturnal Eating in Sleep-Related Eating Disorder. Sleep. March 30, 2020. [Epub ahead of print] ISSUES NewArchived", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2020-05-27", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2020.6a34", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.6a34", "keywords": "Sibling, Depression (economics), Medicine, Psychiatry, Mental health, Psychology, Developmental psychology, Macroeconomics, Economics, Child Welfare and Adoption, Family Support in Illness, Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3033314635\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3033314635\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090176075\",\"display_name\":\"Nick Zagorski\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.6a34\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Creativity,Case Report,Observational Study,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2274, "title": "Ethics and ego dissolution: the case of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "ethics and ego dissolution the case of psilocybin", "authors": "William Smith, Dominic Sisti", "abstract": "Despite the fact that psychedelics were proscribed from medical research half a century ago, recent, early-phase trials on psychedelics have suggested that they bring novel benefits to patients in the treatment of several mental and substance use disorders. When beneficial, the psychedelic experience is characterized by features unlike those of other psychiatric and medical treatments. These include senses of losing self-importance, ineffable knowledge, feelings of unity and connection with others and encountering 'deep' reality or God. In addition to symptom relief, psychedelic experiences often lead to significant changes in a patient's personality and worldview. Focusing on the case of psilocybin, we argue that the peculiar features of psychedelics pose certain novel risks, which warrant an enhanced informed consent process-one that is more comprehensive than what may be typical for other psychiatric medications. We highlight key issues that should be focused on during the consent process and suggest discussion prompts for enhanced consent in psychedelic psychiatry. Finally, we respond to potential objections before concluding with a discussion of ethical considerations that will arise as psychedelics proceed from highly controlled research environments into mainstream clinical psychiatry.", "journal": "Journal of Medical Ethics", "publication_date": "2020-05-26", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1136/medethics-2020-106070", "pubmed_id": "32461241", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106070", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Feeling, Mainstream, Informed consent, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Social psychology, Medicine, Law, Alternative medicine, Political science, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3029961383\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3029961383\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":142,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079442192\",\"display_name\":\"William Smith\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6611-0817\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069070306\",\"display_name\":\"Dominic Sisti\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2282-9253\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S70185877\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Medical Ethics\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106070\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Personality Change,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2255, "title": "Psilocybin acutely alters the functional connectivity of the claustrum with brain networks that support perception, memory, and attention", "normalized_title": "psilocybin acutely alters the functional connectivity of the claustrum with brain networks that support perception memory and attention", "authors": "Frederick S. Barrett, Samuel R. Krimmel, Roland R. Griffiths, David A. Seminowicz, Brian N. Mathur", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs, including the serotonin 2a (5-HT2A) receptor partial agonist psilocybin, are receiving renewed attention for their possible efficacy in treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Psilocybin induces widespread dysregulation of cortical activity, but circuit-level mechanisms underlying this effect are unclear. The claustrum is a subcortical nucleus that highly expresses 5-HT2A receptors and provides glutamatergic inputs to arguably all areas of the cerebral cortex. We therefore tested the hypothesis that psilocybin modulates claustrum function in humans. Fifteen healthy participants (10M, 5F) completed this within-subjects study in which whole-brain resting-state blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal was measured 100 ​min after blinded oral administration of placebo and 10 mg/70 ​kg psilocybin. Left and right claustrum signal was isolated using small region confound correction. Psilocybin significantly decreased both the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations as well as the variance of BOLD signal in the left and right claustrum. Psilocybin also significantly decreased functional connectivity of the right claustrum with auditory and default mode networks (DMN), increased right claustrum connectivity with the fronto-parietal task control network (FPTC), and decreased left claustrum connectivity with the FPTC. DMN integrity was associated with right-claustrum connectivity with the DMN, while FPTC integrity and modularity were associated with right claustrum and left claustrum connectivity with the FPTC, respectively. Subjective effects of psilocybin predicted changes in the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations and the variance of BOLD signal in the left and right claustrum. Observed effects were specific to claustrum, compared to flanking regions of interest (the left and right insula and putamen). This study used a pharmacological intervention to provide the first empirical evidence in any species for a significant role of 5-HT2A receptor signaling in claustrum functioning, and supports a possible role of the claustrum in the subjective and therapeutic effects of psilocybin.", "journal": "NeuroImage", "publication_date": "2020-05-22", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116980", "pubmed_id": "32454209", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116980", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Claustrum, Perception, Neuroscience, Functional connectivity, Psychology, Serotonin, Cognitive psychology, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Psychiatry, Internal medicine, Nucleus, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3027721867\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":191,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072690915\",\"display_name\":\"Samuel R. Krimmel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5198-1545\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082953471\",\"display_name\":\"David A. Seminowicz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-3756\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026298510\",\"display_name\":\"Brian N. Mathur\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2912-8625\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S103225281\",\"source_display_name\":\"NeuroImage\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116980\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2233, "title": "Me, myself, bye: regional alterations in glutamate and the experience of ego dissolution with psilocybin", "normalized_title": "me myself bye regional alterations in glutamate and the experience of ego dissolution with psilocybin", "authors": "Natasha L. Mason, Kim P. C. Kuypers, Felix Müller, Johannes T. Reckweg, Desmond H. Y. Tse, Stefan W. Toennes, Nadia R. P. W. Hutten, Jacobus F.A. Jansen, Peter Stiers, Amanda Feilding, Johannes G. Ramaekers", "abstract": "There is growing interest in the therapeutic utility of psychedelic substances, like psilocybin, for disorders characterized by distortions of the self-experience, like depression. Accumulating preclinical evidence emphasizes the role of the glutamate system in the acute action of the drug on brain and behavior; however this has never been tested in humans. Following a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design, we utilized an ultra-high field multimodal brain imaging approach and demonstrated that psilocybin (0.17 mg/kg) induced region-dependent alterations in glutamate, which predicted distortions in the subjective experience of one's self (ego dissolution). Whereas higher levels of medial prefrontal cortical glutamate were associated with negatively experienced ego dissolution, lower levels in hippocampal glutamate were associated with positively experienced ego dissolution. Such findings provide further insights into the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of the psychedelic, as well as the baseline, state. Importantly, they may also provide a neurochemical basis for therapeutic effects as witnessed in ongoing clinical trials.", "journal": "Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-05-22", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-020-0718-8", "pubmed_id": "32446245", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-0718-8", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neurochemical, Glutamate receptor, Psychology, Neuroscience, Hallucinogen, Hippocampal formation, Psychiatry, Medicine, Internal medicine, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3027590463\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":261,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041055116\",\"display_name\":\"Natasha L. Mason\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-0389\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024651565\",\"display_name\":\"Kim P. C. Kuypers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-3809\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061374713\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Müller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4582-6610\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062559490\",\"display_name\":\"Johannes T. Reckweg\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7916-6334\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062957500\",\"display_name\":\"Desmond H. Y. Tse\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-7707\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090253811\",\"display_name\":\"Stefan W. Toennes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1774-3201\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064339250\",\"display_name\":\"Nadia R. P. W. Hutten\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0033-8119\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022027850\",\"display_name\":\"Jacobus F.A. Jansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5271-8060\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083673110\",\"display_name\":\"Peter Stiers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4517-1474\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024899439\",\"display_name\":\"Johannes G. Ramaekers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4553-376X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S175030738\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-0718-8\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3849, "title": "Controlled Substance Regulation for the COVID-19 Mental Health Crisis", "normalized_title": "controlled substance regulation for the covid 19 mental health crisis", "authors": "Mason Marks", "abstract": "The COVID-19 pandemic is producing widespread loss of life, unemployment, and social isolation that is triggering a mental health crisis. Experts warn there could be record levels of depression, suicide, and substance use disorders. The U.S. healthcare system is not prepared. It lacks the resources to provide prolonged psychotherapy at scale, and existing drug treatments are ineffective in about half the people who ty them. Amid worsening mental health-related morbidiy and mortaliy, the experimental drugs psilocybin and 3,4- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are an untapped resource. These drugs belong to a class of compounds called the psychedelics, which has been criminalized and stigmatized by the U.S. war on drugs for over fly years. The US. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) classifies them as Schedule I controlled substances with a high potential for abuse and no currently accepted medical uses. However, recent clinical trials conducted in the United States and abroad undermine the DEA's position and suggest that psilocybin and MDMA can safely treat a variety of mental health conditions. Moreover, unlike existing therapies, they act quickly, and their benefits are often sustained. This Article explores the legal obstacles to administering psilocybin and MDMA to mitigate the COVID-19 mental health crisis. It surveys the scientific evidence for their use and outlines a path toward rapid deployment. Due to the urgent need for effective mental health treatments, the DEA should deschedule psilocybin, reschedule MDMA, and lift annual aggregate production quotas on these drugs. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should issue emergency use authorizations (EUAs) for their therapeutic use. To enhance safety, the FDA Commissioner can attach conditions of use to the EUAs, comparable to Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS), such as requiring psilocybin and MDMA to be administered in controlled settings under professional supervision. Prior to the onset of COVID-19, several cities decriminalized psychedelics while acknowledging their therapeutic benefits. The U.S. Department of justice (DOJ), which enforces violations of the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA), should pledge not to prosecute individuals who use psychedelics in accordance with state and local laws. Meanwhile, amid growing national scrutiny of law enforcement policies and procedures following high-profile police killings, Congress should reevaluate the DOJ's prominent role in U.S. drug policy. It has come to light that the war on drugs rests on a foundation of misinformation and racial animus, which has devastated communities of color. Moreover, due to restrictions on research and development, the drug war adversely impacts people with mental health conditions by depriving them of effective drug therapies. Accordingly, Congress should amend the CSA to shift drug control from law enforcement agencies to science and public-health oriented agencies, such as the FDA and the National Institutes of Health. This restructuring of responsibilities would align federal controlled substance regulation with state drug control, which is overseen by public health agencies instead of law enforcement.", "journal": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publication_date": "2020-05-20", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3607702", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Mental health, MDMA, Psychiatry, Substance abuse, Medicine, Health care, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Business, Political science, Law, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3036009606\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3036009606\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":5,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055130836\",\"display_name\":\"Mason Marks\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4310-9183\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210172589\",\"source_display_name\":\"SSRN Electronic Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3607702\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3852, "title": "Scoping Review Protocol: Mapping Psilocybin Animal Research", "normalized_title": "scoping review protocol mapping psilocybin animal research", "authors": "Ron Shore, Nigel Barnim, Katrina Dobson, Sandra McKeown, Éric C. Dumont, Craig Goldie", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-05-19", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/27834", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Protocol (science), Computer science, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3038815947\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3038815947\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016788534\",\"display_name\":\"Ron Shore\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6305-0764\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074248846\",\"display_name\":\"Nigel Barnim\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080490127\",\"display_name\":\"Katrina Dobson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043286711\",\"display_name\":\"Sandra McKeown\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2728-6702\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077445985\",\"display_name\":\"Éric C. Dumont\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9636-2123\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049400432\",\"display_name\":\"Craig Goldie\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5327-6340\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/27834\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3851, "title": "Scoping Review Protocol: Mapping Psilocybin Therapy Research", "normalized_title": "scoping review protocol mapping psilocybin therapy research", "authors": "Ron Shore, Paul Ioudovski, Sandra McKeown, Éric C. Dumont, Craig Goldie", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-05-19", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/jspui/handle/1974/27833", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Protocol (science), Computer science, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3035195363\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3035195363\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016788534\",\"display_name\":\"Ron Shore\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6305-0764\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016890997\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Ioudovski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043286711\",\"display_name\":\"Sandra McKeown\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2728-6702\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077445985\",\"display_name\":\"Éric C. Dumont\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9636-2123\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049400432\",\"display_name\":\"Craig Goldie\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5327-6340\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/jspui/handle/1974/27833\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3850, "title": "Psychedelics, Safety and Clinical Trial Design", "normalized_title": "psychedelics safety and clinical trial design", "authors": "Ron Shore", "abstract": "Objectives: To investigate the safety of psychedelics for humans, to identify the limitations of the current evidence and to indicate how gaps and limitations may be addressed in future clinical trial design. Methodology: I completed a narrative review of the literature to investigate the safety profile and known adverse effects of psychedelics, with a specific focus on psilocybin and magic mushrooms. Results: Psychedelics can be accompanied by known adverse experiences, such as increased heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate, headaches, and transient psychological distress. For some people, negative effects persist for days or weeks, usually depending on how long the transient distress lasts. Evidence for the empirical validation of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is scant, and the diagnosis itself has come into question. The risks of negative experiences can be reduced by appropriate dosage, setting, preparation and support, as well as by not taking multiple doses or combining with other substances. Some medications do not mix well with psychedelics, including many anti-depressants. Psychedelics can be healing and beneficial, but they are powerful and often involve an ordeal, like many journeys. Clinical trials investigating psychedelics have established exclusion criteria to ensure appropriate subject selection and provide significant preparation, support and a setting to mitigate the known risks. Trials using psychedelics have established safety, tolerability and suggest efficacy; however, stage 3 clinical trials to establish effectiveness through a randomized control methodology are just now beginning. Conclusion: Psychedelics are relatively safe, with a low toxicity and risk profile; however, certain adverse experiences such as transient psychological distress and post-treatment headaches are common, and in some cases can be severe and persisting. Risks are mitigated through appropriate candidate selection, preparation, setting and support. The scientific literature is limited, and stage 3 clinical trials are needed to establish effectiveness for a wide range of potential treatment patients.", "journal": "QSpace (Queen's University Library)", "publication_date": "2020-05-19", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/1974/27835", "keywords": "Psychology, Medicine, Computer science, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3043468905\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3043468905\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016788534\",\"display_name\":\"Ron Shore\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6305-0764\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306402568\",\"source_display_name\":\"QSpace (Queen's University Library)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://hdl.handle.net/1974/27835\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2240, "title": "Hallucinogenic mushroom misuse reported to Texas poison centers", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic mushroom misuse reported to texas poison centers", "authors": "Mathias B. Forrester", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Hallucinogenic mushrooms are fungi that contain the substance psilocybin. When ingested, psilocybin can induce hallucinations, euphoria, and alterations in the perception of space and time. Ingestion of hallucinogenic mushrooms may result in adverse effects. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe hallucinogenic mushroom misuse reported to poison centers. METHODS: Cases were exposures to hallucinogenic mushrooms reported to Texas poison centers during 2000-2018 where the exposure reason was Intentional - Misuse or Intentional - Abuse (combined into the term \"misuse\" in the study). The distribution of the cases was determined for various factors related to patient demographics, exposure circumstances, management, and outcome. RESULTS: Texas poison centers managed 486 hallucinogenic mushroom misuse exposures. Eighty-five percent of the patients were male; the mean age was 20.9 years (range 12-57 years). The exposure route was ingestion alone in 91% of the cases. Seventy-two percent of the exposures occurred at the patient's own residence. Seventy-one percent of the patients were already at or en route to a healthcare facility when the poison center was contacted, 22% were referred to a healthcare facility by the poison center, and 7% of the patients were managed on-site. The most frequent clinical effects were neurological (72%), cardiovascular (25%), and gastrointestinal (23%). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of hallucinogenic mushroom misuse exposures involved adolescents or young adults and were male. Most of the exposures tended to be managed at a healthcare facility. The most common clinical effects tended to be neurological, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal in nature.", "journal": "Journal of Addictive Diseases", "publication_date": "2020-05-17", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1080/10550887.2020.1785817", "pubmed_id": "32627708", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2020.1785817", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Poison control, Euphoriant, Mushroom poisoning, Injury prevention, Occupational safety and health, Ingestion, Environmental health, Psychiatry, Internal medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Hallucinations in medical conditions", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3040125782\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3040125782\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":6,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058752500\",\"display_name\":\"Mathias B. Forrester\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6335-5437\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S93508928\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Addictive Diseases\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2020.1785817\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2275, "title": "Nothing Ventured, Nothing Gained: Regulations Cripple Potentially Life-Saving Research of Illicit Substances", "normalized_title": "nothing ventured nothing gained regulations cripple potentially life saving research of illicit substances", "authors": "Kodye L. Abbott, Kristina Gill, Patrick Flannery, Dawn M. Boothe, Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran, Satyanarayana R. Pondugula", "abstract": "Modern day research, in an attempt to determine the potential therapeutic and adverse effects of illicit substances, is a growing field, but one that faces many regulatory challenges. Due to the potential abuse of illicit substances such as Cannabis, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, regulations have been conceived with the intent of preventing harm and addiction. However, these regulations have also become a major barrier for the scientific community as they suffocate attempts of the scientists to acquire illicit substances for research purposes. Therefore, it is imperative to modify the current regulations of drug scheduling, leading to a reclassification of illicit substances that would allow for extensive testing in research settings. This reclassification effort could advance the potentially life-saving research of illicit substances.", "journal": "ACS Chemical Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2020-05-11", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00241", "pubmed_id": "32395981", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00241", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Cripple, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Harm, Nothing, Hallucinogen, Business, Pharmacology, Medicine, Political science, Law, Receptor, Serotonin, Philosophy, Nursing, Internal medicine, Epistemology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3025849424\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3025849424\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":7,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027866312\",\"display_name\":\"Kodye L. Abbott\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-1060\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042012924\",\"display_name\":\"Kristina Gill\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6755-1139\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039367478\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick Flannery\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4343-4198\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110555358\",\"display_name\":\"Dawn M. Boothe\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029010126\",\"display_name\":\"Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8986-3440\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042967274\",\"display_name\":\"Satyanarayana R. Pondugula\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5806-0183\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S180465690\",\"source_display_name\":\"ACS Chemical Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00241\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2243, "title": "Psilocybin: from ancient magic to modern medicine.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin from ancient magic to modern medicine", "authors": "Nichols DE.", "abstract": "Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is an indole-based secondary metabolite produced by numerous species of mushrooms. South American Aztec Indians referred to them as teonanacatl, meaning \"god's flesh,\" and they were used in religious and healing rituals. Spanish missionaries in the 1500s attempted to destroy all records and evidence of the use of these mushrooms. Nevertheless, a 16th century Spanish Franciscan friar and historian mentioned teonanacatl in his extensive writings, intriguing 20th century ethnopharmacologists and leading to a decades-long search for the identity of teonanacatl. Their search ultimately led to a 1957 photo-essay in a popular magazine, describing for the Western world the use of these mushrooms. Specimens were ultimately obtained, and their active principle identified and chemically synthesized. In the past 10-15 years several FDA-approved clinical studies have indicated potential medical value for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in treating depression, anxiety, and certain addictions. At present, assuming that the early clinical studies can be validated by larger studies, psilocybin is poised to make a significant impact on treatments available to psychiatric medicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-05-11", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1038/s41429-020-0311-8", "pubmed_id": "32398764", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41429-020-0311-8", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, History, 15th Century, History, 20th Century, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32398764\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2276, "title": "Psychedelic treatment of functional neurological disorder: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic treatment of functional neurological disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Butler M, Seynaeve M, Nicholson TR, Pick S, Kanaan RA, Lees A, Young AH, Rucker J.", "abstract": "Functional neurological disorder (FND), formerly known as conversion disorder, causes a high burden of disability and distress, and is amongst the most commonly encountered conditions in neurology clinics and neuropsychiatric services, yet the therapeutic evidence base is somewhat limited. There has been recent interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and in recent studies psychedelics have shown promise in treating a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. Modification of neural circuits associated with self-representation is thought to underlie some of this effect, and as some contemporary theories of FND focus on aberrant somatic self-representation, psychedelics may therefore represent an unexplored treatment option for FND. We systematically reviewed studies involving the use of psychedelics in FND. Nine studies published between 1954 and 1967, with a total of 26 patients, were identified. Due to restriction of licencing of psychedelic drugs since this period, no modern studies were identified. In most cases, patients received a course of psychotherapy with variable adjunctive administration of psychedelics (in a combination known as 'psycholytic therapy'), with protocols varying between studies. Of those treated, 69% (n = 18) were found to have made at least some recovery on heterogeneous and subjective clinician-rated criteria. Adverse events were mostly mild and transient; however, at least one patient terminated the study due to distressing effects. All included studies were of low quality, often lacking control groups and valid outcome measures. Although no conclusions on efficacy may be drawn from these data, further research may help to determine whether psychedelics offer a feasible, safe and effective treatment for FND.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-05-10", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1177/2045125320912125", "pubmed_id": "32435447", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125320912125", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32435447\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3853, "title": "Data justify further research on potential of psychedelics in treating psychiatric disorders", "normalized_title": "data justify further research on potential of psychedelics in treating psychiatric disorders", "authors": "", "abstract": "Although research findings to date do not support the use of psychedelic compounds in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, the existing body of research justifies continued investigation, a literature review concludes. The review found the most significant evidence supporting use of psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Both of these drugs have been given “breakthrough therapy” designation by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is intended to expedite the evaluation and development of drug candidates that might offer significant advantages over existing treatments for serious illnesses.", "journal": "The Brown University Psychopharmacology Update", "publication_date": "2020-05-05", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1002/pu.30581", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pu.30581", "keywords": "Psilocybin, MDMA, Food and drug administration, Medicine, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Drug, Psychology, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4249590091\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4249590091\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S1022177896\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Brown University Psychopharmacology Update\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/pu.30581\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2033, "title": "The Psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and Bufotenine (5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) Case: Ensuring the Correct Isomer has Been Identified", "normalized_title": "the psilocin 4 hydroxy n n dimethyltryptamine and bufotenine 5 hydroxy n n dimethyltryptamine case ensuring the correct isomer has been identified", "authors": "Tehila Mishraki-Berkowitz, Esti Kochelski, Pierce V. Kavanagh, John E. O’Brien, Clodagh Dunne, Brian Talbot, Patricia Ennis, Udi Wolf", "abstract": "Psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 4-HO-DMT) and bufotenine (5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 5-HO-DMT), which are both naturally occurring compounds, are classified as controlled substances in numerous countries due to their pharmacological activities and recreational usage. There are two other benzene ring regioisomers, 6-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (6-HO-DMT) and 7-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (7-HO-DMT), which are not classified by name as controlled substances, and which were synthesized for this current work. The four isomers were analyzed using routine methodologies employed by the Israel's Police Division of Identification and Forensic Science (DIFS) Laboratory, namely thin layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). It was found possible to differentiate the four isomers. Forensic specimens that were suspected to be psilocybe mushrooms were examined, confirming that it is now possible to unequivocally identify the presence of psilocin and rule out the presence of its other isomers.", "journal": "Journal of Forensic Sciences", "publication_date": "2020-05-05", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1111/1556-4029.14368", "pubmed_id": "32374425", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14368", "keywords": "Chemistry, Structural isomer, Gas chromatography, Mass spectrometry, Chromatography, Stereochemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3021906381\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3021906381\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":12,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057730746\",\"display_name\":\"Tehila Mishraki-Berkowitz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018500167\",\"display_name\":\"Esti Kochelski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011396262\",\"display_name\":\"Pierce V. Kavanagh\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1613-3305\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110618176\",\"display_name\":\"John E. O’Brien\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073004362\",\"display_name\":\"Clodagh Dunne\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068842405\",\"display_name\":\"Brian Talbot\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083601403\",\"display_name\":\"Patricia Ennis\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5097789190\",\"display_name\":\"Udi Wolf\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S62072220\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Forensic Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14368\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3854, "title": "Binding Interactions of Psilocin and Serotonin in the 5-HT2A Receptor", "normalized_title": "binding interactions of psilocin and serotonin in the 5 ht2a receptor", "authors": "Katie R. Barnes, Stephanie N. Lewis", "abstract": "Psilocin is a molecule found in psilocybin mushrooms, which are typically consumed recreationally for their hallucinogenic effects. Recently, studies have shown that psilocin can have almost immediate antidepressant effects in patients who are treatment-resistant to medications that increase serotonin levels in the synapse. Researchers believe that the molecule works by suppressing activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala, which are both brain structures involved in the emotional aspect of depression. However, psilocin’s exact mechanism of action and binding characteristics in the body remain unknown. Using Chimera for visualization and AutoDock Tools and AutoDock Vina for docking, psilocin and serotonin were separately docked in a crystallized 5-HT2A receptor. Key residues were identified using existing information in the RCSB database. Once the ligands were docked, the lengths of the potential bonds between atoms of the ligands and the key residues within the receptor were measured to determine if they were close enough to each other to interact. Serotonin had multiple possible hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions; however, psilocin only had one potential hydrophobic interaction. The main structural difference between psilocin and serotonin is the presence of the phosphate group in psilocin; therefore, studies of phosphate’s binding properties within the 5-HT2A receptor could potentially provide insight on the efficacy of psilocin.", "journal": "VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)", "publication_date": "2020-05-04", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99299", "keywords": "Artifact (error), World Wide Web, Serotonin, Studio, Psychology, Computer science, Neuroscience, Chemistry, Receptor, Biochemistry, Telecommunications, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3048778283\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3048778283\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032575639\",\"display_name\":\"Katie R. Barnes\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003228283\",\"display_name\":\"Stephanie N. Lewis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8724-2069\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400248\",\"source_display_name\":\"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99299\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2266, "title": "Psilocybin and LSD have no long-lasting effects in an animal model of alcohol relapse", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and lsd have no long lasting effects in an animal model of alcohol relapse", "authors": "Marcus W. Meinhardt, Cansu Güngör, Ivan Skorodumov, Lea J. Mertens, Rainer Spanagel", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-05-04", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-020-0694-z", "pubmed_id": "32369828", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-0694-z", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Alcohol use disorder, Relapse prevention, Hallucinogen, Animal model, Clinical trial, Psychology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Animal studies, Psychotherapist, Alcohol, Pharmacology, Internal medicine, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3020950088\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3020950088\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":66,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013945938\",\"display_name\":\"Marcus W. Meinhardt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-0731\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5102356840\",\"display_name\":\"Cansu Güngör\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079196313\",\"display_name\":\"Ivan Skorodumov\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6749-9745\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070309082\",\"display_name\":\"Lea J. Mertens\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4415-3941\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016315764\",\"display_name\":\"Rainer Spanagel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2151-4521\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S175030738\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-0694-z\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3303, "title": "Serotonergic psychedelic drugs LSD and psilocybin reduce the hierarchical differentiation of unimodal and transmodal cortex", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelic drugs lsd and psilocybin reduce the hierarchical differentiation of unimodal and transmodal cortex", "authors": "Girn M, Roseman L, Bernhardt B, Smallwood J, Carhart-Harris R, Spreng RN.", "abstract": "LSD and psilocybin are serotonergic psychedelic compounds with potential in the treatment of mental health disorders. Past neuroimaging investigations have revealed that both compounds can elicit significant changes to whole-brain functional organization and dynamics. A recent proposal linked past findings into a unified model and hypothesized reduced whole-brain hierarchical organization as a key mechanism underlying the psychedelic state, but this has yet to be directly tested. We applied a non-linear dimensionality reduction technique previously used to map hierarchical connectivity gradients to pharmacological resting-state fMRI data to assess cortical organization in the LSD and psilocybin state. Results supported our primary hypothesis: The principal gradient of cortical connectivity, describing a hierarchy from unimodal to transmodal cortex, was significantly flattened under both drugs relative to their respective placebo conditions. Between-condition contrasts revealed that this was driven by a reduction of functional differentiation at both hierarchical extremes - default and frontoparietal networks at the upper end, and somatomotor at the lower. Gradient-based connectivity mapping confirmed that this was underpinned by increased unimodal-transmodal crosstalk. In addition, LSD-dependent principal gradient changes tracked changes in self-reported ego-dissolution. Results involving the second and third gradient, which respectively represent axes of sensory and executive differentiation, also showed significant alterations across both drugs. These findings provide support for a recent mechanistic model of the psychedelic state relevant to therapeutic applications of psychedelics. More fundamentally, we provide the first evidence that macroscale connectivity gradients are sensitive to a pharmacological manipulation, specifically highlighting an important relationship between cortical organization and serotonergic modulation.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2020-05-02", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1101/2020.05.01.072314", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.072314", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR157921\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2280, "title": "Correlation between the potency of hallucinogens in the mouse head-twitch response assay and their behavioral and subjective effects in other species.", "normalized_title": "correlation between the potency of hallucinogens in the mouse head twitch response assay and their behavioral and subjective effects in other species", "authors": "Halberstadt AL, Chatha M, Klein AK, Wallach J, Brandt SD", "abstract": "Serotonergic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) induce head twitches in rodents via 5-HT receptor activation. The goal of the present investigation was to determine whether a correlation exists between the potency of hallucinogens in the mouse head-twitch response (HTR) paradigm and their reported potencies in other species, specifically rats and humans. Dose-response experiments were conducted with phenylalkylamine and tryptamine hallucinogens in C57BL/6J mice, enlarging the available pool of HTR potency data to 41 total compounds. For agents where human data are available (n = 36), a strong positive correlation (r = 0.9448) was found between HTR potencies in mice and reported hallucinogenic potencies in humans. HTR potencies were also found to be correlated with published drug discrimination ED values for substitution in rats trained with either LSD (r = 0.9484, n = 16) or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (r = 0.9564, n = 21). All three of these behavioral effects (HTR in mice, hallucinogen discriminative stimulus effects in rats, and psychedelic effects in humans) have been linked to 5-HT receptor activation. We present evidence that hallucinogens induce these three effects with remarkably consistent potencies. In addition to having high construct validity, the HTR assay also appears to show significant predictive validity, confirming its translational relevance for predicting subjective potency of hallucinogens in humans. These findings support the use of the HTR paradigm as a preclinical model of hallucinogen psychopharmacology and in structure-activity relationship studies of hallucinogens. Future investigations with a larger number of test agents will evaluate whether the HTR assay can be used to predict the hallucinogenic potency of 5-HT agonists in humans. \"This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Serotonin Research: Crossing Scales and Boundaries'.", "journal": "Neuropharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-04-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107933", "pubmed_id": "31917152", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31917152/", "keywords": "Behavioral model, DMT, DOM, Head shake, Mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, NBOMe, Psilocybin, Psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"31917152\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2279, "title": "Perceived outcomes of psychedelic microdosing as self-managed therapies for mental and substance use disorders.", "normalized_title": "perceived outcomes of psychedelic microdosing as self managed therapies for mental and substance use disorders", "authors": "Lea T, Amada N, Jungaberle H, Schecke H, Scherbaum N, Klein M", "abstract": "The regular consumption of very small doses of psychedelic drugs (known as microdosing) has been a source of growing media and community attention in recent years. However, there is currently limited clinical and social research evidence on the potential role of microdosing as therapies for mental and substance use disorders. This paper examined subjective experiences of microdosing psychedelics to improve mental health or to cease or reduce substance use, and examined sociodemographic and other covariates of perceived improvements in mental health that individuals attributed to microdosing. An international online survey was conducted in 2018 and examined people's experiences of using psychedelics for self-reported therapeutic or enhancement purposes. This paper focuses on 1102 respondents who reported current or past experience of psychedelic microdosing. Twenty-one percent of respondents reported primarily microdosing as a therapy for depression, 7% for anxiety, 9% for other mental disorders and 2% for substance use cessation or reduction. Forty-four percent of respondents perceived that their mental health was \"much better\" as a consequence of microdosing. In a multivariate analysis, perceived improvements in mental health from microdosing were associated with a range of variables including gender, education, microdosing duration and motivations, and recent use of larger psychedelic doses. Given the promising findings of clinical trials of standard psychedelic doses as mental health therapies, clinical microdosing research is needed to determine its potential role in psychiatric treatment, and ongoing social research to better understand the use of microdosing as self-managed mental health and substance use therapies.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-04-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-020-05477-0", "pubmed_id": "32043165", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32043165/", "keywords": "Alcohol, Drugs, LSD, Mental health, Microdose, Psilocybin, Self-treatment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"32043165\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3856, "title": "Klassiske psykedeliske stoffer - inkl. psilocybin og LSD", "normalized_title": "klassiske psykedeliske stoffer inkl psilocybin og lsd", "authors": "Morten Hesse", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-04-21", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/45be7e79-66e2-4f51-af03-6c20860526cd", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psychology, Art, Computer science, Chemistry, Psychiatry, Receptor, Biochemistry, Serotonin, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412327862\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4412327862\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068085008\",\"display_name\":\"Morten Hesse\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6849-6554\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/45be7e79-66e2-4f51-af03-6c20860526cd\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3855, "title": "Psychedelics", "normalized_title": "psychedelics", "authors": "David E. Nichols", "abstract": "Psychedelics (serotonergic hallucinogens) are powerful psychoactive substances that alter perception and mood and affect numerous cognitive processes. They are generally considered physiologically safe and do not lead to dependence or addiction. Their origin predates written history, and they were employed by early cultures in many sociocultural and ritual contexts. After the virtually contemporaneous discovery of (5R,8R)-(+)-lysergic acid-N,N-diethylamide (LSD)-25 and the identification of serotonin in the brain, early research focused intensively on the possibility that LSD and other psychedelics had a serotonergic basis for their action. Today there is a consensus that psychedelics are agonists or partial agonists at brain serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors, with particular importance on those expressed on apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal cells in layer V. Several useful rodent models have been developed over the years to help unravel the neurochemical correlates of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor activation in the brain, and a variety of imaging techniques have been employed to identify key brain areas that are directly affected by psychedelics. Recent and exciting developments in the field have occurred in clinical research, where several double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in patients with cancer-related psychosocial distress have demonstrated unprecedented positive relief of anxiety and depression. Two small pilot studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy also have shown positive benefit in treating both alcohol and nicotine addiction. Recently, blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography have been employed for in vivo brain imaging in humans after administration of a psychedelic, and results indicate that intravenously administered psilocybin and LSD produce decreases in oscillatory power in areas of the brain’s default mode network.", "journal": "UNC Libraries", "publication_date": "2020-04-21", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.17615/5pv5-2x04", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.17615/5pv5-2x04", "keywords": "Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4299978884\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4299978884\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101815306\",\"display_name\":\"David E. Nichols\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1129-1697\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407051488\",\"source_display_name\":\"UNC Libraries\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.17615/5pv5-2x04\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3857, "title": "Isness: Using Multi-Person VR to Design Peak Mystical Type Experiences Comparable to Psychedelics", "normalized_title": "isness using multi person vr to design peak mystical type experiences comparable to psychedelics", "authors": "David R. Glowacki, Mark D. Wonnacott, Rachel Freire, Becca R. Glowacki, Ella M. Gale, James E. Pike, Tiu de Haan, Mike Chatziapostolou, Oussama Metatla", "abstract": "Studies combining psychotherapy with psychedelic drugs (Ds) have demonstrated positive outcomes that are often associated with 'Ds' ability to induce 'mystical-type' experiences (MTEs) i.e., subjective experiences whose characteristics include a sense of connectedness, transcendence, and ineffability. We suggest that both PsiDs and virtual reality can be situated on a broader spectrum of psychedelic technologies. To test this hypothesis, we used concepts, methods, and analysis strategies from D research to design and evaluate 'Isness', a multi-person VR journey where participants experience the collective emergence, fluctuation, and dissipation of their bodies as energetic essences. A study (N=57) analyzing participant responses to a commonly used D experience questionnaire (MEQ30) indicates that Isness participants reported MTEs comparable to those reported in double-blind clinical studies after high doses of psilocybin and LSD. Within a supportive setting and conceptual framework, VR phenomenology can create the conditions for MTEs from which participants derive insight and meaning.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-04-20", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1145/3313831.3376649", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376649", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Phenomenology (philosophy), Virtual reality, Situated, Cognitive psychology, Psychotherapist, Telepathy, Test (biology), Participant observation, Social psychology, Hallucinogen, Applied psychology, Reality testing, Interpretative phenomenological analysis, Qualitative research, Autoethnography, Mysticism, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3003871080\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3003871080\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":52,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"David R. Glowacki\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Mark D. Wonnacott\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Rachel Freire\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Becca R. Glowacki\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Ella M. Gale\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"James E. Pike\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Tiu de Haan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Mike Chatziapostolou\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Oussama Metatla\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376649\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3451, "title": "Pharmacokinetics of Psilocybin in Normal Adult Volunteers", "normalized_title": "pharmacokinetics of psilocybin in normal adult volunteers", "authors": "University of Wisconsin, Madison", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound produced by more than 200 species of mushrooms, collectively known as psilocybin mushrooms. Psilocybin (4-phosphoroyloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a hallucinogenic tryptamine that was first isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms in 1957. The objective of this Phase I clinical trial is to determine the pharmacokinetics of oral doses of psilocybin in normal, healthy adults. The study is performed in support of Phase II and Phase III studies of psilocybin for the treatment of refractory anxiety associated with incurable cancer, as well as other possible indications. Psilocybin is at present not an FDA-approved drug. The primary objective of this clinical trial is to determine the pharmacokinetics of an extemporaneous oral formulation of psilocybin in normal, healthy adults. This study is intended to add to the existing body of modern clinical research on psilocybin to support future multi-institutional Phase III clinical trials seeking to decrease anxiety and depression in patients with incurable cancer. The long-term goal of this research is to submit a successful new drug application for psilocybin to the FDA. Subjects will initially take one 0.3 mg/kg (approximately 20mg/70kg) oral dose of psilocybin to initiate an eight hour chaperoned outpatient experience. After eight hours of outpatient sampling, the subject will be transported across the street to the UW Institute for Clinical and Translational Research Clinical Research Unit (ICTR CRU) for an overnight stay and additional blood and urine sampling. Pre- and post-treatment psychologic preparation and debriefing interviews will be required. A minimum of four weeks after the first dose, the subject will receive a second oral dose of psilocybin at the higher dose of 0.45 mg/kg (approximately 30 mg/70 kg). This dosing will again take place in an attended, structured setting with timed blood and urine samples obtained both in the School of Pharmacy (0-8 hours) and in the UW Clinical Research Unit (8-24 hours). A minimum of four weeks after the second dose, the subject will receive a third oral dose of psilocybin at the highest dose of 0.6 mg/kg (approximately 40 mg/70 kg). This dose will again take place in an attended, structured setting with timed blood and urine samples obtained both in the School of Pharmacy (0-8 hours) and in the UW Clinical Research Unit (8-24 hours). 12-lead ECGs will be obtained at specified time points before and during each treatment period. Throughout the duration of drug action for each dose participants will be attended by two trained monitors, and a physician will available during the entire 24 hour treatment and sampling period. Subjects who have been administered the first dose but decline to receive any subsequent doses will remain evaluable. At that time their active study participation will end.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2020-04-14", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02163707", "keywords": "Healthy, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT02163707\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3858, "title": "Psychedelics for Psychiatric Disorders: More Research Needed", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for psychiatric disorders more research needed", "authors": "Nick Zagorski", "abstract": "Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Clinical & ResearchFull AccessPsychedelics for Psychiatric Disorders: More Research NeededNick ZagorskiNick ZagorskiSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:13 Apr 2020https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.4a14AbstractAPA’s Work Group on Biomarkers and Novel Treatments suggests that psychedelic drug trials need more standard protocols and rating scales to help bring promising research to the next level.iStock/agsandrewInterest in psychedelic agents for the treatment of psychiatric disorders continues to grow. Even the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has taken notice: Over the past couple of years, the agency gave breakthrough drug status to psilocybin (magic mushrooms) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) for the treatment of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), respectively. Such a designation is meant to expedite the development and review of drugs that are intended to treat a serious condition.To help psychiatrists and other mental health professionals navigate this emerging field, APA’s Work Group on Biomarkers and Novel Treatments (a component of APA’s Council on Research) published a detailed report on the clinical application of psychedelic drugs in psychiatric disorders in AJP in Advance. The review includes a rundown of the pharmacology of four psychedelic agents-MDMA, psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and ayahuasca-and describes studies that have examined the effectiveness of these drugs in the treatment of mood disorders, substance use disorders, and more. The review also offers suggestions on how psychedelic research should proceed.“If you grew up in the 1970s like me when psychedelics were criminalized and maligned, you could easily dismiss the medical potential of psychedelics,” said William McDonald, M.D., the J. B. Fuqua Chair for Late-Life Depression at Emory University and a member of the APA work group. “But there is a wealth of data on these agents, and the research with MDMA and psilocybin is particularly exciting.”As noted in the report, there have been placebo-controlled trials demonstrating the efficacy of MDMA in treating patients with PTSD and of psilocybin for depression and cancer-related anxiety. The evidence for LSD and ayahuasca-which have both been tested as treatments for depression and anxiety-is still preliminary.Both McDonald and fellow report author Colin Reiff, M.D., a clinical assistant professor of psychiatry at New York University Langone Health, stressed that the APA work group was not advocating any clinical use of these substances. “But the evidence is strong enough that we are ready to move beyond small studies funded by private groups or philanthropy,” Reiff said. “This field needs National Institutes of Health [NIH] support.”The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) classifies ayahuasca, LSD, MDMA, and psilocybin as Schedule I substances-a category that reflects a lack of accepted medical use and potential for abuse. This classification hinders clinical studies with these drugs. Researchers first need approval from both the DEA and their institution before they can conduct research with Schedule I drugs. Those lucky enough to get a license then must secure funding, which is scarce at the federal level. Since psychedelics are classified as drugs of abuse, agencies like NIH generally limit clinical funding to studies related to their abuse potential.“Research has been [additionally] hampered by the fact that there is not a rigorous definition of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and the fact that the expectations and personal experiences of the study subjects are important variables in the response to psychedelic-assisted therapy,” the work group noted in the report. “These variables can be difficult to account for in a clinical trial, but they should be a part of the future research agenda.”“What would be helpful in the near future is an international symposium focused on psychedelic research, so everyone can compare notes and set shared priorities moving forward,” Reiff suggested. McDonald also suggested that the National Institute of Mental Health or National Institute on Drug Abuse host a small symposium where they could lay out what they expect in order for researchers to obtain federal funding. ■“Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy” is posted here. ISSUES NewArchived", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2020-04-12", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2020.4a14", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.4a14", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Lysergic acid diethylamide, MDMA, Psychiatry, Psychology, Ayahuasca, Medicine, Anthropology, Receptor, Internal medicine, Serotonin, Sociology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3017294991\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3017294991\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090176075\",\"display_name\":\"Nick Zagorski\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.4a14\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2281, "title": "Dynamic coupling of whole-brain neuronal and neurotransmitter systems", "normalized_title": "dynamic coupling of whole brain neuronal and neurotransmitter systems", "authors": "Morten L. Kringelbach, Josephine Cruzat, Joana Cabral, Gitte M. Knudsen, Robin Carhart-Harris, Peter C. Whybrow, Nikos K. Logothetis, Gustavo Deco", "abstract": "Significance In a technical tour de force, we have created a framework demonstrating the underlying fundamental principles of bidirectional coupling of neuronal and neurotransmitter dynamical systems. Specifically, in the present study, we combined multimodal neuroimaging data to causally explain the functional effects of specific serotoninergic receptor (5-HT2A R) stimulation with psilocybin in healthy humans. Longer term, this could provide a better understanding of why psilocybin is showing considerable promise as a therapeutic intervention for neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, and addiction.", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publication_date": "2020-04-12", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1921475117", "pubmed_id": "32284420", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921475117", "keywords": "Neuroscience, Psilocybin, Serotonergic, Neurotransmitter systems, Neurotransmitter receptor, Neurotransmitter, Psychology, Neuroimaging, Deep brain stimulation, Addiction, Anxiety, Functional neuroimaging, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Receptor, Psychiatry, Serotonin, Dopamine, Central nervous system, Disease, Parkinson's disease, Pathology, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Mental Health Research Topics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3015902292\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3015902292\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":324,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043559110\",\"display_name\":\"Morten L. Kringelbach\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3908-6898\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074754048\",\"display_name\":\"Josephine Cruzat\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-8657\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003980225\",\"display_name\":\"Joana Cabral\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6715-0826\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110173049\",\"display_name\":\"Peter C. Whybrow\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062035071\",\"display_name\":\"Nikos K. Logothetis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7728-4118\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047963275\",\"display_name\":\"Gustavo Deco\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8995-7583\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S125754415\",\"source_display_name\":\"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921475117\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3803, "title": "Global Drug Survey", "normalized_title": "global drug survey", "authors": "Petranker R, Anderson T, Maier L, Barratt MJ, Ferris J, Winstock A.", "abstract": "Background: Microdosing psychedelics - the practice of taking small, sub-hallucinogenic doses of substances like LSD or psilocybin-containing mushrooms - is becoming increasingly popular. Despite its surging popularity, little is known about the effects of this practice. Aims: This research had three main aims. First, we attempted to replicate previous findings regarding the subjective benefits and challenges reported for microdosing. Second, we assessed whether people who microdose test their substances for purity before consumption. Third, we examined whether having an approach-intention to microdosing was predictive of more reported benefits. Methods: The Global Drug Survey (GDS) runs the world’s largest drug survey. Participants who reported last year use of LSD or psilocybin in GDS2019 were offered the opportunity to answer a sub-section on microdosing. Results: Data from 6,753 people who reported microdosing at least once in the last 12 months were used for analyses. Our results suggest a partial replication of previously reported benefits and challenges among the present sample often reporting enhanced mood, creativity, focus, and sociability. Counter to our prediction, the most common challenge participants associated with microdosing was “none”. As predicted, most participants reported not testing their substances. Counter to our hypothesis, approach-intention - microdosing in order to approach a desired goal - predicted less rather than more benefits when microdosing. We discuss alternate theoretical frameworks that may better capture the reasons people microdose. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the benefits associated with microdosing greatly outweigh the challenges. Microdosing may have utility for a variety of uses while having minimal side-effects. However, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiments are still required in order to substantiate these reports.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2020-04-11", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/xb8ve", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xb8ve", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:10:23", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR329048\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Creativity,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3389, "title": "Global Drug Survey", "normalized_title": "global drug survey", "authors": "", "abstract": "Background: Microdosing psychedelics - the practice of taking small, sub-hallucinogenic doses of substances like LSD or psilocybin-containing mushrooms - is becoming increasingly popular. Despite its surging popularity, little is known about the effects of this practice. Aims: This research had three main aims. First, we attempted to replicate previous findings regarding the subjective benefits and challenges reported for microdosing. Second, we assessed whether people who microdose test their substances for purity before consumption. Third, we examined whether having an approach-intention to microdosing was predictive of more reported benefits. Methods: The Global Drug Survey (GDS) runs the world’s largest drug survey. Participants who reported last year use of LSD or psilocybin in GDS2019 were offered the opportunity to answer a sub-section on microdosing. Results: Data from 6,753 people who reported microdosing at least once in the last 12 months were used for analyses. Our results suggest a partial replication of previously reported benefits and challenges among the present sample often reporting enhanced mood, creativity, focus, and sociability. Counter to our prediction, the most common challenge participants associated with microdosing was “none”. As predicted, most participants reported not testing their substances. Counter to our hypothesis, approach-intention - microdosing in order to approach a desired goal - predicted less rather than more benefits when microdosing. We discuss alternate theoretical frameworks that may better capture the reasons people microdose. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the benefits associated with microdosing greatly outweigh the challenges. Microdosing may have utility for a variety of uses while having minimal side-effects. However, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiments are still required in order to substantiate these reports.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2020-04-11", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/xb8ve_v1", "keywords": "Psychiatry, Life Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"xb8ve_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Creativity,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2036, "title": "Exposure-Response Analysis to Assess the Concentration-QTc Relationship of Psilocybin/Psilocin", "normalized_title": "exposure response analysis to assess the concentration qtc relationship of psilocybin psilocin", "authors": "Elyes Dahmane, Paul R. Hutson, Jogarao Gobburu", "abstract": "Psilocybin is being developed for treating major depressive disorder. Psilocybin is readily dephosphorylated to psilocin upon absorption. The potential for psilocin proarrhythmic effect was assessed using a concentration-QTc interval (C-QTc) analysis from an open-label single ascending dose study of psilocybin. Psilocybin doses ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 mg/kg. This trial showed a significant but shallow C-QTc relationship. At the clinical dose of 25 mg, the mean psilocin maximum concentration is 18.7 ng/mL, and the associated mean (upper 90% confidence interval of mean) QTcF change is 2.1 (6.6) milliseconds. Given the short half-life of psilocin of about 4 hours, there would be no accumulation after monthly oral doses used in clinical trials. The upper limit of the 90% confidence interval of the model-predicted mean ΔQTcF crossed 10 milliseconds at a psilocin concentration of 31.1 ng/mL. At a supraclinical psilocin maximum concentration of about 60 ng/mL, ΔQTcF remains low, with a mean (upper limit of the 90% confidence interval) of 9.1 (17.9) milliseconds. This analysis enabled the characterization of the C-QTc relationship and prediction of QTc prolongation at the expected clinical and possible higher psilocybin doses.", "journal": "Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development", "publication_date": "2020-04-05", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1002/cpdd.796", "pubmed_id": "32250059", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cpdd.796", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, QT interval, Traditional medicine, Anesthesia, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3014341075\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3014341075\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":43,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048167745\",\"display_name\":\"Elyes Dahmane\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8548-5155\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088507656\",\"display_name\":\"Paul R. Hutson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6968-7096\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083885025\",\"display_name\":\"Jogarao Gobburu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8348-4295\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764863641\",\"source_display_name\":\"Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpdd.796\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3964, "title": "5-HT2 Receptor Activation Differentially Modulates Linker Histone Kinetics and Histone Deacetylase Activity", "normalized_title": "5 ht2 receptor activation differentially modulates linker histone kinetics and histone deacetylase activity", "authors": "Thomas W. Flanagan, Gerald Billac, Charles D. Nichols", "abstract": "Introduction Alterations to chromatin dynamics and histone modification represent crucial processes metazoan cells employ to influence regulation and gene expression. As such, modification to the mobility of the linker histone, the chief component of chromatin compaction and higher-order chromatin architecture, significantly impacts downstream transcriptional regulation and cellular processing. At present, the contributions of serotonergic signaling to not only heritable epigenetic modification but also higher-order chromatin structure are a matter of intense research focus. Through both in vitro and in vivo assays, our lab has shown that serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists (psychedelics) exhibit differential efficacy and potency in their ability to prevent inflammatory pathway activation. Modulation to both overall chromatin structure and epigenetic signaling may represent a potential mechanism that psychedelics employ to promote their long-lasting, therapeutic effects. Objectives We sought to evaluate the impact of chromatin compaction and histone acetylation on 5-HT2A functional selectivity in human embryonic kidney cells stably expressing the 5-HT2A receptor. Methods We utilized fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to probe the kinetics of the linker histone H1c transiently transfected into the aforementioned HEKH2A cell line. We concurrently measured histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity following exposure to numerous 5-HT2A agonists. Results 5-HT itself minimally impacts H1c mobility, whereas compounds such as psilocin and the highly selective 5-HT2 agonist ( R )-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine [( R )-DOI] significantly slow H1c kinetics. Interestingly, these changes to linker histone mobility do not correlate with putative epigenetic regulation, as 5-HT2A compounds with anti-inflammatory properties reduce histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, whereas antagonism of the 5-HT2A receptor induces HDAC activity. Conclusion Together, this data illustrates that agonism of 5-HT2A receptors induce unique changes to chromatin architecture and HDAC activity, a conceivable mechanism psychedelics might employ to promote their potent therapeutic properties. Translationally, while HDAC inhibitors have emerged as attractive agents in cancer therapy and asthma treatment, their utility is limited by off-target toxicity. 5-HT2A receptor activation represents a potentially more promising therapeutic strategy to modulate histone acetylation patterns for therapeutic effects. Support or Funding Information Support from this work was provided in part by the Eleusis Benefit Corporation and the LSU Foundation.", "journal": "The FASEB Journal", "publication_date": "2020-03-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.05613", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.05613", "keywords": "Chromatin, Histone deacetylase, Cell biology, Chromatin remodeling, Epigenetics, Histone, Histone H2A, Chemistry, Histone H3, Histone H1, Histone deacetylase 5, Acetylation, Biology, Molecular biology, Biochemistry, Gene, Medicinal Plant Pharmacodynamics Research, Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3017205254\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3017205254\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062641633\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas W. Flanagan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010547769\",\"display_name\":\"Gerald Billac\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062966169\",\"display_name\":\"Charles D. Nichols\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-0646\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S25293849\",\"source_display_name\":\"The FASEB Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.05613\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Epigenetics,In Vitro Study,Toxicity,Inflammation", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3859, "title": "One Dose of Psilocybin in Late Adolescence Mitigates Deleterious Effects of Developmental Stress on Cognition and Behavioral Despair in Adult Female Rats", "normalized_title": "one dose of psilocybin in late adolescence mitigates deleterious effects of developmental stress on cognition and behavioral despair in adult female rats", "authors": "Meghan Hibicke, Charles D. Nichols", "abstract": "Introduction Psilocybin (PSI) has persistent antidepressant efficacy in human trials. We have shown one dose of PSI to significantly decrease depressive-like behavior in male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats for at least five weeks without losing efficacy. However, the outcome assay we used to evaluate depressive-like behavior, the forced swim test (FST), has been criticized for not providing circuit-specific endpoint data. Further, rodent strains like WKY selectively bred for face validity in modeling depression have lower translational value than chronic/developmental stress models. Pattern separation is a function of the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 region of the hippocampus. Pattern separation deficits are measurable in a number of psychological and neurological disorders where the DG-CA3 circuit is impaired, including major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and age-related dementias. The object pattern separation (OPS) task is a new paradigm to measure DG-CA3 function in rodents, proposed as a cognitive-based outcome measure for depression-like phenotypes, but so far only used in healthy male animals. Whether OPS performance correlates with established measures of behavioral despair, or can be normalized by human pharmacotherapies, is unknown. Objectives Evaluate long-term antidepressant-like effects of PSI in the stress-based adolescent chronic restraint stress (aCRS) model for depression, establish face and predictive validity of the OPS task, and determine whether OPS correlates with FST immobility in aCRS rats. Methods Adolescent female Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to groups: not restrained-saline (NRS), not restrained-PSI (NRP), restrained-saline (RS), and restrained-PSI (RP). RS and RP rats were restrained 1 hr/day post-natal days (PND) 32-45. Rats received IP PSI (1 mg/kg) or saline PND52. The OPS task was performed nightly PND82 (0 cm) - 86 (24 cm) in a 66 cm diameter arena containing two identical objects, one of which was moved from 0 cm to 6, 12, 18, and 24 cm from 0 following an hour intertrial interval. FST was performed PND89-90. Results Significant discrimination in the OPS at 24 cm was observed in NRS ( p", "journal": "The FASEB Journal", "publication_date": "2020-03-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02912", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02912", "keywords": "Antidepressant, Behavioural despair test, Psychology, Dentate gyrus, Cognition, Hippocampus, Chronic stress, Neuroscience, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Internal medicine, Psychiatry, Medicine, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Memory and Neural Mechanisms", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3016993897\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3016993897\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":9,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008298741\",\"display_name\":\"Meghan Hibicke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9394-9789\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062966169\",\"display_name\":\"Charles D. Nichols\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-0646\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S25293849\",\"source_display_name\":\"The FASEB Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02912\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2284, "title": "Psychedelic Psychiatry’s Brave New World", "normalized_title": "psychedelic psychiatry s brave new world", "authors": "David Nutt, David Erritzøe, Robin Carhart-Harris", "abstract": "", "journal": "Cell", "publication_date": "2020-03-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.020", "pubmed_id": "32243793", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.020", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Context (archaeology), Addiction, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Neuroscience, Psychology, Biology, Paleontology, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3015140823\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":328,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S110447773\",\"source_display_name\":\"Cell\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.020\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3860, "title": "Lost Saints", "normalized_title": "lost saints", "authors": "Anna Lutkajtis", "abstract": "Mushrooms containing psilocybin have been used in Indigenous healing ceremonies in Mesoamerica since at least the sixteenth century. However, the sacramental use of mushrooms was only discovered by Westerners in the early to mid-twentieth century. Most notably, the meeting between amateur mycologist Robert Gordon Wasson and Mazatec curandera María Sabina in 1955 resulted in the widespread popularization of ingesting “magic mushrooms” in the West. To Sabina and the Mazatec people, psilocybin mushrooms were sacred and only to be used for healing. However, Western “hippies” viewed mushrooms as psychedelic drugs which they consumed with little regard for cultural sensitivities, rendering the mushrooms desacralized. This article argues that the desacralization of psilocybin mushrooms constitutes a form of spiritual abuse that has had far-reaching and long-lasting consequences at individual, local and global levels. Further, acknowledging and understanding the desacralization of psilocybin mushrooms as spiritual abuse has important implications for restorative justice and the understanding of psilocybin as a sacred medicine.", "journal": "Fieldwork in Religion", "publication_date": "2020-03-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1558/firn.40554", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.40554", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Indigenous, Amateur, MAGIC (telescope), Art, Ayahuasca, Shamanism, Ethnology, Hallucinogen, Aesthetics, History, Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, Archaeology, Psychiatry, Biology, Quantum mechanics, Physics, Ecology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Ethnobotanical and Medicinal Plants Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3014759361\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3014759361\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":19,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081693778\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Lutkajtis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5782-4009\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S188507587\",\"source_display_name\":\"Fieldwork in Religion\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.40554\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2288, "title": "Depression, Mindfulness, and Psilocybin: Possible Complementary Effects of Mindfulness Meditation and Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depression. A Review.", "normalized_title": "depression mindfulness and psilocybin possible complementary effects of mindfulness meditation and psilocybin in the treatment of depression a review", "authors": "Heuschkel K, Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "Depression is a major public health problem that affects approximately 4.4% of the global population. Since conventional pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies are only partially effective, as demonstrated by the number of patients failing to achieve remission, alternative treatments are needed. Mindfulness meditation (MM) and psilocybin represent two promising novel treatments that might even have complementary therapeutic effects when combined. Since the current literature is limited to theoretical and empirical underpinnings of either treatment alone, the present review aimed to identify possible complementary effects that may be relevant to the treatment of depression. To that end, the individual effects of MM and psilocybin, and their underlying working mechanisms, were compared on a non-exhaustive selection of six prominent psychological and biological processes that are well known to show impairments in patients suffering from major depression disorder, that is mood, executive functioning, social skills, neuroplasticity, core neural networks, and neuroendocrine and neuroimmunological levels. Based on predefined search strings used in two online databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) 1129 articles were identified. After screening title and abstract for relevance related to the question, 82 articles were retained and 11 were added after reference list search, resulting in 93 articles included in the review. Findings show that MM and psilocybin exert similar effects on mood, social skills, and neuroplasticity; different effects were found on executive functioning, neural core networks, and neuroendocrine and neuroimmune system markers. Potential mechanisms of MM's effects are enhanced affective self-regulation through mental strategies, optimization of stress reactivity, and structural and functional adjustments of prefrontal and limbic areas; psilocybin's effects might be established via attenuation of cognitive associations through deep personal insights, cognitive disinhibition, and global neural network disintegration. It is suggested that, when used in combination, MM and psilocybin could exert complementary effects by potentiating or prolonging mutual positive effects, for example, MM potentially facilitating psilocybin-induced peak experiences. Future placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trials focusing on psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based therapy will provide knowledge about whether the proposed combination of therapies maximizes their efficacy in the treatment of depression or depressive symptomatology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-03-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00224", "pubmed_id": "32296353", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00224", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32296353\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Review Article,Immune Function", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2037, "title": "Direct Analysis of Psilocin and Muscimol in Urine Samples Using Single Drop Microextraction Technique In-Line with Capillary Electrophoresis", "normalized_title": "direct analysis of psilocin and muscimol in urine samples using single drop microextraction technique in line with capillary electrophoresis", "authors": "Anna Poliwoda, Katarzyna Zielińska, Piotr Wieczorek", "abstract": "The fully automated system of single drop microextraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis (SDME-CE) was developed for in-line preconcentration and determination of muscimol (MUS) and psilocin (PSC) from urine samples. Those two analytes are characteristic active metabolites of Amanita and Psilocybe mushrooms, evoking visual and auditory hallucinations. Study analytes were selectively extracted from the donor phase (urine samples, pH 4) into the organic phase (a drop of octanol layer), and re-extracted to the acidic acceptor (background electrolyte, BGE), consisting of 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3). The optimized conditions for the extraction procedure of a 200 µL urine sample allowed us to obtain more than a 170-fold enrichment effect. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.05-50 mg L−1, with the correlation coefficients from 0.9911 to 0.9992. The limit of detections was determined by spiking blank urine samples with appropriate standards, i.e., 0.004 mg L−1 for PSC and 0.016 mg L−1 for MUS, respectively. The limits of quantification varied from 0.014 mg L−1 for PSC and 0.045 mg L−1 for MUS. The developed method practically eliminated the sample clean-up step, which was limited only to simple dilution (1:1, v/v) and pH adjustment.", "journal": "Molecules", "publication_date": "2020-03-28", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3390/molecules25071566", "pubmed_id": "32235328", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071566", "keywords": "Chromatography, Chemistry, Capillary electrophoresis, Detection limit, Analyte, Calibration curve, Urine, Oxazepam, Analytical Chemistry (journal), Extraction (chemistry), Biochemistry, Benzodiazepine, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3014008355\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3014008355\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":22,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022625029\",\"display_name\":\"Anna Poliwoda\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0339-3861\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069941489\",\"display_name\":\"Katarzyna Zielińska\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2532-4274\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039938845\",\"display_name\":\"Piotr Wieczorek\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0016-0114\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S108911230\",\"source_display_name\":\"Molecules\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071566\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3861, "title": "Long-Term Analysis of Psilocybin in Cancer Patients With Distress", "normalized_title": "long term analysis of psilocybin in cancer patients with distress", "authors": "Richard Simoneaux", "abstract": "cancer patient: cancer patientWith the technological advances that have been made in diagnostics for cancer, more disease is being detected at an earlier stage. Although this generally improves the patient's chances for survival, a diagnosis of cancer can often provoke significant psychological distress in patients. A significant number of cancer patients will ultimately be affected by conditions such as anxiety and depressive disorders. These cancer patients often exhibit existential distress, the term often applied to the mental stress observed in patients who are facing end-of-life issues. This condition is often associated with hopelessness, demoralization, loss of purpose or meaning, and a loss of dignity, which often leads to patient isolation. All too often, medical care providers are focused only on treating their patient's malignancy, instead of treating the whole patient. Consequently, the clinically significant depression and anxiety which often accompany a cancer diagnosis are frequently neglected or inadequately addressed. This often results in negative patient outcomes such as: increased desire for death and rates of suicidality, lower survival rates, diminished quality of life and therapy adherence. The use of psychotropic substances to treat patients with cancer-related distress has become somewhat commonplace despite the relative scarcity of data supporting the efficacy of such therapies in this patient population. As a result, studies have begun to explore the use of less traditional therapies, including the use of psilocybin, a naturally occurring tryptamine analog which is the active component of psychedelic mushrooms. One recent placebo controlled, randomized, blinded, crossover clinical study (NCT00957359) evaluated the use of a single dosing session of psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg) versus a single dosing session of the active control niacin (250 mg) in conjunction with psychotherapy as a treatment for clinically significant anxiety or depression in patients diagnosed with life-threatening cancer (J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1165-1180). The principal investigator on this study was Stephen Ross, MD, Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at New York University School of Medicine. In a recent publication, Ross and colleagues presented an analysis of the long-term follow-up for 15 of the 16 surviving patients included in their 2016 clinical study (J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34: 155-166). “The findings of this long-term follow-up study give the first suggestion of persistent and long-term effects for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in patients with cancer-related distress,” he noted. Study Details In the 2016 crossover study, a total of 29 patients were randomized to one of two dosing regimens: psilocybin (3 mg/kg) followed by niacin (250 mg) or niacin (250 mg) followed by psilocybin (3 mg/kg). Patient randomization was not stratified according to any particular demographic (e.g., race, gender, or religious or spiritual affiliation) or clinical characteristic (e.g., cancer disease stage or prior hallucinogen use). The treatment regimen was as follows: baseline assessments, followed by administration of dose 1 (psilocybin or control) 2-4 weeks (a mean of 18 days) later; crossover occurred 7 weeks (a mean of 52 days) after dose 1; at that point dose 2 (psilocybin or control) was administered. Assessments were performed at the following time points: baseline (2-4 weeks before dose 1), 1 day before dose 1, the day of dose 1 (at 7 hours post-dose), 1 day after dose 1, 2 weeks after dose 1, 6 weeks after dose 1, 7 weeks after dose 1 (1 day before dose 2), the day of dose 2 (7 hours post-dose), 1 day after dose 2, 6 weeks after dose 2, and 26 weeks after dose 2. The total length of the study was roughly 9 months. Prior to taking dose 1 of the investigational compound, the patients received 3 2-hour counseling sessions over a period of 2 to 4 weeks. If sufficient rapport had not been reached between the researcher and the patient, that patient was removed from the study. During dosing, the researcher remained with the patient until both agreed that the patient was no longer impaired by the investigational compound. In the first 6 weeks following dose 1 and dose 2, the patients had a minimum of 3 2-hour counseling sessions with Ross to integrate their psychedelic experiences. In the 6 months following dose 2, patients had a minimum of monthly meetings either via telephone or in-person with the researcher. The primary study outcomes were anxiety and depression, which were assessed prior to the crossover occurred. The secondary study outcomes, which were measured both before and after the crossover, included assessments of the following: existential distress, quality of life, and spirituality, and surrogates for the immediate and prolonged effects of psilocybin dosing (e.g., subjective or mystical experiences, cognition, affect, spirituality, and behavior). “Prior to the crossover portion of the study,” Ross noted, “psilocybin elicited an immediate, substantial, and prolonged improvements in anxiety and depression, which led to decreases in cancer-related demoralization and hopelessness, improved spiritual well-being, and in general, increased quality of life. “At the six-and-a-half month follow-up, psilocybin was associated with durable anxiolytic and anti-depressant effects, with nearly 60-80 percent of the patients continuing with clinically significant reductions in anxiety and/or depression, sustained benefits in existential distress, quality of life, and improved attitudes towards death and end of life,” he added. “The psilocybin-induced mystical experience appeared to have an association with the magnitude of the therapeutic effect of psilocybin on anxiety and depression, although further studies will need to be performed to sort out these relationships.” Long-Term Follow-Up Analysis The participants in the long-term follow-up study had previously completed treatment in the parent study (NCT00957359). “Of the original 29 participants, we contacted the 16 surviving participants at the time of long-term follow-up,” Ross explained. While all 16 surviving participants agreed to be contacted about future research opportunities, only 15 agreed to participate in the long-term follow-up study and completed measures via a secure online portal. In the interim between completion of the first long-term follow-up (which included 15 participants) and completion of the second long-term follow-up, one participant died as a result of cancer-related complications, thus leaving 14 patients for the second long-term follow-up. The first long-term follow-up occurred at an average of 3.2 years (range: 2.3-4.5 years), while the second long-term follow-up occurred on average of 4.5 years (range: 3.5-5.5 years) following the patients' psilocybin dosing date, respectively. Discussion In noting the positive results obtained for their follow-up analyses, Ross stated, “Psilocybin appears to work rather rapidly to reduce depression and anxiety in these patients with cancer that are facing end-of-life issues. In addition, these positive effects are noted when the patients are taking only one or two doses of psilocybin, which means that there is the potential for fewer dosing-related toxicities associated with its administration. Importantly, there are no medications that are currently approved for the treatment of patients exhibiting existential distress. “Patients often described their dosing experience as ‘epiphanous’ or ‘transformative,’ while approximately three-fourths of the participants felt that their psychedelic experience was the most spiritual experience of their life,” he explained. When asked about some of the more surprising results obtained in their study, Ross replied, “What is amazing about these results is that patients will take only 1 or 2 doses of psilocybin and have durable responses to their existential distress, often lasting many years.” On potential limitations of their study, Ross noted, “One major limitation to this study was that this was a cross-over study and not a parallel study. Another clear limitation, was the relatively small number of patients included in the study. “Clearly we are hoping that a loosening of the restrictions imposed on psilocybin occurs, as that would make it considerably easier to perform larger studies with this potentially important drug,” he added. When queried about next steps for exploring psilocybin use in cancer patients, Ross stated, “We would like to perform larger studies to assess the efficacy of this potentially transformative therapy; I have written proposals for performing one such study with up to as many as 150 patients. It would be very important for us to replicate the very positive results obtained in the earlier study that included much fewer patients.” Richard Simoneaux is a contributing writer.", "journal": "Oncology Times", "publication_date": "2020-03-25", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1097/01.cot.0000660232.19098.7f", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000660232.19098.7f", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Term (time), Distress, Cancer, Medicine, Intensive care medicine, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Physics, Quantum mechanics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3013419105\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3013419105\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070426634\",\"display_name\":\"Richard Simoneaux\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3505-057X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210170078\",\"source_display_name\":\"Oncology Times\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000660232.19098.7f\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2267, "title": "Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives", "normalized_title": "metabolic engineering of saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives", "authors": "N. Milne, Philip Tinggaard Thomsen, Niels Aage Tvis Knudsen, P. Rubaszka, Mette Kristensen, Irina Borodina", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a tryptamine-derived psychoactive alkaloid found mainly in the fungal genus Psilocybe, among others, and is the active ingredient in so-called \"magic mushrooms\". Although its notoriety originates from its psychotropic properties and popular use as a recreational drug, clinical trials have recently recognized psilocybin as a promising candidate for the treatment of various psychological and neurological afflictions. In this work, we demonstrate the de novo biosynthetic production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expression of a heterologous biosynthesis pathway sourced from Psilocybe cubensis. Additionally, we achieve improved product titers by supplementing the pathway with a novel cytochrome P450 reductase from P. cubensis. Further rational engineering resulted in a final production strain producing 627 ± 140 mg/L of psilocybin and 580 ± 276 mg/L of the dephosphorylated degradation product psilocin in triplicate controlled fed-batch fermentations in minimal synthetic media. Pathway intermediates baeocystin, nor norbaeocystin as well the dephosphorylated baeocystin degradation product norpsilocin were also detected in strains engineered for psilocybin production. We also demonstrate the biosynthetic production of natural tryptamine derivative aeruginascin as well as the production of a new-to-nature tryptamine derivative N-acetyl-4-hydroxytryptamine. These results lay the foundation for the biotechnological production of psilocybin in a controlled environment for pharmaceutical applications, and provide a starting point for the biosynthetic production of other tryptamine derivatives of therapeutic relevance.", "journal": "Metabolic Engineering", "publication_date": "2020-03-25", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.ymben.2019.12.007", "pubmed_id": "32224264", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2019.12.007", "keywords": "Tryptamine, Psilocybin, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Metabolic engineering, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Biology, Yeast, Hallucinogen, Enzyme, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Fermentation and Sensory Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3013100262\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":126,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051235510\",\"display_name\":\"N. Milne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-110X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006633030\",\"display_name\":\"Philip Tinggaard Thomsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4498-4550\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108903517\",\"display_name\":\"Niels Aage Tvis Knudsen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038032963\",\"display_name\":\"P. Rubaszka\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103130326\",\"display_name\":\"Mette Kristensen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3767-161X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040605607\",\"display_name\":\"Irina Borodina\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8452-1393\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S173328182\",\"source_display_name\":\"Metabolic Engineering\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2019.12.007\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3862, "title": "Dissolving the self", "normalized_title": "dissolving the self", "authors": "George Deane", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD and DMT are known to induce powerful alterations in phenomenology. Perhaps of most philosophical and scientific interest is their capacity to disrupt and even “dissolve” one of the most primary features of normal experience: that of being a self. Such “peak” or “mystical” experiences are of increasing interest for their potentially transformative therapeutic value. While empirical research is underway, a theoretical conception of the mechanisms underpinning these experiences remains elusive. In the following paper, psychedelic-induced ego-dissolution is accounted for within an active inference framework, as a collapse in the “temporal thickness” of an agent’s deep temporal model, as a result of lowered precision on high-level priors. The argument here is composed of three moves: first, a view of the self-model is proposed as arising within a temporally deep generative model of an embodied organism navigating an affordance landscape in the service of allostasis. Next, a view of the action of psychedelics as lowering the precision of high-level priors within the generative model is unpacked in terms of a high Bayesian learning rate. Finally, the relaxation of high-level priors is argued to cause a “collapse” in the temporal thickness of the generative model, resulting in a collapse in the self-model and a loss of the ordinary sense of being a self. This account has implications for our understanding of ordinary self-consciousness and disruptions in self-consciousness present in psychosis, autism, depression, and dissociative disorders. The philosophical, theoretical and therapeutic implications of this account are touched upon.", "journal": "Philosophy and the Mind Sciences", "publication_date": "2020-03-23", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.33735/phimisci.2020.i.39", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2020.i.39", "keywords": "Phenomenology (philosophy), Consciousness, Psychology, Epistemology, Transformative learning, Cognitive psychology, Generative grammar, Embodied cognition, Cognitive science, Philosophy, Computer science, Artificial intelligence, Developmental psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health and Psychiatry, Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3013691404\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3013691404\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":48,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039686781\",\"display_name\":\"George Deane\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2418-8282\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210217696\",\"source_display_name\":\"Philosophy and the Mind Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2020.i.39\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3863, "title": "Can Psychedelics Radically Change SUD Treatment?", "normalized_title": "can psychedelics radically change sud treatment", "authors": "Katie O’Connor", "abstract": "Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Clinical & ResearchFull AccessCan Psychedelics Radically Change SUD Treatment?Katie O'ConnorKatie O'ConnorPublished Online:20 Mar 2020https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.2a12AbstractThough the field is young, psychedelics appear to hold promise as a treatment for addiction, even as barriers to research persist.iStock/agsandrewResearchers around the world are investigating how drugs such as LSD, MDMA (also known as ecstasy), ketamine, and psilocybin (the active ingredient in magic mushrooms) can treat patients with substance use disorders (SUD).Though there is still a lot to learn, early results suggest that patients might be able to become substance free for months, or even a year, after just one psychedelic treatment. Yet while some experts say the drugs show promise, numerous barriers to research persist, making it difficult to conduct large studies. Not only are the drugs classified Schedule I by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), misconceptions abound about their potential uses and effects on patients.But psychedelics are gaining more traction. Researchers at Yale conducted a field study of more than 1,200 people attending art and music festivals in the United States and United Kingdom. Those who had recently used psychedelics such as psilocybin reported sustained improvement in mood and social connection after the high had worn off, reported a study in the January Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.Psychiatrists Said to Have Misperceptions About PsychedelicsStigma about psychedelics is pervasive, not only among the general public but also among those who might someday use them in treatment: psychiatrists.In June 2018, Brian Barnett, M.D., an addiction psychiatrist and researcher at the Cleveland Clinic, and his colleagues published a study in the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease that surveyed American psychiatrists' attitudes toward hallucinogens.Most respondents viewed hallucinogens as \"potentially hazardous and appropriately illegal for recreational purposes,\" according to the study. More than half of the respondents believed that hallucinogens increased the risk of subsequent psychiatric disorders, and almost half believed they increase the risk for long-term cognitive impairment, which evidence shows is inaccurate, Barnett said.\"I was surprised that so many psychiatrists held these views, despite evidence to the contrary,\" said Barnett, adding that many psychiatrists may also not be aware of how treatment with psychedelics occurs. Patients do not take the drugs at home or alone. Rather, the treatment usually involves combining psychedelics with very intensive therapy that can last six to eight hours, though the time varies by treatment site, drug, and dosage.Despite the negative views, however, the survey also showed that 81% of respondents agreed that the drugs deserve further research as a potential treatment. \"There appears to be a growing appetite in the field, even within mainstream psychiatry, to learn more about psychedelics,\" Barnett said.He and his colleagues have continued to gauge the responses of psychiatrists to psychedelics by holding panel discussions at conferences. One such discussion was recently held at the American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry's meeting last December. The sessions are meant to be informational while also surveying the participants on their views of psychedelics.\"When we do these presentations, it's always standing-room only,\" he said.Psychiatrists and other physicians who treat patients for SUD are frustrated over the lack of new, effective drugs, Brian Barnett, M.D., an addiction psychiatrist and researcher at the Cleveland Clinic, told Psychiatric News. \"The medications we have now help many patients, but we also see many others who don't respond to our current treatments.\"\"There is a sense of desperation both within our society and within our field, leading many to say it's time to look for something new,\" he continued. \"Maybe we should reconsider the way we've been looking at these substances and make sure we're not overlooking their potential as treatments.\"A Paradigm ShiftA May 2019 study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology surveyed 343 respondents who reported cessation of or reduction in alcohol use following psychedelic administration in a nonclinical setting. According to the study, 28% of respondents \"reported that the reference psychedelic experience contributed to a change in values or life priorities.\" Such self-reports, explained Matthew Johnson, Ph.D., one of the study's authors, are not uncommon among people who have drug-induced psychedelic experiences. They sometimes have a \"self-reported epiphany,\" he said, which causes them to quit smoking or reduce their alcohol consumption, for example. If such outcomes consistently occur in clinical settings, psychedelics could bring about a paradigm shift within the SUD treatment field, he said, going beyond medications that focus on quelling cravings or withdrawal symptoms.Johnson, an associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and associate director of the university's Center for Psychedelics and Consciousness Research, is leading a trial investigating psilocybin's effect on smoking cessation. All participants receive cognitive-behavioral therapy, which includes elements like keeping a smoking journal and assigning themselves a target quit date. Half of the participants also receive a nicotine patch, and half receive a dosage of psilocybin. Its effects last for six hours, during which time they're accompanied by a clinician.Of the 28 participants who have undergone a one-year follow-up so far, the psilocybin group's smoking abstinence rate is 56% compared with 17% for the nicotine-patch group. Smoking abstinence is biologically confirmed using carbon monoxide breath tests and urinary cotinine levels. The results so far are promising, Johnson said. The study has at least another year left, and participants are still being recruited. He's hoping to follow up with a larger, double-blind trial.\"Most people who permanently quit a drug have tried multiple times, but then at some point, it finally works,\" Johnson said. \"It's like a deep tectonic shift takes place. And I think what we're doing with psychedelics is prompting that.\" There are surely some biological underpinnings, which researchers are still trying to understand, he said.Based on the way people describe their SUD, Johnson said he sometimes thinks of their experiences as \"battles for the soul.\" Perhaps psychedelics help patients fully realize the damage their disorder is inflicting-a realization that otherwise could take years or never occur at all. \"They'll say something like, 'I get it,' \" Johnson said. \" 'I've said it a million times before, and now I get it.' \"Barriers to ResearchThe DEA's classification of psychedelics as Schedule I drugs is a massive barrier to additional research, explained Franklin King, M.D., a psychiatrist at the Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders at Massachusetts General Hospital. Not only does it make conducting research on the drugs incredibly difficult and expensive, it also reinforces stigma and misconceptions among the public.One common misconception is that psychedelics are addictive, though research has shown they are not. But that does not mean the drugs are harmless. They are very powerful compounds, King said, which cause significant effects that can be positive when administered in a supportive, therapeutic environment.King and his colleagues are developing a psilocybin study, but \"the walls of issues that come up around it seem formidable,\" he said. The study requires a Schedule I license, which can be difficult to obtain. And obtaining the psilocybin itself poses its own challenges, he said. The drugs are expensive and can come with hefty transportation costs, as well.\"There's a lot that goes into it,\" King said, \"and that scares people away.\"Introducing New Trials to United StatesAn observational study in Mexico of ibogaine, a psychoactive found in the roots of the iboga shrub, for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) involved 30 patients who had, on average, already undergone three different types of OUD treatment, according to the study's lead author, Thomas K. Brown, Ph.D., coordinator of the McNair Scholars Program at the University of California, San Diego. The most common treatment was methadone or buprenorphine maintenance.The participants typically had been regularly using opioids for years, Brown said. On days they used heroin, participants averaged 1.3 grams a day, according to the study.The study's findings were published in May 2017 in the American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. One month after their treatment, half of the participants reported no opioid use in that period, and 10 reported no past-month opioid use after three months. Though ibogaine has been associated with fatalities, most commonly due to cardiac arrythmia, no adverse cardiovascular events were reported in the observational study.The study was funded by the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), which was founded in 1986 shortly after the criminalization of MDMA in 1985. While MAPS has funded and supported multiple studies related to psychedelics, it has mainly focused on MDMA as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder, but it's hoping to next focus on ibogaine as a treatment for OUD, said Brad Burge, director of strategic communications with MAPS.Burge said MAPS is preparing for a meeting with the FDA to discuss the possibility of starting a two-phase safety study of ibogaine, which is necessary before MAPS can start a clinical trial of ibogaine therapy for OUD.\"Psychedelics, as the name implies, facilitate insight,\" Brown said. \"Oftentimes, they can give people insights into the root of their addictive behaviors, why they're trying to cover up pain, and what's at the heart of it all.\" ■\"Cessation and Reduction in Alcohol Consumption and Misuse After Psychedelic Use\" is posted here.\"Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder With Ibogaine: Detoxification and Drug Use Outcomes\" is posted here. ISSUES NewArchived", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2020-03-19", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2020.2a12", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.2a12", "keywords": "Psilocybin, MDMA, Psychology, Psychiatry, Addiction, Hallucinogen, Watson, Computer science, Natural language processing, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3012401750\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3012401750\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084648914\",\"display_name\":\"Katie O’Connor\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3052-8300\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.2a12\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2271, "title": "Long-term effects of psychedelic drugs: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "long term effects of psychedelic drugs a systematic review", "authors": "Aday JS, Mitzkovitz CM, Bloesch EK, Davoli CC, Davis AK.", "abstract": "Research into the basic effects and therapeutic applications of psychedelic drugs has grown considerably in recent years. Yet, pressing questions remain regarding the substances' lasting effects. Although individual studies have begun monitoring sustained changes, no study to-date has synthesized this information. Therefore, this systematic review aims to fill this important gap in the literature by synthesizing results from 34 contemporary experimental studies which included classic psychedelics, human subjects, and follow-up latencies of at least two weeks. The bulk of this work was published in the last five years, with psilocybin being the most frequently administered drug. Enduring changes in personality/attitudes, depression, spirituality, anxiety, wellbeing, substance misuse, meditative practices, and mindfulness were documented. Mystical experiences, connectedness, emotional breakthrough, and increased neural entropy were related to these long-term changes in psychological functioning. Finally, with proper screening, preparation, supervision, and integration, limited aversive side effects were noted by study participants. Future researchers should focus on including larger and more diverse samples, lengthier longitudinal designs, stronger control conditions, and standardized dosages.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-03-15", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.017", "pubmed_id": "32194129", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.017", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Emotions, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32194129\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Systematic Review,Review Article,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3864, "title": "The Novelty of Ayahuasca Scale and the prediction of intentions to use", "normalized_title": "the novelty of ayahuasca scale and the prediction of intentions to use", "authors": "Brianna R. Altman, Maha N. Mian, Mitch Earleywine", "abstract": "Abstract Objective Given the growing popularity of ayahuasca and other hallucinogens, we sought to identify related expectancies and their role in why people might use this psychoactive brew rather than classic hallucinogens like LSD or psilocybin. Method Experienced users (N = 139) completed an online survey about their use of hallucinogens (including ayahuasca), how their ayahuasca experiences differed from those with other hallucinogens, as well as their intentions to use hallucinogens (including ayahuasca) in the future. Results Participants expected ayahuasca effects to differ meaningfully from the effects of other hallucinogens in multiple domains. Expected differences involved positive connections to nature (and other people), dramatic (or terrifying) thoughts, high variability of effects, and physical reactions. Intentions to use ayahuasca in the future increased as expectancies for positive connections increased, but decreased as physical reactions increased. One version of the full Novelty of Ayahuasca scale significantly covaried with the likelihood of using ayahuasca over other hallucinogens in the future, while another version did not. This result calls for further work examining how users perceive certain ayahuasca-induced effects. Conclusions These findings reveal that expectancies for ayahuasca differ from those for other hallucinogens, and impact an individual's willingness to try the substance again. Understanding these differences might help those who are interested in the therapeutic potential of hallucinogens decide among those available. Future studies might examine how these expectancies predict intentions to use ayahuasca (and other hallucinogens) longitudinally. Comparable approaches could also identify unique expectancies for other hallucinogens to see if those predict a preference for one over others.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2020-03-11", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2020.00117", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2020.00117", "keywords": "Ayahuasca, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Psilocybin, Novelty, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Social psychology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Sociology, Anthropology, Serotonin, Receptor, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3012245592\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3012245592\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038304952\",\"display_name\":\"Brianna R. Altman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9254-2939\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069529785\",\"display_name\":\"Maha N. Mian\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7051-7820\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090993398\",\"display_name\":\"Mitch Earleywine\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6870-0623\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226251\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2020.00117\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2278, "title": "Tripping on nothing: placebo psychedelics and contextual factors.", "normalized_title": "tripping on nothing placebo psychedelics and contextual factors", "authors": "Olson JA, Suissa-Rocheleau L, Lifshitz M, Raz A, Veissière SPL.", "abstract": "RationaleIs it possible to have a psychedelic experience from a placebo alone? Most psychedelic studies find few effects in the placebo control group, yet these effects may have been obscured by the study design, setting, or analysis decisions.ObjectiveWe examined individual variation in placebo effects in a naturalistic environment resembling a typical psychedelic party.MethodsThirty-three students completed a single-arm study ostensibly examining how a psychedelic drug affects creativity. The 4-h study took place in a group setting with music, paintings, coloured lights, and visual projections. Participants consumed a placebo that we described as a drug resembling psilocybin, which is found in psychedelic mushrooms. To boost expectations, confederates subtly acted out the stated effects of the drug and participants were led to believe that there was no placebo control group. The participants later completed the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, which measures changes in conscious experience.ResultsThere was considerable individual variation in the placebo effects; many participants reported no changes while others showed effects with magnitudes typically associated with moderate or high doses of psilocybin. In addition, the majority (61%) of participants verbally reported some effect of the drug. Several stated that they saw the paintings on the walls \"move\" or \"reshape\" themselves, others felt \"heavy… as if gravity [had] a stronger hold\", and one had a \"come down\" before another \"wave\" hit her.ConclusionUnderstanding how context and expectations promote psychedelic-like effects, even without the drug, will help researchers to isolate drug effects and clinicians to maximise their therapeutic potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-03-06", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-020-05464-5", "pubmed_id": "32144438", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05464-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Consciousness, Placebo Effect, Social Environment, Recreation, Music, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Creativity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32144438\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Adolescents,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3865, "title": "Trip: Psychedelics, Alienation, and Change", "normalized_title": "trip psychedelics alienation and change", "authors": "Brent Schnipke", "abstract": "", "journal": "American Journal of Psychiatry Residents Journal", "publication_date": "2020-03-05", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2020.150310", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2020.150310", "keywords": "Alienation, Psychology, Psilocybin, Psychoanalysis, Political science, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Law, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3009986547\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3009986547\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076021776\",\"display_name\":\"Brent Schnipke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9753-4292\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210235207\",\"source_display_name\":\"American Journal of Psychiatry Residents Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2020.150310\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2290, "title": "Natural Psychoplastogens As Antidepressant Agents.", "normalized_title": "natural psychoplastogens as antidepressant agents", "authors": "Benko J, Vranková S.", "abstract": "Increasing prevalence and burden of major depressive disorder presents an unavoidable problem for psychiatry. Existing antidepressants exert their effect only after several weeks of continuous treatment. In addition, their serious side effects and ineffectiveness in one-third of patients call for urgent action. Recent advances have given rise to the concept of psychoplastogens. These compounds are capable of fast structural and functional rearrangement of neural networks by targeting mechanisms previously implicated in the development of depression. Furthermore, evidence shows that they exert a potent acute and long-term positive effects, reaching beyond the treatment of psychiatric diseases. Several of them are naturally occurring compounds, such as psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone. Their pharmacology and effects in animal and human studies were discussed in this article.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-03-04", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3390/molecules25051172", "pubmed_id": "32150976", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051172", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Biological Products, Treatment Outcome, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Depression, Structure-Activity Relationship, Clinical Studies as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32150976\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Animal Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2289, "title": "Psychedelics, but Not Ketamine, Produce Persistent Antidepressant-like Effects in a Rodent Experimental System for the Study of Depression", "normalized_title": "psychedelics but not ketamine produce persistent antidepressant like effects in a rodent experimental system for the study of depression", "authors": "Meghan Hibicke, Alexus N. Landry, Hannah M. Kramer, Zoe K. Talman, Charles D. Nichols", "abstract": "Psilocybin shows efficacy to alleviate depression in human clinical trials for six or more months after only one or two treatments. Another hallucinogenic drug, esketamine, has recently been U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved as a rapid-acting antidepressant. The mechanistic basis for the antidepressant effects of psilocybin and ketamine appear to be conserved. The efficacy of these two medications has not, however, been directly compared either clinically or preclinically. Further, whether or not a profound subjective existential experience is necessary for psilocybin to have antidepressant effects is unknown. To address these questions, we tested psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and ketamine in a rat model for depression. As in humans, a single administration of psilocybin or LSD produced persistent antidepressant-like effects in our model. In contrast, ketamine produced only a transient antidepressant-like effect. Our results indicate that classic psychedelics may have therapeutic efficacy that is more persistent than that of ketamine, and also suggest that a subjective existential experience may not be necessary for therapeutic effects.", "journal": "ACS Chemical Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2020-03-04", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00493", "pubmed_id": "32133835", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00493", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Antidepressant, Hallucinogen, Ketamine, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Pharmacology, Psychology, Depression (economics), Medicine, Psychiatry, Internal medicine, Serotonin, Receptor, Anxiety, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3010499243\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":210,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008298741\",\"display_name\":\"Meghan Hibicke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9394-9789\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043781819\",\"display_name\":\"Alexus N. Landry\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054801512\",\"display_name\":\"Hannah M. Kramer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021748194\",\"display_name\":\"Zoe K. Talman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062966169\",\"display_name\":\"Charles D. Nichols\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-0646\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S180465690\",\"source_display_name\":\"ACS Chemical Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00493\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2285, "title": "A single psilocybin dose is associated with long-term increased mindfulness, preceded by a proportional change in neocortical 5-HT2A receptor binding", "normalized_title": "a single psilocybin dose is associated with long term increased mindfulness preceded by a proportional change in neocortical 5 ht2a receptor binding", "authors": "M. Madsen, Patrick M. Fisher, Dea Siggaard Stenbæk, Sara Kristiansen, Daniel Burmester, Szabolcs Lehel, Tomáš Páleníček, Martin Kuchař, Claus Svarer, Brice Ozenne, Gitte M. Knudsen", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-03-03", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.02.001", "pubmed_id": "32146028", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.02.001", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Mindfulness, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Internal medicine, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3009076589\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3009076589\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":189,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000203733\",\"display_name\":\"M. Madsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8836-1844\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021085020\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-0611\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004791170\",\"display_name\":\"Dea Siggaard Stenbæk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-4637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5107600706\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Kristiansen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038013112\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Burmester\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7215-4269\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086881197\",\"display_name\":\"Szabolcs Lehel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7400-6980\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056888000\",\"display_name\":\"Tomáš Páleníček\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3109-9539\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084865612\",\"display_name\":\"Martin Kuchař\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-6352\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015994033\",\"display_name\":\"Claus Svarer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7811-1825\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021739634\",\"display_name\":\"Brice Ozenne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9694-2956\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.02.001\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2283, "title": "Psilocybin Therapeutic Research: The Present and Future Paradigm", "normalized_title": "psilocybin therapeutic research the present and future paradigm", "authors": "Robert B. Kargbo", "abstract": "Psilocybin, an active component in \"magic mushroom\", may have the potential to meet the therapeutic needs for a number of indications without the addictiveness and overdose risk of other mind-altering drugs, such as cocaine, heroin, alcohol, methamphetamine, and so forth. The need for new therapies is urgent because addiction, overdose, and suicide deaths have risen throughout the United States and around the world. Anecdotal and contemporary pharmacological reports have provided some indication about the therapeutic use of psilocybin for the treatment of mental health disorders such as major depressive disorder and addiction disorders. In this Viewpoint, I summarize the current state of psilocybin therapeutic research and attempt to provide some insight into future directions on which the scientific community may wish to focus.", "journal": "ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters", "publication_date": "2020-03-01", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00048", "pubmed_id": "32292538", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00048", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Computer science, Data science, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3009264042\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3009264042\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":48,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090796568\",\"display_name\":\"Robert B. Kargbo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5539-6343\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S191852912\",\"source_display_name\":\"ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00048\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3866, "title": "Psychedelic Birth: Bodies, Boundaries and the Perception of Pain in the 1970s", "normalized_title": "psychedelic birth bodies boundaries and the perception of pain in the 1970s", "authors": "Wendy Kline", "abstract": "‘Why is psychedelic culture dominated by privileged white men?’ asks historian Mike Jay, referring to a recent study of psychedelic users who are more than likely to be college-educated white males.1 This appears logical, given the figureheads (such as Timothy Leary) who attained cult-like status half a century ago. Many today continue to view psychedelics as a symbol of the hedonism of the counterculture rather than a form of therapeutic treatment. Yet recent attention to the potential of psychedelic drugs (MDMA and psilocybin) to effectively treat mental health conditions such as PTSD has raised new interest in the history of psychedelics and spiritual growth. Despite the absence of women in the psychedelic narrative, attitudes about gender, pain and the body played a pivotal role in how spiritual transcendence was experienced and interpreted in 1970s America. Historians have remained relatively reticent about psychedelics and spiritual transformation, as they have about many aspects of what may be, according to Beth Bailey and David Farber, ‘our strangest decade’. Unlike scholarship on the 1960s, they argue, ‘historians have been slow to put the 1970s into the narrative of American history’.2 Michael Willard adds that ‘we continue to see the 1970s as the betrayal of the 1960s, as the time when America lost its innocence, or faith, or passion’. Yet many of the visions and goals articulated in the 1960s became reality for more Americans in the 1970s than they had in the previous decade. The challenge for historians lies in ‘figuring out how to take Seventies culture seriously’.3 This is particularly the case when analysing the role of women in the counterculture. As historian Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo argues, ‘hippie women… have long been ignored and marginalized, relegated to the sidelines of both the counterculture and the women's movement’.4 The growing interest in altered states of consciousness in the 1970s is an ideal launching point for exploring cultural meaning in the 1970s, as it embodies the struggle of a new generation to make sense of the physical and spiritual world around them. Two examples of individuals experiencing altered states of consciousness illustrate the intensity and variability of the experience. On 6 March 1973, Antonio, a thirty-two-year-old psychiatrist attempted to describe the unfathomable pain he had just experienced.5 ‘Out of nowhere the most intense pain imaginable started penetrating my hands like a laser beam or a nail’, he wrote. He could feel the ‘terrible, agonizing weight’ of the nail tearing into his flesh. The intense pain, in turn, triggered earlier memories of pain. The first was the severing of his umbilical cord at birth; the second, his circumcision as a medical student. And then, another pain started, one even more torturous. The skin at the edge of his fingernails started peeling off, little by little. The only thing that kept him from collapsing, ironically, was the sheer intensity of the pain; it did not allow room for anything else. ‘It felt as if I was suffering the pain of all mankind’, he reflected.6 Antonio's experience would not be surprising to literary scholar Elaine Scarry, who argued in 1985 that during intense moments of pain the ‘contents of consciousness’ are ‘obliterated’.7 In The Body in Pain, she posits a direct connection between levels of pain and an individual's sense of self. ‘It is the intense pain that destroys a person's self and world, a destruction experienced spatially as either the contraction of the universe down to the immediate vicinity of the body or as the body swelling to fill the entire universe’, she explains.8 Pain forces the individual to completely dissociate from the corporeal body, something that Scarry and other academics perceived to be a traumatic experience. Another story of altered consciousness, however, challenges the notion that such dissociation was inherently traumatic. On August 2, 1973, after hours of pain, a young hippie by the name of Ellen found herself transformed. It began with music, as she asked her husband Phil to play the piano, thinking it might help soothe her. ‘While I am not an actual piano player’, Phil recalled, ‘some quiet music did seem to have a calming influence’.9 Ellen began to release the intense pain. ‘Once it started happening’ she wrote, ‘I forgot all about that other stuff and experienced a whole other level of consciousness that seemed eternal and timeless’. She later remembered that ‘the sense of relief and relaxation made it seem like I was melting. I remember my mouth hanging open, drooling, and feeling very warm and psychedelic and light-headed. Laying there, I felt One with everyone in the Universe’.10 Within months of each other, Antonio and Ellen perceived intense experiences of pain in very different ways. Both appeared to be in altered states of consciousness, either because of their pain, or in spite of their pain. What was happening and why? In order to explore the significance of their experiences, we have to put them in historical context. Antonio had swallowed 400 micrograms of LSD as part of a professional study and training programme at the Maryland Psychiatric Research Institute, one of approximately 116 clinical LSD studies funded by the National Institute of Mental Health in the USA.11 In this particular study, conducted at the Spring Grove State Hospital between 1970 and 1975, 108 mental health professionals volunteered to take between one and three high level doses of LSD and record their short- and long-term reactions to the drug. The average age of the volunteers was between thirty-nine and forty-one years of age, and two-thirds of them were either M.D.s or Ph.D.s. Eighty-six of the subjects were male; only twenty-two were female - a result of the decision among the psychedelic research staff to exclude women of childbearing age ‘in the remote possibility that there may be some danger’.12 This decision may have been a response to LSD studies conducted in the late 1960s on pregnant rats and hamsters to test for fetal abnormalities.13 A1968 report delivered at the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology suggested that LSD's effects ‘can be passed down through generations’ but emphasised that the data could not be applied to humans.14 Like many scientists engaged in psychedelic research in the late 1960s, however, they did not want to take any unnecessary risks. As LSD became a recreational drug of the counterculture, scientists rightly suspected that their research was in jeopardy and proceeded with caution. Yet their focus on middle-aged professional men was hardly unusual. It was not until the mid-1980s that a series of laws, policies and guidelines would emphasise diversity and inclusion in research subjects.15 Psychedelic researchers were firmly entrenched in a conservative climate in terms of sex and gender, despite their desire to challenge the traditional boundaries of medicine and science to include insights on personal transformation and spiritual transcendence. Thus, the MPRI professional study focused predominantly on men, though this gender imbalance was not discussed in the findings. The results were positive though somewhat inconclusive as to long-term effects. Two-thirds of the subjects experienced psychedelic ‘peak’ experiences. Antonio was one of them. His was an imagined pain, induced by a drug that altered his state of consciousness on that memorable March day. Ellen, on the other hand, had not taken any drugs during her August episode. Nine months pregnant, her pain stemmed from contractions she experienced while in labour. Though she felt ‘very warm and psychedelic and lightheaded’, her journey into an altered state provided her with a natural sense of pain relief. She was one of 700 hippies who lived in buses, tents, and a few houses on a thousand acres of property just outside of Summertown, Tennessee, in an intentional community known as ‘The Farm’. By 1973, The Farm was already well known, and a remarkable 15,000 visitors traipsed through the property that year alone, some to gawk, others seeking food, shelter, or a place to give birth. Due to the presence of self-trained midwives and a belief in the spiritual and transformative nature of birth (when done outside of the hospital), childbirth on The Farm became its own kind of psychedelic experience.16 Other than their altered states of consciousness, Antonio's and Ellen's experiences appear to share nothing in common. Antonio was part of a predominantly male scientific study conducted in a laboratory setting, while Ellen was one of a growing number of women seeking an alternative to hospital birth. Together, however, their stories suggest something deeper about the quest to infuse two professions - psychiatry and midwifery - with greater spiritual meaning at a time of great social upheaval.17 LSD researchers and hippie home-birth midwives, marginalised by both the mainstream and, later, historians, pushed the boundaries between science and spiritualism, between pain and pleasure. Yet there was something fundamentally different in the way Antonio and Ellen experienced and interpreted pain, even in an altered state of consciousness. Cultural assumptions about gender help to explain this difference. Studies suggest that women both experience and tend to report more pain than men. Yet they are ‘more likely to be less well treated’.18 This was a greater problem in the 1960s, when gender differences were even more pronounced. Prior to the women's health movement and the feminist demand for agency and validity in the doctor's office, the subjectivity of experienced pain seemed to support the assumption that women were indeed the weaker sex. If women were more fragile and emotional, then of course it was ‘all in their head’.19 Without the presence of objective biological indicators of pain - the only type of evidence valued in modern medicine - then subjective, experiential reports were irrelevant. But by the early 1970s, some scholars began to challenge this medical model and the presumed distinction between body and mind.20 As sociologist Gillian Bendalow argues, there was ‘a need to broaden out the definition of pain from the Cartesian proposition which inevitably acts to divorce mental from physical states and tends to attribute single symptoms to single causes’.21 Opponents to the Cartesian model suggested that psychological, cultural, and emotional factors could and did alter pain perception. Sociologist Irving Zola - no stranger to feminism, as he was married to noted women's health activist Judy Norsigian - argued that pain was ‘as much a cultural construct as a scientific one’.22 Anesthesiologist and medical ethicist Henry K. Beecher introduced the notion of a placebo effect, observing that, under certain circumstances, placebos could effectively relieve pain.23 As a result, historian Keith Wailoo notes, pain theory moved ‘deliberately, relentlessly, toward appreciating the power of the subjective, the mind, psychology, and perception in pain and its control’.24 The implications of this shift were enormous. Experiencing pain - whether through the intense contractions of labour or the potentially perilous journey of the psychedelic trip - took on new meaning and value. Pain could be transformative - a process, a spiritual journey, a path toward enlightenment. Yet not all pain was created equal; some voices continued to speak louder than others. As the authors of the Introduction of this special issue note, childbirth became a key focal point in the debate about pain. But natural childbirth advocates, even before the 1970s, stressed the extent to which pain stemmed less from the biology of birth and more from fear. One of the first advocates was Dr. Grantly Dick-Read, who published his first book, Natural Childbirth, in 1933. In that and his later 1944 publication, Childbirth Without Fear, he posited that pain in childbirth was not physiological, but was instead rooted in fear. The solution was not anesthesia but preparation and education. Over 95 per cent of women, he argued, are capable of experiencing childbirth without unbearable pain.25 The most effective way to reduce pain in childbirth without anaesthesia was to control the environment in which labour took place. Creating a setting to reassure labouring women that they were safe and getting them in a relaxed mindset would therefore minimise pain. Childbirth could be painless, even without the use of drugs. A testament to the unusual parallels between psychedelics and childbirth, the ‘set and setting’ principle emerged not from birth reformers, but from LSD research. It was introduced by Timothy Leary in the early 1960s to explain what made psychedelic drugs different from other types of medicine. The actual effect of psychedelic drugs such as LSD depended on two things, Leary explained. First, it was contingent upon the set of the person having the experience - ‘his personality, preparation, intention and expectation’. Second, it relied on the setting - physical, social and cultural (where the experience took place, with whom and in what type of environment).26 An individual's perception of pain and pleasure and the ability to experience spiritual transformation and altered consciousness was entirely contingent upon set and setting, according to psychedelic researchers.27 Thus, if we return to the stories of Antonio and Ellen, we can begin to see the extent to which each believed that they had chosen a mechanism toward spiritual enlightenment through pain. While the vehicle towards transformation differed, the process was surprisingly similar. And they were not alone. Through their stories, and those of other hippie home-birthers (primarily female) and psychedelic psychiatrists (primarily male), we are able to track how two different types of alternative practitioners sought to reshape and redefine their professions. Three themes are apparent in these stories: the fluidity of boundaries, out-of-body experiences, and cosmic unity. They appear in two very different contexts: a hippie commune and a psychiatric hospital. Together, they illustrate a shared desire to find new pathways to spiritual transformation and enlightenment in order to transcend emotional and physical pain. While The Farm was located in Tennessee, its founders were firmly grounded in California's counterculture. Most were followers of Stephen Gaskin, who had been teaching creative writing and semantics at San Francisco State College in the 1960s. By the end of the decade, he began offering a course through the Experimental College called ‘Monday Night Class’, a series of lectures covering everything from meditation to discussions about politics, religion and psychedelics. The course reflected the experimentation and syncretism of the countercultural 1960s. ‘When we first got the class together we were like a research instrument, and we read everything we could on religion, magic, superstition, ecology, extrasensory perception, fairy tales, collective unconscious, folkways, and math and physics’, Gaskin recalled. ‘And we began finding things out as we went along about the nature of the mind’.28 By 1969, this class had grown to several thousand people, many of whom began to see Gaskin as their spiritual teacher. ‘The idea was to compare notes with other trippers about tripping and the whole psychic and psychedelic world’, wrote Gaskin, by then heavily caught up in the San Francisco countercultural scene. Psychiatric research on LSD and other psychoactive substances had been on the increase over the past decade, as scientific studies suggested their therapeutic potential.29 Gaskin and his Monday Night followers also believed in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, but in a different context. According to Gaskin, psychedelics served as a catalyst to expand human consciousness and attain greater spiritual awareness. Thus, drugs (initially LSD, but then natural substances peyote and psilocybin) were a regular part of Monday night class, as well as Sunday Morning Services (standing meditations) held before sunrise in Sutro Park. According to one follower, ‘Sunday Service was considered an ideal place to trip - a peaceful oasis in time, where the energy was dependably high, the vibes good, and of course, there was Stephen - tripping guide extraordinaire’.30 In 1970, Gaskin was invited to a series of lectures at and the and over of his followers to him in for this a for a spiritual and social The as it to be more and more attention as its of their way through states the of and social to and the most remarkable of the was the that took place on The first birth in a at while Stephen was an By the end of the a of women, under the of Gaskin, had the midwives, teaching along the the end of the Gaskin and his followers to in and a commune on a thousand Gaskin and a few other women a more of the who delivered the at As the to in with about visitors per did the number of Over have been on The Farm by these midwives, a per cent caught the attention of and birth practitioners around the Many more have been by than those on The book, a guide to for and birth practitioners published on The has over half a been into and is in Ellen's story was one of over birth stories in the that introduced to the of birth. the very first of the in to its most recent in these stories have many to how and where their be In to the of the of childbirth, birth stories published in were more likely to focus on the They also the hippie to describe drug experiences. ‘I down on the and began to and everything got of her labour on The ‘I began having contractions that started up to a and then about two the she As her contractions they became more ‘It felt like I was to the and I could my body and into them and it was or not experience a birth on The it became the to and was in the as ‘a of how to the energy of the of It was an physical and emotional and an for spiritual growth. the psychic Farm hippies energy could be into pleasure rather than pain. to psychedelic states during labour the connection - whether or - that Farm perceived between the ‘I felt than I had in my It was such a spiritual and much In between at how it wrote In the setting, physical boundaries between the and the world could ‘I was on the feeling all the forces of the it felt my another wrote of her that ‘I on and and the I felt like my and body were from the of and were down on the ‘I found in a place with a and a It was a place I could my body was but I was from I what and she been that contraction and had been able to feel it studies point to evidence that out-of-body experiences as a and rather than scholars the of out-of-body experiences during childbirth as an of rather than as a mechanism or an of of women out of their observing the birth from as a form of dissociation or or past This was not what was in In this birth was a experience - not just by but felt by others as This is part of what made it kept the energy between and my and and were on either of wrote another in labour. and the energy would up their and their and as in this setting, provided a for its that could guide them all towards greater spiritual awareness. birth was a very psychedelic experience for and wrote seemed to be with her in the of a experience - those moments of or that he wrote about in his and experiences as experiences that an form of and are even and in their effect upon the birth also the according to its ‘I the I felt for my new and the wrote one new She the first moments with her as she was by his and her for on a psychedelic ‘The and the early just and like a and for several I would have a at and I was for two she of the positive a special feeling of transcendence of time and experience of and a of insights of cosmic Though he was referring to the experience of LSD cosmic - or as called it - was a in birth were the like a the wrote of his labour. ‘The energy would up and would deeper until it seemed like I could through them like and see the of the out her Ellen a whole other level of consciousness that seemed eternal and during her labour. there, I felt One with everyone in the she Another experienced a sense of cosmic after her was and it like the before my In the countercultural then, childbirth became a community a of spiritual and and even a psychedelic experience. This took in as a natural of Stephen As the from the of San Francisco to the on the and on to Summertown, Tennessee, it new meaning and What started as an in alternative became an set of a of spiritual and and medical It was from though and the of did put alternative midwifery on the was however, to the that what was happening on The Farm was and the of the over the of the how alternative birth continued to we need to to the of LSD was first in by who was for a drug to for LSD was as to any effects. But in of to the by its This time, he some of the through his skin and experienced an of with play of a in as a form of psychiatric treatment. to under the name of to researchers and LSD could be as ‘a kind of training that could and the to a few hours in the world of their The argued, could be to treat and as well as model of in studies on the of mental was a medical in the psychiatry at in when a of LSD first from was and to take micrograms of LSD as one of the volunteers for such a to was and seemed like the of a new he Within a few hours of the his entire about the human and the role of was ‘I how much I about my in those few he recalled. He was by a that seemed to the of a The him out of his an my consciousness to cosmic The was for was in the of an Like many psychiatrists in and the in the he was by he for a of - the of the of insights into religion, and many The problem was the between theory and The results of were he and took of time and ‘I had great to terms with this a one had to study medicine. And in if we a we are able to something about He According to psychiatrist past of the American Psychiatric and of The of this has been the of the from the mental the mind, or the can can through a at of and have little the of he wrote. on the other hand, has than any other medical to evidence that the under its even he the challenges that pain how was it to it was given its subjectivity and the of Over the years he would over psychedelic at first in and then at the Maryland Psychiatric Research Institute in His him that study of human was only the of the LSD had the of the to explain human what he called ‘a new of the human LSD was a different kind of drug. It was not per and the experience could be different time, for he argued, LSD was a catalyst for also made by Stephen It was not experiences by with the", "journal": "Gender & History", "publication_date": "2020-02-29", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1111/1468-0424.12471", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12471", "keywords": "Perception, Pain perception, Psychology, Medicine, Anesthesia, Neuroscience, Music History and Culture, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, American Political and Social Dynamics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3016699155\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3016699155\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":6,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044500239\",\"display_name\":\"Wendy Kline\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0200-8298\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S100249970\",\"source_display_name\":\"Gender & History\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12471\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Chronic Pain,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3867, "title": "What does „mystical“ mean in the context of experience withpsychedelics? Critique of perennialism in experimentalpsychology", "normalized_title": "what does mystical mean in the context of experience withpsychedelics critique of perennialism in experimentalpsychology", "authors": "Jana Nenadalová, Adam Karásek", "abstract": "Experimental research on mystical experience induced by psychedelics suffers from two major problems. The general theoretical problem lies in the conceptualization of mystical experience, specifically in the idea that mystical experience is sui generis phenomena and that psychedelics like psilocybin or LSD are controllable shortcuts to this experience. The major methodological problem concerns primarily the theoretical background of mysticism scales, which are composed in the same (perennialistic) way as the theory. Therefore, psychedelic experience with a sustained positive outcome is primarily seen as mystical. We will try to show that considering experience with psychedelics mystical is not theoretically tenable. However, we cannot ignore that higher subjective ratings of mystical experience can predict sustainable positive changes in participants. Therefore, we argue that the concept of universal mystical experience should be replaced by more empirically valuable subjective ratings of experience with psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-02-28", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://is.muni.cz/publication/1630357/en/What-does-mystical-mean-in-the-context-of-experience-with-psychedelics-Critique-of-perennialism-in-experimental-psychology/Nenadalova-Karasek", "keywords": "Mysticism, Conceptualization, Psilocybin, Context (archaeology), Psychology, Epistemology, Religious experience, Social psychology, Philosophy, Psychoanalysis, Theology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Paleontology, Biology, Linguistics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3187049859\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3187049859\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059835824\",\"display_name\":\"Jana Nenadalová\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004810951\",\"display_name\":\"Adam Karásek\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://is.muni.cz/publication/1630357/en/What-does-mystical-mean-in-the-context-of-experience-with-psychedelics-Critique-of-perennialism-in-experimental-psychology/Nenadalova-Karasek\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2272, "title": "Microdosing psychedelics: Demographics, practices, and psychiatric comorbidities", "normalized_title": "microdosing psychedelics demographics practices and psychiatric comorbidities", "authors": "Daniel Rosenbaum, Cory R. Weissman, Thomas Anderson, Rotem Petranker, Lê-Anh Dinh-Williams, Katrina Hui, Emma Hapke", "abstract": "Rationale: Microdosing psychedelics - the practice of consuming small, sub-hallucinogenic doses of substances such as LSD or psilocybin - is gaining attention in popular media but remains poorly characterized. Contemporary studies of psychedelic microdosing have yet to report the basic psychiatric descriptors of psychedelic microdosers. Objectives: To examine the practices and demographics of a population of psychedelic microdosers - including their psychiatric diagnoses, prescription medications, and recreational substance use patterns - to develop a foundation on which to conduct future clinical research. Methods: Participants ( n = 909; M age = 26.9, SD = 8.6; male = 83.2%; White/European = 79.1%) recruited primarily from the online forum Reddit completed an anonymous online survey. Respondents who reported using LSD, psilocybin, or both for microdosing were grouped and compared with non-microdosing respondents using exploratory odds ratio testing on demographic variables, rates of psychiatric diagnoses, and past-year recreational substance use. Results: Of microdosers, most reported using LSD (59.3%; M dose = 13 mcg, or 11.3% of one tab) or psilocybin (25.9%; M dose = 0.3 g of dried psilocybin mushrooms) on a one-day-on, two-days-off schedule. Compared with non-microdosers, microdosers were significantly less likely to report a history of substance use disorders (SUDs; OR = 0.17 (95% CI: 0.05-0.56)) or anxiety disorders (OR = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.41-0.91)). Microdosers were also more likely to report recent recreational substance use compared with non-microdosers (OR = 5.2 (95% CI: 2.7-10.8)). Conclusions: Well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of this practice in clinical populations and to test claims about potential benefits.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-02-27", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1177/0269881120908004", "pubmed_id": "32108529", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120908004", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Psychiatry, Demographics, Anxiety, Population, Demography, Environmental health, Sociology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3007315114\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3007315114\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":75,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073527004\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Rosenbaum\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4846-9380\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038223318\",\"display_name\":\"Cory R. Weissman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5087-8263\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082063863\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Anderson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2387-5219\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012017884\",\"display_name\":\"Rotem Petranker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6354-0109\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023059397\",\"display_name\":\"Lê-Anh Dinh-Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5486-7756\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069659750\",\"display_name\":\"Katrina Hui\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5472-3779\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001698290\",\"display_name\":\"Emma Hapke\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120908004\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Microdosing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2265, "title": "Scalable Hybrid Synthetic/Biocatalytic Route to Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "scalable hybrid synthetic biocatalytic route to psilocybin", "authors": "Janis Fricke, Robert B. Kargbo, Lars Regestein, Claudius Lenz, Gundela Peschel, Miriam A. Rosenbaum, Alexander M. Sherwood, Dirk Hoffmeister", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the principal indole alkaloid of Psilocybe mushrooms, is currently undergoing clinical trials as a medication against treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder. The psilocybin supply for pharmaceutical purposes is met by synthetic chemistry. We replaced the problematic phosphorylation step during synthesis with the mushroom kinase PsiK. This enzyme was biochemically characterized and used to produce one gram of psilocybin from psilocin within 20 minutes. We also describe a pilot-scale protocol for recombinant PsiK that yielded 150 mg enzyme in active and soluble form. Our work consolidates the simplicity of tryptamine chemistry with the specificity and selectivity of enzymatic catalysis and helps provide access to an important drug at potentially reasonable cost.", "journal": "Chemistry - A European Journal", "publication_date": "2020-02-25", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1002/chem.202000134", "pubmed_id": "32101345", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202000134", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Tryptamine, Chemistry, Combinatorial chemistry, Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Biology, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3007311584\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3007311584\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":48,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046057419\",\"display_name\":\"Janis Fricke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-3185\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090796568\",\"display_name\":\"Robert B. Kargbo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5539-6343\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083389508\",\"display_name\":\"Lars Regestein\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1258-7171\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103876089\",\"display_name\":\"Claudius Lenz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007740172\",\"display_name\":\"Gundela Peschel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0120-4019\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016954737\",\"display_name\":\"Miriam A. Rosenbaum\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4566-8624\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029982811\",\"display_name\":\"Alexander M. Sherwood\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0895-0791\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010592951\",\"display_name\":\"Dirk Hoffmeister\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6461\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S68911691\",\"source_display_name\":\"Chemistry - A European Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202000134\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2209, "title": "Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and psychedelic assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Reiff CM, Richman EE, Nemeroff CB, Carpenter LL, Widge AS, Rodriguez CI, Kalin NH, McDonald WM, the Work Group on Biomarkers and Novel Treatments, a Division of the American Psychiatric Association Council of Research.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThe authors provide an evidenced-based summary of the literature on the clinical application of psychedelic drugs in psychiatric disorders.MethodsSearches of PubMed and PsycINFO via Ovid were conducted for articles in English, in peer-reviewed journals, reporting on \"psilocybin,\" \"lysergic acid diethylamide,\" \"LSD,\" \"ayahuasca,\" \"3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,\" and \"MDMA,\" in human subjects, published between 2007 and July 1, 2019. A total of 1,603 articles were identified and screened. Articles that did not contain the terms \"clinical trial,\" \"therapy,\" or \"imaging\" in the title or abstract were filtered out. The 161 remaining articles were reviewed by two or more authors. The authors identified 14 articles reporting on well-designed clinical trials investigating the efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, and ayahuasca for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, trauma and stress-related disorders, and substance-related and addictive disorders as well as in end-of-life care.ResultsThe most significant database exists for MDMA and psilocybin, which have been designated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as \"breakthrough therapies\" for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and treatment-resistant depression, respectively. The research on LSD and ayahuasca is observational, but available evidence suggests that these agents may have therapeutic effects in specific psychiatric disorders.ConclusionsRandomized clinical trials support the efficacy of MDMA in the treatment of PTSD and psilocybin in the treatment of depression and cancer-related anxiety. The research to support the use of LSD and ayahuasca in the treatment of psychiatric disorders is preliminary, although promising. Overall, the database is insufficient for FDA approval of any psychedelic compound for routine clinical use in psychiatric disorders at this time, but continued research on the efficacy of psychedelics for the treatment of psychiatric disorders is warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-02-25", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035", "pubmed_id": "32098487", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Evidence-Based Practice, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32098487\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,End-of-Life Distress,Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3868, "title": "Prophylactic Effects of Psilocybin on Chronic Cluster Headache", "normalized_title": "prophylactic effects of psilocybin on chronic cluster headache", "authors": "Case Medical Research", "abstract": "", "journal": "Case Medical Research", "publication_date": "2020-02-20", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.31525/ct1-nct04280055", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct04280055", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Cluster headache, Medicine, Cluster (spacecraft), Anesthesia, Hallucinogen, Computer science, Pharmacology, Migraine, Operating system, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Migraine and Headache Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4254523323\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4254523323\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Case Medical Research\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210239733\",\"source_display_name\":\"Case Medical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct04280055\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2295, "title": "Self-reported negative outcomes of psilocybin users: A quantitative textual analysis", "normalized_title": "self reported negative outcomes of psilocybin users a quantitative textual analysis", "authors": "Bheatrix Bienemann, Nina Stamato Ruschel, Maria Luiza Pesse Campos, Marco Aurélio Negreiros, Daniel C. Mograbi", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a substance mainly found in mushrooms of the genus psilocybe, has been historically used for ritualistic, recreational and, more recently, medicinal purposes. The scientific literature suggests low toxicity, low risk of addiction, overdose, or other causes of injury commonly caused by substances of abuse, with growing interest in the use of this substance for conditions such as treatment-resistant depression. However, the presence of negative outcomes linked to psilocybin use is not clear yet. The objective of this study is to investigate the negative effects of psilocybin consumption, according to the users' own perception through self-reports extracted from an online platform. 346 reports were analyzed with the assistance of the IRAMUTEQ textual analysis software, adopting the procedures of Descending Hierarchical Classification, Correspondence Factor Analysis and Specificities Analysis. The text segments were grouped in 4 main clusters, describing thinking distortions, emergencies, perceptual alterations and the administration of the substance. Bad trips were more frequent in female users, being associated with thinking distortions. The use of multiple doses of psilocybin in the same session or its combination with other substances was linked to the occurrence of long-term negative outcomes, while the use of mushrooms in single high doses was linked to medical emergencies. These results can be useful for a better understanding of the effects of psilocybin use, guiding harm-reduction initiatives.", "journal": "PLoS ONE", "publication_date": "2020-02-20", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0229067", "pubmed_id": "32084160", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229067", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Addiction, Psychiatry, Medicine, Clinical psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3007379062\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3007379062\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":79,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000107619\",\"display_name\":\"Bheatrix Bienemann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4291-4612\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5076118196\",\"display_name\":\"Nina Stamato Ruschel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014422641\",\"display_name\":\"Maria Luiza Pesse Campos\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109585195\",\"display_name\":\"Marco Aurélio Negreiros\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037104251\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel C. Mograbi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4271-2984\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S202381698\",\"source_display_name\":\"PLoS ONE\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229067\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2293, "title": "Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Tryptamines Found in Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: Norbaeocystin, Baeocystin, Norpsilocin, and Aeruginascin", "normalized_title": "synthesis and biological evaluation of tryptamines found in hallucinogenic mushrooms norbaeocystin baeocystin norpsilocin and aeruginascin", "authors": "Alexander M. Sherwood, Adam L. Halberstadt, Adam K. Klein, John D. McCorvy, Kristi W. Kaylo, Robert B. Kargbo, Poncho Meisenheimer", "abstract": "A general synthetic method was developed to access known tryptamine natural products present in psilocybin-producing mushrooms. In vitro and in vivo experiments were then conducted to inform speculations on the psychoactive properties, or lack thereof, of the natural products. In animal models, psychedelic activity by baeocystin alone was not evident using the mouse head twitch response assay, despite its putative dephosphorylated metabolite, norpsilocin, possessing potent agonist activity at the 5-HT2A receptor.", "journal": "Journal of Natural Products", "publication_date": "2020-02-19", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01061", "pubmed_id": "32077284", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01061", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Tryptamines, Tryptamine, Hallucinogen, Metabolite, Chemistry, Pharmacology, Agonist, Harmine, In vivo, Biological activity, In vitro, Stereochemistry, Biology, Biochemistry, Receptor, Biotechnology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3008629222\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3008629222\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":78,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029982811\",\"display_name\":\"Alexander M. Sherwood\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0895-0791\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036162393\",\"display_name\":\"Adam L. Halberstadt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022631404\",\"display_name\":\"Adam K. Klein\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1640-9324\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049197736\",\"display_name\":\"John D. McCorvy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7555-9413\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025194246\",\"display_name\":\"Kristi W. Kaylo\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090796568\",\"display_name\":\"Robert B. Kargbo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5539-6343\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002485823\",\"display_name\":\"Poncho Meisenheimer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1918-3153\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S166799026\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Natural Products\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01061\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2296, "title": "Rostral Anterior Cingulate Thickness Predicts the Emotional Psilocybin Experience", "normalized_title": "rostral anterior cingulate thickness predicts the emotional psilocybin experience", "authors": "Candace R. Lewis, Katrin H. Preller, B. Blair Braden, Cory Riecken, Franz X. Vollenweider", "abstract": "Psilocybin is the psychoactive compound of mushrooms in the psilocybe species. Psilocybin directly affects a number of serotonin receptors, with highest affinity for the serotonin 2A receptor (5HT-2Ar). Generally, the effects of psilocybin, and its active metabolite psilocin, are well established and include a range of cognitive, emotional, and perceptual perturbations. Despite the generality of these effects, there is a high degree of inter-individual variability in subjective psilocybin experiences that are not well understood. Others have shown brain morphology metrics derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can predict individual drug response. Due to high expression of serotonin 2A receptors (5HT-2Ar) in the cingulate cortex, and its prior associations with psilocybin, we investigate if cortical thickness of this structure predicts the psilocybin experience in healthy adults. We hypothesized that greater cingulate thickness would predict higher subjective ratings in sub-scales of the Five-Dimensional Altered State of Consciousness (5D-ASC) with high emotionality in healthy participants (n = 55) who received oral psilocybin (either low dose: 0.160 mg/kg or high dose: 0.215 mg/kg). After controlling for sex, age, and using false discovery rate (FDR) correction, we found the rostral anterior cingulate predicted all four emotional sub-scales, whereas the caudal and posterior cingulate did not. How classic psychedelic compounds induce such large inter-individual variability in subjective states has been a long-standing question in serotonergic research. These results extend the traditional set and setting hypothesis of the psychedelic experience to include brain structure metrics.", "journal": "Biomedicines", "publication_date": "2020-02-17", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3390/biomedicines8020034", "pubmed_id": "32085521", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8020034", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Anterior cingulate cortex, Hallucinogen, Serotonergic, Psychology, Cingulate cortex, Neuroscience, 5-HT receptor, Posterior cingulate, Serotonin, Cognition, Audiology, Internal medicine, Receptor, Psychiatry, Medicine, Central nervous system, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3007563926\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3007563926\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":27,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035160894\",\"display_name\":\"Candace R. Lewis\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040977207\",\"display_name\":\"Katrin H. Preller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0413-7672\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023562628\",\"display_name\":\"B. Blair Braden\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6842-9784\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031283567\",\"display_name\":\"Cory Riecken\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2737005842\",\"source_display_name\":\"Biomedicines\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8020034\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2270, "title": "Development and application of a strategy for analyzing eight biomarkers in human urine to verify toxic mushroom or ricinus communis ingestions by means of hydrophilic interaction LC coupled to HRMS/MS.", "normalized_title": "development and application of a strategy for analyzing eight biomarkers in human urine to verify toxic mushroom or ricinus communis ingestions by means of hydrophilic interaction lc coupled to hrms ms", "authors": "Bambauer TP, Wagmann L, Maurer HH, Weber AA, Meyer MR.", "abstract": "The analytical proof of a toxic mushroom and/or plant ingestion at an early stage of a suspected intoxication can be crucial for fast therapeutic decision making. Therefore, comprehensive analytical procedures need to be available. This study aimed to develop a strategy for the qualitative analysis of α- and β-amanitin, psilocin, bufotenine, muscarine, muscimol, ibotenic acid, and ricinine in human urine by means of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high resolution MS/MS (HILIC-HRMS/MS). Urine samples were prepared by hydrophilic-phase liquid-liquid extraction using dichloromethane and subsequent solid-phase extraction and precipitation, performed in parallel. Separation and identification of the biomarkers were achieved by HILIC using acetonitrile and methanol as main eluents and Orbitrap-based mass spectrometry, respectively. The method was validated as recommended for qualitative procedures and tests for selectivity, carryover, and extraction recoveries were included to also estimate the robustness and reproducibility of the sample preparation. Limits of identification were 1 ng/mL for α- and β-amanitin, 5 ng/mL for psilocin, bufotenine, muscarine, and ricinine, and 1500 ng/mL and 2000 ng/mL for ibotenic acid and muscimol, respectively. Using γ-amanitin, l-tryptophan-d5, and psilocin-d10 as internal standards, compensation for variations of matrix effects was shown to be acceptable for most of the toxins. In eight urine samples obtained from intoxicated individuals, α- and β-amanitin, psilocin, psilocin-O-glucuronide, muscimol, ibotenic acid, and muscarine could be identified. Moreover, psilocin-O-glucuronide and bufotenine-O-glucuronide were found to be suitable additional targets. The analytical strategy developed was thus well suited for analyzing several biomarkers of toxic mushrooms and plants in human urine to support therapeutic decision making in a clinical toxicology setting. To our knowledge, the presented method is by far the most comprehensive approach for identification of the included biomarkers in a human matrix.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-02-13", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120847", "pubmed_id": "32200933", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120847", "keywords": "Humans, Ricinus, Mushroom Poisoning, Mycotoxins, Chromatography, Liquid, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, Biomarkers", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32200933\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2297, "title": "Population Survey Data Informing the Therapeutic Potential of Classic and Novel Phenethylamine, Tryptamine, and Lysergamide Psychedelics", "normalized_title": "population survey data informing the therapeutic potential of classic and novel phenethylamine tryptamine and lysergamide psychedelics", "authors": "James Sexton, Charles D. Nichols, Peter S. Hendricks", "abstract": "Introduction: The majority of contemporary psychedelic research has focused on ayahuasca, LSD, and psilocybin, though there are hundreds of novel psychedelic compounds that may have clinical utility. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide psychedelics via a large, nationally representative population-based survey. Methods: We tested the unique associations of lifetime classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide psychedelics with past month psychological distress and past year suicidality among respondents pooled from years 2008-2017 of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (weighted N = 260,964,827). Results: Lifetime classic tryptamine use was associated with a decreased odds of past month psychological distress (aOR = 0.76; [0.69 - 0.83]) and past year suicidal thinking (aOR = 0.79; [0.72 - 0.87]). Lifetime novel phenethylamine use, on the other hand, was associated with an increased odds of past year suicidal thinking (aOR = 1.44; [1.06 - 1.95]) and past year suicidal planning (aOR = 1.60; [1.06 - 2.41]). No other significant associations were found. Discussion and Conclusions: These findings, which may be driven by differences in pharmacodynamics, suggest that classic tryptamines may hold the greatest therapeutic potential of the psychedelics, whereas novel phenethylamines may pose risk for harm. The present findings thus support continued research on the clinical application of classic tryptamines. Though the current results caution against the clinical utility of novel phenethylamines, further study of these and other novel psychedelic substances is nonetheless warranted to better understand their potential application.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-02-10", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00896", "pubmed_id": "32116806", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00896", "keywords": "Tryptamine, Phenethylamine, Psilocybin, Population, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Psychotherapist, Pharmacology, Environmental health, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3006069447\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3006069447\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":45,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032084209\",\"display_name\":\"James Sexton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3402-2748\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062966169\",\"display_name\":\"Charles D. Nichols\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-0646\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004506349\",\"display_name\":\"Peter S. Hendricks\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00896\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Observational Study,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2298, "title": "Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin", "normalized_title": "emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin", "authors": "Frederick S. Barrett, Manoj K. Doss, Nathan D. Sepeda, James J. Pekar, Roland R. Griffiths", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic compound that may have efficacy for the treatment of mood and substance use disorders. Acute psilocybin effects include reduced negative mood, increased positive mood, and reduced amygdala response to negative affective stimuli. However, no study has investigated the long-term, enduring impact of psilocybin on negative affect and associated brain function. Twelve healthy volunteers (7F/5M) completed an open-label pilot study including assessments 1-day before, 1-week after, and 1-month after receiving a 25 mg/70 kg dose of psilocybin to test the hypothesis that psilocybin administration leads to enduring changes in affect and neural correlates of affect. One-week post-psilocybin, negative affect and amygdala response to facial affect stimuli were reduced, whereas positive affect and dorsal lateral prefrontal and medial orbitofrontal cortex responses to emotionally-conflicting stimuli were increased. One-month post-psilocybin, negative affective and amygdala response to facial affect stimuli returned to baseline levels while positive affect remained elevated, and trait anxiety was reduced. Finally, the number of significant resting-state functional connections across the brain increased from baseline to 1-week and 1-month post-psilocybin. These preliminary findings suggest that psilocybin may increase emotional and brain plasticity, and the reported findings support the hypothesis that negative affect may be a therapeutic target for psilocybin.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2020-02-09", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-020-59282-y", "pubmed_id": "32042038", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59282-y", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Amygdala, Affect (linguistics), Hallucinogen, Mood, Psychology, Prefrontal cortex, Anhedonia, Orbitofrontal cortex, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Cognition, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Communication, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3005441929\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":374,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005540871\",\"display_name\":\"Frederick S. Barrett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3237\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084261335\",\"display_name\":\"Manoj K. Doss\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2939-2522\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061776312\",\"display_name\":\"Nathan D. Sepeda\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074044378\",\"display_name\":\"James J. Pekar\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9830-0655\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59282-y\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1083, "title": "Rethinking Therapeutic Strategies for Anorexia Nervosa: Insights From Psychedelic Medicine and Animal Models.", "normalized_title": "rethinking therapeutic strategies for anorexia nervosa insights from psychedelic medicine and animal models", "authors": "Foldi CJ, Liknaitzky P, Williams M, Oldfield BJ.", "abstract": "Anorexia nervosa (AN) has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disease, yet available pharmacological treatments are largely ineffective due, in part, to an inadequate understanding of the neurobiological drivers that underpin the condition. The recent resurgence of research into the clinical applications of psychedelic medicine for a range of mental disorders has highlighted the potential for classical psychedelics, including psilocybin, to alleviate symptoms of AN that relate to serotonergic signaling and cognitive inflexibility. Clinical trials using psychedelics in treatment-resistant depression have shown promising outcomes, although these studies are unable to circumvent some methodological biases. The first clinical trial to use psilocybin in patients with AN commenced in 2019, necessitating a better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms through which psychedelics act. Animal models are beneficial in this respect, allowing for detailed scrutiny of brain function and behavior and the potential to study pharmacology without the confounds of expectancy and bias that are impossible to control for in patient populations. We argue that studies investigating the neurobiological effects of psychedelics in animal models, including the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rodent model, are particularly important to inform clinical applications, including the subpopulations of patients that may benefit most from psychedelic medicine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-02-03", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2020.00043", "pubmed_id": "32116500", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00043", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32116500\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Eating Disorders,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3965, "title": "Effects of psilocin on the striatal monoamine contents in mice and rats", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocin on the striatal monoamine contents in mice and rats", "authors": "Maho Hirasawa", "abstract": "", "journal": "The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan", "publication_date": "2020-01-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://confit.atlas.jp/guide/event/pharm140/subject/4P156-201-13/detail", "keywords": "Monoamine neurotransmitter, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Biology, Biochemistry, Serotonin, Receptor, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3012767919\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3012767919\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036607308\",\"display_name\":\"Maho Hirasawa\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306532640\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://confit.atlas.jp/guide/event/pharm140/subject/4P156-201-13/detail\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3869, "title": "LSD und Psilocybin als Selbstmedikation", "normalized_title": "lsd und psilocybin als selbstmedikation", "authors": "", "abstract": "Die Mikrodosierung von Psychedelika wie LSD oder Psilocybin zur Leistungssteigerung und Förderung kreativer Prozesse erfährt zunehmend mediale Aufmerksamkeit. Beim Microdosing werden zwischen 5 und 10 % einer Standarddosis nach einem festgelegten Plan (z. B. alle 3 Tage) eingenommen, wobei kein Rauschzustand intendiert ist. Eine noch überschaubare Anzahl kleinerer Studien beschreibt positive Effekte des Microdosings hinsichtlich des Wohlbefinden und der kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit,aber auch bei Depressionen und Angsterkrankungen.", "journal": "Suchttherapie", "publication_date": "2020-01-31", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1055/a-1085-0309", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1085-0309", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Gynecology, Psychology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4255701151\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4255701151\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S30125665\",\"source_display_name\":\"Suchttherapie\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1085-0309\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3870, "title": "Richard Alpert (Ram Dass): Harvard psychologist who experimented with psychedelic drugs and became one of America’s most prominent and respected spiritual leaders", "normalized_title": "richard alpert ram dass harvard psychologist who experimented with psychedelic drugs and became one of america s most prominent and respected spiritual leaders", "authors": "Rebecca Wallersteiner", "abstract": "Credit: Dassima Kathleen Murphy Nothing in Richard Alpert’s early life could have predicted that he would come to embody the spirit of the psychedelic 1960s. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the youngest of three sons, to George and Gertrude (Levin) Alpert. His father, a prominent lawyer in Boston, was a founder of Brandeis University and went on to become president of the New York and New Haven Railroad. Alpert had a bar mitzvah but did not show much interest in religion in his youth. He attended Williston Northampton School, graduating in 1948. His father wanted him to become a doctor, but Alpert failed to get into medical school and instead studied psychology, gaining a doctorate at Stanford University. On moving to Harvard in 1961, he taught and researched at the department of social relations and the graduate school of education and was popular with his students. It was at Harvard that he befriended the charismatic Timothy Leary, a countercultural icon, who was lecturing in clinical psychology. Continuing his early work at the University of California, Berkeley, Leary was carrying out research on psilocybin, the main psychoactive ingredient in some species of mushrooms, to see if they could be beneficial in the clinical treatment of schizophrenia. He invited some friends, including Alpert and the poet Allen Ginsberg, to experiment with 10 mg doses of psilocybin. Alpert later related that the transcendent effect of psychedelic drugs had caused him to question consciousness and the very basis of his life. He collaborated on Leary’s Harvard psilocybin project, giving the drug, and later LSD, to students, ministers, musicians, and prisoners. While …", "journal": "BMJ", "publication_date": "2020-01-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1136/bmj.m407", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m407", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Nothing, Psychoanalysis, Psychology, Paranormal, Art history, Art, Medicine, Psychiatry, Philosophy, Hallucinogen, Alternative medicine, Epistemology, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3004191036\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3004191036\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023251982\",\"display_name\":\"Rebecca Wallersteiner\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4393917726\",\"source_display_name\":\"BMJ\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m407\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Spirituality,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2282, "title": "A review of emerging therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses.", "normalized_title": "a review of emerging therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses", "authors": "Chi T, Gold JA.", "abstract": "Though there was initial interest in the use of psychedelic drugs for psychiatric treatment, bad outcomes and subsequent passage of the Substance Act of 1970, which placed psychedelic drugs in the Schedule I category, significantly limited potential progress. More recently, however, there has been renewal in interest and promise of psychedelic research. The purpose of this review is to highlight contemporary human studies on the use of select psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin, LSD, MDMA and ayahuasca, in the treatment of various psychiatric illnesses, including but not limited to treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, end-of-life anxiety, and substance use disorders. The safety and efficacy as reported from human and animal studies will also be discussed. Accumulated research to date has suggested the potential for psychedelics to emerge as breakthrough therapies for psychiatric conditions refractory to conventional treatments. However, given the unique history and high potential for misuse with popular distribution, special care and considerations must be undertaken to safeguard their use as viable medical treatments rather than drugs of abuse.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-01-30", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.jns.2020.116715", "pubmed_id": "32044687", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116715", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32044687\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3871, "title": "P.324 Acute effects of psilocybin on glutamate concentration levels, functional connectivity and subjective state", "normalized_title": "p 324 acute effects of psilocybin on glutamate concentration levels functional connectivity and subjective state", "authors": "Natasha L. Mason, Kim P. C. Kuypers, Johannes T. Reckweg, Desmond H. Y. Tse, Felix Müller, Stefan W. Toennes, Amanda Feilding, Johannes G. Ramaekers", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-01-27", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.12.087", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.12.087", "keywords": "Psychology, Psilocybin, Cognition, Perception, Association (psychology), Predictive coding, Neuroscience, Cognitive psychology, Multisensory integration, Hallucinogen, Coding (social sciences), Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, Mathematics, Statistics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3003482269\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3003482269\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041055116\",\"display_name\":\"Natasha L. Mason\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-0389\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024651565\",\"display_name\":\"Kim P. C. Kuypers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-3809\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062559490\",\"display_name\":\"Johannes T. Reckweg\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7916-6334\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062957500\",\"display_name\":\"Desmond H. Y. Tse\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-7707\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061374713\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Müller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4582-6610\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090253811\",\"display_name\":\"Stefan W. Toennes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1774-3201\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071332026\",\"display_name\":\"Amanda Feilding\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024899439\",\"display_name\":\"Johannes G. Ramaekers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4553-376X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.12.087\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3872, "title": "Psychedelic therapy: Fresh promise for mental health", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy fresh promise for mental health", "authors": "Heidi Bush", "abstract": "Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is seeing a resurgence as a treatment approach for mental health disorders. It melds pharmacology and psychotherapy, using substances such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, under medical supervision, to treat conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and extreme depression.", "journal": "Mental Health Weekly", "publication_date": "2020-01-23", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1002/mhw.32207", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/mhw.32207", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psychotherapist, Mental health, Psychology, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Hallucinogen, Medicine, Internal medicine, Receptor, Serotonin, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3001867576\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3001867576\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033333508\",\"display_name\":\"Heidi Bush\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S1030938293\",\"source_display_name\":\"Mental Health Weekly\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/mhw.32207\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3873, "title": "Use of Methylphenidate Analogues as Cognitive Enhancers: The Prelude to Cosmetic Neurology and an Ethical Issue", "normalized_title": "use of methylphenidate analogues as cognitive enhancers the prelude to cosmetic neurology and an ethical issue", "authors": "Simona Zaami, Adriano Tagliabracci, Paolo Berretta, Francesco Paolo Busardò, Enrico Marinelli", "abstract": "Drugs involved in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive deficits such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), strokes, schizophrenia, and aging are medically defined as cognitive enhancers (1). Amphetamines were the first drugs used to stimulate memory consolidation and improve concentration, and were followed by non-amphetaminic central nervous system (CNS) stimulants modafinil and armodafinil, which are largely prescribed for the treatment of narcolepsy and ADHD, although their mechanism of action is not entirely understood. Atomoxetine, a selective nor-adrenaline reuptake inhibitor, has been used in children with medication-resistant ADHD or undergoing side effects related to other drugs, while donepezil, a second-generation acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, has been employed for the treatment of mild-tomoderately-severe symptoms of Alzheimer-related dementia (2). Nevertheless, methylphenidate is undoubtedly the most prescribed cognitive enhancer. It is also the most misused. Indeed, the non-medical use of methylphenidate and cognitive enhancers in an attempt to improve memory, increase mental concentration, control anxiety, and stimulate motivation and creativity is a rising worldwide phenomenon (2, 3). Due to methylphenidate being a prescription drug with medical restrictions in several countries, many illegal analogues have emerged on the internet and darknet drug markets during the last few years (3). The misuse of cognitive enhancers in adults and young healthy individuals with the aim of increasing neurological functions is part of a phenomenon defined as “cosmetic neurology” (2). In addition, psychedelic microdosing using small doses of psychedelic substances, such as LSD and psilocybin is becoming more common (4). However, this cognitive enhancement comes with mental and ethical costs.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-01-22", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01006", "pubmed_id": "32038333", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01006", "keywords": "Methylphenidate, Cognition, Neurology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3003127301\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3003127301\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":13,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000472540\",\"display_name\":\"Simona Zaami\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-7139\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022340446\",\"display_name\":\"Adriano Tagliabracci\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4434-0475\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048887691\",\"display_name\":\"Paolo Berretta\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-5628\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002872494\",\"display_name\":\"Francesco Paolo Busardò\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3082-4532\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053374025\",\"display_name\":\"Enrico Marinelli\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7104-8744\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01006\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Microdosing,Creativity,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2303, "title": "Persisting Reductions in Cannabis, Opioid, and Stimulant Misuse After Naturalistic Psychedelic Use: An Online Survey", "normalized_title": "persisting reductions in cannabis opioid and stimulant misuse after naturalistic psychedelic use an online survey", "authors": "Albert Garcia-Romeu, Alan K. Davis, Earth Erowid, Fire Erowid, Roland R. Griffiths, Matthew W. Johnson", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Observational data and preliminary studies suggest serotonin 2A agonist psychedelics may hold potential in treating a variety of substance use disorders (SUDs), including opioid use disorder (OUD). AIMS: The study aim was to describe and analyze self-reported cases in which naturalistic psychedelic use was followed by cessation or reduction in other substance use. METHODS: An anonymous online survey of individuals reporting cessation or reduction in cannabis, opioid, or stimulant use following psychedelic use in non-clinical settings. RESULTS: Four hundred forty-four respondents, mostly in the USA (67%) completed the survey. Participants reported 4.5 years of problematic substance use on average before the psychedelic experience to which they attributed a reduction in drug consumption, with 79% meeting retrospective criteria for severe SUD. Most reported taking a moderate or high dose of LSD (43%) or psilocybin-containing mushrooms (29%), followed by significant reduction in drug consumption. Before the psychedelic experience 96% met SUD criteria, whereas only 27% met SUD criteria afterward. Participants rated their psychedelic experience as highly meaningful and insightful, with 28% endorsing psychedelic-associated changes in life priorities or values as facilitating reduced substance misuse. Greater psychedelic dose, insight, mystical-type effects, and personal meaning of experiences were associated with greater reduction in drug consumption. CONCLUSIONS: While these cross-sectional and self-report methods cannot determine whether psychedelics caused changes in drug use, results suggest the potential that psychedelics cause reductions in problematic substance use, and support additional clinical research on psychedelic-assisted treatment for SUD.", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-01-21", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00955", "pubmed_id": "32038317", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00955", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Cannabis, Stimulant, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Harm reduction, MDMA, Medicine, Psychology, Addiction, Heroin, Clinical psychology, Drug, Public health, Nursing, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3001327571\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3001327571\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":154,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091708678\",\"display_name\":\"Albert Garcia-Romeu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-1644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038141719\",\"display_name\":\"Alan K. Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-8893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072823665\",\"display_name\":\"Earth Erowid\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071578213\",\"display_name\":\"Fire Erowid\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S92766711\",\"source_display_name\":\"Frontiers in Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00955\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2299, "title": "Transformative experience and social connectedness mediate the mood-enhancing effects of psychedelic use in naturalistic settings", "normalized_title": "transformative experience and social connectedness mediate the mood enhancing effects of psychedelic use in naturalistic settings", "authors": "Matthias Forstmann, Daniel Alexander Yudkin, Annayah Miranda Beatrice Prosser, S. Megan Heller, Molly J. Crockett", "abstract": "Past research suggests that use of psychedelic substances such as LSD or psilocybin may have positive effects on mood and feelings of social connectedness. These psychological effects are thought to be highly sensitive to context, but robust and direct evidence for them in a naturalistic setting is scarce. In a series of field studies involving over 1,200 participants across six multiday mass gatherings in the United States and the United Kingdom, we investigated the effects of psychedelic substance use on transformative experience, social connectedness, and positive mood. This approach allowed us to test preregistered hypotheses with high ecological validity and statistical precision. Controlling for a host of demographic variables and the use of other psychoactive substances, we found that psychedelic substance use was significantly associated with positive mood-an effect sequentially mediated by self-reported transformative experience and increased social connectedness. These effects were particularly pronounced for those who had taken psychedelic substances within the last 24 h (compared to the last week). Overall, this research provides robust evidence for positive affective and social consequences of psychedelic substance use in naturalistic settings.", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publication_date": "2020-01-20", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1918477117", "pubmed_id": "31964815", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918477117", "keywords": "Transformative learning, Social connectedness, Mood, Psychology, Naturalism, Social psychology, Cognitive psychology, Psychotherapist, Developmental psychology, Epistemology, Philosophy, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3001118513\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3001118513\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":185,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058166923\",\"display_name\":\"Matthias Forstmann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5253-183X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072541386\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Alexander Yudkin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3372-8746\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054096847\",\"display_name\":\"Annayah Miranda Beatrice Prosser\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2381-9556\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012934993\",\"display_name\":\"S. Megan Heller\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014931127\",\"display_name\":\"Molly J. Crockett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8800-410X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S125754415\",\"source_display_name\":\"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918477117\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2300, "title": "Therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin: Changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Lea J. Mertens, Matthew B. Wall, Leor Roseman, Lysia Demetriou, David Nutt, Robin Carhart-Harris", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Psilocybin has shown promise as a treatment for depression but its therapeutic mechanisms are not properly understood. In contrast to the presumed actions of antidepressants, we recently found increased amygdala responsiveness to fearful faces one day after open-label treatment with psilocybin (25 mg) in 19 patients with treatment-resistant depression, which correlated with treatment efficacy. AIMS: Aiming to further unravel the therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin, the present study extends this basic activation analysis. We hypothesised changed amygdala functional connectivity, more precisely decreased amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity, during face processing after treatment with psilocybin. METHODS: Psychophysiological interaction analyses were conducted on functional magnetic resonance imaging data from a classic face/emotion perception task, with the bilateral amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex time-series as physiological regressors. Average parameter estimates (beta weights) of significant clusters were correlated with clinical outcomes at one week. RESULTS: Results showed decreased ventromedial prefrontal cortex-right amygdala functional connectivity during face processing post- (versus pre-) treatment; this decrease was associated with levels of rumination at one week. This effect was driven by connectivity changes in response to fearful and neutral (but not happy) faces. Independent whole-brain analyses also revealed a post-treatment increase in functional connectivity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to occipital-parietal cortices during face processing. CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with the idea that psilocybin therapy revives emotional responsiveness on a neural and psychological level, which may be a key treatment mechanism for psychedelic therapy. Future larger placebo-controlled studies are needed to examine the replicability of the current findings.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-01-15", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1177/0269881119895520", "pubmed_id": "31941394", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119895520", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Amygdala, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Functional connectivity, Prefrontal cortex, Neuroscience, Depression (economics), Treatment-resistant depression, Psychiatry, Cognition, Major depressive disorder, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3000549374\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":211,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070309082\",\"display_name\":\"Lea J. Mertens\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4415-3941\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069665617\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew B. Wall\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-6274\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060501027\",\"display_name\":\"Lysia Demetriou\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5249-0900\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072682798\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-7150\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119895520\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2306, "title": "[Addictions].", "normalized_title": "addictions", "authors": "Marc Vogel, Hannes Strasser, Gabriel Thorens, Daniele Zullino, Jean-Paul Humair, Olivier Simon, Barbara Broers, Caroline Haettel, Corinne Dévaud, Isabelle Gothuey, Thierry Favrod-Counej, Jean-Bernard Daeppen", "abstract": "This article describes a new form of administration of inhaled prescribed heroin currently under investigation. It underlines the particularity of opioid agonist prescription in jail and presents new perspectives in using psilocybin in addiction medicine treatment. A brief literature review about vaping confirms its interest in quitting cigarette, with a cost of addiction to vaping and recent worrisome reports of chemical pneumonia. Finally, the withdrawal of WHO guidelines on opiates use in pain management, in the context of a suspicion of conflict of interest, underlines the sensible balance between over- and under- prescription of opiates in analgesic treatment.", "journal": "PubMed", "publication_date": "2020-01-14", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "31961074", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31961074", "keywords": "Psychology, Opioid Use Disorder Treatment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4293217648\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4293217648\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052731996\",\"display_name\":\"Marc Vogel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3088-0331\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112169886\",\"display_name\":\"Hannes Strasser\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011794985\",\"display_name\":\"Gabriel Thorens\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3622-9179\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024403583\",\"display_name\":\"Daniele Zullino\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-8965\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113900620\",\"display_name\":\"Jean-Paul Humair\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048218719\",\"display_name\":\"Olivier Simon\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0407-6200\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088300081\",\"display_name\":\"Barbara Broers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8707-1765\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040515954\",\"display_name\":\"Caroline Haettel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017870194\",\"display_name\":\"Corinne Dévaud\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078718573\",\"display_name\":\"Isabelle Gothuey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9093-5747\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023189983\",\"display_name\":\"Thierry Favrod-Counej\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014503059\",\"display_name\":\"Jean-Bernard Daeppen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7059-1393\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306525036\",\"source_display_name\":\"PubMed\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31961074\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3874, "title": "Comparative Acute Effects of LSD, Psilocybin and Mescaline", "normalized_title": "comparative acute effects of lsd psilocybin and mescaline", "authors": "Case Medical Research", "abstract": "", "journal": "Case Medical Research", "publication_date": "2020-01-13", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.31525/ct1-nct04227756", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct04227756", "keywords": "Mescaline, Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Pharmacology, Medicine, Serotonin, Internal medicine, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4253665065\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4253665065\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Case Medical Research\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210239733\",\"source_display_name\":\"Case Medical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct04227756\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3875, "title": "Matthew Oram, The Trials of Psychedelic Therapy: LSD Psychotherapy in America", "normalized_title": "matthew oram the trials of psychedelic therapy lsd psychotherapy in america", "authors": "Michael Draper", "abstract": "Psychedelics are back in vogue. In popular culture, political legislation, and scientific research, we appear to be witnessing an early twenty-first century renaissance of the heady acid days of the 1960s. The success of Michael Pollan’s 2018 New York Times bestseller, How to Change Your Mind, the decriminalization of psilocybin-containing mushrooms in Denver in 2019, followed by all plant entheogens in Oakland the same year, alongside a surge of papers and pilot studies into psychedelic-assisted therapeutics throughout the 2010s, all indicate a relaxing of attitudes after half a century of alarmist proscription of hallucinogens. It is in this context that Matthew Oram has published The Trials of Psychedelic Therapy: LSD Psychotherapy in America. In this meticulous account Oram traces the history of medical research into the use of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of mental disorders in post World War II America. However, as Oram emphasizes in his introduction, this is not another addition to the profusion of books on 1960s drug culture. The double meaning in the title hints at the deeper concern at the heart of the book: the problematic relationship between experimental and non-orthodox therapeutics and institutionalized, state regulated medical research. Tensions between fringe and orthodoxy in modern medicine have been a persistent feature of health and healing in the western world from at least the mid-nineteenth century. Oram’s examination of such tensions in the mid-twentieth century, when LSD offered medical researchers the tantalizing prospect of bridging the divide between cognitive therapy and psychiatric drug treatment, represents a nuanced and refreshing intervention in the historical literature on clinical medicine, drug regulation, and the mind sciences.", "journal": "Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences", "publication_date": "2020-01-12", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1093/jhmas/jraa002", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jraa002", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Proscription, Context (archaeology), Lysergic acid diethylamide, The Renaissance, Politics, Spiritualism, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Political science, Psychiatry, Art, Medicine, History, Alternative medicine, Art history, Law, Archaeology, Receptor, Internal medicine, Serotonin, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, History of Science and Medicine, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3003307608\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3003307608\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023898742\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Draper\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S107525555\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jraa002\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2263, "title": "Psilocybin Induces Time-Dependent Changes in Global Functional Connectivity", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces time dependent changes in global functional connectivity", "authors": "Katrin H. Preller, Patricia Duerler, Joshua B. Burt, Jie Lisa Ji, Brendan Adkinson, Philipp Stämpfli, Erich Seifritz, Grega Repovš, John H. Krystal, John D. Murray, Alan Anticevic, Franz X. Vollenweider", "abstract": "", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2020-01-12", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.12.027", "pubmed_id": "32111343", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.12.027", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Psychology, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Hallucinogen, Sensory system, Serotonin, Functional connectivity, Medicine, Pharmacology, Receptor, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2999279320\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":198,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040977207\",\"display_name\":\"Katrin H. Preller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0413-7672\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5032942211\",\"display_name\":\"Patricia Duerler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1068-3234\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084953630\",\"display_name\":\"Joshua B. Burt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-2091\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079398127\",\"display_name\":\"Jie Lisa Ji\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6280-9070\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036732582\",\"display_name\":\"Brendan Adkinson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3196-8674\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064966055\",\"display_name\":\"Philipp Stämpfli\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1684-2416\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045362944\",\"display_name\":\"Erich Seifritz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-4426\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063201290\",\"display_name\":\"Grega Repovš\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1837-3879\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071039477\",\"display_name\":\"John H. Krystal\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6952-1726\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024452548\",\"display_name\":\"John D. Murray\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4115-8181\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003407293\",\"display_name\":\"Alan Anticevic\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-0536\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S205482884\",\"source_display_name\":\"Biological Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.12.027\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3876, "title": "Med Check: Sage’s Treatment; Cannabidiol Products; Pimavanserin; Cognitive Supplements", "normalized_title": "med check sage s treatment cannabidiol products pimavanserin cognitive supplements", "authors": "Terri D’Arrigo", "abstract": "Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Med CheckFull AccessMed Check: Sage's Treatment; Cannabidiol Products; Pimavanserin; Cognitive SupplementsTerri D'ArrigoTerri D'ArrigoPublished Online:9 Jan 2020https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.1a1Sage's Treatment for Major Depression Fails Phase 3In December Sage Therapeutics announced that its investigational oral drug SAGE-217 did not meet its primary endpoint in a phase 3 trial for major depressive disorder. In the MOUNTAIN Study, patients given 30 mg of SAGE-217 daily had greater decreases from baseline on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) at days 3, 8, and 12 compared with those who received placebo. However, on day 15, there was no statistically significant reduction from baseline compared with placebo between the two groups.An analysis of the results revealed that approximately 9% of patients assigned to the active drug group did not take the medication. After accounting for this, further analysis suggested that a statistically significant reduction in HAM-D scores persisted through day 15.Earlier this year, the ROBIN Study, another phase 3 trial, suggested that the drug may reduce symptoms of postpartum depression within two weeks.FDA Grants Psilocybin Breakthrough Status for DepressionIn November 2019 the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation to psilocybin, in development by the Usona Institute, for the treatment of major depressive disorder. The FDA grants Breakthrough Therapy status to expedite the development and review of drugs that are intended to treat a serious condition when preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drugs may demonstrate substantial improvement over available therapies.Usona recently launched a phase 2 clinical trial of psilocybin that will include 80 patients aged 21 to 65 years with depression. The trial will compare a single 25 mg oral dose of psilocybin with a single 100 mg oral dose of niacin, a form of vitamin B3, which will serve as a placebo. The primary outcome will be reduction on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale total score from baseline to day 8.FDA Warns 15 Companies for Illegally Selling Cannabidiol ProductsIn November the FDA sent warning letters to 15 companies for selling cannabidiol (CBD) products in ways that violate the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The violations include marketing CBD products to treat diseases or for other therapeutic uses for humans or animals, marketing CBD products as dietary supplements, and adding CBD to human and animal foods. Furthermore, some of the products were marketed for infants and children.The FDA also published a revised Consumer Update detailing safety concerns about CBD products. In a statement, the agency said that it \"cannot conclude that CBD is generally recognized as safe … among qualified experts for its use in human or animal food.\"An FDA statement that includes the names of the companies involved is posted here. The revised Consumer Update is posted here.Pimavanserin Shows Promise for Negative Symptoms of SchizophreniaPatients who took Nuplazid (pimavanserin) in addition to their regular antipsychotic medication experienced statistically significant reductions in negative symptoms of schizophrenia compared with those who took placebo and their regular antipsychotic medication, Acadia Pharmaceuticals announced in November.In the phase 2 ADVANCE study trial, 403 patients with predominantly negative symptoms (such as withdrawal, apathy, and anhedonia) were randomized to receive once-daily pimavanserin or placebo as an adjunct treatment to their ongoing antipsychotic in a flexible-dosing regimen. The starting daily dose of 20 mg of pimavanserin at baseline could have been adjusted to 34 mg or 10 mg during the first eight weeks of treatment. At 26 weeks, those in the pimavanserin group experienced a mean reduction of 10.4 points on the Negative Symptom Assessment-16 total score, compared with a reduction of 8.5 points for the placebo group. Those who took the highest dose of pimavanserin experienced a mean reduction of 11.6 points.In July Acadia announced that although adding pimavanserin to existing antipsychotic treatment improved psychotic symptoms in a six-week phase 3 trial of people with schizophrenia (as demonstrated by change from baseline in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), the results were not clinically significant.Unapproved Drug Found in Some Cognitive SupplementsPeople who buy cognitive enhancement supplements may be exposed to high dosages of piracetam, a drug currently not approved in the United States, a study in JAMA Internal Medicine has found. Piracetam is prescribed in many European countries for cognitive impairment, dementia, and other conditions, but the FDA does not allow its sale either as a drug or a supplement in the United States.Peter A. Cohen, M.D., of the Cambridge Health Alliance and Harvard Medical School and colleagues analyzed 10 samples from five brands of supplements that they found and bought online. Eight samples from four brands contained from 831 mg to 1,542 mg of piracetam per serving size. Some brands recommended daily servings that could expose people to more than 11,000 mg of piracetam per day-much higher than the European doses of 2,400 mg to 4,800 mg per day.The authors noted that adverse effects of piracetam include anxiety, insomnia, agitation, depression, drowsiness, and weight gain.\"Until the law governing supplements is reformed such that products adulterated with drugs can be effectively removed from the market, clinicians should advise patients that supplements marketed as cognitive enhancers may contain prohibited drugs at supratherapeutic doses,\" the researchers concluded.\"Presence of Piracetam in Cognitive Enhancement Dietary Supplements\" is posted here. ■ ISSUES NewArchived", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2020-01-08", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2020.1a1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.1a1", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Placebo, Medicine, Clinical endpoint, Clinical trial, Depression (economics), SAGE, Internal medicine, Psychiatry, Alternative medicine, Hallucinogen, Economics, Pathology, Macroeconomics, Physics, Nuclear physics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Mental Health Research Topics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2999438708\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2999438708\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056763663\",\"display_name\":\"Terri D’Arrigo\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.1a1\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2302, "title": "Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric and existential distress in patients with life-threatening cancer", "normalized_title": "long term follow up of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric and existential distress in patients with life threatening cancer", "authors": "Gabrielle Agin-Liebes, Tara C. Malone, Matthew M. Yalch, Sarah E. Mennenga, Katherine Ponte, Jeffrey Guss, Anthony P. Bossis, Jim Grigsby, Stacy M. Fischer, Stephen Ross", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: A recently published randomized controlled trial compared single-dose psilocybin with single-dose niacin in conjunction with psychotherapy in participants with cancer-related psychiatric distress. Results suggested that psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy facilitated improvements in psychiatric and existential distress, quality of life, and spiritual well-being up to seven weeks prior to the crossover. At the 6.5-month follow-up, after the crossover, 60-80% of participants continued to meet criteria for clinically significant antidepressant or anxiolytic responses. METHODS: The present study is a long-term within-subjects follow-up analysis of self-reported symptomatology involving a subset of participants that completed the parent trial. All 16 participants who were still alive were contacted, and 15 participants agreed to participate at an average of 3.2 and 4.5 years following psilocybin administration. RESULTS: Reductions in anxiety, depression, hopelessness, demoralization, and death anxiety were sustained at the first and second follow-ups. Within-group effect sizes were large. At the second (4.5 year) follow-up approximately 60-80% of participants met criteria for clinically significant antidepressant or anxiolytic responses. Participants overwhelmingly (71-100%) attributed positive life changes to the psilocybin-assisted therapy experience and rated it among the most personally meaningful and spiritually significant experiences of their lives. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy holds promise in promoting long-term relief from cancer-related psychiatric distress. Limited conclusions, however, can be drawn regarding the efficacy of this therapy due to the crossover design of the parent study. Nonetheless, the present study adds to the emerging literature base suggesting that psilocybin-facilitated therapy may enhance the psychological, emotional, and spiritual well-being of patients with life-threatening cancer.", "journal": "Journal of Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2020-01-08", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1177/0269881119897615", "pubmed_id": "31916890", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119897615", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Distress, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, Psychology, Existentialism, Cancer, Term (time), Quality of life (healthcare), Hallucinogen, Medicine, Clinical psychology, Quantum mechanics, Epistemology, Philosophy, Internal medicine, Physics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Pain Management and Placebo Effect, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3000636165\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":353,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041698353\",\"display_name\":\"Gabrielle Agin-Liebes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-229X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072909845\",\"display_name\":\"Tara C. Malone\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008975339\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew M. Yalch\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1965-0041\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087382833\",\"display_name\":\"Sarah E. Mennenga\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043859431\",\"display_name\":\"Katherine Ponte\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026405762\",\"display_name\":\"Jeffrey Guss\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015516801\",\"display_name\":\"Anthony P. Bossis\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049402654\",\"display_name\":\"Jim Grigsby\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1002-9807\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000572590\",\"display_name\":\"Stacy M. Fischer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2814-7576\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007445878\",\"display_name\":\"Stephen Ross\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-3037\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S136368880\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119897615\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Randomized Controlled Trial,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3877, "title": "An Improved, Practical, and Scalable Five-Step Synthesis of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "an improved practical and scalable five step synthesis of psilocybin", "authors": "Robert B. Kargbo, Alexander M. Sherwood, Poncho Meisenheimer, Gary Tarpley", "abstract": "Described herein is an improved synthesis of 3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yl dihydrogen phosphate (psilocybin). The protocol outlines: synthesis of multigram quantities of psilocybin, identification of critical in-process parameters, and isolation of psilocybin without the use of chromatography, TLC, or aqueous workup. The synthesis furnishes psilocybin in five steps in 23% overall yield from an inexpensive acetoxyindole starting material. With specific focus on process control and impurity fate and removal, the improved procedure is amenable to providing high-quality psilocybin.", "journal": "Synthesis", "publication_date": "2020-01-07", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1055/s-0039-1691565", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1691565", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Chemistry, Yield (engineering), Combinatorial chemistry, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Medicine, Materials science, Metallurgy, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2999478951\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2999478951\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":31,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090796568\",\"display_name\":\"Robert B. Kargbo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5539-6343\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029982811\",\"display_name\":\"Alexander M. Sherwood\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0895-0791\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002485823\",\"display_name\":\"Poncho Meisenheimer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1918-3153\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033314729\",\"display_name\":\"Gary Tarpley\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S197964166\",\"source_display_name\":\"Synthesis\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1691565\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3878, "title": "Social Work and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies: Practice Considerations for Breakthrough Treatments", "normalized_title": "social work and psychedelic assisted therapies practice considerations for breakthrough treatments", "authors": "Courtney Hutchison, Sara Bressi", "abstract": "", "journal": "Clinical Social Work Journal", "publication_date": "2020-01-06", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1007/s10615-019-00743-x", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-019-00743-x", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Context (archaeology), Clinical social work, MDMA, Mental health, Social work, Social anxiety, Anxiety, Engineering ethics, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Political science, Engineering, Paleontology, Law, Biology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2999340014\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2999340014\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":18,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050522555\",\"display_name\":\"Courtney Hutchison\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2420-4513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5060256556\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Bressi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9294-6466\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S412057\",\"source_display_name\":\"Clinical Social Work Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-019-00743-x\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3879, "title": "Repeat Dosing of Psilocybin in Migraine Headache", "normalized_title": "repeat dosing of psilocybin in migraine headache", "authors": "Case Medical Research", "abstract": "", "journal": "Case Medical Research", "publication_date": "2020-01-05", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.31525/ct1-nct04218539", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct04218539", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Dosing, Migraine, Medicine, Anesthesia, Sumatriptan, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Internal medicine, Agonist, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4240848632\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4240848632\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Case Medical Research\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210239733\",\"source_display_name\":\"Case Medical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct04218539\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2301, "title": "The experimental effects of psilocybin on symptoms of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis.", "normalized_title": "the experimental effects of psilocybin on symptoms of anxiety and depression a meta analysis", "authors": "Goldberg SB, Pace BT, Nicholas CR, Raison CL, Hutson PR.", "abstract": "The current meta-analysis examined the effects of psilocybin in combination with behavioral interventions on anxiety and depression in samples with elevated symptoms. Across four studies (one uncontrolled; three randomized, placebo-controlled; N = 117), within-group pre-post and pre-follow-up effects on anxiety and depression were large (Hedges' gs=1.16 to 1.47) and statistically significant. Across three placebo-controlled studies, pre-post placebo-controlled effects were also large (gs = 0.82 to 0.83) and statistically significant. No serious adverse events were reported. Limitations include the small number of studies and risk for bias within studies. Results tentatively support future research on psilocybin for the treatment of anxiety and depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2020-01-01", "publication_year": 2020, "doi": "10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112749", "pubmed_id": "31931272", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112749", "keywords": "Humans, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Anxiety, Female, Male, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31931272\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3900, "title": "The mystical experience and its neural correlates.", "normalized_title": "the mystical experience and its neural correlates", "authors": "Woollacott", "abstract": "Despite their different etiologies, three types of spiritually transformative experiences (STEs)--near-death experiences, psilocybin experiences, and meditative experiences of cosmic consciousness--appear to have attributes that are common to a broad range of mystical experiences, including an experience of expanded awareness. In addition, all three appear to be associated with profound and lasting transformations in the lives of experiencers. Finally, these three experiences appear to share some common neural correlates. In this article, we discuss similarities in case studies of these STEs, in data from controlled clinical research studies on their transformative effects, as well as from neurophysiological data correlated with the occurrence of STEs themselves. In all three STEs, research shows a reduction in neural activity in the major centers of the brain, including the Default Mode Network, the foundation of egoic stories involving the narrative related to oneself and the world in which one lives. It is proposed that during these STEs, reduced neural activity in areas of the brain that normally act as a filter or reducing valve mechanism opens the capacity to expanded awareness, which is associated with lasting transformation in the lives of experiencers.", "journal": "The Journal of near-death studies", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.17514/jnds-2020-38-1-p3-25.", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.17514/jnds-2020-38-1-p3-25.", "keywords": "Neural correlates of consciousness, Mysticism, Psychology, Philosophy, Neuroscience, Cognition, Theology, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4213052931\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4213052931\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058329880\",\"display_name\":\"Woollacott\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S102131452\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Journal of near-death studies\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.17514/jnds-2020-38-1-p3-25.\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3899, "title": "Addictions", "normalized_title": "addictions", "authors": "Marc Vogel, Hannes Strasser, Gabriel Thorens, Daniele Zullino, Jean-Paul Humair, Olivier Simon, Barbara Broers, Caroline Haettel, Corinne Dévaud, Isabelle Gothuey, Thierry Favrod-Counej, Jean-Bernard Daeppen", "abstract": "This article describes a new form of administration of inhaled prescribed heroin currently under investigation. It underlines the particularity of opioid agonist prescription in jail and presents new perspectives in using psilocybin in addiction medicine treatment. A brief literature review about vaping confirms its interest in quitting cigarette, with a cost of addiction to vaping and recent worrisome reports of chemical pneumonia. Finally, the withdrawal of WHO guidelines on opiates use in pain management, in the context of a suspicion of conflict of interest, underlines the sensible balance between over- and under- prescription of opiates in analgesic treatment.", "journal": "Revue Médicale Suisse", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.53738/revmed.2020.16.676-77.0008", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2020.16.676-77.0008", "keywords": "Addiction, Psychology, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Opioid Use Disorder Treatment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4210885134\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4210885134\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053784963\",\"display_name\":\"Marc Vogel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112169886\",\"display_name\":\"Hannes Strasser\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110839437\",\"display_name\":\"Gabriel Thorens\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024403583\",\"display_name\":\"Daniele Zullino\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-8965\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113900620\",\"display_name\":\"Jean-Paul Humair\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048218719\",\"display_name\":\"Olivier Simon\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0407-6200\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088300081\",\"display_name\":\"Barbara Broers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8707-1765\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040515954\",\"display_name\":\"Caroline Haettel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017870194\",\"display_name\":\"Corinne Dévaud\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078718573\",\"display_name\":\"Isabelle Gothuey\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9093-5747\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023189983\",\"display_name\":\"Thierry Favrod-Counej\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014503059\",\"display_name\":\"Jean-Bernard Daeppen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7059-1393\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S159005826\",\"source_display_name\":\"Revue Médicale Suisse\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2020.16.676-77.0008\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3898, "title": "Microdoseren met psychedelica: wat weten we ervan?", "normalized_title": "microdoseren met psychedelica wat weten we ervan", "authors": "Kim P. C. Kuypers", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: The repeated use of small doses of psychedelics such as psilocybin and lsd over a period of time (microdosing, md) has gained popularity and scientific attention in recent years. Retrospective reports from users suggest clinical potential. AIM: To answer the question whether md with psychedelics could theoretically provide symptom relief for people with psychiatric disorders. METHOD: Investigate what the current evidence is about the effects of md with psychedelics on the behavioral level, psychological functioning and mental well-being. A search for relevant articles in PubMed and Medline databases (on January 10, 2020), which resulted in a total of 28 hits. After de-duplication, removal of irrelevant and addition of relevant articles, 23 articles were included. RESULTS: Most of the knowledge we have so far comes from uncontrolled online questionnaire studies in which users report retrospectively or keep diaries of the effects they experience during md. According to users, it leads to positive effects on mood, concentration, focus and productivity. Negative effects, including physical discomfort and increased fear, also seem to occur. The limited number of experimental studies in healthy people revealed that md has subtle effects on cognitive processes and brain connectivity. CONCLUSION: The findings of experimental studies in combination with the reports from users give cause for further investigation into the clinical potential of low-dose psychedelics in combating certain symptoms. More placebo-controlled studies are needed to provide clarity for who (age, diagnosis) md can be effective and for which (cognitive, emotional) processes.", "journal": "Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/846d0214-c866-48b1-9d2f-ff053cc43e22", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Cognition, Mood, MEDLINE, Popularity, CLARITY, Psychology, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Social psychology, Biochemistry, Political science, Law, Chemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3173827426\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3173827426\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024651565\",\"display_name\":\"Kim P. C. Kuypers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-3809\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401843\",\"source_display_name\":\"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/846d0214-c866-48b1-9d2f-ff053cc43e22\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3897, "title": "Is Psilocybin an Effective Treatment to Reduce Depression and Anxiety in Cancer Patients with a Diagnosis of an Anxiety Disorder, Mood Disorder, And/Or Stress Disorder?", "normalized_title": "is psilocybin an effective treatment to reduce depression and anxiety in cancer patients with a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder mood disorder and or stress disorder", "authors": "Brooke Reichenbach", "abstract": "Objective: The objective of this selective EBM review is to determine whether or not psilocybin is an effective treatment to reduce depression and anxiety in cancer patients with a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder, mood disorder, and/or stress disorder. Study design: Systematic review of three cross-over randomized placebo-controlled trials published in peer reviewed journals between 2010-2016. Data sources: All articles were published in English and were selected from Cochrane Collaboration and PubMed based on if they were relevant to my clinical question and included patient-oriented outcomes (POEMs). Outcomes measured: Outcomes measured included self-reported anxiety and depression via the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), respectively. Results: Grob et al. (Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(1):71-78. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry. 2010.116) found that controlled use of psilocybin when compared with placebo improved selfreported anxiety (p", "journal": "Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/pa_systematic_reviews/531", "keywords": "Anxiety, Mood, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Psilocybin, Clinical psychology, Cancer, Psychology, Anxiety disorder, Major depressive disorder, Medicine, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Psychology and Mental Health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3137131474\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3137131474\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088665805\",\"display_name\":\"Brooke Reichenbach\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196547\",\"source_display_name\":\"Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/pa_systematic_reviews/531\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3896, "title": "Heterologous production of biomedically relevant fungal metabolites in Aspergillus nidulans", "normalized_title": "heterologous production of biomedically relevant fungal metabolites in aspergillus nidulans", "authors": "Quinn Kalby Heck", "abstract": "Genetic engineering of molds to produce new pharmaceutical compounds In this master’s thesis project, I investigated natural chemicals produced by fungi which are interesting for the pharmaceutical industry. Fungi are a very large family of organisms that we are still working to understand, and we continue to discover many new species every year. Living by growing on food sources and secreting enzymes to break them down, fungi then engulf the broken-down food. In their lifecycle which is almost entirely at the microscopic level, they interact with diverse environments including other microscopic organisms, and have evolved to produce a wide variety of chemical compounds which they use to interact with their environments. These include defensive compounds that allow them to fight off other species of fungi and bacteria, such as penicillin. For this project I worked with the filamentous fungi Aspergillus nidulans to produce natural products which have potential uses to the biomedical industry. I did this through genetic engineering with CRISPR-cas9, a sort of DNA scissors which makes genetic engineering much easier. I also used a method, which is new to filamentous fungi, where pieces of DNA are designed to self-assemble for genetic engineering called in vivo assembly. By using self-assembling pieces of DNA, I did not have to do time intensive plasmid cloning, saving a great deal of time that is normally needed to insert many genes. In my project I worked to insert artificial gene clusters in A. nidulans to produce specific fungal compounds. I focused on two gene clusters in my project, the first being the psilocybin gene cluster, from two species Psilocybe cubensis and Gymnopilus dilepis, and the second an ergot alkaloid gene cluster from Aspergillus homomorphus. Both of which are biomedically interesting as recent medical research has found them to have a high potential for treating a wide variety of mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and addiction. In my project I showed that it is feasible, using in vivo assembly to recreate large gene clusters in molds. And these artificially created strains were able to produce compounds of interest from the gene cluster. Which creates a solid foundation for future research and possible opportunities to produce larger amounts of valuable compounds. In the pictures to the right one of my strains which produces a large amount of red chemicals can be seen. In the top photo the mold growing on an agar plate can be seen, and in the bottom photo the mold clearly secretes the red compound into the gel. This strain was not a pharmaceutically interesting strain, but it shows the potential in using fungi as cellular factories for production of chemicals. Master’s Degree Project in Molecular Biology 60 credits 2020 Department of Biology, Lund University Advisor: Jakob Blaesbjerg Hoof Advisor’s institution: Denmark’s Technical University (DTU), Department of bioengineering (Less)", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9039033", "keywords": "Aspergillus nidulans, Biology, Synthetic biology, Industrial microbiology, Biotechnology, Gene, Computational biology, Genetics, Bacteria, Mutant, Plant and fungal interactions", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3135840496\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3135840496\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057849088\",\"display_name\":\"Quinn Kalby Heck\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9039033\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3895, "title": "Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Psilocybin from January 1, 1989 to December 31, 2019", "normalized_title": "analysis of newspaper coverage of psilocybin from january 1 1989 to december 31 2019", "authors": "Dax Oliver", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a chemical compound that has received a lot of attention from medical researchers in recent years. However, this research is not merely a medical issue but a social and political one as well. In the 1960s, psilocybin and other psychedelic compounds were widely ingested outside of clinical settings. This alarmed some of the American public, resulting in severe legal restrictions on psilocybin use and research. Today, many psilocybin advocates hope that it will avoid the negative public sentiment of the 1960s. To help gauge public sentiment about other psychoactive compounds, some studies have examined newspaper coverage, but there seems to be no similar published work yet on psilocybin. Building on these previous studies, I read and analyzed every article mentioning psilocybin from four regional American newspapers between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 2019. Three main issues were examined: 1) Has sentiment about psilocybin changed? 2) Has the number of articles mentioning psilocybin changed? 3) Has there been a change in the use of different terms for psilocybin? My study found that sentiment in these four newspapers fluctuated throughout the 30-year period, and a recent significant rise in positivity was only seen in one newspaper. The number of articles mentioning psilocybin significantly increased in just one newspaper. The only term for psilocybin that saw a decrease in use was “hallucinogenic mushrooms.” These results could be a warning to psilocybin advocates about the risk of negative social and political sentiment eventually growing again, though this is not conclusive. More investigation of this issue is recommended.", "journal": "CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/4074", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Newspaper, Advertising, Psychology, Business, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3121348693\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3121348693\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077886257\",\"display_name\":\"Dax Oliver\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196304\",\"source_display_name\":\"CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/4074\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3894, "title": "Meetings with Mother Ayahuasca: The effects of the spiritual experience on mental processes and physiological responses", "normalized_title": "meetings with mother ayahuasca the effects of the spiritual experience on mental processes and physiological responses", "authors": "Linus Pettersson, Hamoar Hadi Hamasaleh Karim", "abstract": "Research on using psychedelic substances for treating various psychological problems such as addiction, treatment resistant depression and death agony seem to indicate that under the right circumstances the use of psychedelics could have positive outcomes on mental health. Studies also suggest that the potentially positive outcomes on mental health cannot be reduced to pharmacological effects alone. Subjective spiritual experiences during the time of consumption seem to have an important role in outcome. Much of the research on psychedelic substances uses quantitative methodology to assess the substance’s effectiveness in treating various mental disorders and illnesses. While the spiritual experience is considered significant and the importance of integration is mentioned, little focus is placed on understanding how the spiritual experience is related to changes in the consumer's mental health. The aim of this study is to establish the connection between the spiritual experience and the changes that occur in mental processes and physiological responses. Using semi-structured chat-based interviews and thematic analysis, we examine subjective experiences during Ayahuasca ceremonies in 11 participants, recruited through an anonymous online discussion forum. An Ayahuasca intervention needs to be understood as a drug induced altered state of consciousness and spiritual experience, guided by a shaman, and influenced by context. The spiritual experience is intimately connected to mental processes and physiological responses. Such an understanding is vital for an appropriate integration of the medicine into a culture that may be skeptical of spirituality and the validity of subjective accounts. The expertise of the shaman in ceremonies seems to also carry great significance for the experience and should be paid detailed attention to.", "journal": "Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9029898", "keywords": "Ayahuasca, Mental health, Psychology, Religious experience, Context (archaeology), Thematic analysis, Psychotherapist, Spirituality, Psilocybin, Addiction, Intervention (counseling), Shamanism, Anxiety, Hallucinogen, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Qualitative research, Medicine, Alternative medicine, Social science, Archaeology, Sociology, Theology, Paleontology, History, Biology, Anthropology, Pathology, Philosophy, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3096572865\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3096572865\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048476527\",\"display_name\":\"Linus Pettersson\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068522432\",\"display_name\":\"Hamoar Hadi Hamasaleh Karim\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306402420\",\"source_display_name\":\"Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9029898\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Consciousness,Spirituality", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3893, "title": "Psilocybin and LSD in the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and lsd in the treatment of depression and anxiety", "authors": "Marcus Allgulin", "abstract": "Psychiatry is in a crisis. Mental health disorders are on the rise worldwide and there are currently not enough efficient treatment methods that would meet the patients’ needs. Hence, the societal and economic costs of mental health problems are enormous, as well as the suffering of individuals afflicted by mental health problems. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are substances that create an altered state of consciousness characterized by altered sensory perception and on some occasions, ego-dissolution, and mystical experiences. In recent studies, LSD and psilocybin have been shown to carry significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders in conjunction with psychotherapy. The therapeutic effects of LSD and psilocybin have also been shown to persist for between 3-12 months post-treatment. LSD and psilocybin, like other classical hallucinogens, increase serotonin availability, which has been suggested to attenuate symptoms of anxiety and depression. In addition, LSD and psilocybin alter the activity of the default mode network, which has been suggested to be overly active in depressed and anxious patients. This essay is a literature review of the neural mechanisms of LSD and psilocybin, their potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders, and how insights about said neural mechanisms may be useful in understanding the possible application of psychedelics in the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders. In sum, recent studies have provided converging and convincing evidence on therapeutic potential of LSD and psilocybin. Yet, few conclusions on the exact neural mechanisms of how LSD and psilocybin alleviate depressive and anxiety symptoms can be made. Although the future of this research field looks promising, archaic national- and international regulations continue to be a hindrance to research into psychedelic drugs. Yet, due to the psychiatric crisis and the promising results so far, more studies in this field are warranted.", "journal": "Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18843", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Anxiety, Mental health, Depression (economics), Psychology, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3093826296\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3093826296\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078099219\",\"display_name\":\"Marcus Allgulin\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400653\",\"source_display_name\":\"Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18843\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3892, "title": "Psychedelics: A Window To Mental Illness; Psilocybin And Depression", "normalized_title": "psychedelics a window to mental illness psilocybin and depression", "authors": "Kiomary Rivera Quintana", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=hpd_corx_stuarticles", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Mental illness, Depression (economics), Psychology, Window (computing), Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Mental health, Computer science, Macroeconomics, Operating system, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3091996077\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3091996077\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055078751\",\"display_name\":\"Kiomary Rivera Quintana\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=hpd_corx_stuarticles\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3891, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in the Treatment of Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psilocybin and 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine in the treatment of depression and post traumatic stress disorder", "authors": "Sofia Gyllvik", "abstract": "The psychedelic psilocybin and the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are being scientifically studied again after a long hiatus, and especially for their potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Their profound effect on cognitive, perceptual, and affective processes have led to several clinical studies during the last decade that have forced the reconsideration of the utility of these substances. The research includes clinical trials with psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for depressive and anxiety symptoms, and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The results have shown a significant reduction in depressive and anxiety symptoms in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, and in PTSD symptoms in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, with acceptable adverse effects. Moreover, the reductions in symptoms have been shown to be sustained several years later. Given the results indicate short- and long-term safety and efficacy, even for treatment resistant conditions, this suggest that these substances administered with psychotherapy are promising and deserve to be taken seriously as a therapeutic tool. The present thesis provides an overview of the latest clinical studies on the treatment of depression, anxiety, and PTSD with psilocybin and MDMA, respectively, as well as reviews the history, mechanisms of action, the therapeutic process used with psilocybin and MDMA, and any adverse physiological and psychological effects of both substances.", "journal": "Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18729", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Traumatic stress, Depression (economics), Psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, MDMA, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3083741926\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3083741926\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075217865\",\"display_name\":\"Sofia Gyllvik\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400653\",\"source_display_name\":\"Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18729\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3890, "title": "Predicting the Efficacy of Psilocybin in Treating Mental Health and Addiction", "normalized_title": "predicting the efficacy of psilocybin in treating mental health and addiction", "authors": "Courtney Ledford", "abstract": "Machine Learning is used to predict the efficacy of psilocybin in treating mental health and addiction by using a random forest algorithm. Psilocybin is a chemical compound found in fungi. Following ingestion, it is converted to psilocin which acts as a serotonin agonist, producing altered states of consciousness and hallucinations. Research suggests the use of psilocybin as a potential treatment for mental health disorders and addiction. An analysis of thirty-one experiments from the Altered States Database was inputted into the model. Past meta-analysis performed on this experimental data focuses on healthy participants rather than participants diagnosed with a mental illness. The subjective survey accessed in this model is the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness (5D-ASC) questionnaire. The forest is composed of 1,000 decision trees randomly assigned data to produce a final leaf node prediction. Ten inputs were added from values determined by the 5D-ASC questionnaire, with the predictive output being the subjects' health. Based on the subjective questionnaires given to participants following the administration of psilocybin, the model predicted through classification, which of the experiments contained data of the clinically diagnosed patients. The model also predicted the variable of most importance as Oceanic Boundlessness, accounting for nearly 25% of the work in classifying an experiment as using clinical or healthy participants. The model is biased towards healthy participants, as only four of the experiments involved a diagnosis related to anxiety, alcohol dependency, or obsessive-compulsive disorder. A limitation of this model is the lack of data to support a split in training and testing of the dataset to validate the model. Current treatment options for these mental health issues depend on medications taken daily, versus psilocybin, which was administered in one to two doses, while sustaining a longer-lasting impact on the individual. A random forest is an appropriate algorithm to use for the small sample size and numerous variables. Machine learning allows for predictions to be made off the available experimental data. As more experimental research is conducted, increasing the amount of data available, machine learning will provide a means to analyze and predict the efficacy of psilocybin in treating mental health.", "journal": "PDXScholar (Portland State University)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/altreu_projects/5", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Addiction, Mental health, Psychology, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Psychotherapist, Clinical psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3080825938\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3080825938\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064056977\",\"display_name\":\"Courtney Ledford\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196300\",\"source_display_name\":\"PDXScholar (Portland State University)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/altreu_projects/5\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Meta-Analysis,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3889, "title": "Psilocybin's effects on the brain and implications for depression treatment", "normalized_title": "psilocybin s effects on the brain and implications for depression treatment", "authors": "Katariina Sarajärvi", "abstract": "Mental illnesses, especially depression, are a global problem that require new treatment options to those whose symptoms are resistant to the current ones. Psilocybin, which is a naturally occurring drug in mushrooms, has become a potential candidate. It affects the brain by deactivating certain areas, causing not only changes in perception and consciousness but antidepressive responses as well, thereby improving well-being. Previous studies have looked at psilocybin and how it affects the brain, and also shown that short trials with psilocybin can cause long-lasting improvement. Here, I conducted an analysis including nine experimental articles that had studied psilocybin’s effects on depressive symptoms. Results confirm that psilocybin does decrease depressive symptoms, even long-lastingly, while only transient mild side effects being fairly common. Some conclusions could also be drawn of which types of patients will benefit of psilocybin treatment most likely. Future research with bigger sample sizes is needed, as well as more focus on identifying the ideal settings and patients of psilocybin-assisted therapy.", "journal": "Epubl LTU", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79481", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Depression (economics), Psychology, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3046649178\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3046649178\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079701068\",\"display_name\":\"Katariina Sarajärvi\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407055297\",\"source_display_name\":\"Epubl LTU\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79481\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3888, "title": "Molecular docking and binding interaction between psychedelic drugs and human serum albumin", "normalized_title": "molecular docking and binding interaction between psychedelic drugs and human serum albumin", "authors": "Hossein Orcid Khastar, Kobra Foroughi, Seyed Shahrokh Aghayan, Maryam Yarmohammadi, Moslem Jafarisani", "abstract": "Drug-plasma protein interaction is a critical concern in monitoring drug circulation and drug-drug interactions. The present study aimed to investigate the interaction of psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), psilocybin, psilocin, and mescaline with human serum albumin (HSA). The 3D structures of LSD, DMT, DOI, psilocybin, psilocin, mescaline, and albumin were obtained from the structural databases (www.rcsb.org, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound). The structures were then prepared for molecular docking analysis by Autodock Vina software. Ultimately, the binding energies between docked HSA and psychedelic drugs were calculated, and their interactions were predicted. It was found that the psychedelic drugs can interact with HSA in the active site and the best minimum binding energies of!7.6 kcal/mol and!6.5 kcal/mol were shown by LSD and psilocybin, respectively. Our results indicated that all psychedelic drugs tested could interact with HSA at subdomains IA and IB. The structural properties of the drugs affect their interaction sites and binding energies. It was concluded that albumin, as the most abundant protein of the serum, could act as the biodistributor of psychedelic drugs.", "journal": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.5114/bta.2020.96412", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doaj.org/article/97d32c1f46414a4aa219dbe4521383fa", "keywords": "Docking (animal), Human serum albumin, Plasma protein binding, Chemistry, Pharmacology, Computational biology, Medicine, Biochemistry, Biology, Nursing, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography, Protein Interaction Studies and Fluorescence Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3046206836\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3046206836\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001524977\",\"display_name\":\"Hossein Orcid Khastar\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072838381\",\"display_name\":\"Kobra Foroughi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044461894\",\"display_name\":\"Seyed Shahrokh Aghayan\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3821-2928\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003921549\",\"display_name\":\"Maryam Yarmohammadi\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030125780\",\"display_name\":\"Moslem Jafarisani\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8341-6049\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401280\",\"source_display_name\":\"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doaj.org/article/97d32c1f46414a4aa219dbe4521383fa\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3887, "title": "Elaboración y validación de un cuestionario para la detección del riesgo de reacciones adversas graves por empleo de drogas psicodélicas en terapia", "normalized_title": "elaboración y validación de un cuestionario para la detección del riesgo de reacciones adversas graves por empleo de drogas psicodélicas en terapia", "authors": "Genís Oña", "abstract": "Development and Validation of a Questionnaire to Detect the Risk of Serious Adverse Reactions Due to the Use of Psychedelic Drug in Therapy. \\nThe use of psychedelic drugs for the treatment of some mental disorders is increasing. However, their use is associated to certain risks, being the most important the exacerbation of mental disorders, mainly psychosis or bipolar disorder. While both 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybin are on the Phase-III of the process of drug commercialization, there are not enough screening strategies in order to ensure the safety of patients who will receive those treatments. This article presents the development and validation of a test that assesses the risk of developing psychotic or bipolar disorders using two samples of 156 and 510 participants. The Graded Response Model from Item Response Theory was used. The final version of the test, composed by 30 items, shows very satisfactory psychometric indices, allowing its use as a screening tool in experimental or clinical settings.", "journal": "Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaiart?codigo=7487729", "keywords": "Psychology, Exacerbation, Bipolar disorder, Psychiatry, Medicine, Lithium (medication), Immunology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3044098839\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3044098839\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070858256\",\"display_name\":\"Genís Oña\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2741-2876\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401293\",\"source_display_name\":\"Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaiart?codigo=7487729\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3886, "title": "Drugs and the Music Industry: How the Neurological and Visual Effects of LSD and Psilocybin Impact Creativity and Songwriting Abilities", "normalized_title": "drugs and the music industry how the neurological and visual effects of lsd and psilocybin impact creativity and songwriting abilities", "authors": "Ammar Jawad", "abstract": "Drugs and the Music Industry: How the Neurological and Visual Effects of LSD and Psilocybin Impact Creativity and Songwriting Abilities Ammar Jawad, Depts. of Biology and Chemistry, with Prof. Mary Boyes, VCU Honors College The 5-hydroxy-tryptamine 2A receptor, 5-HT2A, is a G protein-coupled receptor that belongs to a subtype of receptors known as serotonergic receptors. The 5-HT2A receptor plays a wide variety of roles that are pivotal in the optimal functionality of the brain, such as mediating the neurological, visual, and auditory pathways of the central nervous system. Typical agonists of the 5-HT2A receptor include psychedelic or hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin, and N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Psychedelic drugs in particular have been a means for many artists and musicians to further enhance their creativity, leading to a subgenre of music and instrumentation known as psychedelic music, or psychedelia. Typically, psychedelic music is characterized by feelings of depersonalization and derealization, and artists who’ve experimented with drugs such as LSD and psilocybin claim to have an expanded imagination, along with a heightened sense of creativity and mesmerism. The research presented in this study explores the overlap between music and psychedelic drugs, namely LSD and psilocybin, and how the 5-HT2A receptor engages and mediates the neurological as well as the biological effects of these substances. This study has concluded that further research is necessary to explore the possibility of activating the 5-HT2A receptors with substances that do not carry the harmful effects that drugs such as LSD and psilocybin do.", "journal": "VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/uresposters/356", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Creativity, Hallucinogen, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psychology, Pharmacology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Social psychology, Internal medicine, Receptor, Serotonin, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3034444235\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3034444235\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112454018\",\"display_name\":\"Ammar Jawad\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196340\",\"source_display_name\":\"VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/uresposters/356\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3885, "title": "The Efficacy of Psilocybin Compared to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in the Treatment of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder", "normalized_title": "the efficacy of psilocybin compared to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of adults with major depressive disorder", "authors": "Krista Worden", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://scholarworks.arcadia.edu/showcase/2020/pa/60/", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors, Serotonin, Major depressive disorder, Psychology, Psychiatry, Reuptake inhibitor, Medicine, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Fluoxetine, Antidepressant, Internal medicine, Anxiety, Cognition, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3021977779\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3021977779\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054017635\",\"display_name\":\"Krista Worden\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://scholarworks.arcadia.edu/showcase/2020/pa/60/\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3884, "title": "Psilocybin may help cancer patients with depression and anxiety for years", "normalized_title": "psilocybin may help cancer patients with depression and anxiety for years", "authors": "Laura Sanders", "abstract": "", "journal": "Access Science", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://www.accessscience.com/content/psilocybin-may-help-cancer-patients-with-depression-and-anxiety-for-years/SN2002031", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Anxiety, Depression (economics), Cancer, Psychiatry, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Clinical psychology, Internal medicine, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3005367189\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3005367189\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103358587\",\"display_name\":\"Laura Sanders\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764746627\",\"source_display_name\":\"Access Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://www.accessscience.com/content/psilocybin-may-help-cancer-patients-with-depression-and-anxiety-for-years/SN2002031\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3883, "title": "Development of an improved psilocybin synthesis", "normalized_title": "development of an improved psilocybin synthesis", "authors": "Reham Shaba", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a hallucinogenic compound found in fungi and is currently evaluated inclinical trials for treatment of depression, anxiety and addiction. Psilocybin is aprodrug of the pharmacologically active metabolite, psilocin. The synthetic route topsilocybin relies on synthesizing psilocin from the starting material, 4-hydroxyindoleand latter converting psilocin into psilocybin by phosphorylation. The synthesis ofpsilocybin has been challenging because of the labile nature of the phosphorylationdibenzyl ester reagent and related intermediates. Several attempts to optimizepsilocybin synthesis have been published but there is still a need for furtherimprovements.The first aim of this project was to synthesize psilocybin using literature methods,while the second aim was to optimize the phosphorylation step with differentreagents and conditions.Initial studies focused on coupling the two-side chain carbon onto position three ofthe indole, this required protection of the hydroxyl group which was achieved byacylation in room temperature. With sufficient amount of dimethylamine solution, theamine addition reaction was investigated and resulted in a pure product. Thefollowing reduction with lithium aluminum hydride provided an unknown side-productinstead of psilocin.The first aim was successfully accomplished, up to psilocin, with pure intermediatesbut low yields. The second aim was not achieved due to lack of time and access tothe laboratory during covid-19 crisis. However, a literature survey of reagents andconditions for phosphorylation was performed which enables continuation of theproject.", "journal": "Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-420295", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3089446948\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3089446948\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031470678\",\"display_name\":\"Reham Shaba\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306402042\",\"source_display_name\":\"Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-420295\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3882, "title": "Medicinal use of psilocybin: Reducing restrictions on research and treatment.", "normalized_title": "medicinal use of psilocybin reducing restrictions on research and treatment", "authors": "James Rucker, Jessie Schnall, Daniel D’Hotman, David King, Timmy Davis, Joanna C. Neill", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/32599/", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Risk analysis (engineering), Psychology, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3047998072\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3047998072\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042444567\",\"display_name\":\"James Rucker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4647-8088\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046431231\",\"display_name\":\"Jessie Schnall\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081053543\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel D’Hotman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1616-6913\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101987732\",\"display_name\":\"David King\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8741-4761\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031199581\",\"display_name\":\"Timmy Davis\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049098570\",\"display_name\":\"Joanna C. Neill\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2717-9739\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/32599/\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3881, "title": "Improved colour blindness symptoms associated with recreational psychedelic use: Results from the Global Drug Survey 2017", "normalized_title": "improved colour blindness symptoms associated with recreational psychedelic use results from the global drug survey 2017", "authors": "JEC Anthony, Adam Winstock, JA Ferris, DJ Nutt", "abstract": "It is well documented that psychedelic drugs can have a profound effect on colour perception. After previous research involving psychedelic drug ingestion, several participants had written to the authors describing how symptoms of their colour blindness had improved. The Global Drugs Survey runs the world’s largest annual online drug survey. In the Global Drugs Survey 2017, participants reporting the use of lysergic acid diethylamide or psilocybin in the last 12 months were asked, We have received reports from some people with colour-blindness that this improves after they use psychedelics. If you have experienced such an effect can you please describe it in the box below, say what drug you took and how long the effect lasted. We received 47 responses that could be usefully categorised of which 23 described improved colour blindness. Commonly cited drugs were LSD and psilocybin; however, several other psychedelic compounds were also listed. Some respondents cited that the changes in colour blindness persisted, from a period of several days to years. Improved colour blindness may be a result of new photisms experienced in the psychedelic state aligning with pre-existing concepts of colour to be ascribed a label. Connections between visual and linguistic cortical areas may be enhanced due to disorder in the brain’s neural connections induced by psychedelics allowing these new photisms and concepts to become linked. This paper provides preliminary data regarding improved colour blindness accompanying recreational psychedelic use which may be further investigated in future iterations of the Global Drugs Survey or in a stand-alone Global Drugs Survey-managed psychedelics survey.", "journal": "Drug Science Policy and Law", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1177/2050324520942345", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520942345", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Blindness, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Perception, Psychiatry, Medicine, Optometry, Neuroscience, Receptor, Serotonin, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3096479563\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3096479563\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":9,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043967808\",\"display_name\":\"JEC Anthony\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067738102\",\"display_name\":\"Adam Winstock\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-8015\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053755899\",\"display_name\":\"JA Ferris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113762702\",\"display_name\":\"DJ Nutt\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210227935\",\"source_display_name\":\"Drug Science Policy and Law\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520942345\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3880, "title": "Reported effects of psychedelic use on those with low well-being given various emotional states and social contexts", "normalized_title": "reported effects of psychedelic use on those with low well being given various emotional states and social contexts", "authors": "Natasha L. Mason, Patrick C. Dolder, Kim P. C. Kuypers", "abstract": "Background It has been suggested that the outcome of the psychedelic experience is dependent on set and setting. While scientific research into the therapeutic potential of psychedelics is growing, it is clear that in clinical populations an optimal set and setting will not always be attainable. It was aimed to assess under which emotional and environmental circumstances psychedelic users use psychedelics, and the outcome of use given clinical characteristics, defined as low well-being and higher rates of neuroticism. Methods Online respondents (N = 1967) provided information about their psychedelic use, environment they consume the substance in (setting), and mood state pre/post-substance (set). Based on subjective mental well-being, respondents were separated into two groups, those with low (N = 643), and those with normal well-being (N = 1324). Personality traits, with a particular focus on neuroticism, were also assessed. Results Findings showed that psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin were most commonly used at home and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in a party/festival setting. In most instances, all substances were used when individuals were in a positive mood, and this remained in general positive, or, when not initially positive, shifted to positive, after use. Individuals with low well-being were more likely to experience a positive mood change after use of lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin or MDMA than individuals with normal well-being. Furthermore, as neuroticism scores increased, so did likelihood of positive mood change, as well as likelihood of experiencing negative side effects. Conclusion It is demonstrated that psychedelics are used in varying emotional states and environmental settings. Importantly in the light of future clinical studies with patients, individuals with low psychological well-being and higher scores of neuroticism report consuming such substances with positive outcomes.", "journal": "Drug Science Policy and Law", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1177/2050324519900068", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324519900068", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Mood, Neuroticism, Psychology, MDMA, Hallucinogen, Clinical psychology, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Set (abstract data type), Personality, Psychiatry, Social psychology, Medicine, Programming language, Computer science, Receptor, Internal medicine, Serotonin, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3004031348\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3004031348\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":15,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041055116\",\"display_name\":\"Natasha L. Mason\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-0389\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063898329\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick C. Dolder\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0952-3356\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024651565\",\"display_name\":\"Kim P. C. Kuypers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-3809\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210227935\",\"source_display_name\":\"Drug Science Policy and Law\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324519900068\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2314, "title": "Embedding existential psychology within psychedelic science: reduced death anxiety as a mediator of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "embedding existential psychology within psychedelic science reduced death anxiety as a mediator of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics", "authors": "Moreton SG, Szalla L, Menzies RE, Arena AF", "abstract": "Psychedelic therapies can engender enduring improvements in psychological well-being. However, relatively little is known about the psychological mechanisms through which the salutary effects of psychedelics emerge. Through integrating extant research on psychedelics with contemporary existential psychology, we present a novel hypothesis that reduced death anxiety may be a key mechanism underpinning the therapeutic effects of psychedelics. In developing this hypothesis, we also provide a complementary review of mechanisms through which psychedelics may reduce death anxiety. We conclude that an awareness of the role of death anxiety in psychopathology has the potential to guide future research into psychedelic therapies.", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-019-05391-0", "pubmed_id": "31784805", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31784805/", "keywords": "DMT, Death anxiety, Fear of death, LSD, Psilocybin, Psychedelic therapy, Psychedelics, Transdiagnostic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"31784805\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Wellbeing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2312, "title": "Neuropharmacological modulation of the aberrant bodily self through psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "neuropharmacological modulation of the aberrant bodily self through psychedelics", "authors": "Ho JT, Preller KH, Lenggenhager B", "abstract": "As a continual source of sensory input and fundamental component of self-referential processing, the body holds an integral modulatory role in cognition. In a healthy state, predictive coding of multisensory integration promotes the construction of a coherent self. However, several psychiatric disorders comprise aberrant perceptions of the bodily self that are purported to involve discrepancies in the integration and updating of multisensory systems. Changes in functional connectivity of somatomotor and high-level association networks in these disorders could be successfully remediated through 5-HT receptor agonism via psychedelics. Reported alterations of bodily self-awareness during psychedelic experiences allude to a potentially central role of the bodily self. In this article, we bridge the domains of (aberrant) bodily self-awareness and psychedelics by discussing the predictive coding mechanisms underlying the bodily self and psychedelics. Furthermore, we propose that psychedelically-induced desynchronization of predictive coding might involve modulation of somatomotor, sensorimotor, and high-level association networks that could remediate aberrant perceptions of the bodily self.", "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.006", "pubmed_id": "31816361", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31816361/", "keywords": "Bodily self, Bodily self-awareness, Predictive coding, Psilocybin, Psychedelics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"31816361\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2311, "title": "A qualitative descriptive analysis of effects of psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines", "normalized_title": "a qualitative descriptive analysis of effects of psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines", "authors": "Joseph J. Palamar, Patricia Acosta", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE: The number of novel psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines has continued to increase, but little academic research has focused on the effects of these substances. We sought to determine and compare the subjective effects of various substances. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews with 39 adults (75.4% male and 87.2% White) who reported experience using psychedelic phenethylamines and/or tryptamines. Participants described the effects of compounds they have used. We examined the subjective drug effects in a qualitative descriptive manner. RESULTS: Participants reported on the use of 36 compounds. The majority (64.1%) reported the use of 2C series drugs, with 2C-B use being most prevalent; 38.5% reported the use of NBOMe, and 25.6% reported the use of DOx. With regard to tryptamines, 46.2% reported use, and 4-AcO-DMT was the most prevalent drug used in this class. 2C-B was often described as being more favorable than other 2C series compounds with the effects described as being comparable with MDMA and LSD. NBOMe effects were generally described in an unfavorable manner, and the effects of DOx were often described as lasting too long (12-36 hr). The effects of 4-AcO-DMT were often described as mimicking psilocybin. CONCLUSION: Knowing the effects of various compounds can inform education, prevention, and harm reduction efforts regarding the use of these drugs.", "journal": "Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1002/hup.2719", "pubmed_id": "31909513", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2719", "keywords": "Tryptamines, Phenethylamines, Psilocybin, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Harm reduction, Pharmacology, Qualitative analysis, Drug, Medicine, Psychiatry, Qualitative research, Family medicine, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Sociology, Social science, Tryptamine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2999306893\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2999306893\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":43,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048935006\",\"display_name\":\"Joseph J. Palamar\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8565-9415\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089696001\",\"display_name\":\"Patricia Acosta\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S154207414\",\"source_display_name\":\"Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2719\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2310, "title": "[Psychedelics in the treatment of PTSD].", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in the treatment of ptsd", "authors": "Eric Vermetten, Erwin Krediet, Tijmen Bostoen, Joost J. Breeksema, Robert A. Schoevers, W van den Brink", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often a chronic condition, despite the availability of various evidence-based treatment options. Psychedelics offer new treatment opportunities. AIM: An overview of the current evidence, therapeutic context, and possible mechanisms of action of different types of psychedelics in the treatment of PTSD. METHOD: A scoping review of the available literature. RESULTS: MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has shown to produce lasting reductions in PTSD symptoms in multiple RCTs. Based on a small number of studies, ketamine administration appears to lead to temporary symptom relief. Current studies are investigating whether the use of ketamine in combination with psychotherapy can lead to lasting reductions in PTSD symptoms. Classical psychedelics (such as psilocybin and LSD) induce psychoactive effects (on behavior or experience) that could contribute to the psychotherapeutic treatment of PTSD but have not yet been investigated in controlled studies. Reported positive effects extend beyond PTSD symptoms only. CONCLUSION: Psychedelics may have potential to serve as a catalyst for the psychotherapeutic treatment of PTSD. Most evidence exists for MDMA-supported psychotherapy; relatively little research is available on ketamine and classical psychedelics. Future research needs to show whether the use of psychedelics can be integrated into available treatment options for PTSD.", "journal": "PubMed", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "32816292", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32816292", "keywords": "Psilocybin, MDMA, Context (archaeology), Psychotherapist, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Posttraumatic stress, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Paleontology, Biology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3080697786\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3080697786\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":5,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040746759\",\"display_name\":\"Eric Vermetten\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0579-4404\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083050291\",\"display_name\":\"Erwin Krediet\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022902859\",\"display_name\":\"Tijmen Bostoen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090242296\",\"display_name\":\"Joost J. Breeksema\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8787-4610\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026480246\",\"display_name\":\"Robert A. Schoevers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0760-9866\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001491599\",\"display_name\":\"W van den Brink\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4493-2382\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306525036\",\"source_display_name\":\"PubMed\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32816292\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Mechanism of Action,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2309, "title": "[Psychedelics for existential distress in terminally ill patients].", "normalized_title": "psychedelics for existential distress in terminally ill patients", "authors": "Nina Schimmel, Joost J. Breeksema, Jolien K. E. Veraart, W van den Brink, Robert A. Schoevers", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Existential distress in patients with a terminal illness is often associated with (symptoms of) anxiety and depression. Psychotherapeutic interventions seem effective but effects are short-lived. There are no proven effective pharmacological interventions. AIM: To present an overview of literature on psychedelic treatment of existential distress in patients with terminal illness. METHOD: Literature research in PubMed/Medline databases, supplemented with cross-references. RESULTS: 14 clinical studies have been conducted: 6 with classic psychedelics between 1960 and 1980, and 8 with classic psychedelics and ketamine after 2000. Results of early pre-post studies are promising but have serious methodological limitations. Recent clinical research with LSD, psilocybin and ketamine are also promising although limited in terms of research design and generalizability. Overall, studies show a positive effect on existential and spiritual well-being, quality of life, acceptance and (symptoms of) anxiety and depression. Mystical experiences are correlated with positive outcomes. Few adverse effects are reported. CONCLUSION: Treatment of existential distress using classical psychedelics or ketamine in patients with terminal illness seems auspicious. Larger clinical studies in a more diverse patient population with fewer methodological limitations are needed to draw conclusions about efficacy and generalizability.", "journal": "PubMed", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "32816294", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32816294", "keywords": "Generalizability theory, Anxiety, Psychological intervention, Distress, Psychotherapist, Clinical psychology, Psilocybin, Medicine, Depression (economics), Psychiatry, Psychology, Population, Hallucinogen, Economics, Developmental psychology, Macroeconomics, Environmental health, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3080105950\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3080105950\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034990326\",\"display_name\":\"Nina Schimmel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090242296\",\"display_name\":\"Joost J. Breeksema\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8787-4610\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005031483\",\"display_name\":\"Jolien K. E. Veraart\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9075-4804\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001491599\",\"display_name\":\"W van den Brink\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4493-2382\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026480246\",\"display_name\":\"Robert A. Schoevers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0760-9866\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306525036\",\"source_display_name\":\"PubMed\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32816294\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2308, "title": "[Microdosing with psychedelics: what do we know?]", "normalized_title": "microdosing with psychedelics what do we know", "authors": "Kim P. C. Kuypers", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: The repeated use of small doses of psychedelics such as psilocybin and lsd over a period of time (microdosing, md) has gained popularity and scientific attention in recent years. Retrospective reports from users suggest clinical potential. AIM: To answer the question whether md with psychedelics could theoretically provide symptom relief for people with psychiatric disorders. METHOD: Investigate what the current evidence is about the effects of md with psychedelics on the behavioral level, psychological functioning and mental well-being. A search for relevant articles in PubMed and Medline databases (on January 10, 2020), which resulted in a total of 28 hits. After de-duplication, removal of irrelevant and addition of relevant articles, 23 articles were included. RESULTS: Most of the knowledge we have so far comes from uncontrolled online questionnaire studies in which users report retrospectively or keep diaries of the effects they experience during md. According to users, it leads to positive effects on mood, concentration, focus and productivity. Negative effects, including physical discomfort and increased fear, also seem to occur. The limited number of experimental studies in healthy people revealed that md has subtle effects on cognitive processes and brain connectivity. CONCLUSION: The findings of experimental studies in combination with the reports from users give cause for further investigation into the clinical potential of low-dose psychedelics in combating certain symptoms. More placebo-controlled studies are needed to provide clarity for who (age, diagnosis) md can be effective and for which (cognitive, emotional) processes.", "journal": "PubMed", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "32816295", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32816295", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Mood, Cognition, CLARITY, MEDLINE, Psychology, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Popularity, Anxiety, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Social psychology, Chemistry, Law, Political science, Biochemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3081065706\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3081065706\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024651565\",\"display_name\":\"Kim P. C. Kuypers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-3809\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306525036\",\"source_display_name\":\"PubMed\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32816295\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2304, "title": "Management of Treatment-Resistant Depression: Challenges and Strategies", "normalized_title": "management of treatment resistant depression challenges and strategies", "authors": "Daphne Voineskos, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM", "abstract": "Daphne Voineskos, 1, 2 Zafiris J Daskalakis, 1, 2 Daniel M Blumberger 1, 2 1Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 2Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaCorrespondence: Daniel M BlumbergerCentre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen Street West, Unit 4-1, Toronto, Ontario M6J1H4, CanadaTel +1 416 535-8501Fax +1 416 583-1358Email daniel.blumberger@camh.caAbstract: Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a subset of Major Depressive Disorder which does not respond to traditional and first-line therapeutic options. There are several definitions and staging models of TRD and a consensus for each has not yet been established. However, in common for each model is the inadequate response to at least 2 trials of antidepressant pharmacotherapy. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of existing literature regarding the challenges and management of TRD has been compiled. A PubMed search was performed to assemble meta-analyses, trials and reviews on the topic of TRD. First, we address the confounds in the definitions and staging models of TRD, and subsequently the difficulties inherent in assessing the illness. Pharmacological augmentation strategies including lithium, triiodothyronine and second-generation antipsychotics are reviewed, as is switching of antidepressant class. Somatic therapies, including several modalities of brain stimulation (electroconvulsive therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, magnetic seizure therapy and deep brain stimulation) are detailed, psychotherapeutic strategies and subsequently novel therapeutics including ketamine, psilocybin, anti-inflammatories and new directions are reviewed in this manuscript. Our review of the evidence suggests that further large-scale work is necessary to understand the appropriate treatment pathways for TRD and to prescribe effective therapeutic options for patients suffering from TRD.Keywords: treatment resistant depression, major depressive disorder, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, brain stimulation, novel therapies", "journal": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doaj.org/article/912b2c2cb46d40fe9cce81675290e46f", "keywords": "Depression (economics), Management of depression, Medicine, Psychology, Family medicine, Economics, Primary care, Macroeconomics, Treatment of Major Depression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4389035225\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4389035225\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":19,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082332915\",\"display_name\":\"Daphne Voineskos\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7450-4434\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007967286\",\"display_name\":\"Daskalakis ZJ\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5017497995\",\"display_name\":\"Blumberger DM\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401280\",\"source_display_name\":\"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doaj.org/article/912b2c2cb46d40fe9cce81675290e46f\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2294, "title": "Learning to Let Go: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of How Psychedelic Therapy Promotes Acceptance.", "normalized_title": "learning to let go a cognitive behavioral model of how psychedelic therapy promotes acceptance", "authors": "Wolff M, Evens R, Mertens LJ, Koslowski M, Betzler F, Gründer G, Jungaberle H", "abstract": "The efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapies for mental disorders has been attributed to the lasting change from experiential avoidance to acceptance that these treatments appear to facilitate. This article presents a conceptual model that specifies potential psychological mechanisms underlying such change, and that shows substantial parallels between psychedelic therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy: We propose that in the carefully controlled context of psychedelic therapy as applied in contemporary clinical research, psychedelic-induced belief relaxation can increase motivation for acceptance operant conditioning, thus engendering episodes of relatively avoidance-free exposure to greatly intensified private events. Under these unique learning conditions, relaxed avoidance-related beliefs can be exposed to corrective information and become revised accordingly, which may explain long-term increases in acceptance and corresponding reductions in psychopathology. Open research questions and implications for clinical practice are discussed.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00005", "pubmed_id": "32153433", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153433/", "keywords": "acceptance, avoidance, ayahuasca, cognitive behavioral therapy, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, psychedelic therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"32153433\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2287, "title": "Psychedelic Microdosing: A Subreddit Analysis.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic microdosing a subreddit analysis", "authors": "Lea T, Amada N, Jungaberle H", "abstract": "Self-administration of very low doses of psychedelic drugs to improve mental health and wellbeing and enhance cognitive function, known as microdosing, has received recent media attention, but little research has been conducted. We conducted a content analysis of discussions about microdosing from the online forum Reddit. We examined motivations, dosing practices, and perceived benefits and limitations of microdosing. Motivations included self-management of mental health issues, improvement of psychosocial wellbeing, and cognitive enhancement. Self-reported benefits included cognitive and creative enhancement, reduced depression and anxiety, enhanced self-insight and mindfulness, improved mood and attitude toward life, improved habits and health behaviors, and improved social interactions and interpersonal connections. Perceived limitations included issues related to dosing, adverse physical effects, taking illegal substances, limited or no mental health or cognitive improvement, increased anxiety, unpleasant \"off\" days, only short-term benefits, and concerns about dependence and drug-related risks. Standard doses of psychedelic drugs provided in therapeutic settings have potential as novel treatments for some mental health conditions, but clinical research is needed to understand if this is also the case for microdosing. In the meantime, harm reduction resources should be developed and made available to provide the best available information on the safer use of self-administered psychedelics.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2019.1683260", "pubmed_id": "31648596", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31648596/", "keywords": "LSD, Microdosing, cognitive performance, mental health, psilocybin, treatment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"31648596\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Creativity,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2273, "title": "Editorial: Hallucinogens and Entactogens: Establishing a New Class of Drugs?", "normalized_title": "editorial hallucinogens and entactogens establishing a new class of drugs", "authors": "Müller F, Johnson MW, Borgwardt S", "abstract": "", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00497", "pubmed_id": "32547435", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32547435/", "keywords": "DMT, LSD, MDMA, ayahuasca, entactogens, hallucinogens, psilocybin, therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"32547435\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2264, "title": "Psychedelic Research and the Need for Transparency: Polishing Alice's Looking Glass.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic research and the need for transparency polishing alice s looking glass", "authors": "Petranker R, Anderson T, Farb N", "abstract": "Psychedelics have a checkered past, alternately venerated as sacred medicines and vilified as narcotics with no medicinal or research value. After decades of international prohibition, a growing dissatisfaction with conventional mental health care and the pioneering work of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Science (MAPS) and others has sparked a new wave of psychedelic research. Positive media coverage and new entrepreneurial interest in this potentially lucrative market, along with their attendant conflicts of interest, have accelerated the hype. Given psychedelics' complex history, it is especially important to proceed with care, holding ourselves to a higher scientific rigor and standard of transparency. Universities and researchers face conflicting interests and perverse incentives, but we can avoid missteps by expecting rigorous and transparent methods in the growing science of psychedelics. This paper provides a pragmatic research checklist and discusses the importance of using the modern research and transparency standards of Open Science using preregistration, open materials and data, reporting constraints on generality, and encouraging replication. We discuss specific steps researchers should take to avoid another replication crisis like those devastating psychology, medicine, and other fields. We end with a discussion of researcher intention and the value of actively deciding to abide by higher scientific standards. We can build a rigorous, transparent, replicable psychedelic science by using Open Science to understand psychedelics' potential as they re-enter science and society.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychology", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01681", "pubmed_id": "32754101", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32754101/", "keywords": "LSD, Open Science, checklist, psilocybin, psychedelics, replicability, research practices and methods, transparency", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"32754101\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2253, "title": "Mystical Experiences in Retrospective Reports of First Times Using a Psychedelic in Finland.", "normalized_title": "mystical experiences in retrospective reports of first times using a psychedelic in finland", "authors": "Kangaslampi S, Hausen A, Rauteenmaa T", "abstract": "Despite their acutely inebriating and sometimes unpleasant effects, some people report positive changes in life satisfaction, well-being, or mental health after taking psychedelic drugs. One explanation may be the ability of psychedelics to trigger mystical-type experiences. We examined the validity, reliability, and factor structure of a novel Finnish translation of the Revised Mystical Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ30) among 288 people retrospectively reporting on their first time using a psychedelic. We found evidence for internal consistency reliability and preliminary evidence for criterion and discriminant validity of the Finnish MEQ30. A four-factor structure with factors for mystical qualities, positive mood, transcendence, and ineffability had the best, fair to reasonable fit to the data. MEQ30 scores and having a full mystical experience were highly associated with describing the experience as mystical, spiritual, or religious, and as personally significant, and somewhat associated with the experience being sad or difficult. Mystical experiences were especially associated with positive changes in relationships with nature and oneself and in creativity. Mystical experiences were more common with larger doses. Increasing research suggests mystical-type experiences to relate to positive changes after taking psychedelics. The Finnish MEQ30 is able to tap into relevant information about this aspect of people's psychedelic experiences.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2020.1767321", "pubmed_id": "32511073", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32511073/", "keywords": "LSD, Psychedelics, mystical experience, psilocybin, well-being", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"32511073\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Creativity,Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2232, "title": "Commentary: Psychedelic Psychiatry's Brave New World.", "normalized_title": "commentary psychedelic psychiatry s brave new world", "authors": "Nobile B, Olié E, Courtet P", "abstract": "", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2020.594077", "pubmed_id": "33324259", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33324259/", "keywords": "psilocybin, psychedelics, suicidal behavior, suicide, therapeutic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:39", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"33324259\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2207, "title": "Investigational and Experimental Drugs to Treat Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.", "normalized_title": "investigational and experimental drugs to treat obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Grassi G, Cecchelli C, Vignozzi L, Pacini S.", "abstract": "Treatment-resistance is a frequent condition for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Over the past decades, a lot of effort has been made to address this issue, and several augmentation strategies of serotonergic drugs have been investigated. Antidopaminergic drugs are considered the first choice as augmentation strategy for treatment-resistant OCD patients, but they seem to work only for a subset of patients, and none of them have been officially approved for OCD. Recently, the role of glutamate and inflammation in OCD pathophysiology clearly emerged, and this has led to several investigations on glutamatergic and anti-inflammatory agents. Results seem promising but still inconclusive. Probiotic interventions (considered to modulate the immune systems and the brain activity) are gaining attention in several psychiatric fields but are still at their early stages in the OCD field. Research on new treatment approaches for OCD is moving forward, and more than one hundred interventional trials are ongoing around the world. While the vast majority of these trials involve neuromodulation and psychotherapeutic approaches, only a small proportion (around 20%) involve the investigation of new pharmacological approaches (tolcapone, nabilone, psilocybin, troriluzole, nitrous oxide, rituximab, naproxen, and immunoglobulins). Here, we provide a comprehensive review of investigational and experimental drugs to treat OCD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.2147/jep.s255375", "pubmed_id": "33447096", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/jep.s255375", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"33447096\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Review Article,Inflammation,Immune Function", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3901, "title": "New psychoactive substances and the risks of consumption in children and adolescents", "normalized_title": "new psychoactive substances and the risks of consumption in children and adolescents", "authors": "Viorela Nitescu", "abstract": "According to the definition established by the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) a \"new psychoactive substance is considered any narcotic or psychotropic substance in pure form or in preparations, which is not controlled by the Conventions regarding drugs of the United Nations and which represent a threat to human health comparable to that realized by the substances registered in these conventions considered illicit substances (1). There have been described 4 main classes of new psychoactive substances:synthetic cannabinoids (contained in plant mixtures), synthetic cathinones (contained in various bath salt powders),natural hallucinogens and piperazines (contained in tablets or capsules). Synthetic cannabinoids are synthetic agonists of cannabinoid receptors, constituting a group of synthetic substances that mimic the effects of 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main product from cannabis, responsible for its psychoactive effects (4). Symptoms of poisoning are similar to those of cannabis poisoning but more severe, the clinical picture most commonly comprising: agitation, nausea, palpitations (9). Synthetic cathinones are compounds derived from cathinone -the main constituent of the Catha edulis plant known as KHAT (12). The effects of the consumption are similar to those of amphetamines, methamphetamines or cocaine. Natural hallucinogens are substances that in small doses have the main effect of altering the perception of thinking and mood with the preservation of lucidity along with minor effects on memory and orientation Despite the name, these substances rarely produce true hallucinations. The most popular natural hallucinogens are: salvinorin A, psilocybin and psilocyn muscimol and ibotenic acid. Piperazines are synthetic compounds similar to amphetamines but with weaker effects. The best known are: benzylpiperazines and phenylpiperazines (28). Conclusions. The occasional consumption that can lead to acute intoxication or the chronic consumption of new psychoactive substances represents an important health problem occupying a place that should not be neglected in the pathology of adolescents and young people.", "journal": "Romanian Journal of Pediatrics", "publication_date": "2019-12-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.37897/rjp.2019.4.1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://doi.org/10.37897/rjp.2019.4.1", "keywords": "Synthetic cannabinoids, Hallucinogen, Cathinone, Psilocybin, Mephedrone, Cannabis, Designer drug, Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists, Pharmacology, Cannabinoid, Mescaline, Tetrahydrocannabinol, Addiction, Drugs of abuse, Medicine, Drug, Cannabinoid receptor, Psychiatry, Agonist, Amphetamine, Receptor, Internal medicine, Endocrinology, Dopamine, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3016313434\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3016313434\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5114059062\",\"display_name\":\"Viorela Nitescu\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210207762\",\"source_display_name\":\"Romanian Journal of Pediatrics\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://doi.org/10.37897/rjp.2019.4.1\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Adolescents,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2986, "title": "Hallucinogenic Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Dagmara Ona Reingardienė, Jolita Vilcinskaite, Robertas Lažauskas", "abstract": "The group of hallucinogenic mushrooms (species of the genera Conocybe, Gymnopilus, Panaeolus, Pluteus, Psilocybe, and Stropharia) is psilocybin-containing mushrooms. These \"magic\", psychoactive fungi have the serotonergic hallucinogen psilocybin. Toxicity of these mushrooms is substantial because of the popularity of hallucinogens. Psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin are similar to lysergic acid diethylamide. These hallucinogens affect the central nervous system rapidly (within 0.5-1 hour after ingestion), producing ataxia, hyperkinesis, and hallucinations. In this review article there are discussed about history of use of hallucinogenic mushrooms and epidemiology; pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, somatic effects and pharmacokinetics of psilocybin, the clinical effects of psilocybin and psilocin, signs and symptoms of ingestion of hallucinogenic mushrooms, treatment and prognosis.", "journal": "Princeton University Press eBooks", "publication_date": "2019-12-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.2307/j.ctvs32r8v.16", "pubmed_id": "16401965", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvs32r8v.16", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Serotonergic, Pharmacology, Ayahuasca, Medicine, Serotonin, Biology, Internal medicine, Ecology, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4254152619\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4254152619\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":8,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080476060\",\"display_name\":\"Dagmara Ona Reingardienė\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010531673\",\"display_name\":\"Jolita Vilcinskaite\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048797480\",\"display_name\":\"Robertas Lažauskas\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306463805\",\"source_display_name\":\"Princeton University Press eBooks\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvs32r8v.16\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3902, "title": "Structure Based Drug Design towards Exploring Potential Anti-Psychotic and Anti-Depressant Activity of Possible Stiff Base of Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "structure based drug design towards exploring potential anti psychotic and anti depressant activity of possible stiff base of psilocybin", "authors": "Krishna Kumar Varshney", "abstract": "One among four people in the world are affected by mental or neurological illness at some point of their lives. An estimated number of 450 million people suffers from neurological disorders of one or the other type making mental disorders as the leading cause for disability across the globe. Under psychosis and depression maintenance therapy drug acting on Dopamine (D2) and 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor (5HT2R) respectively are used in clinical practices. Our study is to design several series of novel chemical entity based on scaffold of psychedelic prodrug i.e. psilocybin. As protein-ligand interactions play a key role in structure based drug design, by using molecular docking, we screened 9 hypothetical inhibitors and investigated their binding affinity against D2 and 5HT2R. We have performed homology modelling to predict 3D structure and build a templet using FASTA sequence of amino acid D2 and 5-HT2 receptor using UniProt database (accession number: P14416 & P28223) and swiss-modeller. In this investigation we performed molecular docking and molecular dynamic study using AutoDock software on their respective grid pocket. Several physicochemical description, pharmacokinetic properties, toxicity, and drug-likeness score with respective 9 hypothetical inhibitors were access using QikProp software, molispiration and OSIRIS property explorer web server. The docking results were evaluated based on free energies of binding (ΔG, kcal/mol) and the results suggested that all the 9 hypothetical chemical entity to be potent inhibitor of D2 and 5HT2R. All the hypothetical inhibitors respect the Lipinski's rule of five. Based on these observations, we firmly believe that the stiff base of psilocybin could aid in efficient anti-psychotic and anti-depressants in drug design.", "journal": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publication_date": "2019-12-29", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3528349", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Docking (animal), Lipinski's rule of five, UniProt, AutoDock, Pharmacology, Drug, Homology modeling, Pharmacophore, Hallucinogen, Computational biology, Stereochemistry, Medicine, Chemistry, In silico, Biology, Biochemistry, Enzyme, Gene, Nursing, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Computational Drug Discovery Methods, Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3135591988\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3135591988\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072461383\",\"display_name\":\"Krishna Kumar Varshney\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1051-4115\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210172589\",\"source_display_name\":\"SSRN Electronic Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3528349\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3579, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin on Behavior, Psychology and Brain Function in Long-term Meditators", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on behavior psychology and brain function in long term meditators", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This is a double-blind placebo-controlled study investigating the acute and persisting effects of psilocybin on meditation, spirituality, health, well-being, prosocial attitudes, and brain functioning. This study will use questionnaires and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the acute and persisting effects of psilocybin on brain function, meditation, spirituality, and psychology. The majority of the study procedures -- including screening, preparatory meetings, placebo and psilocybin sessions, and a large battery of behavioral and psychological measures -- will be conducted at the investigator's laboratory at the Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit (BPRU) on the Johns Hopkins Bayview campus. The brain imaging procedures will be conducted at F.M. Kirby Research Center at the Kennedy Krieger Institute (KKI).", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2019-12-29", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02145091", "keywords": "Healthy, Moderately-high dose of psilocybin, O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Moderately-low dose of psilocybin, Very-low dose of psilocybin, Placebo, Lactose, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT02145091\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Aging,Wellbeing,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 2286, "title": "Decreased directed functional connectivity in the psychedelic state", "normalized_title": "decreased directed functional connectivity in the psychedelic state", "authors": "Lionel Barnett, Suresh Muthukumaraswamy, Robin Carhart-Harris, Anil K. Seth", "abstract": "Neuroimaging studies of the psychedelic state offer a unique window onto the neural basis of conscious perception and selfhood. Despite well understood pharmacological mechanisms of action, the large-scale changes in neural dynamics induced by psychedelic compounds remain poorly understood. Using source-localised, steady-state MEG recordings, we describe changes in functional connectivity following the controlled administration of LSD, psilocybin and low-dose ketamine, as well as, for comparison, the (non-psychedelic) anticonvulsant drug tiagabine. We compare both undirected and directed measures of functional connectivity between placebo and drug conditions. We observe a general decrease in directed functional connectivity for all three psychedelics, as measured by Granger causality, throughout the brain. These data support the view that the psychedelic state involves a breakdown in patterns of functional organisation or information flow in the brain. In the case of LSD, the decrease in directed functional connectivity is coupled with an increase in undirected functional connectivity, which we measure using correlation and coherence. This surprising opposite movement of directed and undirected measures is of more general interest for functional connectivity analyses, which we interpret using analytical modelling. Overall, our results uncover the neural dynamics of information flow in the psychedelic state, and highlight the importance of comparing multiple measures of functional connectivity when analysing time-resolved neuroimaging data.", "journal": "NeuroImage", "publication_date": "2019-12-16", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116462", "pubmed_id": "31857204", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116462", "keywords": "Neuroscience, Psilocybin, Functional neuroimaging, Functional connectivity, Connectome, Psychology, Dynamic functional connectivity, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Resting state fMRI, Neuroimaging, Computer science, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2995495462\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2995495462\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":88,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028773395\",\"display_name\":\"Lionel Barnett\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2329-9351\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000583874\",\"display_name\":\"Suresh Muthukumaraswamy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-3920\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084274787\",\"display_name\":\"Anil K. Seth\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1421-6051\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S103225281\",\"source_display_name\":\"NeuroImage\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116462\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3903, "title": "The use of the psychological flexibility model to support psychedelic assisted therapy", "normalized_title": "the use of the psychological flexibility model to support psychedelic assisted therapy", "authors": "Rosalind Watts, Jason B. Luoma", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science", "publication_date": "2019-12-13", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.12.004", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.12.004", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Experiential avoidance, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Flexibility (engineering), Acceptance and commitment therapy, Experiential learning, Context (archaeology), Psychological therapy, Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Anxiety, Intervention (counseling), Psychiatry, Mathematics education, Biology, Mathematics, Paleontology, Statistics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2996321268\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":260,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110662235\",\"display_name\":\"Rosalind Watts\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009587541\",\"display_name\":\"Jason B. Luoma\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3601-7037\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764949934\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.12.004\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Psychological Flexibility", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2291, "title": "The relationship between subjective effects induced by a single dose of ketamine and treatment response in patients with major depressive disorder: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "the relationship between subjective effects induced by a single dose of ketamine and treatment response in patients with major depressive disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Mathai DS, Meyer MJ, Storch EA, Kosten TR.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThe relationship between ketamine's hallucinogenic- and dissociative-type effects and antidepressant mechanism of action is poorly understood. This paper reviewed the correlation between subjective effects defined by various psychometric scales and observed clinical outcomes in the treatment of patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).MethodsBased on PRISMA guidelines, we reviewed the dissociative and psychotomimetic mental state induced with ketamine during MDD treatment. Our selected studies correlated depression rating with validated scales collected at regular intervals throughout the study period such as the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and the 5-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (5D-ASC). We excluded studies with bipolar depression or with repeated dosing and no single-dose phase. We included 8 of 556 screened reports.ResultsTwo of five CADSS studies found significant negative correlations between increases in CADSS scores and depression scores. One of six BPRS studies demonstrated correlations between BPRS scores and depression scores. The 5D-ASC's one study found no correlation with the MADRS.ConclusionsKetamine's dissociative and psychotomimetic effects were correlated with depression changes in 37.5% of studies, but most studies did not examine this relationship and future studies should consider this association since it appears important for MDMA and psilocybin therapies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-13", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.023", "pubmed_id": "32056741", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.023", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Antidepressive Agents, Dissociative Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"32056741\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3285, "title": "Mapping Psilocybin-Assisted Therapies: A Scoping Review", "normalized_title": "mapping psilocybin assisted therapies a scoping review", "authors": "Shore R, Ioudovski P, Goldie C, McKeown S, Dumont E, Queen’s University, Kingston On.", "abstract": "We conducted a scoping review on psilocybin-assisted therapy for addiction, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psilocybin is a naturally-occurring tryptophan derivative found in species of mushroom with psycho-active properties. From 2022 records identified by database searching, 40 publications were included in the qualitative synthesis from which we identified 9 clinical trials with a total of 169 participants. Trials used a peak-psychedelic model of therapy, emphasizing inward journey through the use of eyeshades, set musical scores and with medium to high doses of psilocybin. No serious adverse effects were reported; mild adverse effects included transient anxiety, nausea and post-treatment headaches. Overall, the 9 trials all demonstrated safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy in the treatments of obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance use disorder, treatment-resistant unipolar depression, anxiety or depression in patients with life-threatening cancer and demoralization among long-term AIDS survivors.The literature was found to be early and exploratory, with several limitations: only 5 were randomized controlled trials, small and homogenous patient sample size, difficulties in blinding, and the confounding influence of psychological supports provided. Further research is indicated to establish effectiveness for these and other indications, with a more diverse range of patients, and with differing program and dosing modalities.", "journal": "medRxiv", "publication_date": "2019-12-11", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1101/2019.12.04.19013896", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.04.19013896", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "medRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR105649\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"medRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2362, "title": "[Neurotrophic mechanisms of psychedelic therapy].", "normalized_title": "neurotrophic mechanisms of psychedelic therapy", "authors": "Corne R, Mongeau R.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs, often referred to as hallucinogens, are quite distinct from other classes of psychotropic drugs. Although the subjective and behavioral effects they induce are quite dramatic, they possess little addictive potential when compared to nicotine, alcohol or opiates. Since the discovery of ketamine antidepressant effects, there has been growing interest for these molecules. Serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are gaining attention as potential treatments for depression and addiction, similarly to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and ibogaine for addiction. Although they possess distinct pharmacological profiles, their kinetics of action are quite similar: the therapeutic effects are felt within the hours following administration, and last well beyond drug elimination by the organism. This strongly suggests the induction of neurogenic and plastic mechanisms, including the involvement of trophic factors. This review will explore the literature dealing with the effects of psychedelics on neurotrophins, as well as the plastic adaptations that they induce, in an attempt to understand their surprising therapeutic potential. We will show that although ketamine and serotonergic psychedelics have affinity for very different receptors (NMDA, 5-HT2A), they ultimately initiate similar plastic adaptations in the prefrontal cortex through the involvement of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We will see that although MDMA uses the same receptors as serotonergic psychedelics to alleviate PTSD symptoms, its effect on BDNF levels seem paradoxical and quite different. Finally, we show how ibogaine could exert its anti-addictive properties through a completely different neurotrophic factor than other psychedelic drugs, the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). While the current literature concerning the psychiatric applications of psychedelic therapy is encouraging, it remains to be determined whether their benefits could be obtained without their psychotomimetic effects, or concerns over potential toxicity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-11", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1051/jbio/2019015", "pubmed_id": "31829932", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2019015", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Serotonin, Ketamine, Ibogaine, Nerve Growth Factors, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31829932\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,PTSD,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2277, "title": "S-Adenosyl-l-Methionine Salvage Impacts Psilocybin Formation in “Magic” Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "s adenosyl l methionine salvage impacts psilocybin formation in magic mushrooms", "authors": "Richard Demmler, Janis Fricke, Sebastian Dörner, Markus Gressler, Dirk Hoffmeister", "abstract": "Psychotropic Psilocybe mushrooms biosynthesize their principal natural product psilocybin in five steps, among them a phosphotransfer and two methyltransfer reactions, which consume one equivalent of 5'-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and two equivalents of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM). This short but co-substrate-intensive pathway requires nucleoside cofactor salvage to maintain high psilocybin production rates. We characterized the adenosine kinase (AdoK) and S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) hydrolase (SahH) of Psilocybe cubensis. Both enzymes are directly or indirectly involved in regenerating SAM. qRT-PCR expression analysis revealed an induced expression of the genes in the fungal primordia and carpophores. A one-pot in vitro reaction with the N-methyltransferase PsiM of the psilocybin pathway demonstrates a concerted action with SahH to facilitate biosynthesis by removal of accumulating SAH.", "journal": "ChemBioChem", "publication_date": "2019-12-03", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1002/cbic.201900649", "pubmed_id": "31802575", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900649", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Biochemistry, Adenosine kinase, Biosynthesis, Chemistry, Enzyme, Nucleoside, Natural product, Biology, Adenosine deaminase, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Polyamine Metabolism and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2993991001\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2993991001\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":31,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040915673\",\"display_name\":\"Richard Demmler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3476-2481\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046057419\",\"display_name\":\"Janis Fricke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-3185\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027539660\",\"display_name\":\"Sebastian Dörner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015043702\",\"display_name\":\"Markus Gressler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-7618\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010592951\",\"display_name\":\"Dirk Hoffmeister\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6461\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S154285657\",\"source_display_name\":\"ChemBioChem\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900649\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2313, "title": "Therapeutic use of serotoninergic hallucinogens: A review of the evidence and of the biological and psychological mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic use of serotoninergic hallucinogens a review of the evidence and of the biological and psychological mechanisms", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "Serotoninergic hallucinogens include drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and psilocybin. Recent trials with single/few doses of these compounds show that they induce rapid and sustained antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects. These effects are also observed in religious groups using the DMT-containing brew ayahuasca. The agonist action of these substances on 5-HT2A receptors expressed in frontal and limbic areas increase glutamatergic transmission and neuroplasticity. These neurochemical effects are associated with acute alterations on self-perception and increases in introspection and positive mood, and with subacute and long-term decreases in psychiatric symptoms, increases in some personality traits such as openness, improvements in emotional processing, and increases in empathy. These are preliminary but promising results that should be further explored in controlled trials with larger sample sizes, especially considering that these compounds could be beneficial in the treatment of treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-12-02", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.001", "pubmed_id": "31809772", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.001", "keywords": "Limbic System, Prefrontal Cortex, Humans, Hallucinogens, Exploratory Behavior, Neuronal Plasticity, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Social Cognition", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31809772\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3908, "title": "Forensic and pharmaceutical analysis of addictive morbidity because of the use of psychotropic psychoactive substances in Ukraine (retrospective aspect)", "normalized_title": "forensic and pharmaceutical analysis of addictive morbidity because of the use of psychotropic psychoactive substances in ukraine retrospective aspect", "authors": "V V, Jr. Shapovalov, A Gudzenko, S Zbrozhek, S Negretskiy, V А Shapovalova, V V Shapovalov", "abstract": "Introduction.The use of psychoactive substances is one of the leading factors in the deterioration of the mental health of the population. The dynamics of addictive morbidity in recent years is closely correlated with each other, as well as with other manifestations of social problems: the general mortality of the population; the number of suicides; the number of crimes committed, which in general affects the development of the country. Materialsandmethods. The material of the study was statistical data, scientific literature, regulatory documents, and Internet sources. In studying of the problem, used retrospective, documentary, normative and legal, forensic and pharmaceutical methods of analysis. Results and discussion. The article presents the results of the forensic and pharmaceutical analysis of the addictive morbidity in Ukraine for the period of 2005-2008 based on example of psychotropic psychoactive substances. Distinguished three codes of the International Classification of Diseases of the 10th revision, which correspond to the addictive morbidity due to the use of psychotropic substances: F13 - hypnotics and sedatives (diazepam, phenobarbital); F15 - psychostimulants (amphetamine); F16 - hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, mescaline). Given the indicators of the listed types of addictive morbidity in Ukraine (per 100 thousand population) in a retrospective aspect. Conclusions. Established, that psychoactive substances from the classification and legal group \"psychotropic substances\" refer to substances whose circulation is limited at the legislative level. The results of the analysis of the registered addictive morbidity in Ukraine for the period of 2005-2008 because of the use of psychotropic psychoactive substances testify the following. Stability of the index of addictive morbidity because of the use of hypnotic and sedative substances (F13) and hallucinogens (F16) in 2008 in comparison with 2005; about a 24% reduction in the addictive morbidity because of the use of psychostimulants (F15) in 2008 compared with 2005.", "journal": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "publication_date": "2019-11-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doaj.org/article/0fd5aabbad1a4a6e8eb327e08a5ecdac", "keywords": "Addiction, Psychiatry, Normative, Medicine, Psychoactive substance, Legislature, Psychology, Forensic psychiatry, Psychotropic Agent, Public health, Psychoactive drug, Statistical analysis, Poison control, Mental health, Addictive behavior, Drug, Criminology, MDMA, Scientific literature, Medical and Pharmaceutic Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W7105794842\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W7105794842\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"V V, Jr. Shapovalov\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"A Gudzenko\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"S Zbrozhek\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"S Negretskiy\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"V А Shapovalova\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"V V Shapovalov\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401280\",\"source_display_name\":\"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doaj.org/article/0fd5aabbad1a4a6e8eb327e08a5ecdac\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3907, "title": "P.228 The polypharmacological profile of psilocybin and potential behavioural effects of very low doses", "normalized_title": "p 228 the polypharmacological profile of psilocybin and potential behavioural effects of very low doses", "authors": "K. Kiilerich, Nikolaj Speth, J. Lorenz, Agata Casado-Sainz, Vladimir Shalgunov, Denise Lange, Mengfei Xiong, Matthias M. Herth, Agnete Overgaard, Hanne D. Hansen, Mikael Palner", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-11-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.271", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.271", "keywords": "Chemistry, Guanine, Cyanuric acid, Residue (chemistry), Hydantoin, Acid hydrolysis, DNA damage, Glutathione, Urea, Oxidative stress, Biochemistry, DNA, Hydrolysis, Organic chemistry, Melamine, Enzyme, Nucleotide, Gene, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4252915453\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4252915453\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082704954\",\"display_name\":\"K. Kiilerich\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008308839\",\"display_name\":\"Nikolaj Speth\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001619793\",\"display_name\":\"J. Lorenz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075345095\",\"display_name\":\"Agata Casado-Sainz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8219-9222\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086505311\",\"display_name\":\"Vladimir Shalgunov\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8956-1207\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002640780\",\"display_name\":\"Denise Lange\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0853-1987\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020400356\",\"display_name\":\"Mengfei Xiong\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4666-3884\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031340154\",\"display_name\":\"Matthias M. Herth\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7788-513X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047405265\",\"display_name\":\"Agnete Overgaard\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2058-9986\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005785269\",\"display_name\":\"Hanne D. Hansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-7627\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029766452\",\"display_name\":\"Mikael Palner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6014-2084\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.271\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Oxidative Stress", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3906, "title": "P.188 Long-term effects of psilocybin on cerebral serotonin 2A receptor levels and personality", "normalized_title": "p 188 long term effects of psilocybin on cerebral serotonin 2a receptor levels and personality", "authors": "Mie Madsen, P.M. Fisher, D.S. Stenbæk, S. Kristiansen, D. Burmester, S. Lehel, Tomáš Páleníček, Claus Svarer, B. Ozenne, Gitte M. Knudsen", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-11-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.232", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.232", "keywords": "Psychology, Cognition, Perception, Psilocybin, Association (psychology), Cognitive psychology, Predictive coding, Neuroscience, Coding (social sciences), Hallucinogen, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, Statistics, Mathematics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4248543520\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4248543520\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077245646\",\"display_name\":\"Mie Madsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4397-7339\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045819371\",\"display_name\":\"P.M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014254746\",\"display_name\":\"D.S. Stenbæk\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024662828\",\"display_name\":\"S. Kristiansen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048069173\",\"display_name\":\"D. Burmester\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5085362524\",\"display_name\":\"S. Lehel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056888000\",\"display_name\":\"Tomáš Páleníček\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3109-9539\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015994033\",\"display_name\":\"Claus Svarer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7811-1825\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050311609\",\"display_name\":\"B. Ozenne\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.232\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3905, "title": "P.609 Therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelic drugs: Changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression", "normalized_title": "p 609 therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelic drugs changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Laura Mertens, M.B. Wall, L. Roseman, L. Demetriou, D.J. Nutt, R.L. Carhart-Harris", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-11-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.593", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.593", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Blinding, Clinical trial, Psychology, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Medicine, Psychotherapist, Clinical psychology, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4248055189\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4248055189\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013750321\",\"display_name\":\"Laura Mertens\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074368982\",\"display_name\":\"M.B. Wall\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028858595\",\"display_name\":\"L. Roseman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042821012\",\"display_name\":\"L. Demetriou\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087308623\",\"display_name\":\"D.J. Nutt\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061284186\",\"display_name\":\"R.L. Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.593\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3904, "title": "P.839 Modelling the acute temporal dynamics of psilocybin psychoactive effects; relation to brain serotonin 2a receptor levels", "normalized_title": "p 839 modelling the acute temporal dynamics of psilocybin psychoactive effects relation to brain serotonin 2a receptor levels", "authors": "Dea Siggaard Stenbæk, M.K. Madsen, Brice Ozenne, Søren Kristiansen, Daniel Burmester, David Erritzøe, Gitte M. Knudsen, Patrick M. Fisher", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-11-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.702", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.702", "keywords": "Ayahuasca, Hallucinogen, Ketanserin, Psychology, Psilocybin, Placebo, 5-HT2 receptor, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Serotonin, Medicine, 5-HT receptor, Internal medicine, Psychiatry, Receptor, Biology, Ecology, Pathology, Alternative medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4231945730\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4231945730\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004791170\",\"display_name\":\"Dea Siggaard Stenbæk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-4637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113999896\",\"display_name\":\"M.K. Madsen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021739634\",\"display_name\":\"Brice Ozenne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9694-2956\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075305785\",\"display_name\":\"Søren Kristiansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1851-5363\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038013112\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Burmester\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7215-4269\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021085020\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-0611\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.702\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2318, "title": "Twenty percent better with 20 micrograms? A qualitative study of psychedelic microdosing self-rapports and discussions on YouTube", "normalized_title": "twenty percent better with 20 micrograms a qualitative study of psychedelic microdosing self rapports and discussions on youtube", "authors": "Martin Andersson, Anette Kjellgren", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Psychedelic microdosing is the trending practice of using tiny repeated doses of psychedelic substances to facilitate a range of supposed benefits. With only a few published studies to date, the subject is still under-researched, and more knowledge is warranted. Social media and internet discussion forums have played a vital role in the growing visibility of the microdosing phenomenon, and the present study utilized YouTube contents to improve comprehension of the microdosing practice as well as the social interactions and discussions around microdosing. METHODS: Microdosing self-disclosure in YouTube videos and their following comments were qualitatively analyzed by inductive thematic analysis. Various software was utilized to enable gathering and sorting relevant data. RESULTS: Microdosing of psychedelic substances, primarily LSD and psilocybin, was used for therapeutic and enhancement purposes, and predominantly beneficial effects were reported. Many different applications and outcomes were discussed, and therapeutic effects for depression appeared especially noteworthy. Intentions for use were recognized as an influencing factor for the progression and outcomes of microdosing. The function of social interactions was mainly to discuss views on the microdosing phenomenon, strategies for optimal results, minimize risks, and share emotional support. CONCLUSIONS: Potentially, microdosing could provide some of the same benefits (for certain conditions) as full-dose interventions with less risk of adverse reactions related to the sometimes intense experiences of higher doses. Microdosing may well also mean additional benefits, as well as risks, through the repeated exposure over extended periods.", "journal": "Harm Reduction Journal", "publication_date": "2019-11-27", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1186/s12954-019-0333-3", "pubmed_id": "31779667", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-019-0333-3", "keywords": "Thematic analysis, Medicine, Psychology, Comprehension, Pharmacology, Applied psychology, Qualitative research, Computer science, Social science, Programming language, Sociology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2991503240\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2991503240\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":35,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101398382\",\"display_name\":\"Martin Andersson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7201-934X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011602888\",\"display_name\":\"Anette Kjellgren\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5668-0469\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S150411170\",\"source_display_name\":\"Harm Reduction Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-019-0333-3\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Emotional Processing,Safety,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3909, "title": "The Biochemistry, Toxicology, and Uses of the Pharmacologically Active Phytochemicals: Alkaloids, Terpenes, Polyphenols, and Glycosides", "normalized_title": "the biochemistry toxicology and uses of the pharmacologically active phytochemicals alkaloids terpenes polyphenols and glycosides", "authors": "Chinaza Godswill Awuchi", "abstract": "The research focused on the biochemistry and the medicinal uses of alkaloids, terpenes,polyphenols, and glycosides. Several parts of plants such as bark, root, leaf, stem, etc. are being used torevert abnormalities back to normal, prevent illnesses, or allay symptoms. These plant parts containbioactive compounds such as terpenes, glycosides, polyphenols, and alkaloids. Alkaloids have a rangeof pharmacological activities such as antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine),antimalarial (e.g. quinine). Other alkaloids possess stimulant (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, theobromine, nicotine)and psychotropic activities (e.g. psilocin), and have been widely used as recreational drugs orin entheogenic rituals. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. tubocurarine, atropine). Although alkaloids act ondiverse metabolic systems in humans and animals, they almost uniformly induce a bitter taste. Thecharacteristics and number of the structures of phenol in polyphenols underlie the unique chemical,physical, and biological (metabolic, therapeutic, toxic, etc.) properties of specific members of the class;e.g. ellagitannin and tannic acid. Generally, foods often contain complex mixtures of polyphenols. Severalpolyphenolic extracts, such as from grape seeds, olive pulp, maritime pine bark, or grape skin, are sold asingredients for functional foods, cosmetics, and dietary supplements. Terpenoids and terpenes are theprimary components of the essential oils of most types of flowers plants. Essential oils are used widely asscents and fragrances in perfumery and also in traditional medicine, such as aromatherapy. Similarly,many plant glycosides are used as medicines. Amygdalin and laetrile (a synthetic derivative) wereinvestigated as potential drugs for cancer treatment and were promoted as alternative medicine;nevertheless, they are ineffective and dangerous. Pharmacologically active phytochemicals can haveuseful applications, as well as safety concerns.", "journal": "Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences", "publication_date": "2019-11-26", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.22146/jfps.666", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.22146/jfps.666", "keywords": "Polyphenol, Terpene, Glycoside, Traditional medicine, Homoharringtonine, Chemistry, Terpenoid, Nutraceutical, Phytochemical, Biology, Food science, Biochemistry, Medicine, Organic chemistry, Antioxidant, Myeloid leukemia, Immunology, Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3048487171\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3048487171\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":6,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024003387\",\"display_name\":\"Chinaza Godswill Awuchi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5071-8895\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2738601923\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.22146/jfps.666\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2315, "title": "Microdosing psychedelics: Motivations, subjective effects and harm reduction", "normalized_title": "microdosing psychedelics motivations subjective effects and harm reduction", "authors": "Toby Lea, Nicole Amada, Henrik Jungaberle, Henrike Schecke, Michael Klein", "abstract": "", "journal": "International Journal of Drug Policy", "publication_date": "2019-11-24", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.008", "pubmed_id": "31778967", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.008", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Anxiety, Psychology, Mental health, Cognition, Mood, Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Harm, Harm reduction, Psychiatry, Medicine, Social psychology, Public health, Nursing, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2990036135\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2990036135\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":119,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027610541\",\"display_name\":\"Toby Lea\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-0550\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008932341\",\"display_name\":\"Nicole Amada\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3017-5664\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001710309\",\"display_name\":\"Henrik Jungaberle\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-4211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057430976\",\"display_name\":\"Henrike Schecke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3599-2877\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103246173\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Klein\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-7170\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S60503757\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Drug Policy\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.008\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Microdosing,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2292, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: How do we advance the field?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for depression how do we advance the field", "authors": "Sally Meikle, Paul Liknaitzky, Susan L. Rossell, Margaret Ross, Nigel Strauss, Neil Thomas, Greg Murray, M.L. Williams, David Castle", "abstract": "In the quest for new treatment options for depression, attention is being paid to the potential role of psychedelic drugs. Psilocybin is of particular interest given its mechanism of action, its benefits in early trials and its relatively low side effects burden. This viewpoint outlines a number of key issues that remain to be elucidated about its potential use in the clinical environment, including clarification of the profile of people most likely to benefit and those who might experience adverse effects, longer-term outcomes and the role of psychotherapeutic input alongside the drug itself. There are also opportunities to understand better, the neurobiology underpinning its effects.", "journal": "Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2019-11-21", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1177/0004867419888575", "pubmed_id": "31752499", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419888575", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Depression (economics), Adverse effect, Psychiatry, Underpinning, Action (physics), Medicine, Pharmacology, Macroeconomics, Engineering, Civil engineering, Physics, Economics, Quantum mechanics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2989680519\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2989680519\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":19,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033945101\",\"display_name\":\"Sally Meikle\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7500-141X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030212190\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Liknaitzky\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5690-2263\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073606057\",\"display_name\":\"Susan L. Rossell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7415-8252\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101561809\",\"display_name\":\"Margaret Ross\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3368-6614\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044554133\",\"display_name\":\"Nigel Strauss\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058530050\",\"display_name\":\"Neil Thomas\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7006-6361\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082946700\",\"display_name\":\"Greg Murray\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7208-5603\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010417984\",\"display_name\":\"M.L. Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9483-3008\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052884442\",\"display_name\":\"David Castle\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3075-1580\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S179943861\",\"source_display_name\":\"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419888575\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3910, "title": "Pharmacological and biotransformation studies of 1-acyl-substituted derivatives of -lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)", "normalized_title": "pharmacological and biotransformation studies of 1 acyl substituted derivatives of lysergic acid diethylamide lsd", "authors": "Adam L. Halberstadt, Muhammad Chatha, Adam K. Klein, John D. McCorvy, Markus R. Meyer, Lea Wagmann, Alexander Stratford, Simon D. Brandt", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuropharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-11-18", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107856", "pubmed_id": "31756337", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107856", "keywords": "Lysergic acid diethylamide, Chemistry, Lysergic acid, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Agonist, Metabolite, Psilocybin, Receptor, In vivo, Serotonin, Stereochemistry, Biochemistry, Medicine, Biology, Biotechnology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2991486694\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2991486694\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":37,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5036162393\",\"display_name\":\"Adam L. Halberstadt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5096-5829\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110707086\",\"display_name\":\"Muhammad Chatha\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5022631404\",\"display_name\":\"Adam K. Klein\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1640-9324\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049197736\",\"display_name\":\"John D. McCorvy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7555-9413\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005967499\",\"display_name\":\"Markus R. Meyer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4377-6784\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006156563\",\"display_name\":\"Lea Wagmann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-7912\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006602823\",\"display_name\":\"Alexander Stratford\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5005457342\",\"display_name\":\"Simon D. Brandt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8632-5372\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S160566677\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuropharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107856\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3911, "title": "Injury-Triggered Blueing Reactions of Psilocybe “Magic” Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "injury triggered blueing reactions of psilocybe magic mushrooms", "authors": "Claudius Lenz, Jonas Wick, Daniel Braga, María García-Altares, Gerald Lackner, Christian Hertweck, Markus Gressler, Dirk Hoffmeister", "abstract": "Abstract Upon injury, psychotropic psilocybin-producing mushrooms instantly develop an intense blue color, the chemical basis and mode of formation of which has remained elusive. We report two enzymes from Psilocybe cubensis that carry out a two-step cascade to prepare psilocybin for oxidative oligomerization that leads to blue products. The phosphatase PsiP removes the 4- O -phosphate group to yield psilocin, while PsiL oxidizes its 4-hydroxy group. The PsiL reaction was monitored by in situ 13 C NMR spectroscopy, which indicated that oxidative coupling of psilocyl residues occurs primarily via C-5. MS and IR spectroscopy indicated the formation of a heterogeneous mixture of preferentially psilocyl 3- to 13-mers and suggest multiple oligomerization routes, depending on oxidative power and substrate concentration. The results also imply that phosphate ester of psilocybin serves a reversible protective function.", "journal": "Angewandte Chemie", "publication_date": "2019-11-13", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1002/ange.201910175", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201910175", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Chemistry, Oxidative phosphorylation, Phosphate, Photochemistry, Stereochemistry, Hallucinogen, Organic chemistry, Biochemistry, Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4252339940\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4252339940\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":25,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103876089\",\"display_name\":\"Claudius Lenz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026941467\",\"display_name\":\"Jonas Wick\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110464421\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Braga\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048397358\",\"display_name\":\"María García-Altares\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-1487\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031318965\",\"display_name\":\"Gerald Lackner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0307-8319\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066230640\",\"display_name\":\"Christian Hertweck\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0367-337X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015043702\",\"display_name\":\"Markus Gressler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-7618\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010592951\",\"display_name\":\"Dirk Hoffmeister\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6461\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210200754\",\"source_display_name\":\"Angewandte Chemie\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201910175\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2307, "title": "Simultaneous Production of Psilocybin and a Cocktail of β-Carboline Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in “Magic” Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "simultaneous production of psilocybin and a cocktail of β carboline monoamine oxidase inhibitors in magic mushrooms", "authors": "Felix Blei, Sebastian Dörner, Janis Fricke, Florian Baldeweg, Felix Trottmann, Anna J. Komor, Florian Meyer, Christian Hertweck, Dirk Hoffmeister", "abstract": "Abstract The psychotropic effects of Psilocybe “magic” mushrooms are caused by the l -tryptophan-derived alkaloid psilocybin. Despite their significance, the secondary metabolome of these fungi is poorly understood in general. Our analysis of four Psilocybe species identified harmane, harmine, and a range of other l -tryptophan-derived β-carbolines as their natural products, which was confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Stable-isotope labeling with 13 C11 - l -tryptophan verified the β-carbolines as biosynthetic products of these fungi. In addition, MALDI-MS imaging showed that β-carbolines accumulate toward the hyphal apices. As potent inhibitors of monoamine oxidases, β-carbolines are neuroactive compounds and interfere with psilocybin degradation. Therefore, our findings represent an unprecedented scenario of natural product pathways that diverge from the same building block and produce dissimilar compounds, yet contribute directly or indirectly to the same pharmacological effects.", "journal": "Chemistry - A European Journal", "publication_date": "2019-11-13", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1002/chem.201904363", "pubmed_id": "31729089", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201904363", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Harmine, Monoamine oxidase, Chemistry, Alkaloid, Natural product, Monoamine neurotransmitter, Biochemistry, Tryptophan, Stereochemistry, Biology, Enzyme, Pharmacology, Serotonin, Hallucinogen, Receptor, Amino acid, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Synthesis and bioactivity of alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2983552824\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2983552824\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":78,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088811388\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Blei\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3190-8684\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027539660\",\"display_name\":\"Sebastian Dörner\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046057419\",\"display_name\":\"Janis Fricke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-3185\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051072915\",\"display_name\":\"Florian Baldeweg\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003092397\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Trottmann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2587-7293\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030005124\",\"display_name\":\"Anna J. Komor\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4806-4233\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108803597\",\"display_name\":\"Florian Meyer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066230640\",\"display_name\":\"Christian Hertweck\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0367-337X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010592951\",\"display_name\":\"Dirk Hoffmeister\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6461\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S68911691\",\"source_display_name\":\"Chemistry - A European Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201904363\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2305, "title": "Injury-Triggered Blueing Reactions of Psilocybe “Magic” Mushrooms", "normalized_title": "injury triggered blueing reactions of psilocybe magic mushrooms", "authors": "Claudius Lenz, Jonas Wick, Daniel Braga, María García-Altares, Gerald Lackner, Christian Hertweck, Markus Gressler, Dirk Hoffmeister", "abstract": "Abstract Upon injury, psychotropic psilocybin-producing mushrooms instantly develop an intense blue color, the chemical basis and mode of formation of which has remained elusive. We report two enzymes from Psilocybe cubensis that carry out a two-step cascade to prepare psilocybin for oxidative oligomerization that leads to blue products. The phosphatase PsiP removes the 4- O -phosphate group to yield psilocin, while PsiL oxidizes its 4-hydroxy group. The PsiL reaction was monitored by in situ 13 C NMR spectroscopy, which indicated that oxidative coupling of psilocyl residues occurs primarily via C-5. MS and IR spectroscopy indicated the formation of a heterogeneous mixture of preferentially psilocyl 3- to 13-mers and suggest multiple oligomerization routes, depending on oxidative power and substrate concentration. The results also imply that phosphate ester of psilocybin serves a reversible protective function.", "journal": "Angewandte Chemie International Edition", "publication_date": "2019-11-13", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1002/anie.201910175", "pubmed_id": "31725937", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201910175", "keywords": "MAGIC (telescope), Chemistry, Magic bullet, Physics, Biology, Bioinformatics, Quantum mechanics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Botanical Research and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2988070888\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2988070888\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":54,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103876089\",\"display_name\":\"Claudius Lenz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026941467\",\"display_name\":\"Jonas Wick\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110464421\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Braga\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048397358\",\"display_name\":\"María García-Altares\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-1487\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031318965\",\"display_name\":\"Gerald Lackner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0307-8319\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066230640\",\"display_name\":\"Christian Hertweck\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0367-337X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015043702\",\"display_name\":\"Markus Gressler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-7618\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010592951\",\"display_name\":\"Dirk Hoffmeister\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6461\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S67393510\",\"source_display_name\":\"Angewandte Chemie International Edition\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201910175\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3912, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy for Opioid Use Disorder", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for opioid use disorder", "authors": "Case Medical Research", "abstract": "This website is for sale! casemedicalresearch.com is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, casemedicalresearch.com has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for!", "journal": "Case Medical Research", "publication_date": "2019-11-12", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.31525/ct1-nct04161066", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct04161066", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Opioid use disorder, Opioid, Psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Receptor, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4254672547\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4254672547\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Case Medical Research\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210239733\",\"source_display_name\":\"Case Medical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct04161066\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2224, "title": "DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: NBOMes.", "normalized_title": "dark classics in chemical neuroscience nbomes", "authors": "Poulie CBM, Jensen AA, Halberstadt AL, Kristensen JL.", "abstract": "N-Benzylphenethylamines, commonly known as NBOMes, are synthetic psychedelic compounds derived from the phenethylamine class of psychedelics (2C-X compounds), which originally have been derived from the naturally occurring alkaloid mescaline. Analogously to their parent compounds and other classical psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), NBOMes are believed to exert their main pharmacological effects through activation of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors. Since their introduction as New Psychoactive Substances (NPSs) in 2010, NBOMes have been widely used for recreational purposes; this has resulted in numerous cases of acute toxicity, sometimes with lethal outcomes, leading to the classification of several NBOMes as Schedule I substances in 2013. However, in addition to their recreational use, the NBOMe class has yielded several important biochemical tools, including [11C]Cimbi-36, which is now being used in positron emission tomography (PET) studies of the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the mammalian brain, and 25CN-NBOH, one of the most selective 5-HT2A receptor agonists developed to date. In this Review, the history, chemistry, structure-activity relationships, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties, and safety profiles of NBOMes will be outlined and discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-11-11", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00528", "pubmed_id": "31657895", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00528", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31657895\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3913, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy of major depressive disorder using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a therapeutic frame", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy of major depressive disorder using acceptance and commitment therapy as a therapeutic frame", "authors": "Jordan Sloshower, Jeffrey Guss, Robert Krause, Ryan Wallace, Monnica T. Williams, Sara Reed, Matthew D. Skinta", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science", "publication_date": "2019-11-04", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.11.002", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.11.002", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Acceptance and commitment therapy, Psychotherapist, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Flexibility (engineering), Experiential avoidance, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Anxiety, Intervention (counseling), Mathematics, Statistics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2984820573\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":166,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080146983\",\"display_name\":\"Jordan Sloshower\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7709-5931\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026405762\",\"display_name\":\"Jeffrey Guss\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063135046\",\"display_name\":\"Robert Krause\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6916-5781\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101850540\",\"display_name\":\"Ryan Wallace\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0587-8803\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065680812\",\"display_name\":\"Monnica T. Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0095-3277\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110741678\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Reed\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5045490544\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew D. Skinta\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2365-6323\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764949934\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.11.002\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3914, "title": "The Varieties of Psychedelic Epistemology", "normalized_title": "the varieties of psychedelic epistemology", "authors": "Chris Letheby", "abstract": "Is it possible to gain knowledge 1 by taking psychedelic 2 drugs?One influential answer is 'yes': according to this conception, by inducing mystical states of consciousness, psychedelics afford direct knowledge of supernatural, transcendent dimensions of reality.This is an entheogenic conception of the drugs as agents that \"generate the divine within\".A second influential answer is 'no': since materialism or physicalism 3 is true, there are no transcendent realities, and psychedelics just cause compelling hallucinations or delusions.This is a psychotomimetic or hallucinogenic conception of the drugs as psychosis-mimicking or hallucination-generating agents whose essential effects are antiepistemic 4; far from facilitating knowledge gain, psychedelics actively hinder it.A third, relatively unexplored view is that psychedelics can afford genuine epistemic benefits, even if materialism is true and there is no transcendent reality.From this perspective, the drugs' epistemic credentials do not depend on the existence of anything supernatural.Rather, psychedelics can afford genuine and sometimes transformative insights of a kind compatible with physicalism.Several authors have recently made proposals along these lines.Here I offer a 1 [This term is examined closely later in the chapter.Ed.] 2 My sole focus in this paper is 'classic', serotonin-2a agonist psychedelics such as LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and DMT/ayahuasca; I reserve the term psychedelic for substances of this class. 3Despite philosophical complications, I will use the terms 'materialism', 'physicalism', and 'naturalism' interchangeably, to refer to views on which mind and consciousness always result from or depend on the complex activities of ultimately non-minded things (such as atoms): that is, views which hold that the mental is not fundamental to reality, but arises from or is constructed out of the non-mental.This excludes mind-body dualism, idealism and its variants (such as cosmopsychism), panpsychism and its variants (such as pan-experientialism and pan-protopsychism), and neutral monism (in Russellian and other versions.)It is also intended to exclude all metaphysically literal varieties of theism. 4'Epistemic' is a philosophical term meaning 'of or pertaining to knowledge'.", "journal": "UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)", "publication_date": "2019-10-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://admin.research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/12436068-2f0c-4c50-8bb8-de189a427289", "keywords": "Epistemology, Aesthetics, Computer science, Psychology, Philosophy, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2972222469\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2972222469\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":4,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050099735\",\"display_name\":\"Chris Letheby\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6293-7873\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306402523\",\"source_display_name\":\"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://admin.research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/12436068-2f0c-4c50-8bb8-de189a427289\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3916, "title": "Clinical and Mechanistic Effects of Psilocybin in Alcohol Addicted Patients", "normalized_title": "clinical and mechanistic effects of psilocybin in alcohol addicted patients", "authors": "Case Medical Research", "abstract": "This website is for sale! casemedicalresearch.com is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, casemedicalresearch.com has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for!", "journal": "Case Medical Research", "publication_date": "2019-10-27", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.31525/ct1-nct04141501", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct04141501", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Alcohol, Psychology, Psychotherapist, Medicine, Psychiatry, Chemistry, Organic chemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4234124331\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4234124331\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Case Medical Research\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210239733\",\"source_display_name\":\"Case Medical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct04141501\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3915, "title": "Johns Hopkins Opens Research Center on Psychedelics", "normalized_title": "johns hopkins opens research center on psychedelics", "authors": "Nick Zagorski", "abstract": "Back to table of contents Previous article Next article ProfessionalFull AccessJohns Hopkins Opens Research Center on PsychedelicsNick ZagorskiNick ZagorskiSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:28 Oct 2019https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2019.10a16AbstractA total of $17 million in private donations to the Hopkins center is expected to provide five years of operational funding for the center’s researchers and staff. The center will also train graduate students.With the aid of $17 million in private funds, Johns Hopkins University has launched a center to explore the potential of psychedelic compounds such as psilocybin (magic mushrooms) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or ecstasy) for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.Johns Hopkins researchers Roland Griffiths, Ph.D. (back), and Matthew Johnson, Ph.D., will focus on the therapeutic potential of psilocybin as they take charge of the university’s new Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, bolstered by $17 million in private contributions.Keith Weller“Psychedelics are fascinating compounds that can produce a profound change in one’s consciousness just a few hours after being taken,” said Roland Griffiths, Ph.D., the center’s director. Griffiths is a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Studies both modern and historic have suggested these mind-altering properties can be used in the treatment of mental and substance use disorders.Researchers in the United States have been limited in their ability to study psychedelics for decades, after the drugs were classified as Schedule I controlled substances beginning in 1970. Schedule I drugs are considered harmful, prone to abuse, and without medical value, and thus government dollars to study these agents have been sparse. Nonetheless, Griffiths and others have been able to conduct studies by cobbling together funding from small federal grants as well as private sources.The $17 million donation to the Hopkins center is expected to provide five years of operational funding for the center’s researchers and staff, which include neuroscientists, psychologists, and clinicians. The center will also train graduate and medical students.“This represents the largest investment to date in psychedelic research, as well as in training the next generation of psychedelic researchers,” said donor Tim Ferriss, an author and technology investor, in a press statement. “I sincerely hope this ambitious Johns Hopkins center will inspire others to think big and establish more psychedelic research centers in the U.S. and overseas, as there’s never been a better time to support such important work.”The establishment of the psychedelic center at Hopkins “is a significant development that adds credibility to this field of research,” said Charles Grob, M.D., a professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and one of the pioneers of psychedelic research in the United States. “Hopkins is one of the strongest medical institutions in the country and the place where modern medicine was established at the turn of the 20th century,” continued Grob, who is not involved in the center. He acknowledged he has his own history at Hopkins: He was born at the hospital and trained there as well.Researchers at the Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research at Johns Hopkins will initially focus exclusively on psilocybin and initiate clinical studies for a range of psychiatric conditions:Matthew Johnson, Ph.D., the associate director of the center, will launch a pair of clinical studies exploring psilocybin as a treatment for opioid use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder.Frederick Barrett, Ph.D., an assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, will conduct a clinical study examining psilocybin as a treatment for alcohol use disorder in people with depression. He will also look for blood-based biomarkers that might predict a person’s response to psychedelics.Albert Garcia-Romeu, Ph.D., an instructor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, will lead two clinical trials: one testing psilocybin’s effects on depression and anxiety in people with Alzheimer’s disease, and the other testing psilocybin’s effects on psychiatric symptoms including depression or lability (rapid mood swings) in people with Lyme disease.Natalie Gukasyan, M.D., a psychiatrist at Hopkins, will lead a study testing psilocybin as a treatment for anorexia nervosa.“These will all be early stage studies,” Griffiths noted. “Any phase 3 research will have to be undertaken by bigger groups, but we will be happy to pass the baton.”Griffith said he thinks it will still be at least five years before any psychedelic would receive broad FDA approval-though there might be some limited exemptions to use these substances in compassionate care for people with advanced illnesses-as there are still a lot of unknowns about these powerful agents.“We have to learn from some of the mistakes of the past by understanding the good, the bad, and the ugly of psychedelics,” Johnson said. He noted that he believes it’s important that psychedelic research proceeds cautiously and not follow the trajectory of medical cannabis, in which science is trying to catch up to policy. “Yes, there is medical potential [for psychedelics], but these substances do have risks and we would never encourage any non-supervised use at home.”“We need to follow the data,” Griffiths agreed. “But with this center we have the opportunity to collect that data and slowly bring the potential of psychedelics to bear.”Grob hopes that this new Johns Hopkins Center will spur even more investment in psychedelic research, even if not at the scale of a research center. He noted that there are other places besides Johns Hopkins and UCLA conducting clinical studies with psychedelics, such as New York University, “but it’s important that this kind of research be as broad as possible,” he said. “This way we can get data on a range of populations that differ in geography, ethnicity, and socioeconomics.” ■ ISSUES NewArchived", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2019-10-27", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2019.10a16", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2019.10a16", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Paranormal, Center (category theory), Memphis, Consciousness, MDMA, Psychology, Library science, Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, Medicine, Alternative medicine, Hallucinogen, Chemistry, Botany, Biology, Neuroscience, Pathology, Computer science, Crystallography, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2982427347\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2982427347\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090176075\",\"display_name\":\"Nick Zagorski\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2019.10a16\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Eating Disorders,Consciousness,Biomarkers,Clinical Trial,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2322, "title": "Serotonergic hallucinogens/psychedelics could be promising treatments for depressive and anxiety disorders in end-stage cancer.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic hallucinogens psychedelics could be promising treatments for depressive and anxiety disorders in end stage cancer", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Bouso JC, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "In a recent issue of the BMC Psychiatry, the evidence of effectiveness of treatments for psychiatric conditions in end-stage cancer patients was reviewed (Johnson, 2018). The review was comprehensive, and included traditional and non-traditional/alternative treatments, including herbal medicines and spirituality. However, evidence showing that classic or serotonergic hallucinogens/psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) could be effective treatments for depressive and anxiety disorders in end-stage cancer was not included. In this commentary, we expand the information available on the original article by briefly reviewing data from recent placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over clinical trials showing evidence that administration of single (or few) doses of LSD and psilocybin was associated with rapid and sustained reductions in depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with end-stage cancer and other life-threatening diseases (e.g., Bechterew's disease, Parkinson's disease, Celiac disease). Since these substances seem to produce rapid and sustained therapeutic effects with single (or few) doses and well tolerated, large-scale, prospective, multi-site studies of end-stage cancer and classical/serotonergic hallucinogens/psychedelics should be performed to improve our understanding of the therapeutic potentials of these drugs and their use on clinical practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-10-27", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1186/s12888-019-2288-z", "pubmed_id": "31660905", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2288-z", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Prospective Studies, Double-Blind Method, Anxiety Disorders, Needs Assessment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31660905\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2323, "title": "Characterization and prediction of acute and sustained response to psychedelic psilocybin in a mindfulness group retreat", "normalized_title": "characterization and prediction of acute and sustained response to psychedelic psilocybin in a mindfulness group retreat", "authors": "Lukasz Smigielski, Michael Kometer, Milan Scheidegger, Rainer Krähenmann, Theo Huber, Franz X. Vollenweider", "abstract": "Meditation and psychedelics have played key roles in humankind's search for self-transcendence and personal change. However, neither their possible synergistic effects, nor related state and trait predictors have been experimentally studied. To elucidate these issues, we administered double-blind the model psychedelic drug psilocybin (315 μg/kg PO) or placebo to meditators (n = 39) during a 5-day mindfulness group retreat. Psilocybin increased meditation depth and incidence of positively experienced self-dissolution along the perception-hallucination continuum, without concomitant anxiety. Openness, optimism, and emotional reappraisal were predictors of the acute response. Compared with placebo, psilocybin enhanced post-intervention mindfulness and produced larger positive changes in psychosocial functioning at a 4-month follow-up, which were corroborated by external ratings, and associated with magnitude of acute self-dissolution experience. Meditation seems to enhance psilocybin's positive effects while counteracting possible dysphoric responses. These findings highlight the interactions between non-pharmacological and pharmacological factors, and the role of emotion/attention regulation in shaping the experiential quality of psychedelic states, as well as the experience of selflessness as a modulator of behavior and attitudes. A better comprehension of mechanisms underlying most beneficial psychedelic experiences may guide therapeutic interventions across numerous mental conditions in the form of psychedelic-assisted applications.", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2019-10-23", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-019-50612-3", "pubmed_id": "31649304", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50612-3", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Mindfulness, Psychology, Meditation, Clinical psychology, Psychotherapist, Anxiety, Placebo, Psychological intervention, Psychiatry, Medicine, Pathology, Theology, Philosophy, Alternative medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2981695213\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2981695213\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":174,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082806271\",\"display_name\":\"Lukasz Smigielski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-7644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021802006\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Kometer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050503083\",\"display_name\":\"Milan Scheidegger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1313-2208\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5113153562\",\"display_name\":\"Rainer Krähenmann\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065724982\",\"display_name\":\"Theo Huber\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S196734849\",\"source_display_name\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50612-3\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3917, "title": "Psilocybin for Depression in People With Mild Cognitive Impairment or Early Alzheimer's Disease", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for depression in people with mild cognitive impairment or early alzheimer s disease", "authors": "Kernel Networks Inc.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Case Medical Research", "publication_date": "2019-10-09", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.31525/ct1-nct04123314", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct04123314", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Depression (economics), Cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, Hallucinogen, Disease, Cognition, Psychology, Depressive symptoms, Psychiatry, Medicine, Clinical psychology, Internal medicine, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4247147096\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4247147096\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Kernel Networks Inc.\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210239733\",\"source_display_name\":\"Case Medical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct04123314\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3918, "title": "Modified E. coli pump out psilocybin", "normalized_title": "modified e coli pump out psilocybin", "authors": "Megha Satyanarayana", "abstract": "A team of researchers has turned Escherichia coli into tiny bioreactors that can manufacture large amounts of psilocybin, the ingredient in magic mushrooms that leads to their psychoactive effects (Metab. Eng. 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.09.009). With the compound in clinical trials for treating depression and other brain diseases, says J. Andrew Jones, the Miami University chemical engineer who led the work, scaled-up manufacturing processes may soon be needed to meet consumer demand. Scientists discovered psilocybin decades ago, but the enzymatic pathway that fungi use to make the molecule wasn’t described until 2017. That synthesis, scientists found, starts with a tryptophan-based compound and ends with a phosphorylated product. The phosphate on psilocybin is unstable, however, and in the human body, it’s stripped to make psilocin, which can cross the blood-brain barrier, Jones says. So getting that phosphate onto psilocybin is challenging with synthetic methods, he says, but “biology is good at adding", "journal": "C&EN Global Enterprise", "publication_date": "2019-10-06", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1021/cen-09739-scicon9", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09739-scicon9", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Computer science, Chemistry, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2981873322\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2981873322\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103057976\",\"display_name\":\"Megha Satyanarayana\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3741-9744\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210177211\",\"source_display_name\":\"C&EN Global Enterprise\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09739-scicon9\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2316, "title": "The Psilocybin-Telomere Hypothesis: An empirically falsifiable prediction concerning the beneficial neuropsychopharmacological effects of psilocybin on genetic aging", "normalized_title": "the psilocybin telomere hypothesis an empirically falsifiable prediction concerning the beneficial neuropsychopharmacological effects of psilocybin on genetic aging", "authors": "Christopher B. Germann", "abstract": "", "journal": "Medical Hypotheses", "publication_date": "2019-09-23", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109406", "pubmed_id": "31634774", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109406", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Consciousness, Argument (complex analysis), Context (archaeology), Cognitive psychology, Developmental psychology, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Biology, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Paleontology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Circadian rhythm and melatonin, Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2975681496\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2975681496\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":18,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072900702\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher B. Germann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1573-4651\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S27514295\",\"source_display_name\":\"Medical Hypotheses\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109406\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Aging,Telomeres", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1633, "title": "The psychedelic renaissance: the next trip for psychiatry?", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic renaissance the next trip for psychiatry", "authors": "Kelly JR, Baker A, Babiker M, Burke L, Brennan C, O'Keane V.", "abstract": "The psychedelic research renaissance is gaining traction. Preliminary clinical studies of the hallucinogenic fungi, psilocybin, with psychological support, have indicated improvements in mood, anxiety and quality of life. A seminal, open-label study demonstrated marked reductions in depression symptoms in participants with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The associated neurobiological processes involve alterations in brain connectivity, together with altered amygdala and default mode network activity. At the cellular level, psychedelics promote synaptogenesis and neural plasticity. Prompted by the promising preliminary studies, a randomized, double-blind trial has recently been launched across Europe and North America to investigate the efficacy of psilocybin in TRD. One of these centres is based in Ireland - CHO Area 7 and Tallaght University Hospital. The outcome of this trial will determine whether psilocybin with psychological support will successfully translate into the psychiatric clinic for the benefit of patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-09-22", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1017/ipm.2019.39", "pubmed_id": "31543078", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2019.39", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Anxiety, Depressive Disorder, Psychiatry, Quality of Life, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:48:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31543078\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Neuroplasticity,Default Mode Network,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2317, "title": "In vivo production of psilocybin in E. coli", "normalized_title": "in vivo production of psilocybin in e coli", "authors": "Alexandra M. Adams, Nicholas A. Kaplan, Zhangyue Wei, John D. Brinton, Chantal Monnier, Alexis L. Enacopol, Theresa A. Ramelot, J. Andrew Jones", "abstract": "", "journal": "Metabolic Engineering", "publication_date": "2019-09-20", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.ymben.2019.09.009", "pubmed_id": "31550507", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2019.09.009", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Bioproduction, Recombinant DNA, Escherichia coli, Biology, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Gene, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2973895336\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2973895336\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":83,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069267630\",\"display_name\":\"Alexandra M. Adams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0518-0461\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043582889\",\"display_name\":\"Nicholas A. Kaplan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001928062\",\"display_name\":\"Zhangyue Wei\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040838374\",\"display_name\":\"John D. Brinton\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110017397\",\"display_name\":\"Chantal Monnier\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010488949\",\"display_name\":\"Alexis L. Enacopol\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027428071\",\"display_name\":\"Theresa A. Ramelot\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0335-1573\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070067902\",\"display_name\":\"J. Andrew Jones\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9068-2126\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S173328182\",\"source_display_name\":\"Metabolic Engineering\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2019.09.009\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3504, "title": "Measurement of Persisting Changes in Emotional Brain Functioning Produced by Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "measurement of persisting changes in emotional brain functioning produced by psilocybin", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "The proposed pilot study will assess whether ingestion of a classic hallucinogen (psilocybin) leads to changes in emotion processing and neural circuitry that may predict repeated self-administration of this drug and underlie an atypical mechanism of abuse liability, which may vitally contribute to the understanding of the potential for abuse and the underlying mechanisms supporting abuse of classic hallucinogens.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2019-09-09", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02971605", "keywords": "Healthy, Psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT02971605\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\",\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3920, "title": "Psilocybin for depression: Considerations for clinical trial design", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for depression considerations for clinical trial design", "authors": "Kelley C. O’Donnell, Sarah E. Mennenga, Michael P. Bogenschutz", "abstract": "Background and aims Given the enormous global burden of depressive illness, there is an urgent need to develop novel and more effective treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD). Recent findings have suggested that psychedelic drugs may have a role in the treatment of depressive symptoms, and a number of groups are in the process of developing protocols to study this question systematically. Given the subjective quality of both the psychedelic experience and depressive symptomatology, great care must be taken when designing a protocol to study the clinical efficacy of psychedelic drugs. This study will discuss many factors to consider when designing a clinical trial of psilocybin for MDD. Methods We provide a thorough review of pertinent research into antidepressant clinical trial methodology and review practical considerations that are relevant to the study of psychedelic-assisted treatment for depression. Results We discuss participant selection (including diagnostic accuracy, exclusion criteria, characteristics of the depressive episode, and the use of concurrent medications), study interventions (including dosing regimens, placebo selection, non-pharmacological components of treatment, and the importance of blinding), trial duration, outcome measures, and safety considerations. Conclusions Careful and transparent study design and data analysis will maximize the likelihood of generating meaningful, reproducible results, and identifying a treatment-specific effect. Meeting the highest standards for contemporary trial design may also broaden the acceptance of psychedelic research in the scientific community at large.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2019-08-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2019.026", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.026", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Blinding, Clinical trial, Major depressive disorder, Protocol (science), Psychological intervention, Depression (economics), Antidepressant, Medicine, Clinical study design, Psychology, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Research design, Alternative medicine, Hallucinogen, Anxiety, Cognition, Macroeconomics, Social science, Sociology, Pathology, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2974814938\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2974814938\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":15,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042151214\",\"display_name\":\"Kelley C. O’Donnell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9983-2699\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087382833\",\"display_name\":\"Sarah E. Mennenga\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086692011\",\"display_name\":\"Michael P. Bogenschutz\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4530-3470\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226251\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.026\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3919, "title": "Motives for Classical and Novel Psychoactive Substances Use in Psychedelic Polydrug Users", "normalized_title": "motives for classical and novel psychoactive substances use in psychedelic polydrug users", "authors": "Hannes Kettner, Natasha L. Mason, Kim P. C. Kuypers", "abstract": "Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are compounds designed to mimic the effects of existing recreational drugs (classical psychoactive substances [CPS]), while eluding established legal frameworks. Little is known about their effects and potential harms, rendering the increasing number of NPS a challenge to policy makers and researchers alike. Quantitative studies on the motives underlying NPS use are limited, though understanding them is crucial for the design of effective harm prevention strategies. The present study therefore aimed to compare motivational patterns for NPS, CPS, and legal psychoactive substance (LPS) use. An online survey including questions about lifetime drug use, demographics, and motives for use was completed by 2,319 participants of which 1,967 consented and were 18 years or older. Data on lifetime use and endorsed motives are presented for 12 psychoactive substances classified into LPS (alcohol, nicotine), CPS (cannabis, MDMA/ecstasy, amphetamines, cocaine, psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca), and NPS (synthetic cannabinoids, stimulant, and hallucinogenic) and compared between classes. Across substances, the most frequently endorsed motives were to feel euphoric (58.0%), enhance an activity (52.3%), and broaden consciousness (48.1%). Motives for use were found to differ by substance and gender, with coping-related reasons being more frequent among female participants compared to males who indicated to use for a broad range of reasons. Motivational patterns of CPS and NPS use were largely similar to their classical analogues, this was not the case for synthetic cannabinoids, which had as main endorsed motive getting intoxicated, indiscriminate of specific qualities. This information can feed into tailoring of educational campaigns and prevention strategies.", "journal": "Contemporary Drug Problems", "publication_date": "2019-08-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1177/0091450919863899", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0091450919863899", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychoactive substance, Ecstasy, Hallucinogen, Synthetic cannabinoids, MDMA, Cannabis, Psychoactive drug, Psychology, Stimulant, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psychiatry, Designer drug, Mephedrone, Harm, Medicine, Drug, Social psychology, Cannabinoid, Serotonin, Internal medicine, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2976211839\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2976211839\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":50,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056016180\",\"display_name\":\"Hannes Kettner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9482-0998\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041055116\",\"display_name\":\"Natasha L. Mason\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-0389\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024651565\",\"display_name\":\"Kim P. C. Kuypers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-3809\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764474067\",\"source_display_name\":\"Contemporary Drug Problems\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0091450919863899\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Observational Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3287, "title": "Psilocybin exerts distinct effects on resting state networks associated with serotonin and dopamine in mice", "normalized_title": "psilocybin exerts distinct effects on resting state networks associated with serotonin and dopamine in mice", "authors": "Grandjean J, Buehlmann D, Buerge M, Sigrist H, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX, Pryce CR, Rudin M.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic agents have been proposed as potent antidepressants; this includes the serotonin (5-HT) receptor 2A agonist psilocybin. In human subjects, psilocybin alters functional connectivity (FC) within the default-mode network (DMN), a constellation of inter-connected regions that is involved in self-reference and displays altered FC in depressive disorders. In this study we investigated the effects of psilocybin on FC in the analogue of the DMN in mouse, with a view to establishing an experimental animal model to investigate underlying mechanisms. Psilocybin effects were investigated in lightly-anaesthetized mice using resting-state fMRI. Dual-regression analysis identified reduced FC within the ventral striatum in psilocybin-relative to vehicle-treated mice. Refinement of the analysis using spatial references derived from both gene expression maps and viral tracer projection fields revealed two distinct effects of psilocybin: it increased FC between 5-HT-associated networks and elements of the murine DMN, thalamus, and midbrain; it decreased FC within dopamine (DA)-associated striatal networks. These results suggest that interaction between 5-HT- and DA-regulated neural networks contributes to the neural and therefore psychological effects of psilocybin. Furthermore, they highlight how information on molecular expression patterns and structural connectivity can assist in the interpretation of pharmaco-fMRI findings.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2019-08-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1101/751255", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/751255", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:49", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR90802\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2330, "title": "Hallucinogens and Their Therapeutic Use: A Literature Review.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogens and their therapeutic use a literature review", "authors": "Begola MJ, Schillerstrom JE.", "abstract": "The exploration of possible therapeutic benefits of hallucinogenic substances has undergone a revitalization in the past decade. This literature review investigated the published literature regarding the psychotherapeutic uses of hallucinogens in psychiatric disorders. The results showed that a variety of substances have been evaluated in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including ayahuasca, ibogaine, ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and psilocybin. The conditions treated ranged from depression to autism, with the largest volume of research dedicated to substance use disorders. The majority of studies that were reviewed demonstrated significant associations with improvement in the conditions investigated. However, it was difficult to draw definitive conclusions as most studies suffered from small sample sizes, inconsistent measures, and poor study design. To properly assess the risks and potential benefits of hallucinogens in psychiatric treatment, there is a need for well designed, standardized studies that demonstrate the impact of hallucinogenic substances on psychiatric conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-08-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1097/pra.0000000000000409", "pubmed_id": "31505518", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/pra.0000000000000409", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Risk Assessment, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31505518\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3921, "title": "Accounting for Microdosing Classic Psychedelics", "normalized_title": "accounting for microdosing classic psychedelics", "authors": "Blake Beaton, Heith Copes, Megan Webb, Andy Hochstetler, Peter S. Hendricks", "abstract": "Microdosing classic psychedelics (e.g., LSD [lysergic acid diethylamide] and psilocybin) is the practice of taking small amounts of these substances to bring about various positive life changes. Little is known about the subjective experiences and perceptions of those who engage in the practice. Accordingly, we use the sociology of accounts as a theoretical framework to explore the ways that those who microdose excuse or justify their practice. Using data from semistructured interviews with 30 people who had microdosed, we find that none provided excuses for their microdosing, but all offered one or more justifications. When discussing their microdosing, participants emphasized six key justifications: denial of injury, self-sustaining, self-fulfillment, appeal to normality, appeal to loyalties, and knowledgeableness. Findings provide insights into the subjective experiences of those who microdose, including the ways that they attempt to align their actions with societal expectations.", "journal": "Journal of Drug Issues", "publication_date": "2019-08-29", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1177/0022042619871008", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042619871008", "keywords": "Appeal, Denial, MicroDose, Psychology, Social psychology, Psychotherapist, Medicine, Political science, Law, Pharmacology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2970361823\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2970361823\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":13,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026226509\",\"display_name\":\"Blake Beaton\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1929-7249\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041960695\",\"display_name\":\"Heith Copes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8029-1837\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087248026\",\"display_name\":\"Megan Webb\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065153724\",\"display_name\":\"Andy Hochstetler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2158-2620\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004506349\",\"display_name\":\"Peter S. Hendricks\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S57770130\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Drug Issues\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042619871008\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Microdosing,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3922, "title": "Non-drug altered states as psychedelic experiences", "normalized_title": "non drug altered states as psychedelic experiences", "authors": "David Luke, Christopher Timmermann, Mendel Kaelen, David Schwartman, Beth Bell-Langford, Aimee Tollan, Viktor Hadzhiyski, Gabriella Bergin-Cartwright", "abstract": "An exploration of personality predictor variables (absorption and temporal lobe lability) and acute experience measures (5D-ASC) in the comparison of several non-drug induced altered states (darkroom anechoic chamber, floatation tank and holotropic breathwork) with psychedelic altered states (e.g., DMT, psilocybin, cannabis).", "journal": "Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich)", "publication_date": "2019-08-15", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://www.breakingconvention.co.uk/speaker-DavidLuke.html", "keywords": "Altered state, Psilocybin, Darkroom, Drug, Psychology, Absorption (acoustics), Personality, Psychiatry, Social psychology, Hallucinogen, Neuroscience, Optics, Consciousness, Physics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health Research Topics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3022418460\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3022418460\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077423914\",\"display_name\":\"David Luke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2141-2453\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055329548\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher Timmermann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-377X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019717586\",\"display_name\":\"Mendel Kaelen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-9346\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043206482\",\"display_name\":\"David Schwartman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082572470\",\"display_name\":\"Beth Bell-Langford\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012331658\",\"display_name\":\"Aimee Tollan\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033065861\",\"display_name\":\"Viktor Hadzhiyski\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053586356\",\"display_name\":\"Gabriella Bergin-Cartwright\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7124-3451\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401244\",\"source_display_name\":\"Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://www.breakingconvention.co.uk/speaker-DavidLuke.html\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3923, "title": "Beyond Cannabis: Psychedelic Decriminalization and Social Justice", "normalized_title": "beyond cannabis psychedelic decriminalization and social justice", "authors": "Dustin Marlan", "abstract": "Psychedelics are powerful psychoactive substances that alter consciousness and brain function. Like cannabis, psychedelics have long been considered prohibited Schedule I substances under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. However, via the powerful psychological experiences they induce, psychedelics are now being shown to be viable therapeutic alternatives in treating depression, substance use disorders, and other mental illnesses, and even to enhance the wellbeing of healthy individuals. In May 2019, Denver, Colorado became the first city in the country to decriminalize psilocybin (the active compound in “magic mushrooms”)-a potential major shift in the War on Drugs. Ballot initiatives for the decriminalization of psilocybin and similar substances are now reaching voters in other cities and states. What principles might justify this decriminalization-eliminating criminal penalties for, at a minimum, the use and possession-of psilocybin and other psychedelics? This Article provides background on psychedelics and a historic overview of the laws surrounding them. It then considers several potential justifications for decriminalizing psychedelics: (1) medical value; (2) religious freedom; (3) cognitive liberty; and (4) identity politics. Lastly, the Article proposes that, given the neurological changes in the brain caused by use of psychedelics, psychedelic law reform can also be conceptualized as a matter of neurodiversity-a recent claim to equality holding that neurological variations should be recognized and respected along with other human differences. It is argued that situating psychedelic law reform under the neurodiversity paradigm, and thus as a matter of social justice, could lessen the stigma surrounding psychedelics and generate additional popular support for future decriminalization efforts.", "journal": "eYLS (Yale Law School)", "publication_date": "2019-08-14", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://lawcommons.lclark.edu/lclr/vol23/iss3/4", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Decriminalization, Legalization, Possession (linguistics), Psychoactive substance, Criminology, Consciousness, Politics, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Political science, Law, Psychiatry, Philosophy, Neuroscience, Linguistics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2969663209\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2969663209\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":30,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056722620\",\"display_name\":\"Dustin Marlan\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401049\",\"source_display_name\":\"eYLS (Yale Law School)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://lawcommons.lclark.edu/lclr/vol23/iss3/4\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Consciousness,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2038, "title": "The fumarate salts of the N-isopropyl-N-methyl derivatives of DMT and psilocin", "normalized_title": "the fumarate salts of the n isopropyl n methyl derivatives of dmt and psilocin", "authors": "A.R. Chadeayne, Duyen N. K. Pham, James A. Golen, David R. Manke", "abstract": "The solid-state structures of the salts of two substituted tryptamines, namely N -isopropyl- N -methyltryptaminium (MiPT) fumarate {systematic name: [2-(1 H -indol-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)propan-2-ylazanium 3-carboxyprop-2-enoate}, C14 H21 N2 + ·C4 H3 O4 −, and 4-hydroxy- N -isopropyl- N -methyltryptaminium (4-HO-MiPT) fumarate monohydrate {systematic name: [2-(4-hydroxy-1 H -indol-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)propan-2-ylazanium 3-carboxyprop-2-enoate monohydrate}, C14 H21 N2 O + ·C4 H3 O4 − ·H2 O, are reported. Both salts possess a protonated tryptammonium cation and a 3-carboxyacrylate (hydrogen fumarate) anion in the asymmetric unit; the 4-HO-MiPT structure also contains a water molecule of crystallization. Both cations feature disorder of the side chain over two orientations, in a 0.630 (3):0.370 (3) ratio for MiPT and a 0.775 (5):0.225 (5) ratio for 4-HO-MiPT. In both extended structures, N-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen bonds generate infinite two-dimensional networks.", "journal": "Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications", "publication_date": "2019-08-14", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1107/s2056989019011253", "pubmed_id": "31523457", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1107/s2056989019011253", "keywords": "Chemistry, Isopropyl, Stereochemistry, Medicinal chemistry, Organic chemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Molecular spectroscopy and chirality", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2967267835\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2967267835\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":10,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034491084\",\"display_name\":\"A.R. Chadeayne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0449-0337\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034949318\",\"display_name\":\"Duyen N. K. Pham\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8599-1565\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006499895\",\"display_name\":\"James A. Golen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6615-1253\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030447541\",\"display_name\":\"David R. Manke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2513-4801\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2739106167\",\"source_display_name\":\"Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1107/s2056989019011253\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3583, "title": "A Randomised, Balanced, Double-blind Two-way Crossover Design Study to Evaluate the Effects of SRC Kinase Inhibitor, Saracatinib, on Brain Activity Associated With Visual Processing in Patients With Parkinson's Disease Psychosis.", "normalized_title": "a randomised balanced double blind two way crossover design study to evaluate the effects of src kinase inhibitor saracatinib on brain activity associated with visual processing in patients with parkinson s disease psychosis", "authors": "King's College London", "abstract": "Parkinson's disease is often characterised by movement symptoms such as rigidity and bradykinesia, however, there are a number of non-motor symptoms that can have a significant impact on quality of life. One of the most common non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease is visual hallucinations (where someone sees things that don't exist outside their mind).. Recent findings led to the approval of a drug called Pimavanserin as a treatment for PD psychosis in the USA. Based on other recent studies, we believe that Saracatinib, a drug that interacts within the same system as Pimavanserin, is a potential treatment for PD psychosis. Saracatinib has shown to reduce the intensity of the psychedelic effect induced by psilocybin (a naturally occurring psychedelic found in psilocybe mushrooms) and attenuate social cognition and brain changes in healthy volunteers. The aim of this study is to test the effects of 14 days dosing of saracatinib or placebo on 30 volunteers with PD psychosis. We aim to to use neuroimaging combined with psychopharmacology to provide evidence that a putative new treatment approach can modulate abnormal visual cortex activation in patients with PD psychosis. If positive, this proof of mechanism study would provide a strong platform to pursue symptom modification studies with Saracatinib. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition which has a 1% prevalence in the over 60s and also affects young adults. As well as motor symptoms such as akinesia or rigidity, many patients also experience non-motor symptoms of which psychosis is the most common (Chang and Fox, 2016). Current treatments for Parkinson's disease psychosis include atypical antipsychotics such as quetiapine, clozapine and pimavanserin (a 5-HT2a inverse agonist). Pimavanserin has recently been approved in the USA as a PD psychosis treatment; it has been shown to have an overall effect on reducing hallucinations as a whole, but not on visual hallucinations specifically. Functional neuroimaging evidence confirms dysfunctional ventral visual pathway activity in PD psychosis with altered metabolism, blood flow and brain activation following visual stimulation (Chang and Fox, 2016). Outside of the ventral visual pathways, two imaging studies in PD patients with visual hallucinations have shown altered connectivity within the default mode network, a brain system implicated in many neuropsychiatric conditions, pointing to more widespread abnormalities (Chang and Fox, 2016). Structural imaging studies show some atrophy within the ventral visual pathways, but also implicates brain regions outside of visual processing areas, including parietal, frontal, and cerebellar and hippocampal regions (Ffytche et al., 2017). Moreover, even though the serotoninergic dysfunction underpinning Parkinson's disease psychosis is not fully understood, animal studies with psychedelics have pointed to the dimerisation of the 5-HT2A and mGlu2 receptors and the over recruitment of specific downstream signalling pathways. Src kinase inhibition is a potential mechanism for blocking the hallucinogenic effects of 5-HT2A receptor agonism. Src kinase inhibitor, Saracatinib, has shown to reduce the intensity of the psychedelic effect induced by psilocybin (a naturally occurring psychedelic found in psilocybe mushrooms (Byock, 2018)) and attenuate social cognition and brain changes in healthy volunteers. We will test the effects of Saracatinib on brain activity associated with visual processing using a visual processing task, known to be sensitive to 5-HT2a receptor stimulation in previous studies with psilocybin (Carter et al., 2004), and a visual recognition task (Meppelink et al., 2009) with known sensitivity to PD psychosis, both scanned using the latest implementation of multi-echo blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). We aim to conduct a double-blind crossover design study, looking at the effects of Saracatinib and placebo treatment on 26 patients who have PD with psychosis. Existing data shows that 10 days of dosing with Saracatinib will achieve a steady state level that is known to be well tolerated in people with Alzheimer's disease (Nygaard et al., 2015). Therefore, participants will be given an oral dose of 100mg of Saracatinib or placebo as two 50mg tablets to be taken once daily for 14 days. Participants will return to the clinic on day 14 for their final dose of Saracatinib or placebo, fMRI and EEG scans, cognitive assessments, physical examination and blood screen. The participants will then move onto the second treatment arm where they will receive a further 14 days of dosing with saracatinib or placebo depending on the group they were in for the first treatment arm. There will be a minimum 2-week washout between treatment arms to avoid potential carry over effects.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2019-08-12", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03661125", "keywords": "Parkinson Disease Psychosis, Saracatinib, Placebo Oral Tablet, UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03661125\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"EARLY_PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 3924, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin in Anorexia Nervosa", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin in anorexia nervosa", "authors": "Kernel Networks Inc.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Case Medical Research", "publication_date": "2019-08-11", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.31525/ct1-nct04052568", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct04052568", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Anorexia nervosa, Psychotherapist, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Anorexia, Psychiatry, Medicine, Eating disorders, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4249849540\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4249849540\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Kernel Networks Inc.\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210239733\",\"source_display_name\":\"Case Medical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct04052568\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Eating Disorders", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2320, "title": "Classical psychedelics for the treatment of depression and anxiety: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "classical psychedelics for the treatment of depression and anxiety a systematic review", "authors": "Muttoni S, Ardissino M, John C.", "abstract": "BackgroundDepression and anxiety are prevalent psychiatric disorders that carry significant morbidity. Pharmacological and psychosocial interventions are used to manage these conditions, but their efficacy is limited. Recent interest into the use of psychedelic-assisted therapy using ayahuasca, psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may be a promising alternative for patients unresponsive to traditional treatments. This review aims to determine the efficacy and tolerability of psychedelics in the management of resistant depression.MethodsClinical trials investigating psychedelics in patients with depression and/or anxiety were searched via MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsychINFO. Efficacy was assessed by measuring symptom improvement from baseline, and tolerability was evaluated by noting the incidence and type of adverse effects reported. Risk of bias was assessed.ResultsSeven studies, with 130 patients, were analysed in this review. Three were conducted in patients with depression, two in patients with anxiety and two in patients with both. In a supportive setting, ayahuasca, psilocybin, and LSD consistently produced immediate and significant anti-depressant and anxiolytic effects that were endured for several months. Psychedelics were well-tolerated. The most common adverse effects were transient anxiety, short-lived headaches, nausea and mild increases in heart rate and blood pressure.LimitationsAt present, the number of studies on this subject is very limited; and the number of participating patients within these is also limited as the treatment under investigations is a relatively novel concept.ConclusionsThough further evidence is required, psychedelics appear to be effective in significantly reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety and are well-tolerated.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-07-29", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.076", "pubmed_id": "31382100", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.076", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Adult, Female, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31382100\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3406, "title": "Decreased Directed Functional Connectivity in the Psychedelic State", "normalized_title": "decreased directed functional connectivity in the psychedelic state", "authors": "Barnett L, Muthukumaraswamy SD, Carhart-Harris RL, Seth AK.", "abstract": "Neuroimaging studies of the psychedelic state offer a unique window onto the neural basis of conscious perception and selfhood. Despite well understood pharmacological mechanisms of action, the large-scale changes in neural dynamics induced by psychedelic compounds remain poorly understood. Using source-localised, steady-state MEG recordings, we describe changes in functional connectivity following the controlled administration of LSD, psilocybin and low-dose ketamine, as well as, for comparison, the (non-psychedelic) anticonvulsant drug tiagabine. We compare both undirected and directed measures of functional connectivity between placebo and drug conditions. We observe a general decrease in directed functional connectivity for all three psychedelics, as measured by Granger causality, throughout the brain. These data support the view that the psychedelic state involves a breakdown in patterns of functional organisation or information flow in the brain. In the case of LSD, the decrease in directed functional connectivity is coupled with an increase in undirected functional connectivity, which we measure using correlation and coherence. This surprising opposite movement of directed and undirected measures is of more general interest for functional connectivity analyses, which we interpret using analytical modelling. Overall, our results uncover the neural dynamics of information flow in the psychedelic state, and highlight the importance of comparing multiple measures of functional connectivity when analysing time-resolved neuroimaging data.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2019-07-15", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1101/703660", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/703660", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR85812\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2331, "title": "Microdosing psychedelics: More questions than answers? An overview and suggestions for future research.", "normalized_title": "microdosing psychedelics more questions than answers an overview and suggestions for future research", "authors": "Kuypers KP, Ng L, Erritzoe D, Knudsen GM, Nichols CD, Nichols DE, Pani L, Soula A, Nutt D.", "abstract": "BackgroundIn the past few years, the issue of 'microdosing' psychedelics has been openly discussed in the public arena where claims have been made about their positive effect on mood state and cognitive processes such as concentration. However, there are very few scientific studies that have specifically addressed this issue, and there is no agreed scientific consensus on what microdosing is.AimThis critique paper is designed to address questions that need to be answered by future scientific studies and to offer guidelines for these studies.ApproachOwing to its proximity for a possible approval in clinical use and short-lasting pharmacokinetics, our focus is predominantly on psilocybin. Psilocybin is allegedly, next to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), one of the two most frequently used psychedelics to microdose. Where relevant and available, data for other psychedelic drugs are also mentioned.ConclusionIt is concluded that while most anecdotal reports focus on the positive experiences with microdosing, future research should also focus on potential risks of (multiple) administrations of a psychedelic in low doses. To that end, (pre)clinical studies including biological (e.g. heart rate, receptor turnover and occupancy) as well as cognitive (e.g. memory, attention) parameters have to be conducted and will shed light on the potential negative consequences microdosing could have.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-07-13", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1177/0269881119857204", "pubmed_id": "31303095", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119857204", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Memory, Attention, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31303095\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2337, "title": "Psychedelic microdosing benefits and challenges: an empirical codebook", "normalized_title": "psychedelic microdosing benefits and challenges an empirical codebook", "authors": "Thomas Anderson, Rotem Petranker, Adam Christopher, Daniel Rosenbaum, Cory R. Weissman, Lê-Anh Dinh-Williams, Katrina Hui, Emma Hapke", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Microdosing psychedelics is the practice of consuming very low, sub-hallucinogenic doses of a psychedelic substance, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or psilocybin-containing mushrooms. According to media reports, microdosing has grown in popularity, yet the scientific literature contains minimal research on this practice. There has been limited reporting on adverse events associated with microdosing, and the experiences of microdosers in community samples have not been categorized. METHODS: In the present study, we develop a codebook of microdosing benefits and challenges (MDBC) based on the qualitative reports of a real-world sample of 278 microdosers. RESULTS: We describe novel findings, both in terms of beneficial outcomes, such as improved mood (26.6%) and focus (14.8%), and in terms of challenging outcomes, such as physiological discomfort (18.0%) and increased anxiety (6.7%). We also show parallels between benefits and drawbacks and discuss the implications of these results. We probe for substance-dependent differences, finding that psilocybin-only users report the benefits of microdosing were more important than other users report. CONCLUSIONS: These mixed-methods results help summarize and frame the experiences reported by an active microdosing community as high-potential avenues for future scientific research. The MDBC taxonomy reported here informs future research, leveraging participant reports to distil the highest-potential intervention targets so research funding can be efficiently allocated. Microdosing research complements the full-dose literature as clinical treatments are developed and neuropharmacological mechanisms are sought. This framework aims to inform researchers and clinicians as experimental microdosing research begins in earnest in the years to come.", "journal": "Harm Reduction Journal", "publication_date": "2019-07-08", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1186/s12954-019-0308-4", "pubmed_id": "31288862", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-019-0308-4", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Popularity, Psychology, Pharmacology, Medicine, Social psychology, Internal medicine, Serotonin, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Pain Management and Placebo Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2957955970\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2957955970\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":130,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082063863\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas Anderson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2387-5219\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012017884\",\"display_name\":\"Rotem Petranker\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6354-0109\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020881628\",\"display_name\":\"Adam Christopher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5561-9973\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073527004\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Rosenbaum\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4846-9380\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038223318\",\"display_name\":\"Cory R. Weissman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5087-8263\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023059397\",\"display_name\":\"Lê-Anh Dinh-Williams\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5486-7756\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5069659750\",\"display_name\":\"Katrina Hui\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5472-3779\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001698290\",\"display_name\":\"Emma Hapke\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S150411170\",\"source_display_name\":\"Harm Reduction Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-019-0308-4\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Microdosing,Healthcare Workers,Adverse Events,Toxicity", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3925, "title": "A psilocibina e o seu potencial terapêutico em saúde mental", "normalized_title": "a psilocibina e o seu potencial terapêutico em saúde mental", "authors": "Jorge Luiz Bandeira Souza", "abstract": "A psilocibina e um alcaloide agonista serotoninergico, principio ativo dos chamados “cogumelos magicos”, sendo encontrada predominantemente nos cogumelos do genero Psilocybe sp., que tem sido utilizado milenarmente em rituais indigenas religiosos. O efeito psicodelico causado pela psilocibina presente no cogumelo faz com que ele, atualmente, seja usado para alcancar experiencias misticas e de autoconhecimento. Entretanto, devido a proibicao de estudos sobre psicodelicos que ocorreu na decada de 1960, ainda existe uma visao negativa associada ao uso desse grupo de substâncias, o qual a psilocibina faz parte. Foi entao percebida a necessidade de aprofundar os conhecimentos e entender melhor a psilocibina e os seus efeitos no corpo humano. Assim, objetivou-se analisar a literatura cientifica sobre a psilocibina e o seu potencial terapeutico em saude mental. Atraves de uma revisao integrativa na literatura disponivel, foi possivel buscar, reunir e sistematizar os resultados dessa pesquisa, que teve como amostra 11 artigos, buscados nas bases de dados SCIELO, MEDLINE/PubMed, BVS, SCOPUS e CINAHL, a partir do cruzamento dos descritores “Psilocybin” e “Mental Health”, com seus respectivos correspondentes nas linguas portugues e espanhol, utilizando o operador boleano AND, tendo sido encontrados artigos apenas na base de dados MEDLINE/PubMed. A producao cientifica encontrada e analisada na pesquisa apresentou resultados positivos sobre a psilocibina. O principio ativo encontrado nos cogumelos magicos apresenta baixa toxicidade, nao tem potencial de causar danos cerebrais, mentais ou fisicos, nem de causar adiccao, uso compulsivo ou abuso. Alem disso, a psilocibina tem um grande potencial para tratamento de pacientes com depressao resistente a tratamentos farmacologicos convencionais, com significativa melhora na sintomatologia depressiva em um menor espaco de tempo e com efeitos prolongados, mesmo em poucas doses. Essa melhora tambem se manifesta em outros transtornos mentais, como a ansiedade, transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo e abuso de drogas. Essas melhoras nao podem ser dissociadas da experiencia mistica/psicodelica associada ao uso agudo e pos agudo, que causam sensacao de paz, plenitude e reflexoes sobre o “eu interior”.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-06-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/bitstream/riufc/46077/1/2019_tcc_jlbsouza.pdf", "keywords": "Humanities, Philosophy, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Psychology and Mental Health", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3115021807\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3115021807\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009360873\",\"display_name\":\"Jorge Luiz Bandeira Souza\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/bitstream/riufc/46077/1/2019_tcc_jlbsouza.pdf\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2338, "title": "REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "rebus and the anarchic brain toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Friston KJ.", "abstract": "This paper formulates the action of psychedelics by integrating the free-energy principle and entropic brain hypothesis. We call this formulation relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) and the anarchic brain, founded on the principle that-via their entropic effect on spontaneous cortical activity-psychedelics work to relax the precision of high-level priors or beliefs, thereby liberating bottom-up information flow, particularly via intrinsic sources such as the limbic system. We assemble evidence for this model and show how it can explain a broad range of phenomena associated with the psychedelic experience. With regard to their potential therapeutic use, we propose that psychedelics work to relax the precision weighting of pathologically overweighted priors underpinning various expressions of mental illness. We propose that this process entails an increased sensitization of high-level priors to bottom-up signaling (stemming from intrinsic sources), and that this heightened sensitivity enables the potential revision and deweighting of overweighted priors. We end by discussing further implications of the model, such as that psychedelics can bring about the revision of other heavily weighted high-level priors, not directly related to mental health, such as those underlying partisan and/or overly-confident political, religious, and/or philosophical perspectives. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychedelics are capturing interest, with efforts underway to bring psilocybin therapy to marketing authorisation and legal access within a decade, spearheaded by the findings of a series of phase 2 trials. In this climate, a compelling unified model of how psychedelics alter brain function to alter consciousness would have appeal. Towards this end, we have sought to integrate a leading model of global brain function, hierarchical predictive coding, with an often-cited model of the acute action of psychedelics, the entropic brain hypothesis. The resulting synthesis states that psychedelics work to relax high-level priors, sensitising them to liberated bottom-up information flow, which, with the right intention, care provision and context, can help guide and cultivate the revision of entrenched pathological priors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-06-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1124/pr.118.017160", "pubmed_id": "31221820", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.017160", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Models, Neurological, Culture", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31221820\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2363, "title": "Psychedelic drugs-a new era in psychiatry?", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drugs a new era in psychiatry", "authors": "David Nutt", "abstract": "This article covers the renaissance of classical psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD plus 3,4-methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA-ecstasy) in psychiatric research. These drugs were used quite extensively before they became prohibited. This ban had little impact on recreational use, but effectively stopped research and clinical treatments, which up to that point had looked very promising in several areas of psychiatry. In the past decade a number of groups have been working to re-evaluate the utility of these substances in medicine. So far highly promising preliminary data have been produced with psilocybin in anxiety, depression, smoking, alcoholism, and with MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcoholism. These findings have led to the European Medicines Agency approving psilocybin for a phase 3 study in treatment-resistant depression and the Food and Drug Administration for PTSD with MDMA. Both trials should read out in 2020, and if the results are positive we are likely to see these medicines approved for clinical practice soon afterwards..", "journal": "Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience", "publication_date": "2019-06-29", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.31887/dcns.2019.21.2/dnutt", "pubmed_id": "31636488", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2019.21.2/dnutt", "keywords": "Psilocybin, MDMA, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Ecstasy, Psychoactive drug, Medicine, Psychology, Recreational Drug, Drug, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2985843276\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2985843276\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":131,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S3206652469\",\"source_display_name\":\"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2019.21.2/dnutt\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3926, "title": "The Potential of Psilocybin Administration in Terminal Cancer Patients", "normalized_title": "the potential of psilocybin administration in terminal cancer patients", "authors": "Richard Simoneaux", "abstract": "psilocybin; depression; terminal cancer; CME; CNE: psilocybin; depression; terminal cancer; CME; CNEPsilocybin is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in more than 200 species of mushrooms. This compound, which was first isolated by the Swiss chemist Albert Hofman in 1959, is the active constituent of psychedelic mushrooms which are thought to have been utilized by humans since prehistoric times. In vivo, psilocybin is converted by the liver to psilocin, which is in fact the active pharmacological agent. Mechanistically, psilocin is thought to function as a partial agonist to several serotonin receptors. In the 1960s, several different groups were performing research using psychedelic agents; however, these studies were drastically affected by the U.S. government's classification of both psilocybin and psilocin as Schedule I drugs in October 1970, though increasingly limited research continued at the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center until 1977. After a dormant period of 22 years, Roland Griffiths, PhD, and William Richards, PhD, successfully obtained federal and university clearances in 1999 to reinitiate human studies with psilocybin at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. In October 2018, the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. “I am hopeful that the FDA's designation of psilocybin as a breakthrough therapy for treatment-resistant depression will allow greater exploration of psychedelic therapy in other patient populations,” stated Richards, who is a psychologist in the Psychiatry Department of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bayview Medical Center. Phase II Study in Cancer Patients Many cancer patients experience psychological stress due to their diagnosis, which can result in clinically significant depression and/or anxiety. In a phase II clinical study (NCT00465595), supported by the Heffter Research Institute and performed at Johns Hopkins, researchers evaluated psilocybin in participants who had received a potentially life-threatening cancer diagnosis who also had anxiety and depressed mood (J Psychopharm 2016;30:1181-1197). In this double-blind study, patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to two different psilocybin dosing regimens: high dose (22 or 30 mg/70 kg) first followed by a low dose (1 or 3 mg/70 kg) or low dose first followed by a high dose. Initially, the high dose was 30 mg/70 kg; however, this was reduced to 22 mg/70 kg after two of the first three patients receiving the high dose were discontinued by the study personnel. The low dose of psilocybin was lowered to 1 mg/70 kg from 3 mg/70 kg after dosing 12 participants at the 3 mg level. This dose was altered because data from the same dose-effect study showed significant psilocybin effects at 5 mg/70 kg, and there was concern that 3 mg/70 kg might produce psychedelic effects in some research volunteers and not serve reliably as an inactive placebo. There were two primary therapeutic outcome measures which were utilized: the widely used GRID-HAMD-17 for depression and HAM-A assessed with the SIGH-A for anxiety. These measurements were taken at baseline, 5 weeks after each session, and at 6 months. In clinician-rated measures, clinical significance was noted for those responses with a 50 percent or greater decrease in measure with respect to baseline, while symptom remission was defined as a 50 percent or greater decrease in measure relative to baseline and a score of seven or less on the GRID-HAMD or HAM-A. This study, which included 51 patients (low/high-25; high/low-26), showed that, when administered in a psychologically supportive setting by properly trained personnel, a single dose of psilocybin can produce clinically significant responses, yielding substantial and enduring decreases in both depressed mood and anxiety. In addition, many of these cancer patients also reported increases in quality of life, as well as decreases in death anxiety. Enduring effects at 6 months were noted for the patients in assessments made by the patients, clinicians, and community observers. “At 6 months, the overall rate of clinical response for clinician-rated depression was 78 percent, while the figure for clinician-rated anxiety was 83 percent,” Richards noted. Two similar studies conducted at UCLA and New York University also reported positive findings. Pharmacokinetics Study An open-label phase I dose-escalation study (NCT02163707) evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics of psilocybin in 12 healthy adult participants in sequential doses of 0.3, 0.45, and 0.6 mg/kg (Clin Pharmacokinet 2017;56:1543-1554). In preparation for receiving psilocybin, eligible healthy adults had between 6 and 8 hours of counseling prior to receiving their dosing. Psilocybin administration was performed at monthly intervals in a controlled environment with 24-hour monitoring. In some participants, an extended elimination phase was noted; this was postulated to be due to the hydrolysis of a key psilocin metabolite. An important observation was the fact that variability in psilocin clearance was not predicted by body weight. Importantly, no serious adverse events were noted during the course of this study. Using the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained, a 25 mg oral dose of psilocybin would produce a drug exposure that approximated the 0.3 mg/kg oral dose utilized in this study. Importantly, no serious physical or psychological effects were noted during or up to 30 days after any dose, even at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg, which is roughly double that likely to be used in a clinical setting. Future Studies A randomized, double-blind phase II clinical study (NCT03866174), which is being sponsored by the Usona Institute, is planned to include 80 participants from 21 to 65 years old who meet the criteria for major depressive disorder as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Stratification will be performed according to study site, with participants being randomized in a 1:1 ratio to a single oral dose of either 25 mg psilocybin or placebo (100 mg niacin). “The GMP quality psilocybin that will be used in this study was synthesized in a laboratory and does not come from mushrooms,” Richards noted. The primary outcome in this study is the difference in the centrally rated Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score between baseline and day 8 post-dose. This clinican-rated scale is designed to measure depression severity and to detect changes resulting from antidepressant therapy. The MADRS consists of 10 items, each being scored from 0 (if the item is not present or normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of the symptoms); with this scale, a higher score represents a more severe condition. Among the MADRS-derived secondary outcomes in this study were change in a centrally rated MADRS score from baseline to day 43 post-dose; sustained depressive symptom response, which is defined as a 50 percent or greater reduction from baseline in the centrally rated MADRS score at all post-dose assessments (at days 8, 15, 29, and 43 post-dose); and sustained depressive symptom remission, which is defined as a centrally rated MADRS score 10 or less at all post-dose assessments (at days 8, 15, 29, and 43 post-dose). An additional secondary outcome is the difference in the local investigator-assessed Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) scores between baseline and day 43 post-dose. The SDS, which consists of three self-rated items, is designed to gauge the degree to which a patient's life is affected by psychiatric symptoms, including depression. The study is estimated to start in September 2019 and expected to be completed by February 2021. In another phase IIb clinical study (NCT03775200), the safety and efficacy of psilocybin is being evaluated in patients diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression. This trial, which is being conducted at treatment centers in North America and Europe, is planned to include 216 patients from 18 to 55 years of age. This study, which is quadruple-masked (patient, care provider, investigator, and outcomes assessor), includes three different treatment arms: low-dose psilocybin, medium-dose psilocybin, and high-dose psilocybin. The primary outcome measure in this trial is the MADRS, measured up to 12 weeks after dosing. Discussion When asked about his background with psilocybin therapy for cancer patients, Richards replied, “I treated my first cancer patient with psilocybin in 1967. Over the years, the responses that I have noted in cancer patients who have received psilocybin-based psychedelic therapy combined with counseling have been remarkably transformative.” Richards explained the procedure for prospective candidates receiving psychedelic therapy. “First, potential candidates for this therapy are screened to determine if this therapy would be appropriate for them. Next, the patient undergoes a total of 6-8 hours of counseling prior to being dosed with psilocybin. This counseling is extremely important, as it develops a sense of trust with the staff that will be present with the patient when they are under the influence of psilocybin, as well as prepare the participants for what they may experience during the dosing session. “It is essential that the patient establish a significant level of trust with the individuals who will be with them during the action of psilocybin, as that will put them at ease and allow them to be more open to their unfolding inner experiences; the ability to be at ease and open to the alternative states of consciousness is of paramount importance for the patient to derive the most benefit from the agent. Many [bad experiences] are often the result of the patient trying to be in control of the psychedelic experiences instead of allowing them to follow their own course.” Regarding the results he has personally observed, Richards stated, “The outcomes observed in our studies have been significantly transformative, with many patients showing positive effects many months after a single dose of psilocybin. In many instances, not only does the terminal cancer patient lose their fear of death, but they will actually take on the role of a counselor and help those grieving in their families to cope with their impending mortality. “The main thing that I would like to convey to clinicians is that the transformation that psilocybin ushers forth, which is often several months in length, is drawn from the patient's long-term memory, not the result of any lingering compound present in their system or continuing drug administration. When asked why psilocybin was still listed as a Schedule I substance, Richards replied rhetorically, “Now that is a very profound question, isn't it? The University of Wisconsin study showed that, in healthy adults, no serious psychological or physical effects were observed up to 30 days after dosing, even at supratherapeutic levels. “In terms of abuse potential, psilocybin is absolutely not habit-forming, does not result in physical dependence even with repeated use, and in my opinion has much less risk for overuse than the opioids which are routinely prescribed for pain management. That having been said, it is crucial that when someone takes psilocybin that they are in a safe environment in the company of appropriately trained professionals who can ensure their personal safety.” Summarizing, Richards stated, “Now is a very exciting time to be doing psychedelic research using psilocybin; the FDA's granting of Breakthrough Therapy designation for psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression is a noteworthy milestone which may eventually lead to the removal of its Schedule I classification. “I am hopeful that the results that have been obtained for cancer patients with psilocybin therapy and counseling may serve as a springboard to apply this treatment to others in need.” Richard Simoneaux is a contributing writer. Read This Article & Earn CME or CNE! Earn continuing education credit by completing a quiz about this article. You may read the article here or on our website, then complete the quiz, answering at least 70 percent of the questions correctly to earn credit. CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION INFORMATION FOR PHYSICIANS Visit http://CME.LWW.com for more information about this educational offering and to complete the CME activity. This enduring material is available to physicians in all specialties. Lippincott Continuing Medical Education Institute, Inc., is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. Lippincott Continuing Medical Education Institute, Inc., designates this enduring material for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. This activity expires June 30, 2021. The cost of the exam is $10. The payment covers processing and certificate fees. PROVIDER ACCREDITATION INFORMATION FOR NURSES Lippincott Professional Development (LPD) will award 1.0 contact hour for this continuing nursing education activity. LPD is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation. This activity is also provider approved by the California Board of Registered Nursing, Provider Number CEP11749 for 1.0 contact hour. LWW is also an approved provider by the District of Columbia, Georgia, and Florida CE Broker #50-1223. Visit www.nursingcenter.com/ce for more information and to complete the CNE activity. Fee: $12.95. Deadline: June 4, 2021 For nurses who wish to take the test for CE contact hours, visit www.nursingcenter.com/ce. Learning Objectives for This Month's CME Activity: After participating in this CME/CNE activity, readers should be better able to: 1. Analyze outcomes observed in various studies that used psilocybin for patients with terminal cancer. 2.Outline the goals of future research that will treat terminal cancer patients with psilocybin. Disclosure: The author(s), faculty, staff, and planners, including spouses/partners (if any), in any position to control the content of this activity have disclosed that they have no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial companies relevant to this educational activity.", "journal": "Oncology Times", "publication_date": "2019-06-27", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1097/01.cot.0000574916.46844.cf", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000574916.46844.cf", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Depression (economics), Cancer, Medicine, Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Psychology, Internal medicine, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2956046898\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2956046898\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070426634\",\"display_name\":\"Richard Simoneaux\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3505-057X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210170078\",\"source_display_name\":\"Oncology Times\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000574916.46844.cf\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3927, "title": "Disruptive Psychopharmacology", "normalized_title": "disruptive psychopharmacology", "authors": "Boris D. Heifets, Robert C. Malenka", "abstract": "This Viewpoint discusses the potential therapeutic utility of methylenedioxy-methamphetamine and psilocybin and outlines mental health care infrastructures that would need to be put in place should these drugs be approved for treatment.", "journal": "JAMA Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2019-06-25", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1145", "pubmed_id": "31241740", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1145", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychopharmacology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Methamphetamine, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Psychotherapist, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Treatment of Major Depression, Mental Health and Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4231328231\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4231328231\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":28,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070799330\",\"display_name\":\"Boris D. Heifets\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1474-0379\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041585906\",\"display_name\":\"Robert C. Malenka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5428-5211\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2495708506\",\"source_display_name\":\"JAMA Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1145\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2326, "title": "Psychoactive plant- and mushroom-associated alkaloids from two behavior modifying cicada pathogens", "normalized_title": "psychoactive plant and mushroom associated alkaloids from two behavior modifying cicada pathogens", "authors": "Greg R. Boyce, Emile Gluck-Thaler, Jason C. Slot, Jason Stajich, William J. Davis, Tim Y. James, John R. Cooley, Daniel G. Panaccione, Jørgen Eilenberg, Henrik H. De Fine Licht, Angie M. Macias, Matthew C. Berger, Kristen L. Wickert, Cameron M. Stauder, Ellie J. Spahr, Matthew D. Maust, Amy M. Metheny, Chris Simon, Gene Kritsky, Kathie T. Hodge, Richard A. Humber, Terry Gullion, Dylan P. G. Short, Teiya Kijimoto, Dan Mozgai, Nidia Arguedas, Matt T. Kasson", "abstract": "Entomopathogenic fungi routinely kill their hosts before releasing infectious spores, but a few species keep insects alive while sporulating, which enhances dispersal. Transcriptomics- and metabolomics-based studies of entomopathogens with post-mortem dissemination from their parasitized hosts have unraveled infection processes and host responses. However, the mechanisms underlying active spore transmission by Entomophthoralean fungi in living insects remain elusive. Here we report the discovery, through metabolomics, of the plant-associated amphetamine, cathinone, in four Massospora cicadina -infected periodical cicada populations, and the mushroom-associated tryptamine, psilocybin, in annual cicadas infected with Massospora platypediae or Massospora levispora, which likely represent a single fungal species. The absence of some fungal enzymes necessary for cathinone and psilocybin biosynthesis along with the inability to detect intermediate metabolites or gene orthologs are consistent with possibly novel biosynthesis pathways in Massospora. The neurogenic activities of these compounds suggest the extended phenotype of Massospora that modifies cicada behavior to maximize dissemination is chemically-induced.", "journal": "Fungal ecology", "publication_date": "2019-06-23", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.funeco.2019.06.002", "pubmed_id": "31768192", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2019.06.002", "keywords": "Biology, Psilocybin, Mushroom, Host (biology), Botany, Ecology, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Plant and fungal interactions, Insect and Pesticide Research, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2953198950\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2953198950\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":79,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5083883415\",\"display_name\":\"Greg R. Boyce\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0649-151X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079700136\",\"display_name\":\"Emile Gluck-Thaler\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0438-7495\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053454511\",\"display_name\":\"Jason C. Slot\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6731-3405\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5052869398\",\"display_name\":\"Jason Stajich\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7591-0020\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026601329\",\"display_name\":\"William J. Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3689-1592\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5103498396\",\"display_name\":\"Tim Y. James\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064158804\",\"display_name\":\"John R. Cooley\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3691-2592\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016469364\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel G. Panaccione\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4159-164X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063101709\",\"display_name\":\"Jørgen Eilenberg\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9273-5252\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029134480\",\"display_name\":\"Henrik H. De Fine Licht\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3326-5729\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058612906\",\"display_name\":\"Angie M. Macias\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2975-686X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110683170\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew C. Berger\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006145506\",\"display_name\":\"Kristen L. Wickert\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2484-3075\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5065971331\",\"display_name\":\"Cameron M. Stauder\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0642-0167\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071699165\",\"display_name\":\"Ellie J. Spahr\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031561522\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew D. Maust\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077489453\",\"display_name\":\"Amy M. Metheny\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047534793\",\"display_name\":\"Chris Simon\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-1120\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047324455\",\"display_name\":\"Gene Kritsky\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009397728\",\"display_name\":\"Kathie T. Hodge\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3009-8435\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042340583\",\"display_name\":\"Richard A. Humber\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1760-3030\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072503282\",\"display_name\":\"Terry Gullion\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1899-6884\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109266485\",\"display_name\":\"Dylan P. G. Short\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024170907\",\"display_name\":\"Teiya Kijimoto\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0877-7223\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5007828795\",\"display_name\":\"Dan Mozgai\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006690243\",\"display_name\":\"Nidia Arguedas\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110680404\",\"display_name\":\"Matt T. Kasson\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S18660344\",\"source_display_name\":\"Fungal ecology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2019.06.002\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Drug Interactions,Transcriptomics,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2324, "title": "Spectral signatures of serotonergic psychedelics and glutamatergic dissociatives", "normalized_title": "spectral signatures of serotonergic psychedelics and glutamatergic dissociatives", "authors": "Carla Pallavicini, Martina G. Vilas, Mirta F. Villarreal, Federico Zamberlán, Suresh Muthukumaraswamy, David Nutt, Robin Carhart-Harris, Enzo Tagliazucchi", "abstract": "", "journal": "NeuroImage", "publication_date": "2019-06-23", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.053", "pubmed_id": "31247301", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.053", "keywords": "Serotonergic, Phencyclidine, Neuroscience, Hallucinogen, Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide, NMDA receptor, Psychology, Chemistry, Serotonin, Receptor, Psychiatry, Biochemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2949577636\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2949577636\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":66,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006651985\",\"display_name\":\"Carla Pallavicini\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9589-7735\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054185529\",\"display_name\":\"Martina G. Vilas\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1097-8534\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5028679152\",\"display_name\":\"Mirta F. Villarreal\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-4281\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048583007\",\"display_name\":\"Federico Zamberlán\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000583874\",\"display_name\":\"Suresh Muthukumaraswamy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-3920\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016082897\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058986420\",\"display_name\":\"Enzo Tagliazucchi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0421-9993\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S103225281\",\"source_display_name\":\"NeuroImage\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.053\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2321, "title": "Replication and extension of a model predicting response to psilocybin", "normalized_title": "replication and extension of a model predicting response to psilocybin", "authors": "Suzanne L. Russ, Robin Carhart-Harris, Geoffrey Maruyama, Melody S. Elliott", "abstract": "", "journal": "Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-06-14", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-019-05279-z", "pubmed_id": "31203401", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05279-z", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Surrender, Adverse effect, Clinical psychology, Anxiety, Hallucinogen, Explanatory model, Psychiatry, Developmental psychology, Medicine, Pharmacology, Epistemology, Philosophy, History, Archaeology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2950747661\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2950747661\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":75,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074400395\",\"display_name\":\"Suzanne L. Russ\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0074-0864\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5067761090\",\"display_name\":\"Geoffrey Maruyama\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8367-6625\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081090502\",\"display_name\":\"Melody S. Elliott\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S80334769\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05279-z\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3928, "title": "Faces of HPPD: Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder Patient Survey Results and a Descriptive Analysis of Patient Demographics, Medical Background, Drug Use History, Symptoms, and Treatments", "normalized_title": "faces of hppd hallucinogen persisting perception disorder patient survey results and a descriptive analysis of patient demographics medical background drug use history symptoms and treatments", "authors": "Doreen M. Lewis", "abstract": "Objective: The purpose of the present study was to obtain patient information across a wide geography about medical history, drug use, symptoms, and treatments of individuals diagnosed with hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD). Methods: The study was an internet survey that yielded 26 HPPD patients from North America (81%), Europe (12%), and South America (almost 8%), predominantly male (73%), white (92%), with a median age of 24.5 (range, 18 to 63) years, who have been living with HPPD from a period of", "journal": "Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment", "publication_date": "2019-06-09", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1097/adt.0000000000000178", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/adt.0000000000000178", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psychiatry, Anxiety, Psychiatric history, Suicidal ideation, Medicine, Depersonalization, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Poison control, Suicide prevention, Internal medicine, Burnout, Receptor, Serotonin, Emotional exhaustion, Environmental health, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2950544971\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2950544971\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5053565047\",\"display_name\":\"Doreen M. Lewis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3315-6357\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S50600419\",\"source_display_name\":\"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1097/adt.0000000000000178\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3930, "title": "Entheogens in Christian art: Wasson, Allegro, and the Psychedelic Gospels", "normalized_title": "entheogens in christian art wasson allegro and the psychedelic gospels", "authors": "Jerry B. Brown, Julie M. Brown", "abstract": "In light of new historical evidence regarding ethnomycologist R. Gordon Wasson’s correspondence with art historian Erwin Panofsky, this article provides an in-depth analysis of the presence of entheogenic mushroom images in Christian art within the context of the controversy between Wasson and philologist John Marco Allegro over the identification of a Garden of Eden fresco in the 12th century Chapel of Plaincourault in France. It reveals a compelling financial motive for Wasson’s refusal to acknowledge that this fresco represents Amanita muscaria, as well as for Wasson’s reluctance to pursue his hypothesis regarding the entheogenic origins of religion into Christian art and artifacts. While Wasson’s view - that the presence of psychoactive mushrooms in the Near and Middle East ended around 1000 BCE - prevailed and stymied research on entheogens in Christianity for decades, a new generation of 21st century researchers has documented growing evidence of A. muscaria and psilocybin-containing mushrooms in Christian art, consistent with ethnobotanist Giorgio Samorini’s typology of mushroom trees. This article presents original photographs, taken during fieldwork at churches and cathedrals throughout Europe and the Middle East, that confirm the presence of entheogenic mushrooms in Christian art: in frescoes, illuminated manuscripts, mosaics, sculptures, and stained glass windows. Based on this iconic evidence, the article proposes a psychedelic gospels theory and addresses critiques of this theory by art historians, ardent advocates, medieval historians, and conservative Catholics. It calls for the establishment of an Interdisciplinary Committee on the Psychedelic Gospels to independently evaluate the growing body of evidence of entheogenic mushrooms in Christian art in order to resolve a controversial question regarding the possible role of entheogens in the history and origins of Christianity.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2019-05-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2019.019", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.019", "keywords": "Fresco, Context (archaeology), Christianity, Art, Medieval art, Chapel, Sculpture, Classics, History, Art history, Visual arts, Painting, Archaeology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Historical and Religious Studies of Rome", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2972837589\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2972837589\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":6,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059038077\",\"display_name\":\"Jerry B. Brown\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2115-0652\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5072990599\",\"display_name\":\"Julie M. Brown\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226251\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.019\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3929, "title": "Introduction: Evidence for entheogen use in prehistory and world religions", "normalized_title": "introduction evidence for entheogen use in prehistory and world religions", "authors": "Michael Winkelman", "abstract": "This introduction to the special issue reviews research that supports the hypothesis that psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, were central features in the development of religion. The greater response of the human serotonergic system to psychedelics than is the case for chimpanzees’ serotonergic receptors indicates that these substances were environmental factors that affected hominin evolution. These substances also contributed to the evolution of ritual capacities, shamanism, and the associated alterations of consciousness. The role of psilocybin mushrooms in the ancient evolution of human religions is attested to fungiform petroglyphs, rock artifacts, and mythologies from all major regions of the world. This prehistoric mycolatry persisted into the historic era in the major religious traditions of the world, which often left evidence of these practices in sculpture, art, and scriptures. This continuation of entheogenic practices in the historical world is addressed in the articles here. But even through new entheogenic combinations were introduced, complex societies generally removed entheogens from widespread consumption, restricted them in private and exclusive spiritual practices of the leaders, and often carried out repressive punishment of those who engaged in entheogenic practices.", "journal": "Journal of Psychedelic Studies", "publication_date": "2019-05-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1556/2054.2019.024", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.024", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Prehistory, Shamanism, Consciousness, Consumption (sociology), Rock art, History, Environmental ethics, Mythology, Anthropology, Punishment (psychology), Ethnology, Sociology, Aesthetics, Hallucinogen, Archaeology, Psychology, Social science, Art, Epistemology, Philosophy, Social psychology, Psychiatry, Classics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Archaeology and Rock Art Studies, Historical, Religious, and Philosophical Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2972809261\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2972809261\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":63,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050298685\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Winkelman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-348X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210226251\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychedelic Studies\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.024\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Spirituality,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2041, "title": "Correction: Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels.", "normalized_title": "correction psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2a receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels", "authors": "Madsen MK, Fisher PM, Burmester D, Dyssegaard A, Stenbæk DS, Kristiansen S, Johansen SS, Lehel S, Linnet K, Svarer C, Erritzoe D, Ozenne B, Knudsen GM.", "abstract": "The original version of this article contained an error in the labelling of Figures 2 and 3. While the captions and figures themselves are correct, in order to correspond with the in-text references, they have now been re-numbered in both the PDF and HTML versions of the article.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-05-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-019-0360-5", "pubmed_id": "30846853", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0360-5", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30846853\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2319, "title": "Enzymatic Route toward 6-Methylated Baeocystin and Psilocybin", "normalized_title": "enzymatic route toward 6 methylated baeocystin and psilocybin", "authors": "Janis Fricke, Alexander M. Sherwood, Robert B. Kargbo, Andrew Orry, Felix Blei, Andreas Naschberger, Bernhard Rupp, Dirk Hoffmeister", "abstract": "Psilocybin and its direct precursor baeocystin are indole alkaloids of psychotropic Psilocybe mushrooms. The pharmaceutical interest in psilocybin as a treatment option against depression and anxiety is currently being investigated in advanced clinical trials. Here, we report a biocatalytic route to synthesize 6-methylated psilocybin and baeocystin from 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-l-tryptophan, which was decarboxylated and phosphorylated by the Psilocybe cubensis biosynthesis enzymes PsiD and PsiK. N-Methylation was catalyzed by PsiM. We further present an in silico structural model of PsiM that revealed a well-conserved SAM-binding core along with peripheral nonconserved elements that likely govern substrate preferences.", "journal": "ChemBioChem", "publication_date": "2019-05-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1002/cbic.201900358", "pubmed_id": "31150155", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900358", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Enzyme, Indole test, Methylation, Chemistry, In silico, Biochemistry, Stereochemistry, Pharmacology, Biology, Hallucinogen, Gene, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2948005519\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2948005519\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":38,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046057419\",\"display_name\":\"Janis Fricke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-3185\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029982811\",\"display_name\":\"Alexander M. Sherwood\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0895-0791\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090796568\",\"display_name\":\"Robert B. Kargbo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5539-6343\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003667568\",\"display_name\":\"Andrew Orry\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088811388\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Blei\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3190-8684\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042780550\",\"display_name\":\"Andreas Naschberger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-5459\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068638612\",\"display_name\":\"Bernhard Rupp\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3300-6965\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010592951\",\"display_name\":\"Dirk Hoffmeister\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6461\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S154285657\",\"source_display_name\":\"ChemBioChem\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900358\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Epigenetics,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2040, "title": "Bis(4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptammonium) fumarate: a new crystalline form of psilacetin, an alternative to psilocybin as a psilocin prodrug", "normalized_title": "bis 4 acetoxy n n dimethyltryptammonium fumarate a new crystalline form of psilacetin an alternative to psilocybin as a psilocin prodrug", "authors": "A.R. Chadeayne, James A. Golen, David R. Manke", "abstract": "The title compound (systematic name: bis{2-[4-(acetyloxy)-1 H -indol-3-yl]ethan-1-aminium} but-2-enedioate), 2C 14 H19 N2 O2 + ·C4 H2 O4 2−, has a single protonated psilacetin cation and one half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. There are N-H...O hydrogen bonds between the ammonium H atoms and the fumarate O atoms, as well as N-H...O hydrogen bonds between the indole H atoms and the fumarate O atoms. The hydrogen bonds hold the ions together in infinite one-dimensional chains along [111].", "journal": "Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications", "publication_date": "2019-05-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1107/s2056989019007370", "pubmed_id": "31391991", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1107/s2056989019007370", "keywords": "Chemistry, Protonation, Hydrogen bond, Indole test, Ammonium, Stereochemistry, Crystallography, Ion, Molecule, Organic chemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Phenothiazines and Benzothiazines Synthesis and Activities, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2946994615\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2946994615\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":20,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034491084\",\"display_name\":\"A.R. Chadeayne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0449-0337\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006499895\",\"display_name\":\"James A. Golen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6615-1253\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030447541\",\"display_name\":\"David R. Manke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2513-4801\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2739106167\",\"source_display_name\":\"Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1107/s2056989019007370\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2339, "title": "Motives and Side-Effects of Microdosing With Psychedelics Among Users", "normalized_title": "motives and side effects of microdosing with psychedelics among users", "authors": "Nadia R. P. W. Hutten, Natasha L. Mason, Patrick C. Dolder, Kim P. C. Kuypers", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Microdosing with psychedelics has gained considerable media attention where it is portrayed as a performance enhancer, especially popular on the work floor. While reports are in general positive, scientific evidence about potential negative effects is lacking aside from the prevalence and motives for use. The present study addressed this gap by surveying psychedelic users about their experience with microdosing including their dosing schedule, motivation, and potential experienced negative effects. METHODS: An online questionnaire was launched on several websites and fora between March and July 2018. Respondents who had consented, were 18 years of age or older, and had experience with microdosing were included in the analyses. RESULTS: In total, 1116 of the respondents were either currently microdosing (79.5%) or microdosed in the past (20.5%). Lysergic acid diethylamide (10 mcg) and psilocybin (0.5 g) were the most commonly used psychedelics with a microdosing frequency between 2 and 4 times per week. The majority of users, however, were oblivious about the consumed dose. Performance enhancement was the main motive to microdose (37%). The most reported negative effects were of psychological nature and occurred acutely while under the influence. CONCLUSION: In line with media reports and anecdotes, the majority of our respondents microdosed to enhance performance. Negative effects occurred mostly acutely after substance consumption. However, the main reason to have stopped microdosing was that it was not effective. Future experimental placebo-controlled studies are needed to test whether performance enhancement can be quantified and to assess potential negative effects after longer term microdosing.", "journal": "The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-05-29", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyz029", "pubmed_id": "31152167", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyz029", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Placebo, Medicine, Pharmacology, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2946918750\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2946918750\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":132,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064339250\",\"display_name\":\"Nadia R. P. W. Hutten\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0033-8119\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041055116\",\"display_name\":\"Natasha L. Mason\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-0389\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5063898329\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick C. Dolder\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0952-3356\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024651565\",\"display_name\":\"Kim P. C. Kuypers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-3809\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S199972112\",\"source_display_name\":\"The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyz029\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Microdosing,Observational Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2333, "title": "Psychedelic-assisted therapies: The past, and the need to move forward responsibly", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted therapies the past and the need to move forward responsibly", "authors": "John Gardner, Adrian Carter, Kerry O’Brien, Kate Seear", "abstract": "", "journal": "International Journal of Drug Policy", "publication_date": "2019-05-24", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.019", "pubmed_id": "31136924", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.019", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Context (archaeology), Psychotherapist, Stigma (botany), Psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Biology, Paleontology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2945745191\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2945745191\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":23,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027742316\",\"display_name\":\"John Gardner\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7417-348X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030527783\",\"display_name\":\"Adrian Carter\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3593-0772\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068189292\",\"display_name\":\"Kerry O’Brien\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3145-6038\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009403620\",\"display_name\":\"Kate Seear\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-7069\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S60503757\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Drug Policy\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.019\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3931, "title": "Evolving Issues in the Treatment of Depression", "normalized_title": "evolving issues in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Ole Köhler-Forsberg, Cristina Cusin, Andrew A. Nierenberg", "abstract": "This Viewpoint discusses recent evidence documenting benefits of nonpharmacological and drug therapies for major depressive disorder including exercise, Mediterranean diet and structured dietary support, ketamine and esketamine, anti-inflammatory drugs, brexanolone, and psilocybin.", "journal": "JAMA", "publication_date": "2019-05-23", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1001/jama.2019.4990", "pubmed_id": "31125042", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.4990", "keywords": "Medicine, Psilocybin, Depression (economics), Ketamine, Major depressive disorder, Drug, Psychiatry, Mediterranean diet, Intensive care medicine, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Internal medicine, Cognition, Economics, Macroeconomics, Treatment of Major Depression, Tryptophan and brain disorders, Diet and metabolism studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2944995076\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2944995076\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":17,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001564110\",\"display_name\":\"Ole Köhler-Forsberg\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5121-1287\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046621609\",\"display_name\":\"Cristina Cusin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6334-9918\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040083038\",\"display_name\":\"Andrew A. Nierenberg\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2897-0458\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S172573765\",\"source_display_name\":\"JAMA\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.4990\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2327, "title": "Dynamical exploration of the repertoire of brain networks at rest is modulated by psilocybin", "normalized_title": "dynamical exploration of the repertoire of brain networks at rest is modulated by psilocybin", "authors": "Louis-David Lord, Paul Expert, Selen Atasoy, Leor Roseman, Kristina M. Rapuano, Renaud Lambiotte, David Nutt, Gustavo Deco, Robin Carhart-Harris, Morten L. Kringelbach, Joana Cabral", "abstract": "", "journal": "NeuroImage", "publication_date": "2019-05-23", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.060", "pubmed_id": "31132450", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.060", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Rest (music), Repertoire, Neuroscience, Psychology, Computer science, Cognitive science, Physics, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Acoustics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health Research Topics, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2945514479\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2945514479\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":249,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058914493\",\"display_name\":\"Louis-David Lord\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050966346\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Expert\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5016-4623\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062608070\",\"display_name\":\"Selen Atasoy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8213-8462\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020826324\",\"display_name\":\"Leor Roseman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-6029\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003508094\",\"display_name\":\"Kristina M. Rapuano\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4682-098X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5034372799\",\"display_name\":\"Renaud Lambiotte\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0583-4595\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047963275\",\"display_name\":\"Gustavo Deco\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8995-7583\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043559110\",\"display_name\":\"Morten L. Kringelbach\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3908-6898\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003980225\",\"display_name\":\"Joana Cabral\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6715-0826\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S103225281\",\"source_display_name\":\"NeuroImage\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.060\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3932, "title": "Sacred Plants and Mental Health in Latin America", "normalized_title": "sacred plants and mental health in latin america", "authors": "Oscar Espin, European Institute for Multidisciplinary Studies on Human Rights and Science - Knowmad Institut", "abstract": "Abstract Sacred plants have a number of phenomena that revolve around their ritual and medicinal use, as well as being seen as carrying a bond with the sphere of the sacred. México is the country that has the greatest diversity of sacred plants in the Americas because its indigenous groups have a magical-religious relationship with them. In the beginning of the study of sacred plants, psilocybin, mescaline and ergotamine began to be classified as classical psychedelics, this categorization was of great help to psychiatry and neuroscience in the 1950s and 1960s.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-05-21", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.7235793", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://knowmadinstitut.org/journal/index.php/jms/article/view/2", "keywords": "Latin Americans, Mental health, Traditional medicine, Geography, Political science, Psychology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Law, Ethnobotanical and Medicinal Plants Studies, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4307008613\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4307008613\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5035326524\",\"display_name\":\"Oscar Espin\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"European Institute for Multidisciplinary Studies on Human Rights and Science - Knowmad Institut\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://knowmadinstitut.org/journal/index.php/jms/article/view/2\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2334, "title": "Psilocybin lacks antidepressant-like effect in the Flinders Sensitive Line rat", "normalized_title": "psilocybin lacks antidepressant like effect in the flinders sensitive line rat", "authors": "Oskar Hougaard Jefsen, Kristoffer Højgaard, Sofie Laage Christiansen, Betina Elfving, David Nutt, Gregers Wegener, Heidi Kaastrup Müller", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE: Psilocybin is a serotonin receptor agonist with a therapeutic potential for treatment-resistant depression and other psychiatric illnesses. We investigated whether the administration of psilocybin had an antidepressant-like effect in a rat model of depression. METHODS: Using the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rat model of depression, we assessed the antidepressant-like effect of psilocin and psilocybin, measured as a reduction in immobility time in the forced swim test (FST). We measured locomotor activity in an open field test (OFT) to control for stimulant properties of the drugs. We performed a set of experiments to test different doses, treatment paradigms, and timing of the tests in relation to the drug administration. RESULTS: Psilocin and psilocybin showed no effect on immobility, struggling, or swimming behaviour in the FST and no effect on locomotor activity in the OFT. FSL rats did show significantly more immobility than their control strain, the Flinders Resistant Line, as expected. CONCLUSION: Psilocin and psilocybin showed no antidepressant-like effect in the FSL rats, despite a positive effect in humans. This suggests that other animal models of depression and other behavioural tests may be more appropriate for translational studies in the effects of psilocybin.", "journal": "Acta Neuropsychiatrica", "publication_date": "2019-05-19", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1017/neu.2019.15", "pubmed_id": "31106729", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2019.15", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Antidepressant, Open field, Hallucinogen, Pharmacology, Behavioural despair test, Agonist, Treatment-resistant depression, Psychology, 5-HT receptor, Serotonin, Medicine, Internal medicine, Psychiatry, Receptor, Neuroscience, Hippocampus, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2945318261\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2945318261\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":66,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080789169\",\"display_name\":\"Oskar Hougaard Jefsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-5158\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015051546\",\"display_name\":\"Kristoffer Højgaard\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4869-3953\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5019502815\",\"display_name\":\"Sofie Laage Christiansen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062999838\",\"display_name\":\"Betina Elfving\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6939-5088\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101507504\",\"display_name\":\"David Nutt\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6423-9411\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012173155\",\"display_name\":\"Gregers Wegener\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0081-0068\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5089941210\",\"display_name\":\"Heidi Kaastrup Müller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-8114\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S173281865\",\"source_display_name\":\"Acta Neuropsychiatrica\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2019.15\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3933, "title": "Central (neurogenic) diabetes insipidus: A case report", "normalized_title": "central neurogenic diabetes insipidus a case report", "authors": "S. Larrauri Monterroso, Raquel Pérez Garay, I. Martínez Roda, Jonathan Sedano, B. Vilà, Daniel J. González, A. López Urrutia", "abstract": "", "journal": "Clinica Chimica Acta", "publication_date": "2019-05-14", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.479", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.479", "keywords": "Phencyclidine, Serotonergic, Hallucinogen, Psilocybin, Neuroscience, Lysergic acid diethylamide, NMDA receptor, Psychology, Chemistry, Serotonin, Receptor, Psychiatry, Biochemistry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Mental Health Research Topics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2946594860\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2946594860\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5006593812\",\"display_name\":\"S. Larrauri Monterroso\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5068956677\",\"display_name\":\"Raquel Pérez Garay\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054931623\",\"display_name\":\"I. Martínez Roda\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5048181852\",\"display_name\":\"Jonathan Sedano\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078673697\",\"display_name\":\"B. Vilà\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077760648\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel J. González\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109895913\",\"display_name\":\"A. López Urrutia\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S207549998\",\"source_display_name\":\"Clinica Chimica Acta\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.479\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2039, "title": "Generation of monoclonal antibodies for on-site analysis of psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms", "normalized_title": "generation of monoclonal antibodies for on site analysis of psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Izumi Morita, Hiroyuki Oyama, Rie Tanaka, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri, Norihiro Kobayashi", "abstract": "", "journal": "Clinica Chimica Acta", "publication_date": "2019-05-14", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.139", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.139", "keywords": "Chemistry, Muscarine, Deoxygenation, Derivative (finance), Anomer, Stereochemistry, Decarboxylation, Stereoselectivity, Organic chemistry, Biochemistry, Catalysis, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, Economics, Financial economics, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Polyamine Metabolism and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2945277871\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2945277871\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024637509\",\"display_name\":\"Izumi Morita\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6431-0214\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058999985\",\"display_name\":\"Hiroyuki Oyama\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5041-5701\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029695506\",\"display_name\":\"Rie Tanaka\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0719-0348\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044593952\",\"display_name\":\"Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4251-1664\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020026659\",\"display_name\":\"Norihiro Kobayashi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1254-0621\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S207549998\",\"source_display_name\":\"Clinica Chimica Acta\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.139\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2332, "title": "Cessation and reduction in alcohol consumption and misuse after psychedelic use.", "normalized_title": "cessation and reduction in alcohol consumption and misuse after psychedelic use", "authors": "Garcia-Romeu A, Davis AK, Erowid F, Erowid E, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "BackgroundMeta-analysis of randomized studies using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcohol use disorder (AUD) showed large, significant effects for LSD efficacy compared to control conditions. Clinical studies suggest potential anti-addiction effects of LSD and mechanistically-related classic psychedelics for alcohol and other substance use disorders.AimsTo supplement clinical studies, reports of psychedelic use in naturalistic settings can provide further data regarding potential effects of psychedelics on alcohol use.MethodsAn anonymous online survey of individuals with prior AUD reporting cessation or reduction in alcohol use following psychedelic use in non-clinical settings.Results343 respondents, mostly White (89%), males (78%), in the USA (60%) completed the survey. Participants reported seven years of problematic alcohol use on average before the psychedelic experience to which they attributed reduced alcohol consumption, with 72% meeting retrospective criteria for severe AUD. Most reported taking a moderate or high dose of LSD (38%) or psilocybin (36%), followed by significant reduction in alcohol consumption. After the psychedelic experience 83% no longer met AUD criteria. Participants rated their psychedelic experience as highly meaningful and insightful, with 28% endorsing psychedelic-associated changes in life priorities or values as facilitating reduced alcohol misuse. Greater psychedelic dose, insight, mystical-type effects, and personal meaning of experiences were associated with a greater reduction in alcohol consumption, controlling for prior alcohol consumption and related distress.ConclusionsAlthough results cannot demonstrate causality, they suggest that naturalistic psychedelic use may lead to cessation or reduction in problematic alcohol use, supporting further investigation of psychedelic-assisted treatment for AUD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-05-13", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1177/0269881119845793", "pubmed_id": "31084460", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119845793", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Ethanol, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Retrospective Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Alcohol Drinking, Mysticism, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31084460\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mystical Experience,Meta-Analysis,Observational Study", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3934, "title": "Who is the dreamer?", "normalized_title": "who is the dreamer", "authors": "Kurt Forrer", "abstract": "We find it self-explanatory that we perceive our waking world through the physical body, via the five senses whose relay centre is the brain. Yet it is not so simple to explain who the dreamer is in the physical body, as it sleeps. An exploration of this evinces that the traditional hypothesis of material reductionism drives us into a dead end street since its proposed creative process is based on the supposition that matter was created first from which it purportedly emanates consciousness. Once it is understood that consciousness comes before matter and that without it nothing can exist, it quickly becomes apparent that consciousness is not just light and intelligence, but also the matrix and indeed the ‘creatrix’ or mother of all there is. Under such circumstances the creative process is best seen as analogous to a prism revealing the inherent colours of white light, as it projects them into a dark room, which ultimately suggests that the brain is a kind of a projector. Both the waking and the dream world are seen as either internal or external projections. Certainly, the brain shows to be an adept projector when it comes to eidetic visions, for instance. An example of this phenomenon is provided from personal experience. Another support of the projecting phenomenon is the hypnotic projection, of which there is an example provided from yet another personal experience. Further evidence in favour of cerebral projection is the hypnagogic, as well as the hypnopompic vision. Karl Pribram’s findings that the world is a cerebral projection of holograms certainly underpin all the adduced examples. Ultimately they all affirm the view that the brain is a projector with multiple modes of operation. The two most common of these are, of course, waking and dreaming. In other words the brain, so it would appear, creates both the waking person and the dreamer, depending in which ‘gear’ it operates. However, when we examine the experiments with psilocybin, for instance, something puzzling eventuates: while the chemistry of the mushroom induces vastly expanded consciousness, or indeed mystical epiphanies, brain functions are considerably reduced. This is, of course, the precise opposite to what is to be expected while we presume that it is the brain that is responsible for both the generation of consciousness and the projection of waking life and dreams. There is only one event that can shed sufficient light on this conundrum: The NDE of Pam Reynolds. The operation on her aneurism required hypothermic arrest, thus rendering her body to a state of medical death. To everyone’s surprise Pam, like Lazarus, returned from the dead, reporting that the world can be seen in the brain dead state, moreover in a superior manner, thus leading us to the inference that we are not the physical body, but a subtle body within the body of flesh and blood, serving as a template for the latter. Pam’s report upon her return to her earthly body also confirms the ancient view that our etheric, or soul, ascends to an astral plain where in some cases at least, it sojourns as light being for a time, presumably reincarnating on earth once again in order to mature towards the ultimate at-one-ment with Absolute Consciousness, as experiments with psilocybin may lead us to infer. The same experiment also suggests an illustration of why we normally are unaware of the oceanic realm of Absolute Consciousness. It is because the brainwaves of ordinary waking experience project the imagery of the waking world into the ‘sea’ of Absolute Consciousness, so deflecting our attention from its very embrace.", "journal": "University Library Heidelberg", "publication_date": "2019-05-09", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.11588/ijodr.2019.2.62308", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.11588/ijodr.2019.2.62308", "keywords": "Consciousness, Phenomenon, Psychology, Nothing, Vision, Dream, Introspection, Reductionism, Cognitive psychology, Discernment, Cognitive science, Epistemology, Aesthetics, Psychoanalysis, Neuroscience, Philosophy, Theology, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neuroscience, Education and Cognitive Function", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2996160919\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2996160919\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012926974\",\"display_name\":\"Kurt Forrer\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S7407051545\",\"source_display_name\":\"University Library Heidelberg\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.11588/ijodr.2019.2.62308\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Creativity,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2335, "title": "Narrative identity, rationality, and microdosing classic psychedelics", "normalized_title": "narrative identity rationality and microdosing classic psychedelics", "authors": "Megan Webb, Heith Copes, Peter S. Hendricks", "abstract": "", "journal": "International Journal of Drug Policy", "publication_date": "2019-05-07", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.04.013", "pubmed_id": "31071597", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.04.013", "keywords": "Context (archaeology), Narrative, Psychology, Psilocybin, Social psychology, Mood, Identity (music), Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Aesthetics, Paleontology, Biology, Philosophy, Linguistics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2944038128\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2944038128\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":74,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5087248026\",\"display_name\":\"Megan Webb\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041960695\",\"display_name\":\"Heith Copes\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8029-1837\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004506349\",\"display_name\":\"Peter S. Hendricks\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S60503757\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Drug Policy\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.04.013\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3935, "title": "T137. Psilocybin-Assisted Group Therapy for Demoralization in Long-Term AIDS Survivors", "normalized_title": "t137 psilocybin assisted group therapy for demoralization in long term aids survivors", "authors": "B. Anderson, Alicia Danforth, Robert B. Daroff, Christopher S. Stauffer, James Dilley, Jennifer Mitchell, Joshua Woolley", "abstract": "", "journal": "Biological Psychiatry", "publication_date": "2019-04-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.460", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.460", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Learned helplessness, Psychotherapist, Psychology, Anxiety, Psychiatry, Group psychotherapy, Depression (economics), Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Economics, Macroeconomics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2946285292\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2946285292\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":5,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009662036\",\"display_name\":\"B. Anderson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5023-660X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051293419\",\"display_name\":\"Alicia Danforth\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8726-046X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5033176865\",\"display_name\":\"Robert B. Daroff\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5077197149\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher S. Stauffer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0888-095X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5054356516\",\"display_name\":\"James Dilley\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1108-0048\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078452831\",\"display_name\":\"Jennifer Mitchell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7567-8129\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5101826991\",\"display_name\":\"Joshua Woolley\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6753-2093\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S205482884\",\"source_display_name\":\"Biological Psychiatry\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.460\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2345, "title": "Denver votes to decriminalise psilocybin mushrooms", "normalized_title": "denver votes to decriminalise psilocybin mushrooms", "authors": "Paul Webster", "abstract": "", "journal": "The Lancet", "publication_date": "2019-04-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31082-7", "pubmed_id": "31106737", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31082-7", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Ballot, MAGIC (telescope), Political science, Criminology, Psychology, Law, Psychiatry, Politics, Hallucinogen, Voting, Physics, Quantum mechanics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2945209116\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2945209116\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":8,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058439987\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Webster\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1980-6931\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S49861241\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Lancet\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31082-7\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3936, "title": "Psychedelic Medicine: Careful Studies, Regulations Are the Answer", "normalized_title": "psychedelic medicine careful studies regulations are the answer", "authors": "Paul Summergrad", "abstract": "Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Full AccessPsychedelic Medicine: Careful Studies, Regulations Are the AnswerPaul SummergradM.D.Paul SummergradSearch for more papers by this authorM.D.Published Online:30 Apr 2019https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2019.5a25AbstractPaul Summergrad, M.D., is the Dr. Frances S. Arkin Professor and Chair of the Department of Psychiatry and a professor of medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine. He is also psychiatrist-in-chief at Tufts Medical Center and a past APA president. He serves on the scientific advisory boards of Alkermes, Compass Pathways LTD, and Pear Therapeutics and is a consultant to Mental Health Data Services Inc., Pear Therapeutics, and Compass Pathways LTD.Stanley Caroff, M.D., raises important points about the risks and challenges in psychiatric research as we look for new treatments for many disabling, or otherwise imperfectly treated, disorders. As has been well described previously, investment by the pharmaceutical industry in new compounds to treat neuroscience disorders-particularly those in psychiatry-has been limited in recent years. Despite major investment in genetic, basic neuroscience, and neuroimaging research, the development of specific targets for pharmaceutical intervention has been slow in coming. The challenges of patients who remain ill despite our best efforts, especially in an environment where new agents are limited, has prompted investigators to look at repurposing existing medications, such as ketamine, MDMA, and psilocybin, as well as drugs from other areas of medicine, such as minocycline.As Dr. Caroff correctly notes, many of these latter compounds have been tested only in small patient series, are difficult to blind, and have been studied by groups led by highly committed investigators, rather than in larger and more typical populations. Additionally, many of these agents have a complex history of nonmedical, recreational, or illegal use, which has led to several of them being restricted to Schedule 1. All of these considerations should be kept in mind as new studies are reported. (See my paper, “Psilocybin in End of Life Care: Implications for Research,” which was published November 30, 2016, in the Journal of Psychopharmacology.)Large-scale trials with careful oversight, risk-modification strategies to prevent drug diversion or allow safe administration-such as have been recently occurred with approvals of esketamine and brexanolone-and careful attention by psychiatrists and others to potential benefits and risks of any new compound may be effective strategies to counter these risks.Because mental disorders have been so disabling and difficult to treat, the history of psychiatry is replete with enthusiasms that have not always, in the fullness of time, proved valuable. Careful studies, appropriate regulatory processes, and the exercise of skilled clinical judgment can all be helpful and protective. However, there may be much we can potentially learn about the organization of mental functioning while affected by compounds that can have a profound effect on sense of self and other. ■See related article “Psychedelic Medicine: Much More Study Needed.” ISSUES NewArchived", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2019-04-29", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2019.5a25", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2019.5a25", "keywords": "Repurposing, Medicine, Psilocybin, Psychiatry, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Engineering, Waste management, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical Reactions and Isotopes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2943550935\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2943550935\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5046572401\",\"display_name\":\"Paul Summergrad\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9991-6761\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2019.5a25\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2348, "title": "Serotonergic hallucinogens and recognition of facial emotion expressions: a systematic review of the literature.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic hallucinogens and recognition of facial emotion expressions a systematic review of the literature", "authors": "Rocha JM, Osório FL, Crippa JAS, Bouso JC, Rossi GN, Hallak JEC, Dos Santos RG.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecognition of emotions in facial expressions (REFE) is a key aspect of social cognition. Anxiety and mood disorders are associated with deficits in REFE, and anxiolytics and antidepressants reverse these deficits. Recent studies have shown that serotonergic hallucinogens (i.e. ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], and mescaline) have anxiolytic and antidepressant properties, but their effects on REFE are not well understood. The purpose of the study was to conduct a systematic review analyzing the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens on REFE in humans.MethodsStudies published in the PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases until 19 October 2018 which analyzed the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens on REFE in humans were included.ResultsOf the 62 studies identified, 8 studies were included. Included studies involved the administration of a single or a few doses of LSD or psilocybin, and most trials were randomized and controlled with placebo. LSD and psilocybin reduced the recognition of negative emotions in most studies and modulated amygdala activity to these stimuli, which was correlated with antidepressive effects in patients. Both drugs were well tolerated.ConclusionsSerotonergic hallucinogens reduced the recognition of negative emotions by modulating amygdala activity. Despite the small sample sizes, results suggest that serotonergic hallucinogens show promising beneficial effects on deficits in REFE.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-04-25", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1177/2045125319845774", "pubmed_id": "31065350", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125319845774", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31065350\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Emotional Processing,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2987, "title": "Rapid-acting antidepressants.", "normalized_title": "rapid acting antidepressants", "authors": "Witkin JM, Martin AE, Golani LK, Xu NZ, Smith JL.", "abstract": "Conventional antidepressants (biogenic amine mechanisms) are not fully efficacious (e.g., symptoms remain after treatment, not all patients respond), produce effects only after weeks of daily dosing, and do not impact all disease symptoms. In contrast, a new class of antidepressants has been emerging since 2006 that has demonstrated rapid onset, large effect size, activity after only a single or few dose applications, and positive impact in treatment refractory patients and against some treatment-resistant symptoms (e.g., anhedonia). Rapid-acting antidepressant drug action has been demonstrated in controlled clinical studies for ketamine, a few other NMDA receptor antagonists, and scopolamine. Less clinical data are currently available for psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ayahuasca. The mechanisms of action of rapid-acting antidepressants are not fully understood. However, a general triggering mechanism appears to involve the potentiation of AMPA receptor function. Although the durability of antidepressant effects of ketamine and scopolamine is limited, psychedelic drugs have been reported to produce effects for many months. The primary impediment to generating a medicine of this type for depressed patients is side effects and the lack of methods to ensure enduring antidepressant effects. Thus, further exploration of drug possibilities continues. Esketamine ((S)-ketamine) was recently FDA approved. Compounds currently in clinical development include the NMDA receptor antagonist (R)-ketamine, the NMDA receptor modulator, GLYX-13 (Rapastinel), and the AMPA receptor potentiator TAK-653. Additional pharmacological classes have produced effects in the preclinical laboratory to suggest their potential as rapid-acting agents. These include mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists, AMPA receptor potentiators, and negative allosteric modulators of GABAA(α5) receptors. In all cases, molecules exist that could be used to provide clinical proof of concept testing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-04-23", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/bs.apha.2019.03.002", "pubmed_id": "31378256", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2019.03.002", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Receptors, Muscarinic, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Muscarinic Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31378256\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3937, "title": "New Psychoactive Substances (NPS), Psychedelic Experiences and Dissociation: Clinical and Clinical Pharmacological Issues", "normalized_title": "new psychoactive substances nps psychedelic experiences and dissociation clinical and clinical pharmacological issues", "authors": "Fabrizio Schifano, Flavia Napoletano, Stefania Chiappini, Laura Orsolini, Amira Guirguis, John Corkery, Stefania Bonaccorso, A Ricciardi, Norbert Scherbaum, Alessandro Vento", "abstract": "", "journal": "Current Addiction Reports", "publication_date": "2019-04-22", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1007/s40429-019-00249-z", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00249-z", "keywords": "Dissociative, Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychopathology, Altered state, Psychiatry, Consciousness, Psychology, Psychoactive substance, Ecstasy, Psychotherapist, Medicine, Neuroscience, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2940982719\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2940982719\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":16,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078706372\",\"display_name\":\"Fabrizio Schifano\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4178-5401\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5014564946\",\"display_name\":\"Flavia Napoletano\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6813-5281\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041705984\",\"display_name\":\"Stefania Chiappini\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6810-1540\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5037119438\",\"display_name\":\"Laura Orsolini\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-3770\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5080313345\",\"display_name\":\"Amira Guirguis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8255-0660\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5058372793\",\"display_name\":\"John Corkery\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3849-817X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5111617959\",\"display_name\":\"Stefania Bonaccorso\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009967288\",\"display_name\":\"A Ricciardi\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0584-0194\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5026643169\",\"display_name\":\"Norbert Scherbaum\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1759-6990\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5091167530\",\"display_name\":\"Alessandro Vento\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6438-0645\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764348729\",\"source_display_name\":\"Current Addiction Reports\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00249-z\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2349, "title": "Survey of subjective \"God encounter experiences\": Comparisons among naturally occurring experiences and those occasioned by the classic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, or DMT", "normalized_title": "survey of subjective god encounter experiences comparisons among naturally occurring experiences and those occasioned by the classic psychedelics psilocybin lsd ayahuasca or dmt", "authors": "Roland R. Griffiths, Ethan Hurwitz, Alan K. Davis, Matthew W. Johnson, Robert L. Jesse", "abstract": "Naturally occurring and psychedelic drug-occasioned experiences interpreted as personal encounters with God are well described but have not been systematically compared. In this study, five groups of individuals participated in an online survey with detailed questions characterizing the subjective phenomena, interpretation, and persisting changes attributed to their single most memorable God encounter experience (n = 809 Non-Drug, 1184 psilocybin, 1251 lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 435 ayahuasca, and 606 N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)). Analyses of differences in experiences were adjusted statistically for demographic differences between groups. The Non-Drug Group was most likely to choose \"God\" as the best descriptor of that which was encountered while the psychedelic groups were most likely to choose \"Ultimate Reality.\" Although there were some other differences between non-drug and the combined psychedelic group, as well as between the four psychedelic groups, the similarities among these groups were most striking. Most participants reported vivid memories of the encounter experience, which frequently involved communication with something having the attributes of being conscious, benevolent, intelligent, sacred, eternal, and all-knowing. The encounter experience fulfilled a priori criteria for being a complete mystical experience in approximately half of the participants. More than two-thirds of those who identified as atheist before the experience no longer identified as atheist afterwards. These experiences were rated as among the most personally meaningful and spiritually significant lifetime experiences, with moderate to strong persisting positive changes in life satisfaction, purpose, and meaning attributed to these experiences. Among the four groups of psychedelic users, the psilocybin and LSD groups were most similar and the ayahuasca group tended to have the highest rates of endorsing positive features and enduring consequences of the experience. Future exploration of predisposing factors and phenomenological and neural correlates of such experiences may provide new insights into religious and spiritual beliefs that have been integral to shaping human culture since time immemorial.", "journal": "PLoS ONE", "publication_date": "2019-04-22", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0214377", "pubmed_id": "31013281", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214377", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Ayahuasca, Hallucinogen, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Parapsychology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Sociology, Anthropology, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Serotonin, Receptor, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques, Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2940999002\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2940999002\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":248,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002583244\",\"display_name\":\"Roland R. Griffiths\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-7854\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003785730\",\"display_name\":\"Ethan Hurwitz\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038141719\",\"display_name\":\"Alan K. Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-8893\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030387003\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew W. Johnson\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0513\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5109843219\",\"display_name\":\"Robert L. Jesse\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S202381698\",\"source_display_name\":\"PLoS ONE\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214377\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3938, "title": "Attitudes Toward Medical Psychedelics", "normalized_title": "attitudes toward medical psychedelics", "authors": "McKenna Silva", "abstract": "The use of classical psychedelics in a therapy setting can have a positive impact on many different psychiatric disorders such as mood disorders, anxiety, addiction, and overall spiritual wellbeing (Carhart-Harris et al., 2017). However, medicinal psychedelics have been stigmatized and removed as an option of treatment, just as medical cannabis once was. If given the same research and education opportunities as medical cannabis, medical psychedelics could resurge as a viable form of treatment. The goal of this study is to determine the extent to which perceptions of medicinal psychedelics are influenced by education, socioeconomic status and experience with depressive symptoms. This study consisted of 60 adult participants. Approximately half were randomly assigned to complete a reading about the benefits of medical psychedelics and the other half was given an unrelated placebo reading. Following the treatment participants completed the Attitudes Toward Medical Psychedelics Survey (Lewis & Sznitman, 2017), the Patients Health Questionnaire (Spitzer et al., 2001) and answered 8 demographic questions. Results are expected to demonstrate that after having read the informational reading, participants with higher education and socioeconomic levels as well as those with experience with depression will have greater acceptance of medical psychedelics. These finding may have a significant impact on the education and availability of non-conventional psychological treatment while providing a better understanding of how to present controversial medical research. Keywords: Psychedelics, Medicinal Psychedelics, Psilocybin, LSD, Marijuana, Depression, Treatment Resistant Depression, Anxiety, Addiction.", "journal": "Dominican Scholar (Dominican University of California)", "publication_date": "2019-04-17", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://scholar.dominican.edu/scw/SCW2019/conference-presentations-exhibits-and-performances/83", "keywords": "Psychology, Social psychology, Internet privacy, Communication, Computer science, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2936920827\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2936920827\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010145318\",\"display_name\":\"McKenna Silva\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196516\",\"source_display_name\":\"Dominican Scholar (Dominican University of California)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://scholar.dominican.edu/scw/SCW2019/conference-presentations-exhibits-and-performances/83\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3939, "title": "Effects of SERT Inhibition on the Subjective Response to Psilocybin in Healthy Subjects", "normalized_title": "effects of sert inhibition on the subjective response to psilocybin in healthy subjects", "authors": "Kernel Networks Inc.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Case Medical Research", "publication_date": "2019-04-11", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.31525/ct1-nct03912974", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct03912974", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Pharmacology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4231403717\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4231403717\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Kernel Networks Inc.\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210239733\",\"source_display_name\":\"Case Medical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct03912974\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2336, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted mindfulness training modulates self-consciousness and brain default mode network connectivity with lasting effects", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted mindfulness training modulates self consciousness and brain default mode network connectivity with lasting effects", "authors": "Lukasz Smigielski, Milan Scheidegger, Michael Kometer, Franz X. Vollenweider", "abstract": "", "journal": "NeuroImage", "publication_date": "2019-04-05", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.009", "pubmed_id": "30965131", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.009", "keywords": "Default mode network, Psilocybin, Psychology, Meditation, Mindfulness, Posterior cingulate, Neuroscience, Consciousness, Hallucinogen, Resting state fMRI, Prefrontal cortex, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Cognition, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, Theology, Philosophy, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Tryptophan and brain disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2926998013\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":261,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082806271\",\"display_name\":\"Lukasz Smigielski\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-7644\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5050503083\",\"display_name\":\"Milan Scheidegger\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1313-2208\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021802006\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Kometer\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S103225281\",\"source_display_name\":\"NeuroImage\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.009\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2352, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Group Therapy: A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted group therapy a systematic review", "authors": "Trope A, Anderson BT, Hooker AR, Glick G, Stauffer C, Woolley JD.", "abstract": "Contemporary research with classic psychedelic drugs (e.g., lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin) is indebted to the twentieth-century researchers and clinicians who generated valuable clinical knowledge of these substances through experimentation. Several recent reviews that highlight the contributions of this early literature have focused on psychedelic-assisted individual psychotherapy modalities. None have attempted to systematically identify and compile experimental studies of psychedelic-assisted group therapy. In therapeutic settings, psychedelics were often used to enhance group therapy for a variety of populations and clinical indications. We report on the results of a systematic review of the published literature in English and Spanish on psychedelic-assisted group therapies. Publications are characterized by their clinical approach, experimental method, and clinical outcomes. Given the renewed interest in the clinical use of psychedelic medicines, this review aims to stimulate hypotheses to be tested in future research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, group process, and interpersonal functioning.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-04-04", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2019.1593559", "pubmed_id": "30950777", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1593559", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, Group, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30950777\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3940, "title": "Psychedelics Improve the Mental Health of Rats", "normalized_title": "psychedelics improve the mental health of rats", "authors": "Meghan Hibicke, Alexus N. Landry, Zoe K. Talman, Charles D. Nichols", "abstract": "Introduction Psilocybin has recently demonstrated profound efficacy to alleviate depression and anxiety in several clinical trials and has received Breakthrough Status by the FDA. Symptomatic relief after only one or two therapeutic treatments last for at least several months in the vast majority of individuals. It is unclear whether the persistent antidepressant and anxiolytic effects are a psychological integration of the subject's personal experience while under the influence of the drug, or are a consequence of neurochemical changes induced by psilocybin that correct abnormalities leading to a healthier brain state. To distinguish between these possibilities, we investigated the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin in a rat model of treatment resistant depression, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Rats do not, as we currently believe, have a sense of self to reflect upon during a psychedelic experience. Therefore, if the effects are purely psychological, psilocybin should not occasion long lasting therapeutic effects as are seen in humans. Objective To evaluate the long-term effects of psychedelics on depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviors in a rat model of depression. Methods Two experiments were performed in which rats were administered a single bolus dose of saline or treatment in saline vehicle: psilocybin (1 mg/kg), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, 0.15 mg/kg), or ketamine (5.0 mg/kg) intraperitoneally at a volume of 1 mL/kg. Saline (experiment 1, n =8) and repeat measures psilocybin (experiment 1, n =8) groups were evaluated in the Forced Swim Test (FST) weekly for five weeks, and then the Evaluated Plus Maze (EPM) on the sixth week. Interval psilocybin (experiment 1, n =8), saline (experiment 2, n =6), LSD (experiment 2, n =6), and ketamine (experiment 2, n =6) were evaluated in the FST a single time on the fifth week, and then in the EPM on the sixth week. All measures were evaluated with one-way ANOVA using Holm-Sidak post hoc, or with t-test as appropriate. Results Remarkably, we have found that a single treatment with psilocybin produces context-dependent, long lasting antidepressant-like ( p =0.046, p =0.026, and p", "journal": "The FASEB Journal", "publication_date": "2019-03-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.666.1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.666.1", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Antidepressant, Anxiolytic, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Neurochemical, Anxiety, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Ketamine, Saline, Pharmacology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Anesthesia, Internal medicine, Neuroscience, Serotonin, Receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3175025894\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3175025894\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":7,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008298741\",\"display_name\":\"Meghan Hibicke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9394-9789\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5043781819\",\"display_name\":\"Alexus N. Landry\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021748194\",\"display_name\":\"Zoe K. Talman\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5062966169\",\"display_name\":\"Charles D. Nichols\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-0646\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S25293849\",\"source_display_name\":\"The FASEB Journal\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.666.1\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2356, "title": "Increased use of illicit drugs in a Dutch cluster headache population.", "normalized_title": "increased use of illicit drugs in a dutch cluster headache population", "authors": "de Coo IF, Naber WC, Wilbrink LA, Haan J, Ferrari MD, Fronczek R", "abstract": "Many patients with cluster headache report use of illicit drugs. We systematically assessed the use of illicit drugs and their effects in a well-defined Dutch cluster headache population. In this cross-sectional explorative study, 756 people with cluster headache received a questionnaire on lifetime use and perceived effects of illicit drugs. Results were compared with age and sex-matched official data from the Dutch general population. Compared to the data from the general population, there were more illicit drug users in the cluster headache group (31.7% vs. 23.8%; p In the Netherlands, people with cluster headache use illicit drugs more often than the general population. The question remains whether this is due to an actual alleviatory effect, placebo response, conviction, or common pathophysiological background between cluster headache and addictive behaviours such as drug use.", "journal": "Cephalalgia: an international journal of headache", "publication_date": "2019-03-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1177/0333102418804160", "pubmed_id": "30290701", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30290701/", "keywords": "Cluster headache, GHB, cannabis, heroin, psilocybin mushroom", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"30290701\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2355, "title": "Psychedelic medicine: The biology underlying the persisting psychedelic effects.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic medicine the biology underlying the persisting psychedelic effects", "authors": "Kuypers KPC", "abstract": "Psychedelic substances have regained interest as therapeutic agents in the treatment of stress-related disorders. The effects seem to be of persisting nature even after a single dose. Also in lower than 'regular' recreational doses, so-called micro-doses, without the typical effects on consciousness, users report beneficial effects on cognitive processes and well-being. The exact neurobiological mechanism underlying these persisting effects is not clear. While previous research has mainly focused on the central nervous system including the immune system and the neuroendocrine system, I propose a central role for sleep and the microbiome in the effects of regular and low doses of psychedelics respectively. It will be explained why this is hypothesized and studies to test this idea proposed. It is concluded that while these studies are needed to understand the biology underlying psychedelic medicine, it is also important to approach it in a holistic way, including all the above mentioned biological processes psychedelics are known to affect, and explore the role of other substance-related factors like route of administration and form, and factors like diet and lifestyle which are part of the psychedelic experience.", "journal": "Medical hypotheses", "publication_date": "2019-03-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.029", "pubmed_id": "30902145", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30902145/", "keywords": "Gut-brain axis, Psilocybin, Psychedelic medicine, Sleep microbiome, Stress-related disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"30902145\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Wellbeing,Microbiome,Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3941, "title": "Relationship Of Magic Mushroom Literation As A Drug With Abuse It's Use As A Hallucination", "normalized_title": "relationship of magic mushroom literation as a drug with abuse it s use as a hallucination", "authors": "Yuri Rahayu, Andi Riyanto, Agung Wibowo", "abstract": "Some cases consuming Magic mushroom resulting in death and behave strangelinto concerns. Literacy or knowledge of the dangers of this toxic fungus needs to be socialized so that communities especiallyteenagersdid not attempt to try to thrill to get satisfaction because of the nature of the hallucinations caused due by consuming Magic Mushroom. Magic mushroom contains the psilocin. This fungus is a narcotic class I inaccordance in enactment no. 35 year 2009. The purpose of this study is to know the correlation of literacy about magic mushrooms as a drug with the abuse behavior of teenagers as a Hallucinator in the area of Sukabumi City. The research method used is the quantitative research, with a formula of Association problems. The population of 19.284students with 392 number of sample, it's from high school and equivalent in Sukabumi region without differentiating classes and majors. Based on the results of the test indicate that there is a positive relationship between literacy of students about the magic mushroom with the behavior of misuse as Halusinasinator as evidenced by the value of 0.173> 005. The coefficient of this 0.173 describes a weak relationship.The results of the study provide guidance for the public, especially high school students that by having good knowledge of the dangers of the magic mushroom, students can avoid not consuming them and will maintain good behavior so as not to harm themselves and their environment.", "journal": "International Journal on Advanced Science Education and Religion", "publication_date": "2019-03-27", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.33648/ijoaser.v2i1.25", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.33648/ijoaser.v2i1.25", "keywords": "Mushroom, Harm, MAGIC (telescope), Psychology, Literacy, Population, Social psychology, Medicine, Environmental health, Pedagogy, Botany, Biology, Physics, Quantum mechanics, Educational Methods and Impacts", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3003320950\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3003320950\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5031662782\",\"display_name\":\"Yuri Rahayu\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5728-7303\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023058910\",\"display_name\":\"Andi Riyanto\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1122-0493\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027356915\",\"display_name\":\"Agung Wibowo\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1479-8175\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210206628\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal on Advanced Science Education and Religion\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.33648/ijoaser.v2i1.25\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2351, "title": "The Past and Future of Psychedelic Science: An Introduction to This Issue", "normalized_title": "the past and future of psychedelic science an introduction to this issue", "authors": "Richard Doblin, Merete Bruun Christiansen, Lisa Jerome, Brad Burge", "abstract": "Psychedelic plants and fungi have been used in indigenous medicinal traditions for millennia. Modern psychedelic research began when Albert Hofmann first synthesized lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) in 1938. Five years later, became the first person to ingest LSD. Hofmann was unaware of the significance of his actions, and the effects they would set in motion. After a burgeoning period of scientific and cultural exploration in the1950s and '60s, psychedelic research was slowed to a near halt. Throughout the 1970s and '80s governmental interventions severely hampered global psychedelic research, despite evidence of the limited medical risks and therapeutic potential of psychedelics. After decades of persistent education and advocacy, rigorous research employing psychedelics as tools of discovery and healing are abundant today. Studies are taking place in research institutions and in private practice sites supported by non-profit and for-profit organizations, as well as individual investigators. This research includes clinical trials with MDMA-assisted therapy for the treatment of PTSD, alcoholism, and social anxiety, and psilocybin clinical studies for depression and addiction, as well as the ability of psychedelics to catalyze spiritual or mystical experiences and inspire creativity, and into the neuroscientific understanding the effects of psychedelic substances on our nervous system.", "journal": "Journal of Psychoactive Drugs", "publication_date": "2019-03-14", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2019.1606472", "pubmed_id": "31132970", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1606472", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Hallucinogen, Addiction, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Creativity, Psychological intervention, Anxiety, Psychic, Psychotherapist, Psychiatry, Alternative medicine, Medicine, Social psychology, Serotonin, Receptor, Pathology, Internal medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2947995541\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2947995541\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":86,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5112440376\",\"display_name\":\"Richard Doblin\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5108698134\",\"display_name\":\"Merete Bruun Christiansen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5012319228\",\"display_name\":\"Lisa Jerome\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6209-8750\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038864071\",\"display_name\":\"Brad Burge\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S149515109\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1606472\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Creativity,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3942, "title": "A Study of Psilocybin for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)", "normalized_title": "a study of psilocybin for major depressive disorder mdd", "authors": "Kernel Networks Inc.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Case Medical Research", "publication_date": "2019-03-06", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.31525/ct1-nct03866174", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct03866174", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Major depressive disorder, Psychology, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Clinical psychology, Hallucinogen, Cognition, Macroeconomics, Economics, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4235066019\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4235066019\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":3,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":null,\"display_name\":\"Kernel Networks Inc.\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210239733\",\"source_display_name\":\"Case Medical Research\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.31525/ct1-nct03866174\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2340, "title": "Beyond LSD: A Broader Psychedelic Zeitgeist during the Early to Mid-20thCentury", "normalized_title": "beyond lsd a broader psychedelic zeitgeist during the early to mid 20thcentury", "authors": "Jacob S. Aday, Emily K. Bloesch, Christopher C. Davoli", "abstract": "During the 1950s and 1960s, there was a tremendous surge in research into the effects of psychedelic drugs. When discussing this period of research, the discovery of the psychoactive properties of LSD in 1943 is often presented as the main, and sometimes only, driving force of the boom in research. This \"Great Person,\" or \"Great Chemical,\" historiographical lens fails to acknowledge other factors that were fundamental in setting the stage for the research. In particular, other psychedelic drugs, such as mescaline, were already being probed for their uses in psychotherapy and as models for psychosis before the effects of LSD had been discovered. Psilocybin and other classical psychedelics had also been discovered by Western researchers around the same time as the synthesis of LSD. Additionally, many of the dominant zeitgeists (e.g., pharmacological, psychoanalytic, and humanistic) in psychology during this period were congruent with psychedelic research. This article argues that while the discovery of LSD may have been a catalyst for psychedelic research in the 1950s and '60s, there was a broader psychedelic zeitgeist that deserves acknowledgement for setting the stage.", "journal": "Journal of Psychoactive Drugs", "publication_date": "2019-03-05", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2019.1581961", "pubmed_id": "30836890", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1581961", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Mescaline, Zeitgeist, Historiography, Psychology, Psychoanalytic theory, Psychodynamics, Period (music), Hallucinogen, Humanism, Psychoanalysis, History of psychology, Psychotherapist, Epistemology, Art, Psychiatry, History, Aesthetics, Philosophy, Theology, Archaeology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2922431302\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2922431302\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":19,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025692890\",\"display_name\":\"Jacob S. Aday\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0578-8530\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015734192\",\"display_name\":\"Emily K. Bloesch\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9623-0497\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061477502\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher C. Davoli\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S149515109\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1581961\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2358, "title": "Modeling Retention Behavior on Analysis of Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography.", "normalized_title": "modeling retention behavior on analysis of hallucinogenic mushrooms using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography", "authors": "Rácz N, Nagy J, Jiang W, Veress T.", "abstract": "The goal of this work was to investigate and compare the selectivity of three different hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) charge modulated amide columns, iHILIC®-Fusion, iHILIC®-Fusion(+) and iHILIC®-Fusion(P), for analysis of compounds in hallucinogen mushrooms. An extract of a truffle-like fungus containing psilocin, psilocybin and baeocystin was chosen as test material. Three different modeling methods were applied to describe the retention times of constituents in isocratic separation mode as a function of mobile phase composition, pH and temperature. Two models using DryLab® 2010 assumed quadratic and exponential relationship between the retention time and solvent fraction of aqueous component of the mobile phase, respectively. These models also illustrate the van't Hoff like equation to describe the temperature-dependence of the retention factor and the theory of Snyder et al. to estimate the retention factor as a function of pH of the aqueous mobile phase component. The third model using STATISTICA® multivariate data analysis in a predefined experimental space was able to predict the retention times. All HILIC columns in this comparison were proved to be suitable for separation of the two hallucinogenic alkaloids from each other and from the matrix components. Majority of compounds were separated with satisfactory resolutions required by the comparative analysis despite some of them were not fully baseline separated. It was found the best modeling was obtained by using the quadratic approach to predict chromatograms for predefined chromatographic conditions (volumetric ratio of acetonitrile to buffer, pH of the buffer and temperature), while the exponential model proved to be the worst for prediction. The modeling with multivariate data analysis fell between the other two methods.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-02-28", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1093/chromsci/bmy104", "pubmed_id": "30535186", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmy104", "keywords": "Agaricales, Alkaloids, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Liquid, Models, Chemical, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30535186\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3943, "title": "Is Psychedelic Medicine on the Horizon?", "normalized_title": "is psychedelic medicine on the horizon", "authors": "Nick Zagorski", "abstract": "Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Clinical and Research NewsFull AccessIs Psychedelic Medicine on the Horizon?Nick ZagorskiNick ZagorskiPublished Online:28 Feb 2019https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2019.1b1AbstractNew research suggests that, if used properly, psychedelic compounds may be able to help patients with treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders. Psychedelic compounds such as LSD and magic mushrooms were the subject of a good deal of psychiatric research in the first half of the 20th century. This all changed in 1970, when President Richard Nixon signed the Controlled Substances Act, which in part prohibited the use of psychedelics for any reason. While studies of these drugs waned for a couple of decades as a result, the drugs are slowly making their way back into the laboratory. Numerous, albeit small, studies over the past decade have shown that if used judiciously alongside behavioral therapy, psychedelics can help people with difficult-to-treat mental disorders.iStock/gilaxiaIt remains to be seen if these positive results will eventually lead to approved medical use, but a significant step was taken in 2017, when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted breakthrough therapy status to MDMA (also known as ecstasy) to treat people with severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Psychiatric News, October 20, 2017. A breakthrough tag means that the FDA will expedite the review process for a drug the agency classifies as filling an unmet need in medicine. One year later, the FDA gave a similar designation to psilocybin, the active ingredient in magic mushrooms, for people with treatment-resistant depression.While both compounds are still likely years away from being approved by the FDA, these breakthrough designations are a big deal, said Matthew Brown, D.O., M.B.A., a psychiatrist at the Heartwood Center in Evanston, Ill. Brown has an interest in psychedelic medicine.\"This could be huge for psychiatry,\" Brown said. \"Giving this designation means more than just a quicker review process; the FDA is indicating that they have a vested interest in moving these compounds along the drug development pipeline.\"Brown and other psychiatrists who have been following the progress of psychedelic research can understand why the FDA might show this interest. Some results from small studies of psychedelics have been quite promising.In 2014, a team of Swiss researchers conducted a pilot study to see if LSD could reduce anxiety in people with life-threatening illnesses. A dozen participants with conditions including advanced cancer and Parkinson's disease were given LSD on two separate occasions (about two weeks apart) in between their regular psychotherapy sessions. The investigators found that two months later, the participants' average anxiety levels had decreased by over 75 percent. Moreover, this anxiety improvement lasted for 12 months, without any further LSD sessions.\"That is pretty amazing,\" said Fernando Espi, M.D., Ph.D., an assistant professor of psychiatry at Rush Medical College in Chicago. \"Where else in medicine can you give just two doses of a medicine and then still see reduced symptoms one year later?\"Espi, who conducted a fellowship in psychiatric oncology, told Psychiatric News that psychedelics are well suited for people in a palliative care setting.\"People who have a late-stage illness have an existential form of anxiety related to mortality,\" he said. \"Psychedelics promote an expanded state of consciousness, which can help people better cope with this.\"The ability of psychedelic compounds to expand one's consciousness may also benefit patients with severe cases of PTSD and treatment-resistant depression. Researchers are also testing psychedelics for several substance use disorders.In 2017, researchers at the University of California, San Diego, and New York University completed an observational pilot study that found a chemical extracted from the bark of dogbane trees called ibogaine was effective at helping people with opioid use disorder detoxify and quit. The researchers observed that half of their enrolled patients stopped using opioids 30 days after receiving one dose of ibogaine.\"So far, these have all been early-stage studies, and many of them have self-selection bias,\" Espi acknowledged. Pilot studies are usually composed of people who are eager for new treatment and are more likely to report positive responses. Once larger, multisite studies are conducted, the results will likely not be as robust, but researchers may get a better handle on which patient groups would likely benefit the most from psychedelic therapy.\"I know many people have concerns about these altered states of consciousnesses, but it's important to remember that you don't need a drug to achieve a psychedelic state,\" Brown said. He noted that people have experienced similar states of being using sensory deprivation tanks, sweat lodges, or even intense meditation. These chemicals are just another catalyst to open someone's mind and make behavioral interventions more effective.Brown added that psychedelics pose some risks, as is true of any other psychiatric medication. These include both physical risks, such as high blood pressure, and psychiatric risks, notably unwanted, recurring hallucinations (flashbacks). There have also been case reports that these drugs can trigger a psychotic episode, though population-level studies have not identified an elevated psychosis risk among psychedelic users as compared with the general population. As with other drugs that induce dissociative, mind-altering effects, people who take psychedelics are also potentially at risk of misusing these substances. \"Some people who advocate for decriminalizing psychedelics like to say that these drugs are non-addictive, but I am not sure about that,\" said Espi. \"Some people take medications to forget their problems, and that always carries a risk of misuse.\"The potential of misuse is compounded since these drugs are currently available on the street. That creates a \"double-edged sword,\" said Brown. \"As societal interest in the medicinal value of these drugs increases, so does the risk of having someone want to try these drugs without a doctor's help.\" Brown explained that unlicensed use is risky since the effects of psychedelic substances depend heavily on the concepts of set (a person's mindset) and setting (physical location). \"Someone taking MDMA in a safe place with a therapist on hand will have a completely different response than a partygoer taking this drug at a nightclub.\" This is why he recommended that any use of psychedelics therapy be done in a professional setting as part of a multimodal treatment. \"There is a lot of excitement about psychedelics in some circles now, but we need to remain in the right frame of mind and not get too enthusiastic or skeptical about their place in psychiatry,\" Espi added. \"But I do think there is enough evidence to say these compounds deserve to be in the conversation.\" ■ ISSUES NewArchived", "journal": "Psychiatric News", "publication_date": "2019-02-27", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1176/appi.pn.2019.1b1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2019.1b1", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychiatry, MDMA, Psychology, Ecstasy, Medicine, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Psychedelics and Drug Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2918650357\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2918650357\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090176075\",\"display_name\":\"Nick Zagorski\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210208841\",\"source_display_name\":\"Psychiatric News\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2019.1b1\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Consciousness,Review Article,Case Report,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2354, "title": "Sub-Acute Effects of Psilocybin on Empathy, Creative Thinking, and Subjective Well-Being", "normalized_title": "sub acute effects of psilocybin on empathy creative thinking and subjective well being", "authors": "Natasha L. Mason, Elisabeth Mischler, Malin V. Uthaug, Kim P. C. Kuypers", "abstract": "Creative thinking and empathy are crucial for everyday interactions and subjective well-being. This is emphasized by studies showing a reduction in these skills in populations where social interaction and subjective well-being are significantly compromised (e.g., depression). Anecdotal reports and recent studies suggest that a single administration of psilocybin can enhance such processes and could therefore be a potential treatment. However, it has yet to be assessed whether effects outlast acute intoxication. The present study aimed to assess the sub-acute effects of psilocybin on creative thinking, empathy, and well-being. Participants attending a psilocybin retreat completed tests of creative (convergent and divergent) thinking and empathy, and the satisfaction with life scale on three occasions: before ingesting psilocybin (N = 55), the morning after (N = 50), and seven days after (N = 22). Results indicated that psilocybin enhanced divergent thinking and emotional empathy the morning after use. Enhancements in convergent thinking, valence-specific emotional empathy, and well-being persisted seven days after use. Sub-acute changes in empathy correlated with changes in well-being. The study demonstrates that a single administration of psilocybin in a social setting may be associated with sub-acute enhancement of creative thinking, empathy, and subjective well-being. Future research should test whether these effects contribute to the therapeutic effects in clinical populations.", "journal": "Journal of Psychoactive Drugs", "publication_date": "2019-02-25", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2019.1580804", "pubmed_id": "30905276", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1580804", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Empathy, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Developmental psychology, Psychotherapist, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mental Health Research Topics, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2917218353\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2917218353\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":175,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5041055116\",\"display_name\":\"Natasha L. Mason\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-0389\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001586879\",\"display_name\":\"Elisabeth Mischler\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079069147\",\"display_name\":\"Malin V. Uthaug\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7903-1325\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5024651565\",\"display_name\":\"Kim P. C. Kuypers\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-3809\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S149515109\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1580804\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3944, "title": "DRUG TOURISM IN INDIA: TRENDS AND CHALLENGES", "normalized_title": "drug tourism in india trends and challenges", "authors": "Junaid KC., Mohamed Riyas Kozhikkattil., N V. Divya", "abstract": "Drug Tourism is becoming a trend with India's inbound and domestic tourists. Its traveling to another country or place with sole purpose of using the drugs that are illegal or expensive or unavailable in one\"s hometown. Hashish of Malan at Himachal, Magic Mushrooms from Kodaikanal, Idukki Gold in Kerala, Bhang and Opium of Rajasthan, Psychedelic drugs in Goa are major drugs or destinations that attracts domestic as well as international tourists. This paper studies the drug tourism in Indian society and Tourist destinations. Also the substance abuse due to drug tourism and effects on local communities and cities. Methods like Participant Observation (Goa, Malana, Kodaikanal, Idukki), In Depth interviews with Tourists and local communities, Open ended Questionnaire and News reports, and articles resulted that Indian working youths and students had traveled once with sole purpose of using drugs. International tourists stayed more days on destinations promoting drugs and Rave parties. Educated unemployed youths (both gender), Stressed working class peoples, Artists, Backpackers are followed the trend. From school kid to senior citizens Drugs had become part of the travel plan. Drug abuses are reported in India that caused by international and domestic tourists. The impact of Drug tourism can be reduced by private, public and community participation activities.", "journal": "International Journal of Technical Research & Science", "publication_date": "2019-02-14", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.30780/ijtrs.v04.i02.004", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://doi.org/10.30780/ijtrs.v04.i02.004", "keywords": "Tourism, Drug, Geography, Medicine, Pharmacology, Archaeology, Global Healthcare and Medical Tourism, Travel-related health issues, Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2916245332\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2916245332\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":2,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5047106531\",\"display_name\":\"Junaid KC.\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020505253\",\"display_name\":\"Mohamed Riyas Kozhikkattil.\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057747830\",\"display_name\":\"N V. Divya\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210180368\",\"source_display_name\":\"International Journal of Technical Research & Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://doi.org/10.30780/ijtrs.v04.i02.004\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3945, "title": "One Ultimate Journey? AKA the Huxley’s Method: Perspectives of (Ab)Users of Hallucinogens and Entheogens on Having Planned Pre-Mortem Psychedelic Trip", "normalized_title": "one ultimate journey aka the huxley s method perspectives of ab users of hallucinogens and entheogens on having planned pre mortem psychedelic trip", "authors": "Ahmed Al-Imam, Faris Lami", "abstract": "Background: The surface web is a rich source of extensive data on populations of users and misusers of psychoactive substances including substances known as hallucinogens and entheogens. The internet and its social media websites can serve as a database upon which several hypotheses are applicable via thematic analytic and psychoanalytic studies. Materials and Methods: This study will deploy the use of an internet snapshot by inspecting, via thematic analysis, the comments of a population of psychedelic (ab)users existing on the Facebook social platform. The snapshot will dare to answer an existing question in connection with the concept of using psychedelics and entheogens during the moments preceding death. Several demographics will be explored including ethnic-national and socio-cultural parameters to test several hypotheses about the tendencies for having an ultimate pre-mortem psychedelic trip towards the ambiguous afterlife. Results: Most of the psychedelic users recommended the use of DMT for the final journey. Others have suggested tripping on LSD, Psilocybin and Psilocybin mushrooms, NBOMe compounds, and even opiates. Based on inferential models, it seems that tendencies for the pre-mortem trip are not affected by the status of social relations, ethnicity, nationality, age, or sex. However, it appears to be based on the individualistic build-up. Religious affiliations and other cultural norms represent potential confounding variables. Hence, these must be explored in subsequent studies. Conclusion: In the future and to keep in pace with the logarithmic growth and arachnoid expansion of the web and its appendages, ambitious studies has to deploy the use of concepts of automation in data science via the exploitation of principles of machine learning and deep thinking. The aim is to achieve statistical inference in real-time and accurate predictions when it comes to running analytics on big data. If successfully applied, the benefits for the public health should be monumental.", "journal": "Modern Applied Science", "publication_date": "2019-02-12", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.5539/mas.v13n3p13", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v13n3p13", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Psychology, Population, The Internet, Social psychology, Sociology, World Wide Web, Hallucinogen, Computer science, Psychiatry, Demography, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2914472600\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2914472600\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":3,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5088173235\",\"display_name\":\"Ahmed Al-Imam\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1846-9424\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029599827\",\"display_name\":\"Faris Lami\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3673-3818\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764751271\",\"source_display_name\":\"Modern Applied Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v13n3p13\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3966, "title": "Qualitative analysis of synthetic opioids, synthetic hallucinogens and LSD in urine using LC-MS/MS", "normalized_title": "qualitative analysis of synthetic opioids synthetic hallucinogens and lsd in urine using lc ms ms", "authors": "Xue Qin Ng, Asimah Hamzah, Mei Ling Evelyn Goh, Hooi Yan Moy, Yi Ju Yao, Chi Pang Lui", "abstract": "Synthetic opioids and synthetic hallucinogens continue to expand in the illicit drugs market where they are designed and synthesized to avoid detection in routine drug tests. It is therefore crucial for laboratories to develop analytical methods for the detection of these drugs in urine. A method for the simultaneous analysis of synthetic opioids (including fentanyl, furanyl fentanyl, U-47700 and AH-7921), phenylalkylamine hallucinogens (25C-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25I-NBOMe, 25H-NBOMe, 25C-NBOH, 25B-NBOH, 25I-NBOH and 25H-NBOH) along with LSD, 2-oxo-3-OH-LSD (Oxo-LSD), psilocin and bufotenine was hence developed. Briefly, urine samples (0.5 mL) underwent enzymatic hydrolysis and matrix clean-up using supported-liquid extraction (SLE) prior to analysis on LC-MS/MS. The SLE extraction recoveries ranged from 62.8% to 97.4% and limits of detection between 0.1-3 ng/ml were achieved. The matrix effects results ranged from 70.6% to 124.9% and there was no carryover up to 100 ng/ml for psilocin and bufotenine and 30 ng/ml for the rest of the analytes. Extracted urine samples were stable for up to three days for Oxo-LSD and seven days for the rest when stored at 4°C. The method was validated to be accurate and precise for each analyte at their individual cut-off points. It was also successfully applied on suspected drug abusers’ urine samples.", "journal": "Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences", "publication_date": "2019-02-10", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1080/00450618.2019.1568565", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2019.1568565", "keywords": "Urine, Chromatography, Chemistry, Hallucinogen, Analyte, Designer drug, Matrix (chemical analysis), Extraction (chemistry), Pharmacology, Drug, Medicine, Biochemistry, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2912649469\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2912649469\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":7,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011168450\",\"display_name\":\"Xue Qin Ng\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8789-040X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016917733\",\"display_name\":\"Asimah Hamzah\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-8751\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5055476820\",\"display_name\":\"Mei Ling Evelyn Goh\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5066900140\",\"display_name\":\"Hooi Yan Moy\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5149\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5104438824\",\"display_name\":\"Yi Ju Yao\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9923-5170\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5073045230\",\"display_name\":\"Chi Pang Lui\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S17551671\",\"source_display_name\":\"Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2019.1568565\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2359, "title": "Emerging from the dark side: new therapeutic applications of scheduled psychoactive substances.", "normalized_title": "emerging from the dark side new therapeutic applications of scheduled psychoactive substances", "authors": "James E, Robertshaw TL, Westwell AD", "abstract": "", "journal": "Future medicinal chemistry", "publication_date": "2019-01-31", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.4155/fmc-2018-0447", "pubmed_id": "30763121", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30763121/", "keywords": "MDMA, harm reduction, healthcare, positive psychology, psilocybin, psychoactive, psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"30763121\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3946, "title": "The effects of psilocybin microdosing on perception: a double-blind controlled study", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin microdosing on perception a double blind controlled study", "authors": "Michiel van Elk, George Fejer, Josephine Marschall, Pascal Lempe", "abstract": "", "journal": "OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)", "publication_date": "2019-01-30", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/cn8z4", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Double blind, Perception, Psychology, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Placebo, Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology, Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3193030430\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3193030430\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004497618\",\"display_name\":\"Michiel van Elk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-3551\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5084687542\",\"display_name\":\"George Fejer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4904-5504\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5030624983\",\"display_name\":\"Josephine Marschall\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6814-2417\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056906044\",\"display_name\":\"Pascal Lempe\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401127\",\"source_display_name\":\"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://osf.io/cn8z4\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Microdosing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2042, "title": "Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels", "normalized_title": "psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2a receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels", "authors": "M. Madsen, Patrick M. Fisher, Daniel Burmester, Agnete Dyssegaard, Dea Siggaard Stenbæk, Sara Kristiansen, Sys Stybe Johansen, Sczabolz Lehel, Kristían Línnet, Claus Svarer, David Erritzøe, Brice Ozenne, Gitte M. Knudsen", "abstract": "", "journal": "Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-01-25", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9", "pubmed_id": "30685771", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Chemistry, Binding potential, Psychology, Internal medicine, Pharmacology, Positron emission tomography, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2914255920\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":501,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000203733\",\"display_name\":\"M. Madsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8836-1844\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021085020\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-0611\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038013112\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Burmester\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7215-4269\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057598537\",\"display_name\":\"Agnete Dyssegaard\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004791170\",\"display_name\":\"Dea Siggaard Stenbæk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-4637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5107600706\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Kristiansen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013055423\",\"display_name\":\"Sys Stybe Johansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9555-5134\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039762296\",\"display_name\":\"Sczabolz Lehel\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078174062\",\"display_name\":\"Kristían Línnet\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6974-5535\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015994033\",\"display_name\":\"Claus Svarer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7811-1825\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021739634\",\"display_name\":\"Brice Ozenne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9694-2956\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S175030738\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3315, "title": "Serotonergic Psychedelics LSD & Psilocybin Increase the Fractal Dimension of Cortical Brain Activity in Spatial and Temporal Domains", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics lsd psilocybin increase the fractal dimension of cortical brain activity in spatial and temporal domains", "authors": "Varley T, Carhart-Harris R, Roseman L, Menon DK, Stamatakis E.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin and LSD, represent unique tools for researchers in-vestigating the neural origins of consciousness. Currently, the most compelling theories of how psychedelics exert their effects is by increasing the complexity of brain activity and moving the system towards a critical point between order and disorder, creating more dynamic and complex patterns of neural activity. While the concept of criticality is of central importance to this theory, few of the published studies on psychedelics investigate it directly, testing instead related measures such as algorithmic complexity or Shannon entropy. We propose using the fractal dimension of functional activity in the brain as a measure of complexity since findings from physics suggest that as a system organizes towards criticality, it tends to take on a fractal structure. We tested two different measures of fractal dimension, one spatial and one temporal, using fMRI data from volunteers under the influence of both LSD and psilocybin. The first was the fractal dimension of cortical functional connectivity networks and the second was the fractal dimension of BOLD time-series. We were able to show that both psychedelic drugs significantly increased the fractal dimension of functional connectivity networks, and that LSD significantly increased the fractal dimension of BOLD signals, with psilocybin showing a non-significant trend in the same direction. With both LSD and psilocybin, we were able to localize changes in the fractal dimension of BOLD signals to brain areas assigned to the dorsal-attentional network. These results show that psychedelic drugs increase the fractal character of activity in the brain and we see this as an indicator that the changes in consciousness triggered by psychedelics are associated with evolution towards a critical zone. Author Summary The unique state of consciousness produced by psychedelic drugs like LSD and psilocybin (the active component in magic mushrooms) are potentially useful tools for discovering how specific changes in the brain are related to differences in perception and thought patterns. Past research into the neuroscience of psychedelics has led to the proposal of a general theory of brain function and consciousness: the Entropic Brain Hypothesis proposes that consciousness emerges when the brain is sitting near a critical tipping point between order and chaos and that the mind-expanding elements of the psychedelic experience are caused by the brain moving closer to that critical transition point. Physicists have discovered that near this critical point, many different kinds of systems, from magnets to ecosystems, take on a distinct, fractal structure. Here, we used two measures of fractal-quality of brain activity, as seen in fMRI, to test whether the activity of the brain on psychedelics is more fractal than normal. We found evidence that this is the case and interpret that as supporting the theory that, psychedelic drugs are move the brain towards a more critical state.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2019-01-10", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1101/517847", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/517847", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR67170\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2346, "title": "Trait Openness and serotonin 2A receptors in healthy volunteers: A positron emission tomography study", "normalized_title": "trait openness and serotonin 2a receptors in healthy volunteers a positron emission tomography study", "authors": "Dea Siggaard Stenbæk, Sara Kristiansen, Daniel Burmester, M. Madsen, Vibe G. Frøkjær, Gitte M. Knudsen, Patrick M. Fisher", "abstract": "Abstract Recent research found lasting increases in personality trait Openness in healthy individuals and patients after administration of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A R) agonist psilocybin. However, no studies have investigated whether 5-HT2A R availability as imaged using positron emission tomography (PET) is associated with this trait. In 159 healthy individuals (53 females), the association between 5-HT2A R binding in neocortex imaged with [ 18 F]altanserin or [ 11 C]Cimbi-36 PET and personality trait Openness was investigated using linear regression models. In these models the influence of sex on the association was also investigated. Trait Openness was assessed with the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised. No significant associations between neocortical 5-HT2A R binding and trait Openness were found for [ 18 F]altanserin ( p = 0.5) or [ 11 C]Cimbi-36 ( p = 0.8). Pooling the data in a combined model did not substantially change our results ( p = 0.4). No significant interactions with sex were found ( p > 0.35). Our results indicate that differences in 5-HT2A R availability are not related to variations in trait Openness in healthy individuals. Although stimulation of the 5-HT2A R with compounds such as psilocybin may contribute to long-term changes in trait Openness, there is no evidence in favor of an association between 5-HT2A R and trait Openness.", "journal": "Human Brain Mapping", "publication_date": "2019-01-10", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1002/hbm.24511", "pubmed_id": "30633430", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24511", "keywords": "Positron emission tomography, Trait, Psychology, Openness to experience, Neuroscience, Serotonin, Receptor, Medicine, Internal medicine, Social psychology, Programming language, Computer science, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Treatment of Major Depression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2909396647\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2909396647\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":11,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004791170\",\"display_name\":\"Dea Siggaard Stenbæk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-4637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5107600706\",\"display_name\":\"Sara Kristiansen\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038013112\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Burmester\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7215-4269\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000203733\",\"display_name\":\"M. Madsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8836-1844\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029788021\",\"display_name\":\"Vibe G. Frøkjær\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9321-2365\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021085020\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-0611\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S121666818\",\"source_display_name\":\"Human Brain Mapping\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24511\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Personality Change,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2344, "title": "Effects of acute and repeated treatment with serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens on intracranial self-stimulation in rats.", "normalized_title": "effects of acute and repeated treatment with serotonin 5 ht2a receptor agonist hallucinogens on intracranial self stimulation in rats", "authors": "Farhana Sakloth, Elizabeth Leggett, Megan J. Moerke, E. Andrew Townsend, Matthew L. Banks, S. Stevens Negus", "abstract": "The prototype 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin are classified as Schedule 1 drugs of abuse by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Accumulating clinical evidence has also suggested that acute or repeated \"microdosing\" with these drugs may have utility for treatment of some mental health disorders, including drug abuse and depression. The goal of the present study was to evaluate LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin effects on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), a procedure that has been used to evaluate abuse-related effects of other classes of abused drugs. Effects of repeated LSD were also examined to evaluate potential changes in its own effects on ICSS or changes in effects produced by the abused psychostimulant methamphetamine or the prodepressant kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist U69,593. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with microelectrodes targeting the medial forebrain bundle and trained to respond under a \"frequency-rate\" ICSS procedure, in which many drugs of abuse increase (or \"facilitate\") ICSS. In acute dose-effect and time-course studies, evidence for abuse-related ICSS facilitation was weak and inconsistent; the predominant effect of all 3 drugs was dose- and time-dependent ICSS depression. Repeated LSD treatment failed to alter either its own ICSS depressant effects or the abuse-related effects of methamphetamine; however, repeated LSD did attenuate ICSS depression by U69,593. These results extend those of previous preclinical studies to suggest weak expression of abuse-related effects by 5-HT2A agonist hallucinogens and provide supportive evidence for therapeutic effects of repeated LSD dosing to attenuate KOR-mediated depressant effects but not abuse potential of psychostimulants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).", "journal": "Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2019-01-09", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1037/pha0000253", "pubmed_id": "30628811", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000253", "keywords": "Hallucinogen, Mescaline, Psilocybin, Methamphetamine, Pharmacology, Agonist, Psychotomimetic, Psychology, Medicine, Receptor, Internal medicine, NMDA receptor, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2909121609\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2909121609\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":42,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5001421949\",\"display_name\":\"Farhana Sakloth\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016369234\",\"display_name\":\"Elizabeth Leggett\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5016006121\",\"display_name\":\"Megan J. Moerke\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-138X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5010598215\",\"display_name\":\"E. Andrew Townsend\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7139-3273\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5023437507\",\"display_name\":\"Matthew L. Banks\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4949-5246\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5020814543\",\"display_name\":\"S. Stevens Negus\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8471-645X\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S357931\",\"source_display_name\":\"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000253\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2343, "title": "Pharmacological interventions targeting anhedonia in patients with major depressive disorder: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "pharmacological interventions targeting anhedonia in patients with major depressive disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Cao B, Zhu J, Zuckerman H, Rosenblat JD, Brietzke E, Pan Z, Subramanieapillai M, Park C, Lee Y, McIntyre RS.", "abstract": "Anhedonia is defined as a diminished ability to experience interest or pleasure, and is a critical psychopathological dimension of major depressive disorder (MDD). The purpose of the current systematic review is to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological treatments on measures of anhedonia in adults with MDD. Electronic databases Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to June 1, 2018 for longitudinal studies utilizing pharmacotherapy for the treatment of anhedonia in patients with MDD. A total of 17 eligible studies were identified (i.e., evaluated the effects of pharmacotherapy on a measure of anhedonia). Among the identified studies, the efficacy of 14 different pharmacotherapies on measures of anhedonia were evaluated, including melatonergic agents (i.e. agomelatine), monoaminergic agents (i.e. moclobemide, clomipramine, bupropion, venlafaxine, fluoxetine, amitifadine and levomilnacipran, escitalopram, and sertraline), glutamatergic agents (i.e., ketamine and riluzole), stimulants (i.e., methylphenidate), and psychedelics (i.e., psilocybin). Based on the available evidence, most antidepressants demonstrated beneficial effects on measures of anhedonia as well as the other depressive symptoms. Only escitalopram/riluzole combination treatment was ineffective in treating symptoms of anhedonia in MDD. Continued research is warranted to further support the efficacy of mechanistically-distinct antidepressants in treating symptoms of anhedonia in MDD. Future research should also aim to parse out the heterogeneous effects of different pharmacotherapies on anhedonic symptoms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-01-02", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.01.002", "pubmed_id": "30611836", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.01.002", "keywords": "Humans, Antidepressive Agents, Anhedonia, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30611836\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3732, "title": "Microdosing psychedelics: personality, mental health, and creativity differences in microdosers.", "normalized_title": "microdosing psychedelics personality mental health and creativity differences in microdosers", "authors": "Anderson T, Petranker R, Rosenbaum D, Weissman CR, Dinh-Williams LA, Hui K, Hapke E, Farb NAS.", "abstract": "RationaleMicrodosing psychedelics-the regular consumption of small amounts of psychedelic substances such as LSD or psilocybin-is a growing trend in popular culture. Recent studies on full-dose psychedelic psychotherapy reveal promising benefits for mental well-being, especially for depression and end-of-life anxiety. While full-dose therapies include perception-distorting properties, microdosing mayprovide complementary clinical benefits using lower-risk, non-hallucinogenic doses.ObjectivesThis pre-registered study aimed to investigate whether microdosing psychedelics is related to differences in personality, mental health, and creativity.MethodsIn this observational study, respondents recruited from online forums self-reported their microdosing behaviors and completed questionnaires concerning dysfunctional attitudes, wisdom, negative emotionality, open-mindedness, and mood. Respondents also performed the Unusual Uses Task to assess their creativity.ResultsCurrent and former microdosers scored lower on measures of dysfunctional attitudes (p < 0.001, r = - 0.92) and negative emotionality (p = 0.009, r = - 0.85) and higher on wisdom (p < 0.001, r = 0.88), openmindedness(p = 0.027, r = 0.67), and creativity (p < 0.001, r = 0.15) when compared to non-microdosing controls.ConclusionsThese findings provide promising initial evidence that warrants controlled experimental research to directly test safety and clinical efficacy. As microdoses are easier to administer than full-doses, this new paradigm has the exciting potential to shape future psychedelic research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "publication_year": 2019, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-018-5106-2", "pubmed_id": "30604183", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5106-2", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Depression, Emotions, Anxiety, Personality, Mental Health, Perception, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Creativity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:08:44", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30604183\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3961, "title": "Personal", "normalized_title": "personal", "authors": "James Davis", "abstract": "Personal James Davis (bio) Give me a faggot, fashion mags evenly fannedacross his coffee table, who serves drinksin snifters, tumblers, flutes, and says behind, not to euphemize ass, but to signal his nearing,e.g. on a bike. Give me a man like an otter,svelte swimmer with claws to tear flesh from pink varicellate shells, fur matted with saltwater.I want a mouth wet with philosophy,lips slick with persuasion, a beard like my father’s. I want him to cook Sunday brunches for me:eggs Benedict, Bloody Marys, metaphorsfor the morning, for the health of our country. Let us zinc our noses and tube down a riveron psilocybin. Let the summer burn us blondright down to the pubes. Let desire italicize our somberest sentiments: there’s sanddown my swimsuit. And when the green dayages into night, give a patch of damp ground under the viscid flow of the Milky Way-some plot of earth that does not care how we have sinned-and we will be more than cocksucker implies. [End Page 108] James Davis James Davis’s poems have appeared in 32 Poems, Best New Poets, Copper Nickel, Hobart, and elsewhere. He received a residency from The Mastheads and an MFA from the University of Florida. Dorothea Lasky selected him as a finalist for Inverted Syntax’s inaugural Sublingua Prize for Poetry. He lives in Denver. Copyright © 2019 University of Wisconsin Board of Regents", "journal": "Cream city review", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1353/ccr.2019.0049", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1353/ccr.2019.0049", "keywords": "Poetry, Art history, Art, Parade, History, Literature, Educational Reforms and Innovations, Human auditory perception and evaluation, Medical Research and Treatments", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4247176581\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4247176581\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5002498420\",\"display_name\":\"James Davis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1034-2998\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2765069910\",\"source_display_name\":\"Cream city review\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1353/ccr.2019.0049\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3960, "title": "Sprang", "normalized_title": "sprang", "authors": "Arthur Sze", "abstract": "Sprang Arthur Sze (bio) 1 winter stars You will never forget corpses wrapped in flames-at dusk, you watched a congregation of crows gather in the orchard and sway on branches;in the dawn light, a rabbit moves and stops, moves and stops along the grass; and asyou pull a newspaper out of a box, glance at the headlines, you feel the dew on grassas the gleam of fading stars: yesterday you met a body-shop owner whose father was arrested,imprisoned, and tortured in Chile, heard how men were scalded to death in boiling water;and, as the angle of sunlight shifts, you feel a seasonal tilt into winter with its expanseof stars-candles flickering down the Ganges, where you light a candle on a leaf and set itflickering, downstream, into darkness- dozens of tiny flames flickering into darkness-then you gaze at fires erupting along the shore. [End Page 111] 2 hole No sharp-shinned hawk percheson the roof rack of his car and scansfor songbirds; the reddening ivyalong a stone wall deepens in hue;when he picks a sun-gold tomatoin the garden and savorsthe burst in his mouth, he catchesa mock-orange spray in the air;and as he relights the pilotto a water heater, checks thermostats,the sound of water at a fountainis prayer; earlier in the summer,he watched a hummingbird land,sip water, and douse its wings,but, now, a widening hole gnawsat that time; and, glancingat a spotted towhee nest on a lintel,he knows how hunting chanterellesat the ski basin and savoringthem at dinner is light years away. 3 talisman Quetzal: you write the word on a sheet of paper then erase it; each word, a talisman, leaves a track: a magpie struts across a portal and vanishes from sight; when you bite into sea urchin, ocean currents burst in your mouth; and when you turn, view the white shutters to the house, up the canyon, a rainbow arcs into clouds; expectations, fears, yearnings- [End Page 112] hardly bits of colored glass revolving in a kaleidoscope- mist rising from a hot spring along a river: suddenly you are walking toward Trinity Site searching for glass and counting minutes of exposure under the sun; suddenly small things ignite. 4 kintsugi He slips on ice near a mailbox- no gemsbok leaps across the road- a singer tapped an eagle feather on his shoulders- women washed indigo-dyed yarn in this river, but today gallium and germanium particles are washed downstream- once they dynamited dikes to slow advancing troops- picking psilocybin mushrooms and hearing cowbells in the mist- as a child, he was tied to a sheep and escaped marauding soldiers- an apple blossom opens to five petals- as he hikes up a switchback, he remembers undressing her- from the train window, he saw they were on ladders cutting fruit off cacti- in the desert, a crater of radioactive glass- assembling shards, he starts to repair a gray bowl with gold lacquer- they ate psilocybin mushrooms, gazed at the pond, undressed- hunting a turkey in the brush, he stops- from the ponderosa pines: whoo-ah, whoo whoo whoo- [End Page 113] 5 yellow lightning In the five a.m. dark, a car with bright lightsand hazard lights blinking drives directly at me;veering across the yellow lines, I pass by it and exhale: amethyst crystals accreteon a string: I will live to see pearblossoms in the orchard, red-winged black birds nesting in the cattails; I love the sighsyou make when you let go-my teeth grippingyour earlobe-pearls of air rising through water- and as a white moon rising over a canyoncasts pine shadows to the ground, gratituderivers through me: sharpened to starlight, I make our bed and find your crystalbetween the sheets; and when I part the curtains,daylight's a strobe of yellow lightning. 6 red ruffed lemur You locate a spotted-towhee nest on a beam,peony shoots rising out of the earth, but a pangsurges in your blood with each systole-though spring emerges...", "journal": "Mānoa/Mānoa", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1353/man.2019.0065", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1353/man.2019.0065", "keywords": "Art, Geography, Meteorology, Diverse Scientific and Economic Studies, Financial Crisis of the 21st Century, Samuel Beckett and Modernism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4232175229\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4232175229\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090587507\",\"display_name\":\"Arthur Sze\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S100537957\",\"source_display_name\":\"Mānoa/Mānoa\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1353/man.2019.0065\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3959, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy a double blind randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Katherine Gruppo", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1050&context=ysmpa_theses", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Double blind, Randomized controlled trial, Medicine, Hallucinogen, Placebo, Psychiatry, Surgery, Alternative medicine, Pathology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3184447009\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3184447009\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5071135566\",\"display_name\":\"Katherine Gruppo\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":null,\"source_display_name\":null,\"landing_page_url\":\"https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1050&context=ysmpa_theses\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3958, "title": "THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF PSILOCYBIN: In Relation to Depression", "normalized_title": "the potential therapeutic value of psilocybin in relation to depression", "authors": "Isabella Stendahl", "abstract": "Depression is one of the most disabling and prevalent mental disorders, which causes excessive feelings of sadness and despair. Unfortunately, there are a substantial number of patients that do not respond well to conventional interventions and new approaches are therefore needed. Recent studies have revealed that psilocybin can effectively reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, particularly when combined with psychological support. It has been further suggested that psilocybin can reduce symptoms of alcohol abuse, cluster headaches and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Results have shown that psilocybin can give long-lasting beneficial changes in mood, behavior, values, and attitudes. Psilocybin enables creative thinking and increases emotional access, which seems suitable for therapeutic implications. Neuroimaging studies have shown that psilocybin alters similar neural networks to those in depressed patients, in particular: the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala. The mechanisms behind the clinical improvements are still poorly understood. Using psilocybin for clinical purposes is controversial since it is categorized as a Schedule I substance, although the drug is not physically addictive nor harmful and has low abuse potential. Recent studies have demonstrated that psilocybin has clinical potential and is safe to use in supervised settings.", "journal": "Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17749", "keywords": "Sadness, Psilocybin, Depression (economics), Feeling, Psychology, Psychiatry, Value (mathematics), Psychotherapist, Social psychology, Anger, Hallucinogen, Machine learning, Computer science, Economics, Macroeconomics, Mental Health Research Topics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3045370936\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3045370936\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5074954941\",\"display_name\":\"Isabella Stendahl\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306400653\",\"source_display_name\":\"Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17749\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,OCD,Headache / Migraine,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Emotional Processing,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3957, "title": "Serotonergic Psychoactive Compounds as a Treatment for Addiction, Anxiety, and Depression: Their Efficacy and Legality", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychoactive compounds as a treatment for addiction anxiety and depression their efficacy and legality", "authors": "William G. Crane", "abstract": "The United States is a leader in world-wide medical innovation, but currently we face an epidemic of mental health disorders. Serotonergic psychoactive compounds such as psilocybin, mescaline, DMT, and LSD are currently being studied as potential treatments to be used in psychiatric medicine. Currently these substances are prohibited and designated to the strictest classification of drugs, Schedule I. Schedule I indicates that a substance should be highly addictive, dangerous, and confer no medical benefit. Because of this scheduling these drugs have been difficult to study and there has been a delay in the advancement of treatments using these compounds for depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. However, those studies that have been performed have so far demonstrated that these compounds can be used safely and, in many cases, may be superior to treatments that are currently available for those suffering. It is time that we end this social stigma and allow for the researchers to find out whether these substances are of beneficial importance to psychiatric medicine so that patients, who currently have no alternative, may be able to receive the help that they so desperately need and deserve.", "journal": "Furman University Scholar Exchange (Furman University)", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://scholarexchange.furman.edu/furmanengaged/2019/all/522", "keywords": "Serotonergic, Anxiety, Psychiatry, Depression (economics), Psychology, Addiction, Medicine, Principle of legality, Political science, Serotonin, Internal medicine, Law, Economics, Receptor, Macroeconomics, Treatment of Major Depression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3005336267\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3005336267\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018220371\",\"display_name\":\"William G. Crane\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196656\",\"source_display_name\":\"Furman University Scholar Exchange (Furman University)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://scholarexchange.furman.edu/furmanengaged/2019/all/522\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3956, "title": "The Psychedelic Altered State of Consciousness: An Assessment of the Current Status of Psychedelic Research", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic altered state of consciousness an assessment of the current status of psychedelic research", "authors": "Emma Christersson", "abstract": "Classic psychedelic substances, such as lysergic acid diethylamide and the active compound in magic mushrooms, psilocybin, are being studied again in a renaissance of psychedelic research. Psychedelic substances have profound effects on perception, emotion, and cognition, as well as the capacity to induce mystical-type experiences and ego-dissolution. Recent clinical studies indicate that these substances have positive effects on patient populations and healthy participants, both acutely and long-term. Neuroimaging studies show that psychedelics alter neural integration, by the disintegration of normally stable resting state networks, and increasing network connectivity between normally anticorrelated networks. This thesis will review the phenomenological characteristics of the psychedelic-induced altered state of consciousness, the therapeutic potential of the psychedelic-induced altered state of consciousness, and neuroimaging studies on the psychedelic state. Two theoretical accounts are compared on the brain basis of psychedelic-induced altered state of consciousness. From the recent research on psychedelics a novel theory of conscious states has evolved, the entropic brain theory. This theory will be compared to the integrated information theory, a well-established theory of consciousness within cognitive neuroscience.", "journal": "KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17255", "keywords": "Consciousness, Altered state, Psychology, State (computer science), Social psychology, Cognitive psychology, Computer science, Neuroscience, Algorithm, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2973963851\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2973963851\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5027592968\",\"display_name\":\"Emma Christersson\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401559\",\"source_display_name\":\"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17255\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3955, "title": "Substance & Seduction: Ingested Commodities in Early Modern Mesoamerica ed. by Stacey Schwartzkopf and Kathyrn E. Sampeck", "normalized_title": "substance seduction ingested commodities in early modern mesoamerica ed by stacey schwartzkopf and kathyrn e sampeck", "authors": "Kent Mathewson", "abstract": "Reviewed by: Substance & Seduction: Ingested Commodities in Early Modern Mesoamerica ed. by Stacey Schwartzkopf and Kathyrn E. Sampeck Kent Mathewson Stacey Schwartzkopf and Kathyrn E. Sampeck, eds. Substance & Seduction: Ingested Commodities in Early Modern Mesoamerica. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017. vxii and 220 pp. Figures., notes, bibliography, index. $27.95 paper (ISBN978-1-4773-1387-9) and $85.00 cloth (ISBN978-1-4773-1386-2). This collection covers the main suite of psychoactive substances in Mesoamerican history and culture, from the post-Conquest period to the nineteenth century. These were the stimulants cacao and sugar; the intoxicants tobacco and alcohol, specifically balché, pulque, and aguardiente; and the hallucinogens, primarily peyote and [End Page 184] psilocybin mushrooms. Through the agency of these six substances, the contributors interpret and explain a range of cultural and historical traits and circumstances particular to Mesoamerica. This collection joins a literature that originated in Spanish colonial observers' descriptions (and often proscriptions) of local and indigenous practices, and later leavened by the accounts of enlightened travelers depicting local color, or more modern scholars probing local customs. This volume shows, once again, that ingestible substances with psychoactive properties not only have seductive powers for their consumers, but also exert fascination for the casual observer or serious scholar. In the past century, the scholarly literature has been centered in several arenas: the ethnobotanical, the anthropological, and the historical. Geographers have only been peripherally involved, though not surprisingly Carl Sauer was an early advocate of preserving pulque culture contra the Mexican modernization campaign to promote commercial beer over artisanally produced alcoholic beverages. His student Henry Bruman produced a legendary dissertation on \"Aboriginal Drink Areas in New Spain\" (1940) that was published (60 years later!) as Alcohol in Ancient Mexico (2000). Much of his material came from extensive ethnographic surveys in the 1930s as well as archival research of the colonial period, rather than archaeology. Similarly, Richard Evans Schultes, Harvard ethnobotanist and doyen of psychoactive plant hunters, combed Mexico and Amazonia starting in the 1940s for hallucinogens, both \"lost\" (outside modernity's notice) and new to science. His enterprise spawned a cadre of students, a large literature, and a popular following of readers and adventurers. A number of anthropologists have also followed in Schultes's wake, recording the details of the cultural embeddedness of psychoactive substances in Neotropical indigenous and traditional societies. It has taken historians slightly longer to focus directly on these substances. Generally Mesoamerican and Caribbeanist historians' studies of sugar (and its derivative alcohol), tobacco, and cacao have treated them as commodities within social and economic institutional contexts. For example, William Taylor's Drinking, Homicide, and Rebellion in Colonial Mexican Villages (1979) considered alcohol in the context of social disorder, while Sidney Mintz's classic Sweetness and Power (1985) shows how cane sugar helped to order and make the modern world. The authors of the essays in Substance & Seduction also place substances within varying cultural, social, and economic contexts, but put their focus on the substances more directly. In what must be a neologism, the editors speak of the \"thingyness\" of substances: their essential properties of scent, taste, touch, color, and texture. And through these properties they have the power of seduction - both materially and mentally. Together they are realized through the processes of ingestion - or incorporation, whether it be eating, drinking, masticating, or inhaling - as substances become literally \"embodied.\" The editors, an archaeologist (Schwartkopf) and an anthropologist (Sampeck), suggest that these three conceptual bases - substance, seduction, ingestion - underpin the discussions of different [End Page 185] substances in each of the six chapters. The contributors include three archaeologists, two socio-cultural anthropologists, three historians, and a geographer. (Oddly, the short biographical sketches that are customary in edited volumes are lacking here, possibly an oversight and definitely an inconvenience for reviewers and other readers.) In her foreword, historian Marcy Norton, author of Sacred Gifts, Profane Pleasures: A History of Tobacco and Chocolate in the Atlantic World (2008), apprises the reader of a few key themes threaded throughout the chapters. She suggests that, among other qualities, \"Mesoamerican ritual consumption [of these substances] was framed in terms of synesthesia\" (p. vii). Collision with the colonial world brought a...", "journal": "Journal of Latin American geography", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1353/lag.2019.0025", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1353/lag.2019.0025", "keywords": "Mesoamerica, History, Indigenous, CONQUEST, Colonialism, Art, Ethnology, Ancient history, Archaeology, Biology, Ecology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, History of Science and Medicine", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2960661051\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2960661051\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000880536\",\"display_name\":\"Kent Mathewson\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S26730952\",\"source_display_name\":\"Journal of Latin American geography\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1353/lag.2019.0025\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3954, "title": "These fungi drug cicadas with psilocybin or amphetamine to make them mate nonstop", "normalized_title": "these fungi drug cicadas with psilocybin or amphetamine to make them mate nonstop", "authors": "Tina Hesman Saey", "abstract": "", "journal": "Access Science", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://www.accessscience.com/content/these-fungi-drug-cicadas-with-psilocybin-or-amphetamine-to-make-them-mate-nonstop/SN1907011", "keywords": "Psilocybin, NonStop, Amphetamine, Biology, Computer science, Pharmacology, Hallucinogen, Neuroscience, Operating system, Dopamine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Plant and animal studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2955393335\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2955393335\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042380124\",\"display_name\":\"Tina Hesman Saey\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2764746627\",\"source_display_name\":\"Access Science\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://www.accessscience.com/content/these-fungi-drug-cicadas-with-psilocybin-or-amphetamine-to-make-them-mate-nonstop/SN1907011\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3953, "title": "Use of MDMA & Psilocybin in the Treatment of PTSD", "normalized_title": "use of mdma psilocybin in the treatment of ptsd", "authors": "Camden Grant-Howard, Joel S. Steele", "abstract": "For years, the promise of psychedelics in therapeutic settings has been deterred by their general illegality. However, present day research shows promise in treating varying mental disorders. Amongst these disorders is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). According to the organization, PTSD United, PTSD presently effects about eight percent of Americans. Many of the current treatments only offer symptomatic relief and do not work for every case of PTSD. Psychedelics presently offer an alternative method of healing that focuses on treatment of the core issue with an emphasis on human connection and guided confrontation of emotions and/or trauma. Currently, it is one of the few PTSD-based therapies that allows for physical contact in the form of comfort and solidarity in the human connection. Presently, there is a need to further research into how psychedelic drugs can help those struggling with PTSD.", "journal": "PDXScholar (Portland State University)", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/studentsymposium/2019/Posters/14", "keywords": "Psilocybin, MDMA, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Ecstasy, Psychiatry, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2947282787\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2947282787\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5003073859\",\"display_name\":\"Camden Grant-Howard\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5064123724\",\"display_name\":\"Joel S. Steele\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4127-5664\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4377196300\",\"source_display_name\":\"PDXScholar (Portland State University)\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/studentsymposium/2019/Posters/14\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3952, "title": "Psilocybin induces aberrant prediction error processing for tactile mismatch responses", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces aberrant prediction error processing for tactile mismatch responses", "authors": "P. Dürler", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.477", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.477", "keywords": "Baclofen, Psychology, Reinforcement, Reinforcement learning, Addiction, Neuroscience, Agonist, GABAB receptor, Craving, Medicine, Receptor, Internal medicine, Computer science, Artificial intelligence, Social psychology, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2912928498\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2912928498\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5059673219\",\"display_name\":\"P. Dürler\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.477\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3951, "title": "Peak experiences in a consciousness landscape - report on the science of consciousness conference in Interlaken, Switzerland, 2019", "normalized_title": "peak experiences in a consciousness landscape report on the science of consciousness conference in interlaken switzerland 2019", "authors": "Hans Liljenström", "abstract": "Introduction \\nThe Science of Consciousness (TSC) 2019 was the 26th international interdisciplinary conference in the series that started in Tucson in 1994. This one was held in late June in the beautiful Swiss town of Interlaken, between two lakes and surrounded by high alps. The local organizer was Harald Atmanspacher from Collegium Helveticum in Zurich, assisted by the “eternal” main organizer, Stuart Hameroff from the Center for Consciousness Studies in Tucson. \\nThere was no special theme for this conference, but I agree with the introductory comment in the abstract book: “Despite remarkable empirical and theoretical progress, consciousness is not understood yet, and therefore the field will benefit from a healthy scientific attitude that includes openness to multiple perspectives”. This was certainly applicable here. The beautiful alpine landscape provided a perfect setting for the conference, but the unexpectedly hot weather made it hard to concentrate and contemplate on the deep questions discussed. Yet, the organizers had done what they could to make the conference welcoming and inspiring for the 620 participants from about 30 countries. \\nThere were in total 24 invited talks in 9 plenary sessions, 105 oral presentations in concurrent sessions, and 220 posters - on topics, such as connectomics, placebo research, first-person experience, anesthetics, psychedelics, plant cognition, quantum biology, dual-aspect monism, bistable perception, insight, religious studies, evolution, and language. More details on the conference, including video recordings of the plenary talks are available on the website, www.tsc2019-interlaken.ch. \\nThis will be a very subjective report, where I have cherry-picked among the talks I attended, primarily focusing on the plenaries, but with some visits to concurrent sessions. In addition, I will not give equal amount of space to all the presentations I refer to, and apologize if anyone feels mistreated that way. It also goes without saying that the report is biased with respect to my own research interests, as a biophysicist working with neurocomputational models of decision making, based on mesoscopic neurodynamics. Inspired by the surrounding alpine landscape, I think it could serve as a metaphor for the mental landscape and intellectual challenges we have to climb when trying to understand the ancient conundrum of consciousness. The perspectives provided by various research areas, can then be likened with different alps, with rather deep valleys between. Somewhat arbitrary, I will structure my report around three major peak perspectives, Physics, Biology, and Metaphysics, where I have roughly and not chronologically grouped the various presentations.", "journal": "Epsilon Open Archive (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet biblioteket (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences))", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://openalex.org/W3004666318", "keywords": "Consciousness, Theme (computing), Psilocybin, Library science, Psychology, Computer science, Neuroscience, Operating system, Psychiatry, Hallucinogen, Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W3004666318\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W3004666318\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":1,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079581788\",\"display_name\":\"Hans Liljenström\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9938-2867\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306402317\",\"source_display_name\":\"Epsilon Open Archive (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet biblioteket (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences))\",\"landing_page_url\":null,\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3950, "title": "Using the pharmacy retail model to examine perceptions and biases of a UK population sample towards regulation of specific psychoactive drugs", "normalized_title": "using the pharmacy retail model to examine perceptions and biases of a uk population sample towards regulation of specific psychoactive drugs", "authors": "Edward James, Thomas L Robertshaw, Michael Pascoe, Fiona Chapman, Andrew D. Westwell, Andrew Smith", "abstract": "Background: Contemporary research indicates that the legal classifications of cannabis (Schedule 2, Class B), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (Schedule 1, Class A) and psilocybin (Schedule 1, Class A) in the United Kingdom are not entirely based on considerations of harm and therapeutic utility. The legal classifications of the substances discussed are typically determined by legislators such as Parliament and, therefore, may be a reflection of the views or perceived views of the general public. Objective: The aim of the study was to provide an indication of the underlying psychology regarding the legislated sale of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, MDMA and psilocybin in pharmacies according to a UK general population sample. Methods: A sample of 105 UK nationals was selected for the survey. Participants were asked questions on perceived relative harm of the five substances. After viewing contemporary information on reported relative harm and therapeutic applications, the participants were asked questions related to using the pharmacy retail model for the sale of the substances discussed. Participants who opposed the substances being sold primarily in pharmacies were asked to explain their rationale according to a predetermined list of options for each of the five drugs. Participants were also asked whether they consider it a human right to be legally permitted to consume the substances. Results: The participants' perceptions of relative harm (tobacco > MDMA > psilocybin > alcohol > cannabis) were not in agreement with the relative harm reported in the literature (alcohol > tobacco > cannabis > MDMA > psilocybin). Principal objections to the currently illicit substances being legally available in pharmacies include it sending the wrong message; it feels wrong; it is too dangerous; disliking the smell of cannabis; disapproval of the people; and not liking the idea of people using psychoactive drugs for entertainment or to have mystical/religious experiences. Overall, the participants determined that being legally permitted to consume the substances discussed is an issue of relevance to human rights. A majority of the male participants concluded that being legally permitted to consume alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and Psilocybe mushrooms is a human right in contrast to the majority of female participants who solely considered alcohol consumption to be a human right. Conclusions: The data suggest that the legal classifications may not simply be based on considerations of harm. Misperceptions of the dangers, biases and non-health-related aversions likely contribute to the continuation of policies that do not reflect the state of scientific research.", "journal": "Drug Science Policy and Law", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1177/2050324519876123", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324519876123", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Cannabis, Harm, Pharmacy, Psychology, Harm reduction, Psychiatry, Population, MDMA, Medicine, Clinical psychology, Family medicine, Hallucinogen, Environmental health, Social psychology, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2976831982\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2976831982\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":3,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5008610198\",\"display_name\":\"Edward James\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9158-0762\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051477623\",\"display_name\":\"Thomas L Robertshaw\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015951085\",\"display_name\":\"Michael Pascoe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7794-8970\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042582771\",\"display_name\":\"Fiona Chapman\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4429-1060\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5070995014\",\"display_name\":\"Andrew D. Westwell\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-9236\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5009317991\",\"display_name\":\"Andrew Smith\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8805-8028\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210227935\",\"source_display_name\":\"Drug Science Policy and Law\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324519876123\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3949, "title": "Effects of psilocybin on functional connectivity measured with fNIRS: Insights from a single-subject pilot study", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on functional connectivity measured with fnirs insights from a single subject pilot study", "authors": "Felix Scholkmann, Lisa Holper, Katrin H. Preller, Franz X. Vollenweider", "abstract": "The serotonergic hallucinogen psilocybin has characteristic effects on human brain activity and subjective experience. Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies showed alternations of functional connectivity (FC) under the influence of psilocybin in humans. No study, as yet, investigated psilocybin-induced changes in brain hemodynamics and oxygenation with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) optical neuroimaging. Our aim was to perform the first fNIRS single-subject pilot study in order to investigate the ability of fNIRS to detect changes induced by psychedelic substances. To this end, psilocybin (17 mg) was administered orally to a 31-year old man while resting-state changes in cerebral tissue hemodynamic and oxygenation were measured with fNIRS bilaterally over the frontal and occipital cortex. Measurements were performed before the intake of the substance as well as during its effective period (30 min and 60 min after intake). We observed psilocybin-induced changes in the bilateral frontal FC, bilateral occipital FC as well as right and left frontooccipital FC. In addition, the pulse rate of the subject showed non-random variations during the experiment, possibly related to psilocybin administration. This study demonstrates that fNIRS is able to detect psilocybin-induced changes in resting-state FC. The results of this initial single-subject pilot study are promising and warrants repetition with a larger number of subjects and an improved/extended fNIRS setup. We anticipate that fNIRS neuroimaging will play an important role in future studies investigating the neuronal/physiological effects of psychedelic substances in humans.", "journal": "Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.5167/uzh-181782", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-181782", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Subject (documents), Computer science, Functional connectivity, Psychology, Functional near-infrared spectroscopy, Cognitive psychology, Artificial intelligence, Neuroscience, Hallucinogen, Cognition, World Wide Web, Psychiatry, Prefrontal cortex, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Digital Mental Health Interventions, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2994797071\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2994797071\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":6,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5051702844\",\"display_name\":\"Felix Scholkmann\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-4852\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5082357571\",\"display_name\":\"Lisa Holper\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2599-3649\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5040977207\",\"display_name\":\"Katrin H. Preller\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0413-7672\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086283052\",\"display_name\":\"Franz X. Vollenweider\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-6164\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4306401281\",\"source_display_name\":\"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)\",\"landing_page_url\":null,\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3948, "title": "Multi-targeting cytotoxic drug leads from mushrooms", "normalized_title": "multi targeting cytotoxic drug leads from mushrooms", "authors": "MVNL Chaitanya, Asha Jose, Prakash Ramalingam, Subhash C. Mandal, PNarendra Kumar", "abstract": "Due to genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, cancer have become a resistant disease and there is a need for new molecules having multiple targeting action that promotes apoptosis. Phyto-molecules having multiple targeting anticancer activity are in high demand and there is less documentation or information available on these metabolites. It is evident that mushrooms are became the store houses of new anticancer molecules and mushrooms like Agaricus blazei, Antrodia camphorate, Albatrellus confluens, Bolteus badius, Cordyceps militaris, Clitocybe maxima, Funalia trogii, Grifola frondosa, and Inocybe umbrinella, are some of the medicinal mushrooms reported for their cytotoxic activity. Cytotoxic molecules like lentinan, grifolin, illudin-S, psilocybin, ganoderic acid, theanine, and hispolon, have been isolated from various mushroom species. However, studies have been limited only to in vitro cytotoxic mechanisms and very few trials have been conducted to prove the clinical efficacy of these drug leads. Hence, the current review focuses on new anticancer metabolites isolated from various mushrooms having multiple targeting mechanisms in cancer. However, an extensive research is needed to define the biosynthesis and clinical mechanism of these multiple acting metabolites. This review provides a platform for researchers new anticancer drugs and to bring out potent multiple acting anticancer newer drugs.", "journal": "Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.4103/1995-7645.272482", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.272482", "keywords": "Lentinan, Chemistry, Grifola frondosa, Mushroom, Pharmacology, Drug, Cytotoxic T cell, Biochemistry, Biology, Traditional medicine, In vitro, Medicine, Polysaccharide, Food science, Fungal Biology and Applications, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Phytochemistry and Bioactivity Studies", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2999338325\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2999338325\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":11,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5081158456\",\"display_name\":\"MVNL Chaitanya\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9432-2374\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5110512605\",\"display_name\":\"Asha Jose\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5079321373\",\"display_name\":\"Prakash Ramalingam\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6661-1814\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5039097008\",\"display_name\":\"Subhash C. Mandal\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9079-489X\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5011825605\",\"display_name\":\"PNarendra Kumar\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S203437272\",\"source_display_name\":\"Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.272482\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,Review Article,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3947, "title": "2018: A watershed year for psychedelic science", "normalized_title": "2018 a watershed year for psychedelic science", "authors": "Jacob S. Aday, Christopher C. Davoli, Emily K. Bloesch", "abstract": "While interest in the study of psychedelic drugs has increased over much of the last decade, in this article, we argue that 2018 marked the true turning point for the field. Substantive advances in the scientific, public, and regulatory communities in 2018 significantly elevated the status and long-term outlook of psychedelic science, particularly in the United States. Advances in the scientific community can be attributed to impactful research applications of psychedelics as well as acknowledgement in preeminent journals. In the public sphere, Michael Pollan’s book How to Change Your Mind was a commercial hit and spurred thought-provoking, positive media coverage on psychedelics. Unprecedented psychedelic ballot initiatives in the United States were representative of changes in public interest. Finally, regulatory bodies began to acknowledge psychedelic science in earnest in 2018, as evidenced by the designation of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy to “breakthrough therapy” status for treatment-resistant depression by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In short, 2018 was a seminal year for psychedelic science.", "journal": "Drug Science Policy and Law", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1177/2050324519872284", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324519872284", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Acknowledgement, Food and drug administration, Political science, Hallucinogen, Psychology, Social science, Environmental ethics, Sociology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Philosophy, Computer science, Computer security, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, Diverse academic research themes", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2971831602\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2971831602\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":30,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5025692890\",\"display_name\":\"Jacob S. Aday\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0578-8530\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5061477502\",\"display_name\":\"Christopher C. Davoli\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015734192\",\"display_name\":\"Emily K. Bloesch\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9623-0497\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4210227935\",\"source_display_name\":\"Drug Science Policy and Law\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324519872284\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3007, "title": "Microcrystal Tests for the Identification of Illicit Drugs: Phencyclidine, Pseudoephedrine, and Psilocin", "normalized_title": "microcrystal tests for the identification of illicit drugs phencyclidine pseudoephedrine and psilocin", "authors": "Kelly M. Brinsko, Dean Golemis, Meggan B. King, Gary J. Laughlin, Sebastian B. Sparenga", "abstract": "The Microscope is publishing monographs from McCrone Research Institute’s A Modern Compendium of Microcrystal Tests for Illicit Drugs and Diverted Pharmaceuticals (4th revision: September 13, 2021), which contains 19 different drugs and their microcrystal test reagents. This issue includes the final installment of monographs, with the following drugs/reagents: • phencyclidine (PCP)/potassium permanganate• phencyclidine (PCP)/ammonium thiocyanate• pseudoephedrine/dilituric acid• pseudoephedrine/gold chloride• psilocin/trinitrobenzoic acid The previous set of monographs were published in issue 66:4 (2018): oxycodone with platinum bromide, oxycodone with potassium triiodide (Clarke’s I-KI, No. 1), and oxycodone with sodium carbonate.", "journal": "The Microscope", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.59082/tnwk8166", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.59082/tnwk8166", "keywords": "Pseudoephedrine, Phencyclidine, Psilocybin, Hallucinogen, Designer drug, Identification (biology), Illicit drug, Chemistry, Pharmacology, Ephedrine, Medicine, Drug, Botany, Biochemistry, Receptor, Biology, NMDA receptor, Chromatography in Natural Products, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies, Molecular spectroscopy and chirality", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408212909\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W4408212909\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":0,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5056084564\",\"display_name\":\"Kelly M. Brinsko\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7146-7783\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5042975870\",\"display_name\":\"Dean Golemis\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4924-1003\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5018412381\",\"display_name\":\"Meggan B. King\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3572-5970\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5049880140\",\"display_name\":\"Gary J. Laughlin\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2142-3419\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5090250597\",\"display_name\":\"Sebastian B. Sparenga\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0967-0094\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S4387287868\",\"source_display_name\":\"The Microscope\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.59082/tnwk8166\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2367, "title": "Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions.", "normalized_title": "pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of peyote and mescaline clinical and forensic repercussions", "authors": "Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Pereira CL, da Silva DD.", "abstract": "BackgroundMescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine), mainly found in the Peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), is one of the oldest known hallucinogenic agents that influence human and animal behavior, but its psychoactive mechanisms remain poorly understood.ObjectivesThis article aims to fully review pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mescaline, focusing on the in vivo and in vitro metabolic profile of the drug and its implications for the variability of response.MethodsMescaline pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects were searched in books and in PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine) without a limiting period. Biological effects of other compounds found in peyote were also reviewed.ResultsAlthough its illicit administration is less common, in comparison with cocaine and Cannabis, it has been extensively described in adolescents and young adults, and licit consumption often occurs in religious and therapeutic rituals practiced by the Native American Church. Its pharmacodynamic mechanisms of action are primarily attributed to the interaction with the serotonergic 5-HT2A-C receptors, and therefore clinical effects are similar to those elicited by other psychoactive substances, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, which include euphoria, hallucinations, depersonalization and psychoses. Moreover, as a phenethylamine derivative, signs and symptoms are consistent with a sympathomimetic effect. Mescaline is mainly metabolized into trimethoxyphenylacetic acid by oxidative deamination but several minor metabolites with possible clinical and forensic repercussions have also been reported.ConclusionMost reports concerning mescaline were presented in a complete absence of exposure confirmation, since toxicological analysis is not widely available. Addiction and dependence are practically absent and it is clear that most intoxications appear to be mild and are unlikely to produce lifethreatening symptoms, which favors the contemporary interest in the therapeutic potential of the drugs of the class.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.2174/1874467211666181010154139", "pubmed_id": "30318013", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467211666181010154139", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Cactaceae, Mescaline, Hallucinogens, Forensic Medicine, Tissue Distribution, Intestinal Absorption", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30318013\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,In Vitro Study,Adolescents,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2353, "title": "Might Microdosing Psychedelics Be Safe and Beneficial? An Initial Exploration.", "normalized_title": "might microdosing psychedelics be safe and beneficial an initial exploration", "authors": "Fadiman J, Korb S", "abstract": "Albert Hoffman suggested that low doses of LSD might be an appropriate alternative to Ritalin. Following this possibility, a systematic exploration of the effects of \"microdoses,\" comprising hundreds of lengthy descriptive reports, was undertaken. Based on these reports, using a psychedelic in the microdose range (10 micrograms) every three days was determined to be safe across a wide variety of individuals and conditions. Over 18 months, more than a thousand individuals from 59 countries did a daily evaluation of negative and positive emotional state using the PANAS checklist plus written reports for between one week and four months. Participant reports suggested that spaced but repeated microdoses were followed by improvements in negative moods, especially depression, and increases in positive moods. Increased energy, improved work effectiveness, and improved health habits were observed in clinical and non-clinical populations. Smaller samples described alleviation of symptoms in migraine headaches, pre-menstrual syndromes, traumatic brain injury, shingles, and other conditions not previously associated with psychedelic use.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2019.1593561", "pubmed_id": "30925850", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30925850/", "keywords": "LSD, Psychedelics, microdosing, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"30925850\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Headache / Migraine,Microdosing,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2350, "title": "Psychedelics as a treatment for disorders of consciousness", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as a treatment for disorders of consciousness", "authors": "Gregory Scott, Robin Carhart-Harris", "abstract": "Based on its ability to increase brain complexity, a seemingly reliable index of conscious level, we propose testing the capacity of the classic psychedelic, psilocybin, to increase conscious awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness. We also confront the considerable ethical and practical challenges this proposal must address, if this hypothesis is to be directly assessed.", "journal": "Neuroscience of Consciousness", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1093/nc/niz003", "pubmed_id": "31024740", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niz003", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Persistent vegetative state, Consciousness, Psychology, Level of consciousness, Cognitive psychology, Consciousness Disorders, Psychotherapist, Minimally conscious state, Hallucinogen, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2938595859\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2938595859\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":72,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5029886401\",\"display_name\":\"Gregory Scott\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8063-5871\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038609897\",\"display_name\":\"Robin Carhart-Harris\",\"orcid\":null}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S2735251646\",\"source_display_name\":\"Neuroscience of Consciousness\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niz003\",\"is_oa\":true}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2329, "title": "Self-Rated Effectiveness of Microdosing With Psychedelics for Mental and Physical Health Problems Among Microdosers.", "normalized_title": "self rated effectiveness of microdosing with psychedelics for mental and physical health problems among microdosers", "authors": "Hutten NRPW, Mason NL, Dolder PC, Kuypers KPC", "abstract": "There is a growing interest in the use of psychedelic substances for health related purposes, including symptom relief for disorders like anxiety, depression, and pain. Although the focus of recent clinical trials has been on high doses of these substances, anecdotal evidence suggests that low (micro) doses are also effective, and may be more suitable for certain conditions. Nonetheless, empirical evidence regarding the efficacy of microdosing with psychedelics for symptomatic relief is lacking. The present study aimed to investigate, by means of an online questionnaire, the self-rated effectiveness (SRE) of microdosing with psychedelics (MDP) for mental and physiological disorders compared to the conventional prescribed treatment and to regular doses of psychedelics. An online questionnaire was launched on several websites and fora between March and July 2018. Respondents who had consented, were 18 years of age or older, had experience with microdosing and were diagnosed with at least one mental or physiological disorder by a medical doctor or therapist ( = 410; 7.2%) were included in the analyses. Odds ratio were calculated to compare the SRE of MDP with conventional treatment, and regular psychedelic doses for mental and physiological diagnoses for each of the three effectiveness questions (\"Did it work,\" \"Symptom disappear,\" \"Quality of life improved\"). Odds ratio showed that SRE of MDP was significantly higher compared to that of conventional treatments for both mental and physiological diagnoses; and that these effects were specific for ADHD/ADD and anxiety disorders. In contrast, SRE of MDP was lower compared to that of higher, regular psychedelic doses for mental disorders such as anxiety and depression, while for physiological disorders no difference was shown. This study demonstrates that SRE of MDP to alleviate symptoms of a range of mental or physiological diagnoses is higher compared to conventionally offered treatment options, and lower than regular ('full') psychedelic doses. Future RCTs in patient populations should objectively assess the effectivity claims of psychedelics, and whether these are dose related, disorder specific, and superior to conventional treatments.", "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00672", "pubmed_id": "31572246", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31572246/", "keywords": "LSD, efficacy, microdosing, psilocybin, psychedelics, self-medication, symptom alleviation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"31572246\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Chronic Pain,Microdosing,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2328, "title": "Second and third year medical students' self-reported alcohol and substance use, smoking habits and academic performance at a South African medical school.", "normalized_title": "second and third year medical students self reported alcohol and substance use smoking habits and academic performance at a south african medical school", "authors": "Vorster A, Gerber AM, van der Merwe LJ, van Zyl S", "abstract": "Health professional students frequently use alcohol and narcotics. The potential impact on academic performance and professional behaviour is concerning. This study aimed to determine self-reported use of alcohol, illicit substances (e.g. cannabis, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], magic mushroom, cocaine, crack, ecstasy, methamphetamine and heroin), prescription medication and smoking habits, correlating academic performance. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study design was used. Information was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire, capturing demographics, self-reported academic performance, drinking and smoking habits, and substance use. Coded responses were analysed using the Remark Office OMR8 Software System. Descriptive statistics were calculated for categorical variables. Completed questionnaires comprised 171 students. A total of 78.4% of second year and 82.8% of third year students reported using alcohol. Twenty-two per cent of second year and 24.1% of third year students reported cannabis use. In the second year group, three (2.7%) students reported using magic mushroom, two (1.8%) reported cocaine, two (1.8%) reported ecstasy and one (0.9%) reported using methamphetamine. Only third year students reported using LSD or 'crack'. Cigarette smoking was common - 31.5% and 35.1% in both groups, respectively. Smokeless tobacco devices were used by 8.5% of second year and 7.1% of third year students. Almost 40% of both groups reported that they had smoked a water pipe. Academic performance achieved was mostly 60% - 69% (38.9%) among second year students and 70% - 79% (46.6%) among third year students. Self-reported use of alcohol and drugs and smoking among medical students is alarming. Additional student support, early identification and referral for management and/or rehabilitation should be a priority at tertiary institutions responsible for training future healthcare professionals.", "journal": "Health SA = SA Gesondheid", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.4102/hsag.v24i0.1041", "pubmed_id": "31934400", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31934400/", "keywords": "Academic performance, Alcohol, Drug abuse, Medical students, Smoking habits", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"31934400\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2325, "title": "The ethics of psychedelic research in disorders of consciousness.", "normalized_title": "the ethics of psychedelic research in disorders of consciousness", "authors": "Peterson A, Tagliazucchi E, Weijer C", "abstract": "This article provides an ethical analysis of psychedelic research involving disorders of consciousness patients. We apply two internationally accepted approaches for analyzing the ethics of human research, the Value-Validity Framework and Component Analysis, to a research program recently proposed by Scott and Carhart-Harris. We focus on Scott and Carhart-Harris's proposal, but the ethical frameworks outlined are applicable to other novel research protocols in the science of consciousness.", "journal": "Neuroscience of consciousness", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1093/nc/niz013", "pubmed_id": "31616570", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31616570/", "keywords": "disorders of consciousness, methodology, pharmacology, psilocybin, psychedelics, research ethics", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"31616570\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2043, "title": "Psilocybin occupancy of brain serotonin 2A receptors correlates with psilocin levels and subjective experience: a [11C]Cimbi-36 PET study in humans", "normalized_title": "psilocybin occupancy of brain serotonin 2a receptors correlates with psilocin levels and subjective experience a 11c cimbi 36 pet study in humans", "authors": "M. Madsen, Daniel Burmester, Dea Siggaard Stenbæk, Søren Kristiansen, Agnete Dyssegaard, Szabolcs Lehel, Kristían Línnet, Sys Stybe Johansen, Claus Svarer, Brice Ozenne, David Erritzøe, Patrick M. Fisher, Gitte M. Knudsen", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2018-12-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.474", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.474", "keywords": "Visual analogue scale, Medicine, Recall, Analysis of variance, Orthopedic surgery, Anesthesia, Physical therapy, Surgery, Psychology, Internal medicine, Cognitive psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Chemical synthesis and alkaloids", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "OpenAlex", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-02 20:42:13", "raw_json": "{\"openalex_id\":\"https://openalex.org/W2913453568\",\"openalex_url\":\"https://openalex.org/W2913453568\",\"openalex_type\":\"article\",\"openalex_work_type\":null,\"cited_by_count\":3,\"authorships\":[{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5000203733\",\"display_name\":\"M. Madsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8836-1844\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5038013112\",\"display_name\":\"Daniel Burmester\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7215-4269\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5004791170\",\"display_name\":\"Dea Siggaard Stenbæk\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-4637\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5075305785\",\"display_name\":\"Søren Kristiansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1851-5363\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5057598537\",\"display_name\":\"Agnete Dyssegaard\",\"orcid\":null},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5086881197\",\"display_name\":\"Szabolcs Lehel\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7400-6980\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5078174062\",\"display_name\":\"Kristían Línnet\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6974-5535\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5013055423\",\"display_name\":\"Sys Stybe Johansen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9555-5134\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015994033\",\"display_name\":\"Claus Svarer\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7811-1825\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021739634\",\"display_name\":\"Brice Ozenne\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9694-2956\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5044907549\",\"display_name\":\"David Erritzøe\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5021085020\",\"display_name\":\"Patrick M. Fisher\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-0611\"},{\"id\":\"https://openalex.org/A5015895924\",\"display_name\":\"Gitte M. Knudsen\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866\"}],\"primary_location\":{\"source_id\":\"https://openalex.org/S168041952\",\"source_display_name\":\"European Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"landing_page_url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.474\",\"is_oa\":false}}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2357, "title": "Acute renal injury cause by confirmed Psilocybe cubensis mushroom ingestion.", "normalized_title": "acute renal injury cause by confirmed psilocybe cubensis mushroom ingestion", "authors": "Austin E, Myron HS, Summerbell RK, Mackenzie C.", "abstract": "Psilocybe mushrooms are consumed for their hallucinogenic properties. Fortunately, there are relatively few adverse effects associated with their consumption. This is the first reported case of acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to confirmed ingestion of Psilocybe cubensis mushroom. A15-year-old male developed symptomatic AKI36 h post-ingestion of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms. He was admitted to hospital with hypertension, nausea and abdominal pain and a creatinine of 450 mmol/L. A sample of the crop of mushrooms was confirmed by mass spectrometry to contain psilocin. On day 5 post-admission, he was discharged home. Outpatient follow-up confirmed complete resolution of his renal function.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-12-21", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.mmcr.2018.12.007", "pubmed_id": "30627509", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mmcr.2018.12.007", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30627509\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2341, "title": "Unpredictable Behavior Under the Influence of \"Magic Mushrooms\": A Case Report and Review of the Literature.", "normalized_title": "unpredictable behavior under the influence of magic mushrooms a case report and review of the literature", "authors": "Honyiglo E, Franchi A, Cartiser N, Bottinelli C, Advenier AS, Bévalot F, Fanton L.", "abstract": "Fatalities implicating psychedelic mushrooms are not a common clinical situation in everyday forensic medicine. Despite classification as an illegal drug in many countries, psilocybin mushrooms have the reputation of being safe. We report the case of a young man who jumped from a second story balcony under the influence of psilocybin mushrooms. The psilocin assay was performed by gas chromatography coupled to an electron-impact ionization time-of-flight detector (GC-EI-TOF) after solid-phase extraction. Total psilocin was quantified in peripheral and cardiac blood as 60 and 67 ng/mL, respectively, and in urine (2230 ng/mL), bile (3102 ng/mL), and vitreous humor (57 ng/mL). This case report and review of literature highlights the danger of psilocybin mushrooms. Isolated use of psilocybin mushrooms by a regular consumer without psychiatric history, even under \"safe\" circumstances, can lead to a fatal outcome.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-12-11", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1111/1556-4029.13982", "pubmed_id": "30548541", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13982", "keywords": "Vitreous Body, Bile, Humans, Agaricales, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Gas, Suicide, Adolescent, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30548541\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Case Report,Adolescents", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2368, "title": "Monoamine Biosynthesis via a Noncanonical Calcium-Activatable Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase in Psilocybin Mushroom.", "normalized_title": "monoamine biosynthesis via a noncanonical calcium activatable aromatic amino acid decarboxylase in psilocybin mushroom", "authors": "Torrens-Spence MP, Liu CT, Pluskal T, Chung YK, Weng JK.", "abstract": "Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylases (AAADs) are a phylogenetically diverse group of enzymes responsible for the decarboxylation of aromatic amino acid substrates into their corresponding aromatic arylalkylamines. AAADs have been extensively studied in mammals and plants as they catalyze the first step in the production of neurotransmitters and bioactive phytochemicals, respectively. Unlike mammals and plants, the hallucinogenic psilocybin mushroom Psilocybe cubensis reportedly employs an unrelated phosphatidylserine-decarboxylase-like enzyme to catalyze l-tryptophan decarboxylation, the first step in psilocybin biosynthesis. To explore the origin of this chemistry in psilocybin mushroom, we generated the first de novo transcriptomes of P. cubensis and investigated several putative l-tryptophan-decarboxylase-like enzymes. We report the biochemical characterization of a noncanonical AAAD from P. cubensis ( PcncAAAD) that exhibits substrate permissiveness toward l-phenylalanine, l-tyrosine, and l-tryptophan, as well as chloro-tryptophan derivatives. The crystal structure of PcncAAAD revealed the presence of a unique C-terminal appendage domain featuring a novel double-β-barrel fold. This domain is required for PcncAAAD activity and regulates catalytic rate and thermal stability through calcium binding. PcncAAAD likely plays a role in psilocybin production in P. cubensis and offers a new tool for metabolic engineering of aromatic-amino-acid-derived natural products.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-12-09", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1021/acschembio.8b00821", "pubmed_id": "30484626", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.8b00821", "keywords": "Yeasts, Catharanthus, Papaver, Calcium, Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases, Amino Acids, Aromatic, Fungal Proteins, Phylogeny, Catalytic Domain, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Protein Binding, Substrate Specificity, Kinetics, Psilocybe, Transcriptome, Molecular Docking Simulation, Psilocybin, Protein Domains", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30484626\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2369, "title": "Intensity of Mystical Experiences Occasioned by 5-MeO-DMT and Comparison With a Prior Psilocybin Study.", "normalized_title": "intensity of mystical experiences occasioned by 5 meo dmt and comparison with a prior psilocybin study", "authors": "Barsuglia J, Davis AK, Palmer R, Lancelotta R, Windham-Herman AM, Peterson K, Polanco M, Grant R, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "5-MeO-DMT is a psychoactive substance found in high concentrations in the bufotoxin of the Colorado River Toad (Bufo alvarius). Emerging evidence suggests that vaporized 5-MeO-DMT may occasion mystical experiences of comparable intensity to those occasioned by more widely studied psychedelics such as psilocybin, but no empirical study has tested this hypothesis. Data was obtained from 20 individuals (M age = 38.9, ± 10.7; male = 55%, Caucasian = 85%) who were administered 5-MeO-DMT as part of a psychospiritual retreat program in Mexico. All participants received 50 mg of inhaled vaporized toad bufotoxin which contains 5-MeO-DMT and completed the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) approximately 4-6 h after their session. Administration of 5-MeO-DMT occasioned strong mystical experiences (MEQ30 Overall M intensity = 4.17, ± 0.64, range 0-5) and the majority (n = 15, 75%) had \"a complete mystical experience\" (≥60% on all MEQ30 subscales). Compared to a prior laboratory-based psilocybin study, there were no differences in the intensity of mystical effects between 5-MeO-DMT and a high dose (30 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin, but the intensity of mystical effects was significantly higher in the 5-MeO-DMT sample compared to moderate/high dose (20 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin (MEQ30 Total Score: p = 0.02, d = 0.81). Administration of vaporized 5-MeO-DMT reliably occasioned complete mystical experiences in 75% of individuals and was similar in intensity to high dose psilocybin administered in a laboratory setting. The short duration of action may be advantageous for clinical interventions and for studying mystical-type experiences.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-12-05", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02459", "pubmed_id": "30574112", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02459", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30574112\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2347, "title": "Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelics an integrative review of epidemiology therapeutics mystical experience and brain network function", "authors": "Johnson MW, Hendricks PS, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "The purpose of this paper is to provide an integrative review and offer novel insights regarding human research with classic psychedelics (classic hallucinogens), which are serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin. Classic psychedelics have been administered as sacraments since ancient times. They were of prominent interest within psychiatry and neuroscience in the 1950s to 1960s, and during this time contributed to the emergence of the field of molecular neuroscience. Promising results were reported for treatment of both end-of-life psychological distress and addiction, and classic psychedelics served as tools for studying the neurobiological bases of psychological disorders. Moreover, classic psychedelics were shown to occasion mystical experiences, which are subjective experiences reported throughout different cultures and religions involving a strong sense of unity, among other characteristics. However, the recreational use of classic psychedelics and their association with the counterculture prompted an end to human research with classic psychedelics in the early 1970s. We provide the most comprehensive review of epidemiological studies of classic psychedelics to date. Notable among these are a number of studies that have suggested the possibility that nonmedical naturalistic (non-laboratory) use of classic psychedelics is associated with positive mental health and prosocial outcomes, although it is clear that some individuals are harmed by classic psychedelics in non-supervised settings. We then review recent therapeutic studies suggesting efficacy in treating psychological distress associated with life-threatening diseases, treating depression, and treating nicotine and alcohol addictions. We also describe the construct of mystical experience, and provide a comprehensive review of modern studies investigating classic psychedelic-occasioned mystical experiences and their consequences. These studies have shown classic psychedelics to fairly reliably occasion mystical experiences. Moreover, classic-psychedelic-occasioned mystical experiences are associated with improved psychological outcomes in both healthy volunteer and patient populations. Finally, we review neuroimaging studies that suggest neurobiological mechanisms of classic psychedelics. These studies have also broadened our understanding of the brain, the serotonin system, and the neurobiological basis of consciousness. Overall, these various lines of research suggest that classic psychedelics might hold strong potential as therapeutics, and as tools for experimentally investigating mystical experiences and behavioral-brain function more generally.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-12-03", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010", "pubmed_id": "30521880", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mysticism, Epidemiological Monitoring", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30521880\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2361, "title": "Production Options for Psilocybin: Making of the Magic.", "normalized_title": "production options for psilocybin making of the magic", "authors": "Fricke J, Lenz C, Wick J, Blei F, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "The fungal genus Psilocybe and other genera comprise numerous mushroom species that biosynthesize psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine). It represents the prodrug to its dephosphorylated psychotropic analogue, psilocin. The colloquial term \"magic mushrooms\" for these fungi alludes to their hallucinogenic effects and to their use as recreational drugs. However, clinical trials have recognized psilocybin as a valuable candidate to be developed into a medication against depression and anxiety. We here highlight its recently elucidated biosynthesis, the concurrently developed concept of enzymatic in vitro and heterologous in vivo production, along with previous synthetic routes. The prospect of psilocybin as a promising therapeutic may entail an increased demand, which can be met by biotechnological production. Therefore, we also briefly touch on psilocybin's therapeutic relevance and pharmacology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-11-14", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1002/chem.201802758", "pubmed_id": "30011099", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201802758", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30011099\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2371, "title": "Psychedelic drugs in the treatment of anxiety, depression and addiction.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drugs in the treatment of anxiety depression and addiction", "authors": "Kvam TM, Stewart LH, Andreassen OA.", "abstract": "BakgrunnDet er økt interesse for psykedeliske stoffer til bruk i behandling av psykiske lidelser. Stoffene regnes som trygge når de gis innenfor en klinisk ramme. Eldre studier fra før 1970 har metodologiske svakheter, men i de senere år har det kommet lovende resultater fra bruk ved unipolar depresjon, depresjon ved livstruende sykdom, angst og avhengighet. Formålet med denne litteraturgjennomgangen er å gi en oversikt over nyere resultater og disse studienes begrensninger.KunnskapsgrunnlagVi søkte i databasen PubMed etter kliniske studier fra perioden 1990-2017 med søkeordene angst, depresjon, avhengighet og psykedeliske stoffer. Kvaliteten på studiene ble så vurdert ut ifra metode og styrkeberegning.ResultaterSøket ga 424 artikler, hvorav ni ble inkludert (fire om angst og depresjon ved livstruende sykdom, to om depresjon, to om avhengighetslidelse og én om tvangslidelse). To dobbeltblinde, randomiserte, kontrollerte fase II-studier med et moderat antall pasienter fant umiddelbar, markert og vedvarende effekt av én enkeltdose psilocybin mot angst og depresjon ved livstruende sykdom. De andre studiene hadde mer usikre resultater. Det var ingen alvorlige bivirkninger eller rapportering om avhengighet.FortolkningPsykedeliske stoffer i behandling av flere psykiske lidelser har vist lovende resultater, men studiene er små og har metodologiske utfordringer. Det er behov for systematiske kliniske studier for å skaffe solid dokumentasjon for effekt og etablere rutiner for overvåkning av mulige bivirkninger.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-11-11", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.4045/tidsskr.17.1110", "pubmed_id": "30421744", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.17.1110", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30421744\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2342, "title": "What Psilocybin Taught Me About Dying.", "normalized_title": "what psilocybin taught me about dying", "authors": "Back AL.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-11-08", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1089/jpm.2018.0561", "pubmed_id": "30412005", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2018.0561", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Attitude to Death, Fear, Physician-Patient Relations, Physicians, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30412005\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3405, "title": "Microdosing Psychedelics: Personality, mental health, and creativity differences in microdosers", "normalized_title": "microdosing psychedelics personality mental health and creativity differences in microdosers", "authors": "Anderson T, Petranker R, Rosenbaum D, Weissman C, Dinh-Williams L, Hui K, Hapke E, Farb NAS.", "abstract": "Microdosing psychedelics - the regular consumption of small amounts of psychedelic substances such as LSD or psilocybin - is a growing trend in popular culture. Recent studies on full-dose psychedelic psychotherapy reveal promising benefits for mental well-being, especially for depression and end-of-life anxiety. While full-dose therapies include perception-distorting properties, microdosing may provide complementary clinical benefits using lower-risk, non-hallucinogenic doses. No experimental study has evaluated psychedelic microdosing, however; this pre-registered study is the first to investigate microdosing psychedelics and mental health. Recruited from online forums, current and former microdosers scored lower on measures of dysfunctional attitudes and negative emotionality and higher on wisdom, open-mindedness, and creativity when compared to non-microdosing controls. These findings provide promising initial evidence that warrants controlled experimental research to directly test safety and clinical efficacy. As microdoses are easier to administer than full-doses, this new paradigm has the exciting potential to shape future psychedelic research.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2018-11-01", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/gk4jd", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gk4jd", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR333294\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"PsyArXiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2360, "title": "Microdosing Psychedelics: Personality, mental health, and creativity differences in microdosers", "normalized_title": "microdosing psychedelics personality mental health and creativity differences in microdosers", "authors": "", "abstract": "Microdosing psychedelics - the regular consumption of small amounts of psychedelic substances such as LSD or psilocybin - is a growing trend in popular culture. Recent studies on full-dose psychedelic psychotherapy reveal promising benefits for mental well-being, especially for depression and end-of-life anxiety. While full-dose therapies include perception-distorting properties, microdosing may provide complementary clinical benefits using lower-risk, non-hallucinogenic doses. No experimental study has evaluated psychedelic microdosing, however; this pre-registered study is the first to investigate microdosing psychedelics and mental health. Recruited from online forums, current and former microdosers scored lower on measures of dysfunctional attitudes and negative emotionality and higher on wisdom, open-mindedness, and creativity when compared to non-microdosing controls. These findings provide promising initial evidence that warrants controlled experimental research to directly test safety and clinical efficacy. As microdoses are easier to administer than full-doses, this new paradigm has the exciting potential to shape future psychedelic research.", "journal": "PsyArXiv", "publication_date": "2018-11-01", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/gk4jd_v1", "keywords": "microdosing, preregistered, psychedelics, Psychiatry, Life Sciences", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PsyArXiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:30", "raw_json": "{\"osf_id\":\"gk4jd_v1\",\"version\":1,\"reviews_state\":\"accepted\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Microdosing,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2432, "title": "Common neural signatures of psychedelics: Frequency-specific energy changes and repertoire expansion revealed using connectome-harmonic decomposition.", "normalized_title": "common neural signatures of psychedelics frequency specific energy changes and repertoire expansion revealed using connectome harmonic decomposition", "authors": "Atasoy S, Vohryzek J, Deco G, Carhart-Harris RL, Kringelbach ML.", "abstract": "The search for the universal laws of human brain function is still on-going but progress is being made. Here we describe the novel concepts of connectome harmonics and connectome-harmonic decomposition, which can be used to characterize the brain activity associated with any mental state. We use this new frequency-specific language to describe the brain activity elicited by psilocybin and LSD and find remarkably similar effects in terms of increases in total energy and power, as well as frequency-specific energy changes and repertoire expansion. In addition, we find enhanced signatures of criticality suggesting that the brain dynamics tune toward criticality in both psychedelic elicited states. Overall, our findings provide new evidence for the remarkable ability of psychedelics to change the spatiotemporal dynamics of the human brain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-10-24", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.08.009", "pubmed_id": "30471684", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.08.009", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Connectome", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30471684\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2385, "title": "More Realistic Forecasting of Future Life Events After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression.", "normalized_title": "more realistic forecasting of future life events after psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Lyons T, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Background: Evidence suggests that classical psychedelics can promote enduring changes in personality, attitudes and optimism, as well as improvements in mental health outcomes. Aim: To investigate the effects of a composite intervention, involving psilocybin, on pessimism biases in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods: Patients with TRD (n = 15) and matched, untreated non-depressed controls (n = 15) performed the Prediction Of Future Life Events (POFLE) task. The POFLE task requires participants to predict the likelihood of certain life events occurring within a 30-day period, after which the actual rate of event occurrence is reported; this gives an index of potential pessimism versus optimism bias. Psilocybin was administered in two oral dosing sessions (10 and 25 mg) one week apart. Main outcome measures were collected at baseline and one week after the second dosing session. Results: Patients showed a significant pessimism bias at baseline [t(14) = -3.260, p = 0.006; 95% CI (-0.16, -0.03), g = 1.1] which was related to the severity of their depressive symptoms (rs = -0.55, p = 0.017). One week after psilocybin treatment, this bias was significantly decreased [t(14) = -2.714, p = 0.017; 95% CI (-0.21, -0.02), g = 0.7] and depressive symptoms were greatly improved [t(14) = 7.900, p < 0.001; 95% CI (16.17, 28.23), g = 1.9]; moreover, the magnitude of change in both variables was significantly correlated (r = -0.57, p = 0.014). Importantly, post treatment, patients became significantly more accurate at predicting the occurrence of future life events [t(14) = 1.857, p = 0.042; 95% CI (-0.01, 0.12), g = 0.6] whereas no such change was observed in the control subjects. Conclusion: These findings suggest that psilocybin with psychological support might correct pessimism biases in TRD, enabling a more positive and accurate outlook.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-10-11", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01721", "pubmed_id": "30369890", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01721", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30369890\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Personality Change,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2380, "title": "DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Ibogaine.", "normalized_title": "dark classics in chemical neuroscience ibogaine", "authors": "Wasko MJ, Witt-Enderby PA, Surratt CK.", "abstract": "The West African iboga plant has been used for centuries by the Bwiti and Mbiri tribes to induce hallucinations during religious ceremonies. Ibogaine, the principal alkaloid responsible for iboga's psychedelic properties, was isolated and sold as an antidepressant in France for decades before its adverse effects precipitated its removal from the market. An ibogaine resurgence in the 1960s was driven by U.S. heroin addicts who claimed that ibogaine cured their opiate addictions. Behavioral pharmacologic studies in animal models provided evidence that ibogaine could blunt self-administration of not only opiates but cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine. Ibogaine displays moderate-to-weak affinities for a wide spectrum of receptor and transporter proteins; recent work suggests that its actions at nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes may underlie its reputed antiopiate effects. At micromolar levels, ibogaine is neurotoxic and cardiotoxic and has been linked to several deaths by cardiac arrest. Structure-activity studies led to the isolation of the ibogaine analog 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), an α3β4 nicotinic receptor modulator that retains ibogaine's anticraving properties with few or no adverse effects. Clinical trials of 18-MC treatment of nicotine addiction are pending. Ibogaine analogs may also hold promise for treating anxiety and depression via the \"psychedelic-assisted therapy\" approach that employs hallucinogens including psilocybin and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (\"ecstasy\").", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-10-08", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00294", "pubmed_id": "30216039", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00294", "keywords": "Humans, Tabernaemontana, Substance-Related Disorders, Ibogaine, Receptors, Nicotinic, Hallucinogens, Structure-Activity Relationship, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Cardiotoxicity", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30216039\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2372, "title": "The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug.", "normalized_title": "the neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations serotonin 2a activation and a novel therapeutic drug", "authors": "Jalal B.", "abstract": "Sleep paralysis is a state of involuntary immobility occurring at sleep onset or offset, often accompanied by uncanny \"ghost-like\" hallucinations and extreme fear reactions. I provide here a neuropharmacological account for these hallucinatory experiences by evoking the role of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR). Research has shown that 5-HT2AR activation can induce visual hallucinations, \"mystical\" subjective states, and out-of-body experiences (OBEs), and modulate fear circuits. Hallucinatory experiences triggered by serotonin-serotonergic (\"pseudo\") hallucinations, induced by hallucinogenic drugs-tend to be \"dream-like\" with the experiencer having insight (\"meta-awareness\") that he is hallucinating, unlike dopaminergic (\"psychotic\" and \"life-like\") hallucinations where such insight is lost. Indeed, hallucinatory experiences during sleep paralysis have the classic features of serotonergic hallucinations, and are strikingly similar to perceptual and subjective states induced by hallucinogenic drugs (e.g., lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD] and psilocybin), i.e., they entail visual hallucinations, mystical experiences, OBEs, and extreme fear reactions. I propose a possible mechanism whereby serotonin could be functionally implicated in generating sleep paralysis hallucinations and fear reactions through 5-HT2AR activity. Moreover, I speculate on the role of 5-HT2C receptors vis-à-vis anxiety and panic during sleep paralysis, and the orbitofrontal cortex-rich with 5-HT2A receptors-in influencing visual pathways during sleep paralysis, and, in effect, hallucinations. Finally, I propose, for the first time, a drug to target sleep paralysis hallucinations and fear reactions, namely the selective 5-HT2AR inverse agonist, pimavanserin. This account implicates gene HTR2A on chromosome 13q as the underlying cause of sleep paralysis hallucinations and could be explored using positron emission tomography.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-10-04", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1", "pubmed_id": "30288594", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinations, Sleep Paralysis, Dopamine, Serotonin, Urea, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Piperidines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Sleep, Neuropharmacology, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30288594\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2379, "title": "Iterative l-Tryptophan Methylation in Psilocybe Evolved by Subdomain Duplication.", "normalized_title": "iterative l tryptophan methylation in psilocybe evolved by subdomain duplication", "authors": "Blei F, Fricke J, Wick J, Slot JC, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "Psilocybe mushrooms are best known for their l-tryptophan-derived psychotropic alkaloid psilocybin. Dimethylation of norbaeocystin, the precursor of psilocybin, by the enzyme PsiM is a critical step during the biosynthesis of psilocybin. However, the \"magic\" mushroom Psilocybe serbica also mono- and dimethylates l-tryptophan, which is incompatible with the specificity of PsiM. Here, a second methyltransferase, TrpM, was identified and functionally characterized. Mono- and dimethylation activity on l-tryptophan was reconstituted in vitro, whereas tryptamine was rejected as a substrate. Therefore, we describe a second l-tryptophan-dependent pathway in Psilocybe that is not part of the biosynthesis of psilocybin. TrpM is unrelated to PsiM but originates from a retained ancient duplication event of a portion of the egtDB gene that encodes an ergothioneine biosynthesis enzyme. During mushroom evolution, this duplicated gene was widely lost but re-evolved sporadically and independently in various genera. We propose a new secondary metabolism evolvability mechanism, in which weakly selected genes are retained through preservation in a widely distributed, conserved pathway.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-10-01", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1002/cbic.201800336", "pubmed_id": "30098085", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201800336", "keywords": "Tryptamines, Methyltransferases, Tryptophan, Evolution, Molecular, Substrate Specificity, Methylation, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30098085\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Epigenetics,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2434, "title": "Advances and challenges in neuroimaging studies on the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens: Contributions of the resting brain.", "normalized_title": "advances and challenges in neuroimaging studies on the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens contributions of the resting brain", "authors": "Müller F, Liechti ME, Lang UE, Borgwardt S.", "abstract": "The effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the human brain have been studied since the earliest days of neuroimaging in the 1990s. However, approaches are often hard to compare and results are heterogeneous. In this chapter, we summarize studies investigating the effects of hallucinogens on the resting brain, with a special emphasis on replicability and limitations. In previous studies, similarities were observed between psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca, with respect to decreases in cerebral blood flow and increases in global functional connectivity in the precuneus and thalamus. Additionally, LSD consistently decreased functional connectivity within distinct resting state networks. Little convergence was observed for connectivity between networks and for blood flow in other brain regions. Although these studies are limited by small sample sizes and might be biased by unspecific drug effects on physiological parameters and the vascular system, current results indicate that neuroimaging could be a useful tool to elucidate the neuronal correlates of hallucinogenic effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-09-27", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.08.004", "pubmed_id": "30471679", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.08.004", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Rest, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30471679\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2387, "title": "Dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state.", "normalized_title": "dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state", "authors": "Bayne T, Carter O.", "abstract": "It has often been suggested in the popular and academic literature that the psychedelic state qualifies as a higher state of consciousness relative to the state of normal waking awareness. This article subjects this proposal to critical scrutiny, focusing on the question of what it would mean for a state of consciousness to be 'higher'. We begin by considering the contrast between conscious contents and conscious global states. We then review the changes in conscious global state associated with psychedelic drug use, focusing on the effects of two serotonergic hallucinogens: psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide. Limiting our review to findings obtained from lab-based experiments and reported in peer-reviewed journals, we prioritize the more common and reliably induced effects obtained through subjective questionnaires and psychophysical measures. The findings are grouped into three broad categories (sensory perception, cognitive function, and experiences of unity) and demonstrate that although certain aspects of consciousness are improved or enhanced in the psychedelic state, many of the functional capacities that are associated with consciousness are seriously compromised. Psychedelic-induced states of consciousness are indeed remarkable in many ways, but it is inappropriate to regard them as 'higher' states of consciousness. The fact that psychedelics affect different aspects of consciousness in fundamentally different ways provides evidence against the unidimensional (or 'level-based') view of consciousness, and instead provides strong support for a multidimensional conception of conscious states. The final section of the article considers the implications of this analysis for two prominent theories of consciousness: the Global Workspace Theory and Integrated Information Theory.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-09-18", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1093/nc/niy008", "pubmed_id": "30254752", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niy008", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30254752\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2370, "title": "Does getting high hurt? Characterization of cases of LSD and psilocybin-containing mushroom exposures to national poison centers between 2000 and 2016.", "normalized_title": "does getting high hurt characterization of cases of lsd and psilocybin containing mushroom exposures to national poison centers between 2000 and 2016", "authors": "Leonard JB, Anderson B, Klein-Schwartz W.", "abstract": "BackgroundLysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are serotonergic hallucinogens that are used primarily for recreational abuse. Small studies evaluated the efficacy of LSD and psilocybin for several psychiatric conditions. There are limited safety or toxicity data for either of these substances, especially in large populations.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of single-substance exposures of LSD or psilocybin-containing mushrooms (PcMs) reported to United States poison centers from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2016. The study describes the most frequent toxicities, management sites, and medical outcomes.ResultsA total of 5883 PcM and 3554 LSD exposures were included. Most patients were between 13 and 29 years of age (83.9% PcM, 88.9% LSD) and primarily male (77.9% PcM, 74.1% LSD). Most common clinical effects were hallucinations (45.8% PcM, 37.4% LSD), agitation (24.1% PcM, 42.4% LSD), and tachycardia (18.0% PcM, 38.6% LSD). Serious clinical effects were infrequent, but included hyperthermia, seizures, coma, increased serum creatinine, and cardiac arrest. Most patients were treated and released from the emergency department. More LSD patients were admitted to critical care and non-critical care units than PcM patients. Moderate effect was the most frequent outcome for both substances (61.0% PcM, 62.3% LSD).ConclusionThese data find that LSD and PcM use occurs primarily in adolescents and young adults, who experience mild to moderate adverse effects. Serious effects are infrequent but can occur. While most LSD and PcM users require only emergency department management, LSD use is more likely to require medical admission.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-09-04", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1177/0269881118793086", "pubmed_id": "30182795", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118793086", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Age Distribution, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Infant, Emergency Service, Hospital, Poison Control Centers, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30182795\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2388, "title": "Psychedelics, Meditation, and Self-Consciousness.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics meditation and self consciousness", "authors": "Millière R, Carhart-Harris RL, Roseman L, Trautwein FM, Berkovich-Ohana A.", "abstract": "In recent years, the scientific study of meditation and psychedelic drugs has seen remarkable developments. The increased focus on meditation in cognitive neuroscience has led to a cross-cultural classification of standard meditation styles validated by functional and structural neuroanatomical data. Meanwhile, the renaissance of psychedelic research has shed light on the neurophysiology of altered states of consciousness induced by classical psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, whose effects are mainly mediated by agonism of serotonin receptors. Few attempts have been made at bridging these two domains of inquiry, despite intriguing evidence of overlap between the phenomenology and neurophysiology of meditation practice and psychedelic states. In particular, many contemplative traditions explicitly aim at dissolving the sense of self by eliciting altered states of consciousness through meditation, while classical psychedelics are known to produce significant disruptions of self-consciousness, a phenomenon known as drug-induced ego dissolution. In this article, we discuss available evidence regarding convergences and differences between phenomenological and neurophysiological data on meditation practice and psychedelic drug-induced states, with a particular emphasis on alterations of self-experience. While both meditation and psychedelics may disrupt self-consciousness and underlying neural processes, we emphasize that neither meditation nor psychedelic states can be conceived as simple, uniform categories. Moreover, we suggest that there are important phenomenological differences even between conscious states described as experiences of self-loss. As a result, we propose that self-consciousness may be best construed as a multidimensional construct, and that \"self-loss,\" far from being an unequivocal phenomenon, can take several forms. Indeed, various aspects of self-consciousness, including narrative aspects linked to autobiographical memory, self-related thoughts and mental time travel, and embodied aspects rooted in multisensory processes, may be differently affected by psychedelics and meditation practices. Finally, we consider long-term outcomes of experiences of self-loss induced by meditation and psychedelics on individual traits and prosocial behavior. We call for caution regarding the problematic conflation of temporary states of self-loss with \"selflessness\" as a behavioral or social trait, although there is preliminary evidence that correlations between short-term experiences of self-loss and long-term trait alterations may exist.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-09-03", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01475", "pubmed_id": "30245648", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01475", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30245648\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2390, "title": "Detection and Identification of Psilocybe cubensis DNA Using a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction High Resolution Melt Assay.", "normalized_title": "detection and identification of psilocybe cubensis dna using a real time polymerase chain reaction high resolution melt assay", "authors": "Cowan AF, Elkins KM", "abstract": "Psilocybe cubensis, or \"magic mushroom,\" is the most common species of fungus with psychedelic characteristics. Two primer sets were designed to target Psilocybe DNA using web-based software and NBCI gene sequences. DNA was extracted from eighteen samples, including twelve mushroom species, using the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit. The DNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primers and a master mix containing either a SYBR Green I, Radiant™ Green, or LCGreen Plus intercalating dye; amplicon size was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR assays were tested for amplifiability, specificity, reproducibility, robustness, sensitivity, and multiplexing with primers that target marijuana. The observed high resolution melt (HRM) temperatures for primer sets 1 and 7 were 78.85 ± 0.31°C and 73.22 ± 0.61°C, respectively, using SYBR Green I dye and 81.67 ± 0.06°C and 76.04 ± 0.11°C, respectively, using Radiant™ Green dye.", "journal": "Journal of forensic sciences", "publication_date": "2018-08-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1111/1556-4029.13714", "pubmed_id": "29194645", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29194645/", "keywords": "Cannabis sativa, Psilocybe cubensis, LCGreen Plus®, Radiant™ Green, SYBR® Green I, forensic science, high resolution melt, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"29194645\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2044, "title": "Psilocin and ketamine microdosing: effects of subchronic intermittent microdoses in the elevated plus-maze in male Wistar rats.", "normalized_title": "psilocin and ketamine microdosing effects of subchronic intermittent microdoses in the elevated plus maze in male wistar rats", "authors": "Horsley RR, Páleníček T, Kolin J, Valeš K.", "abstract": "Short-term moderate doses of serotonergic and dissociative hallucinogens can be useful in the treatment of anxiety. Recently, a trend has developed for long-term intermittent 'microdosing' (usually one-tenth of a 'full' active dose), with reports of long-lasting relief from anxiety and related disorders; however, there is no scientific evidence for the efficacy of therapeutic microdosing nor to show its lasting effects. The objective of this study was to test for lasting effects on anxiety in rats after microdosing with ketamine or psilocin. Over 6 days, Wistar rats (N=40) were administered ketamine (0.5 or 3 mg/kg), psilocin (0.05 or 0.075 mg/kg), or saline on three occasions. A5-min elevated plus-maze test was conducted 48 h after the final drug treatment (n=8). Dependent variables were entries (frequency), spent time (%), and distance traveled (cm) in each zone, as well as total frequency of rears, stretch-attend postures, and head dips. Statistical analyses of drug effects used separate independent one-way analysis of variance and pair-wise comparisons using independent t-tests. Statistical effects were modest or borderline and were most consistent with a mildly anxiogenic profile, which was significant at lower doses; however, this conclusion remains tentative. The lower doses of ketamine and psilocin produced comparable effects (to one another) across each variable, as did the higher doses. This pattern of effects may suggest a common (e.g. neurotransmitter/receptor) mechanism. We conclude that microdosing with hallucinogens for therapeutic purposes might be counter-productive; however, more research is needed to confirm our findings and to establish their translational relevance to clinical 'psychedelic' therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-08-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1097/fbp.0000000000000394", "pubmed_id": "29537989", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/fbp.0000000000000394", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Ketamine, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Maze Learning, Locomotion, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29537989\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Microdosing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2433, "title": "d-Lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and other classic hallucinogens: Mechanism of action and potential therapeutic applications in mood disorders.", "normalized_title": "d lysergic acid diethylamide psilocybin and other classic hallucinogens mechanism of action and potential therapeutic applications in mood disorders", "authors": "De Gregorio D, Enns JP, Nuñez NA, Posa L, Gobbi G.", "abstract": "Depression and anxiety are psychiatric diagnoses commonly associated with low quality of life and low percentage of responsiveness by patients treated with currently available drugs. Thus, research into alternative compounds to treat these disorders is essential to guarantee a patient's remission. The last decade has witnessed a revamped interest for the application of psychedelic medicine for the treatment of mental disorders due to anecdotal reports and clinical studies which show that low doses of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin may have antidepressant effects. LSD and psilocybin have demonstrated mood-modulating properties likely due to their capacity to modulate serotonergic (5-HT), dopaminergic (DA) and glutamatergic systems. LSD, belonging to the category of \"classic halluginogens,\" interacts with the 5-HT system through 5HT1A, and 5HT2A receptors, with the DA system through D2 receptors, and indirectly also the glutamatergic neurotransmission thought the recruitment of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Randomized clinical studies have confirmed its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in humans. Thus, in this chapter, we will review the pharmacology of psychedelic drugs, report the most striking clinical evidence which substantiate the therapeutic potentials of these fascinating compounds in mood disorders, and look into the horizon of where psychedelic medicine is heading.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-08-30", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.008", "pubmed_id": "30471683", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.008", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Mood Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30471683\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2389, "title": "Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders: a systematic review of systematic reviews.", "normalized_title": "efficacy tolerability and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood anxiety and substance use disorders a systematic review of systematic reviews", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Bouso JC, Alcázar-Córcoles MÁ, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "IntroductionMood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in the population. Although several pharmacological treatments are available, they are not effective for a significant proportion of patients and are associated with several adverse reactions. Therefore, new treatments should be explored. Recent studies suggest that serotonergic hallucinogens/psychedelics including ayahuasca, psilocybin, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have anxiolytic, antidepressive, and antiaddictive effects. Areas Covered: A systematic review of systematic reviews assessing the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of serotonergic hallucinogens/psychedelic was performed using the PubMed data base until 11 April 2018. Systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis were analyzed, but only reviews that described at least one randomized controlled trial (RCT) were included. Expert Commentary: Psilocybin and LSD reduced anxiety and depression in cancer patients and symptoms of alcohol and tobacco dependence, and ayahuasca reduced depression symptoms in treatment-resistant depression. Although the results are promising, several studies were open label, and only few were RCTs, and most had small sample sizes and a short duration. Single or few doses of these drugs seem to be well tolerated, but long-term studies are lacking. New RCTs with bigger samples and longer duration are needed to replicate these findings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-08-22", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2018.1511424", "pubmed_id": "30102078", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2018.1511424", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30102078\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2366, "title": "Psychedelic fungus (Psilocybe sp.) authentication in a case of illegal drug traffic: sporological, molecular analysis and identification of the psychoactive substance.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic fungus psilocybe sp authentication in a case of illegal drug traffic sporological molecular analysis and identification of the psychoactive substance", "authors": "Solano J, Anabalón L, Figueroa S, Lizama C, Reyes LC, Gangitano D.", "abstract": "In nature, there are >200 species of fungi with hallucinogenic properties. These fungi are classified as Psilocybe, Gymnopilus, and Panaeolus which contain active principles with hallucinogenic properties such as ibotenic acid, psilocybin, psilocin, or baeocystin. In Chile, fungi seizures are mainly of mature specimens or spores. However, clandestine laboratories have been found that process fungus samples at the mycelium stage. In this transient stage of growth (mycelium), traditional taxonomic identification is not feasible, making it necessary to develop a new method of study. Currently, DNA analysis is the only reliable method that can be used as an identification tool for the purposes of supporting evidence, due to the high variability of DNA between species. One way to identify the species of a distinctive DNA fragment is to study PCR products analyzed by real time PCR and sequencing. One of the most popular sequencing methods of forensic interest at the generic and intra-generic levels in plants is internal transcribed spacer (ITS). With real time PCR it is possible to distinguish PCR products by differential analysis of their melting temperature (Tm) curves. This paper describes morphological, chemical, and genetic analysis of mycelia of psychedelic fungi collected from a clandestine laboratory. The fungus species were identified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mass spectrometry, HRM analysis, and ITS sequencing. The sporological studies showed a generally smooth surface and oval shape, with maximum length 10.1 μm and width 6.4 μm. The alkaloid Psilocyn was identified by mass spectrometry, while HRM analysis and ITS sequencing identified the species as Psilocybe cubensis. A genetic match was confirmed between the HRM curves obtained from the mycelia (evidence) and biological tissue extracted from the fruiting bodies. Mycelia recovered from the evidence and fruiting bodies (control) were genetically indistinguishable.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-08-20", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.scijus.2018.08.005", "pubmed_id": "30654963", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2018.08.005", "keywords": "Spores, Mycelium, DNA, Fungal, Hallucinogens, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Chile, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Forensic Genetics, Psilocybe, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Drug Trafficking, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30654963\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2395, "title": "Psychedelics as anti-inflammatory agents.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as anti inflammatory agents", "authors": "Flanagan TW, Nichols CD.", "abstract": "Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)2A receptor agonists have recently emerged as promising new treatment options for a variety of disorders. The recent success of these agonists, also known as psychedelics, like psilocybin for the treatment of anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and addiction, has ushered in a renaissance in the way these compounds are perceived in the medical community and populace at large. One emerging therapeutic area that holds significant promise is their use as anti-inflammatory agents. Activation of 5-HT2A receptors produces potent anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of human inflammatory disorders at sub-behavioural levels. This review discusses the role of the 5-HT2A receptor in the inflammatory response, as well as highlight studies using the 5-HT2A agonist (R)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine [(R)-DOI] to treat inflammation in cellular and animal models. It also examines potential mechanisms by which 5-HT2A agonists produce their therapeutic effects. Overall, psychedelics regulate inflammatory pathways via novel mechanisms, and may represent a new and exciting treatment strategy for several inflammatory disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-08-12", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/09540261.2018.1481827", "pubmed_id": "30102081", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1481827", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Amphetamines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30102081\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2394, "title": "Therapeutic use of classic psychedelics to treat cancer-related psychiatric distress.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic use of classic psychedelics to treat cancer related psychiatric distress", "authors": "Ross S.", "abstract": "Cancer is highly prevalent and one of the leading causes of global morbidity and mortality. Psychological and existential suffering is common in cancer patients, associated with poor psychiatric and medical outcomes. Promising early-phase clinical research (1960s to early 1970s) suggested a therapeutic signal for serotoninergic psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin, LSD) in treating cancer-related psychiatric distress. After several decades of quiescence, research on psychedelic-assisted therapy to treat psychiatric disorders in cancer patients has resumed within the last 2 decades in the US and Europe. This review article is based on a systematic search of clinical trials from 1960-2018 researching the therapeutic use of psychedelic treatment in patients with serious or terminal illnesses and related psychiatric illness. The search found 10 eligible clinical trials, with a total of 445 participants, with the vast majority of the patients having advanced or terminal cancer diagnoses. Six open label trials, published between 1964 and 1980 (n = 341), suggested that psychedelic therapy (mostly with LSD) may improve cancer-related depression, anxiety, and fear of death. Four RCTs trials were published between 2011 and 2016 (n = 104), mostly with psilocybin treatment (n = 92), and demonstrated that psychedelic-assisted treatment can produce rapid, robust, and sustained improvements in cancer-related psychological and existential distress.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-08-12", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/09540261.2018.1482261", "pubmed_id": "30102082", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1482261", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Depression, Stress, Psychological, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30102082\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2393, "title": "Psychedelics and music: neuroscience and therapeutic implications.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and music neuroscience and therapeutic implications", "authors": "Barrett FS, Preller KH, Kaelen M", "abstract": "From the beginning of therapeutic research with psychedelics, music listening has been consistently used as a method to guide or support therapeutic experiences during the acute effects of psychedelic drugs. Recent findings point to the potential of music to support meaning-making, emotionality, and mental imagery after the administration of psychedelics, and suggest that music plays an important role in facilitating positive clinical outcomes of psychedelic therapy. This review explores the history of, contemporary research on, and future directions regarding the use of music in psychedelic research and therapy, and argues for more detailed and rigorous investigation of the contribution of music to the treatment of psychiatric disorders within the novel framework of psychedelic therapy.", "journal": "International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England)", "publication_date": "2018-07-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/09540261.2018.1484342", "pubmed_id": "30240282", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30240282/", "keywords": "LSD, Psychedelic, hallucinogen, music, music therapy, neuroscience, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"30240282\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2392, "title": "Awe: a putative mechanism underlying the effects of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "awe a putative mechanism underlying the effects of classic psychedelic assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Hendricks PS", "abstract": "A psychological model of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy informed by contemporary scientific data is presented in this paper. It is suggested that classic psychedelic-occasioned mystical experience is characterized by profound awe, a discrete emotion experienced in the presence of a vast stimulus requiring accommodation of mental structures. Awe, in turn, promotes the small self, a construct that, in the extreme, is analogous to those of unitive experience and ego dissolution. The small self is conceptualized as key to understanding the downstream effects of mystical experience occasioned in the context of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. With this novel theoretical framework in mind, a number of clinical implications and recommendations are provided so as to advance this incipient field of study.", "journal": "International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England)", "publication_date": "2018-07-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/09540261.2018.1474185", "pubmed_id": "30260256", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30260256/", "keywords": "Psychedelics, awe, mechanisms of change, psilocybin, psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"30260256\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2391, "title": "Current perspectives on psychedelic therapy: use of serotonergic hallucinogens in clinical interventions.", "normalized_title": "current perspectives on psychedelic therapy use of serotonergic hallucinogens in clinical interventions", "authors": "Garcia-Romeu A, Richards WA", "abstract": "Humans have used serotonergic hallucinogens (i.e. psychedelics) for spiritual, ceremonial, and recreational purposes for thousands of years, but their administration as part of a structured therapeutic intervention is still a relatively novel practice within Western medical and psychological frameworks. In the mid-20 century, considerable advances were made in developing therapeutic approaches integrating administration of low () and high () doses of serotonergic hallucinogens for treatment of a variety of conditions, often incorporating psychoanalytic concepts prevalent at that time. This work contributed seminal insights regarding how these substances may be employed with efficacy and safety in targeted therapeutic interventions, including the importance of optimizing set (frame of mind) and setting (therapeutic environment). More recently, clinical and pharmacological research has revisited the effects and therapeutic potential of psychedelics utilizing a variety of approaches. The current article provides an overview of past and present models of psychedelic therapy, and discusses important considerations for future interventions incorporating the use of psychedelics in research and clinical practice.", "journal": "International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England)", "publication_date": "2018-07-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/09540261.2018.1486289", "pubmed_id": "30422079", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30422079/", "keywords": "LSD, Psychedelic therapy, hallucinogens, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"30422079\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2373, "title": "Mushroom Poisoning Cases in Dogs and Cats: Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatotoxic, Neurotoxic, Gastroenterotoxic, Nephrotoxic, and Muscarinic Mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "mushroom poisoning cases in dogs and cats diagnosis and treatment of hepatotoxic neurotoxic gastroenterotoxic nephrotoxic and muscarinic mushrooms", "authors": "Puschner B, Wegenast C.", "abstract": "Ingestion of poisonous mushrooms by small animals can lead to liver failure, neurotoxicity, or gastrointestinal irritation. Although amanita poisoning can be lethal, ingestion of other toxic mushrooms is generally self-limiting and not life threatening. Most cases are undiagnosed, as routine diagnostic tests only exist for amanitins and psilocin. Early detection of amanitin exposure can greatly aid in the therapeutic intervention by allowing veterinarians to make timely decisions regarding patient management. Treatment is generally supportive, but specific therapeutic measures exist for amanitin and psilocin exposures.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-07-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.06.008", "pubmed_id": "30077439", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.06.008", "keywords": "Animals, Dogs, Cats, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Kidney Diseases, Mushroom Poisoning, Cat Diseases, Dog Diseases, Emetics, Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30077439\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2386, "title": "Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: effects on cognition.", "normalized_title": "double blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan effects on cognition", "authors": "Barrett FS, Carbonaro TM, Hurwitz E, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "ObjectivesClassic psychedelics (serotonin 2A receptor agonists) and dissociative hallucinogens (NMDA receptor antagonists), though differing in pharmacology, may share neuropsychological effects. These drugs, however, have undergone limited direct comparison. This report presents data from a double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subjects study comparing the neuropsychological effects of multiple doses of the classic psychedelic psilocybin with the effects of a single high dose of the dissociative hallucinogen dextromethorphan (DXM).MethodsTwenty hallucinogen users (11 females) completed neurocognitive assessments during five blinded drug administration sessions (10, 20, and 30 mg/70 kg psilocybin; 400 mg/70 kg DXM; and placebo) in which participants and study staff were informed that a large range of possible drug conditions may have been administered.ResultsGlobal cognitive impairment, assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination during peak drug effects, was not observed with psilocybin or DXM. Orderly and dose-dependent effects of psilocybin were observed on psychomotor performance, working memory, episodic memory, associative learning, and visual perception. Effects of DXM on psychomotor performance, visual perception, and associative learning were in the range of effects of a moderate to high dose (20 to 30 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin.ConclusionsThis was the first study of the dose effects of psilocybin on a large battery of neurocognitive assessments. Evidence of delirium or global cognitive impairment was not observed with either psilocybin or DXM. Psilocybin had greater effects than DXM on working memory. DXM had greater effects than all psilocybin doses on balance, episodic memory, response inhibition, and executive control.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-07-29", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-018-4981-x", "pubmed_id": "30062577", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4981-x", "keywords": "Humans, Dextromethorphan, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Cognition, Association Learning, Memory, Short-Term, Visual Perception, Psychomotor Performance, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30062577\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3347, "title": "Altered trajectories in the dynamical repertoire of functional network states under psilocybin", "normalized_title": "altered trajectories in the dynamical repertoire of functional network states under psilocybin", "authors": "Lord L, Expert P, Atasoy S, Roseman L, Rapuano K, Lambiotte R, Nutt DJ, Deco G, Carhart-Harris RL, Kringelbach ML, Cabral J.", "abstract": "Brain activity can be understood as the exploration of a dynamical landscape of activity configurations over both space and time. This dynamical landscape may be defined in terms of spontaneous transitions within a repertoire of discrete metastable states of functional connectivity (FC), which underlie different mental processes. However, it remains unclear how the brain’s dynamical landscape might be changed in altered states of consciousness, such as the psychedelic state. The present study investigated changes in the brain’s dynamical repertoire in an fMRI dataset of healthy participants intravenously injected with the psychedelic compound psilocybin, which is found in “magic mushrooms”. We employed a data-driven approach to study brain dynamics in the psychedelic state, which focuses on the dominant FC pattern captured by the leading eigenvector of dynamic FC matrices, and enables the identification of recurrent FC patterns (“FC-states”), and their transition profiles over time. We found that a FC state closely corresponding to the fronto-parietal control system was strongly destabilized in the psychedelic state, while transitions toward a globally synchronized FC state were enhanced. These differences between brain state trajectories in normal waking consciousness and the psychedelic state suggest that the latter biases a global mode of functional integration at the expense of locally segregated activity in specific networks. These results provide a mechanistic perspective on subjective quality of the psychedelic experience, and further raise the possibility that mapping the brain’s dynamical landscape may help guide pharmacological interventions in neuropsychiatric disorders.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2018-07-24", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1101/376491", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/376491", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:51", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR45786\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3290, "title": "Convergent evolution of psilocybin biosynthesis by psychedelic mushrooms", "normalized_title": "convergent evolution of psilocybin biosynthesis by psychedelic mushrooms", "authors": "Awan AR, Winter JM, Turner D, Shaw WM, Suz LM, Bradshaw AJ, Ellis T, Dentinger BT.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a psychoactive compound with clinical applications produced by dozens of mushroom species 1. There has been a longstanding interest in psilocybin research with regard to treatment for addiction 2, depression 3, and end-of-life suffering 4. However, until recently very little was known about psilocybin biosynthesis and its ecological role. Here we confirm and refine recent findings 5 about the genes underpinning psilocybin biosynthesis, discover that there is more than one psilocybin biosynthesis cluster in mushrooms, and we provide the first data directly addressing psilocybin’s ecological role. By analysing independent genome assemblies for the hallucinogenic mushrooms Psilocybe cyanescens and Pluteus salicinus we recapture the recently discovered psilocybin biosynthesis cluster 5,6 and show that a transcription factor previously implicated in its regulation is actually not part of the cluster. Further, we show that the mushroom Inocybe corydalina produces psilocybin but does not contain the established biosynthetic cluster, and we present an alternative cluster. Finally, a meta-transcriptome analysis of wild-collected mushrooms provides evidence for intra-mushroom insect gene expression of flies whose larvae grow inside Psilocybe cyanescens. These larvae were successfully reared into adults. Our results show that psilocybin does not confer complete protection against insect mycophagy, and the hypothesis that it is produced as an adaptive defense compound may need to be reconsidered.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2018-07-24", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1101/374199", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/374199", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR45710\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Genomics,Transcriptomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 3386, "title": "Psychoactive plant- and mushroom-associated alkaloids from two behavior modifying cicada pathogens", "normalized_title": "psychoactive plant and mushroom associated alkaloids from two behavior modifying cicada pathogens", "authors": "Boyce GR, Gluck-Thaler E, Slot JC, Stajich JE, Davis WJ, James TY, Cooley JR, Panaccione DG, Eilenberg J, Licht HHDF, Macias AM, Berger MC, Wickert KL, Stauder CM, Spahr EJ, Maust MD, Metheny AM, Simon C, Kritsky G, Hodge KT, Humber RA, Gullion T, Short DPG, Kijimoto T, Mozgai D, Arguedas N, Kasson MT.", "abstract": "Entomopathogenic fungi routinely kill their hosts before releasing infectious spores, but select species keep insects alive while sporulating, which enhances dispersal. Transcriptomics and metabolomics studies of entomopathogens with post-mortem dissemination from their parasitized hosts have unraveled infection processes and host responses, yet mechanisms underlying active spore transmission by Entomophthoralean fungi in living insects remain elusive. Here we report the discovery, through metabolomics, of the plant-associated amphetamine, cathinone, in four Massospora cicadina -infected periodical cicada populations, and the mushroom-associated tryptamine, psilocybin, in annual cicadas infected with Massospora platypediae or Massospora levispora, which appear to represent a single fungal species. The absence of some fungal enzymes necessary for cathinone and psilocybin biosynthesis along with the inability to detect intermediate metabolites or gene orthologs are consistent with possibly novel biosynthesis pathways in Massospora. The neurogenic activities of these compounds suggest the extended phenotype of Massospora that modifies cicada behavior to maximize dissemination is chemically-induced.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2018-07-23", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1101/375105", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/375105", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR45797\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Transcriptomics,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2381, "title": "Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT).", "normalized_title": "dark classics in chemical neuroscience n n dimethyltryptamine dmt", "authors": "Cameron LP, Olson DE.", "abstract": "Though relatively obscure, N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an important molecule in psychopharmacology as it is the archetype for all indole-containing serotonergic psychedelics. Its structure can be found embedded within those of better-known molecules such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin. Unlike the latter two compounds, DMT is ubiquitous, being produced by a wide variety of plant and animal species. It is one of the principal psychoactive components of ayahuasca, a tisane made from various plant sources that has been used for centuries. Furthermore, DMT is one of the few psychedelic compounds produced endogenously by mammals, and its biological function in human physiology remains a mystery. In this review, we cover the synthesis of DMT as well as its pharmacology, metabolism, adverse effects, and potential use in medicine. Finally, we discuss the history of DMT in chemical neuroscience and why this underappreciated molecule is so important to the field of psychedelic science.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-07-22", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00101", "pubmed_id": "30036036", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00101", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Banisteriopsis, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Hallucinogens, Plant Preparations, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30036036\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3553, "title": "Psychopharmacology of Psilocybin in Cancer Patients", "normalized_title": "psychopharmacology of psilocybin in cancer patients", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This research is being done to study the psychological effects of psilocybin in cancer patients. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring substance found in some mushrooms that some cultures have used for centuries in religious practices. This research is being done to study the psychological effects of psilocybin in cancer patients. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring substance found in some mushrooms that some cultures have used for centuries in religious practices. Psilocybin has not been approved for general medical use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Its use in this study is investigational. Psilocybin is a mood-altering drug with effects similar to other hallucinogens like LSD and mescaline. Mescaline is the main psychoactive component of the peyote cactus used in Native American religious practices. Such substances have been used for centuries in some cultures as a way of inducing non-ordinary states of consciousness for religious and spiritual purposes. An earlier study that was done in our lab with healthy participants found that psilocybin, given in a comfortable and supportive setting, can provide an experience that is personally and spiritually meaningful for the participant. This study is being done to find out if psilocybin can also produce personally and spiritually meaningful experiences in cancer patients. This could be important because spirituality has been associated with increased psychological coping and decreased depression in serious illness. People with a diagnosis of cancer between the ages of 21 and 80 years old and who meet the medical requirements may join. About 44 people are expected to take part in this study.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2018-07-18", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00465595", "keywords": "Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety, Cancer, psilocybin, O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT00465595\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Consciousness,Spirituality,Healthy Volunteers,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 2382, "title": "DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "dark classics in chemical neuroscience psilocybin", "authors": "Geiger HA, Wurst MG, Daniels RN.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is found in a family of mushrooms commonly known as \"magic mushrooms\" that have been used throughout history to induce hallucinations. In the late 1950s Albert Hofmann, of Sandoz Laboratories, identified and synthesized the psychoactive compounds psilocybin and psilocin which are found in psilocybe mushrooms. Psilocybin was marketed by Sandoz as Indocybin for basic psychopharmacological and therapeutic clinical research. Psilocybin saw a rapid rise in popularity during the 1960s and was classed as a Schedule I drug in 1970. This led to a significant decrease in psilocybin research. Recently, however, preliminary studies with psilocybin have shown promise as potential for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder, alcohol addiction, tobacco addiction, and major depressive disorder, and the treatment of depression in terminally ill cancer patients. This review describes in detail the synthesis, metabolism, pharmacology, adverse drug reactions, and importance of psilocybin to neuroscience in the past and present.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-07-15", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00186", "pubmed_id": "29956917", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00186", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, History, Ancient, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29956917\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Review Article,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2397, "title": "Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic assisted psychotherapy a paradigm shift in psychiatric research and development", "authors": "Schenberg EE.", "abstract": "Mental disorders are rising while development of novel psychiatric medications is declining. This stall in innovation has also been linked with intense debates on the current diagnostics and explanations for mental disorders, together constituting a paradigmatic crisis. A radical innovation is psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP): professionally supervised use of ketamine, MDMA, psilocybin, LSD and ibogaine as part of elaborated psychotherapy programs. Clinical results so far have shown safety and efficacy, even for \"treatment resistant\" conditions, and thus deserve increasing attention from medical, psychological and psychiatric professionals. But more than novel treatments, the PAP model also has important consequences for the diagnostics and explanation axis of the psychiatric crisis, challenging the discrete nosological entities and advancing novel explanations for mental disorders and their treatment, in a model considerate of social and cultural factors, including adversities, trauma, and the therapeutic potential of some non-ordinary states of consciousness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-07-04", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2018.00733", "pubmed_id": "30026698", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00733", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30026698\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2398, "title": "Psilocybin and Mental Health-Don't Lose Control.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and mental health don t lose control", "authors": "Barnby JM, Mehta MA.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-07-02", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00293", "pubmed_id": "30018574", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00293", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30018574\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2399, "title": "Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: A literature review and three case reports.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogen persisting perception disorder a literature review and three case reports", "authors": "Skryabin VY, Vinnikova M, Nenastieva A, Alekseyuk V.", "abstract": "The paper describes diagnostic criteria, clinical presentation and types of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), as well as current approaches to the treatment of this phenomenon using available scientific sources. Three case reports are also presented to demonstrate different types of this disorder. The first case report describes a 23-year old patient with a previous history of cannabis consumption who reported HPDD type I after the use of psilocybin mushrooms with small amounts of alcohol and hash. A month later, after cannabis use, the same visual and auditory distortions appeared again. During the following year, hallucinations recurred with the consumption of natural cannabinoids but not with alcohol intake. The symptoms have reduced within a year. Surprisingly, both other cases belonging to HPDD type II appeared in patients who consumed ecstasy, although MDMA is generally not considered a hallucinogen and hallucinations are not frequently reported after MDMA consumption. In both cases of HPPD type II after the use of ecstasy, the condition was very stressful and frightening. Both patients sought medical help and received tofisopam, lamotrigine and sertraline. After that, in both cases visual impairments have smoothed, but have not passed completely. Scientific sources suggest that HPPD may affect more than 50% of hallucinogen users and this disorder is often underdiagnosed. Therefore, patients suffering from HPPD can present in various clinical settings, and clinicians should be aware of this condition.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-06-30", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/10550887.2019.1673655", "pubmed_id": "31613183", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2019.1673655", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31613183\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Case Report,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2401, "title": "High dose psilocybin is associated with positive subjective effects in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "high dose psilocybin is associated with positive subjective effects in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Nicholas CR, Henriquez KM, Gassman MC, Cooper KM, Muller D, Hetzel S, Brown RT, Cozzi NV, Thomas C, Hutson PR.", "abstract": "AimThe aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between escalating higher doses of psilocybin and the potential psilocybin occasioned positive subjective effects.MethodsHealthy participants ( n=12) were given three escalating doses of oral psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg; 0.45 mg/kg; 0.6 mg/kg) or (18.8-36.6 mg; 27.1-54.0 mg; 36.3-59.2 mg) a minimum of four weeks apart in a supervised setting. Blood and urine samples, vital signs, and electrocardiograms were obtained. Subjective effects were assessed using the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and Persisting Effects Questionnaire.ResultsThere was a significant linear dose-related response in Mystical Experience Questionnaire total score and the transcendence of time and space subscale, but not in the rate of a complete mystical experience. There was also a significant difference between dose 3 compared to dose 1 on the transcendence of time and space subscale, while no dose-related differences were found for Mystical Experience Questionnaire total scores or rate of a mystical experience. Persisting Effects Questionnaire positive composite scores 30 days after completion of the last dose were significantly higher than negative composite scores. Persisting Effects Questionnaire results revealed a moderate increase in sense of well-being or life satisfaction on average that was associated with the maximum Mystical Experience Questionnaire total score. Pharmacokinetic measures were associated with dose but not with Mystical Experience Questionnaire total scores or rate of a mystical experience.ConclusionsHigh doses of psilocybin elicited subjective effects at least as strong as the lower doses and resulted in positive persisting subjective effects 30 days after, indicating that a complete mystical experience was not a prerequisite for positive outcomes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-06-26", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1177/0269881118780713", "pubmed_id": "29945469", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118780713", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Administration, Oral, Follow-Up Studies, Personal Satisfaction, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Mysticism, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29945469\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Wellbeing,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2402, "title": "Psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation: Qualitative analysis of participant accounts.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation qualitative analysis of participant accounts", "authors": "Noorani T, Garcia-Romeu A, Swift TC, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent pilot trials suggest feasibility and potential efficacy of psychedelic-facilitated addiction treatment interventions. Fifteen participants completed a psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation pilot study between 2009 and 2015.AimsThe aims of this study were as follows: (1) to identify perceived mechanisms of change leading to smoking cessation in the pilot study; (2) to identify key themes in participant experiences and long-term outcomes to better understand the therapeutic process.MethodsParticipants were invited to a retrospective follow-up interview an average of 30 months after initial psilocybin sessions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 of the 15 participants. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsParticipants reported gaining vivid insights into self-identity and reasons for smoking from their psilocybin sessions. Experiences of interconnectedness, awe, and curiosity persisted beyond the duration of acute drug effects. Participants emphasised that the content of psilocybin experiences overshadowed any short-term withdrawal symptoms. Preparatory counselling, strong rapport with the study team, and a sense of momentum once engaged in the study treatment were perceived as vital additional factors in achieving abstinence. In addition, participants reported a range of persisting positive changes beyond smoking cessation, including increased aesthetic appreciation, altruism, and pro-social behaviour.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the value of qualitative research in the psychopharmacological investigation of psychedelics. They describe perceived connections between drug- and non-drug factors, and provide suggestions for future research trial design and clinical applications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-06-24", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1177/0269881118780612", "pubmed_id": "29938565", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118780612", "keywords": "Humans, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Hallucinogens, Retrospective Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Interviews as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29938565\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2396, "title": "Biocatalytic Production of Psilocybin and Derivatives in Tryptophan Synthase-Enhanced Reactions.", "normalized_title": "biocatalytic production of psilocybin and derivatives in tryptophan synthase enhanced reactions", "authors": "Blei F, Baldeweg F, Fricke J, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is the main alkaloid of the fungal genus Psilocybe, the so-called \"magic mushrooms.\" The pharmaceutical interest in this psychotropic natural product as a future medication to treat depression and anxiety is strongly re-emerging. Here, we present an enhanced enzymatic route of psilocybin production by adding TrpB, the tryptophan synthase of the mushroom Psilocybe cubensis, to the reaction. We capitalized on its substrate flexibility and show psilocybin formation from 4-hydroxyindole and l-serine, which are less cost-intensive substrates, compared to the previous method. Furthermore, we show enzymatic production of 7-phosphoryloxytryptamine (isonorbaeocystin), a non-natural congener of the Psilocybe alkaloid norbaeocystin (4-phosphoryloxytryptamine), and of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) by means of the same in vitro approach.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-06-18", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1002/chem.201801047", "pubmed_id": "29750381", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201801047", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29750381\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2374, "title": "Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure", "authors": "Erritzoe D, Roseman L, Nour MM, MacLean K, Kaelen M, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo explore whether psilocybin with psychological support modulates personality parameters in patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression (TRD).MethodTwenty patients with moderate or severe, unipolar, TRD received oral psilocybin (10 and 25 mg, one week apart) in a supportive setting. Personality was assessed at baseline and at 3-month follow-up using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), the subjective psilocybin experience with Altered State of Consciousness (ASC) scale, and depressive symptoms with QIDS-SR16.ResultsNeuroticism scores significantly decreased while Extraversion increased following psilocybin therapy. These changes were in the direction of the normative NEO-PI-R data and were both predicted, in an exploratory analysis, by the degree of insightfulness experienced during the psilocybin session. Openness scores also significantly increased following psilocybin, whereas Conscientiousness showed trend-level increases, and Agreeableness did not change.ConclusionOur observation of changes in personality measures after psilocybin therapy was mostly consistent with reports of personality change in relation to conventional antidepressant treatment, although the pronounced increases in Extraversion and Openness might constitute an effect more specific to psychedelic therapy. This needs further exploration in future controlled studies, as do the brain mechanisms of postpsychedelic personality change.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-06-18", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1111/acps.12904", "pubmed_id": "29923178", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12904", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Personality, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Neuroticism, Extraversion, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29923178\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Personality Change,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2375, "title": "The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the Controlled Substances Act.", "normalized_title": "the abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the controlled substances act", "authors": "Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Hendricks PS, Henningfield JE.", "abstract": "This review assesses the abuse potential of medically-administered psilocybin, following the structure of the 8 factors of the US Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Research suggests the potential safety and efficacy of psilocybin in treating cancer-related psychiatric distress and substance use disorders, setting the occasion for this review. A more extensive assessment of abuse potential according to an 8-factor analysis would eventually be required to guide appropriate schedule placement. Psilocybin, like other 5-HT2A agonist classic psychedelics, has limited reinforcing effects, supporting marginal, transient non-human self-administration. Nonetheless, mushrooms with variable psilocybin content are used illicitly, with a few lifetime use occasions being normative among users. Potential harms include dangerous behavior in unprepared, unsupervised users, and exacerbation of mental illness in those with or predisposed to psychotic disorders. However, scope of use and associated harms are low compared to prototypical abused drugs, and the medical model addresses these concerns with dose control, patient screening, preparation and follow-up, and session supervision in a medical facility. CONCLUSIONS: (1) psilocybin has an abuse potential appropriate for CSA scheduling if approved as medicine; (2) psilocybin can provide therapeutic benefits that may support the development of an approvable New Drug Application (NDA) but further studies are required which this review describes; (3) adverse effects of medical psilocybin are manageable when administered according to risk management approaches; and (4) although further study is required, this review suggests that placement in Schedule IV may be appropriate if a psilocybin-containing medicine is approved. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-06-04", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012", "pubmed_id": "29753748", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Drug and Narcotic Control, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29753748\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2383, "title": "Psychedelics and Personality.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and personality", "authors": "Aixalà M, Dos Santos RG, Hallak JEC, Bouso JC.", "abstract": "In the past decade, an increasing number of clinical trials are reporting evidence that psychedelics or serotonergic hallucinogens (such as lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and ayahuasca/dimethyltryptamine) could be effective in the treatment of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. The mechanisms responsible for these effects are not fully understood but seem to involve changes in bran dynamics in areas rich in serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors and in personality. In the present text, we present a brief and critical overview of the current research in this field, pointing out both promises and limitations of these studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-06-03", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00237", "pubmed_id": "29863323", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00237", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Substance-Related Disorders, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Plant Preparations, Personality, Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29863323\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Personality Change,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2409, "title": "Biological Effects and Biodistribution of Bufotenine on Mice.", "normalized_title": "biological effects and biodistribution of bufotenine on mice", "authors": "Vigerelli H, Sciani JM, Eula MAC, Sato LA, Antoniazzi MM, Jared C, Pimenta DC.", "abstract": "Bufotenine is an alkaloid derived from serotonin, structurally similar to LSD and psilocin. This molecule is able to inhibit the rabies virus infection in in vitro and in vivo models, increasing the survival rate of infected animals. Being a very promising molecule for an incurable disease and because of the fact that there is no consensus regarding its neurological effects, this study aimed to evaluate chronic treatment of bufotenine on behavior, pathophysiology, and pharmacokinetics of mice. Animals were daily treated for 21 consecutive days with 0.63, 1.05, and 2.1 mg/animal/day bufotenine and evaluated by open field test and physiological parameters during all the experiment. After this period, organs were collected for histopathological and biodistribution analysis. Animals treated with bufotenine had mild behavioral alterations compared to the control group, being dose-response relationship. On the other hand, animals showed normal physiological functions and no histological alterations in the organs. With high doses, an inflammatory reaction was observed in the site of injection, but with no cellular damage. The alkaloid could be found in the heart and kidney with all doses and in the lungs and brain with higher doses. These results show that the effective dose, 0.63 mg/day, is safe to be administered in mice, since it did not cause significant effects on the animals' physiology and on the CNS. Higher doses were well tolerated, causing only mild behavioral effects. Thus, bufotenine might be a drug prototype for rabies treatment, an incurable disease.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-05-30", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1155/2018/1032638", "pubmed_id": "29955598", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1032638", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Serotonin, Bufotenin, Serotonin Antagonists, Tissue Distribution, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29955598\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Inflammation", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2410, "title": "Psilocybin and MDMA reduce costly punishment in the Ultimatum Game.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and mdma reduce costly punishment in the ultimatum game", "authors": "Gabay AS, Carhart-Harris RL, Mazibuko N, Kempton MJ, Morrison PD, Nutt DJ, Mehta MA.", "abstract": "Disruptions in social decision-making are becoming evident in many psychiatric conditions. These are studied using paradigms investigating the psychological mechanisms underlying interpersonal interactions, such as the Ultimatum Game (UG). Rejection behaviour in the UG represents altruistic punishment - the costly punishment of norm violators - but the mechanisms underlying it require clarification. To investigate the psychopharmacology of UG behaviour, we carried out two studies with healthy participants, employing serotonergic agonists: psilocybin (open-label, within-participant design, N = 19) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design, N = 20). We found that both MDMA and psilocybin reduced rejection of unfair offers (odds ratio: 0.57 and 0.42, respectively). The reduction in rejection rate following MDMA was associated with increased prosociality (R2 = 0.26, p = 0.025). In the MDMA study, we investigated third-party decision-making and proposer behaviour. MDMA did not reduce rejection in the third-party condition, but produced an increase in the amount offered to others (Cohen's d = 0.82). We argue that these compounds altered participants' conceptualisation of 'social reward', placing more emphasis on the direct relationship with interacting partners. With these compounds showing efficacy in drug-assisted psychotherapy, these studies are an important step in the further characterisation of their psychological effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-05-28", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-018-26656-2", "pubmed_id": "29844496", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26656-2", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Social Behavior, Altruism, Emotions, Interpersonal Relations, Punishment, Reward, Decision Making, Psychopharmacology, Games, Experimental, Socialization, Adult, Middle Aged, Male, Community-Based Participatory Research, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin, Rejection, Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29844496\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2404, "title": "Psychedelic use and intimate partner violence: The role of emotion regulation.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic use and intimate partner violence the role of emotion regulation", "authors": "Thiessen MS, Walsh Z, Bird BM, Lafrance A.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent evidence suggests that psychedelic use predicts reduced perpetration of intimate partner violence among men involved in the criminal justice system. However, the extent to which this association generalizes to community samples has not been examined, and potential mechanisms underlying this association have not been directly explored.AimsThe present study examined the association between lifetime psychedelic use and intimate partner violence among a community sample of men and women. The study also tested the extent to which the associations were mediated by improved emotion regulation.MethodsWe surveyed 1266 community members aged 16-70 (mean age=22.78, standard deviation =7.71) using an online questionnaire that queried substance use, emotional regulation, and intimate partner violence. Respondents were coded as psychedelic users if they reported one or more instance of using lysergic acid diethylamide and/or psilocybin mushrooms in their lifetime. Results/outcomes: Males reporting any experience using lysergic acid diethylamide and/or psilocybin mushrooms had decreased odds of perpetrating physical violence against their current partner (odds ratio=0.42, p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-05-28", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1177/0269881118771782", "pubmed_id": "29807492", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118771782", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Sex Factors, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Intimate Partner Violence, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29807492\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2403, "title": "Facile assembly and fluorescence-based screening method for heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways in fungi.", "normalized_title": "facile assembly and fluorescence based screening method for heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways in fungi", "authors": "Hoefgen S, Lin J, Fricke J, Stroe MC, Mattern DJ, Kufs JE, Hortschansky P, Brakhage AA, Hoffmeister D, Valiante V.", "abstract": "Heterologous expression of multi-gene biosynthetic pathways in eukaryotic hosts is limited by highly regulated individual monocistrons. Dissimilar to prokaryotes, each eukaryotic gene is strictly controlled by its own regulatory elements, such as promoter and terminator. Consequently, parallel transcription can occur only when a group of genes is synchronously activated. A strategy to circumvent this limitation is the concerted expression of multiple genes as a polycistron. By exploiting the \"stop-carry on\" mechanism of picornaviruses, we have designed a sophisticated, yet easy-to-assemble vector system to heterologously express multiple genes under the control of a single promoter. For facile selection of correctly transformed colonies by basic fluorescence microscopy, our vector includes a split gene for a fluorescent reporter protein. This method was successfully applied to produce the psychotropic mushroom alkaloid psilocybin in high yields by heterologous expression of the entire biosynthetic gene cluster in the mould Aspergillus nidulans.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-05-25", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.ymben.2018.05.014", "pubmed_id": "29842926", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2018.05.014", "keywords": "Aspergillus nidulans, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Genetic Engineering, Gene Expression, Genes, Reporter, Fluorescence, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29842926\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2411, "title": "Lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin for the management of patients with persistent pain: a potential role?", "normalized_title": "lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin for the management of patients with persistent pain a potential role", "authors": "Whelan A, Johnson MI.", "abstract": "Recently, there has been interest in lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin for depression, anxiety and fear of death in terminal illness. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential use of LSD and psilocybin for patients with persistent pain. LSD and psilocybin are 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists and may interact with nociceptive and antinociceptive processing. Tentative evidence from a systematic review suggests that LSD (7 studies, 323 participants) and psilocybin (3 studies, 92 participants) may be beneficial for depression and anxiety associated with distress in life-threatening diseases. LSD and psilocybin are generally safe if administered by a healthcare professional, although further investigations are needed to assess their utility for patients with persistent pain, especially associated with terminal illness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-05-02", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.2217/pmt-2017-0068", "pubmed_id": "29722608", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2017-0068", "keywords": "Humans, Pain, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Anxiety, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Chronic Pain, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29722608\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2406, "title": "Psilocybin modulates functional connectivity of the amygdala during emotional face discrimination.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin modulates functional connectivity of the amygdala during emotional face discrimination", "authors": "Grimm O, Kraehenmann R, Preller KH, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Recent studies suggest that the antidepressant effects of the psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocybin are mediated through its modulatory properties on prefrontal and limbic brain regions including the amygdala. To further investigate the effects of psilocybin on emotion processing networks, we studied for the first-time psilocybin's acute effects on amygdala seed-to-voxel connectivity in an event-related face discrimination task in 18 healthy volunteers who received psilocybin and placebo in a double-blind balanced cross-over design. The amygdala has been implicated as a salience detector especially involved in the immediate response to emotional face content. We used beta-series amygdala seed-to-voxel connectivity during an emotional face discrimination task to elucidate the connectivity pattern of the amygdala over the entire brain. When we compared psilocybin to placebo, an increase in reaction time for all three categories of affective stimuli was found. Psilocybin decreased the connectivity between amygdala and the striatum during angry face discrimination. During happy face discrimination, the connectivity between the amygdala and the frontal pole was decreased. No effect was seen during discrimination of fearful faces. Thus, we show psilocybin's effect as a modulator of major connectivity hubs of the amygdala. Psilocybin decreases the connectivity between important nodes linked to emotion processing like the frontal pole or the striatum. Future studies are needed to clarify whether connectivity changes predict therapeutic effects in psychiatric patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-04-24", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.016", "pubmed_id": "29703645", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.016", "keywords": "Amygdala, Neural Pathways, Humans, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Reaction Time, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Facial Recognition, Psilocybin, Discrimination, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29703645\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2413, "title": "Individual Experiences in Four Cancer Patients Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy.", "normalized_title": "individual experiences in four cancer patients following psilocybin assisted psychotherapy", "authors": "Malone TC, Mennenga SE, Guss J, Podrebarac SK, Owens LT, Bossis AP, Belser AB, Agin-Liebes G, Bogenschutz MP, Ross S.", "abstract": "A growing body of evidence shows that existential and spiritual well-being in cancer patients is associated with better medical outcomes, improved quality of life, and serves as a buffer against depression, hopelessness, and desire for hastened death. Historical and recent research suggests a role for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in treating cancer-related anxiety and depression. A double-blind controlled trial was performed, where 29 patients with cancer-related anxiety and depression were randomly assigned to treatment with single-dose psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg) or niacin in conjunction with psychotherapy. Previously published results of this trial demonstrated that, in conjunction with psychotherapy, moderate-dose psilocybin produced rapid, robust, and enduring anxiolytic, and anti-depressant effects. Here, we illustrate unique clinical courses described by four participants using quantitative measures of acute and persisting effects of psilocybin, anxiety, depression, quality of life, and spiritual well-being, as well as qualitative interviews, written narratives, and clinician notes. Although the content of each psilocybin-assisted experience was unique to each participant, several thematic similarities and differences across the various sessions stood out. These four participants' personal narratives extended beyond the cancer diagnosis itself, frequently revolving around themes of self-compassion and love, acceptance of death, and memories of past trauma, though the specific details or narrative content differ substantially. The results presented here demonstrate the personalized nature of the subjective experiences elicited through treatment with psilocybin, particularly with respect to the spiritual and/or psychological needs of each patient.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-04-02", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2018.00256", "pubmed_id": "29666578", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00256", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29666578\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Cancer Patients,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2416, "title": "Natural speech algorithm applied to baseline interview data can predict which patients will respond to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "natural speech algorithm applied to baseline interview data can predict which patients will respond to psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Carrillo F, Sigman M, Fernández Slezak D, Ashton P, Fitzgerald L, Stroud J, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "BackgroundNatural speech analytics has seen some improvements over recent years, and this has opened a window for objective and quantitative diagnosis in psychiatry. Here, we used a machine learning algorithm applied to natural speech to ask whether language properties measured before psilocybin for treatment-resistant can predict for which patients it will be effective and for which it will not.MethodsA baseline autobiographical memory interview was conducted and transcribed. Patients with treatment-resistant depression received 2 doses of psilocybin, 10 mg and 25 mg, 7 days apart. Psychological support was provided before, during and after all dosing sessions. Quantitative speech measures were applied to the interview data from 17 patients and 18 untreated age-matched healthy control subjects. A machine learning algorithm was used to classify between controls and patients and predict treatment response.ResultsSpeech analytics and machine learning successfully differentiated depressed patients from healthy controls and identified treatment responders from non-responders with a significant level of 85% of accuracy (75% precision).ConclusionsAutomatic natural language analysis was used to predict effective response to treatment with psilocybin, suggesting that these tools offer a highly cost-effective facility for screening individuals for treatment suitability and sensitivity.LimitationsThe sample size was small and replication is required to strengthen inferences on these results.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-03-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.006", "pubmed_id": "29407543", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.006", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Speech Production Measurement, Case-Control Studies, Language, Speech, Algorithms, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Memory, Episodic, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Machine Learning, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29407543\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2415, "title": "Relief from intractable phantom pain by combining psilocybin and mirror visual-feedback (MVF).", "normalized_title": "relief from intractable phantom pain by combining psilocybin and mirror visual feedback mvf", "authors": "Ramachandran V, Chunharas C, Marcus Z, Furnish T, Lin A.", "abstract": "AL's leg was amputated resulting in phantom-limb pain (PLP). (1) When a volunteer placed her foot on or near the phantom - touching it evoked organized sensations in corresponding locations on AL's phantom. (2) Mirror-visual-feedback (MVF) relieved PLP, as did, \"phantom massage\". (3) Psilocybin-MVF pairing produced synergistic effects, complete elimination of PLP, and reduction in paroxysmal episodes. (4) Touching the volunteer's leg where AL previously had external fixators, evoked sensation of nails boring through the leg. Using a \"telescoping\" nail, we created the illusion of a nail being removed with corresponding pain relief. (5) Artificial flames produced warmth in the phantom.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-03-31", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/13554794.2018.1468469", "pubmed_id": "29764303", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2018.1468469", "keywords": "Lower Extremity, Humans, Phantom Limb, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Adult, Male, Touch Perception, Feedback, Sensory, Pain Management, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29764303\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2364, "title": "Ceremonial \"plant medicine\" use and its relationship to recreational drug use: an exploratory study.", "normalized_title": "ceremonial plant medicine use and its relationship to recreational drug use an exploratory study", "authors": "Dorsen C, Palamar J, Shedlin MG.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe ceremonial use of psychoactive/hallucinogenic plant based drugs, such as ayahuasca, psilocybin and others, is a growing trend in the United States (US) and globally. To date, there has been little research documenting how many people are using psychoactive substances in this context, who the users are, what benefits/risks exist in the use of these drugs and the relationship between ceremonial drug use and recreational drug use.In this paper we describe a cohort of plant medicine facilitators in the US and explore how they differentiate plant medicine use from recreational drug use.MethodsUsing modified ethnography, individual interviews were conducted in 2016 with 15 participants who are currently facilitating plant medicine ceremonies in the US. Descriptive content analysis was performed to discover themes and to inform a larger mixed-method study.ResultsCeremonial drug use was seen by participants as a natural healing and treatment modality used in the context of community and ritual. Three main themes were identified relating to participants' differentiation between ceremonial plant medicine use and recreational drug use: 1) participants see a clear delineation between plant medicine use and recreational drug use; 2) plant medicine is seen as a potential treatment for addiction, but concerns exist regarding potential interference with recovery; and 3) plant medicine use may influence recreational use.ConclusionsMore research is needed on who is using plant medicine, motivators for use, perceived and real risks and benefits of plant medicine use and harm reduction techniques regarding safe ingestion.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-03-29", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1080/16066359.2018.1455187", "pubmed_id": "31534445", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2018.1455187", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"31534445\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2407, "title": "Out of the box: A psychedelic model to study the creative mind.", "normalized_title": "out of the box a psychedelic model to study the creative mind", "authors": "Kuypers KPC.", "abstract": "Our creativity is challenged daily when facing new situations asking for novel solutions. Creativity, a multicomponent construct includes flexible divergent and rigid convergent thinking. Psychedelic drugs like psilocybin can enhance creativity and affect state of mind (mood, empathy, openness). Of note, flexible thinking is disturbed in psychopathological conditions like anxiety disorders and depression and preliminary findings have shown psychedelics to be efficacious in the treatment of those conditions. The question how psychedelics induce this state of enhanced flexible thinking remains to be answered and investigating the neurobiology underlying this phenomenon will not only help in understanding why psychedelics are of use in the therapeutic setting but also in other settings where flexible thinking is challenged. A model including neuronal networks, neurotransmitters and personal factors playing a role in this process will be proposed which can be put to the test by means of placebo-controlled pharmaco-imaging studies in healthy volunteers.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-03-22", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1016/j.mehy.2018.03.010", "pubmed_id": "29685188", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2018.03.010", "keywords": "Brain, Nerve Net, Humans, Neurotransmitter Agents, Hallucinogens, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Functional Neuroimaging, Creativity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29685188\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Aging,Creativity,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2421, "title": "\"Hallucinations\" Following Acute Cannabis Dosing: A Case Report and Comparison to Other Hallucinogenic Drugs.", "normalized_title": "hallucinations following acute cannabis dosing a case report and comparison to other hallucinogenic drugs", "authors": "Barrett FS, Schlienz NJ, Lembeck N, Waqas M, Vandrey R.", "abstract": "Introduction: Cannabis has been historically classified as a hallucinogen. However, subjective cannabis effects do not typically include hallucinogen-like effects. Empirical reports of hallucinogen-like effects produced by cannabis in controlled settings, particularly among healthy research volunteers, are rare and have mostly occurred after administration of purified Δ-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) rather than whole plant cannabis. Methods: The case of a healthy 30-year-old male who experienced auditory and visual hallucinations in a controlled laboratory study after inhaling vaporized cannabis that contained 25 mg THC (case dose) is presented. Ratings on the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) following the case dose are compared with HRS ratings obtained from the participant after other doses of cannabis and with archival HRS data from laboratory studies involving acute doses of cannabis, psilocybin, dextromethorphan (DXM), and salvinorin A. Results: Scores on the Volition subscale of the HRS were greater for the case dose than for the maximum dose administered in any other comparison study. Scores on the Intensity and Perception subscales were greater for the case dose than for the maximum dose of cannabis, psilocybin, or salvinorin A. Scores on the Somaesthesia subscale were greater for the case dose than for the maximum dose of DXM, salvinorin A, or cannabis. Scores on the Affect and Cognition subscales for the case dose were significantly lower than for the maximum doses of psilocybin and DXM. Conclusion: Acute cannabis exposure in a healthy adult male resulted in self-reported hallucinations that rated high in magnitude on several subscales of the HRS. However, the hallucinatory experience in this case was qualitatively different than that typically experienced by participants receiving classic and atypical hallucinogens, suggesting that the hallucinatory effects of cannabis may have a unique pharmacological mechanism of action. This type of adverse event needs to be considered in the clinical use of cannabis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-02-28", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1089/can.2017.0052", "pubmed_id": "29682608", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2017.0052", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29682608\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Case Report,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2384, "title": "Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD).", "normalized_title": "dark classics in chemical neuroscience lysergic acid diethylamide lsd", "authors": "Nichols DE.", "abstract": "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is one of the most potent psychoactive agents known, producing dramatic alterations of consciousness after submilligram (≥20 μg) oral doses. Following the accidental discovery of its potent psychoactive effects in 1943, it was supplied by Sandoz Laboratories as an experimental drug that might be useful as an adjunct for psychotherapy, or to give psychiatrists insight into the mental processes in their patients. The finding of serotonin in the mammalian brain in 1953, and its structural resemblance to LSD, quickly led to ideas that serotonin in the brain might be involved in mental disorders, initiating rapid research interest in the neurochemistry of serotonin. LSD proved to be physiologically very safe and nonaddictive, with a very low incidence of adverse events when used in controlled experiments. Widely hailed by psychiatry as a breakthrough in the 1950s and early 1960s, clinical research with LSD ended by about 1970, when it was formally placed into Schedule 1 of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 following its growing popularity as a recreational drug. Within the past 5 years, clinical research with LSD has begun in Europe, but there has been none in the United States. LSD is proving to be a powerful tool to help understand brain dynamics when combined with modern brain imaging methods. It remains to be seen whether therapeutic value for LSD can be confirmed in controlled clinical trials, but promising results have been obtained in small pilot trials of depression, anxiety, and addictions using psilocybin, a related psychedelic molecule.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-02-28", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00043", "pubmed_id": "29461039", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00043", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Psychotherapy, Research, Drug and Narcotic Control, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, United States, Europe", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29461039\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Clinical Trial,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2414, "title": "Horizontal gene cluster transfer increased hallucinogenic mushroom diversity.", "normalized_title": "horizontal gene cluster transfer increased hallucinogenic mushroom diversity", "authors": "Reynolds HT, Vijayakumar V, Gluck-Thaler E, Korotkin HB, Matheny PB, Slot JC.", "abstract": "Secondary metabolites are a heterogeneous class of chemicals that often mediate interactions between species. The tryptophan-derived secondary metabolite, psilocin, is a serotonin receptor agonist that induces altered states of consciousness. A phylogenetically disjunct group of mushroom-forming fungi in the Agaricales produce the psilocin prodrug, psilocybin. Spotty phylogenetic distributions of fungal compounds are sometimes explained by horizontal transfer of metabolic gene clusters among unrelated fungi with overlapping niches. We report the discovery of a psilocybin gene cluster in three hallucinogenic mushroom genomes, and evidence for its horizontal transfer between fungal lineages. Patterns of gene distribution and transmission suggest that synthesis of psilocybin may have provided a fitness advantage in the dung and late wood-decay fungal niches, which may serve as reservoirs of fungal indole-based metabolites that alter behavior of mycophagous and wood-eating invertebrates. These hallucinogenic mushroom genomes will serve as models in neurochemical ecology, advancing the (bio)prospecting and synthetic biology of novel neuropharmaceuticals.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-02-26", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1002/evl3.42", "pubmed_id": "30283667", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.42", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30283667\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Drug Interactions,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2422, "title": "The Psychedelic Debriefing in Alcohol Dependence Treatment: Illustrating Key Change Phenomena through Qualitative Content Analysis of Clinical Sessions.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic debriefing in alcohol dependence treatment illustrating key change phenomena through qualitative content analysis of clinical sessions", "authors": "Nielson EM, May DG, Forcehimes AA, Bogenschutz MP.", "abstract": "Research on the clinical applications of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated promising early results for treatment of alcohol dependence. Detailed description of the content and methods of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, as it is conducted in clinical settings, is scarce. Methods: An open-label pilot (proof-of-concept) study of psilocybin-assisted treatment of alcohol dependence (NCT01534494) was conducted to generate data for a phase 2 RCT (NCT02061293) of a similar treatment in a larger population. The present paper presents a qualitative content analysis of the 17 debriefing sessions conducted in the pilot study, which occurred the day after corresponding psilocybin medication sessions. Results: Participants articulated a series of key phenomena related to change in drinking outcomes and acute subjective effects of psilocybin. Discussion: The data illuminate change processes in patients' own words during clinical sessions, shedding light on potential therapeutic mechanisms of change and how participants express effects of psilocybin. This study is unique in analyzing actual clinical sessions, as opposed to interviews of patients conducted separately from treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-02-20", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2018.00132", "pubmed_id": "29515449", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00132", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29515449\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2423, "title": "Clinical Interpretations of Patient Experience in a Trial of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorder.", "normalized_title": "clinical interpretations of patient experience in a trial of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for alcohol use disorder", "authors": "Bogenschutz MP, Podrebarac SK, Duane JH, Amegadzie SS, Malone TC, Owens LT, Ross S, Mennenga SE.", "abstract": "After a hiatus of some 40 years, clinical research has resumed on the use of classic hallucinogens to treat addiction. Following completion of a small open-label feasibility study, we are currently conducting a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of psilocybin-assisted treatment of alcohol use disorder. Although treatment effects cannot be analyzed until the study is complete, descriptive case studies provide a useful window into the therapeutic process of psychedelic-assisted treatment of addiction. Here we describe treatment trajectories of three participants in the ongoing trial to illustrate the range of experiences and persisting effects of psilocybin treatment. Although it is difficult to generalize from a few cases, several qualitative conclusions can be drawn from the data presented here. Although participants often find it difficult to describe much of their psilocybin experience, pivotal moments tend to be individualized, extremely vivid, and memorable. Often, the qualitative content extends beyond the clinical problem that is being addressed. The participants discussed in this paper experienced acute and lasting alterations in their perceptions of self, in the quality of their baseline consciousness, and in their relationship with alcohol and drinking. In these cases, experiences of catharsis, forgiveness, self-compassion, and love were at least as salient as classic mystical content. Finally, feelings of increased \"spaciousness\" or mindfulness, and increased control over choices and behavior were reported following the drug administration sessions. Ultimately, psilocybin-assisted treatment appears to elicit experiences that are extremely variable, yet seem to meet the particular needs of the individual.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-02-19", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2018.00100", "pubmed_id": "29515439", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00100", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29515439\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2425, "title": "The hidden therapist: evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy.", "normalized_title": "the hidden therapist evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy", "authors": "Kaelen M, Giribaldi B, Raine J, Evans L, Timmerman C, Rodriguez N, Roseman L, Feilding A, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R.", "abstract": "RationaleRecent studies have supported the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy for mood disorders and addiction. Music is considered an important component in the treatment model, but little empirical research has been done to examine the magnitude and nature of its therapeutic role.ObjectivesThe present study assessed the influence of music on the acute experience and clinical outcomes of psychedelic therapy.MethodsSemi-structured interviews inquired about the different ways in which music influenced the experience of 19 patients undergoing psychedelic therapy with psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was applied to the interview data to identify salient themes. In addition, ratings were given for each patient for the extent to which they expressed \"liking,\" \"resonance\" (the music being experienced as \"harmonious\" with the emotional state of the listener), and \"openness\" (acceptance of the music-evoked experience).ResultsAnalyses of the interviews revealed that the music had both \"welcome\" and \"unwelcome\" influences on patients' subjective experiences. Welcome influences included the evocation of personally meaningful and therapeutically useful emotion and mental imagery, a sense of guidance, openness, and the promotion of calm and a sense of safety. Conversely, unwelcome influences included the evocation of unpleasant emotion and imagery, a sense of being misguided and resistance. Correlation analyses showed that patients' experience of the music was associated with the occurrence of \"mystical experiences\" and \"insightfulness.\" Crucially, the nature of the music experience was significantly predictive of reductions in depression 1 week after psilocybin, whereas general drug intensity was not.ConclusionsThis study indicates that music plays a central therapeutic function in psychedelic therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-02-01", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4820-5", "pubmed_id": "29396616", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4820-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Music Therapy, Emotions, Auditory Perception, Psychotherapy, Music, Adult, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29396616\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2417, "title": "Taking Psychedelics Seriously.", "normalized_title": "taking psychedelics seriously", "authors": "Byock I.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsychiatric research in the 1950s and 1960s showed potential for psychedelic medications to markedly alleviate depression and suffering associated with terminal illness. More recent published studies have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of psilocybin, MDMA, and ketamine when administered in a medically supervised and monitored approach. A single or brief series of sessions often results in substantial and sustained improvement among people with treatment-resistant depression and anxiety, including those with serious medical conditions. Need and Clinical Considerations: Palliative care clinicians occasionally encounter patients with emotional, existential, or spiritual suffering, which persists despite optimal existing treatments. Such suffering may rob people of a sense that life is worth living. Data from Oregon show that most terminally people who obtain prescriptions to intentionally end their lives are motivated by non-physical suffering. This paper overviews the history of this class of drugs and their therapeutic potential. Clinical cautions, adverse reactions, and important steps related to safe administration of psychedelics are presented, emphasizing careful patient screening, preparation, setting and supervision.ConclusionEven with an expanding evidence base confirming safety and benefits, political, regulatory, and industry issues impose challenges to the legitimate use of psychedelics. The federal expanded access program and right-to-try laws in multiple states provide precendents for giving terminally ill patients access to medications that have not yet earned FDA approval. Given the prevalence of persistent suffering and growing acceptance of physician-hastened death as a medical response, it is time to revisit the legitimate therapeutic use of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-01-21", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1089/jpm.2017.0684", "pubmed_id": "29356590", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2017.0684", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29356590\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2431, "title": "Quality of Acute Psychedelic Experience Predicts Therapeutic Efficacy of Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression.", "normalized_title": "quality of acute psychedelic experience predicts therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Introduction: It is a basic principle of the \"psychedelic\" treatment model that the quality of the acute experience mediates long-term improvements in mental health. In the present paper we sought to test this using data from a clinical trial assessing psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). In line with previous reports, we hypothesized that the occurrence and magnitude of Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) (sharing features with mystical-type experience) and Dread of Ego Dissolution (DED) (similar to anxiety) would predict long-term positive outcomes, whereas sensory perceptual effects would have negligible predictive value. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with treatment resistant depression underwent treatment with psilocybin (two separate sessions: 10 and 25 mg psilocybin). The Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire was used to assess the quality of experiences in the 25 mg psilocybin session. From the ASC, the dimensions OBN and DED were used to measure the mystical-type and challenging experiences, respectively. The Self-Reported Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS-SR) at 5 weeks served as the endpoint clinical outcome measure, as in later time points some of the subjects had gone on to receive new treatments, thus confounding inferences. In a repeated measure ANOVA, Time was the within-subject factor (independent variable), with QIDS-SR as the within-subject dependent variable in baseline, 1-day, 1-week, 5-weeks. OBN and DED were independent variables. OBN-by-Time and DED-by-Time interactions were the primary outcomes of interest. Results: For the interaction of OBN and DED with Time (QIDS-SR as dependent variable), the main effect and the effects at each time point compared to baseline were all significant (p = 0.002 and p = 0.003, respectively, for main effects), confirming our main hypothesis. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation of OBN with QIDS-SR (5 weeks) was specific compared to perceptual dimensions of the ASC (p < 0.05). Discussion: This report further bolsters the view that the quality of the acute psychedelic experience is a key mediator of long-term changes in mental health. Future therapeutic work with psychedelics should recognize the essential importance of quality of experience in determining treatment efficacy and consider ways of enhancing mystical-type experiences and reducing anxiety. Trial Registration: ISRCTN, number ISRCTN14426797, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14426797.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-01-16", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2017.00974", "pubmed_id": "29387009", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00974", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29387009\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Consciousness,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2405, "title": "Increased nature relatedness and decreased authoritarian political views after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "increased nature relatedness and decreased authoritarian political views after psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Lyons T, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "RationalePrevious research suggests that classical psychedelic compounds can induce lasting changes in personality traits, attitudes and beliefs in both healthy subjects and patient populations.AimHere we sought to investigate the effects of psilocybin on nature relatedness and libertarian-authoritarian political perspective in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD).MethodsThis open-label pilot study with a mixed-model design studied the effects of psilocybin on measures of nature relatedness and libertarian-authoritarian political perspective in patients with moderate to severe TRD ( n=7) versus age-matched non-treated healthy control subjects ( n=7). Psilocybin was administered in two oral dosing sessions (10 mg and 25 mg) 1 week apart. Main outcome measures were collected 1 week and 7-12 months after the second dosing session. Nature relatedness and libertarian-authoritarian political perspective were assessed using the Nature Relatedness Scale (NR-6) and Political Perspective Questionnaire (PPQ-5), respectively.ResultsNature relatedness significantly increased ( t(6)=-4.242, p=0.003) and authoritarianism significantly decreased ( t(6)=2.120, p=0.039) for the patients 1 week after the dosing sessions. At 7-12 months post-dosing, nature relatedness remained significantly increased ( t(5)=-2.707, p=0.021) and authoritarianism remained decreased at trend level ( t(5)=-1.811, p=0.065). No differences were found on either measure for the non-treated healthy control subjects.ConclusionsThis pilot study suggests that psilocybin with psychological support might produce lasting changes in attitudes and beliefs. Although it would be premature to infer causality from this small study, the possibility of drug-induced changes in belief systems seems sufficiently intriguing and timely to deserve further investigation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-01-16", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1177/0269881117748902", "pubmed_id": "29338538", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117748902", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Severity of Illness Index, Case-Control Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Authoritarianism, Environment, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Politics, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29338538\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Personality Change,Observational Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2426, "title": "Psilocybin disrupts sensory and higher order cognitive processing but not pre-attentive cognitive processing-study on P300 and mismatch negativity in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin disrupts sensory and higher order cognitive processing but not pre attentive cognitive processing study on p300 and mismatch negativity in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Bravermanová A, Viktorinová M, Tylš F, Novák T, Androvičová R, Korčák J, Horáček J, Balíková M, Griškova-Bulanova I, Danielová D, Vlček P, Mohr P, Brunovský M, Koudelka V, Páleníček T.", "abstract": "RationaleDisruption of auditory event-related evoked potentials (ERPs) P300 and mismatch negativity (MMN), electrophysiological markers of attentive and pre-attentive cognitive processing, is repeatedly described in psychosis and schizophrenia. Similar findings were observed in a glutamatergic model of psychosis, but the role of serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors in information processing is less clear.ObjectivesWe studied ERPs in a serotonergic model of psychosis, induced by psilocybin, a psychedelic with 5-HT2A/C agonistic properties, in healthy volunteers.MethodsTwenty subjects (10M/10F) were given 0.26 mg/kg of psilocybin orally in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. ERPs (P300, MMN) were registered during the peak of intoxication. Correlations between measured electrophysiological variables and psilocin serum levels and neuropsychological effects were also analyzed.ResultsPsilocybin induced robust psychedelic effects and psychotic-like symptoms, decreased P300 amplitude (p = 0.009) but did not affect the MMN. Psilocybin's disruptive effect on P300 correlated with the intensity of the psychedelic state, which was dependent on the psilocin serum levels. We also observed a decrease in N100 amplitude (p = 0.039) in the P300 paradigm and a negative correlation between P300 and MMN amplitude (p = 0.014).ConclusionsEven though pre-attentive cognition (MMN) was not affected, processing at the early perceptual level (N100) and in higher-order cognition (P300) was significantly disrupted by psilocybin. Our results have implications for the role of 5-HT2A receptors in altered information processing in psychosis and schizophrenia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2018-01-04", "publication_year": 2018, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4807-2", "pubmed_id": "29302713", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4807-2", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Acoustic Stimulation, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Cognition, Attention, Event-Related Potentials, P300, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29302713\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3409, "title": "Integration and segregation in whole-brain networks: implications for altered states of consciousness", "normalized_title": "integration and segregation in whole brain networks implications for altered states of consciousness", "authors": "Lord L.", "abstract": "To survive in an ever-changing environment, the brain must seamlessly integrate a rich stream of incoming information into coherent internal representations that can then be used to efficiently plan for action. The brain must also balance its ability to integrate information with a complementary capacity to segregate information into modules which perform specialized computations in local circuits. The central focus of this Thesis is to investigate the dynamical properties of the integration/segregation balance in functional MRI data collected in two distinct altered states of consciousness: slow-wave sleep, and a psychedelic experience induced by intravenously administering psilocybin; the psychoactive compound in ~magic mushrooms~. In Chapter 2, I implement a novel method for identifying highly integrative nodes in human brain networks from the persistent homology of fMRI data, as a complement to standard graph theoretical methods. I report that topologically central nodes in the 'persistence homological scaffold' have a combination of high betweenness-centrality and high participation coefficient, whilst simultaneously avoiding densely connected neighborhood clusters. In Chapter 3, I investigate dynamical... (continues)", "journal": "University of Oxford", "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/ETH/770691", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"770691\",\"source\":\"ETH\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"University of Oxford\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2445, "title": "Serotonergic Hallucinogen-Induced Visual Perceptual Alterations.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic hallucinogen induced visual perceptual alterations", "authors": "Kometer M, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Serotonergic hallucinogens, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), are famous for their capacity to temporally and profoundly alter an individual's visual experiences. These visual alterations show consistent attributes despite large inter- and intra-individual variances. Many reports document a common perception of colors as more saturated, with increased brightness and contrast in the environment (\"Visual Intensifications\"). Environmental objects might be altered in size (\"Visual illusions\") or take on a modified and special meaning for the subject (\"Altered self-reference\"). Subjects may perceive light flashes or geometrical figures containing recurrent patterns (\"Elementary imagery and hallucinations\") influenced by auditory stimuli (\"Audiovisual synesthesia\"), or they may envision images of people, animals, or landscapes (\"Complex imagery and hallucinations\") without any physical stimuli supporting their percepts. This wide assortment of visual phenomena suggests that one single neuropsychopharmacological mechanism is unlikely to explain such vast phenomenological diversity. Starting with mechanisms that act at the cellular level, the key role of 5-HT2A receptor activation and the subsequent increased cortical excitation will be considered. Next, it will be shown that area specific anatomical and dynamical features link increased excitation to the specific visual contents of hallucinations. The decrease of alpha oscillations by hallucinogens will then be introduced as a systemic mechanism for amplifying internal-driven excitation that overwhelms stimulus-induced excitations. Finally, the hallucinogen-induced parallel decrease of the N170 visual evoked potential and increased medial P1 potential will be discussed as key mechanisms for inducing a dysbalance between global integration and early visual gain that may explain several hallucinogen-induced visual experiences, including visual hallucinations, illusions, and intensifications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2016_461", "pubmed_id": "27900674", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2016_461", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinations, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Visual Perception", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27900674\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2444, "title": "Phenomenology, Structure, and Dynamic of Psychedelic States.", "normalized_title": "phenomenology structure and dynamic of psychedelic states", "authors": "Preller KH, Vollenweider FX", "abstract": "Classic serotonergic hallucinogens or psychedelics produce an altered states of consciousness (ASC) that is characterized by profound alterations in sensory perception, mood, thought including the perception of reality, and the sense of self. Over the past years, there has been considerable progress in the search for invariant and common features of psychedelic states. In the first part of this review, we outline contemporary approaches to characterize the structure of ASCs by means of three primary etiology-independent dimensions including oceanic boundlessness, anxious ego-dissolution, and visionary restructuralization as well as by 11 lower-order factors, all of which can be reliably measured by the altered state of consciousness questionnaire (APZ-OAV). The second part sheds light on the dynamic nature of psychedelic experiences. Frequently, psychedelic subjects progress through different stages over time and levels of changes along a perception-hallucination continuum of increasing arousal and ego-dissolution. We then review in detail the acute effects of psychedelics on sensory perception, emotion, cognition, creativity, and time perception along with possible neural mechanisms underlying them. The next part of this review outlines the influence of non-pharmacological factors (predictors) on the acute psychedelic experience, such as demographics, genetics, personality, mood, and setting, and also discusses some long-term effects succeeding the acute experience. The last part presents some recent concepts and models attempting to understand different facets of psychedelic states of consciousness from a neuroscientific perspective.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2016_459", "pubmed_id": "28025814", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28025814/", "keywords": "Altered states of consciousness, Hallucinogens, Human, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), Psilocybin, Psychedelics, Serotonin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"28025814\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Creativity,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2443, "title": "Effect of Hallucinogens on Unconditioned Behavior.", "normalized_title": "effect of hallucinogens on unconditioned behavior", "authors": "Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA", "abstract": "Because of the ethical and regulatory hurdles associated with human studies, much of what is known about the psychopharmacology of hallucinogens has been derived from animal models. However, developing reliable animal models has proven to be a challenging task due to the complexity and variability of hallucinogen effects in humans. This chapter focuses on three animal models that are frequently used to test the effects of hallucinogens on unconditioned behavior: head twitch response (HTR), prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI), and exploratory behavior. The HTR has demonstrated considerable utility in the neurochemical actions of hallucinogens. However, the latter two models have clearer conceptual bridges to human phenomenology. Consistent with the known mechanism of action of hallucinogens in humans, the behavioral effects of hallucinogens in rodents are mediated primarily by activation of 5-HT receptors. There is evidence, however, that other receptors may play secondary roles. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) of hallucinogens are reviewed in relation to each model, with a focus on the HTR in rats and mice.", "journal": "Current topics in behavioral neurosciences", "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2016_466", "pubmed_id": "28224459", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28224459/", "keywords": "1-methylpsilocin, 25CN-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 5-HT2C receptor, DOI, LSD, Lisuride, Locomotor activity, Lysergic acid diethylamide, M100907, Mescaline, Mouse, Psilocybin, Psychedelic, Quipazine, Rat, SB-242,084, Wet dog shake", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"28224459\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2442, "title": "Classic Hallucinogens and Mystical Experiences: Phenomenology and Neural Correlates.", "normalized_title": "classic hallucinogens and mystical experiences phenomenology and neural correlates", "authors": "Barrett FS, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "This chapter begins with a brief review of descriptions and definitions of mystical-type experiences and the historical connection between classic hallucinogens and mystical experiences. The chapter then explores the empirical literature on experiences with classic hallucinogens in which claims about mystical or religious experiences have been made. A psychometrically validated questionnaire is described for the reliable measurement of mystical-type experiences occasioned by classic hallucinogens. Controlled laboratory studies show that under double-blind conditions that provide significant controls for expectancy bias, psilocybin can occasion complete mystical experiences in the majority of people studied. These effects are dose-dependent, specific to psilocybin compared to placebo or a psychoactive control substance, and have enduring impact on the moods, attitudes, and behaviors of participants as assessed by self-report of participants and ratings by community observers. Other studies suggest that enduring personal meaning in healthy volunteers and therapeutic outcomes in patients, including reduction and cessation of substance abuse behaviors and reduction of anxiety and depression in patients with a life-threatening cancer diagnosis, are related to the occurrence of mystical experiences during drug sessions. The final sections of the chapter draw parallels in human neuroscience research between the neural bases of experiences with classic hallucinogens and the neural bases of meditative practices for which claims of mystical-type experience are sometimes made. From these parallels, a functional neural model of mystical experience is proposed, based on changes in the default mode network of the brain that have been observed after the administration of classic hallucinogens and during meditation practices for which mystical-type claims have been made.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2017_474", "pubmed_id": "28401522", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2017_474", "keywords": "Nervous System, Humans, Hallucinogens, Meditation, Mysticism, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28401522\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Default Mode Network,Mystical Experience,Review Article,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2441, "title": "Therapeutic Applications of Classic Hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic applications of classic hallucinogens", "authors": "Bogenschutz MP, Ross S.", "abstract": "This chapter reviews what is known about the therapeutic uses of the serotonergic or classic hallucinogens, i.e., psychoactive drugs such as LSD and psilocybin that exert their effects primarily through agonist activity at serotonin 2A (5HT2A) receptors. Following a review of the history of human use and scientific study of these drugs, the data from clinical research are summarized, including extensive work on the use of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of alcoholism and other addictions, studies of the use of LSD and psilocybin to relieve distress concerning death, particularly in patients with advanced or terminal cancer, and more limited data concerning the use of classic hallucinogens to treat mood and anxiety disorders. A survey of possible mechanisms of clinically relevant effects is provided. The well-established safety of classic hallucinogens is reviewed. To provide a clinical perspective, case summaries are provided of two individuals who received treatment in recent controlled trials of psilocybin: one being treated for alcoholism, the other suffering from anxiety and depression related to fear of death due to a cancer diagnosis. Although promising early phase research conducted from the 1950s through the early 1970s was discontinued before firm conclusions could be reached concerning the efficacy of any of the classic hallucinogens for any clinical condition, the research that was conducted in that era strongly suggests that classic hallucinogens have clinically relevant effects, particularly in the case of LSD treatment of alcoholism. In the past decade, clinical trials have resumed investigating the effects of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of existential distress in the face of cancer, and in the treatment of addictions including alcoholism and nicotine addiction. The studies that have been completed to date are not sufficient to establish efficacy, but the outcomes have been very encouraging, and larger trials, up to and including phase 3, are now underway or being planned. Although research has elucidated many of the acute neurobiological and psychological effects of classic hallucinogens on humans, animals, and in vitro systems, the mechanisms of clinically relevant persisting effects remain poorly understood.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2016_464", "pubmed_id": "28512684", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2016_464", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Death, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28512684\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Observational Study,In Vitro Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2440, "title": "The Effects of Hallucinogens on Gene Expression.", "normalized_title": "the effects of hallucinogens on gene expression", "authors": "Martin DA, Nichols CD.", "abstract": "The classic serotonergic hallucinogens, or psychedelics, have the ability to profoundly alter perception and behavior. These can include visual distortions, hallucinations, detachment from reality, and mystical experiences. Some psychedelics, like LSD, are able to produce these effects with remarkably low doses of drug. Others, like psilocybin, have recently been demonstrated to have significant clinical efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and addiction that persist for at least several months after only a single therapeutic session. How does this occur? Much work has recently been published from imaging studies showing that psychedelics alter brain network connectivity. They facilitate a disintegration of the default mode network, producing a hyperconnectivity between brain regions that allow centers that do not normally communicate with each other to do so. The immediate and acute effects on both behaviors and network connectivity are likely mediated by effector pathways downstream of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation. These acute molecular processes also influence gene expression changes, which likely influence synaptic plasticity and facilitate more long-term changes in brain neurochemistry ultimately underlying the therapeutic efficacy of a single administration to achieve long-lasting effects. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the molecular genetic responses to psychedelics within the brain and discuss how gene expression changes may contribute to altered cellular physiology and behaviors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2017_479", "pubmed_id": "28677095", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2017_479", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28677095\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Mystical Experience,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2439, "title": "Hallucinogens and Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor-Mediated Signaling Pathways.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogens and serotonin 5 ht2a receptor mediated signaling pathways", "authors": "López-Giménez JF, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "The neuropsychological effects of naturally occurring psychoactive chemicals have been recognized for millennia. Hallucinogens, which include naturally occurring chemicals such as mescaline and psilocybin, as well as synthetic compounds, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), induce profound alterations of human consciousness, emotion, and cognition. The discovery of the hallucinogenic effects of LSD and the observations that LSD and the endogenous ligand serotonin share chemical and pharmacological profiles led to the suggestion that biogenic amines like serotonin were involved in the psychosis of mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Although they bind other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes, studies indicate that several effects of hallucinogens involve agonist activity at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. In this chapter, we review recent advances in understanding hallucinogen drug action through characterization of structure, neuroanatomical location, and function of the 5-HT2A receptor.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/7854_2017_478", "pubmed_id": "28677096", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2017_478", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Signal Transduction, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28677096\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2436, "title": "Novel psychotherapeutics - a cautiously optimistic focus on Hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "novel psychotherapeutics a cautiously optimistic focus on hallucinogens", "authors": "Sherwood AM, Prisinzano TE", "abstract": "", "journal": "Expert review of clinical pharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1080/17512433.2018.1415755", "pubmed_id": "29224406", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29224406/", "keywords": "Anxiety, MDMA, PTSD, depression, drug policy, entactogen, hallucinogen, ketamine, psilocybin, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"29224406\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2435, "title": "Serotonergic Psychedelics: Experimental Approaches for Assessing Mechanisms of Action.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic psychedelics experimental approaches for assessing mechanisms of action", "authors": "Canal CE.", "abstract": "Recent, well-controlled - albeit small-scale - clinical trials show that serotonergic psychedelics, including psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide, possess great promise for treating psychiatric disorders, including treatment-resistant depression. Additionally, fresh results from a deluge of clinical neuroimaging studies are unveiling the dynamic effects of serotonergic psychedelics on functional activity within, and connectivity across, discrete neural systems. These observations have led to testable hypotheses regarding neural processing mechanisms that contribute to psychedelic effects and therapeutic benefits. Despite these advances and a plethora of preclinical and clinical observations supporting a central role for brain serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in producing serotonergic psychedelic effects, lingering and new questions about mechanisms abound. These chiefly pertain to molecular neuropharmacology. This chapter is devoted to illuminating and discussing such questions in the context of preclinical experimental approaches for studying mechanisms of action of serotonergic psychedelics, classic and new.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/164_2018_107", "pubmed_id": "29532180", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2018_107", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29532180\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2420, "title": "Unifying Theories of Psychedelic Drug Effects.", "normalized_title": "unifying theories of psychedelic drug effects", "authors": "Swanson LR", "abstract": "How do psychedelic drugs produce their characteristic range of acute effects in perception, emotion, cognition, and sense of self? How do these effects relate to the clinical efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapies? Efforts to understand psychedelic phenomena date back more than a century in Western science. In this article I review theories of psychedelic drug effects and highlight key concepts which have endured over the last 125 years of psychedelic science. First, I describe the subjective phenomenology of acute psychedelic effects using the best available data. Next, I review late 19th-century and early 20th-century theories-, and -and highlight their shared features. I then briefly review recent findings on the neuropharmacology and neurophysiology of psychedelic drugs in humans. Finally, I describe recent theories of psychedelic drug effects which leverage 21st-century cognitive neuroscience frameworks-, and -and point out key shared features that link back to earlier theories. I identify an abstract principle which cuts across many theories past and present: psychedelic drugs perturb universal brain processes that normally serve to constrain neural systems central to perception, emotion, cognition, and sense of self. I conclude that making an explicit effort to investigate the principles and mechanisms of psychedelic drug effects is a uniquely powerful way to iteratively develop and test unifying theories of brain function.", "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2018.00172", "pubmed_id": "29568270", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29568270/", "keywords": "LSD, cognitive flexibility, ego dissolution, entropic brain theory, integrated information theory, predictive processing, psilocybin, psychedelic drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"29568270\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2400, "title": "Mushroom poisoning epidemiology in the United States.", "normalized_title": "mushroom poisoning epidemiology in the united states", "authors": "Brandenburg WE, Ward KJ", "abstract": "Ingestion of wild and potentially toxic mushrooms is common in the United States and many other parts of the world. US poison centers have been logging cases of mushroom exposure in The National Poison Data System (NPDS) annual publications for over 30 years. This study compiles and analyzes US mushroom exposures as reported by the NPDS from 1999 to 2016. Over the last 18 years, 133 700 cases (7428/year) of mushroom exposure, mostly by ingestion, have been reported. Cases are most frequently unintentional (83%, P < 0.001); cause no or only minor harm (86%, P < 0.001); and in children", "journal": "Mycologia", "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1080/00275514.2018.1479561", "pubmed_id": "30062915", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30062915/", "keywords": "Cyclopeptide, National Poison Data System, monomethylhyrazine, mycotoxin, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"30062915\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2365, "title": "Rapid-Acting Antidepressants.", "normalized_title": "rapid acting antidepressants", "authors": "Witkin JM, Knutson DE, Rodriguez GJ, Shi S.", "abstract": "BackgroundConventional antidepressants are thought to produce their impact on clinical symptoms by increasing the central availability of biogenic amine neurotransmitters (the monoamine hypothesis of depression). These drugs continue to be the primary medicines used in major depressive disorder. Although they have biological effects after acute dosing, full antidepressant response generally takes weeks of daily administration. Lack of rapid onset is a large limitation in antidepressant therapy (e.g., suicide, lack of medication compliance, difficulty switching medications).MethodsThe present review of the literature discusses the preclinical and clinical findings on compounds that can produce immediate symptom relief.ResultsThese compounds include ketamine, scopolamine, and mechanistically-related drugs. Newer additions to the list of potential rapid-acting agents include antagonists of metabotropic (mGlu) 2/3 receptors, negative allosteric modulators of α5-containing GABAA receptors, and psychedelic compounds. An additional benefit of these compounds is that they have demonstrated large effect sizes and, importantly, demonstrated efficacy in patient's refractory to other treatments. A drawback of some of these compounds, to date, is finding ways to expand the duration of clinical efficacy. In addition, for some compounds, the side-effect profile requires management. A primary mechanism by which rapid effects might be produced is through the amplification of excitatory neurotransmission through activation of AMPA receptors. The extracellular efflux of glutamate induced by these drugs has been documented and provides the hypothesized triggering mechanism for AMPA receptor amplification.ConclusionThe preclinical and clinical literature strongly suggests that rapid-acting antidepressants are the current focus of antidepressant drug discovery. Promising clinical findings exist for several compounds including ketamine and other NMDA receptor antagonists, scopolamine, and psilocybin. Two compounds are in late stage clinical development: GLYX-13 (Rapastinel) and eskekamine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.2174/1381612824666180730104707", "pubmed_id": "30058481", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180730104707", "keywords": "Humans, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30058481\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2376, "title": "Increased amygdala responses to emotional faces after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "increased amygdala responses to emotional faces after psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Roseman L, Demetriou L, Wall MB, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Recent evidence indicates that psilocybin with psychological support may be effective for treating depression. Some studies have found that patients with depression show heightened amygdala responses to fearful faces and there is reliable evidence that treatment with SSRIs attenuates amygdala responses (Ma, 2015). We hypothesised that amygdala responses to emotional faces would be altered post-treatment with psilocybin. In this open-label study, 20 individuals diagnosed with moderate to severe, treatment-resistant depression, underwent two separate dosing sessions with psilocybin. Psychological support was provided before, during and after these sessions and 19 completed fMRI scans one week prior to the first session and one day after the second and last. Neutral, fearful and happy faces were presented in the scanner and analyses focused on the amygdala. Group results revealed rapid and enduring improvements in depressive symptoms post psilocybin. Increased responses to fearful and happy faces were observed in the right amygdala post-treatment, and right amygdala increases to fearful versus neutral faces were predictive of clinical improvements at 1-week. Psilocybin with psychological support was associated with increased amygdala responses to emotional stimuli, an opposite effect to previous findings with SSRIs. This suggests fundamental differences in these treatments' therapeutic actions, with SSRIs mitigating negative emotions and psilocybin allowing patients to confront and work through them. Based on the present results, we propose that psilocybin with psychological support is a treatment approach that potentially revives emotional responsiveness in depression, enabling patients to reconnect with their emotions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN, number ISRCTN14426797. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-26", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.041", "pubmed_id": "29288686", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.041", "keywords": "Amygdala, Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Prognosis, Combined Modality Therapy, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Psychotherapy, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Facial Recognition, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29288686\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Emotional Processing,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2377, "title": "Psychiatry & the psychedelic drugs. Past, present & future.", "normalized_title": "psychiatry the psychedelic drugs past present future", "authors": "Rucker JJH, Iliff J, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "The classical psychedelic drugs, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline, were used extensively in psychiatry before they were placed in Schedule I of the UN Convention on Drugs in 1967. Experimentation and clinical trials undertaken prior to legal sanction suggest that they are not helpful for those with established psychotic disorders and should be avoided in those liable to develop them. However, those with so-called 'psychoneurotic' disorders sometimes benefited considerably from their tendency to 'loosen' otherwise fixed, maladaptive patterns of cognition and behaviour, particularly when given in a supportive, therapeutic setting. Pre-prohibition studies in this area were sub-optimal, although a recent systematic review in unipolar mood disorder and a meta-analysis in alcoholism have both suggested efficacy. The incidence of serious adverse events appears to be low. Since 2006, there have been several pilot trials and randomised controlled trials using psychedelics (mostly psilocybin) in various non-psychotic psychiatric disorders. These have provided encouraging results that provide initial evidence of safety and efficacy, however the regulatory and legal hurdles to licensing psychedelics as medicines are formidable. This paper summarises clinical trials using psychedelics pre and post prohibition, discusses the methodological challenges of performing good quality trials in this area and considers a strategic approach to the legal and regulatory barriers to licensing psychedelics as a treatment in mainstream psychiatry. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-12-24", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040", "pubmed_id": "29284138", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry, Clinical Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29284138\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Meta-Analysis,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3631, "title": "Psilocybin and Depression - Assessing the Long-term Effects of a Single Administration of Psilocybin on the Psychiatric Symptoms and Brain Activity of Patients With Severe Depression", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and depression assessing the long term effects of a single administration of psilocybin on the psychiatric symptoms and brain activity of patients with severe depression", "authors": "University of Helsinki", "abstract": "The main aim of the study is to investigate the possible long-term therapeutic effects of psilocybin on the symptoms of severe depression, as well as the brain mechanisms underlying these changes. Depression severity is assessed before and after (i.e., 1 week, 3 months and 6 months after) a single dose of psilocybin and compared to respective scores of a group receiving an active placebo, ketamine. Brain activity (using functional magnetic resonance imaging) is measured before and one week after drug administration in order to determine whether changes in brain networks related to emotional and self-referential processing correlate with any observed changes in depression scores. Further, blood samples will be obtained from the participants and analyzed in order to reveal gene expression and molecular level correlates underlying rapid antidepressant effects, and to identify biomarkers that predict treatment outcome.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2017-12-20", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03380442", "keywords": "Severe Depression, Psilocybin, Ketamine (Ketalar), UNKNOWN", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT03380442\",\"overall_status\":\"UNKNOWN\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE2\"]}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Biomarkers,Aging,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 2446, "title": "Pharmacokinetics of Escalating Doses of Oral Psilocybin in Healthy Adults.", "normalized_title": "pharmacokinetics of escalating doses of oral psilocybin in healthy adults", "authors": "Brown RT, Nicholas CR, Cozzi NV, Gassman MC, Cooper KM, Muller D, Thomas CD, Hetzel SJ, Henriquez KM, Ribaudo AS, Hutson PR.", "abstract": "IntroductionPsilocybin is a psychedelic tryptamine that has shown promise in recent clinical trials for the treatment of depression and substance use disorders. This open-label study of the pharmacokinetics of psilocybin was performed to describe the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of psilocybin in sequential, escalating oral doses of 0.3, 0.45, and 0.6 mg/kg in 12 healthy adults.MethodsEligible healthy adults received 6-8 h of preparatory counseling in anticipation of the first dose of psilocybin. The escalating oral psilocybin doses were administered at approximately monthly intervals in a controlled setting and subjects were monitored for 24 h. Blood and urine samples were collected over 24 h and assayed by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for psilocybin and psilocin, the active metabolite. The pharmacokinetics of psilocin were determined using both compartmental (NONMEM) and noncompartmental (WinNonlin) methods.ResultsNo psilocybin was found in plasma or urine, and renal clearance of intact psilocin accounted for less than 2% of the total clearance. The pharmacokinetics of psilocin were linear within the twofold range of doses, and the elimination half-life of psilocin was 3 h (standard deviation 1.1). An extended elimination phase in some subjects suggests hydrolysis of the psilocin glucuronide metabolite. Variation in psilocin clearance was not predicted by body weight, and no serious adverse events occurred in the subjects studied.ConclusionsThe small amount of psilocin renally excreted suggests that no dose reduction is needed for subjects with mild-moderate renal impairment. Simulation of fixed doses using the pharmacokinetic parameters suggest that an oral dose of 25 mg should approximate the drug exposure of a 0.3 mg/kg oral dose of psilocybin. Although doses of 0.6 mg/kg are in excess of likely therapeutic doses, no serious physical or psychological events occurred during or within 30 days of any dose.Clinical trials identifierNCT02163707.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-11-30", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s40262-017-0540-6", "pubmed_id": "28353056", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-017-0540-6", "keywords": "Humans, Glucuronides, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Liquid, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Nonlinear Dynamics, Half-Life, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28353056\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2412, "title": "Analysis of new psychoactive substances in oral fluids by means of microextraction by packed sorbent followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.", "normalized_title": "analysis of new psychoactive substances in oral fluids by means of microextraction by packed sorbent followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry", "authors": "Rocchi R, Simeoni MC, Montesano C, Vannutelli G, Curini R, Sergi M, Compagnone D.", "abstract": "In recent years, new drugs, commonly known as new psychoactive substances (NPS), appeared on the market, which include, among others, synthetic cannabinoids, cathinones, and tryptamine analogs of psilocin. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a new method for simultaneous screening and quantification of 31 NPS in oral fluid by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The chosen target analytes represented different chemical and toxicological NPS classes, such as synthetic cathinones, piperazines, phenethylamines, synthetic cannabinoids, and their metabolites. The procedure involved a rapid sample preparation based on protein precipitation followed by clean-up utilizing microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS); the quantitative analysis was performed by UHPLC-MS/MS. The MEPS clean-up, regardless of non-quantitative recoveries for some analytes, provided an effective removal of interfering compounds, as demonstrated by reduced matrix effects found at different concentrations for all the analytes. The validation protocol, based on SWGTOX guidelines, demonstrated the suitability of the proposed method for quantitative analysis: linearity range ranged over 3 or 4 orders of magnitude; precision and accuracy tests gave RSD% values below 25%, and accuracy ranged from 85.9% to 107%, accomplishing SWGTOX requirements. Limits of detection (LODs) ranged between 0.005 ng/mL and 0.850 ng/mL and limits of quantification (LOQs) from 0.015 to 2.600 ng/mL.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-11-26", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1002/dta.2330", "pubmed_id": "29078252", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2330", "keywords": "Saliva, Humans, Psychotropic Drugs, Designer Drugs, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Substance Abuse Detection, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Solid Phase Microextraction, Limit of Detection, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29078252\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2447, "title": "The \"Endless Trip\" among the NPS Users: Psychopathology and Psychopharmacology in the Hallucinogen-Persisting Perception Disorder. A Systematic Review.", "normalized_title": "the endless trip among the nps users psychopathology and psychopharmacology in the hallucinogen persisting perception disorder a systematic review", "authors": "Orsolini L, Papanti GD, De Berardis D, Guirguis A, Corkery JM, Schifano F.", "abstract": "Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a syndrome characterized by prolonged or reoccurring perceptual symptoms, reminiscent of acute hallucinogen effects. HPPD was associated with a broader range of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)-like substances, cannabis, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, mescaline, and psychostimulants. The recent emergence of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) posed a critical concern regarding the new onset of psychiatric symptoms/syndromes, including cases of HPPD. Symptomatology mainly comprises visual disorders (i.e., geometric pseudo-hallucinations, haloes, flashes of colors/lights, motion-perception deficits, afterimages, micropsia, more acute awareness of floaters, etc.), even though depressive symptoms and thought disorders may be comorbidly present. Although HPPD was first described in 1954, it was just established as a fully syndrome in 2000, with the revised fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). HPPD neural substrates, risk factors, and aetiopathogenesys still largely remain unknown and under investigation, and many questions about its pharmacological targets remain unanswered too. A critical mini review on psychopathological bases, etiological hypothesis, and psychopharmacological approaches toward HPPD, including the association with some novel substances, are provided here, by means of a literature search on PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases without time restrictions, by using a specific set of keywords. Pharmacological and clinical issues are considered, and practical psychopharmacological recommendations and clinical guidelines are suggested.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-11-19", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00240", "pubmed_id": "29209235", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00240", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29209235\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2448, "title": "LSD Increases Primary Process Thinking via Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation.", "normalized_title": "lsd increases primary process thinking via serotonin 2a receptor activation", "authors": "Kraehenmann R, Pokorny D, Aicher H, Preller KH, Pokorny T, Bosch OG, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Rationale: Stimulation of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and related compounds such as psilocybin has previously been shown to increase primary process thinking - an ontologically and evolutionary early, implicit, associative, and automatic mode of thinking which is typically occurring during altered states of consciousness such as dreaming. However, it is still largely unknown whether LSD induces primary process thinking under placebo-controlled, standardized experimental conditions and whether these effects are related to subjective experience and 5-HT2A receptor activation. Therefore, this study aimed to test the hypotheses that LSD increases primary process thinking and that primary process thinking depends on 5-HT2A receptor activation and is related to subjective drug effects. Methods: Twenty-five healthy subjects performed an audio-recorded mental imagery task 7 h after drug administration during three drug conditions: placebo, LSD (100 mcg orally) and LSD together with the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin (40 mg orally). The main outcome variable in this study was primary index (PI), a formal measure of primary process thinking in the imagery reports. State of consciousness was evaluated using the Altered State of Consciousness (5D-ASC) rating scale. Results: LSD, compared with placebo, significantly increased primary index (p < 0.001, Bonferroni-corrected). The LSD-induced increase in primary index was positively correlated with LSD-induced disembodiment (p < 0.05, Bonferroni-corrected), and blissful state (p < 0.05, Bonferroni-corrected) on the 5D-ASC. Both LSD-induced increases in primary index and changes in state of consciousness were fully blocked by ketanserin. Conclusion: LSD induces primary process thinking via activation of 5-HT2A receptors and in relation to disembodiment and blissful state. Primary process thinking appears to crucially organize inner experiences during both dreams and psychedelic states of consciousness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-11-07", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2017.00814", "pubmed_id": "29167644", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00814", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29167644\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2427, "title": "Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin with psychological support for treatment resistant depression six month follow up", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Day CMJ, Rucker J, Watts R, Erritzoe DE, Kaelen M, Giribaldi B, Bloomfield M, Pilling S, Rickard JA, Forbes B, Feilding A, Taylor D, Curran HV, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "RationaleRecent clinical trials are reporting marked improvements in mental health outcomes with psychedelic drug-assisted psychotherapy.ObjectivesHere, we report on safety and efficacy outcomes for up to 6 months in an open-label trial of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.MethodsTwenty patients (six females) with (mostly) severe, unipolar, treatment-resistant major depression received two oral doses of psilocybin (10 and 25 mg, 7 days apart) in a supportive setting. Depressive symptoms were assessed from 1 week to 6 months post-treatment, with the self-rated QIDS-SR16 as the primary outcome measure.ResultsTreatment was generally well tolerated. Relative to baseline, marked reductions in depressive symptoms were observed for the first 5 weeks post-treatment (Cohen's d = 2.2 at week 1 and 2.3 at week 5, both p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-11-07", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x", "pubmed_id": "29119217", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Feasibility Studies, Double-Blind Method, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin, Psychosocial Support Systems", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29119217\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2428, "title": "Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: similarities and differences in subjective experiences.", "normalized_title": "double blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan similarities and differences in subjective experiences", "authors": "Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Hurwitz E, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "RationaleAlthough psilocybin and dextromethorphan (DXM) are hallucinogens, they have different receptor mechanisms of action and have not been directly compared.ObjectiveThis study compared subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects of psilocybin and dextromethorphan under conditions that minimized expectancy effects.MethodsSingle, acute oral doses of psilocybin (10, 20, 30 mg/70 kg), DXM (400 mg/70 kg), and placebo were administered under double-blind conditions to 20 healthy participants with histories of hallucinogen use. Instructions to participants and staff minimized expectancy effects. Various subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects were assessed after drug administration.ResultsHigh doses of both drugs produced similar increases in participant ratings of peak overall drug effect strength, with similar times to maximal effect and time-course. Psilocybin produced orderly dose-related increases on most participant-rated subjective measures previously shown sensitive to hallucinogens. DXM produced increases on most of these same measures. However, the high dose of psilocybin produced significantly greater and more diverse visual effects than DXM including greater movement and more frequent, brighter, distinctive, and complex (including textured and kaleidoscopic) images and visions. Compared to DXM, psilocybin also produced significantly greater mystical-type and psychologically insightful experiences and greater absorption in music. In contrast, DXM produced larger effects than psilocybin on measures of disembodiment, nausea/emesis, and light-headedness. Both drugs increased systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and pupil dilation and decreased psychomotor performance and balance.ConclusionsPsilocybin and DXM produced similar profiles of subjective experiences, with psilocybin producing relatively greater visual, mystical-type, insightful, and musical experiences, and DXM producing greater disembodiment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-11-06", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4", "pubmed_id": "29116367", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Substance-Related Disorders, Dextromethorphan, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Music, Mysticism, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29116367\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2429, "title": "Psilocybin with psychological support improves emotional face recognition in treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin with psychological support improves emotional face recognition in treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Stroud JB, Freeman TP, Leech R, Hindocha C, Lawn W, Nutt DJ, Curran HV, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "RationaleDepressed patients robustly exhibit affective biases in emotional processing which are altered by SSRIs and predict clinical outcome.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to investigate whether psilocybin, recently shown to rapidly improve mood in treatment-resistant depression (TRD), alters patients' emotional processing biases.MethodsSeventeen patients with treatment-resistant depression completed a dynamic emotional face recognition task at baseline and 1 month later after two doses of psilocybin with psychological support. Sixteen controls completed the emotional recognition task over the same time frame but did not receive psilocybin.ResultsWe found evidence for a group × time interaction on speed of emotion recognition (p =.035). At baseline, patients were slower at recognising facial emotions compared with controls (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-10-29", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4754-y", "pubmed_id": "29085980", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4754-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Facial Expression, Treatment Outcome, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Emotions, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Facial Recognition, Psilocybin, Psychosocial Support Systems", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29085980\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Emotional Processing,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2437, "title": "The relationships of classic psychedelic use with criminal behavior in the United States adult population.", "normalized_title": "the relationships of classic psychedelic use with criminal behavior in the united states adult population", "authors": "Hendricks PS, Crawford MS, Cropsey KL, Copes H, Sweat NW, Walsh Z, Pavela G.", "abstract": "Criminal behavior exacts a large toll on society and is resistant to intervention. Some evidence suggests classic psychedelics may inhibit criminal behavior, but the extent of these effects has not been comprehensively explored. In this study, we tested the relationships of classic psychedelic use and psilocybin use per se with criminal behavior among over 480,000 United States adult respondents pooled from the last 13 available years of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002 through 2014) while controlling for numerous covariates. Lifetime classic psychedelic use was associated with a reduced odds of past year larceny/theft (aOR = 0.73 (0.65-0.83)), past year assault (aOR = 0.88 (0.80-0.97)), past year arrest for a property crime (aOR = 0.78 (0.65-0.95)), and past year arrest for a violent crime (aOR = 0.82 (0.70-0.97)). In contrast, lifetime illicit use of other drugs was, by and large, associated with an increased odds of these outcomes. Lifetime classic psychedelic use, like lifetime illicit use of almost all other substances, was associated with an increased odds of past year drug distribution. Results were consistent with a protective effect of psilocybin for antisocial criminal behavior. These findings contribute to a compelling rationale for the initiation of clinical research with classic psychedelics, including psilocybin, in forensic settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-10-16", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1177/0269881117735685", "pubmed_id": "29039233", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117735685", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Crime, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Criminals, Criminal Behavior, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29039233\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2452, "title": "Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression: fMRI-measured brain mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treatment resistant depression fmri measured brain mechanisms", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Roseman L, Bolstridge M, Demetriou L, Pannekoek JN, Wall MB, Tanner M, Kaelen M, McGonigle J, Murphy K, Leech R, Curran HV, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin with psychological support is showing promise as a treatment model in psychiatry but its therapeutic mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after treatment with psilocybin (serotonin agonist) for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Quality pre and post treatment fMRI data were collected from 16 of 19 patients. Decreased depressive symptoms were observed in all 19 patients at 1-week post-treatment and 47% met criteria for response at 5 weeks. Whole-brain analyses revealed post-treatment decreases in CBF in the temporal cortex, including the amygdala. Decreased amygdala CBF correlated with reduced depressive symptoms. Focusing on a priori selected circuitry for RSFC analyses, increased RSFC was observed within the default-mode network (DMN) post-treatment. Increased ventromedial prefrontal cortex-bilateral inferior lateral parietal cortex RSFC was predictive of treatment response at 5-weeks, as was decreased parahippocampal-prefrontal cortex RSFC. These data fill an important knowledge gap regarding the post-treatment brain effects of psilocybin, and are the first in depressed patients. The post-treatment brain changes are different to previously observed acute effects of psilocybin and other 'psychedelics' yet were related to clinical outcomes. A 'reset' therapeutic mechanism is proposed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-10-12", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7", "pubmed_id": "29030624", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Depression, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29030624\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2438, "title": "Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin occasioned mystical type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors", "authors": "Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards WA, Richards BD, Jesse R, MacLean KA, Barrett FS, Cosimano MP, Klinedinst MA.", "abstract": "Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences with participant-attributed increases in well-being. However, little research has examined enduring changes in traits. This study administered psilocybin to participants who undertook a program of meditation/spiritual practices. Healthy participants were randomized to three groups (25 each): (1) very low-dose (1 mg/70 kg on sessions 1 and 2) with moderate-level (\"standard\") support for spiritual-practice (LD-SS); (2) high-dose (20 and 30 mg/70 kg on sessions 1 and 2, respectively) with standard support (HD-SS); and (3) high-dose (20 and 30 mg/70kg on sessions 1 and 2, respectively) with high support for spiritual practice (HD-HS). Psilocybin was administered double-blind and instructions to participants/staff minimized expectancy confounds. Psilocybin was administered 1 and 2 months after spiritual-practice initiation. Outcomes at 6 months included rates of spiritual practice and persisting effects of psilocybin. Compared with low-dose, high-dose psilocybin produced greater acute and persisting effects. At 6 months, compared with LD-SS, both high-dose groups showed large significant positive changes on longitudinal measures of interpersonal closeness, gratitude, life meaning/purpose, forgiveness, death transcendence, daily spiritual experiences, religious faith and coping, and community observer ratings. Determinants of enduring effects were psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience and rates of meditation/spiritual practices. Psilocybin can occasion enduring trait-level increases in prosocial attitudes/behaviors and in healthy psychological functioning. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00802282.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-10-10", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1177/0269881117731279", "pubmed_id": "29020861", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117731279", "keywords": "Humans, Meditation, Longitudinal Studies, Double-Blind Method, Attitude, Behavior, Mysticism, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29020861\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2378, "title": "TCB-2 [(7R)-3-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxy-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methanamine]: A hallucinogenic drug, a selective 5-HT2A receptor pharmacological tool, or none of the above?", "normalized_title": "tcb 2 7r 3 bromo 2 5 dimethoxy bicyclo 4 2 0 octa 1 3 5 trien 7 yl methanamine a hallucinogenic drug a selective 5 ht2a receptor pharmacological tool or none of the above", "authors": "Di Giovanni G, De Deurwaerdère P.", "abstract": "The development of 5-HT2A receptor agonists has been considerably marginalized since the demonstration that the tryptaminergic drugs, LSD and psilocybin, or the phenylakylamine drugs, mescaline and DOI, exert their hallucinogenic properties via the stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors. Nonetheless, the ability of drugs to stimulate 5-HT2A receptors is not necessarily associated with psychedelic experience and the hallucinogenic properties are still not understood. Several studies have increased interest in stimulating 5-HT2A receptors in various CNS diseases. (7R)-3-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxy-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methanamine (TCB-2) which was synthetized in 2006 presents a high affinity with human and rat 5-HT2A receptors. Its main feature of interest is that it preferentially stimulates the phospholipase C and not phospholipase A2 pathway, which is at variance with several hallucinogenic drugs. Preference for TCB-2 has increased in preclinical studies and it exhibits subtle differences compared to DOI or LSD in some molecular, cellular and behavioral studies. The purpose of this review is to take a position on the use of TCB-2 as a pharmacological tool. A careful reading of the literature has revealed that the suspected hallucinogenic properties of TCB-2 cannot firmly be ascertained while its pharmacological profile is unknown and likely not selective at 5-HT2A receptors. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions'.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-10-03", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.004", "pubmed_id": "28987938", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.004", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Methylamines, Hallucinogens, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28987938\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2457, "title": "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Subjects.", "normalized_title": "pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy subjects", "authors": "Dolder PC, Schmid Y, Steuer AE, Kraemer T, Rentsch KM, Hammann F, Liechti ME", "abstract": "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is used recreationally and in clinical research. The aim of the present study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and exposure-response relationship of oral LSD. We analyzed pharmacokinetic data from two published placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over studies using oral administration of LSD100 and 200 µg in 24 and 16 subjects, respectively. The pharmacokinetics of the 100-µg dose is shown for the first time and data for the 200-µg dose were reanalyzed and included. Plasma concentrations of LSD, subjective effects, and vital signs were repeatedly assessed. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using compartmental modeling. Concentration-effect relationships were described using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling. Geometric mean (95% confidence interval) maximum plasma concentration values of 1.3 (1.2-1.9) and 3.1 (2.6-4.0) ng/mL were reached 1.4 and 1.5 h after administration of 100 and 200 µg LSD, respectively. The plasma half-life was 2.6 h (2.2-3.4 h). The subjective effects lasted (mean ± standard deviation) 8.2 ± 2.1 and 11.6 ± 1.7 h for the 100- and 200-µg LSD doses, respectively. Subjective peak effects were reached 2.8 and 2.5 h after administration of LSD100 and 200 µg, respectively. A close relationship was observed between the LSD concentration and subjective response within subjects, with moderate counterclockwise hysteresis. Half-maximal effective concentration values were in the range of 1 ng/mL. No correlations were found between plasma LSD concentrations and the effects of LSD across subjects at or near maximum plasma concentration and within dose groups. The present pharmacokinetic data are important for the evaluation of clinical study findings (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging studies) and the interpretation of LSD intoxication. Oral LSD presented dose-proportional pharmacokinetics and first-order elimination up to 12 h. The effects of LSD were related to changes in plasma concentrations over time, with no evidence of acute tolerance. NCT02308969, NCT01878942.", "journal": "Clinical pharmacokinetics", "publication_date": "2017-09-30", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s40262-017-0513-9", "pubmed_id": "28197931", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28197931/", "keywords": "Autonomic Effect, Drug Effect, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Psilocybin, Subjective Effect", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"28197931\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2449, "title": "Psychedelic Drugs in Biomedicine.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drugs in biomedicine", "authors": "Kyzar EJ, Nichols CD, Gainetdinov RR, Nichols DE, Kalueff AV.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin, exert profound effects on brain and behavior. After decades of difficulties in studying these compounds, psychedelics are again being tested as potential treatments for intractable biomedical disorders. Preclinical research of psychedelics complements human neuroimaging studies and pilot clinical trials, suggesting these compounds as promising treatments for addiction, depression, anxiety, and other conditions. However, many questions regarding the mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy of psychedelics remain. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical data in this field, discuss their pharmacological mechanisms of action, and outline critical areas for future studies of psychedelic drugs, with the goal of maximizing the potential benefits of translational psychedelic biomedicine to patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-09-21", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.tips.2017.08.003", "pubmed_id": "28947075", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2017.08.003", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychophysiology, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28947075\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2424, "title": "Serotonergic hallucinogens in the treatment of anxiety and depression in patients suffering from a life-threatening disease: A systematic review.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic hallucinogens in the treatment of anxiety and depression in patients suffering from a life threatening disease a systematic review", "authors": "Reiche S, Hermle L, Gutwinski S, Jungaberle H, Gasser P, Majić T.", "abstract": "Anxiety and depression are some of the most common psychiatric symptoms of patients suffering with life-threatening diseases, often associated with a low quality of life and a poor overall prognosis. 5-HT2A-receptor agonists (serotonergic hallucinogens, 'psychedelics') like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin were first investigated as therapeutic agents in the 1960s. Recently, after a long hiatus period of regulatory obstacles, interest in the clinical use of these substances has resumed. The current article provides a systematic review of studies investigating psychedelics in the treatment of symptoms of existential distress in life-threatening diseases across different periods of research, highlighting how underlying concepts have developed over time. A systematic search for clinical trials from 1960 to 2017 revealed 11 eligible clinical trials involving a total number of N=445 participants, of which 7 trials investigated the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (N=323), 3 trials investigated the use of psilocybin (N=92), and one trial investigated the use of dipropyltryptamine (DPT) (N=30). The 4 more recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (N=104) showed a significantly higher methodological quality than studies carried out in the 1960s and 1970s. Evidence supports that patients with life threatening diseases associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety benefit from the anxiolytic and antidepressant properties of serotonergic hallucinogens. Some studies anecdotally reported improvements in patients´ quality of life and reduced fear of death. Moreover, low rates of side effects were reported in studies that adhered to safety guidelines. Further studies are needed to determine how these results can be transferred into clinical practice.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-09-21", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.012", "pubmed_id": "28947181", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.012", "keywords": "Humans, Critical Illness, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Clinical Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28947181\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2459, "title": "Psychoactive substances as a last resort-a qualitative study of self-treatment of migraine and cluster headaches.", "normalized_title": "psychoactive substances as a last resort a qualitative study of self treatment of migraine and cluster headaches", "authors": "Andersson M, Persson M, Kjellgren A.", "abstract": "BackgroundTreatment resistant cluster headache and migraine patients are exploring alternative treatments online. The aim of this study was to improve comprehension regarding the use of non-established or alternative pharmacological treatments used by sufferers of cluster headaches and migraines.MethodsA qualitative thematic analysis of the users' own accounts presented in online forum discussions were conducted. The forum boards https://shroomery.org/, http://bluelight.org, and https://clusterbusters.org/ met the inclusion criteria and were used for the study.ResultsThe analysis resulted in six themes: a desperate need for effective treatments; the role of the forum-finding alternative treatments and community support; alternative treatment substances; dosage and regimens; effects and treatment results; and adverse effects. The results provide an insight into why, how, and by which substances and methods sufferers seek relief from cluster headache and migraines.ConclusionsThese patients are in a desperate and vulnerable situation, and illicit psychoactive substances are often considered a last resort. There appeared to be little or no interest in psychoactive effects per se as these were rather tolerated or avoided by using sub-psychoactive doses. Primarily, psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and related psychedelic tryptamines were reportedly effective for both prophylactic and acute treatment of cluster headache and migraines. Treatment results with cannabis were more unpredictable. No severe adverse events were reported, but it was observed how desperation sometimes spurred risky behavior when obtaining and testing various treatment alternatives. The forum discourse mainly revolved around maximizing treatment results and minimizing potential harms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-09-04", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1186/s12954-017-0186-6", "pubmed_id": "28870224", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0186-6", "keywords": "Humans, Cluster Headache, Psychotropic Drugs, Treatment Outcome, Self Care, Harm Reduction, Qualitative Research, Migraine Disorders, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28870224\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2460, "title": "Effect of Psilocybin on Empathy and Moral Decision-Making.", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin on empathy and moral decision making", "authors": "Pokorny T, Preller KH, Kometer M, Dziobek I, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "BackgroundImpaired empathic abilities lead to severe negative social consequences and influence the development and treatment of several psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, empathy has been shown to play a crucial role in moral and prosocial behavior. Although the serotonin system has been implicated in modulating empathy and moral behavior, the relative contribution of the various serotonin receptor subtypes is still unknown.MethodsWe investigated the acute effect of psilocybin (0.215 mg/kg p.o.) in healthy human subjects on different facets of empathy and hypothetical moral decision-making using the multifaceted empathy test (n=32) and the moral dilemma task (n=24).ResultsPsilocybin significantly increased emotional, but not cognitive empathy compared with placebo, and the increase in implicit emotional empathy was significantly associated with psilocybin-induced changed meaning of percepts. In contrast, moral decision-making remained unaffected by psilocybin.ConclusionsThese findings provide first evidence that psilocybin has distinct effects on social cognition by enhancing emotional empathy but not moral behavior. Furthermore, together with previous findings, psilocybin appears to promote emotional empathy presumably via activation of serotonin 2A/1A receptors, suggesting that targeting serotonin 2A/1A receptors has implications for potential treatment of dysfunctional social cognition.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-08-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyx047", "pubmed_id": "28637246", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx047", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Analysis of Variance, Double-Blind Method, Empathy, Morals, Decision Making, Neuropsychological Tests, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Self Report, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28637246\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2458, "title": "Enzymatic Synthesis of Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "enzymatic synthesis of psilocybin", "authors": "Fricke J, Blei F, Hoffmeister D.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is the psychotropic tryptamine-derived natural product of Psilocybe carpophores, the so-called \"magic mushrooms\". Although its structure has been known for 60 years, the enzymatic basis of its biosynthesis has remained obscure. We characterized four psilocybin biosynthesis enzymes, namely i) PsiD, which represents a new class of fungal l-tryptophan decarboxylases, ii) PsiK, which catalyzes the phosphotransfer step, iii) the methyltransferase PsiM, catalyzing iterative N-methyl transfer as the terminal biosynthetic step, and iv) PsiH, a monooxygenase. In a combined PsiD/PsiK/PsiM reaction, psilocybin was synthesized enzymatically in a step-economic route from 4-hydroxy-l-tryptophan. Given the renewed pharmaceutical interest in psilocybin, our results may lay the foundation for its biotechnological production.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-08-24", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1002/anie.201705489", "pubmed_id": "28763571", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201705489", "keywords": "Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases, Mixed Function Oxygenases, Methyltransferases, 5-Hydroxytryptophan, S-Adenosylmethionine, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Liquid, Substrate Specificity, Genes, Fungal, Catalysis, Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28763571\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2418, "title": "Psychedelic Drugs as Therapeutics: No Illusions About the Challenges.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic drugs as therapeutics no illusions about the challenges", "authors": "Sellers EM, Leiderman DB.", "abstract": "Interest in the potential therapeutic benefits of psychedelic agents has recently increased. In addition to psilocybin, a wide variety of agents with psychedelic properties have been proposed and partially tested. However, the challenges of obtaining approval to market a restricted psychotomimetic agent are formidable.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-08-23", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1002/cpt.776", "pubmed_id": "28836272", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.776", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Drug Approval, Mental Disorders, Patient Selection, Drug Discovery, Risk Evaluation and Mitigation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28836272\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2430, "title": "The 21st century psychedelic renaissance: heroic steps forward on the back of an elephant.", "normalized_title": "the 21st century psychedelic renaissance heroic steps forward on the back of an elephant", "authors": "Sessa B.", "abstract": "Given the plethora of new studies and published papers in the scientific press and the increasingly emerging presence of articles about positive psychedelic experiences appearing in the popular media, there is little doubt that we are in the midst of a Psychedelic Renaissance. The classical psychedelic drugs LSD and psilocybin and the entactogen MDMA are showing promise as tools to assist psychotherapy for a wide range of mental disorders, with multiple pilot studies demonstrating their safety and efficacy. In this article, the author describes how MDMA in particular has inherent characteristics that make it well suited for assisting trauma-focused psychotherapy in a population of patients who have experienced child abuse. But despite these advances, there remain many obstacles ahead of the widespread mainstream acceptance of psychedelic medicines. The author argues that the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 is one such obstacle. Other impediments include a prevailing attitude of pseudoscience and rigidity from within the non-scientific psychedelic community itself. Resolution of these conflicts must be sought if medicine and society are to see psychedelics gaining a place in mainstream culture and science.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-08-22", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-017-4713-7", "pubmed_id": "28831571", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4713-7", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Data Collection, Emotions, Mental Disorders, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Forecasting, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28831571\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2479, "title": "Could Hallucinogens Induce Permanent Pupillary Changes in (Ab)users? A Case Report from New Zealand.", "normalized_title": "could hallucinogens induce permanent pupillary changes in ab users a case report from new zealand", "authors": "Al-Imam A.", "abstract": "An eighteen-year-old female patient of the Caucasian ethnicity from Australasia presented with a persistently dilated pupil causing her discomfort and occasional burning sensation when she is outdoors due to oversensitivity to sunlight. However, her pupillary reaction to light (pupillary light reflex) was intact. The patient is a known user of psychedelic substances (entheogens) including LSD, NBOMe, psilocybin, and DMT. The condition affects both eyes to the same extent. Thorough medical, neurological, and radiological examinations, including an EEG and an MRI of the head and neck region, were completely normal. All these tests failed to detect any pathophysiological or anatomical abnormalities. The patient is a known case of chronic endogenous depression in association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, for which she is taking citalopram and Ritalin, respectively. There was neither a family history nor a similar congenital condition in her family.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-08-16", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1155/2017/2503762", "pubmed_id": "28948056", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2503762", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28948056\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3295, "title": "Horizontal gene cluster transfer increased hallucinogenic mushroom diversity", "normalized_title": "horizontal gene cluster transfer increased hallucinogenic mushroom diversity", "authors": "Reynolds HT, Vijayakumar V, Gluck-Thaler E, Korotkin HB, Matheny PB, Slot JC.", "abstract": "Secondary metabolites are heterogeneous natural products that often mediate interactions between species. The tryptophan-derived secondary metabolite, psilocin, is a serotonin receptor agonist that induces altered states of consciousness. A phylogenetically disjunct group of mushroom-forming fungi in the Agaricales produce the psilocin prodrug, psilocybin. Spotty phylogenetic distributions of fungal compounds are sometimes explained by horizontal transfer of metabolic gene clusters among unrelated fungi with overlapping niches. We report the discovery of a psilocybin gene cluster in three hallucinogenic mushroom genomes, and evidence for its horizontal transfer between fungal lineages. Patterns of gene distribution and transmission suggest that psilocybin provides a fitness advantage in the dung and late wood-decay niches, which may be reservoirs of fungal indole-based metabolites that alter behavior of mycophagous and wood-eating invertebrates. These hallucinogenic mushroom genomes will serve as models in neurochemical ecology, advancing the prospecting and synthetic biology of novel neuropharmaceuticals.", "journal": "bioRxiv", "publication_date": "2017-08-14", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1101/176347", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/176347", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "bioRxiv", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:50", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PPR15774\",\"source\":\"PPR\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"bioRxiv\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Drug Interactions,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "preprint" }, { "id": 2464, "title": "Qualitative and Quantitative Features of Music Reported to Support Peak Mystical Experiences during Psychedelic Therapy Sessions.", "normalized_title": "qualitative and quantitative features of music reported to support peak mystical experiences during psychedelic therapy sessions", "authors": "Barrett FS, Robbins H, Smooke D, Brown JL, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a classic (serotonergic) hallucinogen (\"psychedelic\" drug) that may occasion mystical experiences (characterized by a profound feeling of oneness or unity) during acute effects. Such experiences may have therapeutic value. Research and clinical applications of psychedelics usually include music listening during acute drug effects, based on the expectation that music will provide psychological support during the acute effects of psychedelic drugs, and may even facilitate the occurrence of mystical experiences. However, the features of music chosen to support the different phases of drug effects are not well-specified. As a result, there is currently neither real guidance for the selection of music nor standardization of the music used to support clinical trials with psychedelic drugs across various research groups or therapists. A description of the features of music found to be supportive of mystical experience will allow for the standardization and optimization of the delivery of psychedelic drugs in both research trials and therapeutic contexts. To this end, we conducted an anonymous survey of individuals with extensive experience administering psilocybin or psilocybin-containing mushrooms under research or therapeutic conditions, in order to identify the features of commonly used musical selections that have been found by therapists and research staff to be supportive of mystical experiences within a psilocybin session. Ten respondents yielded 24 unique recommendations of musical stimuli supportive of peak effects with psilocybin, and 24 unique recommendations of musical stimuli supportive of the period leading up to a peak experience. Qualitative analysis (expert rating of musical and music-theoretic features of the recommended stimuli) and quantitative analysis (using signal processing and music-information retrieval methods) of 22 of these stimuli yielded a description of peak period music that was characterized by regular, predictable, formulaic phrase structure and orchestration, a feeling of continuous movement and forward motion that slowly builds over time, and lower perceptual brightness when compared to pre peak music. These results provide a description of music that may be optimally supportive of peak psychedelic experiences. This description can be used to guide the selection and composition of music for future psychedelic research and therapy sessions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-07-24", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01238", "pubmed_id": "28790944", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01238", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28790944\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2453, "title": "Two dose investigation of the 5-HT-agonist psilocybin on relative and global cerebral blood flow.", "normalized_title": "two dose investigation of the 5 ht agonist psilocybin on relative and global cerebral blood flow", "authors": "Lewis CR, Preller KH, Kraehenmann R, Michels L, Staempfli P, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the active compound in psychedelic mushrooms, is an agonist of various serotonin receptors. Seminal psilocybin positron emission tomography (PET) research suggested regional increases in glucose metabolism in frontal cortex (hyperfrontality). However, a recent arterial spin labeling (ASL) study suggests psilocybin may lead to hypo-perfusion in various brain regions. In this placebo-controlled, double-blind study we used pseudo-continuous ASL (pCASL) to measure perfusion changes, with and without adjustment for global brain perfusion, after two doses of oral psilocybin (low dose: 0.160 mg/kg; high dose: 0.215 mg/kg) in two groups of healthy controls (n = 29 in both groups, total N = 58) during rest. We controlled for sex and age and used family-wise error corrected p values in all neuroimaging analyses. Both dose groups reported profound subjective drug effects as measured by the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (5D-ASC) with the high dose inducing significantly larger effects in four out of the 11 scales. After adjusting for global brain perfusion, psilocybin increased relative perfusion in distinct right hemispheric frontal and temporal regions and bilaterally in the anterior insula and decreased perfusion in left hemispheric parietal and temporal cortices and left subcortical regions. Whereas, psilocybin significantly reduced absolute perfusion in frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, and bilateral amygdalae, anterior cingulate, insula, striatal regions, and hippocampi. Our analyses demonstrate consistency with both the hyperfrontal hypothesis of psilocybin and the more recent study demonstrating decreased perfusion, depending on analysis method. Importantly, our data illustrate that relative changes in perfusion should be understood and interpreted in relation to absolute signal variations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-07-11", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.020", "pubmed_id": "28711736", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.020", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28711736\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2454, "title": "LSD treatment in Scandinavia: emphasizing indications and short-term treatment outcomes of 151 patients in Denmark.", "normalized_title": "lsd treatment in scandinavia emphasizing indications and short term treatment outcomes of 151 patients in denmark", "authors": "Larsen JK.", "abstract": "BackgroundNew research has suggested the clinical use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin in selected patient populations. However, concerns about the clinical use of LSD were advanced in a large Danish follow-up study that assessed 151 LSD-treated psychiatric patients approximately 25 years after their treatment in the 1960s.AimsThe purpose of the present study was to give a retrospective account of the short-term outcome of LSD treatment in these 151 Danish psychiatric patients.MethodsThe LSD case material in the Danish State Archives consists of medical case records of 151 LSD-treated patients, who complained and received economic compensation with the LSD Damages Law. The author carefully read and reviewed the LSD case material.ResultsLSD was used to treat a wide spectrum of mental disorders. Independent of diagnoses, 52 patients improved, and 48 patients worsened acutely with the LSD treatment. In a subgroup of 82 neurotic patients, the LSD dose-index (number of treatments multiplied by the maximal LSD dose) indicated the risk of acute worsening. In another subgroup of 19 patients with obsessive-compulsive neurosis, five patients later underwent psychosurgery. A small subgroup of 12 patients was treated with psilocybin. The long-term outcome was poor in most of the patients.ConclusionsDespite the significant limitations to a retrospective design, this database warrants caution in mental health patients. The use of LSD and psilocybin in mental health patients may be associated with serious short- and long-term side effects. Until further trials with rigorous designs have cleared these drugs of their potential harms, their clinical utility in these groups of patients has not been fully clarified.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-07-04", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1080/08039488.2017.1336251", "pubmed_id": "28678583", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2017.1336251", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Risk, Retrospective Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Mental Disorders, Adult, Denmark, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28678583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Review Article,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2467, "title": "Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin", "authors": "Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and other 5-hydroxytryptamine2A agonist classic psychedelics have been used for centuries as sacraments within indigenous cultures. In the mid-twentieth century they were a focus within psychiatry as both probes of brain function and experimental therapeutics. By the late 1960s and early 1970s these scientific inquires fell out of favor because classic psychedelics were being used outside of medical research and in association with the emerging counter culture. However, in the twenty-first century, scientific interest in classic psychedelics has returned and grown as a result of several promising studies, validating earlier research. Here, we review therapeutic research on psilocybin, the classic psychedelic that has been the focus of most recent research. For mood and anxiety disorders, three controlled trials have suggested that psilocybin may decrease symptoms of depression and anxiety in the context of cancer-related psychiatric distress for at least 6 months following a single acute administration. A small, open-label study in patients with treatment-resistant depression showed reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms 3 months after two acute doses. For addiction, small, open-label pilot studies have shown promising success rates for both tobacco and alcohol addiction. Safety data from these various trials, which involve careful screening, preparation, monitoring, and follow-up, indicate the absence of severe drug-related adverse reactions. Modest drug-related adverse effects at the time of medication administration are readily managed. US federal funding has yet to support therapeutic psilocybin research, although such support will be important to thoroughly investigate efficacy, safety, and therapeutic mechanisms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-06-30", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y", "pubmed_id": "28585222", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28585222\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Cancer Patients,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2466, "title": "[Psychotherapy with Adjuvant use of Serotonergic Psychoactive Substances: Possibilities and Challenges].", "normalized_title": "psychotherapy with adjuvant use of serotonergic psychoactive substances possibilities and challenges", "authors": "Majić T, Jungaberle H, Jungaberle H, Schmidt TT, Zeuch A, Hermle L, Gallinat J.", "abstract": "Background Recently, scientific interest in the therapeutic potential of serotonergic and psilocybin hallucinogens (psychedelics) such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and entactogens like 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) within the framework of psychotherapy has resumed. The present article provides an overview on the current evidence on substance-assisted psychotherapy with these substances. Method A selective search was carried out in the PubMed and Cochrane Library including studies investigating the clinical use of serotonergic psychoactive substances since 2000. Results Studies were found investigating the following indications: alcohol (LSD and psilocybin) and tobacco addiction (psilocybin), anxiety and depression in patients suffering from life-threatening somatic illness (LSD and psilocybin), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (psilocybin), treatment-resistant major depression (psilocybin), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (MDMA). Discussion Substance use disorders, PTSD and anxiety and depression in patients suffering from life-threatening somatic illness belong to the indications with the best evidence for substance-assisted psychotherapy with serotonergic psychoactive agents. To date, studies indicate efficacy and relatively good tolerability. Further studies are needed to determine whether these substances may represent suitable and effective treatment options for some treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders in the future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-06-30", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1055/s-0043-103085", "pubmed_id": "28768346", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-103085", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Serotonin Agents, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Mental Disorders, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28768346\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2465, "title": "New psychoactive substances of natural origin: A brief review.", "normalized_title": "new psychoactive substances of natural origin a brief review", "authors": "Feng LY, Battulga A, Han E, Chung H, Li JH", "abstract": "Plant-based drugs of abuse are as old as recorded human history. Although traditional addictive substances, such as opium, cannabis and coca, have been controlled by the United Nations anti-drug conventions, many, if not most, natural plants with addictive or abuse liability remain elusive. Therefore, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has warned the emerging threat from new psychoactive substances (NPS), which are mostly derived or modified from the constituents of natural origin. For example, synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones are derived from the cannabis and khat plant, respectively. In this review, we briefly discussed the chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of five common NPS of natural origin, i.e., khat, kratom, salvia, magic mushroom and mandrake. Through the review, we hope that professionals and general public alike can pay more attention to the potential problems caused by natural NPS, and suitable control measures will be taken.", "journal": "Journal of food and drug analysis", "publication_date": "2017-06-30", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.jfda.2017.04.001", "pubmed_id": "28911631", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28911631/", "keywords": "Khat, Kratom, Magic mushroom, Mandrake, New psychoactive substances (NPS), Salvia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"28911631\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Toxicity,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2461, "title": "Lifetime experience with (classic) psychedelics predicts pro-environmental behavior through an increase in nature relatedness.", "normalized_title": "lifetime experience with classic psychedelics predicts pro environmental behavior through an increase in nature relatedness", "authors": "Forstmann M, Sagioglou C.", "abstract": "In a large-scale ( N = 1487) general population online study, we investigated the relationship between past experience with classic psychedelic substances (e.g. LSD, psilocybin, mescaline), nature relatedness, and ecological behavior (e.g. saving water, recycling). Using structural equation modeling we found that experience with classic psychedelics uniquely predicted self-reported engagement in pro-environmental behaviors, and that this relationship was statistically explained by people's degree of self-identification with nature. Our model controlled for experiences with other classes of psychoactive substances (cannabis, dissociatives, empathogens, popular legal drugs) as well as common personality traits that usually predict drug consumption and/or nature relatedness (openness to experience, conscientiousness, conservatism). Although correlational in nature, results suggest that lifetime experience with psychedelics in particular may indeed contribute to people's pro-environmental behavior by changing their self-construal in terms of an incorporation of the natural world, regardless of core personality traits or general propensity to consume mind-altering substances. Thereby, the present research adds to the contemporary literature on the beneficial effects of psychedelic substance use on mental wellbeing, hinting at a novel area for future research investigating their potentially positive effects on a societal level. Limitations of the present research and future directions are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-06-19", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1177/0269881117714049", "pubmed_id": "28631526", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117714049", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Models, Psychological, Internet, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Ecological and Environmental Phenomena, Young Adult, Self Report, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28631526\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Wellbeing,Personality Change,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2451, "title": "Neuroticism is associated with challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "neuroticism is associated with challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms", "authors": "Barrett FS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "ObjectivesClassic hallucinogens (e.g. psilocybin and LSD) have substantial effects on perception, cognition, and emotion that can often be psychologically challenging, however we know very little regarding the source of significant individual variability that has been observed in the frequency and intensity of challenging experiences (i.e. \"bad trips\") with psychedelics. Previous clinical and observational literature suggests that there may be an association between neuroticism and challenging psychedelic experiences.MethodsData from two online surveys of challenging experiences with psilocybin were analyzed. Multivariate analysis was used to estimate the associations between total score and scores from seven sub-factors (fear, grief, physical distress, insanity, isolation, death, and paranoia) of the Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), and scale scores from the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) in Study 1 (N=1993) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI) in Study 2 (N = 981).ResultsCEQ scores were negatively associated with emotional stability scores (the inverse of neuroticism) in Study 1 and positively associated with neuroticism scores in Study 2.ConclusionsNeuroticism may contribute to the strength of challenging experiences in uncontrolled settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-06-06", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.004", "pubmed_id": "28781400", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.004", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28781400\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2463, "title": "Proposal of 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine consumption biomarkers through identification of in vivo metabolites from mice.", "normalized_title": "proposal of 5 methoxy n methyl n isopropyltryptamine consumption biomarkers through identification of in vivo metabolites from mice", "authors": "Fabregat-Safont D, Barneo-Muñoz M, Martinez-Garcia F, Sancho JV, Hernández F, Ibáñez M.", "abstract": "New psychoactive substances (NPS) are a new breed of synthetically produced substances designed to mimic the effects of traditional illegal drugs. Synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones are the two most common groups, which try to mimic the effects of the natural compounds 9Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol and cathinone, respectively. Similarly, synthetic tryptamines are designer compounds which are based on the compounds psilocin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine found in some mushrooms. One of the most important tryptamine compounds found in seizures is 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine, which has been placed as controlled substance in USA and some European countries. The control of this compound has promoted the rising of another tryptamine, the 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine, which at the time of writing this article has not been banned yet. So, it is undeniable that this new substance should be monitored. 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine has been reported by the Spanish Early Warning System and detected in our laboratory in two pill samples purchased in a local smart shop. This has promoted the need of stablishing consumption markers for this compound in consumers' urine. In the present work, the metabolism and pharmacokinetic of 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine has been studied by an in vivo approach, using adult male mice of the inbred strain C57BLJ/6. The use of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry allowed the identification of four metabolites. After the pharmacokinetic study in serum and urine, the O-demethylated metabolite and the non-metabolised parent compound are proposed as consumption markers in hydrolysed urine. Data reported in this work will help hospitals and forensic laboratories to monitor the consumption and potential intoxication cases related to this tryptamine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-06-04", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.010", "pubmed_id": "28602505", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.010", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, 5-Methoxytryptamine, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Europe, Male, Mass Spectrometry, Biomarkers, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28602505\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2470, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for anxiety and depression: implications for euthanasia.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy for anxiety and depression implications for euthanasia", "authors": "Strauss N.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-05-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.5694/mja17.00081", "pubmed_id": "28918722", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5694/mja17.00081", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Euthanasia, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28918722\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2455, "title": "Psilocybin: Good Trip or Bad Trip.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin good trip or bad trip", "authors": "Sellers EM.", "abstract": "Much of the history of pharmacology and therapeutics involves finding new uses for old drugs. The latest rediscovery is that of psychedelic drugs. Since they can cause profound distortions of perception and were once used as part of religious ceremonies, such research may seem unusual at this time.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-05-25", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1002/cpt.697", "pubmed_id": "28548221", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.697", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Drug Repositioning, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28548221\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2450, "title": "Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy: A Review of a Novel Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted therapy a review of a novel treatment for psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Thomas K, Malcolm B, Lastra D.", "abstract": "Recent research suggests that functional connectivity changes may be involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Hyperconnectivity in the default mode network has been associated with psychopathology, but psychedelic serotonin agonists like psilocybin may profoundly disrupt these dysfunctional neural network circuits and provide a novel treatment for psychiatric disorders. We have reviewed the current literature to investigate the efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted therapy for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. There were seven clinical trials that investigated psilocybin-assisted therapy as a treatment for psychiatric disorders related to anxiety, depression, and substance use. All trials demonstrated reductions in psychiatric rating scale scores or increased response and remission rates. There were large effect sizes related to improved depression and anxiety symptoms. Psilocybin may also potentially reduce alcohol or tobacco use and increase abstinence rates in addiction, but the benefits of these two trials were less clear due to open-label study designs without statistical analysis. Psilocybin-assisted therapy efficacy and safety appear promising, but more robust clinical trials will be required to support FDA approval and identify the potential role in clinical psychiatry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-05-07", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2017.1320734", "pubmed_id": "28481178", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2017.1320734", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Remission Induction, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28481178\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2456, "title": "The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Drugs: Past, Present, and Future.", "normalized_title": "the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs past present and future", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Goodwin GM.", "abstract": "Plant-based psychedelics, such as psilocybin, have an ancient history of medicinal use. After the first English language report on LSD in 1950, psychedelics enjoyed a short-lived relationship with psychology and psychiatry. Used most notably as aids to psychotherapy for the treatment of mood disorders and alcohol dependence, drugs such as LSD showed initial therapeutic promise before prohibitive legislature in the mid-1960s effectively ended all major psychedelic research programs. Since the early 1990s, there has been a steady revival of human psychedelic research: last year saw reports on the first modern brain imaging study with LSD and three separate clinical trials of psilocybin for depressive symptoms. In this circumspective piece, RLC-H and GMG share their opinions on the promises and pitfalls of renewed psychedelic research, with a focus on the development of psilocybin as a treatment for depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-04-25", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1038/npp.2017.84", "pubmed_id": "28443617", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.84", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28443617\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2472, "title": "Increased spontaneous MEG signal diversity for psychoactive doses of ketamine, LSD and psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "increased spontaneous meg signal diversity for psychoactive doses of ketamine lsd and psilocybin", "authors": "Schartner MM, Carhart-Harris RL, Barrett AB, Seth AK, Muthukumaraswamy SD.", "abstract": "What is the level of consciousness of the psychedelic state? Empirically, measures of neural signal diversity such as entropy and Lempel-Ziv (LZ) complexity score higher for wakeful rest than for states with lower conscious level like propofol-induced anesthesia. Here we compute these measures for spontaneous magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals from humans during altered states of consciousness induced by three psychedelic substances: psilocybin, ketamine and LSD. For all three, we find reliably higher spontaneous signal diversity, even when controlling for spectral changes. This increase is most pronounced for the single-channel LZ complexity measure, and hence for temporal, as opposed to spatial, signal diversity. We also uncover selective correlations between changes in signal diversity and phenomenological reports of the intensity of psychedelic experience. This is the first time that these measures have been applied to the psychedelic state and, crucially, that they have yielded values exceeding those of normal waking consciousness. These findings suggest that the sustained occurrence of psychedelic phenomenology constitutes an elevated level of consciousness - as measured by neural signal diversity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-04-18", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1038/srep46421", "pubmed_id": "28422113", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46421", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Magnetoencephalography, Brain Mapping, Consciousness, Healthy Volunteers, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28422113\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2475, "title": "No clinically relevant effects in children after accidental ingestion of Panaeolina foenisecii (lawn mower's mushroom).", "normalized_title": "no clinically relevant effects in children after accidental ingestion of panaeolina foenisecii lawn mower s mushroom", "authors": "Schenk-Jaeger KM, Hofer-Lentner KE, Plenert B, Eckart D, Haberl B, Schulze G, Borchert-Avalone J, Stedtler U, Pfab R", "abstract": "Panaeolina foenisecii is one of the most common and widely distributed lawn mushrooms in Europe and North America, and frequently involved in accidental mushroom ingestion, mainly in children. Nevertheless, there is contradictory information regarding the toxicity profile of P. foenisecii in the literature. Objective of the study was to assess clinical effects with particular attention on psychoactive properties of P. foenisecii in case of accidental oral exposure. This observational case series is based on prospectively collected data on mushroom poisoning using a structured data collection form, and it was performed in seven poisons centres in Germany and Switzerland. Inclusion criteria were accidental ingestion of at least one cap of P. foenisecii identified by a mycologist, and a follow up of at least 4 hours. Nineteen cases met all inclusion criteria, and only children were involved with a mean age of 3 years. They ingested 1-2 mushrooms in 14 cases and 3-5 mushrooms in five cases. Three patients received a single dose of activated charcoal. Sixteen out of 19 cases did not develop any symptoms, 2/19 complained of minor abdominal discomfort. One child was temporarily mildly hyperactive, and this was the only patient observed in a hospital for 12 hours. None of the children showed signs of hallucinations. This multicentre study demonstrates that the typically small amounts of P. foenisecii ingested by children probably do not lead to clinically significant symptoms.", "journal": "Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)", "publication_date": "2017-02-28", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1080/15563650.2016.1271129", "pubmed_id": "28073319", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28073319/", "keywords": "Lawn mushroom, Panaeolus, hallucinogenic, mycologist, pediatric, poisoning, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"28073319\"}", "topic_tags": "Case Report,Observational Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2473, "title": "Ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, and psychosis: a systematic review of human studies.", "normalized_title": "ayahuasca dimethyltryptamine and psychosis a systematic review of human studies", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Bouso JC, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "Ayahuasca is a hallucinogen brew traditionally used for ritual and therapeutic purposes in Northwestern Amazon. It is rich in the tryptamine hallucinogens dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which acts as a serotonin 5-HT2A agonist. This mechanism of action is similar to other compounds such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin. The controlled use of LSD and psilocybin in experimental settings is associated with a low incidence of psychotic episodes, and population studies corroborate these findings. Both the controlled use of DMT in experimental settings and the use of ayahuasca in experimental and ritual settings are not usually associated with psychotic episodes, but little is known regarding ayahuasca or DMT use outside these controlled contexts. Thus, we performed a systematic review of the published case reports describing psychotic episodes associated with ayahuasca and DMT intake. We found three case series and two case reports describing psychotic episodes associated with ayahuasca intake, and three case reports describing psychotic episodes associated with DMT. Several reports describe subjects with a personal and possibly a family history of psychosis (including schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorders, psychotic mania, psychotic depression), nonpsychotic mania, or concomitant use of other drugs. However, some cases also described psychotic episodes in subjects without these previous characteristics. Overall, the incidence of such episodes appears to be rare in both the ritual and the recreational/noncontrolled settings. Performance of a psychiatric screening before administration of these drugs, and other hallucinogens, in controlled settings seems to significantly reduce the possibility of adverse reactions with psychotic symptomatology. Individuals with a personal or family history of any psychotic illness or nonpsychotic mania should avoid hallucinogen intake.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-02-22", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1177/2045125316689030", "pubmed_id": "28540034", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125316689030", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28540034\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Systematic Review,Review Article,Case Report", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2476, "title": "Designer Drugs 2.0.", "normalized_title": "designer drugs 2 0", "authors": "Huestis MA, Tyndale RF.", "abstract": "This \"Designer Drugs 2.0\" issue of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics focuses on novel psychoactive substances, primarily cannabinoids and cathinones, and the repurposing of established psychoactive compounds (e.g., modafinil, psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) that simultaneously offer new pharmacotherapies and pose serious health problems. Novel psychoactive substances were initially used as potent tools to investigate endogenous neurotransmitter systems; for example, synthetic cannabinoids have much higher potency than Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol at the cannabinoid receptors. However, they are now being used illicitly as well as being tested for their efficacy in numerous clinical indications. Likewise, previously established psychoactive drugs are being repurposed as treatments for a wide variety of indications where currently approved medications are ineffective. This set of papers examines the arising problems associated with designer drugs (e.g., adverse events, psychosis, rapid new synthesis, abuse liability testing, internet sales, scheduling) as well as the potential therapeutic promises in areas as diverse as cognition enhancement, exercise-mimetics, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and posttraumatic stress disorder.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-01-31", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1002/cpt.575", "pubmed_id": "28084644", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.575", "keywords": "Humans, Marijuana Abuse, Cannabinoids, Receptors, Cannabinoid, Psychotropic Drugs, Designer Drugs, Dronabinol, Drug Trafficking", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28084644\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Adverse Events,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2045, "title": "Metabolism of psilocybin and psilocin: clinical and forensic toxicological relevance.", "normalized_title": "metabolism of psilocybin and psilocin clinical and forensic toxicological relevance", "authors": "Dinis-Oliveira RJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and psilocin are controlled substances in many countries. These are the two main hallucinogenic compounds of the \"magic mushrooms\" and both act as agonists or partial agonists at 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A subtype receptors. During the last few years, psilocybin and psilocin have gained therapeutic relevance but considerable physiological variability between individuals that can influence dose-response and toxicological profile has been reported. This review aims to discuss metabolism of psilocybin and psilocin, by presenting all major and minor psychoactive metabolites. Psilocybin is primarily a pro-drug that is dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase to active metabolite psilocin. This last is then further metabolized, psilocin-O-glucuronide being the main urinary metabolite with clinical and forensic relevance in diagnosis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-01-30", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1080/03602532.2016.1278228", "pubmed_id": "28074670", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/03602532.2016.1278228", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Prodrugs, Metabolomics, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:01", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28074670\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Metabolomics", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2474, "title": "The fibrinolytic system: A new target for treatment of depression with psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "the fibrinolytic system a new target for treatment of depression with psychedelics", "authors": "Idell RD, Florova G, Komissarov AA, Shetty S, Girard RB, Idell S.", "abstract": "Current understanding of the neurobiology of depression has grown over the past few years beyond the traditional monoamine theory of depression to include chronic stress, inflammation and disrupted synaptic plasticity. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a key factor that not only promotes fibrinolysis via the activation of plasminogen, but also contributes to regulation of synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis through plasmin-mediated activation of a probrain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to mature BDNF. ProBDNF activation could potentially be supressed by competition with fibrin for plasmin and tPA. High affinity binding of plasmin and tPA to fibrin could result in a decrease of proBDNF activation during brain inflammation leading to fibrosis further perpetuating depressed mood. There is a paucity of data explaining the possible role of the fibrinolytic system or aberrant extravascular fibrin deposition in depression. We propose that within the brain, an imbalance between tPA and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and neuroserpin favors the inhibitors, resulting in changes in neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation that result in depressive behavior. Our hypothesis is that peripheral inflammation mediates neuroinflammation, and that cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) can inhibit the fibrinolytic system by up- regulating PAI-1 and potentially neuroserpin. We propose that the decrement of the activity of tPA and uPA occurs with downregulation of uPA in part involving the binding and clearance from the surface of neural cells of uPA/PAI-1 complexes by the urokinase receptor uPAR. We infer that current antidepressants and ketamine mitigate depressive symptoms by restoring the balance of the fibrinolytic system with increased activity of tPA and uPA with down-regulated intracerebral expression of their inhibitors. We lastly hypothesize that psychedelic 5-HT2a receptor agonists, such as psilocybin, can improve mood through anti- inflammatory and pro-fibrinolytic effects that include blockade of TNF-α activity leading to decreased PAI-1 activity and increased clearance. The process involves disinhibition of tPA and uPA with subsequent increased cleavage of proBDNF which promotes neurogenesis, decreased neuroinflammation, decreased fibrin deposition, normalized glial-neuronal cross-talk, and optimally functioning neuro-circuits involved in mood. We propose that psilocybin can alleviate deleterious changes in the brain caused by chronic stress leading to restoration of homeostatic brain fibrinolytic capacity leading to euthymia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-01-22", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1016/j.mehy.2017.01.013", "pubmed_id": "28236848", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2017.01.013", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Inflammation, Ketamine, Tissue Plasminogen Activator, Neuropeptides, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Serpins, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Fibrinolysis, Models, Theoretical, United States, Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator, Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator, Fibrinolysin, Psilocybin, Neuroserpin, Major Depressive Disorder", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28236848\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Receptor Pharmacology,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2468, "title": "An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use.", "normalized_title": "an online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use", "authors": "Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Johnson PS, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Data suggest psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may hold therapeutic potential in the treatment of addictions, including tobacco dependence. This retrospective cross-sectional anonymous online survey characterized 358 individuals (52 females) who reported having quit or reduced smoking after ingesting a psychedelic in a non-laboratory setting ⩾1 year ago. On average, participants smoked 14 cigarettes/day for 8 years, and had five previous quit attempts before their psychedelic experience. Of the 358 participants, 38% reported continuous smoking cessation after psychedelic use (quitters). Among quitters, 74% reported >2 years' abstinence. Of the 358 participants, 28% reported a persisting reduction in smoking (reducers), from a mode of 300 cigarettes/month before, to a mode of 1 cigarette/month after the experience. Among reducers, 62% reported >2 years of reduced smoking. Finally, 34% of the 358 participants (relapsers) reported a temporary smoking reduction before returning to baseline smoking levels, with a mode time range to relapse of 3-6 months. Relapsers rated their psychedelic experience significantly lower in personal meaning and spiritual significance than both other groups. Participants across all groups reported less severe affective withdrawal symptoms (e.g. depression, craving) after psychedelic use compared with previous quit attempts, suggesting a potential mechanism of action for psychedelic-associated smoking cessation/reduction. Changes in life priorities/values were endorsed as the most important psychological factor associated with smoking cessation/reduction. Results suggest psychedelics may hold promise in treating tobacco addiction as potentially mediated by spiritual experience, changed priorities/values, and improved emotional regulation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2017-01-17", "publication_year": 2017, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116684335", "pubmed_id": "28095732", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116684335", "keywords": "Humans, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Hallucinogens, Health Surveys, Retrospective Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Smoking Reduction", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28095732\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3392, "title": "Neuronal dynamics of the anterior cingulate cortex during working memory and serotonergic manipulation", "normalized_title": "neuronal dynamics of the anterior cingulate cortex during working memory and serotonergic manipulation", "authors": "Golden C.", "abstract": "The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a strong role in the execution of executive tasks such as working memory. It is thought to exert top-down control over sensory regions, and integrate information from both external stimuli, and internal computation, such as choice and expectation (1-3). The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a region of the PFC known to receive strong projections from serotonergic neurons of the raphe nuclei (4). In the work presented here, the influence of the hallucinogenic compound, and serotonergic agonist, psilocybin, was investigated in the neural circuits of the ACC of awake, head-fixed mice. Extracellular, multi-unit recordings were performed to examine the effects of the systemic administration of psilocybin. Psilocybin was found to transition the network into a desynchronised state, reminiscent of REM sleep. This state was characterised by an increase in activation in the network, combined with a reduction in power of low frequency LFP oscillations in the delta, theta and alpha band, coupled with a moderate increase in power in the gamma frequency band. The encoding mechanisms in the ACC in working memory were examined by conducting similar recordings in mice performing a delayed... (continues)", "journal": "Imperial College London", "publication_date": "2016-12-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.25560/45527", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.25560/45527", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"712959\",\"source\":\"ETH\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"Imperial College London\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2480, "title": "Dreams and Psychedelics: Neurophenomenological Comparison and Therapeutic Implications.", "normalized_title": "dreams and psychedelics neurophenomenological comparison and therapeutic implications", "authors": "Kraehenmann R.", "abstract": "BackgroundA resurgence of neurobiological and clinical research is currently underway into the therapeutic potential of serotonergic or 'classical' psychedelics, such as the prototypical psychedelic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,Ndimethyltryptamine), and ayahuasca - a betacarboline- and dimethyltryptamine (DMT)-containing Amazonian beverage. The aim of this review is to introduce readers to the similarities and dissimilarities between psychedelic states and night dreams, and to draw conclusions related to therapeutic applications of psychedelics in psychiatry.MethodsResearch literature related to psychedelics and dreaming is reviewed, and these two states of consciousness are systematically compared. Relevant conclusions with regard to psychedelicassisted therapy will be provided.ResultsCommon features between psychedelic states and night dreams include perception, mental imagery, emotion activation, fear memory extinction, and sense of self and body. Differences between these two states are related to differential perceptual input from the environment, clarity of consciousness and meta-cognitive abilities. Therefore, psychedelic states are closest to lucid dreaming which is characterized by a mixed state of dreaming and waking consciousness.ConclusionThe broad overlap between dreaming and psychedelic states supports the notion that psychedelics acutely induce dreamlike subjective experiences which may have long-term beneficial effects on psychosocial functioning and well-being. Future clinical studies should examine how therapeutic outcome is related to the acute dreamlike effects of psychedelics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-12-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.2174/1573413713666170619092629", "pubmed_id": "28625125", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413713666170619092629", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Dreams, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28625125\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2469, "title": "Self unbound: ego dissolution in psychedelic experience.", "normalized_title": "self unbound ego dissolution in psychedelic experience", "authors": "Letheby C, Gerrans P", "abstract": "Users of psychedelic drugs often report that their sense of being a self or 'I' distinct from the rest of the world has diminished or altogether dissolved. Neuroscientific study of such 'ego dissolution' experiences offers a window onto the nature of self-awareness. We argue that ego dissolution is best explained by an account that explains self-awareness as resulting from the integrated functioning of hierarchical predictive models which posit the existence of a stable and unchanging entity to which representations are bound. Combining recent work on the 'integrative self' and the phenomenon of self-binding with predictive processing principles yields an explanation of ego dissolution according to which self-representation is a useful Cartesian fiction: an ultimately false representation of a simple and enduring substance to which attributes are bound which serves to integrate and unify cognitive processing across levels and domains. The self-model is not a mere narrative posit, as some have suggested; it has a more robust and ubiquitous cognitive function than that. But this does not mean, as others have claimed, that the self-model has the right attributes to qualify as a self. It performs some of the right kinds of functions, but it is not the right kind of entity. Ego dissolution experiences reveal that the self-model plays an important binding function in cognitive processing, but the self does not exist.", "journal": "Neuroscience of consciousness", "publication_date": "2016-12-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1093/nc/nix016", "pubmed_id": "30042848", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30042848/", "keywords": "LSD, binding and multisensory integration, hallucinogen, psilocybin, psychedelic, self", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"30042848\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2419, "title": "Clinical potential of psilocybin as a treatment for mental health conditions.", "normalized_title": "clinical potential of psilocybin as a treatment for mental health conditions", "authors": "Daniel J, Haberman M.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, is a chemical produced by more than 100 species of mushrooms worldwide. It has high affinity for several serotonin receptors, including 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C, located in numerous areas of the brain, including the cerebral cortex and thalamus. With legislation introduced in 1992, more work is being done to further understand the implications of psilocybin use in a number of disease states. Certain mental health disease states and symptoms have been studied, including depressed mood, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcohol use disorder, and tobacco use disorder. This article provides an in-depth review of the study design and results of psilocybin in each of these conditions and discusses the clinical potential for use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-12-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.9740/mhc.2017.01.024", "pubmed_id": "29955494", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2017.01.024", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"29955494\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2477, "title": "Psychedelics as Medicines: An Emerging New Paradigm.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics as medicines an emerging new paradigm", "authors": "Nichols DE, Johnson MW, Nichols CD.", "abstract": "Scientific interest in serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin and LSD; 5-HT2A receptor agonists) has dramatically increased within the last decade. Clinical studies administering psychedelics with psychotherapy have shown preliminary evidence of robust efficacy in treating anxiety and depression, as well as addiction to tobacco and alcohol. Moreover, recent research has suggested that these compounds have potential efficacy against inflammatory diseases through novel mechanisms, with potential advantages over existing antiinflammatory agents. We propose that psychedelics exert therapeutic effects for psychiatric disorders by acutely destabilizing local brain network hubs and global network connectivity via amplification of neuronal avalanches, providing the occasion for brain network \"resetting\" after the acute effects have resolved. Antiinflammatory effects may hold promise for efficacy in treatment of inflammation-related nonpsychiatric as well as potentially for psychiatric disorders. Serotonergic psychedelics operate through unique mechanisms that show promising effects for a variety of intractable, debilitating, and lethal disorders, and should be rigorously researched.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-12-25", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1002/cpt.557", "pubmed_id": "28019026", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.557", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Inflammation, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Inflammation Mediators, Severity of Illness Index, Depression, Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychotherapy, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Clinical Trials as Topic, Mind-Body Therapies, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28019026\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Inflammation", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2496, "title": "Psilocybin for anxiety and depression in cancer care? Lessons from the past and prospects for the future.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for anxiety and depression in cancer care lessons from the past and prospects for the future", "authors": "Nutt D.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-11-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116675754", "pubmed_id": "27909163", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675754", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27909163\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2495, "title": "Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial.", "normalized_title": "rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life threatening cancer a randomized controlled trial", "authors": "Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, Agin-Liebes G, Malone T, Cohen B, Mennenga SE, Belser A, Kalliontzi K, Babb J, Su Z, Corby P, Schmidt BL.", "abstract": "BackgroundClinically significant anxiety and depression are common in patients with cancer, and are associated with poor psychiatric and medical outcomes. Historical and recent research suggests a role for psilocybin to treat cancer-related anxiety and depression.MethodsIn this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 29 patients with cancer-related anxiety and depression were randomly assigned and received treatment with single-dose psilocybin (0.3 mg/kg) or niacin, both in conjunction with psychotherapy. The primary outcomes were anxiety and depression assessed between groups prior to the crossover at 7 weeks.ResultsPrior to the crossover, psilocybin produced immediate, substantial, and sustained improvements in anxiety and depression and led to decreases in cancer-related demoralization and hopelessness, improved spiritual wellbeing, and increased quality of life. At the 6.5-month follow-up, psilocybin was associated with enduring anxiolytic and anti-depressant effects (approximately 60-80% of participants continued with clinically significant reductions in depression or anxiety), sustained benefits in existential distress and quality of life, as well as improved attitudes towards death. The psilocybin-induced mystical experience mediated the therapeutic effect of psilocybin on anxiety and depression.ConclusionsIn conjunction with psychotherapy, single moderate-dose psilocybin produced rapid, robust and enduring anxiolytic and anti-depressant effects in patients with cancer-related psychological distress.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00957359.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-11-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116675512", "pubmed_id": "27909164", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675512", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Anxiety, Psychotherapy, Quality of Life, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27909164\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Randomized Controlled Trial,Observational Study,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2494, "title": "Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life threatening cancer a randomized double blind trial", "authors": "Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, Umbricht A, Richards WA, Richards BD, Cosimano MP, Klinedinst MA.", "abstract": "Cancer patients often develop chronic, clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety. Previous studies suggest that psilocybin may decrease depression and anxiety in cancer patients. The effects of psilocybin were studied in 51 cancer patients with life-threatening diagnoses and symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. This randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial investigated the effects of a very low (placebo-like) dose (1 or 3 mg/70 kg) vs. a high dose (22 or 30 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin administered in counterbalanced sequence with 5 weeks between sessions and a 6-month follow-up. Instructions to participants and staff minimized expectancy effects. Participants, staff, and community observers rated participant moods, attitudes, and behaviors throughout the study. High-dose psilocybin produced large decreases in clinician- and self-rated measures of depressed mood and anxiety, along with increases in quality of life, life meaning, and optimism, and decreases in death anxiety. At 6-month follow-up, these changes were sustained, with about 80% of participants continuing to show clinically significant decreases in depressed mood and anxiety. Participants attributed improvements in attitudes about life/self, mood, relationships, and spirituality to the high-dose experience, with >80% endorsing moderately or greater increased well-being/life satisfaction. Community observer ratings showed corresponding changes. Mystical-type psilocybin experience on session day mediated the effect of psilocybin dose on therapeutic outcomes.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00465595.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-11-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116675513", "pubmed_id": "27909165", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675513", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Attitude, Depression, Anxiety, Quality of Life, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27909165\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress,Wellbeing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Cancer Patients,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2493, "title": "Psilocybin: Psychotherapy or drug?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin psychotherapy or drug", "authors": "Goodwin GM.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-11-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116675757", "pubmed_id": "27909167", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675757", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27909167\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2492, "title": "Psilocybin in end of life care: Implications for further research.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in end of life care implications for further research", "authors": "Summergrad P.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-11-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116675758", "pubmed_id": "27909168", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675758", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Terminal Care, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27909168\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2491, "title": "Psilocybin and palliative end-of-life care.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and palliative end of life care", "authors": "Shelton RC, Hendricks PS.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-11-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116675764", "pubmed_id": "27909170", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675764", "keywords": "Humans, Terminal Care, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27909170\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2490, "title": "Psilocybin for depression and anxiety associated with life-threatening illnesses.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for depression and anxiety associated with life threatening illnesses", "authors": "McCorvy JD, Olsen RH, Roth BL.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-11-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116675771", "pubmed_id": "27909171", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675771", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Anxiety, Depressive Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27909171\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,End-of-Life Distress", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2489, "title": "The role of psychedelics in palliative care reconsidered: A case for psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "the role of psychedelics in palliative care reconsidered a case for psilocybin", "authors": "Kelmendi B, Corlett P, Ranganathan M, D'Souza C, Krystal JH.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-11-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116675781", "pubmed_id": "27909173", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675781", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Palliative Care, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27909173\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2488, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for dying cancer patients - aiding the final trip.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for dying cancer patients aiding the final trip", "authors": "Spiegel D.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-11-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116675783", "pubmed_id": "27909174", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675783", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27909174\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2487, "title": "Psilocybin: promising results in double-blind trials require confirmation by real-world evidence.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin promising results in double blind trials require confirmation by real world evidence", "authors": "Breckenridge A, Grobbee DE.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-11-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116675784", "pubmed_id": "27909175", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675784", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Affect, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27909175\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2483, "title": "Statistical comparison of mass spectra for identification of amphetamine-type stimulants.", "normalized_title": "statistical comparison of mass spectra for identification of amphetamine type stimulants", "authors": "Bodnar Willard MA, McGuffin VL, Smith RW.", "abstract": "A method for the statistical comparison of mass spectral data is demonstrated for applications in controlled substance analysis. The method uses an unequal variance t-test at each mass-to-charge ratio in the scan range to determine if two spectra are statistically associated or discriminated. If the two spectra are associated, a random-match probability is calculated to estimate the likelihood that the mass spectral fragmentation pattern in question occurs by random chance alone. If the two spectra are discriminated, the fragment ions responsible for the discrimination are determined. In this work, mass spectral data from case samples containing amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), phentermine, and psilocin were investigated. All spectra were collected in an accredited forensic laboratory using routine methods for controlled substance analysis. Using the statistical method, spectra of case samples were statistically associated to the corresponding reference standard at the 99.9% confidence level. In these instances, random-match probabilities ranged from 10-39 to 10-29, indicating the probability that the characteristic fragmentation pattern occurred by random chance is extremely small. Further, spectra of case samples were discriminated from other reference standards at the 99.9% or 99.0% confidence level, with 1-26 ions responsible for discrimination in each comparison.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-11-21", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.11.013", "pubmed_id": "27936426", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.11.013", "keywords": "Humans, Amphetamines, Phentermine, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Mass Spectrometry, Statistics as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27936426\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2498, "title": "The Challenging Experience Questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "the challenging experience questionnaire characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms", "authors": "Barrett FS, Bradstreet MP, Leoutsakos JS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Acute adverse psychological reactions to classic hallucinogens (\"bad trips\" or \"challenging experiences\"), while usually benign with proper screening, preparation, and support in controlled settings, remain a safety concern in uncontrolled settings (such as illicit use contexts). Anecdotal and case reports suggest potential adverse acute symptoms including affective (panic, depressed mood), cognitive (confusion, feelings of losing sanity), and somatic (nausea, heart palpitation) symptoms. Responses to items from several hallucinogen-sensitive questionnaires (Hallucinogen Rating Scale, the States of Consciousness Questionnaire, and the Five-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire) in an Internet survey of challenging experiences with the classic hallucinogen psilocybin were used to construct and validate a Challenging Experience Questionnaire. The stand-alone Challenging Experience Questionnaire was then validated in a separate sample. Seven Challenging Experience Questionnaire factors (grief, fear, death, insanity, isolation, physical distress, and paranoia) provide a phenomenological profile of challenging aspects of experiences with psilocybin. Factor scores were associated with difficulty, meaningfulness, spiritual significance, and change in well-being attributed to the challenging experiences. The factor structure did not differ based on gender or prior struggle with anxiety or depression. The Challenging Experience Questionnaire provides a basis for future investigation of predictors and outcomes of challenging experiences with classic hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-11-16", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116678781", "pubmed_id": "27856683", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116678781", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Depression, Emotions, Affect, Anxiety, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27856683\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Consciousness,Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Case Report,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2497, "title": "Psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar mood disorders: a systematic review.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar mood disorders a systematic review", "authors": "Rucker JJ, Jelen LA, Flynn S, Frowde KD, Young AH.", "abstract": "Unipolar mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), confer high rates of disability and mortality and a very high socioeconomic burden. Current treatment is suboptimal in most cases and there is little of note in the pharmaceutical development pipeline. The psychedelic drugs, including lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin, were used extensively in the treatment of mood disorders, and other psychiatric conditions, before their prohibition in the late 1960s. They are relatively safe when used in medically controlled environments, with no reported risk of dependence. Here, we present a systematic review of published clinical treatment studies using psychedelics in patients with broadly defined UMD, and consider their place in psychiatry. Whilst all of the included studies have methodological shortcomings, of 423 individuals in 19 studies, 335 (79.2%) showed clinician-judged improvement after treatment with psychedelics. A recently completed pilot study in the UK favours the use of psilocybin with psychological support in treatment resistant depressive disorder. The evidence overall strongly suggests that psychedelics should be re-examined in modern clinical trials for their use in unipolar mood disorders and other non-psychotic mental health conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-11-16", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116679368", "pubmed_id": "27856684", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116679368", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Pilot Projects, Mood Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27856684\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2499, "title": "Classical hallucinogens and neuroimaging: A systematic review of human studies: Hallucinogens and neuroimaging.", "normalized_title": "classical hallucinogens and neuroimaging a systematic review of human studies hallucinogens and neuroimaging", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Osório FL, Crippa JAS, Hallak JEC.", "abstract": "Serotonergic hallucinogens produce alterations of perceptions, mood, and cognition, and have anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antiaddictive properties. These drugs act as agonists of frontocortical 5-HT2A receptors, but the neural basis of their effects are not well understood. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of neuroimaging studies analyzing the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens in man. Studies published in the PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases until 12 April 2016 were included using the following keywords: \"ayahuasca\", \"DMT\", \"psilocybin\", \"LSD\", \"mescaline\" crossed one by one with the terms \"mri\", \"fmri\", \"pet\", \"spect\", \"imaging\" and \"neuroimaging\". Of 279 studies identified, 25 were included. Acute effects included excitation of frontolateral/frontomedial cortex, medial temporal lobe, and occipital cortex, and inhibition of the default mode network. Long-term use was associated with thinning of the posterior cingulate cortex, thickening of the anterior cingulate cortex, and decreased neocortical 5-HT2A receptor binding. Despite the high methodological heterogeneity and the small sample sizes, the results suggest that hallucinogens increase introspection and positive mood by modulating brain activity in the fronto-temporo-parieto-occipital cortex.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-10-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.026", "pubmed_id": "27810345", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.026", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Male, Neuroimaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27810345\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Systematic Review,Review Article", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2481, "title": "Role of psilocybin in the treatment of depression.", "normalized_title": "role of psilocybin in the treatment of depression", "authors": "Mahapatra A, Gupta R.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a naturally occurring alkaloid, pharmacologically similar to the classic hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Although primarily used as a recreational drug or an entheogen in particular cultural settings, recent population based studies have shown that it does not lead to serious physical or mental health problems or dependent use. In view of recent work demonstrating psilocybin's potential to increase subjective sense of wellbeing and because of its novel mechanism of 5-HT2A serotonin receptor agonism, it is being explored for possible therapeutic utility in mood and anxiety disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-10-26", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/2045125316676092", "pubmed_id": "28101325", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125316676092", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28101325\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Wellbeing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2471, "title": "Alterations of consciousness and mystical-type experiences after acute LSD in humans.", "normalized_title": "alterations of consciousness and mystical type experiences after acute lsd in humans", "authors": "Liechti ME, Dolder PC, Schmid Y.", "abstract": "RationaleLysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is used recreationally and in clinical research. Acute mystical-type experiences that are acutely induced by hallucinogens are thought to contribute to their potential therapeutic effects. However, no data have been reported on LSD-induced mystical experiences and their relationship to alterations of consciousness. Additionally, LSD dose- and concentration-response functions with regard to alterations of consciousness are lacking.MethodsWe conducted two placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over studies using oral administration of 100 and 200 μg LSD in 24 and 16 subjects, respectively. Acute effects of LSD were assessed using the 5 Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness (5D-ASC) scale after both doses and the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ) after 200 μg.ResultsOn the MEQ, 200 μg LSD induced mystical experiences that were comparable to those in patients who underwent LSD-assisted psychotherapy but were fewer than those reported for psilocybin in healthy subjects or patients. On the 5D-ASC scale, LSD produced higher ratings of blissful state, insightfulness, and changed meaning of percepts after 200 μg compared with 100 μg. Plasma levels of LSD were not positively correlated with its effects, with the exception of ego dissolution at 100 μg.ConclusionsMystical-type experiences were infrequent after LSD, possibly because of the set and setting used in the present study. LSD may produce greater or different alterations of consciousness at 200 μg (i.e., a dose that is currently used in psychotherapy in Switzerland) compared with 100 μg (i.e., a dose used in imaging studies). Ego dissolution may reflect plasma levels of LSD, whereas more robustly induced effects of LSD may not result in such associations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-10-06", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-016-4453-0", "pubmed_id": "27714429", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4453-0", "keywords": "Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Consciousness, Mysticism, Adult, Middle Aged, Switzerland, Female, Male, Healthy Volunteers, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27714429\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2462, "title": "[New patterns of substance use and abuse among French adolescents, a knowledge synthesis].", "normalized_title": "new patterns of substance use and abuse among french adolescents a knowledge synthesis", "authors": "Jeanne G, Purper-Ouakil D, Rigole H, Franc N.", "abstract": "AimThere have been significant changes in adolescent consumption habits over the past fifteen years. New molecules have been synthesized, new devices created and a number of products have increased in popularity; and as a result clinicians sometimes lack information. We chose to focus on this population because of its vulnerability, as adolescents show low sensitivity to long-term outcomes of their actions and may be easily influenced by peers as regards experimentation of new drugs. The most consumed products by adolescents in France are tobacco, alcohol and cannabis with the physiological effects and consumption patterns of these drugs well documented. The purpose of this review is to identify and describe other products that are frequently used by adolescents to get high, to increase performance, for purposes of self-medication or because of peer pressure. We summarized the current scientific evidence regarding drug availability, physical and chemical properties, pharmacodynamics and adverse effects.MethodA literature review was conducted from 2000 to 2015 based on Pudmed, Google Scholar and governmental websites, using the following keyword alone or in combination: \"adolescent\", \"new\", \"misuse\", \"abuse\", \"toxicity\", \"pharmacology\" \"cocaine\", \"MDMA\", \"inhalant\", \"poppers\", \"magic mushroom\", \"psilocybin\", \"designer drug\", \"legal high\", \"smart drug\", \"cathinone\", \"mephedrone\", \"cannabinoid\", \"prescription drug\", \"codeine\", \"opioid\", \"methylphenidate\", \"cough syrup\", \"purple drank\".ResultsNew products, including synthetic cannabis, cathinone or purple drank seem to be the most dangerous. They are easily accessible and may lead to short-term severe or lethal complications. Other substances do not pose a major short-term health risk by themselves. However, their consumption may be an indication of other unhealthy risk behaviors, such as prescription drug use, which may be related to psychiatric comorbidity. Unfortunately, we do not have enough data to determine the long-term consequences of the use of these substances. Moreover, these products have a strong addictive potential and may be a risk factor for other addictions. For this reason, increased supervision is justified, both for surveillance and reduction of harm.ConclusionTaking care of an adolescent with substance abuse can be difficult. Updated information regarding these new substances and the particular danger they pose to adolescent health is needed. Informed clinicians can provide up to date and accurate information to the patient and family, assess potential risk factors and comorbidities, and provide appropriate support. Furthermore, because of the high prevalence of substance abuse in the adolescent population, systematic screening of adolescent consumption habit is useful to avoid or anticipate complications. Often, problematic substance consumption behaviors are signs of more complicated psychological or psychiatric issues. Substance abuse behaviors will often disappear over time but they can also become a major problem as the adolescent moves into adulthood. If problems persist, consultation with an addiction specialist may be warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-10-05", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/j.encep.2016.05.012", "pubmed_id": "27720453", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2016.05.012", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Designer Drugs, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Smoking, Adolescent, France, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27720453\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Review Article,Adolescents,Healthcare Workers,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2505, "title": "Psilocybin: panacea or placebo?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin panacea or placebo", "authors": "Hendrie C, Pickles A.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-08-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30103-1", "pubmed_id": "27568263", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30103-1", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Feasibility Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27568263\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2504, "title": "Question-based Drug Development for psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "question based drug development for psilocybin", "authors": "Dijkstra FM, Jacobs GE, Cohen AF.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-08-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30214-0", "pubmed_id": "27568265", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30214-0", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Feasibility Studies, Depression, Psilocybin, Drug Development", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27568265\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2503, "title": "Question-based Drug Development for psilocybin - Authors' reply.", "normalized_title": "question based drug development for psilocybin authors reply", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-08-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30217-6", "pubmed_id": "27568266", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30217-6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27568266\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2482, "title": "Challenges in Laboratory Detection of Unusual Substance Abuse: Issues with Magic Mushroom, Peyote Cactus, Khat, and Solvent Abuse.", "normalized_title": "challenges in laboratory detection of unusual substance abuse issues with magic mushroom peyote cactus khat and solvent abuse", "authors": "Dasgupta A.", "abstract": "Drug abuse is a worldwide problem. Although commonly abused drugs can be identified during routine urine drug testing, less commonly abused drugs may escape detection. These less commonly abused drugs not only include some designer drugs such as synthetic cannabinoid but also include abuse of psychedelic magic mushroom (active ingredients: psilocybin and psilocin), peyote cactus (active ingredient: mescaline), and khat plants (active ingredient: cathinone). Moreover, solvent and glue abuse is gaining popularity among teenagers and young adults which may even cause fatality. Amphetamine/methamphetamine immunoassay has a low cross-reactivity with psilocin. Cathinone, if present in the urine, can be detected by amphetamine/methamphetamine immunoassay due to cross-reactivity of cathinone with assay antibody. Currently there is one commercially available immunoassay which is capable of detecting synthetic cathinone known as bath salts as well as mescaline. However, gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry as well as liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)-based method is available for confirmation of the active ingredients present in magic mushroom, peyote cactus, and khat plant. Such chromatography-based methods also offer more sensitivity and specificity compared to an immunoassay.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-08-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/bs.acc.2016.07.004", "pubmed_id": "28057187", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acc.2016.07.004", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Cactaceae, Catha, Substance-Related Disorders, Solvents, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"28057187\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2500, "title": "Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences.", "normalized_title": "survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms acute and enduring positive and negative consequences", "authors": "Carbonaro TM, Bradstreet MP, Barrett FS, MacLean KA, Jesse R, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Acute and enduring adverse effects of psilocybin have been reported anecdotally, but have not been well characterized. For this study, 1993 individuals (mean age 30 yrs; 78% male) completed an online survey about their single most psychologically difficult or challenging experience (worst \"bad trip\") after consuming psilocybin mushrooms. Thirty-nine percent rated it among the top five most challenging experiences of his/her lifetime. Eleven percent put self or others at risk of physical harm; factors increasing the likelihood of risk included estimated dose, duration and difficulty of the experience, and absence of physical comfort and social support. Of the respondents, 2.6% behaved in a physically aggressive or violent manner and 2.7% received medical help. Of those whose experience occurred >1 year before, 7.6% sought treatment for enduring psychological symptoms. Three cases appeared associated with onset of enduring psychotic symptoms and three cases with attempted suicide. Multiple regression analysis showed degree of difficulty was positively associated, and duration was negatively associated, with enduring increases in well-being. Difficulty of experience was positively associated with dose. Despite difficulties, 84% endorsed benefiting from the experience. The incidence of risky behavior or enduring psychological distress is extremely low when psilocybin is given in laboratory studies to screened, prepared, and supported participants.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-08-29", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/0269881116662634", "pubmed_id": "27578767", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116662634", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Eating, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27578767\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2484, "title": "It's time to take psilocybin seriously as a possible treatment for substance use disorders.", "normalized_title": "it s time to take psilocybin seriously as a possible treatment for substance use disorders", "authors": "Bogenschutz MP.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-08-23", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1080/00952990.2016.1200060", "pubmed_id": "27558746", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2016.1200060", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Follow-Up Studies, Smoking Cessation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27558746\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2486, "title": "Return of the psychedelics: Psilocybin for treatment resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "return of the psychedelics psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Patra S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, the clinically most researched classic psychedelic has recently been tested for its safety and efficacy in a clinical population of treatment resistant depression. The efficacy of psilocybin in clinical depression previously demonstrated in the elecrophysiologic and neuroimaging findings as also in neuropsychological assessments is further validated by the findings of this rigorously conducted randomized trial. Mechanism of action of psilocybin and efficacy in treatment resistant depression are discussed in this paper. Ethical issues of conducting clinical trials with psychedelics are also discussed with particular emphasis on their relative safety and absence of addiction potential. Implications of these issues for conduct of larger trials for establishing risk benefit ratio in treatment resistant depression are further suggested.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-08-22", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/j.ajp.2016.08.010", "pubmed_id": "27931907", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2016.08.010", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27931907\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Clinical Trial,Safety", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2478, "title": "Psilocybin for treating substance use disorders?", "normalized_title": "psilocybin for treating substance use disorders", "authors": "de Veen BT, Schellekens AF, Verheij MM, Homberg JR.", "abstract": "IntroductionEvidence based treatment for Substance use disorders (SUD) includes psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. However, these are only partially effective. Hallucinogens, such as psilocybin, may represent potential new treatment options for SUD. This review provides a summary of (human) studies on the putative therapeutic effects of psilocybin, and discusses the receptor systems, brain regions and cognitive and emotional processes mediating psilocybin's effects. Psilocybin's chemical structure is similar to that of serotonin. Dysregulations in the serotonin system are associated with alterations in stress hormones, such as cortisol, and mood disorders. After psilocybin administration cortisol levels spike and activate the executive control network, with subsequent increased control over emotional processes, and relief of negative thinking and persistent negative emotions. Preliminary data of ongoing alcohol and smoking addiction studies in humans shows promising effects of psilocybin administration on substance use. Importantly, psilocybin has a low risk of toxicity and dependence and can be used safely under controlled clinical conditions. Areas covered: This paper is a narrative review based on the search terms: psilocybin, substance use disorder, addiction, depression, serotonin. Literature on potential efficacy and mechanisms of action of psilocybin in SUD is discussed. Expert commentary: Recent positive findings with psilocybin need confirmation in well-designed placebo controlled randomized trials employing a large sample size.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-08-11", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1080/14737175.2016.1220834", "pubmed_id": "27684102", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2016.1220834", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Depression, Emotions, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27684102\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2524, "title": "Treating Addiction: Perspectives from EEG and Imaging Studies on Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "treating addiction perspectives from eeg and imaging studies on psychedelics", "authors": "Tófoli LF, de Araujo DB.", "abstract": "Despite reports of apparent benefits, social and political pressure beginning in the late 1960s effectively banned scientific inquiry into psychedelic substances. Covert examination of psychedelics persisted through the 1990s; the turn of the century and especially the past 10 years, however, has seen a resurgent interest in psychedelic substances (eg, LSD, ayahuasca, psilocybin). This chapter outlines relevant EEG and brain imaging studies evaluating the effects of psychedelics on the brain. This chapter also reviews evidence of the use of psychedelics as adjunct therapy for a number of psychiatric and addictive disorders. In particular, psychedelics appear to have efficacy in treating depression and alcohol-use disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-07-24", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/bs.irn.2016.06.005", "pubmed_id": "27503452", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2016.06.005", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Neuroimaging", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27503452\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2485, "title": "Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation.", "normalized_title": "long term follow up of psilocybin facilitated smoking cessation", "authors": "Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "BackgroundA recent open-label pilot study (N = 15) found that two to three moderate to high doses (20 and 30 mg/70 kg) of the serotonin 2A receptor agonist, psilocybin, in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation, resulted in substantially higher 6-month smoking abstinence rates than are typically observed with other medications or CBT alone.ObjectivesTo assess long-term effects of a psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation program at ≥12 months after psilocybin administration.MethodsThe present report describes biologically verified smoking abstinence outcomes of the previous pilot study at ≥12 months, and related data on subjective effects of psilocybin.ResultsAll 15 participants completed a 12-month follow-up, and 12 (80%) returned for a long-term (≥16 months) follow-up, with a mean interval of 30 months (range = 16-57 months) between target-quit date (i.e., first psilocybin session) and long-term follow-up. At 12-month follow-up, 10 participants (67%) were confirmed as smoking abstinent. At long-term follow-up, nine participants (60%) were confirmed as smoking abstinent. At 12-month follow-up 13 participants (86.7%) rated their psilocybin experiences among the five most personally meaningful and spiritually significant experiences of their lives.ConclusionThese results suggest that in the context of a structured treatment program, psilocybin holds considerable promise in promoting long-term smoking abstinence. The present study adds to recent and historical evidence suggesting high success rates when using classic psychedelics in the treatment of addiction. Further research investigating psilocybin-facilitated treatment of substance use disorders is warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-07-20", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.3109/00952990.2016.1170135", "pubmed_id": "27441452", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2016.1170135", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Combined Modality Therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Smoking Cessation, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27441452\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Spirituality", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2507, "title": "Naltrexone but Not Ketanserin Antagonizes the Subjective, Cardiovascular, and Neuroendocrine Effects of Salvinorin-A in Humans.", "normalized_title": "naltrexone but not ketanserin antagonizes the subjective cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects of salvinorin a in humans", "authors": "Maqueda AE, Valle M, Addy PH, Antonijoan RM, Puntes M, Coimbra J, Ballester MR, Garrido M, González M, Claramunt J, Barker S, Lomnicka I, Waguespack M, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Riba J.", "abstract": "BackgroundSalvinorin-A is a terpene found in the leaves of the plant Salvia divinorum. When administered to humans, salvinorin-A induces an intense but short-lasting modified state of awareness, sharing features with those induced by the classical serotonin-2A receptor agonist psychedelics. However, unlike substances such as psilocybin or mescaline, salvinorin-A shows agonist activity at the kappa-opioid receptor rather than at the serotonin-2A receptor. Here, we assessed the involvement of kappa-opioid receptor and serotonin-2A agonism in the subjective, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine effects of salvinorin-A in humans.MethodsWe conducted a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study with 2 groups of 12 healthy volunteers with experience with psychedelic drugs. There were 4 experimental sessions. In group 1, participants received the following treatment combinations: placebo+placebo, placebo+salvinorin-A, naltrexone+placebo, and naltrexone+salvinorin-A. Naltrexone, a nonspecific opioid receptor antagonist, was administered at a dose of 50mg orally. In group 2, participants received the treatment combinations: placebo+placebo, placebo+salvinorin-A, ketanserin+placebo, and ketanserin+salvinorin-A. Ketanserin, a selective serotonin-2A antagonist, was administered at a dose of 40mg orally.ResultsInhalation of 1mg of vaporized salvinorin-A led to maximum plasma concentrations at 1 and 2 minutes after dosing. When administered alone, salvinorin-A severely reduced external sensory perception and induced intense visual and auditory modifications, increased systolic blood pressure, and cortisol and prolactin release. These effects were effectively blocked by naltrexone, but not by ketanserin.ConclusionsResults support kappa opioid receptor agonism as the mechanism of action underlying the subjective and physiological effects of salvinorin-A in humans and rule out the involvement of a serotonin-2A-mediated mechanism.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-07-04", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyw016", "pubmed_id": "26874330", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyw016", "keywords": "Humans, Diterpenes, Clerodane, Naltrexone, Ketanserin, Hydrocortisone, Prolactin, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Narcotic Antagonists, Double-Blind Method, Perception, Blood Pressure, Drug Interactions, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26874330\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2509, "title": "Hallucinogen Use Disorders.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogen use disorders", "authors": "Hardaway R, Schweitzer J, Suzuki J", "abstract": "Use of hallucinogenic substances as a public health concern has increased over the past decade. Among adolescents, there are increasing emergency department presentations for intoxication with these drugs, contrary to decreasing reported use of classical hallucinogens such as LSD. Academic and governmental groups have monitored use of hallucinogens, highlighting a notable change in perceptions about use among adolescents thought to contribute to these trends. Special populations and religious groups, though, have been granted governmental permission to use hallucinogens for their cultural practices. Novel designer hallucinogens have gained popularity and may have serious medical and psychological side effects from use.", "journal": "Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America", "publication_date": "2016-06-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/j.chc.2016.03.006", "pubmed_id": "27338969", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27338969/", "keywords": "Adolescent, Hallucinogen, LSD, MDMA, PCP, Psilocybin, Treatment", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"27338969\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2508, "title": "Antidepressant, Antipsychotic, and Hallucinogen Drugs for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: A Convergence at the Serotonin-2A Receptor.", "normalized_title": "antidepressant antipsychotic and hallucinogen drugs for the treatment of psychiatric disorders a convergence at the serotonin 2a receptor", "authors": "Howland RH.", "abstract": "Antidepressant, atypical antipsychotic, and hallucinogen drugs mediate their actions in part by interactions with the serotonin-2A (5HT2A) receptor. Serotonergic hallucinogen drugs, such as psilocybin, bind most potently as agonists at the 5HT2A receptor, producing profound changes in perception, mood, and cognition. Some of these drugs have been or are currently being investigated in small Phase 2 studies for depression, alcoholism, smoking cessation, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. However, unlike the synergistic effects of combining antidepressant and atypical antipsychotic drugs, the potential therapeutic effects of hallucinogen drugs may be attenuated by the concurrent use of these medications because antidepressant and atypical antipsychotic drugs desensitize and/or down-regulate 5HT2A receptors. This finding has important implications for optimizing the potential therapeutic use of hallucinogen drugs in psychiatry. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 54(7), 21-24.].", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-06-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.3928/02793695-20160616-09", "pubmed_id": "27362381", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20160616-09", "keywords": "Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Antipsychotic Agents, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Mental Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27362381\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2046, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: Observations Concerning the Synthesis of Tryptamine Homologues and Branched Tryptamine Derivatives via the Borrowing Hydrogen Process: Synthesis of Psilocin, Bufotenin, and Serotonin.", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract observations concerning the synthesis of tryptamine homologues and branched tryptamine derivatives via the borrowing hydrogen process synthesis of psilocin bufotenin and serotonin", "authors": "Bartolucci Silvia, Mari Michele, Di Gregorio Giovanni, Piersanti Giovanni", "abstract": "AbstractThe selective indole alkylation reaction applying the Ir-catalyzed-borrowing hydrogen methodology and using amino alcohols (II), (V), (VII) as suitable nitrogen-containing electrophiles is reported.", "journal": "ChemInform", "publication_date": "2016-06-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1002/chin.201633131", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.201633131", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.201633131\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.007\"],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2408, "title": "[Trends in Abuse of Biogenic Drugs in Parts of Germany 2007-2013].", "normalized_title": "trends in abuse of biogenic drugs in parts of germany 2007 2013", "authors": "Pietsch J, Scheffel K, Acquarone D, Koch I, Deters M, Hermanns-Clausen M.", "abstract": "Aim of the studyBased on an abundance of information on the internet, psychotropic plants and mushrooms are of increasing relevance as legal and cheap alternatives to other illicit drugs. Due to the lack of a German database, the abuse of selected biogenic drugs using reported exposures to 3 German Poison Information Centres (PICs) was examined.MethodsInformation on abuse of biogenic drugs was collected from the German PICs in Berlin, Erfurt and Fribourg (2007-2013).Results602 drug abuses were reported to the selected PICs. 52% reported consumption of tropane alkaloid-containing plants (Angel's trumpet, Thorn apple, Belladonna), 25% of psilocybin-containing mushrooms and 10% of nutmeg. Angel's trumpet was identified as the most abused plant. Consumers of tropane alkaloid-containing plants were mainly adolescents, whereas the majority of the abusers of psilocybin-containing mushrooms and nutmeg were rather young grown-ups and school children, respectively. A preponderance of moderate and severe effects (55%) could be noticed for exposures to tropane alkaloid-containing plants. More than 90% of suspected cases of tropane alkaloid-containing as well as psilocybin-containing plants abuse resulted in the treatment recommendation 'surveillance in hospital'. Mydriasis, hallucinations, tachycardia and agitation were the main symptoms after the abuse of biogenic drugs.ConclusionsThe data from the PICs suggest abuse of biogenic drugs in parts of Germany. A decreasing trend is observed, probably caused by the competition with new synthetic designer drugs. The results underline the dominance of Angel's trumpet in the abuse of biogenic drugs and emphasize the importance of easy accessibility for the abuse of biogenic drugs. Unexpectedly, the number of nutmeg abuse cases increased during the investigated period.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-06-13", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1055/s-0042-108644", "pubmed_id": "27300094", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-108644", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Plants, Mydriasis, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Adolescent, Child, Germany", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27300094\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2512, "title": "Magic mushroom compound is a potential treatment for patients with major depression.", "normalized_title": "magic mushroom compound is a potential treatment for patients with major depression", "authors": "", "abstract": "A hallucinogenic compound derived from magic mushrooms could provide a new route for antidepressant research.", "journal": "Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain): 1987)", "publication_date": "2016-06-07", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.7748/ns.30.41.15.s18", "pubmed_id": "27286599", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27286599/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"27286599\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2048, "title": "Sex differences and serotonergic mechanisms in the behavioural effects of psilocin.", "normalized_title": "sex differences and serotonergic mechanisms in the behavioural effects of psilocin", "authors": "Tylš F, Páleníček T, Kadeřábek L, Lipski M, Kubešová A, Horáček J.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has recently attracted a great deal of attention as a clinical research and therapeutic tool. The aim of this paper is to bridge two major knowledge gaps regarding its behavioural pharmacology - sex differences and the underlying receptor mechanisms. We used psilocin (0.25, 1 and 4 mg/kg), an active metabolite of psilocybin, in two behavioural paradigms - the open-field test and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reaction. Sex differences were evaluated with respect to the phase of the female cycle. The contribution of serotonin receptors in the behavioural action was tested in male rats with selective serotonin receptor antagonists: 5-HT1A receptor antagonist (WAY100635 1 mg/kg), 5-HT2A receptor antagonist (MDL100907 0.5 mg/kg), 5-HT2B receptor antagonist (SB215505 1 mg/kg) and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist (SB242084 1 mg/kg). Psilocin induced dose-dependent inhibition of locomotion and suppression of normal behaviour in rats (behavioural serotonin syndrome, impaired PPI). The effects were more pronounced in male rats than in females. The inhibition of locomotion was normalized by 5-HT1A and 5-HT2B/C antagonists; however, PPI was not affected significantly by these antagonists. Our findings highlight an important issue of sex-specific reactions to psilocin and that apart from 5-HT2A-mediated effects 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C/B receptors also play an important role. These findings have implications for recent clinical trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-05-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1097/fbp.0000000000000198", "pubmed_id": "26461483", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/fbp.0000000000000198", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Serotonin, Receptors, Serotonin, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Sex Factors, Estrous Cycle, Locomotion, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Male, Reflex, Startle, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26461483\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3410, "title": "PM506. Psilocybin Clinical Trial: Acute Effects and its relationship to the brain activity as measured by quantitative EEG", "normalized_title": "pm506 psilocybin clinical trial acute effects and its relationship to the brain activity as measured by quantitative eeg", "authors": "Tyls F, Michaela Viktorinova T, Prokopcova D, Korcak J, Androvicova R, Brunovsky M, Horacek J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-05-26", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC5616440", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:53", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC5616440\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3408, "title": "PM502. Effect of psilocybin on EEG brain connectivity in healthy volunteers - preliminary report", "normalized_title": "pm502 effect of psilocybin on eeg brain connectivity in healthy volunteers preliminary report", "authors": "Palenicek T, Tyls F, Viktorinova M, Prokopcova D, Korcak J, Androvicova R, Brunovsky M, Horacek J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-05-26", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC5616436", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"PMC5616436\",\"source\":\"PMC\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2506, "title": "Receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive tryptamines compared with classic hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive tryptamines compared with classic hallucinogens", "authors": "Rickli A, Moning OD, Hoener MC, Liechti ME.", "abstract": "The present study investigated interactions between the novel psychoactive tryptamines DiPT, 4-OH-DiPT, 4-OH-MET, 5-MeO-AMT, and 5-MeO-MiPT at monoamine receptors and transporters compared with the classic hallucinogens lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and mescaline. We investigated binding affinities at human monoamine receptors and determined functional serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptor activation. Binding at and the inhibition of human monoamine uptake transporters and transporter-mediated monoamine release were also determined. All of the novel tryptamines interacted with 5-HT2A receptors and were partial or full 5-HT2A agonists. Binding affinity to the 5-HT2A receptor was lower for all of the tryptamines, including psilocin and DMT, compared with LSD and correlated with the reported psychoactive doses in humans. Several tryptamines, including psilocin, DMT, DiPT, 4-OH-DiPT, and 4-OH-MET, interacted with the serotonin transporter and partially the norepinephrine transporter, similar to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine but in contrast to LSD and mescaline. LSD but not the tryptamines interacted with adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors. In conclusion, the receptor interaction profiles of the tryptamines predict hallucinogenic effects that are similar to classic serotonergic hallucinogens but also MDMA-like psychoactive properties.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-05-19", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.05.001", "pubmed_id": "27216487", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.05.001", "keywords": "NIH 3T3 Cells, Animals, Humans, Mice, Biogenic Monoamines, Tryptamines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C, Recombinant Proteins, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Ligands, Radioligand Assay, Cell Survival, Molecular Structure, Structure-Activity Relationship, Kinetics, Membrane Transport Modulators, Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins, HEK293 Cells, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27216487\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2514, "title": "Commentary: Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behavior in humans.", "normalized_title": "commentary effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behavior in humans", "authors": "Shebloski KL, Broadway JM.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-05-18", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00736", "pubmed_id": "27242638", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00736", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27242638\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2515, "title": "Sixty seconds on... psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "sixty seconds on psilocybin", "authors": "Hawkes N.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-05-17", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1136/bmj.i2775", "pubmed_id": "27194646", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2775", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Depression, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, London, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27194646\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2511, "title": "Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin with psychological support for treatment resistant depression an open label feasibility study", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Rucker J, Day CM, Erritzoe D, Kaelen M, Bloomfield M, Rickard JA, Forbes B, Feilding A, Taylor D, Pilling S, Curran VH, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a serotonin receptor agonist that occurs naturally in some mushroom species. Recent studies have assessed the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for various conditions, including end-of-life anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and smoking and alcohol dependence, with promising preliminary results. Here, we aimed to investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of psilocybin in patients with unipolar treatment-resistant depression.MethodsIn this open-label feasibility trial, 12 patients (six men, six women) with moderate-to-severe, unipolar, treatment-resistant major depression received two oral doses of psilocybin (10 mg and 25 mg, 7 days apart) in a supportive setting. There was no control group. Psychological support was provided before, during, and after each session. The primary outcome measure for feasibility was patient-reported intensity of psilocybin's effects. Patients were monitored for adverse reactions during the dosing sessions and subsequent clinic and remote follow-up. Depressive symptoms were assessed with standard assessments from 1 week to 3 months after treatment, with the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS) serving as the primary efficacy outcome. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN14426797.FindingsPsilocybin's acute psychedelic effects typically became detectable 30-60 min after dosing, peaked 2-3 h after dosing, and subsided to negligible levels at least 6 h after dosing. Mean self-rated intensity (on a 0-1 scale) was 0·51 (SD0·36) for the low-dose session and 0·75 (SD0·27) for the high-dose session. Psilocybin was well tolerated by all of the patients, and no serious or unexpected adverse events occurred. The adverse reactions we noted were transient anxiety during drug onset (all patients), transient confusion or thought disorder (nine patients), mild and transient nausea (four patients), and transient headache (four patients). Relative to baseline, depressive symptoms were markedly reduced 1 week (mean QIDS difference -11·8, 95% CI -9·15 to -14·35, p=0·002, Hedges' g=3·1) and 3 months (-9·2, 95% CI -5·69 to -12·71, p=0·003, Hedges' g=2) after high-dose treatment. Marked and sustained improvements in anxiety and anhedonia were also noted.InterpretationThis study provides preliminary support for the safety and efficacy of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression and motivates further trials, with more rigorous designs, to better examine the therapeutic potential of this approach.FundingMedical Research Council.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-05-16", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7", "pubmed_id": "27210031", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7", "keywords": "Humans, Treatment Outcome, Feasibility Studies, Social Support, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27210031\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Randomized Controlled Trial,Treatment-Resistant Depression,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2510, "title": "Altered states: psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.", "normalized_title": "altered states psilocybin for treatment resistant depression", "authors": "Cowen P.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-05-16", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30087-6", "pubmed_id": "27210032", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30087-6", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Feasibility Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27210032\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2049, "title": "Observations concerning the synthesis of tryptamine homologues and branched tryptamine derivatives via the borrowing hydrogen process: synthesis of psilocin, bufotenin, and serotonin", "normalized_title": "observations concerning the synthesis of tryptamine homologues and branched tryptamine derivatives via the borrowing hydrogen process synthesis of psilocin bufotenin and serotonin", "authors": "Bartolucci Silvia, Mari Michele, Di Gregorio Giovanni, Piersanti Giovanni", "abstract": "", "journal": "Tetrahedron", "publication_date": "2016-04-30", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.007", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.007", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.007\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1021/cr900211p\",\"10.1586/14737175.4.2.199\",\"10.1021/ar500454v\",\"10.1021/ar500400w\",\"10.1039/c5cc01555c\",\"10.1002/chem.201501735\",\"10.1038/nchem.1798\",\"10.1002/anie.201306774\",\"10.1038/nchem.1528\",\"10.1038/nature10232\",\"10.1039/c5cc06855j\",\"10.1002/chem.201502201\",\"10.1002/ejoc.201500860\",\"10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.09.017\",\"10.1016/j.tet.2011.11.032\",\"10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.050\",\"10.1021/ja808692j\",\"10.1039/b809143a\",\"10.1021/jo050464l\",\"10.1139/cjc-2012-0221\",\"10.1021/ol102795g\",\"10.1021/jo3010028\",\"10.1021/ja01652a113\",\"10.1021/jo00430a024\",\"10.1021/jo9815397\",\"10.1021/ol026729p\",\"10.1055/s-2002-31970\",\"10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.10.091\",\"10.1021/cr400676v\",\"10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.009\",\"10.1021/ol4008525\",\"10.1021/jo401028j\",\"10.1002/anie.201204224\",\"10.1021/acs.joc.5b00195\",\"10.1021/ol071274v\",\"10.1002/chem.201302464\",\"10.1002/ejoc.201300744\",\"10.1039/c5ra15822b\",\"10.1021/cs501269d\",\"10.1021/cs400066q\",\"10.1126/science.1229712\",\"10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00199\",\"10.1038/nchem.1547\",\"10.1002/anie.201300574\",\"10.1021/ol4001262\",\"10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.05.013\",\"10.1021/om2004755\",\"10.1002/anie.201303015\",\"10.1517/13543776.2014.1001739\",\"10.1073/pnas.1420199112\",\"10.1021/acscatal.5b00952\",\"10.1021/op100018r\",\"10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x\",\"10.1021/jm501100b\",\"10.1146/annurev.med.60.042307.110802\",\"10.1016/s0074-7742(05)64005-6\",\"10.1007/s00253-010-2994-4\",\"10.1021/jo0110597\",\"10.1039/jr9580003493\",\"10.1248/cpb.49.87\",\"10.1021/ja807323a\",\"10.1021/jm060136t\",\"10.1039/c2gc35485c\",\"10.1021/jm901563p\",\"10.1021/jf302038a\",\"10.1021/jo800881u\",\"10.1021/jo4013767\",\"10.1002/jlac.199319930128\",\"10.1021/np030059u\",\"10.1021/np020009+\"],\"reference_count\":79}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2516, "title": "Effects of serotonin 2A/1A receptor stimulation on social exclusion processing.", "normalized_title": "effects of serotonin 2a 1a receptor stimulation on social exclusion processing", "authors": "Preller KH, Pokorny T, Hock A, Kraehenmann R, Stämpfli P, Seifritz E, Scheidegger M, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Social ties are crucial for physical and mental health. However, psychiatric patients frequently encounter social rejection. Moreover, an increased reactivity to social exclusion influences the development, progression, and treatment of various psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, the neuromodulatory substrates of rejection experiences are largely unknown. The preferential serotonin (5-HT) 2A/1A receptor agonist, psilocybin (Psi), reduces the processing of negative stimuli, but whether 5-HT2A/1A receptor stimulation modulates the processing of negative social interactions remains unclear. Therefore, this double-blind, randomized, counterbalanced, cross-over study assessed the neural response to social exclusion after the acute administration of Psi (0.215 mg/kg) or placebo (Pla) in 21 healthy volunteers by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and resting-state magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Participants reported a reduced feeling of social exclusion after Psi vs. Pla administration, and the neural response to social exclusion was decreased in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the middle frontal gyrus, key regions for social pain processing. The reduced neural response in the dACC was significantly correlated with Psi-induced changes in self-processing and decreased aspartate (Asp) content. In conclusion, 5-HT2A/1A receptor stimulation with psilocybin seems to reduce social pain processing in association with changes in self-experience. These findings may be relevant to the normalization of negative social interaction processing in psychiatric disorders characterized by increased rejection sensitivity. The current results also emphasize the importance of 5-HT2A/1A receptor subtypes and the Asp system in the control of social functioning, and as prospective targets in the treatment of sociocognitive impairments in psychiatric illnesses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-04-17", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1524187113", "pubmed_id": "27091970", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1524187113", "keywords": "Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Administration, Oral, Double-Blind Method, Social Isolation, Cognition, Placebo Effect, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin, Psychological Distance", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27091970\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2517, "title": "Novel psychopharmacological therapies for psychiatric disorders: psilocybin and MDMA.", "normalized_title": "novel psychopharmacological therapies for psychiatric disorders psilocybin and mdma", "authors": "Mithoefer MC, Grob CS, Brewerton TD.", "abstract": "4-phosphorloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin) and methylenedioxymethamfetamine (MDMA), best known for their illegal use as psychedelic drugs, are showing promise as therapeutics in a resurgence of clinical research during the past 10 years. Psilocybin is being tested for alcoholism, smoking cessation, and in patients with advanced cancer with anxiety. MDMA is showing encouraging results as a treatment for refractory post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety in autistic adults, and anxiety associated with a life-threatening illness. Both drugs are studied as adjuncts or catalysts to psychotherapy, rather than as stand-alone drug treatments. This model of drug-assisted psychotherapy is a possible alternative to existing pharmacological and psychological treatments in psychiatry. Further research is needed to fully assess the potential of these compounds in the management of these common disorders that are difficult to treat with existing methods.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-04-04", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00576-3", "pubmed_id": "27067625", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00576-3", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Psychotropic Drugs, Mental Disorders, Psychopharmacology, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27067625\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Pharmacology,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2519, "title": "Psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics", "authors": "Nichols DE.", "abstract": "Psychedelics (serotonergic hallucinogens) are powerful psychoactive substances that alter perception and mood and affect numerous cognitive processes. They are generally considered physiologically safe and do not lead to dependence or addiction. Their origin predates written history, and they were employed by early cultures in many sociocultural and ritual contexts. After the virtually contemporaneous discovery of (5R,8R)-(+)-lysergic acid-N,N-diethylamide (LSD)-25 and the identification of serotonin in the brain, early research focused intensively on the possibility that LSD and other psychedelics had a serotonergic basis for their action. Today there is a consensus that psychedelics are agonists or partial agonists at brain serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors, with particular importance on those expressed on apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal cells in layer V. Several useful rodent models have been developed over the years to help unravel the neurochemical correlates of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor activation in the brain, and a variety of imaging techniques have been employed to identify key brain areas that are directly affected by psychedelics. Recent and exciting developments in the field have occurred in clinical research, where several double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in patients with cancer-related psychosocial distress have demonstrated unprecedented positive relief of anxiety and depression. Two small pilot studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy also have shown positive benefit in treating both alcohol and nicotine addiction. Recently, blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography have been employed for in vivo brain imaging in humans after administration of a psychedelic, and results indicate that intravenously administered psilocybin and LSD produce decreases in oscillatory power in areas of the brain's default mode network.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-03-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1124/pr.115.011478", "pubmed_id": "26841800", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Models, Animal, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Sleep, Psychotic Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26841800\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Default Mode Network,Aging,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2047, "title": "DNA-based taxonomic identification of basidiospores in hallucinogenic mushrooms cultivated in \"grow-kits\" seized by the police: LC-UV quali-quantitative determination of psilocybin and psilocin.", "normalized_title": "dna based taxonomic identification of basidiospores in hallucinogenic mushrooms cultivated in grow kits seized by the police lc uv quali quantitative determination of psilocybin and psilocin", "authors": "Gambaro V, Roda G, Visconti GL, Arnoldi S, Casagni E, Dell'Acqua L, Farè F, Paladino E, Rusconi C, Arioli S, Mora D.", "abstract": "The taxonomic identification of the biological material contained in the hallucinogenic mushrooms culture media, was carried out using a DNA-based approach, thus highlighting the usefulness of this approach in the forensic identification of illegal samples also when they are present as basidiospores mixed in culture media and spore-bearing fruiting body are not present. This approach is very useful as it allows the unequivocal identification of potentially illicit material before the cultivation and it enables to stop the material to the Customs and to destroy it due to its dangerousness without cultivating the \"grow-kits\" and without instructing a criminal case. In fact, even if psilocin and psilocybin and the whole mushrooms are illegal in many countries, there is no specific indication in the law about the so called \"grow-kits\", containing the spores. To confirm the data obtained by the taxonomic identification, a simple, reliable, efficient LC-UV method, using tryptamine as internal standard, suitable for the forensic quali-quantitative determination of psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushroom was optimized, validated and applied to the mushrooms grown after the cultivation of the grow-kits seized by the judicial authority, with the authorization of the Ministry of Health. A cation exchange column was used in a gradient elution mode (Phase A: 50mMK2HPO4; 100mM NaCl pH=3 Phase B: methanol). The developed method was linear over the calibration range with a R(2)>0.9992 for both the analytes. The detection and quantification limits were respectively 0.01 and 0.1μg/mL for psilocybin and 0.05μg/mL and 0.1μg/mL for psilocin and the intra- and inter-day precision was satisfactory (coefficients of variation", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-03-22", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.043", "pubmed_id": "27021629", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.043", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, DNA, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Liquid, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:02", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27021629\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2502, "title": "Exploring Hallucinogen Pharmacology and Psychedelic Medicine with Zebrafish Models.", "normalized_title": "exploring hallucinogen pharmacology and psychedelic medicine with zebrafish models", "authors": "Kyzar EJ, Kalueff AV.", "abstract": "After decades of sociopolitical obstacles, the field of psychiatry is experiencing a revived interest in the use of hallucinogenic agents to treat brain disorders. Along with the use of ketamine for depression, recent pilot studies have highlighted the efficacy of classic serotonergic hallucinogens, such as lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin, in treating addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety. However, many basic pharmacological and toxicological questions remain unanswered with regard to these compounds. In this study, we discuss psychedelic medicine as well as the behavioral and toxicological effects of hallucinogenic drugs in zebrafish. We emphasize this aquatic organism as a model ideally suited to assess both the potential toxic and therapeutic effects of major known classes of hallucinogenic compounds. In addition, novel drugs with hallucinogenic properties can be efficiently screened using zebrafish models. Well-designed preclinical studies utilizing zebrafish can contribute to the reemerging treatment paradigm of psychedelic medicine, leading to new avenues of clinical exploration for psychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-03-21", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1089/zeb.2016.1251", "pubmed_id": "27002655", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2016.1251", "keywords": "Embryo, Nonmammalian, Animals, Zebrafish, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Models, Animal", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27002655\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Addiction,Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2513, "title": "Antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): a systematic review of clinical trials published in the last 25 years.", "normalized_title": "antidepressive anxiolytic and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide lsd a systematic review of clinical trials published in the last 25 years", "authors": "Dos Santos RG, Osório FL, Crippa JA, Riba J, Zuardi AW, Hallak JE.", "abstract": "To date, pharmacological treatments for mood and anxiety disorders and for drug dependence show limited efficacy, leaving a large number of patients suffering severe and persistent symptoms. Preliminary studies in animals and humans suggest that ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may have antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive properties. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of clinical trials published from 1990 until 2015, assessing these therapeutic properties. Electronic searches were performed using the PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases. Only clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals were included. Of these, 151 studies were identified, of which six met the established criteria. Reviewed studies suggest beneficial effects for treatment-resistant depression, anxiety and depression associated with life-threatening diseases, and tobacco and alcohol dependence. All drugs were well tolerated. In conclusion, ayahuasca, psilocybin and LSD may be useful pharmacological tools for the treatment of drug dependence, and anxiety and mood disorders, especially in treatment-resistant patients. These drugs may also be useful pharmacological tools to understand psychiatric disorders and to develop new therapeutic agents. However, all studies reviewed had small sample sizes, and half of them were open-label, proof-of-concept studies. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with more patients are needed to replicate these preliminary findings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-03-17", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1177/2045125316638008", "pubmed_id": "27354908", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125316638008", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27354908\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Systematic Review,Review Article,Treatment-Resistant Depression", "study_type": "Systematic Review", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2520, "title": "[Three cases of acute serotonin syndrome due to psilocybin mushroom poisoning].", "normalized_title": "three cases of acute serotonin syndrome due to psilocybin mushroom poisoning", "authors": "Suzuki K.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-02-29", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "27255023", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27255023", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Serotonin Syndrome, Mushroom Poisoning, Acute Disease, Charcoal, Haloperidol, Diazepam, Treatment Outcome, Fluid Therapy, Adult, Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"27255023\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3628, "title": "Effects of Psilocybin and Spiritual Practice on Persisting Changes in Attitudes and Behavior", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin and spiritual practice on persisting changes in attitudes and behavior", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This study will investigate the effects of psilocybin dose and the frequency and intensity of support activities for spiritual practice (e.g., meditation) on a battery of attitudinal and behavioral outcome measures in 75 healthy volunteers who are interested in pursuing a program of spiritual practices with the intention applying spiritual insights and knowledge to everyday life. After screening and study enrollment, each volunteer will be assigned to one of five groups that vary in dose, frequency and intensity of support for spiritual practice, and number of psilocybin sessions (either 2 or 3 sessions). The psilocybin dose manipulation will be double-blind. Volunteers will be told that in each of sessions 1, 2, and 3, he/she could receive a very low, low, moderate, moderately high, or high dose of psilocybin. They will be told that each participant will receive 2 or more dose levels of psilocybin over the 2 or 3 sessions, and all participants will have one or more sessions in which he or she receives a moderately high or high dose of psilocybin. The duration of each volunteer's participation will be approximately 6 to 8 months. Each volunteer will receive several hours of preparation with the study guides in the month prior to the first psilocybin session; the first two sessions will be separated by one month. Various measures will be assessed before, during and immediately after sessions. A battery of longitudinal measures will be evaluated immediately after study enrollment, 3 weeks after the second psilocybin session, and 4 months after the second psilocybin session (6 months after study enrollment). For purposes of controlling expectancies through the 6 month follow-up evaluation, volunteers and guides will not know which volunteers or how many volunteers will be scheduled for a third session.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2016-02-23", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00802282", "keywords": "Healthy, psilocybin, Intensity of support for spiritual practice, Number of sessions, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:28", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:34", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT00802282\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 2521, "title": "Psychedelic and nonpsychedelic LSD and psilocybin for cluster headache.", "normalized_title": "psychedelic and nonpsychedelic lsd and psilocybin for cluster headache", "authors": "Davenport WJ.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-01-31", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1503/cmaj.1150082", "pubmed_id": "26883890", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1150082", "keywords": "Thyroid Gland, Humans, Parvovirus B19, Human, Parvoviridae Infections, Thyroid Diseases, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26883890\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2518, "title": "Modulatory effect of the 5-HT1A agonist buspirone and the mixed non-hallucinogenic 5-HT1A/2A agonist ergotamine on psilocybin-induced psychedelic experience.", "normalized_title": "modulatory effect of the 5 ht1a agonist buspirone and the mixed non hallucinogenic 5 ht1a 2a agonist ergotamine on psilocybin induced psychedelic experience", "authors": "Pokorny T, Preller KH, Kraehenmann R, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "The mixed serotonin (5-HT) 1A/2A/2B/2C/6/7 receptor agonist psilocybin dose-dependently induces an altered state of consciousness (ASC) that is characterized by changes in sensory perception, mood, thought, and the sense of self. The psychological effects of psilocybin are primarily mediated by 5-HT2A receptor activation. However, accumulating evidence suggests that 5-HT1A or an interaction between 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors may contribute to the overall effects of psilocybin. Therefore, we used a double-blind, counterbalanced, within-subject design to investigate the modulatory effects of the partial 5-HT1A agonist buspirone (20mg p.o.) and the non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2A/1A agonist ergotamine (3mg p.o.) on psilocybin-induced (170 µg/kg p.o.) psychological effects in two groups (n=19, n=17) of healthy human subjects. Psychological effects were assessed using the Altered State of Consciousness (5D-ASC) rating scale. Buspirone significantly reduced the 5D-ASC main scale score for Visionary Restructuralization (VR) (p", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2016-01-21", "publication_year": 2016, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.01.005", "pubmed_id": "26875114", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.01.005", "keywords": "Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Ergotamine, Buspirone, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Healthy Volunteers, Behavior Rating Scale, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26875114\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2526, "title": "The epistemic innocence of psychedelic states.", "normalized_title": "the epistemic innocence of psychedelic states", "authors": "Letheby C", "abstract": "One recent development in epistemology, the philosophical study of knowledge, is the notion of 'epistemic innocence' introduced by Bortolotti and colleagues. This concept expresses the idea that certain suboptimal cognitive processes may nonetheless have epistemic (knowledge-related) benefits. The idea that delusion or confabulation may have psychological benefits is familiar enough. What is novel and interesting is the idea that such conditions may also yield significant and otherwise unavailable epistemic benefits. I apply the notion of epistemic innocence to research on the transformative potential of psychedelic drugs. The popular epithet 'hallucinogen' exemplifies a view of these substances as fundamentally epistemically detrimental. I argue that the picture is more complicated and that some psychedelic states can be epistemically innocent. This conclusion is highly relevant to policy debates about psychedelic therapy. Moreover, analysing the case of psychedelics can shed further light on the concept of epistemic innocence itself.", "journal": "Consciousness and cognition", "publication_date": "2015-12-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1016/j.concog.2015.11.012", "pubmed_id": "26675408", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26675408/", "keywords": "Altered states of consciousness, Epistemic innocence, Epistemology, Hallucinogen, LSD, Mystical experience, Naturalism, Philosophy, Psilocybin, Psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"26675408\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2501, "title": "The Associations of Naturalistic Classic Psychedelic Use, Mystical Experience, and Creative Problem Solving.", "normalized_title": "the associations of naturalistic classic psychedelic use mystical experience and creative problem solving", "authors": "Sweat NW, Bates LW, Hendricks PS", "abstract": "Developing methods for improving creativity is of broad interest. Classic psychedelics may enhance creativity; however, the underlying mechanisms of action are unknown. This study was designed to assess whether a relationship exists between naturalistic classic psychedelic use and heightened creative problem-solving ability and if so, whether this is mediated by lifetime mystical experience. Participants (N = 68) completed a survey battery assessing lifetime mystical experience and circumstances surrounding the most memorable experience. They were then administered a functional fixedness task in which faster completion times indicate greater creative problem-solving ability. Participants reporting classic psychedelic use concurrent with mystical experience (n = 11) exhibited significantly faster times on the functional fixedness task (Cohen's d = -.87; large effect) and significantly greater lifetime mystical experience (Cohen's d =.93; large effect) than participants not reporting classic psychedelic use concurrent with mystical experience. However, lifetime mystical experience was unrelated to completion times on the functional fixedness task (standardized β = -.06), and was therefore not a significant mediator. Classic psychedelic use may increase creativity independent of its effects on mystical experience. Maximizing the likelihood of mystical experience may need not be a goal of psychedelic interventions designed to boost creativity.", "journal": "Journal of psychoactive drugs", "publication_date": "2015-12-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2016.1234090", "pubmed_id": "27719438", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27719438/", "keywords": "Creativity, hallucinogen, mystical experience, problem solving, psilocybin, psychedelic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"27719438\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Creativity,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2050, "title": "HPLC Analysis of Hallucinogenic Mushroom Alkaloids (Psilocin and Psilocybin) Applying Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC)", "normalized_title": "hplc analysis of hallucinogenic mushroom alkaloids psilocin and psilocybin applying hydrophilic interaction chromatography hilic", "authors": "Nagy Julia, Veress Tibor", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Forensic Research", "publication_date": "2015-12-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.4172/2157-7145.1000356", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000356", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.4172/2157-7145.1000356\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2527, "title": "Indoleamine Hallucinogens in Cluster Headache: Results of the Clusterbusters Medication Use Survey.", "normalized_title": "indoleamine hallucinogens in cluster headache results of the clusterbusters medication use survey", "authors": "Schindler EA, Gottschalk CH, Weil MJ, Shapiro RE, Wright DA, Sewell RA.", "abstract": "Cluster headache is one of the most debilitating pain syndromes. A significant number of patients are refractory to conventional therapies. The Clusterbusters.org medication use survey sought to characterize the effects of both conventional and alternative medications used in cluster headache. Participants were recruited from cluster headache websites and headache clinics. The final analysis included responses from 496 participants. The survey was modeled after previously published surveys and was available online. Most responses were chosen from a list, though others were free-texted. Conventional abortive and preventative medications were identified and their efficacies agreed with those previously published. The indoleamine hallucinogens, psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and lysergic acid amide, were comparable to or more efficacious than most conventional medications. These agents were also perceived to shorten/abort a cluster period and bring chronic cluster headache into remission more so than conventional medications. Furthermore, infrequent and non-hallucinogenic doses were reported to be efficacious. Findings provide additional evidence that several indoleamine hallucinogens are rated as effective in treating cluster headache. These data reinforce the need for further investigation of the effects of these and related compounds in cluster headache under experimentally controlled settings.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-11-22", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2015.1107664", "pubmed_id": "26595349", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2015.1107664", "keywords": "Humans, Cluster Headache, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26595349\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Headache / Migraine,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2528, "title": "Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "validation of the revised mystical experience questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin", "authors": "Barrett FS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "The 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) was previously developed within an online survey of mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin-containing mushrooms. The rated experiences occurred on average eight years before completion of the questionnaire. The current paper validates the MEQ30 using data from experimental studies with controlled doses of psilocybin. Data were pooled and analyzed from five laboratory experiments in which participants (n=184) received a moderate to high oral dose of psilocybin (at least 20 mg/70 kg). Results of confirmatory factor analysis demonstrate the reliability and internal validity of the MEQ30. Structural equation models demonstrate the external and convergent validity of the MEQ30 by showing that latent variable scores on the MEQ30 positively predict persisting change in attitudes, behavior, and well-being attributed to experiences with psilocybin while controlling for the contribution of the participant-rated intensity of drug effects. These findings support the use of the MEQ30 as an efficient measure of individual mystical experiences. A method to score a \"complete mystical experience\" that was used in previous versions of the mystical experience questionnaire is validated in the MEQ30, and a stand-alone version of the MEQ30 is provided for use in future research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-10-05", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/0269881115609019", "pubmed_id": "26442957", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881115609019", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Administration, Oral, Mysticism, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26442957\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2531, "title": "A Case Review of the First Analytically Confirmed 25I-NBOMe-Related Death in Washington State.", "normalized_title": "a case review of the first analytically confirmed 25i nbome related death in washington state", "authors": "Lowe LM, Peterson BL, Couper FJ.", "abstract": "This case was submitted to the Washington State Patrol Toxicology Laboratory in September 2014. A15-year-old male went to a party where he ingested 25I-NBOMe and mushrooms. A short time later, he started to vomit and began seizing until he eventually passed out. Resuscitation efforts were made, but were unsuccessful. He was transported to a local hospital, where he died three days later of multi-system organ failure following cardiopulmonary arrest. The hospital admission samples were negative for ethanol and basic drugs and their metabolites. The hospital serum confirmed positive for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and carboxy-THC at 4.1 and 83 ng/mL, respectively. On the basis of the case history, the hospital blood and urine were sent to NMS Labs for NBOMe and psilocin confirmation. The blood was positive for 25I-NBOMe, and the urine was positive for 25C-, 25H- and 25I-NBOMe, as well as, psilocin. Antemortem and postmortem blood were also sent to AIT Laboratories for NBOMe confirmation. The antemortem blood confirmed positive for 25I-NBOMe with a concentration of 0.76 ng/mL. The manner of death was ruled an accident as a result of combined 25I-NBOMe and psilocin intoxication.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-09-30", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1093/jat/bkv092", "pubmed_id": "26378143", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv092", "keywords": "Humans, Dimethoxyphenylethylamine, Fatal Outcome, Adolescent, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26378143\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Adolescents,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2529, "title": "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Psilocybin Revisited.", "normalized_title": "lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin revisited", "authors": "Geyer MA.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-09-30", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.003", "pubmed_id": "26386624", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.003", "keywords": "Amygdala, Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Affect, Female, Male, Sensory Gating, Healthy Volunteers, Reflex, Startle, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26386624\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2533, "title": "[Psilocybin - public available psychodysleptic].", "normalized_title": "psilocybin public available psychodysleptic", "authors": "Dydak K, Śliwińska-Mossoń M, Milnerowicz H.", "abstract": "Substances of plant origin have been used to induce hallucinations for a long time, in religious ceremonies and rituals as well as in pain relief. Psilocybin and psilocin naturally occur in the fungal genus Psilocybe. Due to the psychedelic effects and relative harmlessness of these substances and the fact that they do not cause physical addiction, psilocybin and psilocin recently have been increasingly replacing synthetic psychodysleptics, such as diethylamide D-lysergic acid. Both compounds as psychoactive substances are illegal, but psilocybin, in addition to psychotropic action, also shows positive effects, which from a medical point of view indicate its therapeutic potential and capacity for use in therapy. However, poisoning by psilocin and its derivatives is still a major clinical and social problem, mainly among young people, which is why quick and reliable identification of these substances is very important. Traditional ways of assigning the sample to a particular taxon, such as morphological and biochemical analysis or palynological and sporological studies, are not very universal and often do not provide clear results. Credibility, high speed and lower cost of DNA analysis make genetic methods more often used to determine the species of fungi. These methods are random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and high resolution melting (HRM). Moreover, analysis of the regions ITS1 and nLSU was suggested as a valid method for application in the molecular taxonomy of fungi for forensic purposes. Modern methods of identifying psilocybin and psilocin in fungi and biological material are: zone capillary electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The mentioned methods are successfully used for the identification of psychoactive substances in fungi as well as in blood and urine samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-09-06", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "26400885", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26400885", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Molecular Structure, Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26400885\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Chronic Pain", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2534, "title": "Psilocybin, psychological distress, and suicidality.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin psychological distress and suicidality", "authors": "Hendricks PS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-08-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/0269881115598338", "pubmed_id": "26395582", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881115598338", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Suicide, Stress, Psychological, Mental Health, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26395582\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2525, "title": "The mixed serotonin receptor agonist psilocybin reduces threat-induced modulation of amygdala connectivity.", "normalized_title": "the mixed serotonin receptor agonist psilocybin reduces threat induced modulation of amygdala connectivity", "authors": "Kraehenmann R, Schmidt A, Friston K, Preller KH, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Stimulation of serotonergic neurotransmission by psilocybin has been shown to shift emotional biases away from negative towards positive stimuli. We have recently shown that reduced amygdala activity during threat processing might underlie psilocybin's effect on emotional processing. However, it is still not known whether psilocybin modulates bottom-up or top-down connectivity within the visual-limbic-prefrontal network underlying threat processing. We therefore analyzed our previous fMRI data using dynamic causal modeling and used Bayesian model selection to infer how psilocybin modulated effective connectivity within the visual-limbic-prefrontal network during threat processing. First, both placebo and psilocybin data were best explained by a model in which threat affect modulated bidirectional connections between the primary visual cortex, amygdala, and lateral prefrontal cortex. Second, psilocybin decreased the threat-induced modulation of top-down connectivity from the amygdala to primary visual cortex, speaking to a neural mechanism that might underlie putative shifts towards positive affect states after psilocybin administration. These findings may have important implications for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-08-21", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.009", "pubmed_id": "26909323", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.009", "keywords": "Amygdala, Prefrontal Cortex, Neural Pathways, Humans, Brain Mapping, Bayes Theorem, Fear, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26909323\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2532, "title": "Psilocybin-induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations", "authors": "Kometer M, Pokorny T, Seifritz E, Volleinweider FX.", "abstract": "RationaleDuring the last years, considerable progress has been made toward understanding the neuronal basis of consciousness by using sophisticated behavioral tasks, brain-imaging techniques, and various psychoactive drugs. Nevertheless, the neuronal mechanisms underlying some of the most intriguing states of consciousness, including spiritual experiences, remain unknown.ObjectivesTo elucidate state of consciousness-related neuronal mechanisms, human subjects were given psilocybin, a naturally occurring serotonergic agonist and hallucinogen that has been used for centuries to induce spiritual experiences in religious and medical rituals.MethodsIn this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 50 healthy human volunteers received a moderate dose of psilocybin, while high-density electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were taken during eyes-open and eyes-closed resting states. The current source density and the lagged phase synchronization of neuronal oscillations across distributed brain regions were computed and correlated with psilocybin-induced altered states of consciousness.ResultsPsilocybin decreased the current source density of neuronal oscillations at 1.5-20 Hz within a neural network comprising the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices and the parahippocampal regions. Most intriguingly, the intensity levels of psilocybin-induced spiritual experience and insightfulness correlated with the lagged phase synchronization of delta oscillations (1.5-4 Hz) between the retrosplenial cortex, the parahippocampus, and the lateral orbitofrontal area.ConclusionsThese results provide systematic evidence for the direct association of a specific spatiotemporal neuronal mechanism with spiritual experiences and enhanced insight into life and existence. The identified mechanism may constitute a pathway for modulating mental health, as spiritual experiences can promote sustained well-being and psychological resilience.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-07-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7", "pubmed_id": "26231498", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7", "keywords": "Parahippocampal Gyrus, Cerebral Cortex, Nerve Net, Humans, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Double-Blind Method, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26231498\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Wellbeing,Resilience,Spirituality", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2051, "title": "Neurovascular and neuroimaging effects of the hallucinogenic serotonin receptor agonist psilocin in the rat brain.", "normalized_title": "neurovascular and neuroimaging effects of the hallucinogenic serotonin receptor agonist psilocin in the rat brain", "authors": "Spain A, Howarth C, Khrapitchev AA, Sharp T, Sibson NR, Martin C.", "abstract": "The development of pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) has presented the opportunity for investigation of the neurophysiological effects of drugs in vivo. Psilocin, a hallucinogen metabolised from psilocybin, was recently reported to evoke brain region-specific, phMRI signal changes in humans. The present study investigated the effects of psilocin in a rat model using phMRI and then probed the relationship between neuronal and haemodynamic responses using a multimodal measurement preparation. Psilocin (2 mg/kg or 0.03 mg/kg i.v.) or vehicle was administered to rats (N=6/group) during either phMRI scanning or concurrent imaging of cortical blood flow and recording of local field potentials. Compared to vehicle controls psilocin (2 mg/kg) evoked phMRI signal increases in a number of regions including olfactory and limbic areas and elements of the visual system. PhMRI signal decreases were seen in other regions including somatosensory and motor cortices. Investigation of neurovascular coupling revealed that whilst neuronal responses (local field potentials) to sensory stimuli were decreased in amplitude by psilocin administration, concurrently measured haemodynamic responses (cerebral blood flow) were enhanced. The present findings show that psilocin evoked region-specific changes in phMRI signals in the rat, confirming recent human data. However, the results also suggest that the haemodynamic signal changes underlying phMRI responses reflect changes in both neuronal activity and neurovascular coupling. This highlights the importance of understanding the neurovascular effects of pharmacological manipulations for interpreting haemodynamic neuroimaging data.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-07-16", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.018", "pubmed_id": "26192543", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.018", "keywords": "Brain, Vibrissae, Animals, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Oxygen, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Electrodes, Implanted, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Hemodynamics, Touch Perception, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26192543\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2538, "title": "Restructuring consciousness -the psychedelic state in light of integrated information theory.", "normalized_title": "restructuring consciousness the psychedelic state in light of integrated information theory", "authors": "Gallimore AR.", "abstract": "The psychological state elicited by the classic psychedelics drugs, such as LSD and psilocybin, is one of the most fascinating and yet least understood states of consciousness. However, with the advent of modern functional neuroimaging techniques, the effect of these drugs on neural activity is now being revealed, although many of the varied phenomenological features of the psychedelic state remain challenging to explain. Integrated information theory (IIT) is one of the foremost contemporary theories of consciousness, providing a mathematical formalization of both the quantity and quality of conscious experience. This theory can be applied to all known states of consciousness, including the psychedelic state. Using the results of functional neuroimaging data on the psychedelic state, the effects of psychedelic drugs on both the level and structure of consciousness can be explained in terms of the conceptual framework of IIT. This new IIT-based model of the psychedelic state provides an explanation for many of its phenomenological features, including unconstrained cognition, alterations in the structure and meaning of concepts and a sense of expanded awareness. This model also suggests that whilst cognitive flexibility, creativity, and imagination are enhanced during the psychedelic state, this occurs at the expense of cause-effect information, as well as degrading the brain's ability to organize, categorize, and differentiate the constituents of conscious experience. Furthermore, the model generates specific predictions that can be tested using a combination of functional imaging techniques, as has been applied to the study of levels of consciousness during anesthesia and following brain injury.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-06-11", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.3389/fnhum.2015.00346", "pubmed_id": "26124719", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00346", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26124719\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2535, "title": "Light microscopy can reveal the consumption of a mixture of psychotropic plant and fungal material in suspicious death.", "normalized_title": "light microscopy can reveal the consumption of a mixture of psychotropic plant and fungal material in suspicious death", "authors": "Wiltshire PE, Hawksworth DL, Edwards KJ.", "abstract": "Light microscopical examination of plant and fungal remains in the post mortem gut may be capable of demonstrating the ingestion of unexpected natural psychotropic materials. This is demonstrated here in a case in which a 'shaman' was accused of causing the death of a young man. The deceased had participated in a ceremony which involved the drinking of ayahuasca in order to induce a psychotropic experience. Ayahuasca is an infusion of Banisteriopsis caapi (ayahuasca vine), which produces a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and one or more additional tropical plants, generally Psychotria viridis (chacruna) which produces dimethyltryptamine (DMT). The monoamine oxidase inhibitor prevents DMT from being broken down in the gut, so enabling its passage into the bloodstream and across the blood/brain barrier. Toxicological tests for DMT demonstrated the presence of this compound in the body. The deceased was reported to be in the habit of using Psilocybe semilanceata (liberty cap). This fungus (popularly called magic mushroom) contains psilocybin which is hydrolysed in the gut to psilocin; this compound mimics a serotonin uptake inhibitor, and also invokes psychotropic experiences. Microscopical examination established that the ileum and colon contained spores of Psilocybe and, in addition, pollen of Cannabis sativa and seeds of Papaver cf. somniferum (opium poppy). Both the plant species yield psychotropic substances. Palynological and mycological analysis of containers from the deceased person's dwelling also yielded abundant trace evidence of pertinent pollen and spores. The police had requested analysis for DMT but there was no screening for other psychotropic substances. Investigators were surprised that a mixture of hallucinogenic materials had been consumed by the deceased. The charge was modified from manslaughter to possession of a 'Class A' drug as the deceased had been consuming psychotropic substances not administered by the 'shaman'. Where death involving drugs from plants or fungi is suspected, microscopical examination of samples from the gut can provide a rapid and effective method for assessing, in a temporal context, the presence of ingested materials that may not have been previously suspected. The example presented here also demonstrates the need for caution in interpreting toxicological results where screening for unusual compounds has been limited.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-06-03", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1016/j.jflm.2015.05.010", "pubmed_id": "26165663", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2015.05.010", "keywords": "Colon, Ileum, Gastrointestinal Contents, Humans, Spores, Fungal, Cannabis, Banisteriopsis, Papaver, Pollen, Seeds, Substance-Related Disorders, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Microscopy, Substance Abuse Detection, Forensic Pathology, Beverages, Male, Forensic Toxicology, Psilocybe", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26165663\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2536, "title": "Finding the self by losing the self: Neural correlates of ego-dissolution under psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "finding the self by losing the self neural correlates of ego dissolution under psilocybin", "authors": "Lebedev AV, Lövdén M, Rosenthal G, Feilding A, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Ego-disturbances have been a topic in schizophrenia research since the earliest clinical descriptions of the disorder. Manifesting as a feeling that one's \"self,\" \"ego,\" or \"I\" is disintegrating or that the border between one's self and the external world is dissolving, \"ego-disintegration\" or \"dissolution\" is also an important feature of the psychedelic experience, such as is produced by psilocybin (a compound found in \"magic mushrooms\"). Fifteen healthy subjects took part in this placebo-controlled study. Twelve-minute functional MRI scans were acquired on two occasions: subjects received an intravenous infusion of saline on one occasion (placebo) and 2 mg psilocybin on the other. Twenty-two visual analogue scale ratings were completed soon after scanning and the first principal component of these, dominated by items referring to \"ego-dissolution\", was used as a primary measure of interest in subsequent analyses. Employing methods of connectivity analysis and graph theory, an association was found between psilocybin-induced ego-dissolution and decreased functional connectivity between the medial temporal lobe and high-level cortical regions. Ego-dissolution was also associated with a \"disintegration\" of the salience network and reduced interhemispheric communication. Addressing baseline brain dynamics as a predictor of drug-response, individuals with lower diversity of executive network nodes were more likely to experience ego-dissolution under psilocybin. These results implicate MTL-cortical decoupling, decreased salience network integrity, and reduced inter-hemispheric communication in psilocybin-induced ego disturbance and suggest that the maintenance of \"self\"or \"ego,\" as a perceptual phenomenon, may rest on the normal functioning of these systems.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-05-21", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1002/hbm.22833", "pubmed_id": "26010878", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22833", "keywords": "Brain, Neural Pathways, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Ego, Self Concept, Perception, Principal Component Analysis, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26010878\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2522, "title": "The use of illicit drugs as self-medication in the treatment of cluster headache: Results from an Italian online survey.", "normalized_title": "the use of illicit drugs as self medication in the treatment of cluster headache results from an italian online survey", "authors": "Di Lorenzo C, Coppola G, Di Lorenzo G, Bracaglia M, Rossi P, Pierelli F.", "abstract": "BackgroundCluster headache (CH) patients often receive unsatisfactory treatment and may explore illicit substances as alternatives. We aimed to explore this use of illicit drugs for CH treatment.MethodsWe invited CH patients from an Internet-based self-help group to complete a questionnaire regarding their therapeutic use of illicit substances.ResultsOf the 54 respondents, 29 were classified as chronic and 39 were drug-resistant cases. Fifty patients had previously tried subcutaneous sumatriptan, 40 had tried O2, and 48 had tried at least one prophylactic treatment. All 54 patients specified that they were dissatisfied with conventional treatments. Thirty-four patients had used cannabinoids, 13 cocaine, 8 heroin, 18 psilocybin, 12 lysergic acid amide (LSA), and 4 lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).DiscussionSome patients with intractable CH decided to try illicit drugs concomitantly with cessation of medical care. Most of these patients found suggestions for illicit drug use on the Internet. Many patients seemed to underestimate the judicial consequences of, and had an overestimated confidence in the safety of, such illicit treatments. Physicians are often not informed by patients of their choice to use illicit drugs. This leads to questions regarding the true nature of the physician-patient relationship among dissatisfied CH patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-04-21", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/0333102415583145", "pubmed_id": "25903763", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102415583145", "keywords": "Humans, Cluster Headache, Self Medication, Italy, Female, Male, Social Media, Surveys and Questionnaires, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25903763\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Headache / Migraine,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2537, "title": "The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review.", "normalized_title": "the hallucinogenic world of tryptamines an updated review", "authors": "Araújo AM, Carvalho F, Bastos Mde L, Guedes de Pinho P, Carvalho M.", "abstract": "In the area of psychotropic drugs, tryptamines are known to be a broad class of classical or serotonergic hallucinogens. These drugs are capable of producing profound changes in sensory perception, mood and thought in humans and act primarily as agonists of the 5-HT2A receptor. Well-known tryptamines such as psilocybin contained in Aztec sacred mushrooms and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), present in South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca, have been restrictedly used since ancient times in sociocultural and ritual contexts. However, with the discovery of hallucinogenic properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in mid-1900s, tryptamines began to be used recreationally among young people. More recently, new synthetically produced tryptamine hallucinogens, such as alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT), emerged in the recreational drug market, which have been claimed as the next-generation designer drugs to replace LSD ('legal' alternatives to LSD). Tryptamine derivatives are widely accessible over the Internet through companies selling them as 'research chemicals', but can also be sold in 'headshops' and street dealers. Reports of intoxication and deaths related to the use of new tryptamines have been described over the last years, raising international concern over tryptamines. However, the lack of literature pertaining to pharmacological and toxicological properties of new tryptamine hallucinogens hampers the assessment of their actual potential harm to general public health. This review provides a comprehensive update on tryptamine hallucinogens, concerning their historical background, prevalence, patterns of use and legal status, chemistry, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics and their physiological and toxicological effects on animals and humans.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-04-15", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x", "pubmed_id": "25877327", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Tryptamines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Molecular Structure, Structure-Activity Relationship, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25877327\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2540, "title": "Legal highs: staying on top of the flood of novel psychoactive substances.", "normalized_title": "legal highs staying on top of the flood of novel psychoactive substances", "authors": "Baumeister D, Tojo LM, Tracy DK.", "abstract": "There has been growing clinical, public, and media awareness and concern about the availability and potential harmfulness of so-called 'legal highs', which are more appropriately called new or novel psychoactive substances (NPS). A cat-and-mouse process has emerged wherein unknown chemists and laboratories are producing new, and as yet nonproscribed, compounds for human consumption; and as soon as they are banned, which they inevitably are, slightly modified analogues are produced to circumvent new laws. This rapidly changing environment, 81 new substances were identified in 2013 alone, has led to confusion for clinicians, psychopharmacologists, and the public at large. Our difficulties in keeping up with the process has had a two-fold negative effect: the danger of ignoring what is confusing; and the problem that some of the newer synthesized compounds appear ever more potent. This review aims to circumscribe a quick moving and growing field, and to categorize NPS into five major groups based upon their 'parent' compounds: stimulants similar to cocaine, amphetamines and ecstasy; cannabinoids; benzodiazepine based drugs; dissociatives similar to ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP); and those modelled after classic hallucinogens such as LSD and psilocybin. Pharmacodynamic actions, subjective and physical effects, harmfulness, risk of dependency and, where appropriate, putative clinical potentials are described for each class. Clinicians might encounter NPS in various ways: anecdotal reportage; acute intoxication; as part of a substance misuse profile; and as a precipitant or perpetuating factor for longer-term physical and psychological ill health. Current data are overall limited, and much of our knowledge and treatment strategies are based upon those of the 'parent' compound. There is a critical need for more research in this field, and for professionals to make themselves more aware of this growing issue and how it might affect those we see clinically and try to help: a brave new world of so-called 'psychonauts' consuming NPS will also need informed 'psychotherapeutonauts'. The paper should serve as a primer for clinicians and interested readers, as well as provide a framework into which to place the new substances that will inevitably be synthesized in the future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-03-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/2045125314559539", "pubmed_id": "26240749", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125314559539", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26240749\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Healthcare Workers,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2052, "title": "Research on acute toxicity and the behavioral effects of methanolic extract from psilocybin mushrooms and psilocin in mice.", "normalized_title": "research on acute toxicity and the behavioral effects of methanolic extract from psilocybin mushrooms and psilocin in mice", "authors": "Zhuk O, Jasicka-Misiak I, Poliwoda A, Kazakova A, Godovan VV, Halama M, Wieczorek PP.", "abstract": "The pharmacological activities and acute toxicity of the psilocin (PC) and dried residues of the crude extracts of psychotropic mushrooms were investigated in mice. The hallucinogenic substances were effectively isolated, by using methanol, from the species of Psilocybe semilanceata and Pholiotina cyanopus, that were collected in the north-east region of Poland. The chemical analysis of these extracts, which was performed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS), indicated the presence of psilocin and other hallucinogenic substances, including indolealkylamines and their phosphorylated analogues. When the pure psilocin or fungal extracts were used, slight differences in determined LD50 values were observed. However, the application of PC evoked the highest level of toxicity (293.07 mg/kg) compared to the activity of extracts from Ph. cyanopus and P. semilanceata, where the level of LD50 was 316.87 mg/kg and 324.37 mg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the behavioral test, which considered the head-twitching response (HTR), was used to assess the effects of the studied psychotropic factors on the serotonergic system. Both, the fungal extracts and psilocin evoked characteristic serotoninergic effects depending on the dose administered to mice, acting as an agonist/partial agonist on the serotonergic system. A dose of 200 mg/kg 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) induced spontaneous head-twitching in mice (100% effect), as a result of the formation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the brain. Compared to the activity of 5-HTP, the intraperitoneal administration of 1mg/kg of psilocin or hallucinogenic extracts of studied mushrooms (Ph. cyanopus and P. semilanceata) reduced the number of head-twitch responses of about 46% and 30%, respectively. In contrast, the administration of PC exhibited a reduction of about 60% in HTR numbers.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-03-26", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.3390/toxins7041018", "pubmed_id": "25826052", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7041018", "keywords": "Animals, Animals, Outbred Strains, Mice, Agaricales, Methanol, Hallucinogens, Complex Mixtures, Solvents, Lethal Dose 50, Behavior, Animal, Female, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25826052\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2523, "title": "Classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions.", "normalized_title": "classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions", "authors": "Bogenschutz MP, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "Addictive disorders are very common and have devastating individual and social consequences. Currently available treatment is moderately effective at best. After many years of neglect, there is renewed interest in potential clinical uses for classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions and other behavioral health conditions. In this paper we provide a comprehensive review of both historical and recent clinical research on the use of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addiction, selectively review other relevant research concerning hallucinogens, and suggest directions for future research. Clinical trial data are very limited except for the use of LSD in the treatment of alcoholism, where a meta-analysis of controlled trials has demonstrated a consistent and clinically significant beneficial effect of high-dose LSD. Recent pilot studies of psilocybin-assisted treatment of nicotine and alcohol dependence had strikingly positive outcomes, but controlled trials will be necessary to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments. Although plausible biological mechanisms have been proposed, currently the strongest evidence is for the role of mystical or other meaningful experiences as mediators of therapeutic effects. Classic hallucinogens have an excellent record of safety in the context of clinical research. Given our limited understanding of the clinically relevant effects of classic hallucinogens, there is a wealth of opportunities for research that could contribute important new knowledge and potentially lead to valuable new treatments for addiction.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-03-13", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.002", "pubmed_id": "25784600", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.002", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Addictive, Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25784600\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Meta-Analysis,Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Meta-Analysis", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2542, "title": "Psychedelics not linked to mental health problems or suicidal behavior: a population study.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics not linked to mental health problems or suicidal behavior a population study", "authors": "Johansen PØ, Krebs TS.", "abstract": "A recent large population study of 130,000 adults in the United States failed to find evidence for a link between psychedelic use (lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin or mescaline) and mental health problems. Using a new data set consisting of 135,095 randomly selected United States adults, including 19,299 psychedelic users, we examine the associations between psychedelic use and mental health. After adjusting for sociodemographics, other drug use and childhood depression, we found no significant associations between lifetime use of psychedelics and increased likelihood of past year serious psychological distress, mental health treatment, suicidal thoughts, suicidal plans and suicide attempt, depression and anxiety. We failed to find evidence that psychedelic use is an independent risk factor for mental health problems. Psychedelics are not known to harm the brain or other body organs or to cause addiction or compulsive use; serious adverse events involving psychedelics are extremely rare. Overall, it is difficult to see how prohibition of psychedelics can be justified as a public health measure.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-03-04", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/0269881114568039", "pubmed_id": "25744618", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114568039", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Risk Factors, Retrospective Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Suicide, Attempted, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Adolescent, Adult, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Suicidal Ideation", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25744618\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Adolescents,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2544, "title": "Classic psychedelic use is associated with reduced psychological distress and suicidality in the United States adult population.", "normalized_title": "classic psychedelic use is associated with reduced psychological distress and suicidality in the united states adult population", "authors": "Hendricks PS, Thorne CB, Clark CB, Coombs DW, Johnson MW", "abstract": "Mental health problems are endemic across the globe, and suicide, a strong corollary of poor mental health, is a leading cause of death. Classic psychedelic use may occasion lasting improvements in mental health, but the effects of classic psychedelic use on suicidality are unknown. We evaluated the relationships of classic psychedelic use with psychological distress and suicidality among over 190,000 USA adult respondents pooled from the last five available years of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2008-2012) while controlling for a range of covariates. Lifetime classic psychedelic use was associated with a significantly reduced odds of past month psychological distress (weighted odds ratio (OR)=0.81 (0.72-0.91)), past year suicidal thinking (weighted OR=0.86 (0.78-0.94)), past year suicidal planning (weighted OR=0.71 (0.54-0.94)), and past year suicide attempt (weighted OR=0.64 (0.46-0.89)), whereas lifetime illicit use of other drugs was largely associated with an increased likelihood of these outcomes. These findings indicate that classic psychedelics may hold promise in the prevention of suicide, supporting the view that classic psychedelics' most highly restricted legal status should be reconsidered to facilitate scientific study, and suggesting that more extensive clinical research with classic psychedelics is warranted.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2015-02-28", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/0269881114565653", "pubmed_id": "25586402", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25586402/", "keywords": "Psychedelic, hallucinogen, lysergic acid diethylamide, mental health, prevention, psilocybin, suicide", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"25586402\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2543, "title": "Peak experiences and the afterglow phenomenon: when and how do therapeutic effects of hallucinogens depend on psychedelic experiences?", "normalized_title": "peak experiences and the afterglow phenomenon when and how do therapeutic effects of hallucinogens depend on psychedelic experiences", "authors": "Majić T, Schmidt TT, Gallinat J", "abstract": "Interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances has recently resumed. During an early phase of human psychedelic research, their therapeutic application in different pathologies had been suggested, and the first evidence for efficacy was provided. The range of recent clinical applications of psychedelics spans from cluster headaches and obsessive-compulsive disorder to addiction and the treatment of fear and anxiety in patients suffering from terminal illness, indicating potentially different therapeutic mechanisms. A variety of approaches in psychotherapy emphasize subjective experiences, such as so-called peak experiences or afterglow phenomena, as differentially mediating therapeutic action. This review aims to re-evaluate earlier and recent concepts of how psychedelic substances may exert beneficial effects. After a short outline of neurophenomenological aspects, we discuss different approaches to how psychedelics are used in psychotherapy. Finally, we summarize evidence for the relationship between subjective experiences and therapeutic success. While the distinction between pharmacological and psychological action obviously cannot be clear-cut, they do appear to contribute differently from each other when their effects are compared with regard to pathologies.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2015-02-28", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/0269881114568040", "pubmed_id": "25670401", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25670401/", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, LSD, ketamine, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psilocybin, psychedelic therapy, psychedelics, psycholytic therapy, serotonin, substance addiction, substance-assisted psychotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"25670401\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2541, "title": "[Ilicit drugs frequently used by drug addicts].", "normalized_title": "ilicit drugs frequently used by drug addicts", "authors": "Cirriez JP.", "abstract": "Drugs stimulate the brain causing mental and physical effects. The effects of drugs can be stimulating, narcotic or mind-altering. This article briefly discusses some commonly used illicit drugs, namely heroin, cocaine, cannabis, ecstasy, amphetamines, LSD, psilocybin mushrooms and poppers.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-02-28", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "26571792", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26571792", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Drug Users, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26571792\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2546, "title": "The psychedelic state induced by ayahuasca modulates the activity and connectivity of the default mode network.", "normalized_title": "the psychedelic state induced by ayahuasca modulates the activity and connectivity of the default mode network", "authors": "Palhano-Fontes F, Andrade KC, Tofoli LF, Santos AC, Crippa JA, Hallak JE, Ribeiro S, de Araujo DB.", "abstract": "The experiences induced by psychedelics share a wide variety of subjective features, related to the complex changes in perception and cognition induced by this class of drugs. A remarkable increase in introspection is at the core of these altered states of consciousness. Self-oriented mental activity has been consistently linked to the Default Mode Network (DMN), a set of brain regions more active during rest than during the execution of a goal-directed task. Here we used fMRI technique to inspect the DMN during the psychedelic state induced by Ayahuasca in ten experienced subjects. Ayahuasca is a potion traditionally used by Amazonian Amerindians composed by a mixture of compounds that increase monoaminergic transmission. In particular, we examined whether Ayahuasca changes the activity and connectivity of the DMN and the connection between the DMN and the task-positive network (TPN). Ayahuasca caused a significant decrease in activity through most parts of the DMN, including its most consistent hubs: the Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC)/Precuneus and the medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC). Functional connectivity within the PCC/Precuneus decreased after Ayahuasca intake. No significant change was observed in the DMN-TPN orthogonality. Altogether, our results support the notion that the altered state of consciousness induced by Ayahuasca, like those induced by psilocybin (another serotonergic psychedelic), meditation and sleep, is linked to the modulation of the activity and the connectivity of the DMN.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-02-17", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0118143", "pubmed_id": "25693169", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118143", "keywords": "Gyrus Cinguli, Prefrontal Cortex, Humans, Banisteriopsis, Consciousness Disorders, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Connectome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25693169\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2547, "title": "Drug models of schizophrenia.", "normalized_title": "drug models of schizophrenia", "authors": "Steeds H, Carhart-Harris RL, Stone JM", "abstract": "Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder with positive, negative and cognitive symptom domains. Approximately one third of patients are resistant to currently available medication. New therapeutic targets and a better understanding of the basic biological processes that drive pathogenesis are needed in order to develop therapies that will improve quality of life for these patients. Several drugs that act on neurotransmitter systems in the brain have been suggested to model aspects of schizophrenia in animals and in man. In this paper, we selectively review findings from dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, cannabinoid, GABA, cholinergic and kappa opioid pharmacological drug models to evaluate their similarity to schizophrenia. Understanding the interactions between these different neurotransmitter systems and their relationship with symptoms will be an important step towards building a coherent hypothesis for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2015-01-31", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/2045125314557797", "pubmed_id": "25653831", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25653831/", "keywords": "LSD, PCP, THC, amphetamine, cannabis, drug models, kappa opioid, ketamine, models, psilocybin, psychosis, salvia divinorum, schizophrenia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"25653831\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2545, "title": "Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: a proof-of-concept study.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin assisted treatment for alcohol dependence a proof of concept study", "authors": "Bogenschutz MP, Forcehimes AA, Pommy JA, Wilcox CE, Barbosa PC, Strassman RJ.", "abstract": "UnlabelledSeveral lines of evidence suggest that classic (5HT2A agonist) hallucinogens have clinically relevant effects in alcohol and drug addiction. Although recent studies have investigated the effects of psilocybin in various populations, there have been no studies on the efficacy of psilocybin for alcohol dependence. We conducted a single-group proof-of-concept study to quantify acute effects of psilocybin in alcohol-dependent participants and to provide preliminary outcome and safety data. Ten volunteers with DSM-IV alcohol dependence received orally administered psilocybin in one or two supervised sessions in addition to Motivational Enhancement Therapy and therapy sessions devoted to preparation for and debriefing from the psilocybin sessions. Participants' responses to psilocybin were qualitatively similar to those described in other populations. Abstinence did not increase significantly in the first 4 weeks of treatment (when participants had not yet received psilocybin), but increased significantly following psilocybin administration (p < 0.05). Gains were largely maintained at follow-up to 36 weeks. The intensity of effects in the first psilocybin session (at week 4) strongly predicted change in drinking during weeks 5-8 (r = 0.76 to r = 0.89) and also predicted decreases in craving and increases in abstinence self-efficacy during week 5. There were no significant treatment-related adverse events. These preliminary findings provide a strong rationale for controlled trials with larger samples to investigate efficacy and mechanisms.Trial registrationNCT02061293.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2015-01-12", "publication_year": 2015, "doi": "10.1177/0269881114565144", "pubmed_id": "25586396", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114565144", "keywords": "Humans, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Alcohol Drinking, Motivation, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25586396\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2550, "title": "Can psychedelic compounds play a part in drug dependence therapy?", "normalized_title": "can psychedelic compounds play a part in drug dependence therapy", "authors": "Sessa B, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "After a 40-year hiatus there is now a revisiting of psychedelic drug therapy throughout psychiatry, with studies examining the drugs psilocybin, ketamine, ibogaine and ayahuasca in the treatment of drug dependence. Limitations to these therapies are both clinical and legal, but the possibility of improving outcomes for patients with substance dependency imposes an obligation to research this area.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-12-31", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148031", "pubmed_id": "25561484", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148031", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25561484\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2549, "title": "Recreational use, analysis and toxicity of tryptamines.", "normalized_title": "recreational use analysis and toxicity of tryptamines", "authors": "Tittarelli R, Mannocchi G, Pantano F, Romolo FS.", "abstract": "UnlabelledThe definition New psychoactive substances (NPS) refers to emerging drugs whose chemical structures are similar to other psychoactive compounds but not identical, representing a \"legal\" alternative to internationally controlled drugs. There are many categories of NPS, such as synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, phenylethylamines, piperazines, ketamine derivatives and tryptamines. Tryptamines are naturally occurring compounds, which can derive from the amino acid tryptophan by several biosynthetic pathways: their structure is a combination of a benzene ring and a pyrrole ring, with the addition of a 2-carbon side chain. Tryptamines include serotonin and melatonin as well as other compounds known for their hallucinogenic properties, such as psilocybin in 'Magic mushrooms' and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Ayahuasca brews.AimTo review the scientific literature regarding tryptamines and their derivatives, providing a summary of all the available information about the structure of these compounds, their effects in relationship with the routes of administration, their pharmacology and toxicity, including articles reporting cases of death related to intake of these substances.MethodsA comprehensive review of the published scientific literature was performed, using also non peer-reviewed information sources, such as books, government publications and drug user web fora.ConclusionsInformation from Internet and from published scientific literature, organized in the way we proposed in this review, provides an effective tool for specialists facing the emerging NPS threat to public health and public security, including the personnel working in Emergency Department.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-12-31", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.2174/1570159x13666141210222409", "pubmed_id": "26074742", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x13666141210222409", "keywords": "Humans, Poisoning, Substance-Related Disorders, Tryptamines, Psychotropic Drugs, Designer Drugs, Structure-Activity Relationship, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26074742\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2054, "title": "Taxonomic Identification of Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Seized on the Illegal Market Using a DNA-Based Approach and LC/MS-MS Determination of Psilocybin and Psilocin", "normalized_title": "taxonomic identification of hallucinogenic mushrooms seized on the illegal market using a dna based approach and lc ms ms determination of psilocybin and psilocin", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques", "publication_date": "2014-12-31", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.4172/2155-9872.1000277", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000277", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.4172/2155-9872.1000277\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2055, "title": "Analysis of psilocin, bufotenine and LSD in hair.", "normalized_title": "analysis of psilocin bufotenine and lsd in hair", "authors": "Martin R, Schürenkamp J, Gasse A, Pfeiffer H, Köhler H.", "abstract": "A method for the simultaneous extraction of the hallucinogens psilocin, bufotenine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as well as iso-LSD, nor-LSD and O-H-LSD from hair with hydrochloride acid and methanol is presented. Clean-up of the hair extracts is performed with solid phase extraction using a mixed-mode cation exchanger. Extracts are measured with liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The method was successfully validated according to the guidelines of the 'Society of Toxicological and Forensic Chemistry' (GTFCh). To obtain reference material hair was soaked in a solution of the analytes in dimethyl sulfoxide/methanol to allow incorporation into the hair. These fortified hair samples were used for method development and can be employed as quality controls.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-12-22", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1093/jat/bku141", "pubmed_id": "25540060", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bku141", "keywords": "Hair, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Bufotenin, Chromatography, Liquid, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Solid Phase Extraction, Limit of Detection, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25540060\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2552, "title": "Homological scaffolds of brain functional networks.", "normalized_title": "homological scaffolds of brain functional networks", "authors": "Petri G, Expert P, Turkheimer F, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt D, Hellyer PJ, Vaccarino F.", "abstract": "Networks, as efficient representations of complex systems, have appealed to scientists for a long time and now permeate many areas of science, including neuroimaging (Bullmore and Sporns 2009 Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 186-198. (doi:10.1038/nrn2618)). Traditionally, the structure of complex networks has been studied through their statistical properties and metrics concerned with node and link properties, e.g. degree-distribution, node centrality and modularity. Here, we study the characteristics of functional brain networks at the mesoscopic level from a novel perspective that highlights the role of inhomogeneities in the fabric of functional connections. This can be done by focusing on the features of a set of topological objects-homological cycles-associated with the weighted functional network. We leverage the detected topological information to define the homological scaffolds, a new set of objects designed to represent compactly the homological features of the correlation network and simultaneously make their homological properties amenable to networks theoretical methods. As a proof of principle,we apply these tools to compare resting state functional brain activity in 15 healthy volunteers after intravenous infusion of placebo and psilocybin-the main psychoactive component of magic mushrooms. The results show that the homological structure of the brain's functional patterns undergoes a dramatic change post-psilocybin, characterized by the appearance of many transient structures of low stability and of a small number of persistent ones that are not observed in the case of placebo.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-11-30", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1098/rsif.2014.0873", "pubmed_id": "25401177", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0873", "keywords": "Brain, Nerve Net, Humans, Hallucinogens, Radiography, Models, Neurological, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25401177\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2554, "title": "Psilocybin and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Wilcox JA.", "abstract": "Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder with considerable morbidity and mortality. This condition disables many individuals and is often refractory to treatment. Research suggests that serotonin plays a role in OCD symptom reduction. We present a case of an individual who successfully used psilocybin, a serotonergic agent, to reduce the core symptoms of OCD for several years. Although not endorsing this form of treatment, we feel that the successful use of this agent highlights the role of serotonergic factors in OCD and the need for further, legitimate research into the value of psilocybin in the treatment of anxiety disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-10-31", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2014.963754", "pubmed_id": "25364991", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2014.963754", "keywords": "Humans, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25364991\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,OCD,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2053, "title": "Effect of psilocin on extracellular dopamine and serotonin levels in the mesoaccumbens and mesocortical pathway in awake rats.", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocin on extracellular dopamine and serotonin levels in the mesoaccumbens and mesocortical pathway in awake rats", "authors": "Sakashita Y, Abe K, Katagiri N, Kambe T, Saitoh T, Utsunomiya I, Horiguchi Y, Taguchi K.", "abstract": "Psilocin (3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-ol) is a hallucinogenic component of the Mexican mushroom Psilocybe mexicana and a skeletal serotonin (5-HT) analogue. Psilocin is the active metabolite of psilocybin (3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yl dihydrogen phosphate). In the present study, we examined the effects of systemically administered psilocin on extracellular dopamine and 5-HT concentrations in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex of the dopaminergic pathway in awake rats using in vivo microdialysis. Intraperitoneal administration of psilocin (5, 10 mg/kg) significantly increased extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Psilocin did not affect the extracellular 5-HT level in the nucleus accumbens. Conversely, systemic administration of psilocin (10 mg/kg) significantly increased extracellular 5-HT levels in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats, but dopamine was decreased in this region. However, neither extracellular dopamine nor 5-HT levels in the VTA were altered by administration of psilocin. Behaviorally, psilocin significantly increased the number of head twitches. Thus, psilocin affects the dopaminergic system in the nucleus accumbens. In the serotonergic system, psilocin contribute to a crucial effect in the medial prefrontal cortex. The present data suggest that psilocin increased both the extracellular dopamine and 5-HT concentrations in the mesoaccumbens and/or mesocortical pathway.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-10-23", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1248/bpb.b14-00315", "pubmed_id": "25342005", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b14-00315", "keywords": "Ventral Tegmental Area, Nucleus Accumbens, Prefrontal Cortex, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Dopamine, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25342005\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2539, "title": "Phylogenetic and chemical studies in the potential psychotropic species complex of Psilocybe atrobrunnea with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes.", "normalized_title": "phylogenetic and chemical studies in the potential psychotropic species complex of psilocybe atrobrunnea with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes", "authors": "Borovička J, Oborník M, Stříbrný J, Noordeloos ME, Parra Sánchez LA, Gryndler M.", "abstract": "Five Psilocybe species with unresolved systematic position (P. atrobrunnea, P. laetissima, P. medullosa, P. pelliculosa, and P. silvatica) were investigated using four molecular markers (EF1-α, ITS, LSU, and IGS). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that with the exception of P. laetissima, which is now rightfully classified in the genus Leratiomyces, all investigated species belong to Psilocybe sect. Psilocybe. For the first time, psychotropic compounds psilocin and psilocybin were detected in P. medullosa using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. On the contrary, neither psilocin, nor psilocybin was detected in P. atrobrunnea and negative results were also obtained from mycelia grown in vitro on tryptamine/tryptophan-amended media. These results strongly suggest that biosynthesis of these alkaloids was lost in P. atrobrunnea. With the exception of minor differences detected in EF1-α marker, all sequences of American and European collections of P. atrobrunnea were identical. On the other hand, a thorough nomenclatural study revealed that the name P. atrobrunnea must be considered dubious; the oldest available candidate name, P. fuscofulva, was therefore adopted. The molecular data suggests that morphologically identical American P. silvatica and European P. medullosa likely represent distinct species; epitypes of both taxa were therefore designated.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-10-20", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.3767/003158515x685283", "pubmed_id": "26240441", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3767/003158515x685283", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26240441\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Biomarkers,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2555, "title": "Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction.", "normalized_title": "pilot study of the 5 ht2ar agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction", "authors": "Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Cosimano MP, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "Despite suggestive early findings on the therapeutic use of hallucinogens in the treatment of substance use disorders, rigorous follow-up has not been conducted. To determine the safety and feasibility of psilocybin as an adjunct to tobacco smoking cessation treatment we conducted an open-label pilot study administering moderate (20 mg/70 kg) and high (30 mg/70 kg) doses of psilocybin within a structured 15-week smoking cessation treatment protocol. Participants were 15 psychiatrically healthy nicotine-dependent smokers (10 males; mean age of 51 years), with a mean of six previous lifetime quit attempts, and smoking a mean of 19 cigarettes per day for a mean of 31 years at intake. Biomarkers assessing smoking status, and self-report measures of smoking behavior demonstrated that 12 of 15 participants (80%) showed seven-day point prevalence abstinence at 6-month follow-up. The observed smoking cessation rate substantially exceeds rates commonly reported for other behavioral and/or pharmacological therapies (typically", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-09-10", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1177/0269881114548296", "pubmed_id": "25213996", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114548296", "keywords": "Humans, Tobacco Use Disorder, Carbon Monoxide, Cotinine, Nicotinic Agonists, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy, Pilot Projects, Attitude, Behavior, Addictive, Smoking Cessation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Biomarkers, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25213996\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2556, "title": "Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of hallucinogenic drugs in hair of psychedelic plants and mushrooms consumers.", "normalized_title": "ultra high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of hallucinogenic drugs in hair of psychedelic plants and mushrooms consumers", "authors": "Pichini S, Marchei E, García-Algar O, Gomez A, Di Giovannandrea R, Pacifici R.", "abstract": "A procedure based on ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the determination of mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, psilocin, psilocybin, salvinorin A in hair of consumers of psychedelic vegetal material such peyote or trichocereus cacti, psilocybe mushrooms, Salvia divinorum or psychedelic beverage ayahuasca. After hair washing with methyl alcohol and diethyl ether and subsequent addition of mescaline-d9 and 3,4-methylenedioxypropylamphetamine as internal standards, hair samples were treated with 250μl VMA-T M3 reagent for 1h at 100°C. After cooling, 100μl M3 extract were diluted with 400μl water and a volume of 10μl was injected into chromatographic system. Chromatographic separation was achieved at ambient temperature using a reverse-phase column and a linear gradient elution with two solvents: 0.3% formic acid in acetonitrile and 5mM ammonium formate pH 3. The mass spectrometer was operated in positive ion mode, using multiple reaction monitoring via positive electrospray ionization. The method was linear from the limit of quantification (0.03-0.05ng/mg depending on analyte under investigation) to 10ng/mg hair, with an intra- and inter-assay imprecision and inaccuracy always less than 15% and an analytical recovery between 79.6% and 97.4%, depending on the considered analyte. Using the validated method, mescaline was found in concentration range of 0.08-0.13ng/mg in hair of peyote smokers, 3.2ng salvinorin A per mg hair were determined in hair from a S. divinorum smoker, 5.6ng N,N-dimethyltryptamine per mg hair from an ayahuasca user and finally 0.8ng psilocybin per ng hair of a psilocybe consumer.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-08-09", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1016/j.jpba.2014.08.006", "pubmed_id": "25171488", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2014.08.006", "keywords": "Hair, Humans, Agaricales, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Plant Preparations, Buffers, Solvents, Calibration, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Linear Models, Case-Control Studies, Reproducibility of Results, Substance Abuse Detection, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Reference Standards, Male, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography, Reverse-Phase, Limit of Detection", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25171488\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2558, "title": "Classical hallucinogens as antidepressants? A review of pharmacodynamics and putative clinical roles.", "normalized_title": "classical hallucinogens as antidepressants a review of pharmacodynamics and putative clinical roles", "authors": "Baumeister D, Barnes G, Giaroli G, Tracy D", "abstract": "Hallucinogens have been part of spiritual practice for millennia, but controversy surrounding their mind-manifesting effects led to their proscription by the mid-20th century, largely without evidence of harm or toxicity and despite nascent data suggesting therapeutic utility in treating depressive illnesses. This review explores their pharmacodynamic actions and the current limited data on their clinic effectiveness. These drugs appear to exert their psychedelic effects through their agonist or partial agonist activity at the serotonergic 5-HT2A receptor, though they also have affinity for other metabotropic serotonin receptors. Hallucinogen binding affects a wide range of intracellular signalling pathways, the precise nature of which remains incompletely understood. They alter the serotonergic tone of brainstem raphe nuclei that project through the brain; they interact with receptors in the prefrontal cortex altering connectivity patterns and intracellular functioning; and they disrupt inhibitory control of sensory input via the thalamus to the cortex. The serotonergic system has long been implicated in anxiety and depressive disorders, and is a major target of most existing antidepressants. Classical hallucinogens alter the functioning of this system, but not in the same way current medications do: whilst there are identified receptors and neurotransmitter pathways through which hallucinogens could therein produce therapeutic effects, the neurobiology of this remains speculative at this time. There is currently an extremely limited but growing literature on hallucinogen safety and clinical application. The drugs appear well tolerated by healthy controls and clinical populations, and the rapid tolerance to repeated administration might reduce the possibility of dependency. Clinical trials reported over the past decade have generally shown positive therapeutic potential, but they are notably few in number. Legislative policy has had a freezing effect on evaluation of these compounds, a better understanding of which might improve our knowledge of the processes involved in consciousness, the neuropathology of depression, and potentially open up new pharmacological therapies.", "journal": "Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2014-07-31", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1177/2045125314527985", "pubmed_id": "25083275", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25083275/", "keywords": "5-HT2A, LSD, antidepressants, anxiety, depression, hallucinogen, psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"25083275\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Spirituality,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2056, "title": "14C-Psilocin tissue distribution in pregnant rats after intravenous administration", "normalized_title": "14c psilocin tissue distribution in pregnant rats after intravenous administration", "authors": "Law Francis, Poon Grace, Chui Y. C., He Shao-Xiong", "abstract": "Background: Many species of hallucinogenic mushrooms have been found in the genus Psilocybe. The main psychoactive chemicals of Psilocybe mushrooms are psilocin and its phosphoryloxy derivative, psilocybin. In addition to its psychedelic effects, psilocybin is an effective agent to lift the mood of depressed patients with terminal cancers.Objective: To study the dispositional kinetics of 14C-psilocin in pregnant rats after intravenous injection, to calculate tissue dose surrogates i.e., tissue 14C concentration and area under the concentration-time curve using the experimental data, to quantify trans-placental passage of psilocin and/or its metabolites, and to identify new psilocin metabolite(s) in rat urine.Methods: A group of 15 pregnant Wistar rats weighing between 0.30-0.36 kg was used in the study. Each rat was given a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg 14C-psilocini.v. Three rats were randomly selected and sacrificed at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 hr post-dosing. The maternal and fetal tissues were quickly removed and the radioactivity in these tissues determined by liquid scintillation counting.In a separate study, urine samples were collected from 6 male Wistar rats after administering 15 mg/kg of unlabeled psilocin i.p. The urine samples were collected and extracted by chloroform-methanol (9:1 v/v) and analyzed using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer.Results: 14C-Psilocin crossed the placental barrier of pregnant rats readily after i.v. administration; maternal tissue 14C concentrations were found to be much higher than those in fetal tissues. The areas under the curve for maternal tissues also were much higher than the fetal tissues. In general, maternal tissues could be divided into the fast eliminating organ group, which included the brain (elimination half-life 13 hr). A new psilocin metabolite tentatively identified as dihydroxyindoleacetic acid was found in the urine.Conclusion: Our study showed that psilocin readily crossed the placental and blood-brain barriers of pregnant rats. Because psilocin was eliminated slowly from the fetal tissues of rats, human consumption of magic mushrooms should be avoided during pregnancy. Key words: magic mushrooms, psilocin, placental barrier, pregnant rats", "journal": "Functional Foods in Health and Disease", "publication_date": "2014-07-26", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.31989/ffhd.v4i6.9", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v4i6.9", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.31989/ffhd.v4i6.9\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2548, "title": "Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens", "authors": "Halberstadt AL.", "abstract": "Serotonergic hallucinogens, such as (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and mescaline, are somewhat enigmatic substances. Although these drugs are derived from multiple chemical families, they all produce remarkably similar effects in animals and humans, and they show cross-tolerance. This article reviews the evidence demonstrating the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor is the primary site of hallucinogen action. The 5-HT2A receptor is responsible for mediating the effects of hallucinogens in human subjects, as well as in animal behavioral paradigms such as drug discrimination, head twitch response, prepulse inhibition of startle, exploratory behavior, and interval timing. Many recent clinical trials have yielded important new findings regarding the psychopharmacology of these substances. Furthermore, the use of modern imaging and electrophysiological techniques is beginning to help unravel how hallucinogens work in the brain. Evidence is also emerging that hallucinogens may possess therapeutic efficacy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-07-14", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016", "pubmed_id": "25036425", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Exploratory Behavior", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25036425\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2557, "title": "Enhanced repertoire of brain dynamical states during the psychedelic experience.", "normalized_title": "enhanced repertoire of brain dynamical states during the psychedelic experience", "authors": "Tagliazucchi E, Carhart-Harris R, Leech R, Nutt D, Chialvo DR.", "abstract": "The study of rapid changes in brain dynamics and functional connectivity (FC) is of increasing interest in neuroimaging. Brain states departing from normal waking consciousness are expected to be accompanied by alterations in the aforementioned dynamics. In particular, the psychedelic experience produced by psilocybin (a substance found in \"magic mushrooms\") is characterized by unconstrained cognition and profound alterations in the perception of time, space and selfhood. Considering the spontaneous and subjective manifestation of these effects, we hypothesize that neural correlates of the psychedelic experience can be found in the dynamics and variability of spontaneous brain activity fluctuations and connectivity, measurable with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Fifteen healthy subjects were scanned before, during and after intravenous infusion of psilocybin and an inert placebo. Blood-Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) temporal variability was assessed computing the variance and total spectral power, resulting in increased signal variability bilaterally in the hippocampi and anterior cingulate cortex. Changes in BOLD signal spectral behavior (including spectral scaling exponents) affected exclusively higher brain systems such as the default mode, executive control, and dorsal attention networks. A novel framework enabled us to track different connectivity states explored by the brain during rest. This approach revealed a wider repertoire of connectivity states post-psilocybin than during control conditions. Together, the present results provide a comprehensive account of the effects of psilocybin on dynamical behavior in the human brain at a macroscopic level and may have implications for our understanding of the unconstrained, hyper-associative quality of consciousness in the psychedelic state.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-07-02", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1002/hbm.22562", "pubmed_id": "24989126", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22562", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Oxygen, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Entropy, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Adult, Female, Male, Mass Spectrometry, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24989126\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2560, "title": "The effects of psilocybin and MDMA on between-network resting state functional connectivity in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin and mdma on between network resting state functional connectivity in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Roseman L, Leech R, Feilding A, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "Perturbing a system and observing the consequences is a classic scientific strategy for understanding a phenomenon. Psychedelic drugs perturb consciousness in a marked and novel way and thus are powerful tools for studying its mechanisms. In the present analysis, we measured changes in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between a standard template of different independent components analysis (ICA)-derived resting state networks (RSNs) under the influence of two different psychoactive drugs, the stimulant/psychedelic hybrid, MDMA, and the classic psychedelic, psilocybin. Both were given in placebo-controlled designs and produced marked subjective effects, although reports of more profound changes in consciousness were given after psilocybin. Between-network RSFC was generally increased under psilocybin, implying that networks become less differentiated from each other in the psychedelic state. Decreased RSFC between visual and sensorimotor RSNs was also observed. MDMA had a notably less marked effect on between-network RSFC, implying that the extensive changes observed under psilocybin may be exclusive to classic psychedelic drugs and related to their especially profound effects on consciousness. The novel analytical approach applied here may be applied to other altered states of consciousness to improve our characterization of different conscious states and ultimately advance our understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying them.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-05-26", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.3389/fnhum.2014.00204", "pubmed_id": "24904346", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00204", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24904346\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3484, "title": "Pilot Study: Effects of Psilocybin on Behavior, Psychology and Brain Function in Long-term Meditators", "normalized_title": "pilot study effects of psilocybin on behavior psychology and brain function in long term meditators", "authors": "Johns Hopkins University", "abstract": "This is a pilot study to finalize methods for a larger study being planned for the future. This research is being done to characterize performance of tasks, brain functioning, and the effects of psilocybin in individuals with a long-term meditation practice. There are three different parts of the pilot study: 1. Effects of psilocybin on psychological function: This version of the pilot study will involve 1 or 2 day-long psilocybin sessions, and several meetings and data assessment visits. You will make a total of about 5 to 10 visits to our research unit (the BPRU on the Johns Hopkins Bayview Campus). 2. Performance on behavioral and cognitive tasks: This version of the pilot study will involve completing various behavioral and cognitive tasks at our research unit. You will make a total of about 1-10 visits to our research unit (the BPRU on the Johns Hopkins Bayview Campus). 3. Brain functioning: This version of the study will involve 1 to 3 brain imaging (MRI) measurements. You will make a total of about 2 to 5 visits to our research unit (the BPRU on the Johns Hopkins Bayview Campus). The MRI measurements will be taken at the F.M. Kirby Research Center at the Kennedy Krieger Institute (across the street from the Johns Hopkins Hospital). People who are between the ages of 25 and 80 years old, who have a current, regular meditation practice, and who meet the medical requirements may join.", "journal": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "publication_date": "2014-05-19", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01988311", "keywords": "Psilocybin, Hallucinogens, Pharmacologic Actions, Central Nervous System Agents, Therapeutic Uses, Psychotropic Drugs, psilocybin, COMPLETED", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:04:27", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:33", "raw_json": "{\"nct_id\":\"NCT01988311\",\"overall_status\":\"COMPLETED\",\"phase\":[\"PHASE1\"]}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "clinical trial" }, { "id": 2057, "title": "The effect of psilocin on memory acquisition, retrieval, and consolidation in the rat.", "normalized_title": "the effect of psilocin on memory acquisition retrieval and consolidation in the rat", "authors": "Rambousek L, Palenicek T, Vales K, Stuchlik A.", "abstract": "The involvement of the serotonin system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia has been elucidated by experiments with hallucinogens. Application of a hallucinogen to humans leads to changes in perception, cognition, emotions, and induction of psychotic-like symptoms that resemble symptoms of schizophrenia. In rodent studies, their acute administration affects sensorimotor gating, locomotor activity, social behavior, and cognition including working memory, the phenotypes are considered as an animal model of schizophrenia. The complexity and singularity of human cognition raises questions about the validity of animal models utilizing agonists of 5-HT2A receptors. The present study thus investigated the effect of psilocin on memory acquisition, reinforced retrieval, and memory consolidation in rats. Psilocin is a main metabolite of psilocybin acting as an agonist at 5-HT2A receptors with a contribution of 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A receptors. First, we tested the effect of psilocin on the acquisition of a Carousel maze, a spatial task requiring navigation using distal cues, attention, and cognitive coordination. Psilocin significantly impaired the acquisition of the Carousel maze at both doses (1 and 4 mg/kg). The higher dose of psilocin blocked the learning processes even in an additional session when the rats received only saline. Next, we examined the effect of psilocin on reinforced retrieval and consolidation in the Morris water maze (MWM). The dose of 4 mg/kg disrupted reinforced retrieval in the MWM. However, the application of a lower dose was without any significant effect. Finally, neither the low nor high dose of psilocin injected post-training caused a deficit in memory consolidation in the MWM. Taken together, the psilocin dose dependently impaired the acquisition of the Carousel maze and reinforced retrieval in MWM; however, it had no effect on memory consolidation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-05-15", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00180", "pubmed_id": "24904332", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00180", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:03", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24904332\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Animal Study", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2559, "title": "Recreational drug discovery: natural products as lead structures for the synthesis of smart drugs.", "normalized_title": "recreational drug discovery natural products as lead structures for the synthesis of smart drugs", "authors": "Appendino G, Minassi A, Taglialatela-Scafati O.", "abstract": "Covering: up to December 2013. Over the past decade, there has been a growing transition in recreational drugs from natural materials (marijuana, hashish, opium), natural products (morphine, cocaine), or their simple derivatives (heroin), to synthetic agents more potent than their natural prototypes, which are sometimes less harmful in the short term, or that combine properties from different classes of recreational prototypes. These agents have been named smart drugs, and have become popular both for personal consumption and for collective intoxication at rave parties. The reasons for this transition are varied, but are mainly regulatory and commercial. New analogues of known illegal intoxicants are invisible to most forensic detection techniques, while the alleged natural status and the lack of avert acute toxicity make them appealing to a wide range of users. On the other hand, the advent of the internet has made possible the quick dispersal of information among users and the on-line purchase of these agents and/or the precursors for their synthesis. Unlike their natural products chemotypes (ephedrine, mescaline, cathinone, psilocybin, THC), most new drugs of abuse are largely unfamiliar to the organic chemistry community as well as to health care providers. To raise awareness of the growing plague of smart drugs we have surveyed, in a medicinal chemistry fashion, their development from natural products leads, their current methods of production, and the role that clandestine home laboratories and underground chemists have played in the surge of popularity of these drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-05-13", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1039/c4np00010b", "pubmed_id": "24823967", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/c4np00010b", "keywords": "Ephedrine, Tryptamines, Mescaline, Cannabinoids, Alkaloids, Central Nervous System Agents, Biological Products, Molecular Structure, Drug Discovery, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24823967\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Toxicity", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2530, "title": "Psilocybin-Induced Decrease in Amygdala Reactivity Correlates with Enhanced Positive Mood in Healthy Volunteers.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced decrease in amygdala reactivity correlates with enhanced positive mood in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Kraehenmann R, Preller KH, Scheidegger M, Pokorny T, Bosch OG, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe amygdala is a key structure in serotonergic emotion-processing circuits. In healthy volunteers, acute administration of the serotonin 1A/2A/2C receptor agonist psilocybin reduces neural responses to negative stimuli and induces mood changes toward positive states. However, it is little-known whether psilocybin reduces amygdala reactivity to negative stimuli and whether any change in amygdala reactivity is related to mood change.MethodsThis study assessed the effects of acute administration of the hallucinogen psilocybin (.16 mg/kg) versus placebo on amygdala reactivity to negative stimuli in 25 healthy volunteers using blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Mood changes were assessed using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and the state portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. A double-blind, randomized, cross-over design was used with volunteers counterbalanced to receive psilocybin and placebo in two separate sessions at least 14 days apart.ResultsAmygdala reactivity to negative and neutral stimuli was lower after psilocybin administration than after placebo administration. The psilocybin-induced attenuation of right amygdala reactivity in response to negative stimuli was related to the psilocybin-induced increase in positive mood state.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that acute treatment with psilocybin decreased amygdala reactivity during emotion processing and that this was associated with an increase of positive mood in healthy volunteers. These findings may be relevant to the normalization of amygdala hyperactivity and negative mood states in patients with major depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-04-25", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.010", "pubmed_id": "24882567", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.010", "keywords": "Amygdala, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Depression, Affect, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24882567\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2561, "title": "Quantitative phosphoproteomics unravels biased phosphorylation of serotonin 2A receptor at Ser280 by hallucinogenic versus nonhallucinogenic agonists.", "normalized_title": "quantitative phosphoproteomics unravels biased phosphorylation of serotonin 2a receptor at ser280 by hallucinogenic versus nonhallucinogenic agonists", "authors": "Karaki S, Becamel C, Murat S, Mannoury la Cour C, Millan MJ, Prézeau L, Bockaert J, Marin P, Vandermoere F.", "abstract": "The serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor is a primary target of psychedelic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamine, mescaline, and psilocybin, which reproduce some of the core symptoms of schizophrenia. An incompletely resolved paradox is that only some 5-HT(2A) receptor agonists exhibit hallucinogenic activity, whereas structurally related agonists with comparable affinity and activity lack such a psychoactive activity. Using a strategy combining stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture with enrichment in phosphorylated peptides by means of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography followed by immobilized metal affinity chromatography, we compared the phosphoproteome in HEK-293 cells transiently expressing the 5-HT(2A) receptor and exposed to either vehicle or the synthetic hallucinogen 1-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl]-2-aminopropane (DOI) or the nonhallucinogenic 5-HT(2A) agonist lisuride. Among the 5995 identified phosphorylated peptides, 16 sites were differentially phosphorylated upon exposure of cells to DOI versus lisuride. These include a serine (Ser(280)) located in the third intracellular loop of the 5-HT(2A) receptor, a region important for its desensitization. The specific phosphorylation of Ser(280) by hallucinogens was further validated by quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of immunopurified receptor digests and by Western blotting using a phosphosite specific antibody. The administration of DOI, but not of lisuride, to mice, enhanced the phosphorylation of 5-HT(2A) receptors at Ser(280) in the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, hallucinogens induced a less pronounced desensitization of receptor-operated signaling in HEK-293 cells and neurons than did nonhallucinogenic agonists. The mutation of Ser(280) to aspartic acid (to mimic phosphorylation) reduced receptor desensitization by nonhallucinogenic agonists, whereas its mutation to alanine increased the ability of hallucinogens to desensitize the receptor. This study reveals a biased phosphorylation of the 5-HT(2A) receptor in response to hallucinogenic versus nonhallucinogenic agonists, which underlies their distinct capacity to desensitize the receptor.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-03-16", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1074/mcp.m113.036558", "pubmed_id": "24637012", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.m113.036558", "keywords": "Prefrontal Cortex, Neurons, Cells, Cultured, Animals, Humans, Mice, Amphetamines, Lisuride, Serine, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Proteomics, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression Regulation, Phosphorylation, HEK293 Cells, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24637012\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions,Proteomics", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2059, "title": "P.4.022 The impact of serotonin system modulation on behavior and quantitative EEG in an animal model of psychosis induced by psilocin", "normalized_title": "p 4 022 the impact of serotonin system modulation on behavior and quantitative eeg in an animal model of psychosis induced by psilocin", "authors": "Tyls F., Palenicek T., Novakova P., Kaderabek L., Fujakova M., Kubesova A., Horacek J.", "abstract": "", "journal": "European Neuropsychopharmacology", "publication_date": "2014-02-28", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1016/s0924-977x(14)70111-7", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(14)70111-7", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/s0924-977x(14)70111-7\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2563, "title": "The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs.", "normalized_title": "the entropic brain a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Leech R, Hellyer PJ, Shanahan M, Feilding A, Tagliazucchi E, Chialvo DR, Nutt D.", "abstract": "Entropy is a dimensionless quantity that is used for measuring uncertainty about the state of a system but it can also imply physical qualities, where high entropy is synonymous with high disorder. Entropy is applied here in the context of states of consciousness and their associated neurodynamics, with a particular focus on the psychedelic state. The psychedelic state is considered an exemplar of a primitive or primary state of consciousness that preceded the development of modern, adult, human, normal waking consciousness. Based on neuroimaging data with psilocybin, a classic psychedelic drug, it is argued that the defining feature of \"primary states\" is elevated entropy in certain aspects of brain function, such as the repertoire of functional connectivity motifs that form and fragment across time. Indeed, since there is a greater repertoire of connectivity motifs in the psychedelic state than in normal waking consciousness, this implies that primary states may exhibit \"criticality,\" i.e., the property of being poised at a \"critical\" point in a transition zone between order and disorder where certain phenomena such as power-law scaling appear. Moreover, if primary states are critical, then this suggests that entropy is suppressed in normal waking consciousness, meaning that the brain operates just below criticality. It is argued that this entropy suppression furnishes normal waking consciousness with a constrained quality and associated metacognitive functions, including reality-testing and self-awareness. It is also proposed that entry into primary states depends on a collapse of the normally highly organized activity within the default-mode network (DMN) and a decoupling between the DMN and the medial temporal lobes (which are normally significantly coupled). These hypotheses can be tested by examining brain activity and associated cognition in other candidate primary states such as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and early psychosis and comparing these with non-primary states such as normal waking consciousness and the anaesthetized state.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-02-02", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020", "pubmed_id": "24550805", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24550805\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2564, "title": "Potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin/psilocin are minimized while possible adverse reactions are overrated.", "normalized_title": "potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin psilocin are minimized while possible adverse reactions are overrated", "authors": "dos Santos RG.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-01-31", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1097/ftd.0000000000000028", "pubmed_id": "24413570", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/ftd.0000000000000028", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Ibotenic Acid, Muscimol, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24413570\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2058, "title": "Synthesis, hydrolysis and stability of psilocin glucuronide.", "normalized_title": "synthesis hydrolysis and stability of psilocin glucuronide", "authors": "Martin R, Schürenkamp J, Pfeiffer H, Lehr M, Köhler H.", "abstract": "A two-step synthesis of psilocin glucuronide (PCG), the main metabolite of psilocin, with methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-isobutyryl-1-O-trichloroacetimidoyl-α-d-glucopyranuronate is reported. With the synthesized PCG, hydrolysis conditions in serum and urine were optimized. Escherichia coli proved to be a better enzyme source for β-glucuronidase than Helix pomatia. It was essential to add ascorbic acid to serum samples to protect psilocin during incubation. Furthermore the stability of PCG and psilocin was compared as stability data are the basis for forensic interpretation of measurements. PCG showed a greater long-term stability after six months in deep frozen serum and urine samples than psilocin. The short-term stability of PCG for one week in whole blood at room temperature and in deep frozen samples was also better than that of psilocin. Therefore, PCG can be considered to be more stable than the labile psilocin and should always be included if psilocin is analyzed in samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2014-01-14", "publication_year": 2014, "doi": "10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.01.006", "pubmed_id": "24513688", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.01.006", "keywords": "Humans, Glucuronides, Glucuronidase, Hallucinogens, Specimen Handling, Drug Stability, Molecular Structure, Hydrolysis, Freezing, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24513688\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2568, "title": "Hallucinogen use predicts reduced recidivism among substance-involved offenders under community corrections supervision.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogen use predicts reduced recidivism among substance involved offenders under community corrections supervision", "authors": "Hendricks PS, Clark CB, Johnson MW, Fontaine KR, Cropsey KL", "abstract": "Hallucinogen-based interventions may benefit substance use populations, but contemporary data informing the impact of hallucinogens on addictive behavior are scarce. Given that many individuals in the criminal justice system engage in problematic patterns of substance use, hallucinogen treatments also may benefit criminal justice populations. However, the relationship between hallucinogen use and criminal recidivism is unknown. In this longitudinal study, we examined the relationship between naturalistic hallucinogen use and recidivism among individuals under community corrections supervision with a history of substance involvement (n=25,622). We found that hallucinogen use predicted a reduced likelihood of supervision failure (e.g. noncompliance with legal requirements including alcohol and other drug use) while controlling for an array of potential confounding factors (odds ratio (OR)=0.60 (0.46, 0.79)). Our results suggest that hallucinogens may promote alcohol and other drug abstinence and prosocial behavior in a population with high rates of recidivism.", "journal": "Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)", "publication_date": "2013-12-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1177/0269881113513851", "pubmed_id": "24399338", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24399338/", "keywords": "Hallucinogen, criminal justice, lysergic acid diethylamide, positive psychology, psilocybin, psychedelic, recidivism", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:40", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"24399338\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2567, "title": "The Heffter Research Institute: past and hopeful future.", "normalized_title": "the heffter research institute past and hopeful future", "authors": "Nichols DE.", "abstract": "This essay describes the founding of the Heffter Research Institute in 1993 and its development up to the present. The Institute is the only scientific research organization dedicated to scientific research into the medical value of psychedelics, and it has particularly focused on the use of psilocybin. The first clinical treatment study was of the value of psilocybin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Next was a UCLA study of psilocybin to treat end-of-life distress in end-stage cancer patients. While that study was ongoing, a trial was started at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) to study the efficacy of psilocybin in treating anxiety and depression resulting from a cancer diagnosis. Following the successful completion of the UCLA project, a larger study was started at New York University, which is near completion. A pilot study of the value of psilocybin in treating alcoholism at the University of New Mexico also is nearing completion, with a larger two-site study being planned. Other studies underway involve the use of psilocybin in a smoking cessation program and a study of the effects of psilocybin in long-term meditators, both at JHU. The institute is now planning for a Phase 3 clinical trial of psilocybin to treat distress in end-stage cancer patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-12-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2014.873688", "pubmed_id": "24830182", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2014.873688", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Biomedical Research, Forecasting, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Academies and Institutes, New Mexico", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24830182\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,OCD,End-of-Life Distress,Clinical Trial,Cancer Patients", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2566, "title": "Psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences in the treatment of tobacco addiction.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin occasioned mystical experiences in the treatment of tobacco addiction", "authors": "Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW.", "abstract": "Psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences have been linked to persisting effects in healthy volunteers including positive changes in behavior, attitudes, and values, and increases in the personality domain of openness. In an open-label pilot-study of psilocybin-facilitated smoking addiction treatment, 15 smokers received 2 or 3 doses of psilocybin in the context of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation. Twelve of 15 participants (80%) demonstrated biologically verified smoking abstinence at 6-month follow-up. Participants who were abstinent at 6 months (n=12) were compared to participants still smoking at 6 months (n=3) on measures of subjective effects of psilocybin. Abstainers scored significantly higher on a measure of psilocybin-occasioned mystical experience. No significant differences in general intensity of drug effects were found between groups, suggesting that mystical-type subjective effects, rather than overall intensity of drug effects, were responsible for smoking cessation. Nine of 15 participants (60%) met criteria for \"complete\" mystical experience. Smoking cessation outcomes were significantly correlated with measures of mystical experience on session days, as well as retrospective ratings of personal meaning and spiritual significance of psilocybin sessions. These results suggest a mediating role of mystical experience in psychedelic-facilitated addiction treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-12-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.2174/1874473708666150107121331", "pubmed_id": "25563443", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1874473708666150107121331", "keywords": "Humans, Tobacco Use Disorder, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Smoking Prevention, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25563443\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Personality Change,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2565, "title": "A qualitative report on the subjective experience of intravenous psilocybin administered in an FMRI environment.", "normalized_title": "a qualitative report on the subjective experience of intravenous psilocybin administered in an fmri environment", "authors": "Turton S, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL.", "abstract": "BackgroundThis report documents the phenomenology of the subjective experiences of 15 healthy psychedelic experienced volunteers who were involved in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that was designed to image the brain effects of intravenous psilocybin.MethodsThe participants underwent a semi-structured interview exploring the effects of psilocybin in the MRI scanner. These interviews were analysed by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The resultant data is ordered in a detailed matrix, and presented in this paper.ResultsNine broad categories of phenomenology were identified in the phenomenological analysis of the experience; perceptual changes including visual, auditory and somatosensory distortions, cognitive changes, changes in mood, effects of memory, spiritual or mystical type experiences, aspects relating to the scanner and research environment, comparisons with other experiences, the intensity and onset of effects, and individual interpretation of the experience.DiscussionThis article documents the phenomenology of psilocybin when given in a novel manner (intravenous injection) and setting (an MRI scanner). The findings of the analysis are consistent with previous published work regarding the subjective effects of psilocybin. There is much scope for further research investigating the phenomena identified in this paper.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-12-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.2174/1874473708666150107120930", "pubmed_id": "25563444", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1874473708666150107120930", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Injections, Intravenous, Affect, Memory, Adult, Female, Male, Interviews as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25563444\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2562, "title": "Psilocybin--summary of knowledge and new perspectives.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin summary of knowledge and new perspectives", "authors": "Tylš F, Páleníček T, Horáček J.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a psychoactive alkaloid contained in hallucinogenic mushrooms, is nowadays given a lot of attention in the scientific community as a research tool for modeling psychosis as well as due to its potential therapeutic effects. However, it is also a very popular and frequently abused natural hallucinogen. This review summarizes all the past and recent knowledge on psilocybin. It briefly deals with its history, discusses the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and compares its action in humans and animals. It attempts to describe the mechanism of psychedelic effects and objectify its action using modern imaging and psychometric methods. Finally, it describes its therapeutic and abuse potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-12-16", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006", "pubmed_id": "24444771", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24444771\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2570, "title": "Altered states: psychedelics and anesthetics.", "normalized_title": "altered states psychedelics and anesthetics", "authors": "Icaza EE, Mashour GA.", "abstract": "The psychedelic experience has been reported since antiquity, but there is relatively little known about the underlying neural mechanisms. A recent neuroimaging study on psilocybin revealed a pattern of decreased cerebral blood flow and functional disconnections that is surprisingly similar to that caused by various anesthetics. In this article, the authors review historical examples of psychedelic experiences induced by general anesthetics and then contrast the mechanisms by which these two drug classes generate altered states of consciousness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-11-30", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1097/01.anes.0000435635.42332.ee", "pubmed_id": "24061599", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000435635.42332.ee", "keywords": "Humans, Consciousness Disorders, GABA Agents, Anesthetics, Hallucinogens, History, Ancient, History, 19th Century, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24061599\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Consciousness,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2569, "title": "Dimethyltryptamine (DMT): prevalence, user characteristics and abuse liability in a large global sample.", "normalized_title": "dimethyltryptamine dmt prevalence user characteristics and abuse liability in a large global sample", "authors": "Winstock AR, Kaar S, Borschmann R.", "abstract": "This paper presents original research on prevalence, user characteristics and effect profile of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a potent hallucinogenic which acts primarily through the serotonergic system. Data were obtained from the Global Drug Survey (an anonymous online survey of people, many of whom have used drugs) conducted between November and December 2012 with 22,289 responses. Lifetime prevalence of DMT use was 8.9% (n=1980) and past year prevalence use was 5.0% (n=1123). We explored the effect profile of DMT in 472 participants who identified DMT as the last new drug they had tried for the first time and compared it with ratings provided by other respondents on psilocybin (magic mushrooms), LSD and ketamine. DMT was most often smoked and offered a strong, intense, short-lived psychedelic high with relatively few negative effects or \"come down\". It had a larger proportion of new users compared with the other substances (24%), suggesting its popularity may increase. Overall, DMT seems to have a very desirable effect profile indicating a high abuse liability that maybe offset by a low urge to use more.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-11-26", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1177/0269881113513852", "pubmed_id": "24284475", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881113513852", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Prevalence, Behavior, Addictive, Adult, United States, Australia, Europe, Male, Drug Users, Young Adult, United Kingdom, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24284475\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2571, "title": "[The impact of psilocybin on visual perception and spatial orientation--neuropsychological approach].", "normalized_title": "the impact of psilocybin on visual perception and spatial orientation neuropsychological approach", "authors": "Jastrzebski M, Bala A.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a substance of natural origin, occurring in hallucinogenic mushrooms (most common in the Psilocybe family). After its synthesis in 1958 research began on its psychoactive properties, particularly strong effects on visual perception and spatial orientation. Due to the very broad spectrum of psilocybin effects research began on the different ranges of its actions--including the effect on physiological processes (such as eye saccada movements). Neuro-imaging and neurophysiological research (positron emission tomography-PET and electroencephalography-EEG), indicate a change in the rate of metabolism of the brain and desync cerebral hemispheres. Experimental studies show the changes in visual perception and distortion from psilocybin in the handwriting style of patients examined. There are widely described subjective experiences reported by the subjects. There are also efforts to apply testing via questionnaire on people under the influence of psilocybin, in the context of the similarity of psilocybin-induced state to the initial stages of schizophrenia, as well as research aimed at creating an 'artificial' model of the disease.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-10-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "25007546", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/25007546", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Space Perception, Visual Perception, Psychomotor Performance, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Psilocybin, Discrimination, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"25007546\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2574, "title": "Serotonergic hyperactivity as a potential factor in developmental, acquired and drug-induced synesthesia.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic hyperactivity as a potential factor in developmental acquired and drug induced synesthesia", "authors": "Brogaard B.", "abstract": "Though synesthesia research has seen a huge growth in recent decades, and tremendous progress has been made in terms of understanding the mechanism and cause of synesthesia, we are still left mostly in the dark when it comes to the mechanistic commonalities (if any) among developmental, acquired and drug-induced synesthesia. We know that many forms of synesthesia involve aberrant structural or functional brain connectivity. Proposed mechanisms include direct projection and disinhibited feedback mechanisms, in which information from two otherwise structurally or functionally separate brain regions mix. We also know that synesthesia sometimes runs in families. However, it is unclear what causes its onset. Studies of psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin, LSD and mescaline, reveal that exposure to these drugs can induce synesthesia. One neurotransmitter suspected to be central to the perceptual changes is serotonin. Excessive serotonin in the brain may cause many of the characteristics of psychedelic intoxication. Excessive serotonin levels may also play a role in synesthesia acquired after brain injury. In brain injury sudden cell death floods local brain regions with serotonin and glutamate. This neurotransmitter flooding could perhaps result in unusual feature binding. Finally, developmental synesthesia that occurs in individuals with autism may be a result of alterations in the serotonergic system, leading to a blockage of regular gating mechanisms. I conclude on these grounds that one commonality among at least some cases of acquired, developmental and drug-induced synesthesia may be the presence of excessive levels of serotonin, which increases the excitability and connectedness of sensory brain regions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-10-20", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.3389/fnhum.2013.00657", "pubmed_id": "24155703", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00657", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24155703\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2577, "title": "A proposal to evaluate mechanistic efficacy of hallucinogens in addiction treatment.", "normalized_title": "a proposal to evaluate mechanistic efficacy of hallucinogens in addiction treatment", "authors": "Burdick BV, Adinoff B.", "abstract": "Current treatments for addiction are frequently ineffective. Hallucinogenic therapy has been indicated as helpful for a range of substance use disorders, yet this approach remains understudied and publicly unavailable. It is nonetheless a promising treatment, which has significant, long-term beneficial effects with single doses and a profile characterized by general safety, low toxicity, and non-addictiveness. However, pharmacological interventions, such as hallucinogens, should not be offered if the same effects (e.g. psychological insights/mystical experiences) and outcomes (e.g. decreased drug use) could be achieved absent pharmacological intervention. To date, there have been no clinical comparisons of drug-induced altered states with non-drug-induced states for addiction treatment. We propose and then outline a clinical trial to address this gap in knowledge. The proposed design would evaluate abstinence outcomes in a population of prescription opioid abusers after exposure to one of three conditions: a drug-induced altered state using psilocybin, a non-drug-induced altered state via hyperventilation (Holotropic Breathwork), and an active placebo with niacin. The outcomes of such a study would reveal important differences in therapeutic potential by discriminating hallucinogen-dependent effects from those psychological effects resulting from altered states.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-08-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.3109/00952990.2013.811513", "pubmed_id": "23968172", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2013.811513", "keywords": "Humans, Hyperventilation, Substance-Related Disorders, Opioid-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Research Design, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23968172\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mystical Experience,Clinical Trial,Randomized Controlled Trial,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2576, "title": "Experienced drug users assess the relative harms and benefits of drugs: a web-based survey.", "normalized_title": "experienced drug users assess the relative harms and benefits of drugs a web based survey", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "A web-based survey was used to consult the opinions of experienced drug users on matters related to drug harms. We identified a rare sample of 93 drug users with personal experience with 11 different illicit drugs that are widely used in the UK. Asked to assess the relative harms of these drugs, they ranked alcohol and tobacco as the most harmful, and three \"Class A\" drugs (MDMA, LSD, and psilocybin) and one class B (cannabis) were ranked as the four least harmful drugs. When asked to assess the relative potential for benefit of the 11 drugs, MDMA, LSD, psilocybin, and cannabis were ranked in the top four; and when asked why these drugs are beneficial, rather than simply report hedonic properties, they referred to potential therapeutic applications (e.g., as tools to assist psychotherapy). These results provide a useful insight into the opinions of experienced drug users on a subject about which they have a rare and intimate knowledge.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-08-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2013.825034", "pubmed_id": "24377171", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.825034", "keywords": "Humans, Data Collection, Knowledge, Internet, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Drug Users, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24377171\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2575, "title": "Broadband cortical desynchronization underlies the human psychedelic state.", "normalized_title": "broadband cortical desynchronization underlies the human psychedelic state", "authors": "Muthukumaraswamy SD, Carhart-Harris RL, Moran RJ, Brookes MJ, Williams TM, Errtizoe D, Sessa B, Papadopoulos A, Bolstridge M, Singh KD, Feilding A, Friston KJ, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs produce profound changes in consciousness, but the underlying neurobiological mechanisms for this remain unclear. Spontaneous and induced oscillatory activity was recorded in healthy human participants with magnetoencephalography after intravenous infusion of psilocybin--prodrug of the nonselective serotonin 2A receptor agonist and classic psychedelic psilocin. Psilocybin reduced spontaneous cortical oscillatory power from 1 to 50 Hz in posterior association cortices, and from 8 to 100 Hz in frontal association cortices. Large decreases in oscillatory power were seen in areas of the default-mode network. Independent component analysis was used to identify a number of resting-state networks, and activity in these was similarly decreased after psilocybin. Psilocybin had no effect on low-level visually induced and motor-induced gamma-band oscillations, suggesting that some basic elements of oscillatory brain activity are relatively preserved during the psychedelic experience. Dynamic causal modeling revealed that posterior cingulate cortex desynchronization can be explained by increased excitability of deep-layer pyramidal neurons, which are known to be rich in 5-HT2A receptors. These findings suggest that the subjective effects of psychedelics result from a desynchronization of ongoing oscillatory rhythms in the cortex, likely triggered by 5-HT2A receptor-mediated excitation of deep pyramidal cells.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-08-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.2063-13.2013", "pubmed_id": "24048847", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2063-13.2013", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Neural Pathways, Humans, Hallucinogens, Electrocardiography, Cortical Synchronization, Magnetoencephalography, Analysis of Variance, Photic Stimulation, Nonlinear Dynamics, Models, Neurological, Rest, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24048847\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2579, "title": "Psychedelics and mental health: a population study.", "normalized_title": "psychedelics and mental health a population study", "authors": "Krebs TS, Johansen PØ.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe classical serotonergic psychedelics LSD, psilocybin, mescaline are not known to cause brain damage and are regarded as non-addictive. Clinical studies do not suggest that psychedelics cause long-term mental health problems. Psychedelics have been used in the Americas for thousands of years. Over 30 million people currently living in the US have used LSD, psilocybin, or mescaline.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between the lifetime use of psychedelics and current mental health in the adult population.MethodData drawn from years 2001 to 2004 of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health consisted of 130,152 respondents, randomly selected to be representative of the adult population in the United States. Standardized screening measures for past year mental health included serious psychological distress (K6 scale), mental health treatment (inpatient, outpatient, medication, needed but did not receive), symptoms of eight psychiatric disorders (panic disorder, major depressive episode, mania, social phobia, general anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and non-affective psychosis), and seven specific symptoms of non-affective psychosis. We calculated weighted odds ratios by multivariate logistic regression controlling for a range of sociodemographic variables, use of illicit drugs, risk taking behavior, and exposure to traumatic events.Results21,967 respondents (13.4% weighted) reported lifetime psychedelic use. There were no significant associations between lifetime use of any psychedelics, lifetime use of specific psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, peyote), or past year use of LSD and increased rate of any of the mental health outcomes. Rather, in several cases psychedelic use was associated with lower rate of mental health problems.ConclusionWe did not find use of psychedelics to be an independent risk factor for mental health problems.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-08-18", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0063972", "pubmed_id": "23976938", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063972", "keywords": "Humans, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Data Collection, Odds Ratio, Risk Factors, Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, United States, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23976938\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,PTSD,Observational Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2572, "title": "Serotonergic hallucinogens as translational models relevant to schizophrenia.", "normalized_title": "serotonergic hallucinogens as translational models relevant to schizophrenia", "authors": "Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA.", "abstract": "One of the oldest models of schizophrenia is based on the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens such as mescaline, psilocybin, and (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which act through the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor. These compounds produce a 'model psychosis' in normal individuals that resembles at least some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Based on these similarities, and because evidence has emerged that the serotonergic system plays a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in some patients, animal models relevant to schizophrenia have been developed based on hallucinogen effects. Here we review the behavioural effects of hallucinogens in four of those models, the receptor and neurochemical mechanisms for the effects and their translational relevance. Despite the difficulty of modelling hallucinogen effects in nonverbal species, animal models of schizophrenia based on hallucinogens have yielded important insights into the linkage between 5-HT and schizophrenia and have helped to identify receptor targets and interactions that could be exploited in the development of new therapeutic agents.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-08-12", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1017/s1461145713000722", "pubmed_id": "23942028", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1461145713000722", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Disease Models, Animal, Serotonin, Serotonin Agents, Antipsychotic Agents, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Translational Research, Biomedical", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23942028\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2060, "title": "Fungal hallucinogens psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol: analytical methods and biologic activities.", "normalized_title": "fungal hallucinogens psilocin ibotenic acid and muscimol analytical methods and biologic activities", "authors": "Stebelska K.", "abstract": "Psychoactive drugs of fungal origin, psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol among them have been proposed for recreational use and popularized since the 1960s, XX century. Despite their well-documented neurotoxicity, they reached reputation of being safe and nonaddictive. Scientific efforts to find any medical application for these hallucinogens in psychiatry, psychotherapy, and even for religious rituals support are highly controversial. Even if they show any healing potential, their usage in psychotherapy is in some cases inadequate and may additionally harm seriously suffering patients. Hallucinogens are thought to reduce cognitive functions. However, in case of indolealkylamines, such as psilocin, some recent findings suggest their ability to improve perception and mental skills, what would motivate the consumption of \"magic mushrooms.\" The present article offers an opportunity to find out what are the main symptoms of intoxication with mushrooms containing psilocybin/psilocin, muscimol, and ibotenic acid. The progress in analytical methods for detection of them in fungal material, food, and body fluids is reviewed. Findings on the mechanisms of their biologic activity are summarized. Additionally, therapeutic potential of these fungal psychoactive compounds and health risk associated with their abuse are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-07-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1097/ftd.0b013e31828741a5", "pubmed_id": "23851905", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/ftd.0b013e31828741a5", "keywords": "Body Fluids, Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Ibotenic Acid, Muscimol, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23851905\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2553, "title": "Spatiotemporal brain dynamics of emotional face processing modulations induced by the serotonin 1A/2A receptor agonist psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "spatiotemporal brain dynamics of emotional face processing modulations induced by the serotonin 1a 2a receptor agonist psilocybin", "authors": "Bernasconi F, Schmidt A, Pokorny T, Kometer M, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Emotional face processing is critically modulated by the serotonergic system. For instance, emotional face processing is impaired by acute psilocybin administration, a serotonin (5-HT) 1A and 2A receptor agonist. However, the spatiotemporal brain mechanisms underlying these modulations are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal brain dynamics underlying psilocybin-induced modulations during emotional face processing. Electrical neuroimaging analyses were applied to visual evoked potentials in response to emotional faces, following psilocybin and placebo administration. Our results indicate a first time period of strength (i.e., Global Field Power) modulation over the 168-189 ms poststimulus interval, induced by psilocybin. A second time period of strength modulation was identified over the 211-242 ms poststimulus interval. Source estimations over these 2 time periods further revealed decreased activity in response to both neutral and fearful faces within limbic areas, including amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus, and the right temporal cortex over the 168-189 ms interval, and reduced activity in response to happy faces within limbic and right temporo-occipital brain areas over the 211-242 ms interval. Our results indicate a selective and temporally dissociable effect of psilocybin on the neuronal correlates of emotional face processing, consistent with a modulation of the top-down control.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-07-15", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1093/cercor/bht178", "pubmed_id": "23861318", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht178", "keywords": "Face, Temporal Lobe, Humans, Electroencephalography, Brain Mapping, Analysis of Variance, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychometrics, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23861318\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2582, "title": "Methoxetamine (MXE)--a phenomenological study of experiences induced by a \"legal high\" from the internet.", "normalized_title": "methoxetamine mxe a phenomenological study of experiences induced by a legal high from the internet", "authors": "Kjellgren A, Jonsson K.", "abstract": "Methoxetamine (MXE), a ketamine analogue, is one of the new \"legal highs\" sold on the Internet. The aim of this qualitative study was to provide an initial understanding of what characterizes the experiences induced by MXE. Anonymously written reports (33 persons) on the effects of MXE were collected from public Internet forums and analyzed using the Empirical Phenomenological Psychological Method. The analysis generated 10 themes: (1) preparation, motivation and anticipation; (2) initial effects; (3) malfunction of cognitive processes stabilizing normal state; (4) inner personal processes and learning; (5) emotional processes; (6) altered sensory perception; (7) dissolution and transition; (8) spiritual and transcendental experiences; (9) effects and processes after the experience; (10) re-dosing and addiction. MXE induced a heavily altered state of consciousness. The effects were similar to those induced by classic hallucinogens (such as LSD, psilocybin) and the dissociative ketamine. MXE seemed to have quite a high abuse potential. Beside the positive effects described, negative effects like fear and anxiety were also reported. Acceptance was considered the best coping strategy. Dissolution of identity and body often culminated in spiritual and transcendental experiences. More research is needed on safety issues, how to minimize harm, and the motivation for using legal highs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-06-30", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2013.803647", "pubmed_id": "24175493", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.803647", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Cyclohexylamines, Cyclohexanones, Hallucinogens, Motivation, Cognition, Internet, Female, Male, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24175493\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Safety", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2578, "title": "Psychiatry's next top model: cause for a re-think on drug models of psychosis and other psychiatric disorders.", "normalized_title": "psychiatry s next top model cause for a re think on drug models of psychosis and other psychiatric disorders", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Brugger S, Nutt DJ, Stone JM.", "abstract": "Despite the widespread application of drug modelling in psychiatric research, the relative value of different models has never been formally compared in the same analysis. Here we compared the effects of five drugs (cannabis, psilocybin, amphetamine, ketamine and alcohol) in relation to psychiatric symptoms in a two-part subjective analysis. In the first part, mental health professionals associated statements referring to specific experiences, for example 'I don't bother to get out of bed', to one or more psychiatric symptom clusters, for example depression and negative psychotic symptoms. This measured the specificity of an experience for a particular disorder. In the second part, individuals with personal experience with each of the above-listed drugs were asked how reliably each drug produced the experiences listed in part 1, both acutely and sub-acutely. Part 1 failed to find any experiences that were specific for negative or cognitive psychotic symptoms over depression. The best model of positive symptoms was psilocybin and the best models overall were the acute alcohol and amphetamine models of mania. These results challenge current assumptions about drug models and motivate further research on this understudied area.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-06-18", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1177/0269881113494107", "pubmed_id": "23784738", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881113494107", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabis, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Ethanol, Amphetamine, Ketamine, Pilot Projects, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry, Female, Male, Drug Users, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23784738\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2580, "title": "Effects of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of trace fear conditioning.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of trace fear conditioning", "authors": "Catlow BJ, Song S, Paredes DA, Kirstein CL, Sanchez-Ramos J.", "abstract": "Drugs that modulate serotonin (5-HT) synaptic concentrations impact neurogenesis and hippocampal (HPC)-dependent learning. The primary objective is to determine the extent to which psilocybin (PSOP) modulates neurogenesis and thereby affects acquisition and extinction of HPC-dependent trace fear conditioning. PSOP, the 5-HT2A agonist 25I-NBMeO and the 5-HT2A/C antagonist ketanserin were administered via an acute intraperitoneal injection to mice. Trace fear conditioning was measured as the amount of time spent immobile in the presence of the conditioned stimulus (CS, auditory tone), trace (silent interval) and post-trace interval over 10 trials. Extinction was determined by the number of trials required to resume mobility during CS, trace and post-trace when the shock was not delivered. Neurogenesis was determined by unbiased counts of cells in the dentate gyrus of the HPC birth-dated with BrdU co-expressing a neuronal marker. Mice treated with a range of doses of PSOP acquired a robust conditioned fear response. Mice injected with low doses of PSOP extinguished cued fear conditioning significantly more rapidly than high-dose PSOP or saline-treated mice. Injection of PSOP, 25I-NBMeO or ketanserin resulted in significant dose-dependent decreases in number of newborn neurons in hippocampus. At the low doses of PSOP that enhanced extinction, neurogenesis was not decreased, but rather tended toward an increase. Extinction of \"fear conditioning\" may be mediated by actions of the drugs at sites other than hippocampus such as the amygdala, which is known to mediate the perception of fear. Another caveat is that PSOP is not purely selective for 5-HT2A receptors. PSOP facilitates extinction of the classically conditioned fear response, and this, and similar agents, should be explored as potential treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder and related conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-06-01", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1007/s00221-013-3579-0", "pubmed_id": "23727882", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3579-0", "keywords": "Hippocampus, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Hallucinogens, Fear, Male, Extinction, Psychological, Neurogenesis, Psilocybin, Conditioning, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23727882\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "PTSD,Neuroplasticity,Neurogenesis,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2583, "title": "Activation of serotonin 2A receptors underlies the psilocybin-induced effects on α oscillations, N170 visual-evoked potentials, and visual hallucinations.", "normalized_title": "activation of serotonin 2a receptors underlies the psilocybin induced effects on α oscillations n170 visual evoked potentials and visual hallucinations", "authors": "Kometer M, Schmidt A, Jäncke L, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Visual illusions and hallucinations are hallmarks of serotonergic hallucinogen-induced altered states of consciousness. Although the serotonergic hallucinogen psilocybin activates multiple serotonin (5-HT) receptors, recent evidence suggests that activation of 5-HT2A receptors may lead to the formation of visual hallucinations by increasing cortical excitability and altering visual-evoked cortical responses. To address this hypothesis, we assessed the effects of psilocybin (215 μg/kg vs placebo) on both α oscillations that regulate cortical excitability and early visual-evoked P1 and N170 potentials in healthy human subjects. To further disentangle the specific contributions of 5-HT2A receptors, subjects were additionally pretreated with the preferential 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin (50 mg vs placebo). We found that psilocybin strongly decreased prestimulus parieto-occipital α power values, thus precluding a subsequent stimulus-induced α power decrease. Furthermore, psilocybin strongly decreased N170 potentials associated with the appearance of visual perceptual alterations, including visual hallucinations. All of these effects were blocked by pretreatment with the 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin, indicating that activation of 5-HT2A receptors by psilocybin profoundly modulates the neurophysiological and phenomenological indices of visual processing. Specifically, activation of 5-HT2A receptors may induce a processing mode in which stimulus-driven cortical excitation is overwhelmed by spontaneous neuronal excitation through the modulation of α oscillations. Furthermore, the observed reduction of N170 visual-evoked potentials may be a key mechanism underlying 5-HT2A receptor-mediated visual hallucinations. This change in N170 potentials may be important not only for psilocybin-induced states but also for understanding acute hallucinatory states seen in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-05-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.3007-12.2013", "pubmed_id": "23785166", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3007-12.2013", "keywords": "Humans, Ketanserin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Alpha Rhythm, Analysis of Variance, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Double-Blind Method, Photic Stimulation, Consciousness, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Psychometrics, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23785166\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2585, "title": "Evolution of the toxins muscarine and psilocybin in a family of mushroom-forming fungi.", "normalized_title": "evolution of the toxins muscarine and psilocybin in a family of mushroom forming fungi", "authors": "Kosentka P, Sprague SL, Ryberg M, Gartz J, May AL, Campagna SR, Matheny PB.", "abstract": "Mushroom-forming fungi produce a wide array of toxic alkaloids. However, evolutionary analyses aimed at exploring the evolution of muscarine, a toxin that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, and psilocybin, a hallucinogen, have never been performed. The known taxonomic distribution of muscarine within the Inocybaceae is limited, based only on assays of species from temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Here, we present a review of muscarine and psilocybin assays performed on species of Inocybaceae during the last fifty years. To supplement these results, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine whether muscarine was present in 30 new samples of Inocybaceae, the majority of which have not been previously assayed or that originated from either the tropics or temperate regions of the southern hemisphere. Our main objective is to test the hypothesis that the presence of muscarine is a shared ancestral feature of the Inocybaceae. In addition, we also test whether species of Inocyabceae that produce psilocybin are monophyletic. Our findings suggest otherwise. Muscarine has evolved independently on several occasions, together with several losses. We also detect at least two independent transitions of muscarine-free lineages to psilocybin-producing states. Although not ancestral for the family as a whole, muscarine is a shared derived trait for an inclusive clade containing three of the seven major lineages of Inocybaceae (the Inocybe, Nothocybe, and Pseudosperma clades), the common ancestor of which may have evolved ca. 60 million years ago. Thus, muscarine represents a conserved trait followed by several recent losses. Transitions to psilocybin from muscarine-producing ancestors occurred more recently between 10-20 million years ago after muscarine loss in two separate lineages. Statistical analyses firmly reject a single origin of muscarine-producing taxa.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-05-22", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0064646", "pubmed_id": "23717644", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064646", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Agaricales, Fruiting Bodies, Fungal, Muscarine, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Evolution, Molecular, Phylogeny, Genetic Speciation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23717644\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2581, "title": "Identification of novel psychoactive drug use in Sweden based on laboratory analysis--initial experiences from the STRIDA project.", "normalized_title": "identification of novel psychoactive drug use in sweden based on laboratory analysis initial experiences from the strida project", "authors": "Helander A, Beck O, Hägerkvist R, Hultén P.", "abstract": "AimThe study aimed to collect information concerning the increasing use of new psychoactive substances, commonly sold through online shops as 'Internet drugs' or 'legal highs', or in terms of masked products such as 'bath salts' and 'plant food'.MethodsThe Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Laboratory and the Swedish Poisons Information Centre have initiated a project called 'STRIDA' aiming to monitor the occurrence and trends of new psychoactive substances in Sweden, and collect information about their clinical symptoms, toxicity and associated health risks. A liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) multi-component method has been developed, currently allowing for the determination of > 80 novel psychoactive compounds or metabolites thereof. This study focused mainly on the particular drug substances identified and the population demographics of the initial STRIDA cases.ResultsIn urine and/or blood samples obtained from 103 consecutive cases of admitted or suspected recreational drug intoxications in mostly young subjects (78% were ≤ 25 years, and 81% were males) presenting at emergency departments all over the country, psychoactive substances were detected in 82%. The substances comprised synthetic cannabinoids ('Spice'; JWH analogues), substituted cathinones ('bath salts'; e.g. butylone, MDPV and methylone) and tryptamines (4-HO-MET), plant-based substances (mitragynine and psilocin), as well as conventional drugs-of-abuse. In 44% of the cases, more than one new psychoactive substance, or a mixture of new and/or conventional drugs were detected.ConclusionThe initial results of the STRIDA project have documented use of a broad variety of new psychoactive substances among mainly young people all over Sweden.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-05-21", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.3109/00365513.2013.793817", "pubmed_id": "23692208", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/00365513.2013.793817", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Tryptamines, Amphetamines, Methamphetamine, Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids, Benzodiazepines, Indoles, Psychotropic Drugs, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Sweden, Female, Male, Young Adult, Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23692208\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Adolescents,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2586, "title": "[Suicide under the influence of \"magic mushrooms\"].", "normalized_title": "suicide under the influence of magic mushrooms", "authors": "Müller K, Püschel K, Iwersen-Bergmann S.", "abstract": "Psilocybin/psilocin from so-called psychoactive mushrooms causes hallucinogenic effects. Especially for people with mental or psychiatric disorders ingestion of magic mushrooms may result in horror trips combined with the intention of self-destruction and suicidal thoughts. Automutilation after consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms has already been described. Our case report demonstrates the suicide of a man by self-inflicted cut and stab injuries. A causal connection between suicidal behaviour and previous ingestion of psychoactive mushrooms is discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-04-30", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "23878898", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/23878898", "keywords": "Humans, Mushroom Poisoning, Wounds, Stab, Hallucinogens, Diagnosis, Differential, Suicide, Homicide, Expert Testimony, Middle Aged, Male, Psilocybe, Exsanguination, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23878898\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2587, "title": "Peak experiences of psilocybin users and non-users.", "normalized_title": "peak experiences of psilocybin users and non users", "authors": "Cummins C, Lyke J.", "abstract": "Maslow (1970) defined peak experiences as the most wonderful experiences of a person's life, which may include a sense of awe, well-being, or transcendence. Furthermore, recent research has suggested that psilocybin can produce experiences subjectively rated as uniquely meaningful and significant (Griffiths et al. 2006). It is therefore possible that psilocybin may facilitate or change the nature of peak experiences in users compared to non-users. This study was designed to compare the peak experiences of psilocybin users and non-users, to evaluate the frequency of peak experiences while under the influence of psilocybin, and to assess the perceived degree of alteration of consciousness during these experiences. Participants were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling from undergraduate classes and at a musical event. Participants were divided into three groups, those who reported a peak experience while under the influence of psilocybin (psilocybin peak experience: PPE), participants who had used psilocybin but reported their peak experiences did not occur while they were under the influence of psilocybin (non-psilocybin peak experience: NPPE), and participants who had never used psilocybin (non-user: NU). A total of 101 participants were asked to think about their peak experiences and complete a measure evaluating the degree of alteration of consciousness during that experience. Results indicated that 47% of psilocybin users reported their peak experience occurred while using psilocybin. In addition, there were significant differences among the three groups on all dimensions of alteration of consciousness. Future research is necessary to identify factors that influence the peak experiences of psilocybin users in naturalistic settings and contribute to the different characteristics of peak experiences of psilocybin users and non-users.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-03-31", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2013.785855", "pubmed_id": "23909006", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.785855", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Multivariate Analysis, Case-Control Studies, Consciousness, Time Factors, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Drug Users, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23909006\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Wellbeing,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2588, "title": "Over 30 million psychedelic users in the United States.", "normalized_title": "over 30 million psychedelic users in the united states", "authors": "Krebs TS, Johansen PØ.", "abstract": "We estimated lifetime prevalence of psychedelic use (lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (magic mushrooms), mescaline, and peyote) by age category using data from a 2010 US population survey of 57,873 individuals aged 12 years and older. There were approximately 32 million lifetime psychedelic users in the US in 2010; including 17% of people aged 21 to 64 years (22% of males and 12% of females). Rate of lifetime psychedelic use was greatest among people aged 30 to 34 (total 20%, including 26% of males and 15% of females).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-03-27", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.12688/f1000research.2-98.v1", "pubmed_id": "24627778", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-98.v1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24627778\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2591, "title": "Single treatments that have lasting effects: some thoughts on the antidepressant effects of ketamine and botulinum toxin and the anxiolytic effect of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "single treatments that have lasting effects some thoughts on the antidepressant effects of ketamine and botulinum toxin and the anxiolytic effect of psilocybin", "authors": "Young SN.", "abstract": "Recent clinical trials suggest that 3 single biological treatments have effects that persist. Based on research showing that the muscles involved in facial expressions can feed back to influence mood, a single trial diminishing glabella frown lines with botulinum toxin demonstrated a significant antidepressant effect for 16 weeks. Based primarily on research with animal models of depression suggesting that glutamate may be involved in depression, the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist ketamine has been tested in several trials. A single dose decreased depression for up to a week. The reported effects of the use of mushrooms containing psilocybin by a number of cultures around the world has stimulated several trials showing beneficial effects of a single dose of psilocybin for over a year in healthy people, and for up to 3 months in patients with anxiety disorders who have advanced cancer. This article discusses these studies, their rationale, their possible mechanisms of action, the future clinical research required to establish these therapies and the basic research required to optimize single treatments that have lasting effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-02-28", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1503/jpn.120128", "pubmed_id": "23171696", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.120128", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Ketamine, Anti-Dyskinesia Agents, Anesthetics, Dissociative, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Hallucinogens, Botulinum Toxins, Facial Expression, Treatment Outcome, Attitude, Behavior, Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Placebo Effect, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23171696\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Clinical Trial,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2589, "title": "Studying the effects of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of alcoholism: rationale, methodology, and current research with psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "studying the effects of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of alcoholism rationale methodology and current research with psilocybin", "authors": "Bogenschutz MP.", "abstract": "Recent developments in the study of classic hallucinogens, combined with a re-appraisal of the older literature, have led to a renewal of interest in possible therapeutic applications for these drugs, notably their application in the treatment of addictions. This article will first provide a brief review of the research literature providing direct and indirect support for the possible therapeutic effects of classic hallucinogens such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of addictions. Having provided a rationale for clinical investigation in this area, we discuss design issues in clinical trials using classic hallucinogens, some of which are unique to this class of drug. We then discuss the current status of this field of research and design considerations in future randomized trials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-02-28", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.2174/15733998113099990002", "pubmed_id": "23627783", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/15733998113099990002", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Alcoholism, Hallucinogens, Combined Modality Therapy, Psychotherapy, Research Design, Clinical Trials as Topic, Functional Neuroimaging, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23627783\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Brain Imaging,Aging,Clinical Trial,Review Article", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2590, "title": "Chronic treatment with LY341495 decreases 5-HT(2A) receptor binding and hallucinogenic effects of LSD in mice.", "normalized_title": "chronic treatment with ly341495 decreases 5 ht 2a receptor binding and hallucinogenic effects of lsd in mice", "authors": "Moreno JL, Holloway T, Rayannavar V, Sealfon SC, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic drugs, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline and psilocybin, alter perception and cognitive processes. All hallucinogenic drugs have in common a high affinity for the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor. Metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGlu2/3) receptor ligands show efficacy in modulating the cellular and behavioral responses induced by hallucinogenic drugs. Here, we explored the effect of chronic treatment with the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist 2S-2-amino-2-(1S,2S-2-carboxycyclopropan-1-yl)-3-(xanth-9-yl)-propionic acid (LY341495) on the hallucinogenic-like effects induced by LSD (0.24mg/kg). Mice were chronically (21 days) treated with LY341495 (1.5mg/kg), or vehicle, and experiments were carried out one day after the last injection. Chronic treatment with LY341495 down-regulated [(3)H]ketanserin binding in somatosensory cortex of wild-type, but not mGlu2 knockout (KO), mice. Head-twitch behavior, and expression of c-fos, egr-1 and egr-2, which are responses induced by hallucinogenic 5-HT(2A) agonists, were found to be significantly decreased by chronic treatment with LY341495. These findings suggest that repeated blockade of the mGlu2 receptor by LY341495 results in reduced 5-HT(2A) receptor-dependent hallucinogenic effects of LSD.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2013-01-15", "publication_year": 2013, "doi": "10.1016/j.neulet.2012.12.053", "pubmed_id": "23333599", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.12.053", "keywords": "Somatosensory Cortex, Animals, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Xanthenes, Amino Acids, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Radioligand Assay, Stereotyped Behavior, Drug Antagonism, Male, Early Growth Response Protein 1, Early Growth Response Protein 2", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23333599\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2584, "title": "A survey of hallucinogenic mushroom use, factors related to usage, and perceptions of use among college students.", "normalized_title": "a survey of hallucinogenic mushroom use factors related to usage and perceptions of use among college students", "authors": "Hallock RM, Dean A, Knecht ZA, Spencer J, Taverna EC.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecreational usage and attitudes toward psilocybin-containing hallucinogenic mushrooms among college students are seldom explored.MethodsWe surveyed 882 randomly selected undergraduates at Skidmore College in upstate New York and quantified whether participants had ever used psilocybin mushrooms, their attitudes toward the drug, and polydrug use.ResultsThere were 409 responses and 29.5% of the sample reported psilocybin use. Among users, the mean number of times they reported using mushrooms was 3.4 (mode=1). The top factors cited that influenced their decisions to try hallucinogenic mushrooms for the first time were 'curiosity', 'to achieve a mystical experience', and 'introspection'. Users and non-users had significantly different perceptions of mushrooms: non-users were more likely to say that hallucinogenic mushrooms were addictive and had the potential for abuse than users. Users did not believe that psilocybin negatively impacts their academics, mental health, or physical health, while non-users did. Both users and non-users of psilocybin reported high life-time use of alcohol (97% vs 96%, respectively), marijuana (98% vs 73%, respectively) and tobacco (82% vs 54%, respectively). Psilocybin users were significantly more likely to use other drugs such as cocaine, ecstasy, opiates, non-prescribed prescription drugs, opiates, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) than non-users of psilocybin.ConclusionThis study uncovers important insights into hallucinogenic mushroom use by college students.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-12-20", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.010", "pubmed_id": "23265089", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.010", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Perception, Students, Universities, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23265089\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2596, "title": "Factor Analysis of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire: A Study of Experiences Occasioned by the Hallucinogen Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "factor analysis of the mystical experience questionnaire a study of experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin", "authors": "Maclean KA, Leoutsakos JM, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "A large body of historical evidence describes the use of hallucinogenic compounds, such as psilocybin mushrooms, for religious purposes. But few scientific studies have attempted to measure or characterize hallucinogen-occasioned spiritual experiences. The present study examined the factor structure of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ), a self-report measure that has been used to assess the effects of hallucinogens in laboratory studies. Participants (N=1602) completed the 43-item MEQ in reference to a mystical or profound experience they had had after ingesting psilocybin. Exploratory factor analysis of the MEQ retained 30 items and revealed a 4-factor structure covering the dimensions of classic mystical experience: unity, noetic quality, sacredness (F1); positive mood (F2); transcendence of time/space (F3); and ineffability (F4). MEQ factor scores showed good internal reliability and correlated with the Hood Mysticism Scale, indicating convergent validity. Participants who endorsed having had a mystical experience on psilocybin, compared to those who did not, had significantly higher factor scores, indicating construct validity. The 4-factor structure was confirmed in a second sample (N=440) and demonstrated superior fit compared to alternative models. The results provide initial evidence of the validity, reliability, and factor structure of a 30-item scale for measuring single, hallucinogen-occasioned mystical experiences, which may be a useful tool in the scientific study of mysticism.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-11-30", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x", "pubmed_id": "23316089", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23316089\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2061, "title": "Determination of psilocin, bufotenine, LSD and its metabolites in serum, plasma and urine by SPE-LC-MS/MS.", "normalized_title": "determination of psilocin bufotenine lsd and its metabolites in serum plasma and urine by spe lc ms ms", "authors": "Martin R, Schürenkamp J, Gasse A, Pfeiffer H, Köhler H.", "abstract": "A validated method for the simultaneous determination of psilocin, bufotenine, lysergic acid diethylamide and its metabolites in serum, plasma and urine using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry was developed. During the solid-phase extraction procedure with polymeric mixed-mode cation exchange columns, the unstable analytes were protected by ascorbic acid, drying with nitrogen and exclusion of light. The limits of detection and quantitation for all analytes were low. Recovery was ≥86 % for all analytes and no significant matrix effects were observed. Interday and intraday imprecisions at different concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 8.2 % relative standard deviation, bias was within ±5.3 %. Processed samples were stable in the autosampler for at least 2 days. Furthermore, freeze/thaw and long-term stability were investigated. The method was successfully applied to authentic serum and urine samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-11-26", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1007/s00414-012-0796-1", "pubmed_id": "23183899", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-012-0796-1", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Bufotenin, Hallucinogens, Specimen Handling, Chromatography, Liquid, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Sensitivity and Specificity, Case-Control Studies, Reproducibility of Results, Single-Blind Method, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Solid Phase Extraction, Forensic Toxicology, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23183899\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2599, "title": "A fatal case of 'magic mushroom' ingestion in a heart transplant recipient.", "normalized_title": "a fatal case of magic mushroom ingestion in a heart transplant recipient", "authors": "Lim TH, Wasywich CA, Ruygrok PN", "abstract": "", "journal": "Internal medicine journal", "publication_date": "2012-10-31", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02955.x", "pubmed_id": "23157524", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23157524/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"23157524\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2598, "title": "Illicit use of LSD or psilocybin, but not MDMA or nonpsychedelic drugs, is associated with mystical experiences in a dose-dependent manner.", "normalized_title": "illicit use of lsd or psilocybin but not mdma or nonpsychedelic drugs is associated with mystical experiences in a dose dependent manner", "authors": "Lyvers M, Meester M.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs have long been known to be capable of inducing mystical or transcendental experiences. However, given the common \"recreational\" nature of much present-day psychedelic use, with typical doses tending to be lower than those commonly taken in the 1960s, the extent to which illicit use of psychedelics today is associated with mystical experiences is not known. Furthermore the mild psychedelic MDMA (\"Ecstasy\") is more popular today than \"full\" psychedelics such as LSD or psilocybin, and the contribution of illicit MDMA use to mystical experiences is not known. The present study recruited 337 adults from the website and newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), most of whom reported use of a variety of drugs both licit and illicit including psychedelics. Although only a quarter of the sample reported \"spiritual\" motives for using psychedelics, use of LSD and psilocybin was significantly positively related to scores on two well-known indices of mystical experiences in a dose-related manner, whereas use of MDMA, cannabis, cocaine, opiates and alcohol was not. Results suggest that even in today's context of \"recreational\" drug use, psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin, when taken at higher doses, continue to induce mystical experiences in many users.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-10-31", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2012.736842", "pubmed_id": "23457892", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.736842", "keywords": "Humans, Consciousness Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Depression, Emotions, Anxiety, Empathy, Social Values, Demography, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Mysticism, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23457892\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Consciousness,Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2573, "title": "Functional connectivity measures after psilocybin inform a novel hypothesis of early psychosis.", "normalized_title": "functional connectivity measures after psilocybin inform a novel hypothesis of early psychosis", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Leech R, Erritzoe D, Williams TM, Stone JM, Evans J, Sharp DJ, Feilding A, Wise RG, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic and a candidate drug model of psychosis. This study measured the effects of psilocybin on resting-state network and thalamocortical functional connectivity (FC) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Fifteen healthy volunteers received intravenous infusions of psilocybin and placebo in 2 task-free resting-state scans. Primary analyses focused on changes in FC between the default-mode- (DMN) and task-positive network (TPN). Spontaneous activity in the DMN is orthogonal to spontaneous activity in the TPN, and it is well known that these networks support very different functions (ie, the DMN supports introspection, whereas the TPN supports externally focused attention). Here, independent components and seed-based FC analyses revealed increased DMN-TPN FC and so decreased DMN-TPN orthogonality after psilocybin. Increased DMN-TPN FC has been found in psychosis and meditatory states, which share some phenomenological similarities with the psychedelic state. Increased DMN-TPN FC has also been observed in sedation, as has decreased thalamocortical FC, but here we found preserved thalamocortical FC after psilocybin. Thus, we propose that thalamocortical FC may be related to arousal, whereas DMN-TPN FC is related to the separateness of internally and externally focused states. We suggest that this orthogonality is compromised in early psychosis, explaining similarities between its phenomenology and that of the psychedelic state and supporting the utility of psilocybin as a model of early psychosis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-10-07", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1093/schbul/sbs117", "pubmed_id": "23044373", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs117", "keywords": "Thalamus, Cerebral Cortex, Nerve Net, Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Hallucinogens, Reproducibility of Results, Psychotic Disorders, Adult, Female, Male, Cerebrum, Young Adult, Connectome, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23044373\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Default Mode Network,Aging,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2593, "title": "Animal models of serotonergic psychedelics.", "normalized_title": "animal models of serotonergic psychedelics", "authors": "Hanks JB, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "The serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor is the major target of psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin. Serotonergic psychedelics induce profound effects on cognition, emotion, and sensory processing that often seem uniquely human. This raises questions about the validity of animal models of psychedelic drug action. Nonetheless, recent findings suggest behavioral abnormalities elicited by psychedelics in rodents that predict such effects in humans. Here we review the behavioral effects induced by psychedelic drugs in rodent models, discuss the translational potential of these findings, and define areas where further research is needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms and neuronal circuits underlying their neuropsychological effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-09-23", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1021/cn300138m", "pubmed_id": "23336043", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/cn300138m", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Rodentia, Mice, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Models, Animal, Exploratory Behavior, Impulsive Behavior, Anxiety, Memory, Reinforcement Schedule, Time Perception, Head Movements, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Reflex, Startle, Discrimination, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23336043\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2592, "title": "Magic truffles or Philosopher's stones: a legal way to sell psilocybin?", "normalized_title": "magic truffles or philosopher s stones a legal way to sell psilocybin", "authors": "Pellegrini M, Rotolo MC, Marchei E, Pacifici R, Saggio F, Pichini S.", "abstract": "\"Magic mushrooms\" is the most common name given to hallucinogenic fungi containing the psychoactive alkaloids psilocybin and psilocin. In recent years, fungis' sclerotia, commonly called \"magic truffles\" have become a form of supply of psychoactive Psilocybe alkaloids since Psilocybe sclerotia are not specifically included in the laws banning the sale, the purchase and the use of such substances and mushrooms containing them. A liquid chromatography -tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the rapid determination of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe sclerotia. Following a simple step extraction with methanol, the alkaloids were separated on a reversed-phase column using a gradient of 0.1% formic acid - acetonitrile s a mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min.. Separated analytes were detected by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring. The developed method was linear over the calibration range for all two substances under investigation, with a r(2) > 0.99. The detection and quantification limits were 0.3 µg and 1 µg per 100 mg truffles, for both psilocin and psilocybin and the intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation were always better than 15%. Using this method, the presence of only psilocybin was demonstrated in examined Psilocybe sclerotia. The content of psilocybin was found to vary over a concentration range of 59.3 to 167.8 µg per 100 mg of fresh sclerotia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-08-08", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1002/dta.1400", "pubmed_id": "22887928", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1400", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Time Factors, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybe, Limit of Detection, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22887928\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2602, "title": "Moral transhumanism: the next step.", "normalized_title": "moral transhumanism the next step", "authors": "Tennison MN.", "abstract": "Although transhumanism offers hope for the transcendence of human biological limitations, it generates many intrinsic and consequential ethical concerns. The latter include issues such as the exacerbation of social inequalities and the exponentially increasing technological capacity to cause harm. To mitigate these risks, many thinkers have initiated investigations into the possibility of moral enhancement that could limit the power disparities facilitated by biotechnological enhancement. The arguments often focus on whether moral enhancement is morally permissible, or even obligatory, and remain largely in the realm of the hypothetical. This paper proposes that psilocybin may represent a viable, practical option for moral enhancement and that its further research in the context of moral psychology could comprise the next step in the development of moral transhumanism.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-07-31", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1093/jmp/jhs024", "pubmed_id": "22855738", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhs024", "keywords": "Humans, Biomedical Enhancement, Morals, Bioethics, Philosophy, Medical", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22855738\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2594, "title": "The NMDA antagonist ketamine and the 5-HT agonist psilocybin produce dissociable effects on structural encoding of emotional face expressions.", "normalized_title": "the nmda antagonist ketamine and the 5 ht agonist psilocybin produce dissociable effects on structural encoding of emotional face expressions", "authors": "Schmidt A, Kometer M, Bachmann R, Seifritz E, Vollenweider F.", "abstract": "RationaleBoth glutamate and serotonin (5-HT) play a key role in the pathophysiology of emotional biases. Recent studies indicate that the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine and the 5-HT receptor agonist psilocybin are implicated in emotion processing. However, as yet, no study has systematically compared their contribution to emotional biases.ObjectivesThis study used event-related potentials (ERPs) and signal detection theory to compare the effects of the NMDA (via S-ketamine) and 5-HT (via psilocybin) receptor system on non-conscious or conscious emotional face processing biases.MethodsS-ketamine or psilocybin was administrated to two groups of healthy subjects in a double-blind within-subject placebo-controlled design. We behaviorally assessed objective thresholds for non-conscious discrimination in all drug conditions. Electrophysiological responses to fearful, happy, and neutral faces were subsequently recorded with the face-specific P100 and N170 ERP.ResultsBoth S-ketamine and psilocybin impaired the encoding of fearful faces as expressed by a reduced N170 over parieto-occipital brain regions. In contrast, while S-ketamine also impaired the encoding of happy facial expressions, psilocybin had no effect on the N170 in response to happy faces.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the NMDA and 5-HT receptor systems differentially contribute to the structural encoding of emotional face expressions as expressed by the N170. These findings suggest that the assessment of early visual evoked responses might allow detecting pharmacologically induced changes in emotional processing biases and thus provides a framework to study the pathophysiology of dysfunctional emotional biases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-07-26", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-012-2811-0", "pubmed_id": "22836372", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2811-0", "keywords": "Humans, Ketamine, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Facial Expression, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22836372\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2603, "title": "Simultaneous polysubstance use among Danish 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and hallucinogen users: combination patterns and proposed biological bases.", "normalized_title": "simultaneous polysubstance use among danish 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine and hallucinogen users combination patterns and proposed biological bases", "authors": "Licht CL, Christoffersen M, Okholm M, Damgaard L, Fink-Jensen A, Knudsen GM, Erritzoe D.", "abstract": "ObjectiveTo describe patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) among Danish 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (\"Ecstasy\") and hallucinogen users.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of 98 active MDMA and/or hallucinogen users recruited through homepage advertisements, flyers, and word of mouth in Denmark. Lifetime and recent substance use and SPU at last recalled use was described by structured interviews. Hair samples from a subset of participants were analyzed for MDMA.ResultsThe participants had used an average of 12.6 (95% confidence interval: 11.7-13.4) psychoactive substances during their lifetime. SPU was prevalent among MDMA, d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin users, in particular with alcohol and cannabis. Among MDMA users, 69% had combined MDMA with amphetamines, 56% with hallucinogens, and 47% with cocaine. At last recalled use, MDMA was taken with 2.1 ± 1.2 substances in 32 different combinations. The participants preferred specific drug combinations and named several, which in their experience enhanced or counteracted each other. Alcohol and cannabis were typically used before, during, and after MDMA, LSD, and psilocybin, whereas amphetamines were predominantly taken before these substances. When LSD was combined with MDMA, the majority took MDMA after LSD.ConclusionsSimultaneous polysubstance use was common among Danish MDMA and hallucinogen users, and patterns of preferred substance combinations were evident.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-06-13", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1002/hup.2234", "pubmed_id": "22696164", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2234", "keywords": "Hair, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Data Collection, Cross-Sectional Studies, Substance Abuse Detection, Adolescent, Adult, Denmark, Female, Male, Young Adult, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22696164\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2595, "title": "Substance use initiation: the role of simultaneous polysubstance use.", "normalized_title": "substance use initiation the role of simultaneous polysubstance use", "authors": "Olthuis JV, Darredeau C, Barrett SP.", "abstract": "Introduction and aimsSimultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) is a common phenomenon, yet little is known about its role in substance use initiation.Design and methodsIn the present study, 226 cannabis users completed structured interviews about their substance use history. For each substance ever used, participants provided details of their age of first use, their use in the preceding 30 days and whether they co-administered any other licit or illicit substances the first time they used the substance.ResultsFor most illicit substances [powder cocaine, crack, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy), heroin, opium, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), ketamine, psilocybin (magic mushrooms), mescaline, phencyclidine (PCP), peyote and inhalants], results showed that a clear majority of participants (≥75%) reported SPU during their first-ever use of the substance. While SPU was less common on occasions of first use of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis, a high proportion of SPU on occasions of first use of 'harder' drugs could be accounted for by the co-use of alcohol, tobacco and/or cannabis.Discussion and conclusionsSuch findings raise the possibility that specific alcohol, tobacco and/or cannabis use episodes might directly contribute to the initiation of new substance use. Understanding the role of SPU on occasions of first use might help better identify risk factors for substance use progression and improve intervention efforts.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-05-20", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00470.x", "pubmed_id": "22612987", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00470.x", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Marijuana Abuse, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Nova Scotia, Female, Male, Young Adult, Prescription Drug Misuse, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22612987\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2597, "title": "Psilocybin biases facial recognition, goal-directed behavior, and mood state toward positive relative to negative emotions through different serotonergic subreceptors.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin biases facial recognition goal directed behavior and mood state toward positive relative to negative emotions through different serotonergic subreceptors", "authors": "Kometer M, Schmidt A, Bachmann R, Studerus E, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "BackgroundSerotonin (5-HT) 1A and 2A receptors have been associated with dysfunctional emotional processing biases in mood disorders. These receptors further predominantly mediate the subjective and behavioral effects of psilocybin and might be important for its recently suggested antidepressive effects. However, the effect of psilocybin on emotional processing biases and the specific contribution of 5-HT2A receptors across different emotional domains is unknown.MethodsIn a randomized, double-blind study, 17 healthy human subjects received on 4 separate days placebo, psilocybin (215 μg/kg), the preferential 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin (50 mg), or psilocybin plus ketanserin. Mood states were assessed by self-report ratings, and behavioral and event-related potential measurements were used to quantify facial emotional recognition and goal-directed behavior toward emotional cues.ResultsPsilocybin enhanced positive mood and attenuated recognition of negative facial expression. Furthermore, psilocybin increased goal-directed behavior toward positive compared with negative cues, facilitated positive but inhibited negative sequential emotional effects, and valence-dependently attenuated the P300 component. Ketanserin alone had no effects but blocked the psilocybin-induced mood enhancement and decreased recognition of negative facial expression.ConclusionsThis study shows that psilocybin shifts the emotional bias across various psychological domains and that activation of 5-HT2A receptors is central in mood regulation and emotional face recognition in healthy subjects. These findings may not only have implications for the pathophysiology of dysfunctional emotional biases but may also provide a framework to delineate the mechanisms underlying psylocybin's putative antidepressant effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-05-09", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.005", "pubmed_id": "22578254", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.005", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Ketanserin, Receptors, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Affect, Goals, Neuropsychological Tests, Evoked Potentials, Adult, Female, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Psilocybin, Recognition, Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22578254\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2601, "title": "High doses of dextromethorphan, an NMDA antagonist, produce effects similar to classic hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "high doses of dextromethorphan an nmda antagonist produce effects similar to classic hallucinogens", "authors": "Reissig CJ, Carter LP, Johnson MW, Mintzer MZ, Klinedinst MA, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "RationaleAlthough reports of dextromethorphan (DXM) abuse have increased recently, few studies have examined the effects of high doses of DXM.ObjectiveThis study in humans evaluated the effects of supratherapeutic doses of DXM and triazolam.MethodsSingle, acute oral doses of DXM (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 mg/70 kg), triazolam (0.25 and 0.5 mg/70 kg), and placebo were administered to 12 healthy volunteers with histories of hallucinogen use, under double-blind conditions, using an ascending dose run-up design. Subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects were assessed repeatedly after drug administration for 6 h.ResultsTriazolam produced dose-related increases in subject-rated sedation, observer-rated sedation, and behavioral impairment. DXM produced a profile of dose-related physiological and subjective effects differing from triazolam. DXM effects included increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and emesis; increases in observer-rated effects typical of classic hallucinogens (e.g., distance from reality, visual effects with eyes open and closed, joy, anxiety); and participant ratings of stimulation (e.g., jittery, nervous), somatic effects (e.g., tingling, headache), perceptual changes, end-of-session drug liking, and mystical-type experience. After 400 mg/70 kg DXM, 11 of 12 participants indicated on a pharmacological class questionnaire that they thought they had received a classic hallucinogen (e.g., psilocybin). Drug effects resolved without significant adverse effects by the end of the session. In a 1-month follow-up, volunteers attributed increased spirituality and positive changes in attitudes, moods, and behavior to the session experiences.ConclusionsHigh doses of DXM produced effects distinct from triazolam and had characteristics that were similar to the classic hallucinogen psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-04-12", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-012-2680-6", "pubmed_id": "22526529", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2680-6", "keywords": "Humans, Dextromethorphan, Triazolam, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, GABA Modulators, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Double-Blind Method, Attitude, Affect, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22526529\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Headache / Migraine,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2605, "title": "Neuroimaging: a scanner, colourfully.", "normalized_title": "neuroimaging a scanner colourfully", "authors": "Roiser JP, Rees G.", "abstract": "Two recent studies report changes in human brain responses after exposure to psilocybin, the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms. Psilocybin increased sensory cortex responses during emotional recollection, but decreased resting-state blood flow in prefrontal cortex, with potential implications for treating depression.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-03-31", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.033", "pubmed_id": "22497939", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.033", "keywords": "Arteries, Brain, Humans, Oxygen, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Memory, Psychotherapy, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22497939\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Aging,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2610, "title": "Prediction of psilocybin response in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "prediction of psilocybin response in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Studerus E, Gamma A, Kometer M, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Responses to hallucinogenic drugs, such as psilocybin, are believed to be critically dependent on the user's personality, current mood state, drug pre-experiences, expectancies, and social and environmental variables. However, little is known about the order of importance of these variables and their effect sizes in comparison to drug dose. Hence, this study investigated the effects of 24 predictor variables, including age, sex, education, personality traits, drug pre-experience, mental state before drug intake, experimental setting, and drug dose on the acute response to psilocybin. The analysis was based on the pooled data of 23 controlled experimental studies involving 409 psilocybin administrations to 261 healthy volunteers. Multiple linear mixed effects models were fitted for each of 15 response variables. Although drug dose was clearly the most important predictor for all measured response variables, several non-pharmacological variables significantly contributed to the effects of psilocybin. Specifically, having a high score in the personality trait of Absorption, being in an emotionally excitable and active state immediately before drug intake, and having experienced few psychological problems in past weeks were most strongly associated with pleasant and mystical-type experiences, whereas high Emotional Excitability, low age, and an experimental setting involving positron emission tomography most strongly predicted unpleasant and/or anxious reactions to psilocybin. The results confirm that non-pharmacological variables play an important role in the effects of psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-02-16", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0030800", "pubmed_id": "22363492", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030800", "keywords": "Humans, Regression Analysis, Human Experimentation, Models, Biological, Adult, Health, Female, Male, Databases as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22363492\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Personality Change,Emotional Processing,Mystical Experience,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2606, "title": "Implications for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: functional magnetic resonance imaging study with psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "implications for psychedelic assisted psychotherapy functional magnetic resonance imaging study with psilocybin", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Leech R, Williams TM, Erritzoe D, Abbasi N, Bargiotas T, Hobden P, Sharp DJ, Evans J, Feilding A, Wise RG, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a classic psychedelic drug that has a history of use in psychotherapy. One of the rationales for its use was that it aids emotional insight by lowering psychological defences.AimsTo test the hypothesis that psilocybin facilitates access to personal memories and emotions by comparing subjective and neural responses to positive autobiographical memories under psilocybin and placebo.MethodTen healthy participants received two functional magnetic resonance imaging scans (2 mg intravenous psilocybin v. intravenous saline), separated by approximately 7 days, during which they viewed two different sets of 15 positive autobiographical memory cues. Participants viewed each cue for 6 s and then closed their eyes for 16 s and imagined re-experiencing the event. Activations during this recollection period were compared with an equivalent period of eyes-closed rest. We split the recollection period into an early phase (first 8 s) and a late phase (last 8 s) for analysis.ResultsRobust activations to the memories were seen in limbic and striatal regions in the early phase and the medial prefrontal cortex in the late phase in both conditions (P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-01-25", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103309", "pubmed_id": "22282432", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103309", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Hallucinogens, Placebos, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Combined Modality Therapy, Brain Mapping, Cross-Over Studies, Emotions, Memory, Psychotherapy, Adult, Female, Male, Memory, Episodic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22282432\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Emotional Processing,Clinical Trial,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2608, "title": "Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fmri studies with psilocybin", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D, Williams T, Stone JM, Reed LJ, Colasanti A, Tyacke RJ, Leech R, Malizia AL, Murphy K, Hobden P, Evans J, Feilding A, Wise RG, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs have a long history of use in healing ceremonies, but despite renewed interest in their therapeutic potential, we continue to know very little about how they work in the brain. Here we used psilocybin, a classic psychedelic found in magic mushrooms, and a task-free functional MRI (fMRI) protocol designed to capture the transition from normal waking consciousness to the psychedelic state. Arterial spin labeling perfusion and blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI were used to map cerebral blood flow and changes in venous oxygenation before and after intravenous infusions of placebo and psilocybin. Fifteen healthy volunteers were scanned with arterial spin labeling and a separate 15 with BOLD. As predicted, profound changes in consciousness were observed after psilocybin, but surprisingly, only decreases in cerebral blood flow and BOLD signal were seen, and these were maximal in hub regions, such as the thalamus and anterior and posterior cingulate cortex (ACC and PCC). Decreased activity in the ACC/medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was a consistent finding and the magnitude of this decrease predicted the intensity of the subjective effects. Based on these results, a seed-based pharmaco-physiological interaction/functional connectivity analysis was performed using a medial prefrontal seed. Psilocybin caused a significant decrease in the positive coupling between the mPFC and PCC. These results strongly imply that the subjective effects of psychedelic drugs are caused by decreased activity and connectivity in the brain's key connector hubs, enabling a state of unconstrained cognition.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2012-01-22", "publication_year": 2012, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1119598109", "pubmed_id": "22308440", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119598109", "keywords": "Arteries, Brain, Prefrontal Cortex, Humans, Oxygen, Spin Labels, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Mapping, Perfusion, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22308440\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Consciousness,Aging,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2600, "title": "A validated method for quantitation of psilocin in plasma by LC-MS/MS and study of stability.", "normalized_title": "a validated method for quantitation of psilocin in plasma by lc ms ms and study of stability", "authors": "Martin R, Schürenkamp J, Pfeiffer H, Köhler H.", "abstract": "A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of psilocin in plasma is presented. Sample workup was performed with mixed-mode solid-phase extraction using ascorbic acid and nitrogen for drying to protect the unstable analyte. Calibration curves were linear from 2 to 100 ng/mL, and no selectivity problems occurred. The limit of detection was 0.1 ng/mL, and the limit of quantitation was 0.34 ng/mL. Recovery was >86% and matrix effects were", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-12-02", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1007/s00414-011-0652-8", "pubmed_id": "22138681", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-011-0652-8", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Blood Specimen Collection, Chromatography, Liquid, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Predictive Value of Tests, Substance Abuse Detection, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22138681\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2604, "title": "Psilocybin dose-dependently causes delayed, transient headaches in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin dose dependently causes delayed transient headaches in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Johnson MW, Sewell RA, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "BackgroundPsilocybin is a well-characterized classic hallucinogen (psychedelic) with a long history of religious use by indigenous cultures, and nonmedical use in modern societies. Although psilocybin is structurally related to migraine medications, and case studies suggest that psilocybin may be efficacious in treatment of cluster headache, little is known about the relationship between psilocybin and headache.MethodsThis double-blind study examined a broad range of psilocybin doses (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/70 kg) on headache in 18 healthy participants.ResultsPsilocybin frequently caused headache, the incidence, duration, and severity of which increased in a dose-dependent manner. All headaches had delayed onset, were transient, and lasted no more than a day after psilocybin administration.ConclusionsPossible mechanisms for these observations are discussed, and include induction of delayed headache through nitric oxide release. These data suggest that headache is an adverse event to be expected with the nonmedical use of psilocybin-containing mushrooms as well as the administration of psilocybin in human research. Headaches were neither severe nor disabling, and should not present a barrier to future psilocybin research.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-11-28", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.029", "pubmed_id": "22129843", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.029", "keywords": "Humans, Headache, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Regression Analysis, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Middle Aged, Educational Status, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22129843\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Mechanism of Action,Healthy Volunteers,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2607, "title": "Mismatch negativity encoding of prediction errors predicts S-ketamine-induced cognitive impairments.", "normalized_title": "mismatch negativity encoding of prediction errors predicts s ketamine induced cognitive impairments", "authors": "Schmidt A, Bachmann R, Kometer M, Csomor PA, Stephan KE, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Psychotomimetics like the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine and the 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor (5-HT(2A)R) agonist psilocybin induce psychotic symptoms in healthy volunteers that resemble those of schizophrenia. Recent theories of psychosis posit that aberrant encoding of prediction errors (PE) may underlie the expression of psychotic symptoms. This study used a roving mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm to investigate whether the encoding of PE is affected by pharmacological manipulation of NMDAR or 5-HT(2A)R, and whether the encoding of PE under placebo can be used to predict drug-induced symptoms. Using a double-blind within-subject placebo-controlled design, S-ketamine and psilocybin, respectively, were administrated to two groups of healthy subjects. Psychological alterations were assessed using a revised version of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC-R) questionnaire. As an index of PE, we computed changes in MMN amplitudes as a function of the number of preceding standards (MMN memory trace effect) during a roving paradigm. S-ketamine, but not psilocybin, disrupted PE processing as expressed by a frontally disrupted MMN memory trace effect. Although both drugs produced positive-like symptoms, the extent of PE processing under placebo only correlated significantly with the severity of cognitive impairments induced by S-ketamine. Our results suggest that the NMDAR, but not the 5-HT(2A)R system, is implicated in PE processing during the MMN paradigm, and that aberrant PE signaling may contribute to the formation of cognitive impairments. The assessment of the MMN memory trace in schizophrenia may allow detecting early phases of the illness and might also serve to assess the efficacy of novel pharmacological treatments, in particular of cognitive impairments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-10-25", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1038/npp.2011.261", "pubmed_id": "22030715", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.261", "keywords": "Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Ketamine, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Placebos, Electroencephalography, Double-Blind Method, Cognition Disorders, Schizophrenia, Forecasting, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22030715\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2612, "title": "Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness.", "normalized_title": "mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness", "authors": "MacLean KA, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.", "abstract": "A large body of evidence, including longitudinal analyses of personality change, suggests that core personality traits are predominantly stable after age 30. To our knowledge, no study has demonstrated changes in personality in healthy adults after an experimentally manipulated discrete event. Intriguingly, double-blind controlled studies have shown that the classic hallucinogen psilocybin occasions personally and spiritually significant mystical experiences that predict long-term changes in behaviors, attitudes and values. In the present report we assessed the effect of psilocybin on changes in the five broad domains of personality - Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Consistent with participant claims of hallucinogen-occasioned increases in aesthetic appreciation, imagination, and creativity, we found significant increases in Openness following a high-dose psilocybin session. In participants who had mystical experiences during their psilocybin session, Openness remained significantly higher than baseline more than 1 year after the session. The findings suggest a specific role for psilocybin and mystical-type experiences in adult personality change.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-09-27", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1177/0269881111420188", "pubmed_id": "21956378", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881111420188", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Longitudinal Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Double-Blind Method, Attitude, Behavior, Personality, Mysticism, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Young Adult, Psilocybin, Extraversion, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21956378\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Creativity,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Randomized Controlled Trial", "study_type": "Randomized Controlled Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2609, "title": "Psilocybin-induced deficits in automatic and controlled inhibition are attenuated by ketanserin in healthy human volunteers.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced deficits in automatic and controlled inhibition are attenuated by ketanserin in healthy human volunteers", "authors": "Quednow BB, Kometer M, Geyer MA, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "The serotonin-2A receptor (5-HT(2A)R) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and related inhibitory gating and behavioral inhibition deficits of schizophrenia patients. The hallucinogen psilocybin disrupts automatic forms of sensorimotor gating and response inhibition in humans, but it is unclear so far whether the 5-HT(2A)R or 5-HT(1A)R agonist properties of its bioactive metabolite psilocin account for these effects. Thus, we investigated whether psilocybin-induced deficits in automatic and controlled inhibition in healthy humans could be attenuated by the 5-HT(2A/2C)R antagonist ketanserin. A total of 16 healthy participants received placebo, ketanserin (40 mg p.o.), psilocybin (260 μg/kg p.o.), or psilocybin plus ketanserin in a double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced order. Sensorimotor gating was measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response. The effects on psychopathological core dimensions and behavioral inhibition were assessed by the altered states of consciousness questionnaire (5D-ASC), and the Color-Word Stroop Test. Psilocybin decreased PPI at short lead intervals (30 ms), increased all 5D-ASC scores, and selectively increased errors in the interference condition of the Stroop Test. Stroop interference and Stroop effect of the response latencies were increased under psilocybin as well. Psilocybin-induced alterations were attenuated by ketanserin pretreatment, whereas ketanserin alone had no significant effects. These findings suggest that the disrupting effects of psilocybin on automatic and controlled inhibition processes are attributable to 5-HT(2A)R stimulation. Sensorimotor gating and attentional control deficits of schizophrenia patients might be due to changes within the 5-HT(2A)R system.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-09-27", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1038/npp.2011.228", "pubmed_id": "21956447", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.228", "keywords": "Humans, Ketanserin, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Acoustic Stimulation, Double-Blind Method, Neuropsychological Tests, Adult, Female, Male, Sensory Gating, Reflex, Startle, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin, Inhibition, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21956447\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2551, "title": "Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic drugs in pre columbian mesoamerican cultures", "authors": "Carod-Artal FJ.", "abstract": "IntroductionThe American continent is very rich in psychoactive plants and fungi, and many pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures used them for magical, therapeutic and religious purposes.ObjectivesThe archaeological, ethno-historical and ethnographic evidence of the use of hallucinogenic substances in Mesoamerica is reviewed.ResultsHallucinogenic cactus, plants and mushrooms were used to induce altered states of consciousness in healing rituals and religious ceremonies. The Maya drank balché (a mixture of honey and extracts of Lonchocarpus) in group ceremonies to achieve intoxication. Ritual enemas and other psychoactive substances were also used to induce states of trance. Olmec, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec used peyote, hallucinogenic mushrooms (teonanacatl: Psilocybe spp) and the seeds of ololiuhqui (Turbina corymbosa), that contain mescaline, psilocybin and lysergic acid amide, respectively. The skin of the toad Bufo spp contains bufotoxins with hallucinogenic properties, and was used since the Olmec period. Jimson weed (Datura stramonium), wild tobacco (Nicotiana rustica), water lily (Nymphaea ampla) and Salvia divinorum were used for their psychoactive effects. Mushroom stones dating from 3000 BC have been found in ritual contexts in Mesoamerica. Archaeological evidence of peyote use dates back to over 5000 years. Several chroniclers, mainly Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, described their effects in the sixteenth century.ConclusionsThe use of psychoactive substances was common in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican societies. Today, local shamans and healers still use them in ritual ceremonies in Mesoamerica.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-09-02", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003", "pubmed_id": "21893367", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003", "keywords": "Humans, Fungi, Plants, Medicinal, Hallucinogens, Ceremonial Behavior, Art, History, Ancient, History, Medieval, Religion, Religion and Medicine, Mexico", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21893367\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Consciousness,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2617, "title": "Iconography in Bradshaw rock art: breaking the circularity.", "normalized_title": "iconography in bradshaw rock art breaking the circularity", "authors": "Pettigrew J.", "abstract": "BackgroundInterpreting the symbols found in the rock art of an extinct culture is hampered by the fact that such symbols are culturally determined. How does one break the circularity inherent in the fact that the knowledge of both the symbols and the culture comes from the same source? In this study, the circularity is broken for the Bradshaw rock art of the Kimberley by seeking anchors from outside the culture.MethodsBradshaw rock art in the Kimberley region of Australia and Sandawe rock art in the Kolo region of Eastern Tanzania were surveyed in six visits on foot, by vehicle, by helicopter and from published or shared images, as well as from the published and online images of Khoisan rock art.ResultsUniquely shared images between Bradshaw and Sandawe art, such as the 'mushroom head' symbol of psilocybin use, link the two cultures and indicate that they were shamanistic. Therefore, many mysterious features in the art can be understood in terms of trance visualisations. A number of other features uniquely link Bradshaw and Sandawe cultures, such as a special affinity for small mammals. There are also many references to baobabs in early Bradshaw art but not later. This can be explained in the context of the Toba super-volcano, the likely human transport of baobabs to the Kimberley and the extraordinary utility of the baobab.ConclusionMany more mysterious symbols in Bradshaw rock art might await interpretation using the approaches adopted here.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-08-31", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00648.x", "pubmed_id": "21884255", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00648.x", "keywords": "Humans, Adansonia, Hallucinogens, Shamanism, Art, History, Ancient, Symbolism, Africa, Australia, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21884255\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2062, "title": "Determining the pharmacokinetics of psilocin in rat plasma using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector after orally administering an extract of Gymnopilus spectabilis.", "normalized_title": "determining the pharmacokinetics of psilocin in rat plasma using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector after orally administering an extract of gymnopilus spectabilis", "authors": "Chen J, Li M, Yan X, Wu E, Zhu H, Lee KJ, Chu VM, Zhan L, Lee W, Kang JS.", "abstract": "This study established ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector for determining psilocin and its pharmacokinetics in rat plasma after orally administering an extract of Gymnopilus spectabilis. The extract was separated on an ODS C18 column (2.3 μm, 100 mm × 2.1 mm I.D.) by gradient elution with (A) water containing 50mM AcONH(4) and (B) acetonitrile. The wavelength was set at 265 nm and the injection volume was 10 μL. Under these conditions, the calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 0.2-20 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of r(2)=0.9992. The inter- and intraday precision levels were less than 7% and the accuracies (%) were within the range 92.0-102.5%. The method was sufficiently valid to be applied to a pharmacokinetics study of psilocin in rat plasma. The pharmacokinetic parameters of psilocin in rat plasma after the oral administration of a G. spectabilis extract were as follows: C(max), 0.43 ± 0.12 μg/mL; T(max), 90 ± 2.1 min; AUC(0→t), 1238.3 ± 96.4 (μg/mL) min; and T(1/2), 117.3 ± 40.3 min.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-07-17", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.07.003", "pubmed_id": "21820980", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.07.003", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Agaricales, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Administration, Oral, Area Under Curve, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Drug Stability, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21820980\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2620, "title": "Voice of the psychonauts: coping, life purpose, and spirituality in psychedelic drug users.", "normalized_title": "voice of the psychonauts coping life purpose and spirituality in psychedelic drug users", "authors": "Móró L, Simon K, Bárd I, Rácz J.", "abstract": "Psychoactive drug use shows great diversity, but due to a disproportionate focus on problematic drug use, predominant nonproblematic drug use remains an understudied phenomenon. Historic and anecdotal evidence shows that natural sources of \"psychedelic\" drugs (e.g., mescaline and psilocybin) have been used in religious and spiritual settings for centuries, as well as for psychological self-enhancement purposes. Our study assessed a total of 667 psychedelic drug users, other drug users, and drug nonusers by online questionnaires. Coping, life purpose, and spirituality were measured with the Psychological Immune Competence Inventory, the Purpose in Life test, and the Intrinsic Spirituality Scale, respectively. Results indicate that the use of psychedelic drugs with a purpose to enhance self-knowledge is less associated with problems, and correlates positively with coping and spirituality. Albeit the meaning of \"spirituality\" may be ambiguous, it seems that a spiritually-inclined attitude in drug use may act as a protective factor against drug-related problems. The autognostic use of psychedelic drugs may be thus hypothesized as a \"training situation\" that promotes self-enhancement by rehearsing personal coping strategies and by gaining self-knowledge. However, to assess the actual efficiency and the speculated long-term benefits of these deliberately provoked exceptional experiences, further qualitative investigations are needed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-06-30", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2011.605661", "pubmed_id": "22111402", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2011.605661", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Self Administration, Adaptation, Psychological, Spirituality, Quality of Life, Internet, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Self-Assessment, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22111402\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Spirituality,Observational Study,Adolescents,Immune Function", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2619, "title": "Heaven and hell--a phenomenological study of recreational use of 4-HO-MET in Sweden.", "normalized_title": "heaven and hell a phenomenological study of recreational use of 4 ho met in sweden", "authors": "Kjellgren A, Soussan C.", "abstract": "The psychoactive substance 4-HO-MET (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine) with psychedelic qualities is one of many legal so-called Internet drugs. The aim of this qualitative study was to establish an understanding of what characterizes its recreational use. Very little is known about the effects of this substance. Twenty-five anonymous Swedish experience reports (from persons aged 18-30 years) from public Internet forums were analyzed using the Empirical Phenomenological Psychological Method. The analysis produced 37 categories that were compiled into nine general themes: (1) motivation, preparation and expectation; (2) initial effects; (3) change of perception; (4) unfiltered awareness and intensified flow of information; (5) lateral cognition; (6) border between subject and object is erased; (7) heaven; (8) hell; and (9) subsiding effects. An understanding of the chronological happenings, called The Process, appeared out of the general structure. Drastic changes in cognitive, emotional and bodily functions were described. The motivation for use seemed to be driven by a strong curiosity. The experiences shifted between \"heaven\" and \"hell,\" but participants appeared satisfied and ready to repeat the experience. The experiences described show great similarity with classic psychedelic substances as LSD or psilocybin. More research is needed about health hazards or possible therapeutic potentials.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-06-30", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2011.605699", "pubmed_id": "22111404", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2011.605699", "keywords": "Humans, Tryptamines, Hallucinogens, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Emotions, Motivation, Mental Processes, Cognition, Awareness, Perception, Qualitative Research, Internet, Adolescent, Adult, Sweden, Female, Male, Young Adult, Consumer Behavior, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22111404\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Adolescents", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2611, "title": "Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin occasioned mystical type experiences immediate and persisting dose related effects", "authors": "Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards WA, Richards BD, McCann U, Jesse R.", "abstract": "RationaleThis dose-effect study extends previous observations showing that psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having persisting positive effects on attitudes, mood, and behavior.ObjectivesThis double-blind study evaluated psilocybin (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 mg/70 kg, p.o.) administered under supportive conditions.MethodsParticipants were 18 adults (17 hallucinogen-naïve). Five 8-h sessions were conducted individually for each participant at 1-month intervals. Participants were randomized to receive the four active doses in either ascending or descending order (nine participants each). Placebo was scheduled quasi-randomly. During sessions, volunteers used eyeshades and were instructed to direct their attention inward. Volunteers completed questionnaires assessing effects immediately after and 1 month after each session, and at 14 months follow-up.ResultsPsilocybin produced acute perceptual and subjective effects including, at 20 and/or 30 mg/70 kg, extreme anxiety/fear (39% of volunteers) and/or mystical-type experience (72% of volunteers). One month after sessions at the two highest doses, volunteers rated the psilocybin experience as having substantial personal and spiritual significance, and attributed to the experience sustained positive changes in attitudes, mood, and behavior, with the ascending dose sequence showing greater positive effects. At 14 months, ratings were undiminished and were consistent with changes rated by community observers. Both the acute and persisting effects of psilocybin were generally a monotonically increasing function of dose, with the lowest dose showing significant effects.ConclusionsUnder supportive conditions, 20 and 30 mg/70 kg psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences having persisting positive effects on attitudes, mood, and behavior. Implications for therapeutic trials are discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-06-14", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5", "pubmed_id": "21674151", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Attitude, Affect, Spirituality, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21674151\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2622, "title": "Harm potential of magic mushroom use: a review.", "normalized_title": "harm potential of magic mushroom use a review", "authors": "van Amsterdam J, Opperhuizen A, van den Brink W", "abstract": "In 2007, the Minister of Health of the Netherlands requested the CAM (Coordination point Assessment and Monitoring new drugs) to assess the overall risk of magic mushrooms. The present paper is an updated redraft of the review, written to support the assessment by CAM experts. It summarizes the literature on physical or psychological dependence, acute and chronic toxicity, risk for public health and criminal aspects related to the consumption of magic mushrooms. In the Netherlands, the prevalence of magic mushroom use was declining since 2000 (last year prevalence of 6.3% in 2000 to 2.9% in 2005), and further declined after possession and use became illegal in December 2008. The CAM concluded that the physical and psychological dependence potential of magic mushrooms was low, that acute toxicity was moderate, chronic toxicity low and public health and criminal aspects negligible. The combined use of mushrooms and alcohol and the quality of the setting in which magic mushrooms are used deserve, however, attention. In conclusion, the use of magic mushrooms is relatively safe as only few and relatively mild adverse effects have been reported. The low prevalent but unpredictable provocation of panic attacks and flash-backs remain, however, a point of concern.", "journal": "Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology: RTP", "publication_date": "2011-03-31", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.01.006", "pubmed_id": "21256914", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21256914/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"21256914\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Safety,Toxicity,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2623, "title": "Alternative headache treatments: nutraceuticals, behavioral and physical treatments.", "normalized_title": "alternative headache treatments nutraceuticals behavioral and physical treatments", "authors": "Sun-Edelstein C, Mauskop A.", "abstract": "There is a growing body of evidence supporting the efficacy of various complementary and alternative medicine approaches in the management of headache disorders. These treatment modalities include nutraceutical, physical and behavioral therapies. Nutraceutical options comprise vitamins and supplements (magnesium, riboflavin, coenzyme Q(10), and alpha lipoic acid) and herbal preparations (feverfew, and butterbur). Although controversial, there are some reports demonstrating the benefit of recreational drugs such as marijuana, lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in headache treatment. Behavioral treatments generally refer to cognitive behavioral therapy and biobehavioral training (biofeedback, relaxation training). Physical treatments in headache management are not as well defined but usually include acupuncture, oxygen therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, occlusal adjustment, cervical manipulation, physical therapy, massage, chiropractic therapy, and osteopathic manipulation. In this review, the available evidence for all these treatments will be discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-02-28", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01846.x", "pubmed_id": "21352222", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01846.x", "keywords": "Humans, Headache, Treatment Outcome, Complementary Therapies, Acupuncture Therapy, Hyperbaric Oxygenation, Behavior Therapy, Dietary Supplements, Physical Therapy Modalities", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21352222\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2063, "title": "Enzyme-assisted synthesis of the glucuronide conjugate of psilocin, an hallucinogenic component of magic mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "enzyme assisted synthesis of the glucuronide conjugate of psilocin an hallucinogenic component of magic mushrooms", "authors": "Shoda T, Fukuhara K, Goda Y, Okuda H.", "abstract": "An enzyme-assisted synthesis of psilocin glucuronide (PCG), a metabolite excreted in the urine of magic mushroom (MM) users, is described. In the presence of Aroclor 1254 pretreated rat liver microsomes, psilocin and the cofactor UDPGA were incubated for 20 h. Purification by HPLC gave PCG in 19% yield (3.6 mg). The compound structure was characterized by MS and NMR. The milligram amounts of PCG produced by this method will allow the direct identification and quantification of PCG in the urine of MM users.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-02-01", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1002/dta.244", "pubmed_id": "21960543", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.244", "keywords": "Microsomes, Liver, Animals, Rats, Agaricales, Glucuronides, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry, Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine), Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21960543\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2626, "title": "Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion pharmacogenomics of drugs of abuse.", "normalized_title": "absorption distribution metabolism and excretion pharmacogenomics of drugs of abuse", "authors": "Meyer MR, Maurer HH.", "abstract": "Pharmacologic and toxic effects of xenobiotics, such as drugs of abuse, depend on the genotype and phenotype of an individual, and conversely on the isoenzymes involved in their metabolism and transport. The current knowledge of such isoenzymes of frequently abused therapeutics such as opioids (oxycodone, hydrocodone, methadone, fentanyl, buprenorphine, tramadol, heroin, morphine and codeine), anesthetics (γ-hydroxybutyric acid, propofol, ketamine and phencyclidine) and cognitive enhancers (methylphenidate and modafinil), and some important plant-derived hallucinogens (lysergide, salvinorin A, psilocybin and psilocin), as well as of nicotine in humans are summarized in this article. The isoenzymes (e.g., cytochrome P450, glucuronyltransferases, esterases and reductases) involved in the metabolism of drugs and some pharmacokinetic data are discussed. The relevance of such data is discussed for predicting possible interactions with other xenobiotics, understanding pharmacokinetic behavior and pharmacogenomic variations, assessing toxic risks, developing suitable toxicological analysis procedures, and finally for interpretating drug testing results.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-01-31", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.2217/pgs.10.171", "pubmed_id": "21332315", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2217/pgs.10.171", "keywords": "Humans, Nicotine, Isoenzymes, Analgesics, Opioid, Hallucinogens, Nootropic Agents, Pharmacogenetics, Absorption, Tissue Distribution, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21332315\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Pharmacology,Safety,Drug Interactions,Genomics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2625, "title": "Maternal influenza viral infection causes schizophrenia-like alterations of 5-HT₂A and mGlu₂ receptors in the adult offspring.", "normalized_title": "maternal influenza viral infection causes schizophrenia like alterations of 5 ht₂a and mglu₂ receptors in the adult offspring", "authors": "Moreno JL, Kurita M, Holloway T, López J, Cadagan R, Martínez-Sobrido L, García-Sastre A, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "Epidemiological studies indicate that maternal influenza viral infection increases the risk for schizophrenia in the adult offspring. The serotonin and glutamate systems are suspected in the etiology of schizophrenia, as well as in the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs. The effects of hallucinogens, such as psilocybin and mescaline, require the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor, and induce schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans. In addition, metabotropic glutamate receptor mGlu(2/3) agonists show promise as a new treatment for schizophrenia. Here, we investigated the level of expression and behavioral function of 5-HT(2A) and mGlu(2) receptors in a mouse model of maternal influenza viral infection. We show that spontaneous locomotor activity is diminished by maternal infection with the mouse-adapted influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus. The behavioral responses to hallucinogens and glutamate antipsychotics are both affected by maternal exposure to influenza virus, with increased head-twitch response to hallucinogens and diminished antipsychotic-like effect of the glutamate agonist. In frontal cortex of mice born to influenza virus-infected mothers, the 5-HT(2A) receptor is upregulated and the mGlu(2) receptor is downregulated, an alteration that may be involved in the behavioral changes observed. Additionally, we find that the cortical 5-HT(2A) receptor-dependent signaling pathways are significantly altered in the offspring of infected mothers, showing higher c-fos, egr-1, and egr-2 expression in response to the hallucinogenic drug DOI. Identifying a biochemical alteration that parallels the behavioral changes observed in a mouse model of prenatal viral infection may facilitate targeting therapies for treatment and prevention of schizophrenia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-01-31", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.4230-10.2011", "pubmed_id": "21289196", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4230-10.2011", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Frontal Lobe, Neural Pathways, Animals, Mice, Orthomyxoviridae Infections, Disease Models, Animal, Glutamic Acid, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Antipsychotic Agents, Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia, Down-Regulation, Up-Regulation, Pregnancy, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Female, Early Growth Response Protein 1, Early Growth Response Protein 2, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21289196\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Safety", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2621, "title": "Metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 receptor is necessary for the pharmacological and behavioral effects induced by hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists.", "normalized_title": "metabotropic glutamate mglu2 receptor is necessary for the pharmacological and behavioral effects induced by hallucinogenic 5 ht2a receptor agonists", "authors": "Moreno JL, Holloway T, Albizu L, Sealfon SC, González-Maeso J.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic drugs, including mescaline, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), act at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2ARs). Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGluR2/3) ligands show efficacy in modulating the responses induced by activation of 5-HT2ARs. The formation of a 5-HT2AR-mGluR2 complex suggests a functional interaction that affects the hallucinogen-regulated cellular signaling pathways. Here, we tested the cellular and behavioral effects of hallucinogenic 5-HT2AR agonists in mGluR2 knockout (mGluR2-KO) mice. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with the hallucinogens DOI (2 mg/kg) and LSD (0.24 mg/kg), or vehicle. Head-twitch behavioral response, expression of c-fos, which is induced by all 5-HT2AR agonists, and expression of egr-2, which is hallucinogen-specific, were determined in wild type and mGluR2-KO mice. [(3)H]Ketanserin binding displacement curves by DOI were performed in mouse frontal cortex membrane preparations. Head twitch behavior was abolished in mGluR2-KO mice. The high-affinity binding site of DOI was undetected in mGluR2-KO mice. The hallucinogen DOI induced c-fos in both wild type and mGluR2-KO mice. However, the induction of egr-2 by DOI was eliminated in mGlu2-KO mice. These findings suggest that the 5-HT2AR-mGluR2 complex is necessary for the neuropsychological responses induced by hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-01-26", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.046", "pubmed_id": "21276828", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.046", "keywords": "Frontal Lobe, Animals, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Schizophrenia, Signal Transduction, Protein Binding, Genes, fos, Male, Early Growth Response Protein 2, Mice, 129 Strain, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21276828\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2618, "title": "Multiple receptors contribute to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "multiple receptors contribute to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens", "authors": "Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA.", "abstract": "Serotonergic hallucinogens produce profound changes in perception, mood, and cognition. These drugs include phenylalkylamines such as mescaline and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), and indoleamines such as (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin. Despite their differences in chemical structure, the two classes of hallucinogens produce remarkably similar subjective effects in humans, and induce cross-tolerance. The phenylalkylamine hallucinogens are selective 5-HT(2) receptor agonists, whereas the indoleamines are relatively non-selective for serotonin (5-HT) receptors. There is extensive evidence, from both animal and human studies, that the characteristic effects of hallucinogens are mediated by interactions with the 5-HT(2A) receptor. Nevertheless, there is also evidence that interactions with other receptor sites contribute to the psychopharmacological and behavioral effects of the indoleamine hallucinogens. This article reviews the evidence demonstrating that the effects of indoleamine hallucinogens in a variety of animal behavioral paradigms are mediated by both 5-HT(2) and non-5-HT(2) receptors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2011-01-19", "publication_year": 2011, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017", "pubmed_id": "21256140", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017", "keywords": "Neurons, Presynaptic Terminals, Animals, Humans, Serotonin Syndrome, Phenethylamines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Behavior, Animal, Synaptic Transmission, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21256140\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "End-of-Life Distress,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2613, "title": "Differential contributions of serotonin receptors to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens in mice.", "normalized_title": "differential contributions of serotonin receptors to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens in mice", "authors": "Halberstadt AL, Koedood L, Powell SB, Geyer MA.", "abstract": "Psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a hallucinogen that acts as an agonist at 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(2C) receptors. Psilocin is the active metabolite of psilocybin, a hallucinogen that is currently being investigated clinically as a potential therapeutic agent. In the present investigation, we used a combination of genetic and pharmacological approaches to identify the serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes responsible for mediating the effects of psilocin on head twitch response (HTR) and the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM) in C57BL/6J mice. We also compared the effects of psilocin with those of the putative 5-HT(2C) receptor-selective agonist 1-methylpsilocin and the hallucinogen and non-selective serotonin receptor agonist 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). Psilocin, 1-methylpsilocin, and 5-MeO-DMT induced the HTR, effects that were absent in mice lacking the 5-HT(2A) receptor gene. When tested in the BPM, psilocin decreased locomotor activity, holepoking, and time spent in the center of the chamber, effects that were blocked by the selective 5-HT(1A) antagonist WAY-100635 but were not altered by the selective 5-HT(2C) antagonist SB242,084 or by 5-HT(2A) receptor gene deletion. 5-MeO-DMT produced similar effects when tested in the BPM, and the action of 5-MeO-DMT was significantly attenuated by WAY-100635. Psilocin and 5-MeO-DMT also decreased the linearity of locomotor paths, effects that were mediated by 5-HT(2C) and 5-HT(1A) receptors, respectively. In contrast to psilocin and 5-MeO-DMT, 1-methylpsilocin (0.6-9.6 mg/kg) was completely inactive in the BPM. These findings confirm that psilocin acts as an agonist at 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(2C) receptors in mice, whereas the behavioral effects of 1-methylpsilocin indicate that this compound is acting at 5-HT(2A) sites but is inactive at the 5-HT(1A) receptor. The fact that 1-methylpsilocin displays greater pharmacological selectivity than psilocin indicates that 1-methylpsilocin represents a potentially useful alternative to psilocybin for development as a potential therapeutic agent.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2010-12-07", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1177/0269881110388326", "pubmed_id": "21148021", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110388326", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Methoxydimethyltryptamines, Piperazines, Pyridines, Receptors, Serotonin, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Motor Activity, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21148021\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2624, "title": "The 5-HT2A/1A agonist psilocybin disrupts modal object completion associated with visual hallucinations.", "normalized_title": "the 5 ht2a 1a agonist psilocybin disrupts modal object completion associated with visual hallucinations", "authors": "Kometer M, Cahn BR, Andel D, Carter OL, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "BackgroundRecent findings suggest that the serotonergic system and particularly the 5-HT2A/1A receptors are implicated in visual processing and possibly the pathophysiology of visual disturbances including hallucinations in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.MethodsTo investigate the role of 5-HT2A/1A receptors in visual processing the effect of the hallucinogenic 5-HT2A/1A agonist psilocybin (125 and 250 μg/kg vs. placebo) on the spatiotemporal dynamics of modal object completion was assessed in normal volunteers (n = 17) using visual evoked potential recordings in conjunction with topographic-mapping and source analysis. These effects were then considered in relation to the subjective intensity of psilocybin-induced visual hallucinations quantified by psychometric measurement.ResultsPsilocybin dose-dependently decreased the N170 and, in contrast, slightly enhanced the P1 component selectively over occipital electrode sites. The decrease of the N170 was most apparent during the processing of incomplete object figures. Moreover, during the time period of the N170, the overall reduction of the activation in the right extrastriate and posterior parietal areas correlated positively with the intensity of visual hallucinations.ConclusionsThese results suggest a central role of the 5-HT2A/1A-receptors in the modulation of visual processing. Specifically, a reduced N170 component was identified as potentially reflecting a key process of 5-HT2A/1A receptor-mediated visual hallucinations and aberrant modal object completion potential.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2010-12-02", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.10.002", "pubmed_id": "21126732", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.10.002", "keywords": "Occipital Lobe, Visual Cortex, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Consciousness Disorders, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Cluster Analysis, Photic Stimulation, Perceptual Closure, Reaction Time, Schizophrenia, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychometrics, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"21126732\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2628, "title": "Turn on, tune in, but don't drop out: The impact of neo-liberalism on magic mushroom users' (in)ability to imagine collectivist social worlds.", "normalized_title": "turn on tune in but don t drop out the impact of neo liberalism on magic mushroom users in ability to imagine collectivist social worlds", "authors": "Riley S, Thompson J, Griffin C.", "abstract": "BackgroundBetween 2002 and 2005 fresh or unprepared psilocin-based 'magic' mushrooms were legal to possess and traffic in the UK, and commercial sales demonstrated a significant market for this hallucinogenic drug. During and after this time there has been relatively little analysis concerning how magic mushroom users accounted for their drug use, nor on the wider political and cultural discourses that might have shaped this sense making.MethodIn this paper we present a critical analysis of contemporary discourses around magic mushroom use in the UK through a multi-level discourse analysis of focus group data from 20 magic mushroom users (13 male and 7 female, mean age 25 years), taken at a time when magic mushrooms were being legally sold in the UK.ResultsLocating participants' use of magic mushrooms within the context of a culture of intoxication, neo-liberalism and the legacy of 1960s psychedelic philosophy, we identify six interpretative repertoires in their talk, which were subsumed within two overarching discourses. The first discourse drew on neo-liberal rhetoric, constructing participants as rational risk managing subjects engaged in a form of calculated hedonism that was legitimated as an act of personal freedom and consumer choice. The second discourse, identified as 'post-psychedelic', both celebrated and problematised a collective, connected 'hippy' form of spirituality.ConclusionThe paper analyses the relationships between identity, consumption and citizenship by arguing that people's ability to imagine collectivist, spiritual or interconnected social worlds has been contained within neo-liberalism rhetoric.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2010-10-31", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.07.001", "pubmed_id": "20810266", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.07.001", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Focus Groups, Spirituality, Politics, Philosophy, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybe, Young Adult, United Kingdom, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20810266\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Aging,Spirituality,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2614, "title": "Salvia divinorum use and phenomenology: results from an online survey.", "normalized_title": "salvia divinorum use and phenomenology results from an online survey", "authors": "Sumnall HR, Measham F, Brandt SD, Cole JC.", "abstract": "Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic plant with ethnopharmacological and recreational uses. It differs from classic serotonergic hallucinogens such as LSD and psilocin in both phenomenology and potent agonist activity of the active component salvinorin A at κ-opioid receptors. Awareness of S. divinorum has grown recently, with both an increase in its public representation and concern over its potential harmful effects. This discussion is particularly relevant as S. divinorum is legal to use in many countries and regions and easily available through online retailers. Drawing upon previous investigations of S. divinorum and other hallucinogens, this study surveyed 154 recent users and questioned them on their use behaviours, consequences of use and other attitudinal measures. Although reporting an extensive substance use history, and considering the limitations of online surveys, there was little evidence of dysfunctional S. divinorum use, and few reports of troubling adverse consequences of use. Furthermore, there was no evidence that users exhibited increased schizotypy. Respondents reported that S. divinorum produced mixed hallucinogenic and dissociative effects, which lends support to assertions that it phenomenologically differs from other hallucinogens with primary serotonergic activity. The functions of use changed with greater experiences with the drug, and although many respondents reported use of S. divinorum as an alternative to illegal drugs it, was apparent that legal proscription would be unlikely to dissuade them from use. These results are discussed with reference to psychopharmacologically informed public health responses to substance use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2010-10-10", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1177/0269881110385596", "pubmed_id": "20937616", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110385596", "keywords": "Humans, Salvia, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Diterpenes, Clerodane, Receptors, Opioid, kappa, Hallucinogens, Drugs, Chinese Herbal, Data Collection, Public Health, Internet, Female, Male, Panax notoginseng, Young Adult, Camphanes, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20937616\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2615, "title": "Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies.", "normalized_title": "acute subacute and long term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans a pooled analysis of experimental studies", "authors": "Studerus E, Kometer M, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and related hallucinogenic compounds are increasingly used in human research. However, due to limited information about potential subjective side effects, the controlled medical use of these compounds has remained controversial. We therefore analysed acute, short- and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans by pooling raw data from eight double-blind placebo-controlled experimental studies conducted between 1999 and 2008. The analysis included 110 healthy subjects who had received 1-4 oral doses of psilocybin (45-315 µg/kg body weight). Although psilocybin dose-dependently induced profound changes in mood, perception, thought and self-experience, most subjects described the experience as pleasurable, enriching and non-threatening. Acute adverse drug reactions, characterized by strong dysphoria and/or anxiety/panic, occurred only in the two highest dose conditions in a relatively small proportion of subjects. All acute adverse drug reactions were successfully managed by providing interpersonal support and did not need psychopharmacological intervention. Follow-up questionnaires indicated no subsequent drug abuse, persisting perception disorders, prolonged psychosis or other long-term impairment of functioning in any of our subjects. The results suggest that the administration of moderate doses of psilocybin to healthy, high-functioning and well-prepared subjects in the context of a carefully monitored research environment is associated with an acceptable level of risk.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2010-09-19", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1177/0269881110382466", "pubmed_id": "20855349", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110382466", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Double-Blind Method, Affect, Perception, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20855349\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Observational Study,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2627, "title": "Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer.", "normalized_title": "pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced stage cancer", "authors": "Grob CS, Danforth AL, Chopra GS, Hagerty M, McKay CR, Halberstadt AL, Greer GR.", "abstract": "ContextResearchers conducted extensive investigations of hallucinogens in the 1950s and 1960s. By the early 1970s, however, political and cultural pressures forced the cessation of all projects. This investigation reexamines a potentially promising clinical application of hallucinogens in the treatment of anxiety reactive to advanced-stage cancer.ObjectiveTo explore the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in patients with advanced-stage cancer and reactive anxiety.DesignA double-blind, placebo-controlled study of patients with advanced-stage cancer and anxiety, with subjects acting as their own control, using a moderate dose (0.2 mg/kg) of psilocybin.SettingA clinical research unit within a large public sector academic medical center.ParticipantsTwelve adults with advanced-stage cancer and anxiety.Main outcome measuresIn addition to monitoring safety and subjective experience before and during experimental treatment sessions, follow-up data including results from the Beck Depression Inventory, Profile of Mood States, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were collected unblinded for 6 months after treatment.ResultsSafe physiological and psychological responses were documented during treatment sessions. There were no clinically significant adverse events with psilocybin. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory trait anxiety subscale demonstrated a significant reduction in anxiety at 1 and 3 months after treatment. The Beck Depression Inventory revealed an improvement of mood that reached significance at 6 months; the Profile of Mood States identified mood improvement after treatment with psilocybin that approached but did not reach significance.ConclusionsThis study established the feasibility and safety of administering moderate doses of psilocybin to patients with advanced-stage cancer and anxiety. Some of the data revealed a positive trend toward improved mood and anxiety. These results support the need for more research in this long-neglected field.Trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00302744.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2010-09-05", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116", "pubmed_id": "20819978", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116", "keywords": "Humans, Neoplasms, Hallucinogens, Neoplasm Staging, Treatment Outcome, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Double-Blind Method, Affect, Anxiety, Personality Inventory, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20819978\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Aging,Personality Change,Safety,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2630, "title": "Psychometric evaluation of the altered states of consciousness rating scale (OAV).", "normalized_title": "psychometric evaluation of the altered states of consciousness rating scale oav", "authors": "Studerus E, Gamma A, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "BackgroundThe OAV questionnaire has been developed to integrate research on altered states of consciousness (ASC). It measures three primary and one secondary dimensions of ASC that are hypothesized to be invariant across ASC induction methods. The OAV rating scale has been in use for more than 20 years and applied internationally in a broad range of research fields, yet its factorial structure has never been tested by structural equation modeling techniques and its psychometric properties have never been examined in large samples of experimentally induced ASC.Methodology/principal findingsThe present study conducted a psychometric evaluation of the OAV in a sample of psilocybin (n = 327), ketamine (n = 162), and MDMA (n = 102) induced ASC that was obtained by pooling data from 43 experimental studies. The factorial structure was examined by confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling, hierarchical item clustering (ICLUST), and multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) modeling. The originally proposed model did not fit the data well even if zero-constraints on non-target factor loadings and residual correlations were relaxed. Furthermore, ICLUST suggested that the \"oceanic boundlessness\" and \"visionary restructuralization\" factors could be combined on a high level of the construct hierarchy. However, because these factors were multidimensional, we extracted and examined 11 new lower order factors. MIMIC modeling indicated that these factors were highly measurement invariant across drugs, settings, questionnaire versions, and sexes. The new factors were also demonstrated to have improved homogeneities, satisfactory reliabilities, discriminant and convergent validities, and to differentiate well among the three drug groups.Conclusions/significanceThe original scales of the OAV were shown to be multidimensional constructs. Eleven new lower order scales were constructed and demonstrated to have desirable psychometric properties. The new lower order scales are most likely better suited to assess drug induced ASC.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2010-08-30", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0012412", "pubmed_id": "20824211", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012412", "keywords": "Humans, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Cluster Analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Consciousness, Psychometrics, Models, Theoretical, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20824211\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2629, "title": "The neurobiology of psychedelic drugs: implications for the treatment of mood disorders.", "normalized_title": "the neurobiology of psychedelic drugs implications for the treatment of mood disorders", "authors": "Vollenweider FX, Kometer M.", "abstract": "After a pause of nearly 40 years in research into the effects of psychedelic drugs, recent advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin and ketamine have led to renewed interest in the clinical potential of psychedelics in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. Recent behavioural and neuroimaging data show that psychedelics modulate neural circuits that have been implicated in mood and affective disorders, and can reduce the clinical symptoms of these disorders. These findings raise the possibility that research into psychedelics might identify novel therapeutic mechanisms and approaches that are based on glutamate-driven neuroplasticity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2010-08-17", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1038/nrn2884", "pubmed_id": "20717121", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2884", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Hallucinogens, Mood Disorders, Models, Neurological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20717121\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2631, "title": "Determining the subjective effects of TFMPP in human males.", "normalized_title": "determining the subjective effects of tfmpp in human males", "authors": "Jan RK, Lin JC, Lee H, Sheridan JL, Kydd RR, Kirk IJ, Russell BR.", "abstract": "RationaleTrifluoromethylphenyl piperazine (TFMPP) is an active constituent of a relatively new group of recreational drugs known as 'party pills'. TFMPP has been anecdotally reported to induce mild psychedelic effects similar to lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin. There has been no research about the subjective effects of TFMPP in humans.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the subjective effects of TFMPP in human males.MethodsA randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial design was used to investigate the subjective effects of TFMPP in 30 healthy, non-smoking male volunteers (mean age 24 +/- 4 years). Participants were randomised into two groups and given either TFMPP 60 mg (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15). Each participant completed three rating scales, the Addiction Research Centre Inventory (ARCI), the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), both before and 120 min after drug administration.ResultsResults from the ARCI indicated that TFMPP produced increases in 'dysphoria' and 'dexamphetamine-like effects'. TFMPP also increased ratings of 'tension/anxiety' and 'confusion/bewilderment' as rated on the POMS. Results from the VAS indicated increases in 'drug liking', 'high' and 'stimulated' ratings relevant to placebo.ConclusionsIncreased ratings of 'dexamphetamine-like effects', 'tension/anxiety', 'stimulated' and 'high' following TFMPP administration resemble the subjective effects of common amphetamine-type stimulants. However, increases in 'dysphoria' and 'confusion/bewilderment' ratings following TFMPP are more commonly associated with drugs that have greater effects on serotonin release, binding and reuptake such as 1-[3-chlorophenyl]-piperazine, fenfluramine and lysergic acid diethylamide.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2010-06-15", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-010-1911-y", "pubmed_id": "20552171", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-1911-y", "keywords": "Humans, Piperazines, Hallucinogens, Affect, Adult, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Surveys and Questionnaires, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20552171\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2616, "title": "The administration of psilocybin to healthy, hallucinogen-experienced volunteers in a mock-functional magnetic resonance imaging environment: a preliminary investigation of tolerability.", "normalized_title": "the administration of psilocybin to healthy hallucinogen experienced volunteers in a mock functional magnetic resonance imaging environment a preliminary investigation of tolerability", "authors": "Carhart-Harris RL, Williams TM, Sessa B, Tyacke RJ, Rich AS, Feilding A, Nutt DJ.", "abstract": "This study sought to assess the tolerability of intravenously administered psilocybin in healthy, hallucinogen-experienced volunteers in a mock-magnetic resonance imaging environment as a preliminary stage to a controlled investigation using functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the effects of psilocybin on cerebral blood flow and activity. The present pilot study demonstrated that up to 2 mg of psilocybin delivered as a slow intravenous injection produces short-lived but typical drug effects that are psychologically and physiologically well tolerated. With appropriate care, this study supports the viability of functional magnetic resonance imaging work with psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2010-04-14", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1177/0269881110367445", "pubmed_id": "20395317", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110367445", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Injections, Intravenous, Follow-Up Studies, Pilot Projects, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Drug Tolerance, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20395317\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Safety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2064, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Tryptamines and Tryptamine Homologues: Synthesis of Psilocin.", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract palladium catalyzed synthesis of tryptamines and tryptamine homologues synthesis of psilocin", "authors": "Hu Chunmei, Qin Hua, Cui Yuxin, Jia Yanxing", "abstract": "AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.", "journal": "ChemInform", "publication_date": "2010-03-01", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1002/chin.201009186", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.201009186", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.201009186\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.050\"],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2632, "title": "The discriminative effects of the kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A in nonhuman primates: dissociation from classic hallucinogen effects.", "normalized_title": "the discriminative effects of the kappa opioid hallucinogen salvinorin a in nonhuman primates dissociation from classic hallucinogen effects", "authors": "Butelman ER, Rus S, Prisinzano TE, Kreek MJ.", "abstract": "RationaleThe widely available hallucinogen salvinorin A is a unique example of a plant-derived compound selective for kappa-opioid receptors and may produce effects distinct from those of other compounds with classic hallucinogenic or dissociative properties which are also abused in humans.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to characterize the salvinorin A discriminative cue in nonhuman primates with high kappa-receptor genetic homology to humans.MethodsAdult rhesus monkeys (n = 3) were trained to discriminate salvinorin A (0.015 mg/kg, s.c.) from vehicle, in a food-reinforced operant discrimination assay. Parallel studies, using unconditioned behavioral endpoints (facial relaxation and ptosis) also evaluated the kappa-opioid receptor mediation of salvinorin A in vivo function.ResultsMonkeys trained to discriminate salvinorin A generalized structurally diverse, centrally penetrating kappa-agonists (bremazocine, U69,593, and U50,488). By contrast, mu- and delta-opioid agonists (fentanyl and SNC80, respectively) were not generalized, nor were the serotonergic 5HT2 hallucinogen psilocybin or the dissociative N-methyl-D-aspartic acid antagonist, ketamine. The discriminative effects of salvinorin A were blocked by the opioid antagonist quadazocine (0.32 mg/kg), but not by the 5HT2 antagonist ketanserin (0.1 mg/kg). Consistent with these findings, salvinorin and kappa-agonists (e.g., U69,593) produce effects in the unconditioned endpoints (e.g., ptosis), whereas psilocybin was inactive.ConclusionsThese findings support the conclusion that the interoceptive/discriminative cue produced by salvinorin A is mediated by agonism at kappa-receptors and is mechanistically distinct from that produced by a classic serotonergic hallucinogen.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2010-01-18", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-009-1771-5", "pubmed_id": "20084367", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1771-5", "keywords": "Animals, Macaca mulatta, Diterpenes, Clerodane, Receptors, Opioid, delta, Receptors, Opioid, kappa, Receptors, Opioid, mu, Hallucinogens, Conditioning, Operant, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Discrimination, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20084367\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2635, "title": "Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic mushrooms and khat (Catha edulis Forsk) using cation-exchange liquid chromatography.", "normalized_title": "forensic analysis of hallucinogenic mushrooms and khat catha edulis forsk using cation exchange liquid chromatography", "authors": "Laussmann T, Meier-Giebing S.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic mushrooms (e.g. Psilocybe and Panaeolus species) as well as leaves and young shoots of the khat tree (Catha edulis Forsk) are illicit drugs in many countries. The exact concentration of the hallucinogenic alkaloids psilocin and psilocybin in mushrooms and the sympathomimetic alkaloids cathinone and cathine in khat is usually essential for jurisdiction. Facing an increasing number of mushroom and khat seizures by German customs authorities, a convenient comprehensive quantitative HPLC method based on cation-exchange liquid chromatography for these rather \"exotic\" drugs has been developed which avoids time-consuming multi-step sample preparation or chemical derivatization procedures. Using this method a number of different hallucinogenic fungi species and products that are mainly distributed via the internet have been analysed (dried and fresh Psilocybe cubensis Singer as well as P. cubensis collected from \"grow boxes\", Panaeolus cyanescens Berkeley and Broome and so-called \"philosopher stones\" (sclerotia of Psilocybe species)). Highest total amounts of psilocin have been detected in dried P. cyanescens reaching up to 3.00+/-0.24 mg per 100 mg. The distribution of khat alkaloids in different parts of the khat shoots has been studied. High concentrations of cathinone have not only been detected in leaves but also in green parts and barks of stalks. Additionally, the sample treatment for fresh mushroom and khat samples has been optimised. Highest amounts of alkaloids were found when fresh material was freeze-dried.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2010-01-03", "publication_year": 2010, "doi": "10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.013", "pubmed_id": "20047807", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.013", "keywords": "Agaricales, Catha, Phenylpropanolamine, Alkaloids, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Hallucinogens, Freeze Drying, Chromatography, Liquid, Desiccation, Forensic Toxicology, Plant Structures, Limit of Detection, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20047807\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2634, "title": "Glucuronidation of psilocin and 4-hydroxyindole by the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases.", "normalized_title": "glucuronidation of psilocin and 4 hydroxyindole by the human udp glucuronosyltransferases", "authors": "Manevski N, Kurkela M, Höglund C, Mauriala T, Court MH, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Finel M.", "abstract": "We have examined the glucuronidation of psilocin, a hallucinogenic indole alkaloid, by the 19 recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) of subfamilies 1A, 2A, and 2B. The glucuronidation of 4-hydroxyindole, a related indole that lacks the N,N-dimethylaminoethyl side chain, was studied as well. UGT1A10 exhibited the highest psilocin glucuronidation activity, whereas the activities of UGTs 1A9, 1A8, 1A7, and 1A6 were significantly lower. On the other hand, UGT1A6 was by far the most active enzyme mediating 4-hydroxyindole glucuronidation, whereas the activities of UGTs 1A7-1A10 toward 4-hydroxyindole resembled their respective psilocin glucuronidation rates. Psilocin glucuronidation by UGT1A10 followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics in which psilocin is a low-affinity high-turnover substrate (K(m) = 3.8 mM; V(max) = 2.5 nmol/min/mg). The kinetics of psilocin glucuronidation by UGT1A9 was more complex and may be best described by biphasic kinetics with both intermediate (K(m1) = 1.0 mM) and very low affinity components. The glucuronidation of 4-hydroxyindole by UGT1A6 exhibited higher affinity (K(m) = 178 microM) and strong substrate inhibition. Experiments with human liver and intestinal microsomes (HLM and HIM, respectively) revealed similar psilocin glucuronidation activity in both samples, but a much higher 4-hydroxyindole glucuronidation rate was found in HLM versus HIM. The expression levels of UGTs 1A6-1A10 in different tissues were studied by quantitative real-time-PCR, and the results, together with the activity assays findings, suggest that whereas psilocin may be subjected to extensive glucuronidation by UGT1A10 in the small intestine, UGT1A9 is likely the main contributor to its glucuronidation once it has been absorbed into the circulation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2009-12-09", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.1124/dmd.109.031138", "pubmed_id": "20007669", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.109.031138", "keywords": "Liver, Microsomes, Humans, Glucuronides, Indoles, Isoenzymes, Glucuronosyltransferase, Recombinant Proteins, RNA, Messenger, Hallucinogens, Sulfhydryl Reagents, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Organ Specificity, Substrate Specificity, Kinetics, Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II, Psilocybin, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A9", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20007669\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2636, "title": "Comparative study of ATR and transflection IR spectroscopic techniques for the analysis of hallucinogenic mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "comparative study of atr and transflection ir spectroscopic techniques for the analysis of hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Koçak A, De Cotiis LM, Hoffman DB.", "abstract": "This paper compares the use of ATR and transflection spectroscopic techniques for the qualitative analysis of psilocin extracted from hallucinogenic mushrooms and control spiked mushrooms. Both techniques gave comparable results and agreed with prior GC/MS analysis of the actual case samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2009-12-05", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.002", "pubmed_id": "19969433", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.002", "keywords": "Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Spectrophotometry, Infrared, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Forensic Toxicology, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19969433\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2637, "title": "[Student's use of illicit drugs: a survey in a preventive health service].", "normalized_title": "student s use of illicit drugs a survey in a preventive health service", "authors": "Morvan Y, Rouvier J, Olié JP, Lôo H, Krebs MO.", "abstract": "IntroductionThe use of illicit drugs by students and the possible psychological repercussions in this population of young adults is an important public health issue. While some data in the literature suggest a relationship between cannabis and the occurrence of mental health disorders, and in particular psychotic illnesses, epidemiologic surveys have shown that cannabis is the most consumed illicit drug in France.Aim of the studyTo carry out a quantitative and qualitative epidemiological investigation of substance use within a student population seen during their mandatory preventive health visit at the University medical facility.MethodStudents were asked to take part in an investigation of their substance consumption and their individual experiences with cannabis in particular. Personality autoquestionnaires were performed and the psychotomimetic effects of cannabis were investigated with substance use within a student population seen during their mandatory preventive health visit at the University medical facility.ResultsA total of 3,807 students took part in the survey with a response rate of approximately 50%. Preliminary results relating to a subsample of this study are presented here (n = 880, mean age 20 years, 65% women). 44% of the students consumed cannabis at least once in their life. The prevalence of regular consumption in students (at least once a week) was of 18%, 11% had periods of daily or close to daily consumptions, and 13% used cannabis in the last month. For each of the drugs cocaine, ecstasy (MDMA), and mushrooms (psilocybin) the prevalence of experimentation (at least once) was 5% for cocaine, 4% for ecstasy and mushrooms, and for LSD the rate was 1,5%. Other evaluated substances had a prevalence of consumption lower than 1%. For the first cannabis consumptions, a majority of students state to felt \"pleasant\" effects: relaxation (71%) and euphoria (53%). 13% state to have felt effects of anxiety or sadness. 25% admit having had difficulties of expression, 24% memory deficits, 35% trouble with coordination or balance and 39% difficulties of concentration. Approximately 16% had impressions of depersonalization and derealization. Lastly, some experienced \"psychotic-like\" effects such as visual (10%) and auditory (6%) hallucinations, as well as referential ideas (16%), mistrust or feelings of persecution (11%). 26% of the student sample had felt at least one of these last four \"psychotic-like\" effects.DiscussionThe results are consistent with the idea that the impact of cannabis consumption is highly variable among different consumers. Implications for prevention strategies are discussed such as educational interventions based on recognition and motivation for change.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2009-11-30", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.1016/s0013-7006(09)73471-2", "pubmed_id": "20141772", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7006(09)73471-2", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Marijuana Abuse, Psychotropic Drugs, Health Surveys, Motivation, Adolescent, Preventive Health Services, Student Health Services, France, Female, Male, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20141772\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Addiction,Personality Change,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2065, "title": "Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of tryptamines and tryptamine homologues: synthesis of psilocin", "normalized_title": "palladium catalyzed synthesis of tryptamines and tryptamine homologues synthesis of psilocin", "authors": "Hu Chunmei, Qin Hua, Cui Yuxin, Jia Yanxing", "abstract": "", "journal": "Tetrahedron", "publication_date": "2009-10-31", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.050", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.050", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.050\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1021/cr0505270\",\"10.1039/b516351j\",\"10.1021/jm960062t\",\"10.1021/ol051000c\",\"10.1021/ja01476a043\",\"10.1021/ja953080t\",\"10.1021/ja807676v\",\"10.1007/s10593-008-0057-x\",\"10.1021/jo00092a046\",\"10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.02.085\",\"10.1039/jr9560004589\",\"10.1080/00397919308011267\",\"10.1021/jo9711798\",\"10.1021/jo9815397\",\"10.1002/anie.200800404\",\"10.1021/ja808692j\",\"10.1021/ar00069a003\",\"10.1021/ja00084a026\",\"10.1021/jo01028a039\",\"10.1021/ja00032a036\",\"10.1021/ja00105a021\",\"10.1021/ja01652a113\",\"10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.10.091\",\"10.1021/jm00187a015\",\"10.1021/jm00145a007\",\"10.1021/jm020259n\",\"10.1021/cr040639b\",\"10.1021/jo970278i\",\"10.1002/anie.200460122\",\"10.1021/jo061471s\",\"10.1021/ol070889p\",\"10.1002/anie.200800599\",\"10.1021/jo9012755\",\"10.1021/ol0162163\",\"10.1016/0040-4039(96)00551-5\",\"10.1016/j.bmc.2004.07.027\",\"10.1021/ja9915201\",\"10.1021/ol061137i\",\"10.1021/ol0341039\",\"10.1021/np030059u\",\"10.3987/com-99-8492\",\"10.1055/s-1999-3490\",\"10.3987/com-98-s18\",\"10.1080/00397910600634480\",\"10.1021/jo01328a030\",\"10.1021/jo01286a071\"],\"reference_count\":51}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2633, "title": "Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert (Ram Dass) and the changing definition of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "timothy leary richard alpert ram dass and the changing definition of psilocybin", "authors": "Wark C, Galliher JF.", "abstract": "BackgroundThis research focuses on the events leading to the 1968 U.S. federal prohibition of psilocybin. It is a study of duelling moral entrepreneurs-Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert vs. the Harvard University Administration. The goal is to show how the primary active compound in an ostensibly harmless fungus (the psilocybin mushroom) became controversial in less than a decade.MethodsWe used books, newspapers, magazine articles and previously unpublished materials (including documents from the Harvard Archives) to analyze Leary and Alpert's lives and careers through the early 1970s.ResultsThe prohibition of psilocybin in the U.S. was largely a product of Leary and Alpert's involvement in the \"Harvard drug scandal\" and their transformation from Harvard professors to countercultural icons. They tested the substance on a variety of human subjects and in doing so piqued the interest of Harvard undergraduates while drawing condemnation from other faculty and Harvard administrators. This case is theoretically interesting because unlike most illegal drugs, psilocybin was never linked to a threatening minority group, but to some of the nation's most privileged youth.ConclusionThe Harvard administrators were not really moral entrepreneurs but Leary and Alpert clearly were. Although they were far from being prohibitionists, they were self-righteous crusaders on different but equally holy missions for the good of young and minority Americans. Ironically, due to their successes the possession of psilocybin was criminalized under United States federal law in 1968 (Pub. L. No. 90-639, Stat. 1361 1968 and Boire, 2002). This case study demonstrates that crusaders can be successful in changing culture even when laws are passed in futile attempts to control their behaviour, just as Leary predicted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2009-09-08", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.08.004", "pubmed_id": "19744846", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.08.004", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Psychology, Drug and Narcotic Control, History, 20th Century, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19744846\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2639, "title": "Availability of websites offering to sell psilocybin spores and psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "availability of websites offering to sell psilocybin spores and psilocybin", "authors": "Lott JP, Marlowe DB, Forman RF.", "abstract": "This study assesses the availability of websites offering to sell psilocybin spores and psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen contained in Psilocybe mushrooms. Over a 25-month period beginning in March 2003, eight searches were conducted in Google using the term \"psilocybin spores.\" In each search the first 100 nonsponsored links obtained were scored by two independent raters according to standardized criteria to determine whether they offered to sell psilocybin or psilocybin spores. No attempts were made to procure the products offered for sale in order to ascertain whether the marketed psilocybin was in fact \"genuine\" or \"counterfeit.\" Of the 800 links examined, 58% led to websites offering to sell psilocybin spores. Additionally, evidence that whole Psilocybe mushrooms are offered for sale online was obtained. Psilocybin and psilocybin spores were found to be widely available for sale over the Internet. Online purchase of psilocybin may facilitate illicit use of this potent psychoactive substance. Additional studies are needed to assess whether websites offering to sell psilocybin and psilocybin spores actually deliver their products as advertised.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2009-08-31", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2009.10400541", "pubmed_id": "19999684", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10400541", "keywords": "Humans, Spores, Fungal, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Internet, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19999684\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2638, "title": "Novel, unifying mechanism for mescaline in the central nervous system: electrochemistry, catechol redox metabolite, receptor, cell signaling and structure activity relationships.", "normalized_title": "novel unifying mechanism for mescaline in the central nervous system electrochemistry catechol redox metabolite receptor cell signaling and structure activity relationships", "authors": "Kovacic P, Somanathan R.", "abstract": "A unifying mechanism for abused drugs has been proposed previously from the standpoint of electron transfer. Mescaline can be accommodated within the theoretical framework based on redox cycling by the catechol metabolite with its quinone counterpart. Electron transfer may play a role in electrical effects involving the nervous system in the brain. This approach is in accord with structure activity relationships involving mescaline, abused drugs, catecholamines, and etoposide. Inefficient demethylation is in keeping with the various drug properties, such as requirement for high dosage and slow acting. There is a discussion of receptor binding, electrical effects, cell signaling and other modes of action. Mescaline is a nonselective, seretonin receptor agonist. 5-HTP receptors are involved in the stimulus properties. Research addresses the aspect of stereochemical requirements. Receptor binding may involve the proposed quinone metabolite and/or the amino sidechain via protonation. Electroencephalographic studies were performed on the effects of mescaline on men. Spikes are elicited by stimulation of a cortical area. The potentials likely originate in nonsynaptic dendritic membranes. Receptor-mediated signaling pathways were examined which affect mescaline behavior. The hallucinogen belongs to the class of 2AR agonists which regulate pathways in cortical neurons. The research identifies neural and signaling mechanisms responsible for the biological effects. Recently, another hallucinogen, psilocybin, has been included within the unifying mechanistic framework. This mushroom constituent is hydrolyzed to the phenol psilocin, also active, which is subsequently oxidized to an ET o-quinone or iminoquinone.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2009-08-31", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.4161/oxim.2.4.9380", "pubmed_id": "20716904", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4161/oxim.2.4.9380", "keywords": "Central Nervous System, Mescaline, Catechols, Quinones, Receptors, Serotonin, Signal Transduction, Protein Binding, Structure-Activity Relationship, Electron Transport, Oxidation-Reduction, Serotonin Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20716904\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Epigenetics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2640, "title": "Effects of Psilocybe argentipes on marble-burying behavior in mice.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybe argentipes on marble burying behavior in mice", "authors": "Matsushima Y, Shirota O, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y, Eguchi F.", "abstract": "Psilocybe argentipes is a hallucinogenic mushroom. The present study examined the effects of P. argentipes on marble-burying behavior, which is considered an animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. P. argentipes significantly inhibited marble-burying behavior without affecting locomotor activity as compared with the same dose of authentic psilocybin. These findings suggest that P. argentipes would be efficient in clinical obsessive-compulsive disorder therapy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2009-08-06", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.1271/bbb.90095", "pubmed_id": "19661714", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.90095", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred ICR, Mice, Calcium Carbonate, Fluvoxamine, Tryptophan, Antipsychotic Agents, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Motor Activity, Male, Psilocybe", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19661714\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2066, "title": "Unifying electron transfer mechanism for psilocybin and psilocin.", "normalized_title": "unifying electron transfer mechanism for psilocybin and psilocin", "authors": "Kovacic P.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2009-07-13", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.022", "pubmed_id": "19604649", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.022", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Reactive Oxygen Species, Electron Transport, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxidative Stress, Electrochemistry, Models, Biological, Models, Chemical, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19604649\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Oxidative Stress", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2641, "title": "Bioanalytical and clinical evaluation of 103 suspected cases of intoxications with psychoactive plant materials.", "normalized_title": "bioanalytical and clinical evaluation of 103 suspected cases of intoxications with psychoactive plant materials", "authors": "Björnstad K, Hultén P, Beck O, Helander A.", "abstract": "IntroductionProblems associated with the increasing abuse of plant-derived psychoactive substances have recently attracted attention. This study involved bioanalytical and clinical examinations of intoxication cases suspected to be linked to such plant materials.MethodsUrine samples were collected at emergency wards in Sweden from patients who either admitted or were suspected of ingestion of psychoactive plant materials. The bioanalytical investigation employed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry multicomponent method covering 10 plant-derived substances (atropine, dimethyltryptamine, ephedrine, harmaline, harmine, ibogaine, lysergic acid amide, psilocin, scopolamine, and yohimbine) and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for asarone. Routine testing for illicit drugs was also performed.ResultsOver a 4-year period, 103 urine samples collected from mainly young people (age range 13-52 years, median 19) were studied. Among 53 cases where ingestion of any of the 11 plant-derived substances covered in this study was admitted or suspected, 41 (77%) could be confirmed bioanalytically. Nine of the 11 substances tested for were detected, the exceptions being ibogaine and yohimbine. Psilocin, originating from ingestion of hallucinogenic mushrooms, was the most frequent drug accounting for 54% of the cases. The most common means of drug acquisition (56%) was purchase over the Internet.ConclusionThe patients using psychoactive plant materials were mainly young and commonly used the Internet for drug acquisition. Having access to bioanalytical methods for detection of plant-derived psychoactives is therefore considered important, when providing clinical toxicology service.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2009-06-30", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.1080/15563650903037181", "pubmed_id": "19586355", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650903037181", "keywords": "Humans, Plants, Toxic, Poisoning, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Plant Extracts, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Emergency Service, Hospital, Female, Male, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Young Adult", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19586355\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2643, "title": "Analysis of mushroom exposures in Texas requiring hospitalization, 2005-2006.", "normalized_title": "analysis of mushroom exposures in texas requiring hospitalization 2005 2006", "authors": "Barbee G, Berry-Cabán C, Barry J, Borys D, Ward J, Salyer S.", "abstract": "IntroductionTexas has approximately 200 species of wild mushrooms, including toxic and hallucinogenic varieties. Mushroom ingestions in Texas were studied for 2005-2006.MethodsData was obtained via Texas Poison Control Centers and retrospectively reviewed. Case notes were reviewed individually regarding initial reporting, age, signs and symptoms, toxic effect, management, and patient outcomes.ResultsA total of 742 exposures occurred during the study period. All exposures were acute and intentional. Of these exposures, 59 (7.9%) were admitted to the hospital, with 17 (28.8% of admissions) requiring admission to a critical care unit. Four cases required inpatient psychiatric admission. The average age of admitted exposures was 20.5 years, with a male-to-female predominance of 3.3:1. Eleven (22.9%) of the admitted exposures were identified, with Psilocybin being the most common agent (n = 10, 91%). Among the admissions, co-ingestions were identified with the mushroom ingestion in eleven patients (40.7%). The most common symptoms in admitted patients were vomiting (n = 34, 57.6%), nausea (n = 19, 32.2%), altered mental status (n = 17, 28.8%), abdominal pain (n = 13, 22%), and diarrhea (n = 10, 16.9%).ConclusionsAll mushroom exposures examined were acute and intentional. Major toxic reactions were uncommon, and no deaths were reported. Serious poisoning from mushroom ingestion is rare in Texas; however, there is greater need for information dissemination on morbidity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2009-05-31", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.1007/bf03161087", "pubmed_id": "19415588", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03161087", "keywords": "Humans, Mushroom Poisoning, Acute Disease, Abdominal Pain, Diarrhea, Nausea, Vomiting, Hallucinogens, Hospitalization, Retrospective Studies, Mental Disorders, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Infant, Poison Control Centers, Texas, Female, Male, Young Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19415588\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Review Article,Adolescents", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2642, "title": "[Simple and rapid screening for psychotropic natural products using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART)-TOFMS].", "normalized_title": "simple and rapid screening for psychotropic natural products using direct analysis in real time dart tofms", "authors": "Kawamura M, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y.", "abstract": "Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) is a novel ionization technique that provides for the rapid ionization of small molecules under ambient conditions. To investigate the trend of non-controlled psychotropic plants of abuse in Japan, a rapid screening method, without sample preparation, was developed using DART-time of flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) for plant products. The major psychotropic constituents of these products were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). As a result of the DART-TOFMS analyses of 36 products, the protonated molecular ions [M+H](+), corresponding to 6 kinds of major hallucinogenic constituents (mescaline, salvinorin A, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, harmine, harmaline and lysergamide), were detected in 21 products. It was possible to estimate their accurate elemental compositions through exact mass measurements. These results were consistent with those of the LC/MS analyses and the contents of the 6 psychotropic constituents were in the range from 0.05 to 45 microg/mg. Typical controlled narcotic drugs, tetrahydrocannabinol, opioid alkaloids and psilocin were also directly detected in marijuana cigarette, opium gum and magic mushroom respectively. Although it is difficult to estimate the matrix effects caused by other plant ingredients, the DART-TOFMS could be useful as a simple and rapid screening method for the targeted psychotropic natural products, because it provides the molecular information of the target compounds without time-consuming extraction and pre-treatment steps.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2009-05-31", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.1248/yakushi.129.719", "pubmed_id": "19483414", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.129.719", "keywords": "Plants, Medicinal, Psychotropic Drugs, Biological Products, Chromatography, Liquid, Substance Abuse Detection, Legislation, Drug, Japan, Mass Spectrometry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19483414\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2644, "title": "[Mushroom poisoning--the dark side of mycetism].", "normalized_title": "mushroom poisoning the dark side of mycetism", "authors": "Flammer R, Schenk-Jäger KM.", "abstract": "Most mushroom intoxications become evident within 12 hours with vomiting and diarrhea. They can be divided into incidents with a short latency (less than four hours) and incidents with a long latency (longer than four hours). As a rule of thumb amatoxin poisonings must be considered in case of symptoms appearing with a long latency (8-12-18 h), especially after consumption of non-controlled wild mushrooms. Shorter latencies do not exclude amatoxin poisoning. Large meals of mushrooms, which are rich in chitin, mixed meals and individual factors, may shorten latency and disguise amatoxin poisoning. Any vomiting and diarrhea after mushroom consumption is suspicious. Unless the mushrooms are not to be identified within 30 minutes by an expert, specific treatment for amatoxin poisoning must be started. Identification shall be achieved by macroscopic or microscopic means; and urine analysis for amatoxins are crucial. By commencing treatment before analysis, mortality rates may be as low as 5%. Current standards in amatoxin poisoning treatment can be obtained at the Swiss Toxicological Information Centre (Phone 145), where contacts to mycologists are available as well. Emergency mycologists are listed on the website www.vapko.ch. Of the 18 different syndromes we present the most common and most important in Switzerland. In an overview all of them are listed. Early gastrointestinal syndrome with its short latency of less than 4 h and indigestion with a very variable latency are the most common. Psychotropic symptoms after consumptions of fly agaric and panther cap are rare, in case of psilocybin-containing mushrooms, symptoms are frequent, but hardly ever lead to medical treatment. In case of renal failure and rhabdomyolysis of unknown origin, completing a patient's history by questioning nutritional habits might reveal causal relationship with ingestion of orellanin-containing mushrooms or tricholoma equestre respectively. Mushrooms in the backyard are attractive for children. We discuss possible approaches.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2009-04-30", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.1024/0040-5930.66.5.357", "pubmed_id": "19401986", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.66.5.357", "keywords": "Humans, Mushroom Poisoning, Emergencies, Mycotoxins, Adult, Child", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19401986\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2646, "title": "A multi-component LC-MS/MS method for detection of ten plant-derived psychoactive substances in urine.", "normalized_title": "a multi component lc ms ms method for detection of ten plant derived psychoactive substances in urine", "authors": "Björnstad K, Beck O, Helander A.", "abstract": "A sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous detection of 10 plant-derived psychoactive substances (atropine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, ephedrine, harmaline, harmine, ibogaine, lysergic acid amide, psilocin, scopolamine and yohimbine) in urine was developed. Direct injection of urine diluted with 3 deuterated internal standards allowed for a readily accessible method suitable for application in clinical intoxication cases. Separation was achieved using reversed phase chromatography and gradient elution with a total analysis time of 14 min. Electrospray ionization was used and ions were monitored in the positive selected reaction monitoring mode. The calibration curves were linear (r(2)>0.999) and the total imprecision at high (1000 microg/L) and low (50 microg/L) substance concentrations were 4.9-13.8% and 8.3-26%, respectively. Infusing the analytes post column and injecting matrix samples showed limited influence by ion suppression. The multi-component method proved to be useful for investigation of authentic cases of intoxication with plant-derived psychoactive drugs and was indicated to cover the clinically relevant concentration ranges.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2009-03-10", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": "10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.03.004", "pubmed_id": "19332394", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.03.004", "keywords": "Humans, Plants, Psychotropic Drugs, Calibration, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Reproducibility of Results, Hydrolysis, Mass Spectrometry", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19332394\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2648, "title": "[Acute encephalopathy caused by cyanogenic fungi in 2004, and magic mushroom regulation in Japan].", "normalized_title": "acute encephalopathy caused by cyanogenic fungi in 2004 and magic mushroom regulation in japan", "authors": "Gonmori K, Yokoyama K", "abstract": "Two topics, related to mushroom poisoning of recent interest in Japan, have been presented. In autumn 2004, 59 cases of acute encephalopathy were reported across 9 prefectures in Japan (24 from Akita Prefecture with 8 deaths; age 48-93, average 70; female 14, male 10). Of 24 cases, 20 had kidney dysfunction. Four poisoned subjects showed no kidney trouble. Of the 24 poisoning cases, 23 people ate Pleurocybella porrigens, and one ate Grifola frondosa. The latter subject (female, late 40's) was receiving dialysis for more than 35 years. In August, she felt dizziness, headache and tinnitus. She visited hospital and asked to stay there. In the hospital she ate 5g of stewed G. frondosa and 10g of the same fungus boiled with chicken and taro on different days. Fourteen to 18 days after the eatings, she developed cramps and lost consciousness, and fell into a coma. Her cramp and coma continued for about 10 days almost until her death. Her symptoms caused by G. frondosa were similar to those observed for the above 23 cases of P. porrigens ingestion. Therefore, we concluded that encephalopathy experienced in Akita Prefecture caused by was the cyanogenic fungi such as P. porrigens, G. frondosa, Pleurotus eringii etc. Although the amounts of mushrooms eaten by poisoned subjects were not so clear, we estimated that the amounts of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) taken into human bodies exceeded the detoxication limit of HCN, resulting in HCN poisoning. However, it has not been proved that the encephalopathy is directly or indirectly caused by the HCN poisoning. Many typhoons came across Japan and landed 10 times in 2004, and mushroom size was larger than usual one, and HCN contents in fruit-bodies seemed to be increased especially in the late-stage of their growth. Thirteen species of magic mushrooms were prohibited by the law from 2002 in Japan. They include Copelandia (Panaeolus) cyanescens, Panaeolus papilionaceus, Panaeolus sphinctrinus, Panaeolus subbalteatus, Psilocybe argentipes, Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe fasciata, Psilocybe lonchophorus, Psilocybe subaeruginascens, Psilocybe subcaerulipes, Psilocybe subcubensis, Psilocybe tampanensis, and Psilocybe venenata.", "journal": "Chudoku kenkyu: Chudoku Kenkyukai jun kikanshi = The Japanese journal of toxicology", "publication_date": "2009-02-28", "publication_year": 2009, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "19344063", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19344063/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:41", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"19344063\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2650, "title": "Agonist-trafficking and hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "agonist trafficking and hallucinogens", "authors": "González-Maeso J, Sealfon SC.", "abstract": "Seven transmembrane domain receptors, also termed G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), represent the most common molecular target for therapeutic drugs. The generally accepted pharmacological model for GPCR activation is the ternary complex model, in which GPCRs exist in a dynamic equilibrium between the active and inactive conformational states. However, the demonstration that different agonists sometimes elicit a different relative activation of two signaling pathways downstream of the same receptor has led to a revision of the ternary complex model. According to this agonist- trafficking model, agonists stabilize distinct activated receptor conformations that preferentially activate specific signaling pathways. Hallucinogenic drugs and non-hallucinogenic drugs represent an attractive experimental system with which to study agonist-trafficking of receptor signaling. Thus many of the behavioral responses induced by hallucinogenic drugs, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin or mescaline, depend on activation of serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors (5-HT2ARs). In contrast, this neuropsychological state in humans is not induced by closely related chemicals, such as lisuride or ergotamine, despite their similar in vitro activity at the 5-HT2AR. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge, as well as unresolved questions, regarding agonist-trafficking and the mechanism of action of hallucinogenic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-12-31", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.2174/092986709787581851", "pubmed_id": "19275609", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/092986709787581851", "keywords": "Neurons, Animals, Humans, Receptors, Cell Surface, Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia, Signal Transduction, Biological Transport", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19275609\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2649, "title": "Chemical interactions with pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the cerebral cortex: control of pain and anxiety.", "normalized_title": "chemical interactions with pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the cerebral cortex control of pain and anxiety", "authors": "Adams JD.", "abstract": "Pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the cerebral cortex are involved in learning and memory and have complex connections with other neurons through a very large array of dendrites. These dendrites can switch between long term depression and long term potentiation depending on global summation of various inputs. The plasticity of the input into pyramidal neurons makes the neuronal output variable. Many interneurons in the cerebral cortex and distant neurons in other brain regions are involved in providing input to pyramidal neurons. All of these neurons and interneurons have neurotransmitters that act through receptors to provide input to pyramidal neurons. Serotonin is one of the important neurotransmitters involved with pyramidal neurons and has been implicated in psychosis, psychedelic states and what are called sacred dreams. This review will discuss the various chemicals and receptors that are important with pyramidal neurons including opioids, nicotine, scopolamine, psilocybin, LSD, mescaline, ergot alkaloids, salvinorin A, ergine and other compounds that interact with opioid, nicotinic, muscarinic and serotonergic receptors. The natural compounds provide clues to structure activity relationships with the receptors. It has been postulated that each receptor in the body has a natural agonist and antagonist, in addition to the normal neurotransmitters. It is common for natural antagonists and agonists to be peptides. Various possible peptide structures will be proposed for natural antagonists and agonists at each receptor. Natural antagonists and agonists may provide new ways to explore the functions of pyramidal neurons in normal health and pain management.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-12-31", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.2174/092986709789057626", "pubmed_id": "19799545", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/092986709789057626", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Neurons, Pain, Peptides, Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2, Receptors, Nicotinic, Neurotransmitter Agents, Anxiety", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19799545\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Chronic Pain,Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2647, "title": "GMP-compliant radiosynthesis of [18F]altanserin and human plasma metabolite studies.", "normalized_title": "gmp compliant radiosynthesis of 18f altanserin and human plasma metabolite studies", "authors": "Hasler F, Kuznetsova OF, Krasikova RN, Cservenyak T, Quednow BB, Vollenweider FX, Ametamey SM, Westera G.", "abstract": "[(18)F]altanserin is the preferred radiotracer for in-vivo labeling of serotonin 2A receptors by positron emission tomography (PET). We report a modified synthesis procedure suited for reliable production of multi-GBq amounts of [(18)F]altanserin useful for application in humans. We introduced thermal heating for drying of [(18)F]fluoride as well as for the reaction instead of microwave heating. We furthermore describe solid phase extraction and HPLC procedures for quantitative determination of [(18)F]altanserin and metabolites in plasma. The time course of arterial plasma activity with and without metabolite correction was determined. 90 min after bolus injection, 38.4% of total plasma activity derived from unchanged [(18)F]altanserin. Statistical comparison of kinetic profiles of [(18)F]altanserin metabolism in plasma samples collected in the course of two ongoing studies employing placebo, the serotonin releaser dexfenfluramine and the hallucinogen psilocybin, revealed the same tracer metabolism. We conclude that metabolite analysis for correction of individual plasma input functions used in tracer modeling is not necessary for [(18)F]altanserin studies involving psilocybin or dexfenfluramine treatment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-12-23", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.12.007", "pubmed_id": "19162492", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.12.007", "keywords": "Humans, Fluorine Radioisotopes, Ketanserin, Positron-Emission Tomography, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Quality Control", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19162492\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2651, "title": "Unrecognized magic mushroom abuse in a 28-year-old man.", "normalized_title": "unrecognized magic mushroom abuse in a 28 year old man", "authors": "McClintock RL, Watts DJ, Melanson S", "abstract": "A28-year-old man with a history of drug and alcohol abuse presented multiple times to the hospital over 2 months with an elusive constellation of symptoms, resolving spontaneously in each instance. This patient required a high level of care for management and stabilization, including 3 emergency department visits, 2 medical floor admissions, and 1 intensive care unit admission. In both the emergency department and inpatient setting, all laboratory and imaging study results, including gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry of the urine, were negative/normal. A definitive diagnosis eluded multiple emergency medicine, critical care, and consulting physicians. His symptoms included altered mental status, vomiting, diaphoresis, and mydriasis. The patient later admitted using mushrooms to a nurse. In the absence of confirmatory testing, but supported by exclusionary and anecdotal data, we believe that our patient's symptoms are consistent with Psilocybe mushroom toxicity. We feel that had this been considered initially, the correct diagnosis would have led to a better utilization of resources, and we want to remind emergency physicians of the possibility of mushroom abuse in any similar clinical setting.", "journal": "The American journal of emergency medicine", "publication_date": "2008-09-30", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.1016/j.ajem.2008.01.058", "pubmed_id": "18926381", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18926381/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:41", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"18926381\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Aging,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2652, "title": "Serotonin research: contributions to understanding psychoses.", "normalized_title": "serotonin research contributions to understanding psychoses", "authors": "Geyer MA, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "The history of serotonin research is closely related to the study of hallucinogenic drugs that function as agonists at serotonin-2A receptors. The fundamental idea that psychotic states seen in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia might be attributable, in part, to abnormalities in serotonergic systems began with the almost simultaneous discovery of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin and serotonin. Sixty years of study have confirmed early speculations regarding the important relationship between serotonin and both drug-induced and disorder-based psychotic states. Now, modern biochemical, pharmacological, behavioral, neuroimaging, genetic and molecular biological sciences are converging to understand how serotonergic systems interact with other monoaminergic and glutamatergic systems to modulate states of consciousness and contribute to psychotic disorders such as the group of schizophrenias. This review summarizes experimental assessments of the serotonergic hallucinogen model psychosis in relation to the serotonin hypothesis of schizophrenia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-08-31", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.1016/j.tips.2008.06.006", "pubmed_id": "19086254", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2008.06.006", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Psychotic Disorders, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Serotonin Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19086254\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2653, "title": "Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later.", "normalized_title": "mystical type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later", "authors": "Griffiths R, Richards W, Johnson M, McCann U, Jesse R.", "abstract": "Psilocybin has been used for centuries for religious purposes; however, little is known scientifically about its long-term effects. We previously reported the effects of a double-blind study evaluating the psychological effects of a high psilocybin dose. This report presents the 14-month follow-up and examines the relationship of the follow-up results to data obtained at screening and on drug session days. Participants were 36 hallucinogen-naïve adults reporting regular participation in religious/ spiritual activities. Oral psilocybin (30 mg/70 kg) was administered on one of two or three sessions, with methylphenidate (40 mg/70 kg) administered on the other session(s). During sessions, volunteers were encouraged to close their eyes and direct their attention inward. At the 14-month follow-up, 58% and 67%, respectively, of volunteers rated the psilocybin-occasioned experience as being among the five most personally meaningful and among the five most spiritually significant experiences of their lives; 64% indicated that the experience increased well-being or life satisfaction; 58% met criteria for having had a 'complete' mystical experience. Correlation and regression analyses indicated a central role of the mystical experience assessed on the session day in the high ratings of personal meaning and spiritual significance at follow-up. Of the measures of personality, affect, quality of life and spirituality assessed across the study, only a scale measuring mystical experience showed a difference from screening. When administered under supportive conditions, psilocybin occasioned experiences similar to spontaneously occurring mystical experiences that, at 14-month follow-up, were considered by volunteers to be among the most personally meaningful and spiritually significant of their lives.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-06-30", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.1177/0269881108094300", "pubmed_id": "18593735", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108094300", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Administration, Oral, Follow-Up Studies, Affect, Personality, Spirituality, Knowledge, Time Factors, Quality of Life, Religion, Mysticism, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"18593735\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Wellbeing,Personality Change,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2656, "title": "[Hallucinogen-induced psychological disorders].", "normalized_title": "hallucinogen induced psychological disorders", "authors": "Hermle L, Kovar KA, Hewer W, Ruchsow M.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThe purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the current research on hallucinogen induced psychiatric disorders. In addition to LSD and psilocybin hallucinogens of biologic origin are increasingly used by adolescents and young adults.MethodsRelevant literature and related articles were identified by means of a computerized MEDLINE search including the years 1997 - 2007. As keywords \"hallucinogen induced psychosis\", \"hallucinogen induced flashback\", \"hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)\" were used. Finally, 64 journal articles and books out of 103 were included in the review.ResultsAcute psychotic syndromes in adolescents are rarely due to intoxications with hallucinogenic drugs. However, clinical relevance of flashback phenomena as post-hallucinogenic psychiatric disorder has to be disputed. Because of the high popularity of biogenic hallucinogens and LSD knowledge of intoxications and resulting psychiatric disorders as well as medical complications and therapeutical approaches are clinically important. Especially intoxications with drugs of herbal origin like tropanalcaloids play an important role in emergency situations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-05-31", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.1055/s-2008-1038191", "pubmed_id": "18512184", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038191", "keywords": "Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Substance-Related Disorders, Recurrence, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Adolescent, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"18512184\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Adolescents", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2655, "title": "Mismatch negativity generation in the human 5HT2A agonist and NMDA antagonist model of psychosis.", "normalized_title": "mismatch negativity generation in the human 5ht2a agonist and nmda antagonist model of psychosis", "authors": "Heekeren K, Daumann J, Daumann J, Neukirch A, Stock C, Kawohl W, Norra C, Waberski TD, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E.", "abstract": "RationaleMany studies have reported deficits of mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenic patients. Pharmacological challenges with hallucinogens in healthy humans are used as models for psychotic states. Previous studies reported a significant reduction of MMN after ketamine (N-methyl-D-aspartate acid [NMDA] antagonist model) but not after psilocybin (5HT2A agonist model).ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to directly compare the two models of psychosis using an intraindividual crossover design.Materials and methodsFifteen healthy subjects participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study with a low and a high dose of the 5HT2A agonist dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and the NMDA antagonist S-ketamine. During electroencephalographic recording, the subjects were performing the AX-version of a continuous performance test (AX-CPT). A source analysis of MMN was performed on the basis of a four-source model of MMN generation.ResultsNine subjects completed both experimental days with the two doses of both drugs. Overall, we found blunted MMN and performance deficits in the AX-CPT after both drugs. However, the reduction in MMN activity was overall more pronounced after S-ketamine intake, and only S-ketamine had a significant impact on the frontal source of MMN.ConclusionsThe NDMA antagonist model and the 5HT2A agonist model of psychosis display distinct neurocognitive profiles. These findings are in line with the view of the two classes of hallucinogens modeling different aspects of psychosis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-05-17", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-008-1129-4", "pubmed_id": "18488201", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1129-4", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Ketamine, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Electroencephalography, Brain Mapping, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Orientation, Auditory Perception, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychomotor Performance, Attention, Contingent Negative Variation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Reflex, Startle, Inhibition, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"18488201\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2645, "title": "Apical regional wall motion abnormalities reminiscent to Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy following consumption of psychoactive fungi.", "normalized_title": "apical regional wall motion abnormalities reminiscent to tako tsubo cardiomyopathy following consumption of psychoactive fungi", "authors": "Nef HM, Möllmann H, Hilpert P, Krause N, Troidl C, Weber M, Rolf A, Dill T, Hamm C, Elsässer A.", "abstract": "Consumption of natural hallucinogenic substances continues to be a problem. In this case we report from a young male patient presenting with an acute coronary syndrome with significant ST-elevation after the abuse of psychoactive fungi, commonly referred to as \"magic mushrooms\". Coronary angiography excludes relevant coronary artery disease. In ventriculography contractile dysfunction with hypokinesia in the apical segments could be documented reminiscent to wall motion abnormalities in Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging showed no pathological signal activity in the late-enhancement sequences ruling out myocardial infarction or inflammatory processes. Ventricular function normalized within several days. The active metabolite of psychoactive fungi psilocybin is known to interact with several different dopaminergic, adrenergic and serotonergic receptors. Thus, the pathomechanisms leading to contractile dysfunction after consumption of psychoactive fungi are reminiscent to those documented in TTC.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-04-01", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.064", "pubmed_id": "18378018", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.064", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Coronary Angiography, Adolescent, Male, Acute Coronary Syndrome, Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"18378018\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Randomized Controlled Trial,Adolescents,Inflammation", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2659, "title": "Chemical Constituents of Gymnopilus spectabilis and Their Antioxidant Activity.", "normalized_title": "chemical constituents of gymnopilus spectabilis and their antioxidant activity", "authors": "Lee IK, Cho SM, Seok SJ, Yun BS.", "abstract": "Gymnopilus spectabilis, a hallucinogenic mushroom belonging to the family Cortinariaceae, is found growing in dense clusters on stumps and logs of hardwoods and conifers. It contains the hallucinogenic alkaloid psilocybin and its strongly bitter taste makes it undesirable as an edible. In an effort to identify chemical constituents of Korean native wild mushrooms, 4,6-decadiyne-1,3,8-triol (1), ergosta-4,6,8(14), 22-tetraen-3-one (2), bisnoryangonin (3), and hispidin (4) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the fruiting bodies of G. spectabilis. Their structures were assigned on the basis of various spectroscopic studies. Compounds 3 and 4 displayed significant scavenging activity against the ABTS radical cation, DPPH radical, and superoxide radical anion, while 1 and 2 exhibited no antioxidant activity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-03-30", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.4489/myco.2008.36.1.055", "pubmed_id": "23997609", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4489/myco.2008.36.1.055", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"23997609\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2654, "title": "The structure of human serotonin 2c G-protein-coupled receptor bound to agonists and antagonists.", "normalized_title": "the structure of human serotonin 2c g protein coupled receptor bound to agonists and antagonists", "authors": "Bray JK, Goddard WA.", "abstract": "We used the MembStruk computational procedure to predict the three-dimensional (3D) structure for the serotonin 5-HT(2C) G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Using this structure, we used the MSCDock computational procedure to predict the 3D structures for bound ligand-protein complexes for agonists such as serotonin and antagonists such as ritanserin, metergoline, and methiothepin. In addition, we predicted the SAR data for a series of psilocybin analogs, both agonists and antagonists. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) on serotonin bound to 5-HT(2C) and we find the protein and binding site to be stable after 5ns. We find good agreement with the currently known experimental data and we predict a number of new mutations which could be used to validate further our predicted structures. This agreement between theory and experiment suggests that our 3D structure is sufficiently accurate for use in drug design. We also compare a preliminary prediction for 5-HT(2B) with our prediction for 5-HT(2C) and find a difference in TM5 that contributes to different serotonin binding modes in 5-HT(2B) and 5-HT(2C).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-03-26", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.1016/j.jmgm.2008.02.006", "pubmed_id": "18499489", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmgm.2008.02.006", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, Metergoline, Ritanserin, Methiothepin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C, Mutagenesis, Binding Sites, Amino Acid Sequence, Protein Structure, Secondary, Structure-Activity Relationship, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Molecular Sequence Data, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"18499489\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2658, "title": "Identification of a serotonin/glutamate receptor complex implicated in psychosis.", "normalized_title": "identification of a serotonin glutamate receptor complex implicated in psychosis", "authors": "González-Maeso J, Ang RL, Yuen T, Chan P, Weisstaub NV, López-Giménez JF, Zhou M, Okawa Y, Callado LF, Callado LF, Milligan G, Gingrich JA, Filizola M, Meana JJ, Sealfon SC.", "abstract": "The psychosis associated with schizophrenia is characterized by alterations in sensory processing and perception. Some antipsychotic drugs were identified by their high affinity for serotonin 5-HT2A receptors (2AR). Drugs that interact with metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) also have potential for the treatment of schizophrenia. The effects of hallucinogenic drugs, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide, require the 2AR and resemble some of the core symptoms of schizophrenia. Here we show that the mGluR2 interacts through specific transmembrane helix domains with the 2AR, a member of an unrelated G-protein-coupled receptor family, to form functional complexes in brain cortex. The 2AR-mGluR2 complex triggers unique cellular responses when targeted by hallucinogenic drugs, and activation of mGluR2 abolishes hallucinogen-specific signalling and behavioural responses. In post-mortem human brain from untreated schizophrenic subjects, the 2AR is upregulated and the mGluR2 is downregulated, a pattern that could predispose to psychosis. These regulatory changes indicate that the 2AR-mGluR2 complex may be involved in the altered cortical processes of schizophrenia, and this complex is therefore a promising new target for the treatment of psychosis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-02-23", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.1038/nature06612", "pubmed_id": "18297054", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06612", "keywords": "Brain, Cells, Cultured, Cell Line, Animals, Humans, Mice, Multiprotein Complexes, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Signal Transduction, Down-Regulation, Up-Regulation, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Protein Binding, Models, Molecular", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"18297054\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2657, "title": "Effects of varied doses of psilocybin on time interval reproduction in human subjects.", "normalized_title": "effects of varied doses of psilocybin on time interval reproduction in human subjects", "authors": "Wackermann J, Wittmann M, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Action of a hallucinogenic substance, psilocybin, on internal time representation was investigated in two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies: Experiment 1 with 12 subjects and graded doses, and Experiment 2 with 9 subjects and a very low dose. The task consisted in repeated reproductions of time intervals in the range from 1.5 to 5s. The effects were assessed by parameter kappa of the 'dual klepsydra' model of internal time representation, fitted to individual response data and intra-individually normalized with respect to initial values. The estimates kappa were in the same order of magnitude as in earlier studies. In both experiments, kappa was significantly increased by psilocybin at 90 min from the drug intake, indicating a higher loss rate of the internal duration representation. These findings are tentatively linked to qualitative alterations of subjective time in altered states of consciousness.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2008-02-08", "publication_year": 2008, "doi": "10.1016/j.neulet.2008.02.006", "pubmed_id": "18325673", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.02.006", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Hallucinogens, Mental Processes, Cognition, Time Perception, Judgment, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"18325673\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2660, "title": "Between prohibitions: patterns and meanings of magic mushroom use in the UK.", "normalized_title": "between prohibitions patterns and meanings of magic mushroom use in the uk", "authors": "Riley SC, Blackman G", "abstract": "A survey of magic mushroom use was completed by 174 participants in 2004, a year when the sale of hallucinogenic mushrooms was not illegal in the UK. The data were collected in Edinburgh and Bristol (UK). Participants were a self-selecting convenience sample. Participants tended to be in their 20s, White-British, in education or employed; 64% were male. Participants reported a pattern of infrequent but intense consumption (47% used between 4-12 times/year, average consumption in one setting was 12 g, a high dose). Use was explained in terms of laughing, hallucinations, altering perspective (41-74%), and feelings of being closer to nature (49%). Negative experiences reported included paranoia (35%) and anxiety (32%). Mushroom use was located within a wider recreational drug and alcohol culture. Four focus groups aided the interpretation of the data. Future research is recommended into negative experiences. Implications for policy and harm minimisation literature are discussed.", "journal": "Substance use & misuse", "publication_date": "2007-12-31", "publication_year": 2007, "doi": "10.1080/10826080701772363", "pubmed_id": "18189205", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18189205/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:41", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"18189205\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2663, "title": "[Automutilation after consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms].", "normalized_title": "automutilation after consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Attema-de Jonge ME, Portier CB, Franssen EJ.", "abstract": "Two young men, 25 and 32 years old, presented with severe automutilation by knife wounds after consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms. The first patient had also used cocaine, cannabis and alcohol, while the second patient had only used the hallucinogenic mushrooms. Both patients were treated symptomatically and survived despite their severe stab wounds. Psilocybin-containing mushrooms are used as mind-altering drugs. These drugs may sometimes induce 'bad trips', a psychotic reaction accompanied by fear, panic, and dangerous behaviour, especially when used in combination with other drugs and alcohol or by psychiatrically unstable patients. During a bad trip, patients may hurt themselves. Because the duration of the psychotic and sympathicomimetic effects of psilocybin after ingestion of mushrooms is short (up to 6 h), and since psilocin itself causes no permanent organ toxicity, the treatment of psilocybin intoxication is only symptomatic. The diagnosis ofpsilocybin intoxication is hampered by the lack of routinely available, rapid and sensitive, analytical methods for the quantification ofpsilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2007-11-30", "publication_year": 2007, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "18257429", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/18257429", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Mushroom Poisoning, Substance-Related Disorders, Self Mutilation, Hallucinogens, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"18257429\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2665, "title": "Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of multiple hallucinogens, chlorpheniramine, ketamine, ritalinic acid, and metabolites, in urine.", "normalized_title": "liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of multiple hallucinogens chlorpheniramine ketamine ritalinic acid and metabolites in urine", "authors": "del Mar Ramirez Fernandez M, Laloup M, Wood M, De Boeck G, Lopez-Rivadulla M, Wallemacq P, Samyn N.", "abstract": "A validated method for the simultaneous analysis of multiple hallucinogens, chlorpheniramine, ketamine, ritalinic acid, and several metabolites is presented. The procedure comprises a sample clean-up step, using mixed-mode solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Sunfire C(8) column eluted with a mixture of formate buffer, methanol, and acetonitrile. The applied LC gradient ensured the elution of all the drugs examined within 14 min and produced chromatographic peaks of acceptable symmetry. Selectivity of the method was achieved by a combination of retention time and two precursor-product ion transitions for the non-deuterated analogues. Validation of the method was performed using 500 microL of urine. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for LSD and 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD were 0.05 and 1 ng/mL, respectively, and ranged, for the other hallucinogens, from 0.5 to 10 ng/mL. Linear and quadratic regression was observed from the LOQ of each compound to 12.5 ng/mL for LSD, 50 ng/mL for 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD and 500 ng/mL for the others (r(2) > 0.99). Precision for the QC samples, spiked at a minimum of two concentrations, was calculated [%CV and %bias < 20% for most of the compounds, except for bufotenine and cathinone (%bias < 24%), and ibogaine (%bias < 30%)]. Extraction was found to be both reproducible and efficient with recoveries > 87% for all the analytes. Furthermore, the processed samples were demonstrated to be stable in the autosampler for at least 24 h. Finally, the validated method was applied to the determination of chlorpheniramine, ketamine, LSD, and psilocin in authentic urine samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2007-09-30", "publication_year": 2007, "doi": "10.1093/jat/31.8.497", "pubmed_id": "17988464", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/31.8.497", "keywords": "Humans, Methylphenidate, Ketamine, Chlorpheniramine, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Reproducibility of Results, Substance Abuse Detection, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17988464\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2664, "title": "Psilocybin links binocular rivalry switch rate to attention and subjective arousal levels in humans.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin links binocular rivalry switch rate to attention and subjective arousal levels in humans", "authors": "Carter OL, Hasler F, Pettigrew JD, Wallis GM, Liu GB, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "RationaleBinocular rivalry occurs when different images are simultaneously presented to each eye. During continual viewing of this stimulus, the observer will experience repeated switches between visual awareness of the two images. Previous studies have suggested that a slow rate of perceptual switching may be associated with clinical and drug-induced psychosis.ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to explore the proposed relationship between binocular rivalry switch rate and subjective changes in psychological state associated with 5-HT2A receptor activation.Materials and methodsThis study used psilocybin, the hallucinogen found naturally in Psilocybe mushrooms that had previously been found to induce psychosis-like symptoms via the 5-HT2A receptor. The effects of psilocybin (215 microg/kg) were considered alone and after pretreatment with the selective 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin (50 mg) in ten healthy human subjects.ResultsPsilocybin significantly reduced the rate of binocular rivalry switching and increased the proportion of transitional/mixed percept experience. Pretreatment with ketanserin blocked the majority of psilocybin's \"positive\" psychosis-like hallucinogenic symptoms. However, ketanserin had no influence on either the psilocybin-induced slowing of binocular rivalry or the drug's \"negative-type symptoms\" associated with reduced arousal and vigilance.ConclusionsTogether, these findings link changes in binocular rivalry switching rate to subjective levels of arousal and attention. In addition, it suggests that psilocybin's effect on binocular rivalry is unlikely to be mediated by the 5-HT2A receptor.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2007-09-13", "publication_year": 2007, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-007-0930-9", "pubmed_id": "17874073", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-0930-9", "keywords": "Humans, Ketanserin, Hallucinogens, Drug Combinations, Double-Blind Method, Vision Disparity, Arousal, Attention, Vision, Binocular, Adult, Female, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17874073\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2662, "title": "Hallucinogen-like effects of N,N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT): possible mediation by serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in rodents.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogen like effects of n n dipropyltryptamine dpt possible mediation by serotonin 5 ht1a and 5 ht2a receptors in rodents", "authors": "Fantegrossi WE, Reissig CJ, Katz EB, Yarosh HL, Rice KC, Winter JC.", "abstract": "N,N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT) is a synthetic tryptamine hallucinogen which has been used psychotherapeutically in humans, but has been studied preclinically only rarely. In the present studies, DPT was tested in a drug-elicited head-twitch assay in mice, and in rats trained to discriminate lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine (psilocybin), or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). A separate group of rats was also trained to recognize DPT itself as a discriminative stimulus, and in all cases, the behavioral effects of DPT were challenged with the selective serotonin (5-HT)2A antagonist M100907, the 5-HT1A selective antagonist WAY-100635, or their combination. In the head-twitch assay, DPT elicited dose-dependent effects, producing a biphasic dose-effect curve. WAY-100635 produced a parallel rightward shift in the dose-effect curve for head twitches, indicative of surmountable antagonism, but the antagonist effects of M100907 were functionally insurmountable. DPT produced partial to full substitution when tested in rats trained to discriminate LSD, psilocybin or MDMA, and served as a discriminative stimulus. In all cases, the antagonist effects of M100907 were more profound than were those of WAY-100635. DPT is thus active in two rodent models relevant to 5-HT2 agonist activity. The effectiveness with which M100907 antagonizes the behavioral actions of this compound strongly suggest that the 5-HT2A receptor is an important site of action for DPT, but the modulatory actions of WAY-100635 also imply a 5-HT1A-mediated component to the actions of this compound.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2007-09-13", "publication_year": 2007, "doi": "10.1016/j.pbb.2007.09.007", "pubmed_id": "17905422", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2007.09.007", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Inbred F344, Mice, Rats, Tryptamines, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Fluorobenzenes, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Piperazines, Piperidines, Pyridines, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Discrimination Learning, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17905422\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2661, "title": "Antagonism of phencyclidine-induced stimulus control in the rat by other psychoactive drugs.", "normalized_title": "antagonism of phencyclidine induced stimulus control in the rat by other psychoactive drugs", "authors": "Winter JC.", "abstract": "It has been observed that agents with agonist activity at 5-HT2A receptors prevent neurotoxicity induced by the non-competitive NMDA antagonist, dizocilpine (MK-801). Subsequent behavioral studies reported complete antagonism by LSD and DOM of the stimulus effects of the related NMDA antagonist, phencyclidine [PCP]. The present study sought to extend those observations to include other psychoactive drugs. Male F-344 rats were trained in a 2-lever, fixed-ratio 10, food-reinforced task with PCP (3.0 mg/kg; IP; 30 min pretreatment) as a discriminative stimulus. Tests of generalization were then conducted using the training dose of PCP in combination with a range of doses of DOM, LSD, d-amphetamine, MDMA, psilocybin, buspirone, and GHB. All of the drugs tested in combination with PCP produced a statistically significant diminution of PCP-appropriate responding but for none was antagonism complete. These data, obtained using a stimulus control model of the hallucinogenic effects of PCP, fail to support the hypothesis that LSD and DOM completely antagonize stimulus control by PCP. Instead, the data suggest complex interactions between PCP-induced stimulus control and a variety of psychoactive drugs including GHB, an agent with no known affinity for serotonergic receptors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2007-08-14", "publication_year": 2007, "doi": "10.1016/j.pbb.2007.07.007", "pubmed_id": "17936884", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2007.07.007", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Inbred F344, Rats, Sodium Oxybate, Phencyclidine, Dopamine Agents, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Serotonin Agents, Anesthetics, Intravenous, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Conditioning, Operant, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17936884\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Toxicity,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2669, "title": "[Hallucinogenic fungi (psilocybe). Part II. Identification of Psilocybe semilanceata by PCR].", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic fungi psilocybe part ii identification of psilocybe semilanceata by pcr", "authors": "Adamczyk A, Sadakierska-Chudy A, Janoszka J, Rymkiewicz A, Dobosz T.", "abstract": "Psilocybe semilanceata belongs to the genus of Psilocybe; it is a hallucinogenic fungus, frequently found in regions with high rainfall, in the grass and moss. There are estimated to be as many as eight Psilocybe hallucinogenic species containing psychoactive alkaloids, such as psilocybin and psilocin, which may cause visual, auditory and other hallucinations, as well as profound changes in the perception of time and space. Since identification of P semilanceata in a form different than a fresh mushroom is almost impossible, the authors made an attempt at developing a method of fungi identification based on the PCR technique, which could be helpful in a fight against dangerous consumption of these hallucinogens by the youth. Detection of the specific DNA sequence for P semilanceata brought good results; the test may be commonly employed in forensic practice in the future.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2007-06-30", "publication_year": 2007, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "17907620", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/17907620", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Substance Abuse Detection, Toxicology, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Drug and Narcotic Control, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17907620\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2666, "title": "Psilocybin-induced stimulus control in the rat.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced stimulus control in the rat", "authors": "Winter JC, Rice KC, Amorosi DJ, Rabin RA.", "abstract": "Although psilocybin has been trained in the rat as a discriminative stimulus, little is known of the pharmacological receptors essential for stimulus control. In the present investigation rats were trained with psilocybin and tests were then conducted employing a series of other hallucinogens and presumed antagonists. An intermediate degree of antagonism of psilocybin was observed following treatment with the 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist, M100907. In contrast, no significant antagonism was observed following treatment with the 5-HT(1A/7) receptor antagonist, WAY-100635, or the DA D(2) antagonist, remoxipride. Psilocybin generalized fully to DOM, LSD, psilocin, and, in the presence of WAY-100635, DMT while partial generalization was seen to 2C-T-7 and mescaline. LSD and MDMA partially generalized to psilocybin and these effects were completely blocked by M-100907; no generalization of PCP to psilocybin was seen. The present data suggest that psilocybin induces a compound stimulus in which activity at the 5-HT(2A) receptor plays a prominent but incomplete role. In addition, psilocybin differs from closely related hallucinogens such as 5-MeO-DMT in that agonism at 5-HT(1A) receptors appears to play no role in psilocybin-induced stimulus control.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2007-06-21", "publication_year": 2007, "doi": "10.1016/j.pbb.2007.06.003", "pubmed_id": "17688928", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2007.06.003", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Inbred F344, Rats, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Phencyclidine, Hallucinogens, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Conditioning, Operant, Generalization, Stimulus, Reinforcement Schedule, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Psilocybin, Discrimination, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17688928\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2667, "title": "Further evidence that the delayed temporal dopaminergic effects of LSD are mediated by a mechanism different than the first temporal phase of action.", "normalized_title": "further evidence that the delayed temporal dopaminergic effects of lsd are mediated by a mechanism different than the first temporal phase of action", "authors": "Marona-Lewicka D, Nichols DE.", "abstract": "Activation of 5-HT(2A) receptors is thought to mediate the hallucinogenic effects of LSD. Nevertheless, in a previous report we provided evidence that a delayed temporal phase of the behavioral pharmacology of LSD is mediated by D(2)-like dopamine receptor stimulation. In this study rats were trained to discriminate LSD with either a 30 min preinjection time (LSD-30, N=12) or a 90 min preinjection time (LSD-90, N=13) from saline, using a two-lever, food-reinforced operant conditioning task. We then tested a large number of agonists and antagonists belonging to distinct pharmacological classes in these animals. As anticipated, classical hallucinogens such as psilocin and mescaline substituted only in LSD-30 rats, and not in LSD-90 rats. The dopamine receptor agonists ABT-724, aripiprazole, dihydrexidine, WAY100635, and SKF38393, fully or partially mimicked LSD-90, but not LSD-30. The results reported here support and extend our previous conclusion that the delayed temporal effects of LSD are mediated by activation of a dopaminergic system.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2007-06-13", "publication_year": 2007, "doi": "10.1016/j.pbb.2007.06.001", "pubmed_id": "17618679", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2007.06.001", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Dopamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Neurotransmitter Agents, Dopamine Agonists, Hallucinogens, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Conditioning, Operant, Discrimination Learning, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Interactions, Food, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17618679\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2670, "title": "Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex and its attentional modulation in the human S-ketamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) models of psychosis.", "normalized_title": "prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex and its attentional modulation in the human s ketamine and n n dimethyltryptamine dmt models of psychosis", "authors": "Heekeren K, Neukirch A, Daumann J, Stoll M, Obradovic M, Kovar KA, Geyer MA, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E.", "abstract": "Patients with schizophrenia exhibit diminished prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex and deficits in the attentional modulation of PPI. Pharmacological challenges with hallucinogens are used as models for psychosis in both humans and animals. Remarkably, in contrast to the findings in schizophrenic patients and in animal hallucinogen models of psychosis, previous studies with healthy volunteers demonstrated increased levels of PPI after administration of low to moderate doses of either the antiglutamatergic hallucinogen ketamine or the serotonergic hallucinogen psilocybin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of moderate and high doses of the serotonergic hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist S-ketamine on PPI and its attentional modulation in humans. Fifteen healthy volunteers were included in a double-blind cross-over study with two doses of DMT and S-ketamine. Effects on PPI and its attentional modulation were investigated. Nine subjects completed both experimental days with the two doses of both drugs. S-ketamine increased PPI in both dosages, whereas DMT had no significant effects on PPI. S-ketamine decreased and DMT tended to decrease startle magnitude. There were no significant effects of either drug on the attentional modulation of PPI. In human experimental hallucinogen psychoses, and even with high, clearly psychotogenic doses of DMT or S-ketamine, healthy subjects failed to exhibit the predicted attenuation of PPI. In contrast, PPI was augmented and the startle magnitude was decreased after S-ketamine. These data point to important differences between human hallucinogen models and both animal hallucinogen models of psychosis and naturally occurring schizophrenia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2007-04-30", "publication_year": 2007, "doi": "10.1177/0269881107077734", "pubmed_id": "17591658", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881107077734", "keywords": "Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Substance-Related Disorders, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Ketamine, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Psychomotor Performance, Attention, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Reflex, Startle", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17591658\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2668, "title": "The effects of the preferential 5-HT2A agonist psilocybin on prepulse inhibition of startle in healthy human volunteers depend on interstimulus interval.", "normalized_title": "the effects of the preferential 5 ht2a agonist psilocybin on prepulse inhibition of startle in healthy human volunteers depend on interstimulus interval", "authors": "Vollenweider FX, Csomor PA, Knappe B, Geyer MA, Quednow BB.", "abstract": "Schizophrenia patients exhibit impairments in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response. Hallucinogenic 5-HT(2A) receptor agonists are used for animal models of schizophrenia because they mimic some symptoms of schizophrenia in humans and induce PPI deficits in animals. Nevertheless, one report indicates that the 5-HT(2A) receptor agonist psilocybin increases PPI in healthy humans. Hence, we investigated these inconsistent results by assessing the dose-dependent effects of psilocybin on PPI in healthy humans. Sixteen subjects each received placebo or 115, 215, and 315 microg/kg of psilocybin at 4-week intervals in a randomized and counterbalanced order. PPI at 30-, 60-, 120-, 240-, and 2000-ms interstimulus intervals (ISIs) was measured 90 and 165 min after drug intake, coinciding with the peak and post-peak effects of psilocybin. The effects of psilocybin on psychopathological core dimensions and sustained attention were assessed by the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (5D-ASC) and the Frankfurt Attention Inventory (FAIR). Psilocybin dose-dependently reduced PPI at short (30 ms), had no effect at medium (60 ms), and increased PPI at long (120-2000 ms) ISIs, without affecting startle reactivity or habituation. Psilocybin dose-dependently impaired sustained attention and increased all 5D-ASC scores with exception of Auditory Alterations. Moreover, psilocybin-induced impairments in sustained attention performance were positively correlated with reduced PPI at the 30 ms ISI and not with the concomitant increases in PPI observed at long ISIs. These results confirm the psilocybin-induced increase in PPI at long ISIs and reveal that psilocybin also produces a decrease in PPI at short ISIs that is correlated with impaired attention and consistent with deficient PPI in schizophrenia.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2007-02-13", "publication_year": 2007, "doi": "10.1038/sj.npp.1301324", "pubmed_id": "17299516", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301324", "keywords": "Humans, Acoustic Stimulation, Analysis of Variance, Double-Blind Method, Attention, Psychological Tests, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Adult, Female, Male, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Reflex, Startle, Psilocybin, Inhibition, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17299516\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2671, "title": "Hallucinogens recruit specific cortical 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated signaling pathways to affect behavior.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogens recruit specific cortical 5 ht 2a receptor mediated signaling pathways to affect behavior", "authors": "González-Maeso J, Weisstaub NV, Zhou M, Chan P, Ivic L, Ang R, Lira A, Bradley-Moore M, Ge Y, Zhou Q, Sealfon SC, Gingrich JA.", "abstract": "Hallucinogens, including mescaline, psilocybin, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), profoundly affect perception, cognition, and mood. All known drugs of this class are 5-HT(2A) receptor (2AR) agonists, yet closely related 2AR agonists such as lisuride lack comparable psychoactive properties. Why only certain 2AR agonists are hallucinogens and which neural circuits mediate their effects are poorly understood. By genetically expressing 2AR only in cortex, we show that 2AR-regulated pathways on cortical neurons are sufficient to mediate the signaling pattern and behavioral response to hallucinogens. Hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic 2AR agonists both regulate signaling in the same 2AR-expressing cortical neurons. However, the signaling and behavioral responses to the hallucinogens are distinct. While lisuride and LSD both act at 2AR expressed by cortex neurons to regulate phospholipase C, LSD responses also involve pertussis toxin-sensitive heterotrimeric G(i/o) proteins and Src. These studies identify the long-elusive neural and signaling mechanisms responsible for the unique effects of hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2007-01-31", "publication_year": 2007, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.008", "pubmed_id": "17270739", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.008", "keywords": "Pyramidal Cells, Cerebral Cortex, Cells, Cultured, Animals, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Amphetamines, Lisuride, Ketanserin, Receptors, Dopamine D1, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Autoradiography, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Behavior, Animal, Electrophysiology, Signal Transduction, Binding, Competitive, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17270739\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2673, "title": "5-Year trends in use of hallucinogens and other adjunct drugs among UK dance drug users.", "normalized_title": "5 year trends in use of hallucinogens and other adjunct drugs among uk dance drug users", "authors": "McCambridge J, Winstock A, Hunt N, Mitcheson L.", "abstract": "AimsTo describe and assess trends in the use of hallucinogens and other adjunct drugs over a 5-year period.DesignRepeated-measures cross-sectional survey.Setting and participantsAnnual magazine-based survey targeting people who use drugs in dance contexts.MeasurementsLifetime use prevalence (ever used); age of first use; current use prevalence (any use within the last month), and extent of use within the last month (number of days used) for LSD, psilocybin, ketamine, GHB and nitrates.FindingsPrevalence increases for psilocybin, ketamine, GHB and nitrates use have been detected, with a sharp recent rise in current psilocybin use in 2002-2003 contrasting with more gradual and comprehensive evidence of increased ketamine use throughout the period 1999-2003. The declining prevalence of LSD use in general population surveys is replicated in this sentinel population study.ConclusionsThe rise in prevalence of hallucinogen and other adjunct drugs identified among dance drug users may be mirrored by wider prevalence increases among young people with a consequent need to study these trends carefully and to develop effective interventions, where required.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-12-31", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1159/000095816", "pubmed_id": "17172780", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000095816", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Incidence, Prevalence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Adult, Female, Male, United Kingdom, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17172780\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2672, "title": "[Concentration of selected microelements in blood serum of rats exposed to the action of psilocin and phenylethylamine].", "normalized_title": "concentration of selected microelements in blood serum of rats exposed to the action of psilocin and phenylethylamine", "authors": "Majdanik S, Borowiak K, Brzezńska M, Machoy-Mokrzyńska A.", "abstract": "Natural hallucinogens (including Psilocybe mushrooms) became popular in Europe since the nineties. They have been in the focus of clinicians interest for years because of their biological effects. Mechanism of action of these hallucinogens, both Psilocin and Psilocibin, is based on the physiological structure similarity to human neurotransmitters as serotonin and catecholamines. One of the previous works indicated the possibility of the cardiotoxic action of the Psilocibin mushroom, effecting in anoxemic heart laesure. To verify the hypothesis of the Psilocibin-like myocardial damage wide experimental programme was designed. In the present work we introduce some results concerning magnesium, calcium, natrium, kalium and chloride plasma concentration in rats subjected subchronicly to psilocin and phenylethylamine. Basing on the obtained results, it can be stated that subchronic intoxication with natural hallucinogens may disturb magnesium balance without significantly effecting other microelements.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-12-31", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "20143700", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20143700", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Chlorides, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phenethylamines, Hallucinogens, Water-Electrolyte Balance, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20143700\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Healthcare Workers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2676, "title": "Detection and determination of abused hallucinogens in biological material.", "normalized_title": "detection and determination of abused hallucinogens in biological material", "authors": "Ondra P, Zedníková K, Válka I.", "abstract": "ObjectivesUntil recently, routine toxicological analysis of some hallucinogens in biological material posed problems which were only resolved after the introduction of modern analytic systems into toxicological laboratories. The most frequent hallucinogens in clinical and forensic toxicology can be grouped as: cannabinoids, tropane alkaloids, N,N-dimethyltryptamine derivatives and synthetic or semisynthetic hallucinogens.Methods & resultsThere are several methods currently used for their analysis. Immunoassay analysis of abused hallucinogens is limited to the cannabinoids. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is able to detect higher concentrations of 1-nor-delta- 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH), tropane alkaloids (atropine and scopolamine) and ketamine (synthetic hallucinogen) in urine but for lower concentrations and for some other substances it lacks sensitivity. A reliable solution to the demand for specific and sensitive analysis of hallucinogens in biological material is gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thus, at present, analysis of cannabinoids, tropane alkaloids, ketamine as well as psilocin (N,N-dimethyltryptamine derivative) is well-managed.ConclusionsThe introduction of GC-MS systems appears to be indispensable for satisfactory qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs of abuse, particularly hallucinogens in biological material.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-11-30", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "17159796", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/17159796", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Substance Abuse Detection, Models, Biological, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Forensic Toxicology", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17159796\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2675, "title": "The adverse effects of hallucinogens from intramural perspective.", "normalized_title": "the adverse effects of hallucinogens from intramural perspective", "authors": "Frecska E, Luna LE.", "abstract": "UnlabelledVery recently, after a long-lasting, worldwide moratorium on research of hallucinogenic agents, a good number of advanced countries have been revising their position, and start to approve testing the physiological and therapeutic effects of hallucinogens in human subjects. The purpose of this article is to review safety information available in the literature on hallucinogen use, and sort out those data from the reported complications of their abuse. Because of prohibitory regulations of the last 35 years, there are difficulties in achieving this kind of evaluation. Our approach has to be broad, and at times retrospective, in contrast to the well-controlled, focused, prospective design of the premarketing trials of legal drugs. The article summarizes the analyses in anticipation of supportive regulatory changes for the use of hallucinogens in well controlled studies and strictly supervised clinical trials.Keywordsadverse effects, ayahuasca, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, hallucinogenic agents, ibogaine, lysergic acid diethylamide, N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, psilocybin, therapeutic use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-11-30", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "17211054", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/17211054", "keywords": "Humans, Poisoning, Hallucinogens, Emergency Treatment, Personality, Perception, Drug Interactions", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17211054\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2679, "title": "[Chronic cluster headache: Response to psilocybin].", "normalized_title": "chronic cluster headache response to psilocybin", "authors": "Sempere AP, Berenguer-Ruiz L, Almazán F.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-10-31", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.33588/rn.4309.2006432", "pubmed_id": "17072817", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.4309.2006432", "keywords": "Humans, Cluster Headache, Middle Aged, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17072817\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2678, "title": "Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of psilocybin in 9 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.", "normalized_title": "safety tolerability and efficacy of psilocybin in 9 patients with obsessive compulsive disorder", "authors": "Moreno FA, Wiegand CB, Taitano EK, Delgado PL.", "abstract": "BackgroundAnecdotal reports suggest that psychedelic agents may relieve symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This modified double-blind study investigated the safety, tolerability, and clinical effects of psilocybin, a potent 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A/2C) agonist, in patients with OCD.MethodNine subjects with DSM-IV-defined OCD and no other current major psychiatric disorder participated in up to 4 single-dose exposures to psilocybin in doses ranging from sub-hallucinogenic to frankly hallucinogenic. Low (100 microg/kg), medium (200 microg/kg), and high (300 microg/kg) doses were assigned in that order, and a very low dose (25 microg/kg) was inserted randomly and in double-blind fashion at any time after the first dose. Testing days were separated by at least 1 week. Each session was conducted over an 8-hour period in a controlled environment in an outpatient clinic; subjects were then transferred to a psychiatric inpatient unit for overnight observation. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) and a visual analog scale measuring overall obsessive-compulsive symptom severity were administered at 0, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-ingestion. The Hallucinogen Rating Scale was administered at 8 hours, and vital signs were recorded at 0, 1, 4, 8, and 24 hours after ingestion. The study was conducted from November 2001 to November 2004.ResultsNine subjects were administered a total of 29 psilocybin doses. One subject experienced transient hypertension without relation to anxiety or somatic symptoms, but no other significant adverse effects were observed. Marked decreases in OCD symptoms of variable degrees were observed in all subjects during 1 or more of the testing sessions (23%-100% decrease in YBOCS score). Repeated-measures analysis of variance for all YBOCS values revealed a significant main effect of time on Wilks lambda (F = 9.86, df = 3,3; p =.046), but no significant effect of dose (F = 2.25, df = 3,3; p =.261) or interaction of time and dose (F = 0.923, df = 9,45; p =.515). Improvement generally lasted past the 24-hour timepoint.ConclusionsIn a controlled clinical environment, psilocybin was safely used in subjects with OCD and was associated with acute reductions in core OCD symptoms in several subjects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-10-31", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.4088/jcp.v67n1110", "pubmed_id": "17196053", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v67n1110", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Pain Measurement, Treatment Outcome, Severity of Illness Index, Analysis of Variance, Double-Blind Method, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17196053\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,OCD,Chronic Pain,Receptor Pharmacology,Safety,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2680, "title": "Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin can occasion mystical type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance", "authors": "Griffiths RR, Richards WA, McCann U, Jesse R.", "abstract": "RationaleAlthough psilocybin has been used for centuries for religious purposes, little is known scientifically about its acute and persisting effects.ObjectivesThis double-blind study evaluated the acute and longer-term psychological effects of a high dose of psilocybin relative to a comparison compound administered under comfortable, supportive conditions.Materials and methodsThe participants were hallucinogen-naïve adults reporting regular participation in religious or spiritual activities. Two or three sessions were conducted at 2-month intervals. Thirty volunteers received orally administered psilocybin (30 mg/70 kg) and methylphenidate hydrochloride (40 mg/70 kg) in counterbalanced order. To obscure the study design, six additional volunteers received methylphenidate in the first two sessions and unblinded psilocybin in a third session. The 8-h sessions were conducted individually. Volunteers were encouraged to close their eyes and direct their attention inward. Study monitors rated volunteers' behavior during sessions. Volunteers completed questionnaires assessing drug effects and mystical experience immediately after and 2 months after sessions. Community observers rated changes in the volunteer's attitudes and behavior.ResultsPsilocybin produced a range of acute perceptual changes, subjective experiences, and labile moods including anxiety. Psilocybin also increased measures of mystical experience. At 2 months, the volunteers rated the psilocybin experience as having substantial personal meaning and spiritual significance and attributed to the experience sustained positive changes in attitudes and behavior consistent with changes rated by community observers.ConclusionsWhen administered under supportive conditions, psilocybin occasioned experiences similar to spontaneously occurring mystical experiences. The ability to occasion such experiences prospectively will allow rigorous scientific investigations of their causes and consequences.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-07-06", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5", "pubmed_id": "16826400", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Affect, Spirituality, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16826400\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Spirituality,Mystical Experience,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2067, "title": "Direct detection of serum psilocin glucuronide by LC/MS and LC/MS/MS: time-courses of total and free (unconjugated) psilocin concentrations in serum specimens of a “magic mushroom” user", "normalized_title": "direct detection of serum psilocin glucuronide by lc ms and lc ms ms time courses of total and free unconjugated psilocin concentrations in serum specimens of a magic mushroom user", "authors": "Kamata Tooru, Nishikawa Mayumi, Katagi Munehiro, Tsuchihashi Hitoshi", "abstract": "", "journal": "Forensic Toxicology", "publication_date": "2006-06-30", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1007/s11419-006-0006-2", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-006-0006-2", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11419-006-0006-2\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1007/bf02159243\",\"10.1016/0006-2952(61)90124-1\",\"10.1016/0041-008x(62)90102-3\",\"10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00213-9\",\"10.1520/jfs15014j\",\"10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00278-9\",\"10.1248/jhs1956.38.121\",\"10.1248/jhs1956.38.162\",\"10.1093/jat/21.5.346\",\"10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00384-8\",\"10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00008-0\",\"10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00375-9\",\"10.1002/jms.298\",\"10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.030\",\"10.1016/s1570-0232(04)00634-8\",\"10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.09.052\",\"10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.11.026\",\"10.1124/dmd.105.004572\",\"10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.10.014\",\"10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00067-x\"],\"reference_count\":21}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2683, "title": "Patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use in drug using university students.", "normalized_title": "patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use in drug using university students", "authors": "Barrett SP, Darredeau C, Pihl RO.", "abstract": "Simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) is a common phenomenon, yet little is known about how various substances are used with one another. In the present study 149 drug-using university students completed structured interviews about their use of various substances. For each substance ever used, participants provided details about the type, order and amount of all substances co-administered during its most recent administration. Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis were frequently co-administered with each other and with all other substances. Chi-squared tests revealed that when alcohol was used in combination with any of cannabis, psilocybin, MDMA, cocaine, amphetamine, methylphenidate (ps < 0.01) or LSD (p < 0.05) its initial use preceded the administration of the other substance. Paired samples t-tests revealed that when alcohol was used with cocaine (p < 0.01) or methylphenidate (p < 0.05) it was ingested in greater quantities than when used in their absence. Patterns of cannabis use were not systematically related to other substances administered. Finally, using one-sample t-tests, tobacco use was demonstrated to be increased relative to 'sober' smoking rates when used with alcohol, cannabis, psilocybin, MDMA, cocaine, amphetamine (ps < 0.001), LSD (p < 0.01) or methylphenidate (p < 0.05). Results suggest that many substances are routinely used in a SPU context and that the pattern in which a substance is used may be related to other substances co-administered.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-05-31", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1002/hup.766", "pubmed_id": "16783813", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.766", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Alcoholism, Marijuana Abuse, Ethanol, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Cocaine, Smoking, Students, Universities, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16783813\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2682, "title": "Values and beliefs of psychedelic drug users: a cross-cultural study.", "normalized_title": "values and beliefs of psychedelic drug users a cross cultural study", "authors": "Lerner M, Lyvers M.", "abstract": "Psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin are often claimed to be capable of inducing life-changing experiences described as mystical or transcendental, especially if high doses are taken. The present study examined possible enduring effects of such experiences by comparing users of psychedelic drugs (n = 88), users of nonpsychedelic illegal drugs (e.g., marijuana, amphetamines) (n = 29) and non illicit drug-using social drinkers (n = 66) on questionnaire measures of values, beliefs and emotional empathy. Samples were obtained from Israel (n = 110) and Australia (n = 73) in a cross-cultural comparison to see if values associated with psychedelic drug use transcended culture of origin. Psychedelic users scored significantly higher on mystical beliefs (e.g., oneness with God and the universe) and life values of spirituality and concern for others than the other groups, and lower on the value of financial prosperity, irrespective of culture of origin. Users of nonpsychedelic illegal drugs scored significantly lower on a measure of coping ability than both psychedelic users and non illicit drug users. Both groups of illegal drug users scored significantly higher on empathy than non illicit drug users. Results are discussed in the context of earlier findings from Pahnke (1966) and Doblin (1991) of the transformative effect of psychedelic experiences, although the possibility remains that present findings reflect predrug characteristics of those who chose to take psychedelic drugs rather than effects of the drugs themselves.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-05-31", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2006.10399838", "pubmed_id": "16903453", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2006.10399838", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Health Behavior, Social Values, Culture, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Israel, Australia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16903453\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Spirituality,Mystical Experience", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2681, "title": "Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD.", "normalized_title": "response of cluster headache to psilocybin and lsd", "authors": "Sewell RA, Halpern JH, Pope HG.", "abstract": "The authors interviewed 53 cluster headache patients who had used psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to treat their condition. Twenty-two of 26 psilocybin users reported that psilocybin aborted attacks; 25 of 48 psilocybin users and 7 of 8 LSD users reported cluster period termination; 18 of 19 psilocybin users and 4 of 5 LSD users reported remission period extension. Research on the effects of psilocybin and LSD on cluster headache may be warranted.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-05-31", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1212/01.wnl.0000219761.05466.43", "pubmed_id": "16801660", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000219761.05466.43", "keywords": "Humans, Cluster Headache, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Treatment Outcome, Severity of Illness Index, Retrospective Studies, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16801660\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2068, "title": "Psilocin identified in a DUID investigation.", "normalized_title": "psilocin identified in a duid investigation", "authors": "Tiscione NB, Miller MI.", "abstract": "Psilocin was identified in a urine specimen collected during a routine driving under the influence of drugs investigation, the first for this laboratory. The subject did not exhibit any response to an automobile crash, indicating the he may have been unaware of the severity of the situation or his immediate surroundings. The urine specimen gave a positive result on a fluorescence polarization immunoassay amphetamine/methamphetamine assay, and psilocin was determined to have 1.3% cross-reactivity at 50 mg/L. Psilocin was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following an extraction for acidic, neutral, and basic drugs. Hydrolysis and derivatization techniques were not employed. The urine concentration of psilocin decreased rapidly, although the specimen was maintained at 4 degrees C.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-05-31", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1093/jat/30.5.342", "pubmed_id": "16839473", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/30.5.342", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay, Substance Abuse Detection, Accidents, Traffic, Automobile Driving, Adult, Male, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16839473\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2674, "title": "Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans.", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans", "authors": "Wittmann M, Carter O, Hasler F, Cahn BR, Grimberg U, Spring P, Hell D, Flohr H, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic psilocybin is known to alter the subjective experience of time. However, there is no study that systematically investigated objective measures of time perception under psilocybin. Therefore, we studied dose-dependent effects of the serotonin (5-HT)2A/1A receptor agonist psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine) on temporal processing, employing tasks of temporal reproduction, sensorimotor synchronization and tapping tempo. To control for cognitive and subjective changes, we assessed spatial working memory and conscious experience. Twelve healthy human volunteers were tested under placebo, medium (115 microg/kg), and high (250 microg/kg) dose conditions, in a double-blind experimental design. Psilocybin was found to significantly impair subjects' ability to (1) reproduce interval durations longer than 2.5 sec, (2) to synchronize to inter-beat intervals longer than 2 sec and (3) caused subjects to be slower in their preferred tapping rate. These objective effects on timing performance were accompanied by working-memory deficits and subjective changes in conscious state, namely increased reports of 'depersonalization' and 'derealization' phenomena including disturbances in subjective 'time sense.' Our study is the first to systematically assess the impact of psilocybin on timing performance on standardized measures of temporal processing. Results indicate that the serotonin system is selectively involved in duration processing of intervals longer than 2 to 3 seconds and in the voluntary control of the speed of movement. We speculate that psilocybin's selective disruption of longer intervals is likely to be a product of interactions with cognitive dimensions of temporal processing -presumably via 5-HT2A receptor stimulation.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-05-18", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1177/0269881106065859", "pubmed_id": "16714323", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881106065859", "keywords": "Humans, Dopamine Agonists, Hallucinogens, Analysis of Variance, Double-Blind Method, Depersonalization, Memory, Space Perception, Time Perception, Psychomotor Performance, Periodicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Reference Values, Adult, Female, Male, Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16714323\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2684, "title": "Aeruginascin, a trimethylammonium analogue of psilocybin from the hallucinogenic mushroom Inocybe aeruginascens.", "normalized_title": "aeruginascin a trimethylammonium analogue of psilocybin from the hallucinogenic mushroom inocybe aeruginascens", "authors": "Jensen N, Gartz J, Laatsch H.", "abstract": "The hallucinogenic mushroom Inocybe aeruginascens contains several typical Psilocybe alkaloids including psilocybin. We have now elucidated the structure of a further indole derivative named aeruginascin as the quaternary ammonium compound N, N, N-trimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine. Aeruginascin is closely related to the frog skin toxin bufotenidine (5-HTQ), a potent 5-HT3 receptor agonist, and has been found exclusively in Inocybe aeruginascens so far.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-04-27", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1055/s-2006-931576", "pubmed_id": "16673333", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-931576", "keywords": "Agaricales, Tryptamines, Organophosphorus Compounds", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16673333\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2069, "title": "Investigation into the temporal stability of aqueous standard solutions of psilocin and psilocybin using high performance liquid chromatography.", "normalized_title": "investigation into the temporal stability of aqueous standard solutions of psilocin and psilocybin using high performance liquid chromatography", "authors": "Anastos N, Barnett NW, Pfeffer FM, Lewis SW.", "abstract": "This paper reports an investigation into the temporal stability of aqueous solutions of psilocin and psilocybin reference drug standards over a period of fourteen days. This study was performed using high performance liquid chromatography utilising a (95:5% v/v) methanol: 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.5 mobile phase and absorption detection at 269 nm. It was found that the exclusion of light significantly prolonged the useful life of standards, with aqueous solutions of both psilocin and psilocybin being stable over a period of seven days.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-03-31", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1016/s1355-0306(06)71579-9", "pubmed_id": "17002211", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1355-0306(06)71579-9", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Time, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17002211\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2685, "title": "Can mushrooms help save the world? Interview by Bonnie J. Horrigan.", "normalized_title": "can mushrooms help save the world interview by bonnie j horrigan", "authors": "Stamets P.", "abstract": "Paul Stamets, founder and director of Fungi Perfecti, LLC., and director of the Fungi Perfecti Research Laboratories (www.fungi.com), has been a mycologist and mushroom enthusiast for more than 30 years. A pioneer in the cultivation of edible and medicinal mushrooms, he is credited with the discovery of four new mushroom species. Stamets is the author of five books on mushroom cultivation, use, and identification, including MycoMedicinals: An Informational Treatise on Mushrooms; Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World; Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms; Mushroom Cultivator; Psilocybe Mushrooms & Their Allies; and his most recent one Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World. Stamets holds a vision of a deeply interconnected world environment and firmly believes that a greater knowledge of fungi can solve many of the world's pollution problems as well as some of the world's health problems. He has a strong interest in saving the old growth forests of the Pacific Northwest where many ancient species of mushrooms can be found. A dedicated explorer with a passion to preserve, protect, and clone as many ancestral strains of mushrooms as possible, he was the 1998 recipient of the Collective Heritage Institute's Bioneers Award and the 1999 recipient of the Founder of a New Northwest Award from the Pacific Rim Association of Resource Conservation and Development Councils. EXPLORE interviewed Stamets at his home and mushroom farms near Seattle, Washington, in the summer of 2005.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2006-02-28", "publication_year": 2006, "doi": "10.1016/j.explore.2005.12.011", "pubmed_id": "16781630", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2005.12.011", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Phytotherapy", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16781630\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2070, "title": "The determination of psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms by HPLC utilizing a dual reagent acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence detection system.", "normalized_title": "the determination of psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms by hplc utilizing a dual reagent acidic potassium permanganate and tris 2 2 bipyridyl ruthenium ii chemiluminescence detection system", "authors": "Anastos N, Lewis SW, Barnett NW, Sims DN.", "abstract": "This paper describes a procedure for the determination of psilocin and psilocybin in mushroom extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography with postcolumn chemiluminescence detection. A number of extraction methods for psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms were investigated, with a simple methanolic extraction being found to be most effective. Psilocin and psilocybin were extracted from a variety of hallucinogenic mushrooms using methanol. The analytes were separated on a C12 column using a (95:5% v/v) methanol:10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.5 mobile phase with a run time of 5 min. Detection was realized through a dual reagent chemiluminescence detection system of acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II). The chemiluminescence detection system gave improved detectability when compared with UV absorption at 269 nm, with detection limits of 1.2 x 10(-8) and 3.5 x 10(-9) mol/L being obtained for psilocin and psilocybin, respectively. The procedure was applied to the determination of psilocin and psilocybin in three Australian species of hallucinogenic mushroom.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-12-31", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1111/j.1556-4029.2005.00033.x", "pubmed_id": "16423222", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2005.00033.x", "keywords": "Agaricales, Potassium Permanganate, Organometallic Compounds, Hallucinogens, Indicators and Reagents, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Luminescent Measurements, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16423222\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2677, "title": "Phylogenetic relationship of psychoactive fungi based on rRNA gene for a large subunit and their identification using the TaqMan assay (II).", "normalized_title": "phylogenetic relationship of psychoactive fungi based on rrna gene for a large subunit and their identification using the taqman assay ii", "authors": "Maruyama T, Kawahara N, Yokoyama K, Makino Y, Fukiharu T, Goda Y.", "abstract": "\"Magic mushroom (MM)\" is the name most commonly given to psychoactive fungi containing the hallucinogenic components: psilocin (1) and psilocybin (2). We investigated the rRNA gene (internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU)) of two Panaeolus species and four Psilocybe species fungi (of these, two are non-psilocybin species). On the basis of sequence alignment, we improved the identification system developed in our previous study. In this paper, we describe the new system capable of distinguishing MMs from non-psilocybin Psilocybe species, its application data and the phylogeny of MM species.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-12-14", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.10.028", "pubmed_id": "16343833", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.10.028", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Substance-Related Disorders, DNA, Fungal, RNA, Fungal, Hallucinogens, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Substance Abuse Detection, Phylogeny, Base Sequence, Genes, rRNA, Drug and Narcotic Control, Molecular Sequence Data, Japan, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16343833\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2686, "title": "Severe rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure and posterior encephalopathy after 'magic mushroom' abuse.", "normalized_title": "severe rhabdomyolysis acute renal failure and posterior encephalopathy after magic mushroom abuse", "authors": "Bickel M, Ditting T, Watz H, Roesler A, Weidauer S, Jacobi V, Gueller S, Betz C, Fichtlscherer S, Stein J", "abstract": "We report the case of a 25-year-old, hepatitis C-infected man, who presented with severe rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure, and later developed posterior encephalopathy with cortical blindness after the ingestion of magic mushrooms. Conventional respiratory and cardiovascular support including mechanical ventilation, continuous veno-venous hemodialysis and corticosteroids led to improvement and the patient recovered completely over the following months. Magic mushrooms are becoming increasingly fashionable among drug users, as they are believed to be more harmless than other hallucinogenic designer drugs. So far, little is known about their possible severe side effects.", "journal": "European journal of emergency medicine: official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine", "publication_date": "2005-11-30", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1097/00063110-200512000-00011", "pubmed_id": "16276262", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16276262/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:41", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"16276262\"}", "topic_tags": "Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2687, "title": "Psychological effects of (S)-ketamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT): a double-blind, cross-over study in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "psychological effects of s ketamine and n n dimethyltryptamine dmt a double blind cross over study in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Heekeren K, Neukirch A, Stoll M, Stock C, Obradovic M, Kovar KA.", "abstract": "IntroductionPharmacological challenges with hallucinogens are used as models for psychosis in experimental research. The state induced by glutamate antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) is often considered as a more appropriate model of psychosis than the state induced by serotonergic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). However, so far, the psychological profiles of the two types of hallucinogenic drugs have never been studied directly in an experimental within-subject design.MethodsFifteen healthy volunteers were included in a double-blind, cross-over study with two doses of the serotonin 5-HT2A agonist DMT and the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist (S)-ketamine.ResultsData are reported for nine subjects who completed both experimental days with both doses of the two drugs. The intensity of global psychological effects was similar for DMT and (S)-ketamine. However, phenomena resembling positive symptoms of schizophrenia, particularly positive formal thought disorder and inappropriate affect, were stronger after DMT. Phenomena resembling negative symptoms of schizophrenia, attention deficits, body perception disturbances and catatonia-like motor phenomena were stronger after (S)-ketamine.DiscussionThe present study suggests that the NMDA antagonist model of psychosis is not overall superior to the serotonin 5-HT2A agonist model. Rather, the two classes of drugs tend to model different aspects or types of schizophrenia. The NMDA antagonist state may be an appropriate model for psychoses with prominent negative and possibly also catatonic features, while the 5-HT2A agonist state may be a better model for psychoses of the paranoid type.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-10-31", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1055/s-2005-916185", "pubmed_id": "16342002", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-916185", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Ketamine, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Infusions, Intravenous, Injections, Intravenous, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Cognition, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Schizophrenic Psychology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Stereoisomerism, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16342002\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2689, "title": "Using psilocybin to investigate the relationship between attention, working memory, and the serotonin 1A and 2A receptors.", "normalized_title": "using psilocybin to investigate the relationship between attention working memory and the serotonin 1a and 2a receptors", "authors": "Carter OL, Burr DC, Pettigrew JD, Wallis GM, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Increasing evidence suggests a link between attention, working memory, serotonin (5-HT), and prefrontal cortex activity. In an attempt to tease out the relationship between these elements, this study tested the effects of the hallucinogenic mixed 5-HT1A/2A receptor agonist psilocybin alone and after pretreatment with the 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin. Eight healthy human volunteers were tested on a multiple-object tracking task and spatial working memory task under the four conditions: placebo, psilocybin (215 microg/kg), ketanserin (50 mg), and psilocybin and ketanserin. Psilocybin significantly reduced attentional tracking ability, but had no significant effect on spatial working memory, suggesting a functional dissociation between the two tasks. Pretreatment with ketanserin did not attenuate the effect of psilocybin on attentional performance, suggesting a primary involvement of the 5-HT1A receptor in the observed deficit. Based on physiological and pharmacological data, we speculate that this impaired attentional performance may reflect a reduced ability to suppress or ignore distracting stimuli rather than reduced attentional capacity. The clinical relevance of these results is also discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-09-30", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1162/089892905774597191", "pubmed_id": "16269092", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1162/089892905774597191", "keywords": "Humans, Ketanserin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Chi-Square Distribution, Double-Blind Method, Memory, Short-Term, Space Perception, Psychomotor Performance, Attention, Reaction Time, Drug Interactions, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16269092\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2688, "title": "SAR of psilocybin analogs: discovery of a selective 5-HT2C agonist.", "normalized_title": "sar of psilocybin analogs discovery of a selective 5 ht2c agonist", "authors": "Sard H, Kumaran G, Morency C, Roth BL, Toth BA, He P, Shuster L.", "abstract": "An SAR study of psilocybin and psilocin derivatives reveals that 1-methylpsilocin is a selective agonist at the h5-HT(2C) receptor. The corresponding phosphate derivative, 1-methylpsilocybin, shows efficacy in an animal model for obsessive-compulsive disorder, as does 4-fluoro-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. These results suggest a new area for development of novel 5-HT(2C) agonists with applications for drug discovery.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-09-30", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.104", "pubmed_id": "16061378", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.104", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Mice, Structure-Activity Relationship, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16061378\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2071, "title": "B31 3,4-METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAPMHETAMINE (MDMA) AND4-OH-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE (PSILOCIN) INTERACTION IN RATS: BEHAVIORAL STUDY ON PREPULSE INHIBITION OF ACOUSTIC STARTLE REACTION AND ON LOCOMOTION", "normalized_title": "b31 3 4 methylenedioxymethapmhetamine mdma and4 oh dimethyltryptamine psilocin interaction in rats behavioral study on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reaction and on locomotion", "authors": "Palenicek T., Bubenikova V., Votava M.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Behavioural Pharmacology", "publication_date": "2005-08-31", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1097/00008877-200509001-00236", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-200509001-00236", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1097/00008877-200509001-00236\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2691, "title": "Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder after psilocybin consumption: a case study.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogen persisting perception disorder after psilocybin consumption a case study", "authors": "Espiard ML, Lecardeur L, Abadie P, Halbecq I, Dollfus S.", "abstract": "The recurrence of flashbacks without acute or chronic hallucinogen consumption has been recognized in the DSM IV criteria as the hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD). Perceptual disturbances may last for 5 years or more and represent a real psychosocial distress. We reported here a case of a 18-year-old young man presenting HPPD after a mixed intoxication with psylocibin and cannabis. This report shows symptomatic recurrences persisting more than 8 months. Various differential diagnoses were evoked and our therapeutic strategies were described.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-07-31", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.008", "pubmed_id": "15963699", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.008", "keywords": "Humans, Perceptual Disorders, Recurrence, Sertraline, Risperidone, Antipsychotic Agents, Hallucinogens, Antidepressive Agents, Diagnosis, Differential, Marijuana Smoking, Anxiety, Depressive Disorder, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Time Factors, Social Behavior Disorders, Adolescent, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15963699\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Anxiety,Addiction,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2072, "title": "Determination of psilocin and psilocybin using flow injection analysis with acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence detection respectively.", "normalized_title": "determination of psilocin and psilocybin using flow injection analysis with acidic potassium permanganate and tris 2 2 bipyridyl ruthenium ii chemiluminescence detection respectively", "authors": "Anastos N, Barnett NW, Lewis SW, Gathergood N, Scammells PJ, Sims DN.", "abstract": "A simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of psilocin and psilocybin is described. This is the first report on the determination of psilocin and psilocybin using flow injection analysis with acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence. The limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio=3) are 9x10(-10)M and 3x10(-10)M for psilocin and psilocybin, respectively. A concise synthetic route for psilocin in three steps from readily available starting materials is also described. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-07-31", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1016/j.talanta.2004.11.038", "pubmed_id": "18970175", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.11.038", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"18970175\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2692, "title": "Modulating the rate and rhythmicity of perceptual rivalry alternations with the mixed 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A agonist psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "modulating the rate and rhythmicity of perceptual rivalry alternations with the mixed 5 ht2a and 5 ht1a agonist psilocybin", "authors": "Carter OL, Pettigrew JD, Hasler F, Wallis GM, Liu GB, Hell D, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Binocular rivalry occurs when different images are presented simultaneously to corresponding points within the left and right eyes. Under these conditions, the observer's perception will alternate between the two perceptual alternatives. Motivated by the reported link between the rate of perceptual alternations, symptoms of psychosis and an incidental observation that the rhythmicity of perceptual alternations during binocular rivalry was greatly increased 10 h after the consumption of LSD, this study aimed to investigate the pharmacology underlying binocular rivalry and to explore the connection between the timing of perceptual switching and psychosis. Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, PY) was chosen for the study because, like LSD, it is known to act as an agonist at serotonin (5-HT)1A and 5-HT2A receptors and to produce an altered state sometimes marked by psychosis-like symptoms. A total of 12 healthy human volunteers were tested under placebo, low-dose (115 microg/kg) and high-dose (250 microg/kg) PY conditions. In line with predictions, under both low- and high-dose conditions, the results show that at 90 min postadministration (the peak of drug action), rate and rhythmicity of perceptual alternations were significantly reduced from placebo levels. Following the 90 min testing period, the perceptual switch rate successively increased, with some individuals showing increases well beyond pretest levels at the final testing, 360 min postadministration. However, as some subjects had still not returned to pretest levels by this time, the mean phase duration at 360 min was not found to differ significantly from placebo. Reflecting the drug-induced changes in rivalry phase durations, subjects showed clear changes in psychological state as indexed by the 5D-ASC (altered states of consciousness) rating scales. This study suggests the involvement of serotonergic pathways in binocular rivalry and supports the previously proposed role of a brainstem oscillator in perceptual rivalry alternations and symptoms of psychosis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-05-31", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1038/sj.npp.1300621", "pubmed_id": "15688092", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300621", "keywords": "Brain Stem, Raphe Nuclei, Humans, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Affect, Consciousness, Memory, Short-Term, Perception, Visual Perception, Vision, Binocular, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Functional Laterality, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15688092\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2690, "title": "Hypermetabolic pattern in frontal cortex and other brain regions in unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Results from a FDG-PET study.", "normalized_title": "hypermetabolic pattern in frontal cortex and other brain regions in unmedicated schizophrenia patients results from a fdg pet study", "authors": "Soyka M, Koch W, Möller HJ, Rüther T, Tatsch K.", "abstract": "We report results of a FDG-PET study in 10 patients with schizophrenia (6 unmedicated, 4 never medicated) and 12 healthy age-matched controls. The patients met ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and all reported psychotic, \"positive\" symptoms when tested. Schizophrenic patients had higher absolute CMRGlu values in almost all quantified regions compared to normal subjects. Using the occipital cortex as the reference region patients showed a hyperfrontal metabolic pattern. Other significant regional differences were found with respect to thalamus, striatum and temporal cortex. The finding of a hyperfrontality in un- and never medicated psychotic schizophrenic patients must be discussed in the light of the psychopathological symptoms of patients when tested, a possible disruption of cortico-striato-thalamic feedback loops and recent findings of a hyperfrontality in experimentally induced psychosis (ketamine- and psilocybin-model of schizophrenia).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-04-17", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1007/s00406-005-0563-0", "pubmed_id": "15834758", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-005-0563-0", "keywords": "Brain, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Glucose, Positron-Emission Tomography, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15834758\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2694, "title": "[DNA and chemical analyses of commercial fly agaric-related products].", "normalized_title": "dna and chemical analyses of commercial fly agaric related products", "authors": "Maruyama T, Kawahara N, Fukiharu T, Yokoyama K, Makino Y, Goda Y.", "abstract": "Since June 6, 2002, psilocin and psilocybin-containing fungi (commonly called \"magic mushrooms\") have been regulated by the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Law in Japan. However, various fly agaric-related products are now entering the Japanese market via the internet. In this study, fly agaric-related products available in this way were investigated for raw materials by DNA analysis and for additives by chemical analysis. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the mitochondrial 12S rDNA region suggested that these fly agaric-related products originate from A. muscaria or A. muscaria var. persicina. Furthermore, they were classified into three strains based on the ITS2-LSU nucleotide sequence. Harmine derivatives and/or tryptamine derivatives were detected in some of these products by LC/MS analysis. In accordance with this, the matK gene of Peganum harmala was found in all of the harmine derivative-containing samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-03-31", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.3358/shokueishi.46.49", "pubmed_id": "16018591", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.46.49", "keywords": "Amanita, Tryptamines, Harmine, DNA, Fungal, Base Sequence, Internet", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"16018591\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mitochondrial Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3008, "title": "Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric determination of hallucinogenic indoles psilocin and psilocybin in \"magic mushroom\" samples.", "normalized_title": "liquid chromatography mass spectrometric and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric determination of hallucinogenic indoles psilocin and psilocybin in magic mushroom samples", "authors": "Kamata T, Nishikawa M, Katagi M, Tsuchihashi H.", "abstract": "Accurate and sensitive analytical methods for psilocin (PC) and psilocybin (PB), tryptamine-type hallucinogens contained in \"magic mushrooms,\" were investigated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The chromatographic separation on an ODS column and mass spectral information gave complete discrimination between PC and PB without derivatization. The mass spectrometric detection had a high sensitivity, and the tandem mass spectrometric detection provided more specificity and accuracy, as well as high sensitivity. The detection limits ranged from 1 to 25 pg by LC-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode, and the intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation were estimated to be 4.21-5.93% by LC-MS-MS in the selected reaction monitoring mode. By applying the present LC-MS-MS technique to four real samples, the contents of PC and PB were found to vary over a wide range (0.60-1.4 and 0.18-3.8 mg/g dry wt. for PC and PB, respectively) between samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-02-28", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1520/jfs2004276", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs2004276", "keywords": "Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Liquid, Sensitivity and Specificity, Forensic Medicine, Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15813544\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2073, "title": "Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric determination of hallucinogenic indoles psilocin and psilocybin in \"magic mushroom\" samples.", "normalized_title": "liquid chromatography mass spectrometric and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric determination of hallucinogenic indoles psilocin and psilocybin in magic mushroom samples", "authors": "Kamata T, Nishikawa M, Katagi M, Tsuchihashi H", "abstract": "Accurate and sensitive analytical methods for psilocin (PC) and psilocybin (PB), tryptamine-type hallucinogens contained in \"magic mushrooms,\" were investigated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The chromatographic separation on an ODS column and mass spectral information gave complete discrimination between PC and PB without derivatization. The mass spectrometric detection had a high sensitivity, and the tandem mass spectrometric detection provided more specificity and accuracy, as well as high sensitivity. The detection limits ranged from 1 to 25 pg by LC-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode, and the intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation were estimated to be 4.21-5.93% by LC-MS-MS in the selected reaction monitoring mode. By applying the present LC-MS-MS technique to four real samples, the contents of PC and PB were found to vary over a wide range (0.60-1.4 and 0.18-3.8 mg/g dry wt. for PC and PB, respectively) between samples.", "journal": "Journal of forensic sciences", "publication_date": "2005-02-28", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "15813544", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15813544/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:41", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"15813544\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2696, "title": "Response consistency in young adolescents' drug use self-reports: a recanting rate analysis.", "normalized_title": "response consistency in young adolescents drug use self reports a recanting rate analysis", "authors": "Percy A, McAlister S, Higgins K, McCrystal P, Thornton M", "abstract": "To assess the reliability of drug use reports by young respondents, this study examined the extent of recanting previous drug use reports within an ongoing longitudinal survey of adolescent drug use. Here, recanting was defined as a positive report of life-time drug use that was subsequently denied 1 year later. The covariates of recanting were also studied. An ongoing longitudinal survey of young adolescents (Belfast Youth Development Study) in Northern Ireland. Pencil and paper questionnaires were administered to pupils within participating schools. Measures analysed included (a) recanting rates across 13 substances, (b) educational characteristics, (c) offending behaviour and (d) socio-economic status. High levels of drug use recanting were identified, ranging from 7% of past alcohol use to 87% of past magic mushroom use. Recanting increased with the social stigma of the substance used. Denying past alcohol use was associated with being male, attending a catholic school, having positive attitudes towards school, having negative education expectations and not reporting any offending behaviour. Recanting alcohol intoxication was associated with being male and not reporting serious offending behaviour. Cannabis recanting was associated with having negative education expectations, receiving drugs education and not reporting serious offending behaviour. The high levels of recanting uncovered cast doubts on the reliability of drug use reports from young adolescents. Failure to address this response error may lead to biased prevalence estimates, particularly within school surveys and drug education evaluation trials.", "journal": "Addiction (Abingdon, England)", "publication_date": "2005-01-31", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00943.x", "pubmed_id": "15679748", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15679748/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"15679748\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2695, "title": "Substance abuse on the college campus.", "normalized_title": "substance abuse on the college campus", "authors": "Rimsza ME, Moses KS.", "abstract": "Substance abuse is a major health and behavioral concern in college students. Alcohol and marijuana are the most commonly abused drugs on college campuses. Others include tobacco, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), lysergic acid, ketamine, methamphetamine, phencyclidine, cocaine, and psilocybin mushrooms. This article reviews the use of these drugs by college students. Substance use is a major contributing factor in poor academic performance and failure to successfully complete a college education.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-01-31", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1016/j.pcl.2004.10.008", "pubmed_id": "15748936", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2004.10.008", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Substance Abuse Detection, Students, Universities, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15748936\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2693, "title": "Determination of psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.", "normalized_title": "determination of psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms by reversed phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection", "authors": "Saito K, Toyo'oka T, Kato M, Fukushima T, Shirota O, Goda Y.", "abstract": "The determination of psilocybin was carried out by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence (FL) detection. Psilocybin was labeled with 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-[N-(2-aminoethyl)]sulfonamide (DNS-ED) at 60 degrees C for 4h in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) as the activation reagent. The resulting derivative was separated on a Mightysil RP-18 GP column (150mmx4.6mm, i.d. 3mum) with the mixture of 50mM ammonium acetate (AcONH(4)) and CH(3)CN, and detected at 539nm (excitation at 321nm). The structure of the derivative was identified by HPLC-ESI-MS. A good linear relation of the calibration curve of psilocybin was observed under the proposed conditions for labeling, separation and detection. The quantification limit was 4.4ng in 1mg dried mushroom. The proposed procedure was successfully used for the determination of psilocybin in real samples. The contents of psilocybin in six magic mushrooms by the proposed HPLC-FL method were less than 20.0ng in 1mg dried samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2005-01-05", "publication_year": 2005, "doi": "10.1016/j.talanta.2004.11.031", "pubmed_id": "18970021", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.11.031", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"18970021\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3413, "title": "Study on the biological characteristics and cultivation of panaeolus bisporus", "normalized_title": "study on the biological characteristics and cultivation of panaeolus bisporus", "authors": "He Xinsheng.", "abstract": "The Panaeolus bisporus(Malen con & Bertault) Ew.Gerhardt is a toadstool species in the world,as poisonous as it contains small quantities of the psilocybin group of hallucinogens,mycelium is white with obvious clamp-connection,which belongs to Basidiomycota,Agaricales,Bolbitiaceae.The suitable and optimal carbon sources,nitrogen sources,carbon nitrogen ratio,pH worth,temperature,material water ratio of the plant material for the physiological characteristics of mycelium growth of this species were studied.The experiment showed that the optimum carbon sources were starch, sucrose and cellulose, the optimum nitrogen sources was yeast paste, potassium nitrate, maize powder and ammonium nitric, the carbon nitrogen ratio was 25:1--35:1 that for the mycelium growth. The suitable temperature for the mycelium of this fungi growth was ranged from 5℃--35℃ with the optimum temperature being 25℃--30℃, the suitable pH was ranged from 4--13 with the optimum pH being 6.5--8.0, and the suitable moisture content of the compost was ranged from 45%--75% with the optimum moisture content of the compost being 65%--70%; and that While the temperature for its fruit-body formation was 18℃--28℃ with the optimum temperature being 20℃--25℃, and the optimum relative air humidity for its fruit-body formation was 70%--85%. The yield of the fruit-body was 0.1%--0.3%.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2004-12-31", "publication_year": 2004, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/CBA/602890", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:53", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"602890\",\"source\":\"CBA\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3009, "title": "Determination of psilocin in magic mushrooms and rat plasma by liquid chromatography with fluorimetry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry", "normalized_title": "determination of psilocin in magic mushrooms and rat plasma by liquid chromatography with fluorimetry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry", "authors": "Saito Kimie, Toyo’oka Toshimasa, Fukushima Takeshi, Kato Masaru, Shirota Osamu, Goda Yukihiro", "abstract": "", "journal": "Analytica Chimica Acta", "publication_date": "2004-11-30", "publication_year": 2004, "doi": "10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.071", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.071", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.071\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1016/s0015-7368(83)71545-8\",\"10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00211-5\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(00)91195-6\",\"10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00067-x\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(01)99190-3\",\"10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82176-3\",\"10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00213-9\",\"10.1520/jfs15014j\",\"10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00461-8\",\"10.1039/an9952000385\",\"10.1016/0003-2670(95)00270-a\",\"10.1016/0021-9673(94)00978-i\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00617-7\",\"10.1016/0021-9673(92)87188-e\",\"10.1016/0021-9673(92)85221-e\",\"10.1016/0003-2670(93)80086-z\",\"10.1039/an9931800759\",\"10.1016/0003-2670(94)80074-x\",\"10.1002/bmc.1130080208\",\"10.3987/com-99-8492\"],\"reference_count\":24}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2074, "title": "Development of a psilocin immunoassay for serum and blood samples.", "normalized_title": "development of a psilocin immunoassay for serum and blood samples", "authors": "Albers C, Köhler H, Lehr M, Brinkmann B, Beike J.", "abstract": "After the immunisation of rabbits with a psilocin-specific immunogen, polyclonal antisera were obtained. With these antisera a competitive, heterogeneous radioimmunoassay for the detection of psilocin was developed. As tracer a derivative of psilocin was synthesised, which contained a tritiated CH(3) group. The antisera showed a specific reaction with psilocin. The cross-reactivity of structurally related endogenous substances like serotonin, tryptophan and tyrosine was below 0.01%. Also common drugs of abuse (Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine, morphine, amphetamine) showed negligible cross-reactivity (0.01-2%). Only tricyclic neuroleptics with a (dimethylamino)ethyl side-chain showed some cross-reactivity (20%). Spiked serum and blood samples were analysed with this new immunoassay and the results obtained were compared with the values measured with a validated GC-MS method.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2004-08-02", "publication_year": 2004, "doi": "10.1007/s00414-004-0469-9", "pubmed_id": "15526212", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-004-0469-9", "keywords": "Animals, Rabbits, Humans, Hallucinogens, Radioimmunoassay, Sensitivity and Specificity, Substance Abuse Detection, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15526212\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2698, "title": "Psilocybin impairs high-level but not low-level motion perception.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin impairs high level but not low level motion perception", "authors": "Carter OL, Pettigrew JD, Burr DC, Alais D, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "The hallucinogenic serotonin(1A&2A) agonist psilocybin is known for its ability to induce illusions of motion in otherwise stationary objects or textured surfaces. This study investigated the effect of psilocybin on local and global motion processing in nine human volunteers. Using a forced choice direction of motion discrimination task we show that psilocybin selectively impairs coherence sensitivity for random dot patterns, likely mediated by high-level global motion detectors, but not contrast sensitivity for drifting gratings, believed to be mediated by low-level detectors. These results are in line with those observed within schizophrenic populations and are discussed in respect to the proposition that psilocybin may provide a model to investigate clinical psychosis and the pharmacological underpinnings of visual perception in normal populations.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2004-07-31", "publication_year": 2004, "doi": "10.1097/00001756-200408260-00023", "pubmed_id": "15305143", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200408260-00023", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Analysis of Variance, Photic Stimulation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Motion Perception, Contrast Sensitivity, Choice Behavior, Psychophysics, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15305143\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2075, "title": "The Meixner test in the detection of alpha-amanitin and false-positive reactions caused by psilocin and 5-substituted tryptamines.", "normalized_title": "the meixner test in the detection of alpha amanitin and false positive reactions caused by psilocin and 5 substituted tryptamines", "authors": "Beuhler M, Lee DC, Gerkin R.", "abstract": "Study objectiveThe Meixner test has been suggested to identify the presence of alpha-amanitin, one of the toxic compounds in Amanita mushrooms. We attempted to determine the detection limit of the Meixner test for alpha-amanitin and to determine the percentage of positive sample interpretation compared with other mushroom indole compounds.MethodsThis was a 2-part in vitro experiment. In part 1, we applied the Meixner test to a series of dilutions of alpha-amanitin (0 microg, 0.8 microg, 1.0 microg, 2.0 microg, and 4.0 microg) on telephone book paper, which were then presented to 5 blinded emergency physicians. We sought to determine the lowest amount of alpha-amanitin that was universally recognized as positive by the physicians (the detection limit). In the second part, 5 emergency physicians were presented simultaneously with 10 Meixner processed samples, including the mushroom indole compounds alpha-amanitin (2 microg and 10 microg), psilocin (20 microL and 60 microL of mushroom extract), 5-hydroxytryptamine (100 microg and 200 microg), and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (100 microg and 200 microg), as well as 2 negative controls (20 microL of water and methanol). We determined how likely these other indoles are to be mistaken for a positive alpha-amanitin Meixner reaction result by determining the percentage of positive sample interpretation for each compound and comparing them with the rate for alpha-amanitin. Fisher's exact test was used to determine any significant difference (P", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2004-07-31", "publication_year": 2004, "doi": "10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.03.017", "pubmed_id": "15278082", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.03.017", "keywords": "Agaricales, Hydrochloric Acid, Tryptamines, Amanitins, False Positive Reactions, Emergency Medicine, Color, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15278082\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2699, "title": "Increased intensity of Ecstasy and polydrug usage in the more experienced recreational Ecstasy/MDMA users: a WWW study.", "normalized_title": "increased intensity of ecstasy and polydrug usage in the more experienced recreational ecstasy mdma users a www study", "authors": "Scholey AB, Parrott AC, Buchanan T, Heffernan TM, Ling J, Rodgers J.", "abstract": "Recreational Ecstasy/MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) users often take a variety of psychoactive drugs, but there is little empirical data on how these drug consumption patterns change with greater experience of Ecstasy. The aim of this study was to compare the polydrug usage patterns reported by non-Ecstasy users, novice Ecstasy users, moderate Ecstasy users, and heavy Ecstasy users. In a WWW study of 763 unpaid volunteers, 481 had never taken Ecstasy, whereas 282 reported they had taken it. The Ecstasy users comprised 109 novice users (1-9 occasions), 136 moderate Ecstasy users (10-99 occasions), and 36 heavy Ecstasy users (+100 occasions). Each participant also reported their experience with a range of other psychoactive drugs. The Ecstasy users reported significantly greater psychoactive drug usage than the non-Ecstasy users. The novice, moderate, and heavy Ecstasy users also differed significantly from each other in the use of cocaine, amphetamine, LSD, and psilocybin mushrooms, but not of alcohol, cannabis, or cigarettes/nicotine. Experienced Ecstasy users also took significantly more MDMA tablets on each occasion, and reported a higher maximum weekly intake. The increased use of Ecstasy is associated with more intensive patterns of Ecstasy/MDMA intake, and the greater use of illicit CNS stimulants and hallucinogens, but not of alcohol, nicotine, or cannabis. These results are discussed in the context of cross-tolerance and drug predisposition/preference.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2004-05-31", "publication_year": 2004, "doi": "10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.022", "pubmed_id": "15135556", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.022", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Alcohol Drinking, Smoking, Internet, Adult, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15135556\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2700, "title": "Hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United States.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the united states", "authors": "Halpern JH.", "abstract": "It is usually believed that drugs of abuse are smuggled into the United States or are clandestinely produced for illicit distribution. Less well known is that many hallucinogens and dissociative agents can be obtained from plants and fungi growing wild or in gardens. Some of these botanical sources can be located throughout the United States; others have a more narrow distribution. This article reviews plants containing N,N-dimethyltryptamine, reversible type A monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), lysergic acid amide, the anticholinergic drugs atropine and scopolamine, or the diterpene salvinorin-A (Salvia divinorum). Also reviewed are mescaline-containing cacti, psilocybin/psilocin-containing mushrooms, and the Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina mushrooms that contain muscimol and ibotenic acid. Dangerous misidentification is most common with the mushrooms, but even a novice forager can quickly learn how to properly identify and prepare for ingestion many of these plants. Moreover, through the ever-expanding dissemination of information via the Internet, this knowledge is being obtained and acted upon by more and more individuals. This general overview includes information on the geographical range, drug content, preparation, intoxication, and the special health risks associated with some of these plants. Information is also offered on the unique issue of when bona fide religions use such plants as sacraments in the United States. In addition to the Native American Church's (NAC) longstanding right to peyote, two religions of Brazilian origin, the Santo Daime and the Uniao do Vegetal (UDV), are seeking legal protection in the United States for their use of sacramental dimethyltryptamine-containing \"ayahuasca.\"", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2004-04-30", "publication_year": 2004, "doi": "10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.003", "pubmed_id": "15163594", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.003", "keywords": "Fungi, Plants, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Ibotenic Acid, Muscimol, Hallucinogens, Dissociative Disorders, United States, Plant Development", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15163594\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Safety", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2702, "title": "Transient reinforcing effects of phenylisopropylamine and indolealkylamine hallucinogens in rhesus monkeys.", "normalized_title": "transient reinforcing effects of phenylisopropylamine and indolealkylamine hallucinogens in rhesus monkeys", "authors": "Fantegrossi WE, Woods JH, Winger G.", "abstract": "Relatively few studies have assessed the reinforcing effects of hallucinogenic compounds, and no such studies have attempted to engender contingent responding for these compounds in animals with behavioral histories that include experience with serotonergically mediated reinforcing effects. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the capacity of several hallucinogenic compounds to maintain self-administration behavior in rhesus monkeys with a previous history of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) self-administration, and to compare these effects across a range of doses of drugs from two structural classes (indolealkylamines and phenylisopropylamines). The results indicate that no compound generated reliable responding and that no subject ever self-administered 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine (DOI) at rates above those engendered by contingent saline. However, 3 out of 4 subjects did respond at rates between 0.75 and 3.0 responses/s in one or more sessions where N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), mescaline or psilocybin were available. During some of these sessions in which self-administration was maintained, animals earned a majority of all available infusions and appeared intoxicated by the end of the session. This pattern of transient self-administration may indicate that these compounds have weak reinforcing effects, or mixed reinforcing and aversive effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2004-02-29", "publication_year": 2004, "doi": "10.1097/00008877-200403000-00007", "pubmed_id": "15096915", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-200403000-00007", "keywords": "Animals, Macaca mulatta, Amines, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Amphetamines, Mescaline, Cocaine, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Self Administration, Injections, Intravenous, Reinforcement Schedule, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Male, Psilocybin, Reinforcement, Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15096915\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2701, "title": "Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic fungi: a DNA-based approach.", "normalized_title": "forensic analysis of hallucinogenic fungi a dna based approach", "authors": "Nugent KG, Saville BJ.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic fungi synthesize two controlled substances, psilocin and psilocybin. Possession of the fungal species that contain these compounds is a criminal offence in North America. Some related species that are morphologically similar, do not contain the controlled substances. Therefore, unambiguous identification of fungi to the species level is critical in determining if a mushroom is illegal. We investigate a phylogenetic approach for the identification of species that contain the psychoactive compounds. We analyzed 35 North American specimens representing seven different genera of hallucinogenic and non-hallucinogenic mushrooms. We amplified and sequenced the internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA (ITS-1) and a 5' portion of the nuclear large ribosomal subunit of rRNA (nLSU rRNA or 28S). ITS-1 locus sequence data was highly variable and produced a phylogenetic resolution that was not consistent with morphological identifications. In contrast, the nLSU rRNA data clustered isolates from the same species and separated hallucinogen containing and non-hallucinogen containing isolates into distinct clades. With this information, we propose an approach that combines the specificity of PCR detection and the resolving power of phylogenetic analysis to efficiently and unambiguously identify hallucinogenic fungal specimens for legal purposes.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2004-02-29", "publication_year": 2004, "doi": "10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.11.022", "pubmed_id": "15036436", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.11.022", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, DNA, Fungal, DNA, Ribosomal Spacer, RNA, Ribosomal, DNA Primers, Hallucinogens, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Alignment, Phylogeny, Base Sequence, Forensic Sciences, Molecular Sequence Data, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15036436\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2704, "title": "Khat and mushrooms associated with psychosis.", "normalized_title": "khat and mushrooms associated with psychosis", "authors": "Nielen RJ, van der Heijden FM, Tuinier S, Verhoeven WM.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis paper describes two cases with khat- and two with psilocybin-induced psychoses and draws attention to the medical and social consequences of the use of these drugs.MethodTwo male patients are presented who developed relapsing and short-lasting psychotic episodes after chewing kath leaves. In addition, two male patients are reported who showed an acute exacerbation of psychosis after ingestion of psilocybin mushrooms. In addition, a review of the literature is presented.ResultsThe khat-induced psychotic symptoms disappeared without any treatment within one week. One of the patients with a psilocybin-induced psychosis was treated with risperidone. In the other, symptomatology subsided in a few days. No somatic medical complications occurred.ConclusionAdequate psychiatric diagnosis and treatment of the psychoses and the negative social consequences of the use of these drugs are stressed as well as the delineation from functional psychoses in cases of chronic use. The latter applies to patients with psychiatric comorbidity in particular.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-12-31", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": "10.1080/15622970410029908", "pubmed_id": "15048636", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15622970410029908", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Catha, Psychomotor Agitation, Psychotic Disorders, Adult, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"15048636\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2076, "title": "Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies Reactive to a Hallucinogenic Drug, Psilocin", "normalized_title": "preparation of monoclonal antibodies reactive to a hallucinogenic drug psilocin", "authors": "Yamaguchi Mitsune, Saito Toshiaki, Horiguchi Yoshie, Ogawa Keita, Tsuchiya Yukihiro, Hishinuma Kayoko, Chikuma Toshiyuki, Makino Yukiko, Hojo Hiroshi", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Health Science", "publication_date": "2003-12-31", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": "10.1248/jhs.50.600", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1248/jhs.50.600", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1248/jhs.50.600\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1007/978-3-642-97350-5\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(80)90654-2\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88741-5\",\"10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00127-8\",\"10.1016/0003-2697(62)90118-5\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(01)99190-3\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94264-x\",\"10.1021/np030059u\",\"10.1099/0022-1317-71-11-2615\",\"10.1211/002235702320402116\"],\"reference_count\":13}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2705, "title": "Morphological and chemical analysis of magic mushrooms in Japan.", "normalized_title": "morphological and chemical analysis of magic mushrooms in japan", "authors": "Tsujikawa K, Kanamori T, Iwata Y, Ohmae Y, Sugita R, Inoue H, Kishi T.", "abstract": "Morphological and toxicological analyses were performed on hallucinogenic mushrooms that are currently circulated in Japan. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated a three-dimensional microstructures in the mushrooms. The complementary use of SEM with an optical microscope was effective for observing characteristic tissues, such as basidiomycetes, spores, cystidia and basidia. Hallucinogenic alkaloids were extracted with methanol and determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a UV detector set at 220 nm. The psilocin/psilocybin contents in Psilocybe cubensis were in the range of 0.14-0.42%/0.37-1.30% in the whole mushroom (0.17-0.78%/0.44-1.35% in the cap and 0.09-0.30%/0.05-1.27% in the stem), respectively. The hallucinogenic alkaloids in Copelandia were 0.43-0.76%/0.08-0.22% in the whole mushroom (0.64-0.74%/0.02-0.22% in the cap and 0.31-0.78%/0.01-0.39% in the stem). It thus appears that P. cubensis is psilocybin-rich, whereas Copelandia is psilocin-rich.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-11-30", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": "10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.08.009", "pubmed_id": "14642723", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.08.009", "keywords": "Agaricales, Spores, Fungal, Plant Stems, Methanol, Alkaloids, Hallucinogens, Solvents, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Forensic Medicine, Japan, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14642723\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2703, "title": "Acute psychological and physiological effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-effect study.", "normalized_title": "acute psychological and physiological effects of psilocybin in healthy humans a double blind placebo controlled dose effect study", "authors": "Hasler F, Grimberg U, Benz MA, Huber T, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "RationaleSerotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors play an important role in perception, affect regulation and attention. Pharmacological challenge with the 5-HT(2A) agonist psilocybin (PY) is useful in studying the neurobiological basis of cognition and consciousness.ObjectiveInvestigation of dose-dependent effects of PY on psycho(patho)logical and physiological parameters.MethodsEight subjects received placebo (PL), and 45 (\"very low dose, VLD\"), 115 (\"low dose, LD\"), 215 (\"medium dose, MD\"), and 315 (\"high dose, HD\") microg/kg body weight PY. The \"Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale\" (5D-ASC), the \"Frankfurt Attention Inventory\" (FAIR), and the \"Adjective Mood Rating Scale\" (AMRS) were used to assess the effects of PY on psycho(patho)logical core dimensions, attention, and mood. A24-h electrocardiogram (EKG) was recorded and blood pressure was measured. Plasma concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), cortisol (CORT), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and standard clinical chemical parameters were determined.ResultsPY dose dependently increased scores of all 5D-ASC core dimensions. Only one subject reacted with transient anxiety to HD PY. Compared with PL, MD and HD PY led to a 50% reduction of performance in the FAIR test. \"General inactivation\", \"emotional excitability\", and \"dreaminess\" were the only domains of the AMRS showing increased scores following MD and HD PY. The mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was moderately elevated only 60 min following administration of HD PY. Neither EKG nor body temperature was affected by any dose of PY. TSH, ACTH, and CORT plasma levels were elevated during peak effects of HD PY, whereas PRL plasma levels were increased following MD and HD PY.ConclusionPY affects core dimensions of altered states of consciousness and physiological parameters in a dose-dependent manner. Our study provided no cause for concern that PY is hazardous with respect to somatic health.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-11-12", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-003-1640-6", "pubmed_id": "14615876", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-003-1640-6", "keywords": "Humans, Analysis of Variance, Double-Blind Method, Affect, Attention, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14615876\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2077, "title": "Optimized glucuronide hydrolysis for the detection of psilocin in human urine samples.", "normalized_title": "optimized glucuronide hydrolysis for the detection of psilocin in human urine samples", "authors": "Kamata T, Nishikawa M, Katagi M, Tsuchihashi H.", "abstract": "In order to develop a sensitive and reliable analytical method for psilocin (PC) in urine samples, the hydrolysis conditions including the acid, alkaline and enzymatic hydrolyses have been investigated by monitoring not only PC but also psilocin glucuronide (PCG) by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS); PCG was initially identified in a \"magic mushroom (MM)\" user's urine by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and LC-MS-MS. The proposed conditions optimized for the hydrolysis are as follows: hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis; enzyme, Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase (5000 units/ml urine); incubation, pH 6 at 37 degrees C for 2h. The complete hydrolysis of PCG in urine was obtained under these conditions, while the enzymatic hydrolyses with three types of beta-glucuronidases originated from bovine liver (Type B-1), Helix pomatia (Type H-1) and Ampullaria provided uncompleted hydrolysis of PCG. Also, neither the acid nor alkaline hydrolysis was found to be applicable. According to the present method, 3.55 microg/ml of psilocin was detected in the \"magic mushroom\" user's urine after the enzymatic hydrolysis, though psilocin was not detected without hydrolysis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-10-31", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": "10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.030", "pubmed_id": "14581081", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.030", "keywords": "Humans, Glucuronides, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Sensitivity and Specificity, Hydrolysis, Adolescent, Female, Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14581081\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2706, "title": "[Acute higher funghi mushroom poisoning and its treatment].", "normalized_title": "acute higher funghi mushroom poisoning and its treatment", "authors": "Saviuc P, Flesch F.", "abstract": "PrincipleThe various mushroom poisoning syndromes are summarised together with elements underlining uncertainty and lack of knowledge. For each of the classical syndromes concerned, classified in delays inferior or superior to 6 hours, the toxins and their mechanisms of action, the main mushrooms responsible, the symptoms and their treatment are all presented.Early syndromesCharacterised by early onset within 6 hours, these represent the majority of intoxications. There are 6 syndromes: gastro-intestinal (resinoid), muscarine (sudorien, cholinergic), pantherine (myco-atropine, anticholinergic), coprine (similar to the antabuse syndrome), narcotine (psilocybin, hallucinatory) and paxillus syndrome (exceptional).Late syndromesCharacterised by an onset after six hours, they regroup the phalloid syndrome that is responsible for 90 to 95% of deaths due to higher funghi mushrooms, the orellanine and gyromitrin syndrome and new syndromes identified over the past decade concerning acute renal failure with shorter onset than during the orellanine syndrome (Amanita proxima), erythermalgia (Clitocybe amoenolens), rhabdomyolysis (Tricholoma equestre) and central nervous system failure (Hapalopilus rutilans).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-08-31", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14534493", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14534493", "keywords": "Humans, Mushroom Poisoning, Syndrome, Acute Disease, Time Factors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14534493\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2707, "title": "Psychoactive drugs and quality of life.", "normalized_title": "psychoactive drugs and quality of life", "authors": "Ventegodt S, Merrick J.", "abstract": "This study was performed on a representative sample of the Danish population in order to investigate the connection to the use of psychoactive drugs and quality of life (QOL) by way of a questionnaire-based survey. The questionnaire was mailed in February 1993 to 2,460 persons aged between 18 and 88, randomly selected from the CPR (Danish Central Register), and 7,222 persons from the Copenhagen Perinatal Birth Cohort 1959-61. A total of 1,501 persons between the ages 18 and 88 years and 4,626 persons between the ages 31 and 33 years returned the questionnaire (response rates of 61.0% and 64.1%, respectively). Variables investigated in this study were ten different psychotropic drugs and quality of life. Our study showed that over half the Danish population had used illegal psychotropic drugs. The most commonly used was cannabis (marijuana) though experience of this drug appeared not to co-vary with QOL to any significant extent. Cocaine, amphetamine, and psilocybin had been used by 1.2 to 3.3% of the population and this varied with QOL to a clear albeit small extent. LSD has been used by 1.2% of the population and the users had a QOL score 10% lower than those who had never used psychotropic drugs. The group with the lowest quality of life was found to be persons who had used heroin, morphine, methadone, and a mixture of alcohol and tranquilizers (10-20% below the group with the highest quality of life).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-08-17", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": "10.1100/tsw.2003.57", "pubmed_id": "12941969", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.57", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Marijuana Abuse, Amphetamines, Methadone, Morphine, Heroin, Cocaine, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Data Collection, Cohort Studies, Quality of Life, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, Stimulants, Historical, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12941969\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3411, "title": "METHOD FOR DETECTING IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHY OF PSILOCIN BY COMPETITION METHOD, AND TEST KIT", "normalized_title": "method for detecting immunochromatography of psilocin by competition method and test kit", "authors": "NANBA YASUHARU, MOCHIZUKI TAKESHI, OZAKI KEIKO, HOJO HIROSHI, YAMAGUCHI MITSUMINE.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-07-10", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PAT/JP2005031029", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:53", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"JP2005031029\",\"source\":\"PAT\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2708, "title": "[Levels of psilocybin and psilocin in various types of mushrooms].", "normalized_title": "levels of psilocybin and psilocin in various types of mushrooms", "authors": "Stríbrný J, Borovicka J, Sokol M.", "abstract": "Psilocin and psilocybin are psychoactive components of mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe and many others (Panaeolus, Inocybe, Pluteus etc.). In our republic, several species of Psilocybe with a high content of these components can be found. In the present study, we give a semiquantitative content of psilocin and psilocybin in some of our mushrooms in dry substance (Psilocybe semilanceata, Psilocybe bohemica, Psilocybe arcana, Psilocybe cyanescens, Panaeolus acuminatus sensu Ricken, Inocybe haemacta and Pluteus salicinus). For quantification, the GC/MS instrumentation was applied. Psilocin and psilocybin were silylated by the derivatization agent N-methyl-N-trimet-hylsilyltrifluoroacetamide. As an internal standard, 5-methoxytryptamin was used. The results of this study prove the presence of at least three species of Psilocybe with a high content of psychoactive components growing in our republic: Psilocybe semilanceata, Psilocybe bohemica and Psilocybe arcana.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-06-30", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14631713", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14631713", "keywords": "Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Czech Republic, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:04", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14631713\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2709, "title": "[Hallucinogens, amphetamines and entactogens].", "normalized_title": "hallucinogens amphetamines and entactogens", "authors": "Vollenweider FX, Vollenweider-Scherpenhuyzen MF.", "abstract": "MDMA (\"Ecstasy\") and its analogues such as MDE and MDA are amphetamine derivatives reported to produce an altered state with emotional overtones. Since more than ten years, ecstasy is after cannabis the most frequently used recreational drug by young adults, particularly in the so-called techno-scene. However, according to a recent survey there is an increasing trend for a revival of classic amphetamine and hallucinogen abuse, possibly due to the concern about the potential neurotoxicity and somatic risks associated with ecstasy use. Of the hallucinogens consumed, psilocybin containing mushroom (\"magic mushrooms\"), but also LSD are at the forefront. The present contribution summarizes the psychological and somatic effects of hallucinogens, amphetamines, and entactogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-05-31", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": "10.1024/0040-5930.60.6.323", "pubmed_id": "12848067", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.60.6.323", "keywords": "Humans, Amphetamine-Related Disorders, Amphetamines, Hallucinogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Structure-Activity Relationship, Switzerland", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12848067\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2078, "title": "Concise large-scale synthesis of psilocin and psilocybin, principal hallucinogenic constituents of \"magic mushroom\".", "normalized_title": "concise large scale synthesis of psilocin and psilocybin principal hallucinogenic constituents of magic mushroom", "authors": "Shirota O, Hakamata W, Goda Y.", "abstract": "The concise large-scale syntheses of psilocin (1) and psilocybin (2), the principal hallucinogenic constituents of \"magic mushroom\", were achieved without chromatographic purification. The key step in the synthesis of 2 was the isolation of the dibenzyl-protected intermediate (7) as a zwitterionic derivative (8), which was completely identified by means of 2D NMR analyses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-05-31", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": "10.1021/np030059u", "pubmed_id": "12828485", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/np030059u", "keywords": "Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular, Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques, Molecular Structure, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12828485\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2710, "title": "[Neurological syndromes associated with the ingestion of plants and fungi with a toxic component (II). Hallucinogenic fungi and plants, mycotoxins and medicinal herbs].", "normalized_title": "neurological syndromes associated with the ingestion of plants and fungi with a toxic component ii hallucinogenic fungi and plants mycotoxins and medicinal herbs", "authors": "Carod Artal FJ.", "abstract": "IntroductionA wide range of fungi and medicinal herbs, rich in hallucinogenic substances and widely used for mystic and medicinal purposes, can give rise to neurotoxic symptoms.DevelopmentWe review the toxic syndromes that can arise from the ingestion of hallucinogenic fungi, cacti and plants, together with descriptions of cases of acute poisoning resulting from the use of medicinal herbs and from foodstuffs that are contaminated by mycotoxins. A series of different psychedelic fungi belonging to the Psilocybe, Panaeolus and Stropharia genera contain hallucinogenic alkaloids such as psilocybin. Some of the most notable plants displaying hallucinogenic and sedative properties are Papaver somniferum, Erytroxylum sp. and Cannabis sativa. Infusions of ayahuasca are obtained from the lianas and roots of different plants with psychoactive properties, such as Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis, which contain alkaloids derived from tryptamine and from the beta carboline harmala. Peyote, a cactus rich in mescaline, and Claviceps purpurea (a fungus rich in LSD) are strong hallucinogens. We also examine ergotism and mycotoxicosis from Arthrinium sp. Poisoning from mycotoxin containing moulds on sugar cane can give rise to encephalopathy and late dystonia. Some of the more noteworthy medicinal plants for which neurological toxicity has been reported are Hypericum perforatum, kava kava (Piper methysticum), Aconitum sp. and Callilepis laureola.ConclusionsBecause of the increasingly more widespread consumption of herbs and fungi and their potentially neurotoxic effects, in clinical practice there is a need to be aware of the neurological syndromes deriving from their use.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-04-30", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": "10.33588/rn.3610.2003019", "pubmed_id": "12766871", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.3610.2003019", "keywords": "Humans, Fungi, Plants, Medicinal, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dystonia, Hallucinogens, Mycotoxins, Administration, Oral", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12766871\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2711, "title": "The examination of mushroom poisonings at Akita University.", "normalized_title": "the examination of mushroom poisonings at akita university", "authors": "Gonmori K, Yoshioka N", "abstract": "In the past 10 years from 1991 to 2000, the number of consultations to the Japan Poison Information Center were 947 concerning mushroom poisonings. However, those from the hospital cases were not analyzed toxicologically. We examined toxicologically 20 cases (35 patients) of mushroom poisonings from 1993 to 2001. Investigation of amanita toxin poisoning was requested in 19 cases. We could detect the amanita toxin, amanitin, and phalloidin, in two cases, which resulted in concluding the cause of death. A fatal case by the magic mushroom poisoning was analyzed in the blood, urine, and mushroom, and we detected the hallucinogenic substances from the body fluids and ingested mushrooms. We report the results of our examinations, and point out the usefulness of the examination of the mushroom itself and biological samples toxicologically for forensic practice.", "journal": "Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)", "publication_date": "2003-02-28", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": "10.1016/s1344-6223(02)00127-x", "pubmed_id": "12935559", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12935559/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:41", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"12935559\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2079, "title": "Preparation of the 4-hydroxytryptamine scaffold via palladium-catalyzed cyclization: a practical and versatile synthesis of psilocin.", "normalized_title": "preparation of the 4 hydroxytryptamine scaffold via palladium catalyzed cyclization a practical and versatile synthesis of psilocin", "authors": "Gathergood N, Scammells PJ.", "abstract": "[reaction: see text] The 4-hydroxytryptamine scaffold of psilocin was successfully prepared via palladium-catalyzed cyclization of protected N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-iodo-3-methoxyaniline and an appropriately substituted silyl acetylene. Removal of the protecting groups afforded psilocin in good yield.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-02-28", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": "10.1021/ol0341039", "pubmed_id": "12633106", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/ol0341039", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12633106\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2712, "title": "[Discrimination of psychoactive fungi (commonly called \"magic mushrooms\") based on the DNA sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region].", "normalized_title": "discrimination of psychoactive fungi commonly called magic mushrooms based on the dna sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region", "authors": "Maruyama T, Shirota O, Kawahara N, Yokoyama K, Makino Y, Goda Y.", "abstract": "'Magic mushrooms' (MMs) are psychoactive fungi containing the hallucinogenic compounds, psilocin (1) and psilocybin (2). Since June 6, 2002, these fungi have been regulated by the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Law in Japan. Because there are many kinds of MMs and they are sold even as dry powders in local markets, it is very difficult to identify the original species of the MMs by morphological observation. Therefore, we investigated the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region in the ribosomal RNA gene of MMs obtained in Japanese markets to classify them by a genetic approach. Based on the size and nucleotide sequence of the ITS region amplified by PCR, tested MMs were classified into 6 groups. Furthermore, a comparison of the DNA sequences of the MMs with those of authentic samples or with those found in the databases (GenBank, EMBL and DDBJ) made it possible to identify the species of tested MMs. Analysis by LC revealed that psilocin (1) was contained at the highest level in Panaeolus cyanescens among the MMs, but was absent in the Amanita species.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2003-01-31", "publication_year": 2003, "doi": "10.3358/shokueishi.44.44", "pubmed_id": "12749196", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.44.44", "keywords": "Agaricales, DNA, Intergenic, Hallucinogens, Base Sequence, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12749196\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2713, "title": "Effects of the 5-HT2A agonist psilocybin on mismatch negativity generation and AX-continuous performance task: implications for the neuropharmacology of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.", "normalized_title": "effects of the 5 ht2a agonist psilocybin on mismatch negativity generation and ax continuous performance task implications for the neuropharmacology of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia", "authors": "Umbricht D, Vollenweider FX, Schmid L, Grübel C, Skrabo A, Huber T, Koller R.", "abstract": "Previously the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine was shown to disrupt generation of the auditory event-related potential (ERP) mismatch negativity (MMN) and the performance of an 'AX'-type continuous performance test (AX-CPT)--measures of auditory and visual context-dependent information processing--in a similar manner as observed in schizophrenia. This placebo-controlled study investigated effects of the 5-HT(2A) receptor agonist psilocybin on the same measures in 18 healthy volunteers. Psilocybin administration induced significant performance deficits in the AX-CPT, but failed to reduce MMN generation significantly. These results indirectly support evidence that deficient MMN generation in schizophrenia may be a relatively distinct manifestation of deficient NMDAR functioning. In contrast, secondary pharmacological effects shared by NMDAR antagonists and the 5-HT(2A) agonist (ie disruption of glutamatergic neurotransmission) may be the mechanism underlying impairments in AX-CPT performance observed during both psilocybin and ketamine administration. Comparable deficits in schizophrenia may result from independent dysfunctions of 5-HT(2A) and NMDAR-related neurotransmission.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-12-31", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1038/sj.npp.1300005", "pubmed_id": "12496954", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300005", "keywords": "Humans, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Electroencephalography, Orientation, Psychomotor Performance, Cognition Disorders, Schizophrenic Psychology, Evoked Potentials, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Adult, Female, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin, Discrimination, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12496954\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2715, "title": "Psychotropic drugs in developmental mushrooms: a case study review.", "normalized_title": "psychotropic drugs in developmental mushrooms a case study review", "authors": "Gross ST.", "abstract": "Psilocyn and psilocybin can be identified in different stages of developing psilocybe mushrooms. Knowing the various stages of the mushroom development can be useful when receiving evidence from illicit mushroom growing operations. Exhibits from three separate cases were submitted to the drug analysis section of the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension Forensic Science Laboratory. Each case contained different stages of developing mushrooms. This report describes the evidence in each case, the sample preparation, the sample analysis and the final report that was written.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-10-31", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1520/jfs15564j", "pubmed_id": "12455653", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs15564j", "keywords": "Agaricales, Psychotropic Drugs, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Forensic Medicine, Molecular Structure, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12455653\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2714, "title": "Effects of ayahuasca on sensory and sensorimotor gating in humans as measured by P50 suppression and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, respectively.", "normalized_title": "effects of ayahuasca on sensory and sensorimotor gating in humans as measured by p50 suppression and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex respectively", "authors": "Riba J, Rodríguez-Fornells A, Barbanoj MJ.", "abstract": "RationaleAyahuasca, a South American psychotropic plant tea, combines the psychedelic agent and 5-HT(2A/2C) agonist N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) with beta-carboline alkaloids showing monoamine oxidase-inhibiting properties. Current human research with psychedelics and entactogens has explored the possibility that drugs displaying agonist activity at the 5-HT(2A/2C) sites temporally disrupt inhibitory neural mechanisms thought to intervene in the normal filtering of information. Suppression of the P50 auditory evoked potential (AEP) and prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI) are considered operational measures of sensory (P50 suppression) and sensorimotor (PPI) gating. Contrary to findings in lower animals, unexpected increases in sensorimotor gating have been found in humans following the administration of the serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin and the serotonin releaser 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). In addition, to our knowledge P50 suppression has not been assessed previously in humans following the administration of a 5-HT(2A/2C) agonist.ObjectivesTo assess the effects of the acute administration of ayahuasca on P50 suppression and PPI in humans, in order to evaluate the drug's modulatory actions on these measures of sensory and sensorimotor gating.MethodsEighteen healthy volunteers with prior experience of psychedelic drug use participated in a clinical trial in which placebo or ayahuasca doses (0.6 mg and 0.85 mg DMT/kg body weight) were administered according to a double-blind, cross-over balanced design. P50 and startle reflex (pulse-alone and 60 ms, 120 ms, 240 ms and 2000 ms prepulse-to-pulse intervals) recordings were undertaken at 1.5 h and 2 h after drug intake, respectively.ResultsAyahuasca produced diverging effects on each of the two gating measures evaluated. Whereas significant dose-dependent reductions of P50 suppression were observed after ayahuasca, no significant effects were found on the startle response, its habituation rate, or on PPI at any of the prepulse-to-pulse intervals studied.ConclusionThe present findings indicate, at the doses tested, a decremental effect of ayahuasca on sensory gating, as measured by P50 suppression, and no distinct effects on sensorimotor gating, as measured by PPI.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-10-11", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1007/s00213-002-1237-5", "pubmed_id": "12474114", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1237-5", "keywords": "Humans, Banisteriopsis, Plants, Medicinal, Psychotropic Drugs, Plant Extracts, Acoustic Stimulation, Analysis of Variance, Double-Blind Method, Sensory Thresholds, Psychomotor Performance, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Neural Inhibition, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Female, Male, Habituation, Psychophysiologic, Reflex, Startle, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12474114\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Observational Study,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2716, "title": "The pharmacology of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "the pharmacology of psilocybin", "authors": "Passie T, Seifert J, Schneider U, Emrich HM.", "abstract": "Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is the major psychoactive alkaloid of some species of mushrooms distributed worldwide. These mushrooms represent a growing problem regarding hallucinogenic drug abuse. Despite its experimental medical use in the 1960s, only very few pharmacological data about psilocybin were known until recently. Because of its still growing capacity for abuse and the widely dispersed data this review presents all the available pharmacological data about psilocybin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-09-30", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1080/1355621021000005937", "pubmed_id": "14578010", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/1355621021000005937", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Mice, Agaricales, Substance-Related Disorders, Serotonin, Receptors, Presynaptic, Hallucinogens, Somatoform Disorders, Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14578010\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Clinical Trial,Review Article,Animal Study", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2717, "title": "Renal excretion profiles of psilocin following oral administration of psilocybin: a controlled study in man.", "normalized_title": "renal excretion profiles of psilocin following oral administration of psilocybin a controlled study in man", "authors": "Hasler F, Bourquin D, Brenneisen R, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "In a clinical study eight volunteers received psilocybin (PY) in psychoactive oral doses of 212+/-25 microg/kg body weight. To investigate the elimination kinetics of psilocin (PI), the first metabolite of PY, urine was collected for 24 h and PI concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with column switching and electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). Sample workup included protection of the unstable PI with ascorbic acid, freeze-drying, and extraction with methanol. Peak PI concentrations up to 870 microg/l were measured in urine samples from the 2-4 h collection interval. The PI excretion rate in this period was 55.5+/-33.8 microg/h. The limit of quantitation (10 microg/L) was usually reached 24 h after drug administration. Within 24 h, 3.4+/-0.9% of the applied dose of PY was excreted as free PI. Addition of beta-glucuronidase to urine samples and incubation for 5 h at 40 degrees C led to twofold higher PI concentrations, although 18+/-7% of the amount of unconjugated PI was decomposed during incubation. We conclude that in humans PI is partially excreted as PI-O-glucuronide and that enzymatic hydrolysis extends the time of detectability for PI in urine samples.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-08-31", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00278-9", "pubmed_id": "12191719", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00278-9", "keywords": "Humans, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Administration, Oral, Affect, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12191719\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2080, "title": "Synthesis of a psilocin hapten and a protein-hapten conjugate.", "normalized_title": "synthesis of a psilocin hapten and a protein hapten conjugate", "authors": "Albers C, Lehr M, Beike J, Köhler H, Brinkmann B.", "abstract": "Derivatives of psilocin with omega-functionalized alkyl spacers in position 1 of the indole ring were synthesized as haptens for use in a radioimmunoassay. Whereas the psilocin analogues with a 3-aminopropyl and a 4-aminobutyl moiety at the indole nitrogen decomposed during synthesis, the analogous 3-carboxypropyl psilocin derivative proved to be stable. This compound was coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) using the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester-mediated conjugation. The protein-hapten conjugate was characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometry data indicated an average incorporation ratio of 4-5 molecules of psilocin hapten per molecule of BSA.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-08-31", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1211/002235702320402116", "pubmed_id": "12356281", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1211/002235702320402116", "keywords": "Haptens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12356281\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2718, "title": "Ecstasy and drug consumption patterns: a Canadian rave population study.", "normalized_title": "ecstasy and drug consumption patterns a canadian rave population study", "authors": "Gross SR, Barrett SP, Shestowsky JS, Pihl RO.", "abstract": "ObjectiveThis study investigates the drug consumption patterns of a sample of rave attendees in the city of Montreal, Quebec, and seeks to identify the prevalence of 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other drug use in this population.MethodWe administered a self-report questionnaire to 210 respondents. For various licit and illicit substances, participants reported their age of first use, number of lifetime uses, and usage in the previous 30 days.ResultsWe found a significant rank order for the sequence of first use: 1) alcohol, 2) nicotine, 3) cannabis, 4) LSD, 5) psilocybin, 6) amphetamine, 7) cocaine, 8) MDMA, 9) gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 10) ephedrine, 11) ketamine. Alcohol and cannabis were the most commonly used substances, both in cumulative number of lifetime uses and in usage in the preceding 30 days. MDMA and amphetamine were also notable as the next 2 most popular drugs for use in the preceding 30 days and in terms of those who had tried the drugs at least once. We identified a progressive rank order of experimentation, with early alcohol or cannabis use (or both) associated with the early use of all other drugs tried by more than 25% of the sample. We found MDMA and amphetamine use to be prevalent, as was general experimentation with all drugs studied, other than heroin.ConclusionDrug consumption levels were substantial in this \"rave\" population, particularly with respect to recent use of MDMA, amphetamine, cannabis, and alcohol. Results also indicate that the sequence of drug experimentation in this population follows an identifiable pattern.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-07-31", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1177/070674370204700606", "pubmed_id": "12211882", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370204700606", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Self Administration, Drug Administration Schedule, Incidence, Prevalence, Retrospective Studies, Preventive Health Services, Canada, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12211882\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3010, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Indoles. Part 109. Synthetic Studies of Psilocin Analogues Having Either a Formyl Group or Bromine Atom at the 5- or 7-Position.", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract the chemistry of indoles part 109 synthetic studies of psilocin analogues having either a formyl group or bromine atom at the 5 or 7 position", "authors": "Yamada Fumio, Tamura Mayumi, Hasegawa Atsuko, Somei Masanori", "abstract": "AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.", "journal": "ChemInform", "publication_date": "2002-07-22", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1002/chin.200229147", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200229147", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.200229147\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1248/cpb.50.92\"],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2719, "title": "Jekyll and Hyde revisited: paradoxes in the appreciation of drug experiences and their effects on creativity.", "normalized_title": "jekyll and hyde revisited paradoxes in the appreciation of drug experiences and their effects on creativity", "authors": "ten Berge J.", "abstract": "Historically, states of intoxication--like dreams and madness--are seen in either one of two opposed ways. The intoxicated are either \"possessed\" or \"under the influence\" of an external agency, or revealing hidden feelings or truths (in vino veritas). Along the same lines, artists who worked during LSD, mescalin or psilocybin intoxication often refer to feelings of either being \"possessed\" or \"liberated,\" a difference that can be explained partly by their expectations and partly by their evaluations, which both tend to conform to the cultural dichotomy in interpreting the irrational. Both interpretations, however, tend to obscure not only the other, but also-it is posited-the paradoxical nature of the drug experience itself. Analysis of a protocol shows that intoxication might comprise feelings of \"possession\" as well as \"liberation\" almost simultaneously, and mediumistic and some psychedelic art shows stylistic traits that can be seen as the visual expressions of both these feelings. It seems that the \"demoniacal\" and \"psychedelic\" mode come together in experiential reality, only to be divided in the cultural sphere.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-06-30", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2002.10399961", "pubmed_id": "12422935", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2002.10399961", "keywords": "Humans, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Internal-External Control, Psychoanalytic Interpretation, Art, History, 20th Century, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical, Creativity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12422935\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2720, "title": "5-HT2A receptor-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the stimulus effects of hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "5 ht2a receptor stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the stimulus effects of hallucinogens", "authors": "Rabin RA, Regina M, Doat M, Winter JC.", "abstract": "The role of 5-HT2A-mediated stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the discriminative effects of hallucinogens was investigated in PC12 cells stably expressing the rat 5-HT2A receptor (PC12-5-HT2A cells). The hallucinogenic compounds, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), (-)2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (MDMT) and N,N-diethyltryptamine (DET), all caused a concentration-dependent increase in the generation of [3H]inositol phosphates. The nonhallucinogenic compounds, 6-fluoro-N,N-diethyltryptamine (6-F-DET), lisuride and quipazine, also displayed significant efficacy in stimulating phosphoinositide hydrolysis, while 2-bromo-lysergic acid diethylamide (BOL), which is not a hallucinogen, did not alter inositol phosphate generation. The beta-carbolines, harmaline and harmane, also did not alter phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Comparison of these results with previous drug discrimination studies indicated the apparent lack of correlation between the degree of substitution in LSD- and DOM-trained animals and efficacy in stimulating phosphoinositide hydrolysis. The present study indicates that 5-HT2A-mediated stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis does not appear to be the sole critical signaling mechanism involved in the discriminative effects of hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-04-30", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00720-1", "pubmed_id": "11900766", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00720-1", "keywords": "PC12 Cells, Animals, Rats, Phosphatidylinositols, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Hallucinogens, Hydrolysis, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11900766\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2721, "title": "Drugs of abuse monitoring in blood for control of driving under the influence of drugs.", "normalized_title": "drugs of abuse monitoring in blood for control of driving under the influence of drugs", "authors": "Moeller MR, Kraemer T.", "abstract": "Driving under the influence of drugs is an issue of growing concern in the industrialized countries as a risk and a cause for road accidents. In forensic toxicology, the increasing number of samples for determination of drugs in blood is mainly due to zero-tolerance laws in several countries and well-trained police officers who can better recognize drivers under the influence of drugs of abuse. This review describes procedures for detection of the following drugs of abuse in whole blood, plasma, and serum: amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), N-ethyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDEA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), cannabinoids (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC], 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-THC), cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaethylene, the opiates (heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, or codeine), and methadone as well as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), phencyclidine (PCP), and psilocybin/psilocin. For many of the analytes, sensitive immunologic methods for screening are available. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is still the state-of-the-art method for confirmatory analysis or for screening and confirmation in one step. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) procedures for such purposes are also included in this review. Basic data about the biosample assayed, internal standard, workup, GC or LC column and mobile phase, detection mode, reference data, and validation data of each procedure are summarized in two tables.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-03-31", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1097/00007691-200204000-00003", "pubmed_id": "11897967", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200204000-00003", "keywords": "Humans, Chromatography, Liquid, Substance Abuse Detection, Forensic Medicine, Accidents, Traffic, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11897967\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2723, "title": "What geometric visual hallucinations tell us about the visual cortex.", "normalized_title": "what geometric visual hallucinations tell us about the visual cortex", "authors": "Bressloff PC, Cowan JD, Golubitsky M, Thomas PJ, Wiener MC.", "abstract": "Many observers see geometric visual hallucinations after taking hallucinogens such as LSD, cannabis, mescaline or psilocybin; on viewing bright flickering lights; on waking up or falling asleep; in \"near-death\" experiences; and in many other syndromes. Klüver organized the images into four groups called form constants: (I) tunnels and funnels, (II) spirals, (III) lattices, including honeycombs and triangles, and (IV) cobwebs. In most cases, the images are seen in both eyes and move with them. We interpret this to mean that they are generated in the brain. Here, we summarize a theory of their origin in visual cortex (area V1), based on the assumption that the form of the retino-cortical map and the architecture of V1 determine their geometry. (A much longer and more detailed mathematical version has been published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 356 [2001].) We model V1 as the continuum limit of a lattice of interconnected hypercolumns, each comprising a number of interconnected iso-orientation columns. Based on anatomical evidence, we assume that the lateral connectivity between hypercolumns exhibits symmetries, rendering it invariant under the action of the Euclidean group E(2), composed of reflections and translations in the plane, and a (novel) shift-twist action. Using this symmetry, we show that the various patterns of activity that spontaneously emerge when V1's spatially uniform resting state becomes unstable correspond to the form constants when transformed to the visual field using the retino-cortical map. The results are sensitive to the detailed specification of the lateral connectivity and suggest that the cortical mechanisms that generate geometric visual hallucinations are closely related to those used to process edges, contours, surfaces, and textures.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-02-28", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1162/089976602317250861", "pubmed_id": "11860679", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1162/089976602317250861", "keywords": "Visual Cortex, Humans, Hallucinations, Mathematics, Models, Neurological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11860679\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2722, "title": "Mismatch negativity predicts psychotic experiences induced by NMDA receptor antagonist in healthy volunteers.", "normalized_title": "mismatch negativity predicts psychotic experiences induced by nmda receptor antagonist in healthy volunteers", "authors": "Umbricht D, Koller R, Vollenweider FX, Schmid L.", "abstract": "BackgroundPrevious studies indicate that mismatch negativity (MMN)-a preattentive auditory event-related potential (ERP)-depends on NMDA receptor (NMDAR) functioning. To explore if the strength of MMN generation reflects the functional condition of the NMDAR system in healthy volunteers, we analyzed correlations between MMN recorded before drug administration and subsequent responses to the NMDAR antagonist ketamine or the 5-HT2a agonist psilocybin.MethodsIn two separate studies, MMN was recorded to both frequency and duration deviants prior to administration of ketamine or psilocybin. Behavioral and subjective effects of ketamine and psilocybin were assessed with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the OAV Scale-a rating scale developed to measure altered states of consciousness. Correlations between ERP amplitudes (MMN, N1, and P2) and drug-induced effects were calculated in each study group and compared between them.ResultsSmaller MMN to both pitch and duration deviants was significantly correlated to stronger effects during ketamine, but not psilocybin administration. No significant correlations were observed for N1 and P2.ConclusionsSmaller MMN indicates a NMDAR system that is more vulnerable to disruption by the NMDAR antagonist ketamine. MMN generation appears to index the functional state of NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission even in subjects who do not demonstrate any psychopathology.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-02-28", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01242-2", "pubmed_id": "11904134", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01242-2", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Ketamine, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Electroencephalography, Administration, Oral, Infusions, Intravenous, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Contingent Negative Variation, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11904134\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2724, "title": "Possible mechanisms of panic attack and schizophrenia via APUD system.", "normalized_title": "possible mechanisms of panic attack and schizophrenia via apud system", "authors": "Fukuda K.", "abstract": "Psilocybin poisoning produces biphasic reactions composed of a schizophrenic phase and a panic attack-like phase. There is a time lag of several hours between phases, which may be considered an accumulation time in certain sites between the gut and the brain. So far as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) congeners are concerned, no sites are to be found except the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) system. It is postulated that argyrophil cells (AC) in the foregut, neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) in the lung, and raphe nuclei (RN) in the brainstem axis are relevant to mental disorders. Schizophrenia might be due to the massive destruction of APUD cells, and the paroxysmal release of 5-HT with peptides and panneuroendocrine markers from NEB might be the cause of panic attack.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2002-01-31", "publication_year": 2002, "doi": "10.1054/mehy.2001.1473", "pubmed_id": "11812187", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1054/mehy.2001.1473", "keywords": "Raphe Nuclei, APUD Cells, Humans, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Panic Disorder, Schizophrenia, Models, Biological, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11812187\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Biomarkers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2725, "title": "Effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin on covert orienting of visual attention in humans.", "normalized_title": "effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin on covert orienting of visual attention in humans", "authors": "Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Thelen B, Maier S, Heekeren K, Kovar KA, Sass H, Spitzer M.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic drug-induced states are considered as models for acute schizophrenic disorders (experimental psychoses). In a double-blind study with healthy volunteers we investigated the influence of the serotonergic hallucinogen psilocybin, the ecstasy-like drug 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), the stimulant d- methamphetamine and placebo on covert orienting of spatial attention (n = 8 in each group). Reaction times were prolonged after ingestion of psilocybin > MDE, but not after d-methamphetamine. In addition, subjects on psilocybin exhibited particularly slow reaction times in invalid trials at short cue target intervals and failure of response inhibition in valid trials at long cue target intervals for right visual field targets. Despite some methodological limitations, these results are in line with both bilateral impairment of disengagement of attention and a lateralized impairment of inhibition of return (IOR) in productive psychotic states. Additional investigations with larger samples, different hallucinogenic substances (serotonergic agonists vs. NMDA antagonists) and different dose regimens are needed in order to further explore the suggested relationship between visuospatial attentional dysfunction and acute psychotic conditions.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2001-12-31", "publication_year": 2001, "doi": "10.1159/000063672", "pubmed_id": "12097810", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000063672", "keywords": "Humans, Methamphetamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Hallucinogens, Double-Blind Method, Space Perception, Visual Perception, Attention, Reaction Time, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12097810\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2081, "title": "Synthetic studies of psilocin analogs having either a formyl group or bromine atom at the 5- or 7-position.", "normalized_title": "synthetic studies of psilocin analogs having either a formyl group or bromine atom at the 5 or 7 position", "authors": "Yamada F, Tamura M, Hasegawa A, Somei M.", "abstract": "Psilocin analogs having either a formyl group (9-12) or a bromine atom (13-18) at the 5- or 7-position have been prepared for the first time. Syntheses of 5- and 7-bromo derivatives of 4-hydroxy- (23, 24, 28) and 4-benzyloxyindole-3-carbaldehyde (19, 25, 29, 30), 4-benzyloxyindole-3-acetonitriles (20, 31), and 4-benzyloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (32, 34, 35) have also been established.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2001-12-31", "publication_year": 2001, "doi": "10.1248/cpb.50.92", "pubmed_id": "11824592", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.50.92", "keywords": "Bromine, Formates, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11824592\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2726, "title": "Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens.", "normalized_title": "brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens", "authors": "Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "This review focuses on recent brain imaging and behavioral studies of sensory gating functions, which assess similarities between the effects of classic hallucinogens (eg, psilocybin), dissociative anesthetics (eg, ketamine), and entactogens (eg, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) in humans. Serotonergic hallucinogens and psychotomimetic anesthetics produce overlapping psychotic syndromes associated with a marked activation of the prefrontal cortex (hyperfrontality) and other overlapping changes in temporoparietal, striatal, and thalamic regions, suggesting that both classes of drugs act upon a common final pathway. Together with the observation that both hallucinogens and N-methyl-oaspartate (NMDA) antagonists disrupt sensory gating in rats by acting on 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 5-HT(2) receptors located in cortico-striato-thalamic circuitry these findings suggest that disruption of cortico-subcortical processing leading to sensory overload of the cortex is a communality of these psychoses. In contrast to hallucinogens, the entactogen MDMA produces an emotional state of positive mood, concomitant with an activation of prefrontolimbiclparalimbic structures and a deactivation of amygdala and thalamus.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2001-11-30", "publication_year": 2001, "doi": "10.31887/dcns.2001.3.4/fxvollenweider", "pubmed_id": "22033605", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2001.3.4/fxvollenweider", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"22033605\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Aging,Emotional Processing,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2727, "title": "A systems model of altered consciousness: integrating natural and drug-induced psychoses.", "normalized_title": "a systems model of altered consciousness integrating natural and drug induced psychoses", "authors": "Vollenweider FX, Geyer MA.", "abstract": "Increasing evidence from neuroimaging and behavioral studies suggests that functional disturbances within cortico-striato-thalamic pathways are critical to psychotic symptom formation in drug-induced and possibly also naturally occurring psychoses. Recent basic and clinical research with psychotomimetic drugs, such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist, ketamine, and the serotonin-2A (5-HT(2A)) receptor agonist, psilocybin, suggest that the hallucinogenic effects of these drugs arise, at least in part, from their common capacity to disrupt thalamo-cortical gating of external and internal information to the cortex. Deficient gating of sensory and cognitive information is thought to result in an overloading inundation of information and subsequent cognitive fragmentation and psychosis. Cross-species studies of homologues gating functions, such as prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, in animal and human models of psychosis corroborate this view and provide a translational testing mechanism for the exploration of novel pathophysiologic and therapeutic hypotheses relevant to psychotic disorders, such as the group of schizophrenias.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2001-10-31", "publication_year": 2001, "doi": "10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00646-3", "pubmed_id": "11750795", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00646-3", "keywords": "Brain, Neural Pathways, Animals, Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia, Models, Neurological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11750795\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Aging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2729, "title": "Patterns of recreational drug use at dance events in Edinburgh, Scotland.", "normalized_title": "patterns of recreational drug use at dance events in edinburgh scotland", "authors": "Riley SC, James C, Gregory D, Dingle H, Cadger M.", "abstract": "AimsTo describe the patterns of drug use at dance (rave) events in terms of prevalence, frequency, type of drugs used, patterns of use, access and risk-associated behaviours.DesignSelf-selecting participant-completed survey.SettingThree dance events in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.ParticipantsOne hundred and twenty-two drug users (57% males, 43% females), 90% of whom were in employment or education, with an age range of 16-47, 80% between 18 and 23 years.MeasurementsParticipants who answered 'yes' to the question 'Have you used drugs for dance events in the past year' reported (i) the prevalence, types and frequency of drugs used; (ii) prevalence and contents of mixing drugs; (iii) accessing drugs; and (iv) engagement with drug-associated risk behaviours.FindingsOver 80% of the participants had used ecstasy and amphetamine, over 30% cocaine and LSD; over 10% nitrites, psilocybin and ketamine and less than 5% had used crack or tranquillizers. Participants reported regular consumption of ecstasy and amphetamine (e.g. 35% used ecstasy and 25% amphetamine on a weekly basis) often taken in combination, with the occasional use of cocaine, LSD, ketamine and psilocybin. Poly- and mixing-drug behaviours were significantly more likely than monodrug usage. Drugs were accessed through friends than from any other source. Eighty-five per cent reported mixing drugs and/or alcohol, 35% driving on drugs, 36% having a bad experience on drugs; 30% unprotected sex; and 0.9% injecting drugs. Women in the sample reported higher consumption than men.ConclusionsDance-drug use has a characteristic pattern that has implications for health promotion and criminal policy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2001-06-30", "publication_year": 2001, "doi": "10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.967103513.x", "pubmed_id": "11440614", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.967103513.x", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Prevalence, Risk-Taking, Sex Distribution, Dancing, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Scotland, Female, Male, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11440614\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3011, "title": "The detection of psilocin in human urine.", "normalized_title": "the detection of psilocin in human urine", "authors": "Grieshaber AF, Moore KA, Levine B.", "abstract": "Pharmacokinetic studies of psilocybin in humans have shown the rapid dephosphorylation of psilocybin to psilocin with further conversion to 4-hydroxy-tryptophole (4HT) and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (4HIAA) in plasma. Our study shows that psilocin also undergoes conjugation and can be found in the urine as the psilocin-glucuronide conjugate. Recoveries after enzymatic hydrolysis of the urine with beta-glucuronidase (Helix Pomatia or E. Coli) when compared to non-hydrolyzed urine confirmed the presence of the glucuronide. Detection of psilocin from hydrolyzed and extracted samples was optimized for GC/MS by derivatization with MSTFA. The method developed allows for the detection of psilocin in urine with a limit of quantitation of 10 ng/mL, based on 5 mL of spiked urine. Using this method, our laboratory has confirmed the presence of psilocin in 6 out of 8 urine samples, with concentrations ranging from 10 ng/mL to greater than 200 ng/mL. Before implementation of the hydrolysis and derivatization steps, our limit of detection was 200 ng/mL, based on spiked urine standards. No case samples were positive without hydrolysis and derivatization.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2001-04-30", "publication_year": 2001, "doi": "10.1520/jfs15014j", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs15014j", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Sensitivity and Specificity, Substance Abuse Detection, Forensic Medicine, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11373000\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2730, "title": "Drug addiction. Part I. Psychoactive substances in the past and presence.", "normalized_title": "drug addiction part i psychoactive substances in the past and presence", "authors": "Vetulani J.", "abstract": "Substances capable of changing the functions of the central nervous system are widely distributed in plant kingdom, and many of them were discovered by ancient food-gatherers at the dawn of humanity. In the Old World only a few substances producing euphoria or altered states of consciousness and having habit-forming properties are still widely used. They are the products of poppy (opium, morphine), hemp (hashish, marijuana), and of fermentation of various organic materials alkohol. This list has recently been joined by the psilocybin-containing mushrooms. The addiction-forming compounds originated in the New World and widely spread are tobacco (nicotine) and cocaine. In the 19th and 20th, century the development of medicinal chemistry resulted in several synthetic compounds, originally proposed as therapeutics, such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines and amphetamines. Due to legal problems, to avoid production of the substances already prohibited, many designer drugs were manufactured. In addition, several compounds were synthesized as recreational drugs. Also some compounds that were not regarded as drugs, such as aromatic hydrocarbons and other cleansing agents, as well as steroids were found to have properties of dangerous, habit-forming agents. The attitude of society and the pattern of use of psychoactive substances have changed with time, particularly in the last decades. The active principles are now more addictive because of concentration, purification, chemical modifications and the way of ingestion, which now favors most rapid transport to the central nervous system. The substance abuse approaches the level of global epidemics, and the recent usage of drugs of addition is also reviewed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2001-04-30", "publication_year": 2001, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "11785921", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/11785921", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Central Nervous System Agents, Psychotropic Drugs, Plant Preparations, Designer Drugs, Anabolic Agents, Western World, History, Ancient, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11785921\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Consciousness,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2082, "title": "The detection of psilocin in human urine.", "normalized_title": "the detection of psilocin in human urine", "authors": "Grieshaber AF, Moore KA, Levine B", "abstract": "Pharmacokinetic studies of psilocybin in humans have shown the rapid dephosphorylation of psilocybin to psilocin with further conversion to 4-hydroxy-tryptophole (4HT) and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (4HIAA) in plasma. Our study shows that psilocin also undergoes conjugation and can be found in the urine as the psilocin-glucuronide conjugate. Recoveries after enzymatic hydrolysis of the urine with beta-glucuronidase (Helix Pomatia or E. Coli) when compared to non-hydrolyzed urine confirmed the presence of the glucuronide. Detection of psilocin from hydrolyzed and extracted samples was optimized for GC/MS by derivatization with MSTFA. The method developed allows for the detection of psilocin in urine with a limit of quantitation of 10 ng/mL, based on 5 mL of spiked urine. Using this method, our laboratory has confirmed the presence of psilocin in 6 out of 8 urine samples, with concentrations ranging from 10 ng/mL to greater than 200 ng/mL. Before implementation of the hydrolysis and derivatization steps, our limit of detection was 200 ng/mL, based on spiked urine standards. No case samples were positive without hydrolysis and derivatization.", "journal": "Journal of forensic sciences", "publication_date": "2001-04-30", "publication_year": 2001, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "11373000", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11373000/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:41", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"11373000\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3407, "title": "Towards a molecular approach for the identification of fungal taxa that contain psilocybin", "normalized_title": "towards a molecular approach for the identification of fungal taxa that contain psilocybin", "authors": "Lee JC.", "abstract": "The classical taxonomic methodologies for determining taxa of mushrooms are based primarily on morphological traits. If the mushroom specimens are dried or pulverized, the morphological characteristics are frequently disguised or no longer apparent. Included among these fungi are known to produce psilocybin, which are hard to identify by their macroscopic features. Molecular techniques could help to overcome these problems. In this study, twenty samples of two genera, Psilocybe and Panaeolus, of fungi from genera known to produce psilocybin were analyzed. The profiles of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) produced by two primer sets were analyzed. Fingerprints of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) produced by five selective primer pairs were also analyzed. By the analysis of genetic similarity, RAPD and AFLP method were capable of providing genus and species information. AFLP band patterns can provide reliable species test and can be separated in a simple way using PAGE electrophoresis and stained by silver nitrate. The sequencing data of twenty psilocybin-producing mushrooms were established by fluorescent sequencing method on the nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (nuc-ssu-rDNA) and the... (continues)", "journal": "University of Strathclyde", "publication_date": "2000-12-31", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.48730/zty1-g223", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.48730/zty1-g223", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:52", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"248334\",\"source\":\"ETH\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":\"University of Strathclyde\",\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2731, "title": "The effect of Psilocybe cubensis extract on hippocampal neurons in vitro.", "normalized_title": "the effect of psilocybe cubensis extract on hippocampal neurons in vitro", "authors": "Moldavan MG, Grodzinskaya AA, Solomko EF, Lomberh ML, Wasser SP, Storozhuk VM.", "abstract": "The action of P. cubensis mushroom extract, containing psilocybin (PCB) and psilocin, on spike activity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons was studied in in vitro rat brain slices. In 38 (76%) out of 50 investigated neurons spike activity was decreased, in 2 (4%) cells it increased. There was no response 10 (20%) neurons. Application of the extract caused short burst firing in 12 (24%) neurons. All neurons showing inhibition during PCB-containing extract application, were also inhibited by serotonin (5-HT). Usually inhibitory reaction did not last over 4-5 min upon 3 min extract application and could be prolonged up to 10-43 min up on serotonin application. Part of neurons were inhibited by serotonin and did not react to extract application. Inhibitory reactions induced by extract application were blocked by ritanserin in half of the tested units and were induced due to activation of 5-HT2 serotonin receptors. The extract suppressed excitative spike reactions caused by application of L-glutamic acid. It is concluded, that application of PCB-containing extract in most cases reduced spike activity in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and suppressed glutamate transmission.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-12-31", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "11962085", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/11962085", "keywords": "Hippocampus, Neurons, Animals, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Agaricales, Serotonin, Glutamic Acid, Hallucinogens, Synaptic Transmission, Action Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11962085\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2728, "title": "Characteristics of pregnant women who use ecstasy (3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine).", "normalized_title": "characteristics of pregnant women who use ecstasy 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine", "authors": "Ho E, Karimi-Tabesh L, Koren G", "abstract": "To determine the characteristics of pregnant women who use Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA), and to identify reproductive risk factors associated with this group of women. Prospective, observational study. Pregnant women who have contacted the Motherisk Alcohol and Substance Use Helpline at The Hospital for Sick Children, in Toronto, about exposure to drugs, chemicals, infection or radiation. All inquiries from December 1998 to October 2000 concerning pregnant women who reported use of MDMA, and control cases of women not exposed to MDMA selected within the same week of the MDMA callers. Age, maternal demographics, pregnancy characteristics, patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use, psychological/emotional status, sexually transmitted disease, MDMA method and pattern of use, and adverse drug reactions after ingestion of MDMA. The 132 pregnant women who used MDMA were significantly younger (mean 23.2 vs. 31.2 years, P", "journal": "Neurotoxicology and teratology", "publication_date": "2000-12-31", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.1016/s0892-0362(01)00178-7", "pubmed_id": "11792525", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11792525/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"11792525\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Emotional Processing,Observational Study,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2732, "title": "The effects of psychoactive drugs and neuroleptics on language in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients: a review.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psychoactive drugs and neuroleptics on language in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients a review", "authors": "Salomé F, Boyer P, Fayol M.", "abstract": "The aim of this survey is to present an overview of research into psychopharmacology as regards the effects of different psychoactive drugs and neuroleptics (NL) on language in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients. Eighteen studies that have investigated the effects of different drugs (alcohol, amphetamines, secobarbital, L-dopa, psilocybin, ketamine, fenfluramine) and neuroleptics (conventional and atypical) on language are reviewed. There are no studies concerning the effects of neuroleptics on language in healthy subjects. The results of the effects of other molecules indicate that language production can be increased (alcohol, amphetamine, secobarbital), rendered more complex (d-amphetamine), more focused (L-dopa) or more unfocused (psilocybin) and clearly impaired (ketamine). For schizophrenic patients, most studies show that conventional neuroleptic treatments, at a therapeutic dosage and in acute or chronic mode, reduce language disorders at all levels (clinic, linguistic, psycholinguistic). In conjunction with other molecules, the classical NL, when administered at a moderate dosage and in chronic mode, modify language in schizophrenia, either by improving the verbal flow and reducing pauses and positive thought disorder (NL + amphetamine) or by inducing an impairment in the language measurements (NL + fenfluramine). Clinical, methodological and theoretical considerations of results are debated in the framework of schizophrenic language disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-11-30", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00520-4", "pubmed_id": "11175923", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00520-4", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Psychotropic Drugs, Language, Verbal Behavior, Thinking, Psycholinguistics, Schizophrenia, Adult", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11175923\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Observational Study", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2733, "title": "Effect of ring fluorination on the pharmacology of hallucinogenic tryptamines.", "normalized_title": "effect of ring fluorination on the pharmacology of hallucinogenic tryptamines", "authors": "Blair JB, Kurrasch-Orbaugh D, Marona-Lewicka D, Cumbay MG, Watts VJ, Barker EL, Nichols DE.", "abstract": "A series of fluorinated analogues of the hallucinogenic tryptamines N,N-diethyltryptamine (DET), 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-OH-DMT, psilocin), and 5-methoxy-DMT was synthesized to investigate possible explanations for the inactivity of 6-fluoro-DET as a hallucinogen and to determine the effects of fluorination on the molecular recognition and activation of these compounds at serotonin receptor subtypes. The target compounds were evaluated using in vivo behavioral assays for hallucinogen-like and 5-HT(1A) agonist activity and in vitro radioligand competition assays for their affinity at 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C), and 5-HT(1A) receptor sites. Functional activity at the 5-HT(2A) receptor was determined for all compounds. In addition, for some compounds functional activity was determined at the 5-HT(1A) receptor. Hallucinogen-like activity, evaluated in the two-lever drug discrimination paradigm using LSD-trained rats, was attenuated or abolished for all of the fluorinated analogues. One of the tryptamines, 4-fluoro-5-methoxy-DMT (6), displayed high 5-HT(1A) agonist activity, with potency greater than that of the 5-HT(1A) agonist 8-OH-DPAT. The ED(50) of 6 in the two-lever drug discrimination paradigm using rats trained to discriminate the 5-HT(1A) agonist LY293284 was 0.17 micromol/kg, and the K(i) at [(3)H]8-OH-DPAT-labeled 5-HT(1A) receptors was 0.23 nM. The results indicate that fluorination of hallucinogenic tryptamines generally has little effect on 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor affinity or intrinsic activity. Affinity at the 5-HT(1A) receptor was reduced, however, in all but one example, and all of the compounds tested were full agonists but with reduced functional potency at this serotonin receptor subtype. The one notable exception was 4-fluoro-5-methoxy-DMT (6), which had markedly enhanced 5-HT(1A) receptor affinity and functional potency. Although it is generally considered that hallucinogenic activity results from 5-HT(2A) receptor activation, the present results suggest a possible role for involvement of the 5-HT(1A) receptor with tryptamines.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-10-31", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.1021/jm000339w", "pubmed_id": "11101361", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/jm000339w", "keywords": "CHO Cells, 3T3 Cells, Animals, Humans, Mice, Rats, Fluorine, Tryptamines, Phosphatidylinositols, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C, Cyclic AMP, Hallucinogens, Radioligand Assay, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Discrimination Learning, Binding, Competitive, Structure-Activity Relationship, Hydrolysis, Cricetinae, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Colforsin", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11101361\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2736, "title": "Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as a routine method in forensic sciences: a proof of maturity.", "normalized_title": "liquid chromatography mass spectrometry as a routine method in forensic sciences a proof of maturity", "authors": "Bogusz MJ.", "abstract": "The applications of LC-API-MS in routine forensic toxicological casework were presented. This technique has been used for routine determination of several groups of drugs: opiate agonists (like morphine, codeine, dihydrocodeine and their glucuronides, methadone, buprenorphine) cocaine and its metabolites (benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester), amphetamine and other psychoactive phenethylamines, like MDMA, MDE or MDA, benzodiazepine derivatives (flunitrazepam and metabolites, triazolam, bromazepam), hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, psilocin) and olanzapine, A common solid-phase extraction procedure for all drugs (with exception of LSD) has been developed. Among two ionization sources, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization appeared more universal and assured generally higher sensitivity. Only in the case of very polar drugs (e.g. psilocin or psilocybin) electrospray ionization was more sensitive. LC-API-MS became a very powerful and flexible method for dedicated analyses of substances of forensic interest. The use of this technique for general, broad applicable screening depends on the establishing of interlaboratory database of standardized mass spectra.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-09-30", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00461-8", "pubmed_id": "11092582", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00461-8", "keywords": "Humans, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Forensic Medicine, Atmospheric Pressure, Mass Spectrometry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11092582\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2735, "title": "[Intoxications by hallucinogenic mushrooms].", "normalized_title": "intoxications by hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Pierrot M, Josse P, Raspiller MF, Goulmy M, Rambourg MO, Manel J, Lambert H.", "abstract": "In the context of excessive use of natural or synthetic psychoactive substances, with stimulating, psychedelic and hallucinogenic effects, an increase, if not a recurrence, in consumption of Psilocybe semilanceata has been observed in France over some fifteen years. Psilocybin and psilocin are the active compounds, responsible for the hallucinogenic effects and are a part of the substance group, derived from tryptamine and characterized by an indole nucleus. We report a clinical case observed in an emergency unit and review the historical, epidemiological and pharmacological data now available for these intoxications. Of particular interests in hallucinogenic mushroom abuse are: increased consumption in the context of youth cultural and entertainment movements; possible difficulties in the diagnosis in emergency conditions; possibility of severe and fatal complications.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-09-30", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "11104939", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/11104939", "keywords": "Humans, Mushroom Poisoning, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Time Factors, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11104939\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Adolescents", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2734, "title": "Hallucinogenic drugs attenuate the subjective response to alcohol in humans.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic drugs attenuate the subjective response to alcohol in humans", "authors": "Barrett SP, Archambault J, Engelberg MJ, Pihl RO.", "abstract": "This study investigated possible interactions between alcohol and hallucinogens in 22 lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and/or psilocybin users through retrospective structured interviews. Of those who had used LSD with alcohol, 86;7 per cent reported a complete blockade of subjective alcohol effects, while the remaining cases reported a diminished response. In addition, 60 per cent of respondents who had used alcohol and psilocybin together reported a partial antagonism of subjective alcohol effects.T-test analyses revealed that LSD's antagonism of alcohol effects were significantly greater than those associated with psilocybin. It is proposed that LSD's effect on alcohol intoxication may involve interactions with various serotonergic and/or dopaminergic receptor systems. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-09-30", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.1002/1099-1077(200010)15:7<559::aid-hup230>3.0.co;2-j", "pubmed_id": "12404626", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1077(200010)15:7<559::aid-hup230>3.0.co;2-j", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"12404626\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2737, "title": "Hallucinogenic mushrooms on the German market - simple instructions for examination and identification.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic mushrooms on the german market simple instructions for examination and identification", "authors": "Musshoff F, Madea B, Beike J.", "abstract": "'Magic mushrooms' is the name most commonly given to psychoactive fungi containing the hallucinogenic components psilocybin and psilocin. Material confiscated by local authorities was examined using morphologic, microscopic, microchemical, and toxicological methods. Psilocybe cubensis was the most popular mushroom in the sample collective, followed by Psilocybe semilanceata, Panaeolus cyanescens and Psilocybe tampanensis. The alkaloid content was determined with", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-08-31", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00211-5", "pubmed_id": "10978653", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00211-5", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Liquid, Substance Abuse Detection, Toxicology, Drug and Narcotic Control, Germany, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10978653\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2083, "title": "Detection of psilocin in body fluids.", "normalized_title": "detection of psilocin in body fluids", "authors": "Sticht G, Käferstein H.", "abstract": "Active compounds of some mushrooms e.g. Psilocybe cubensis, Paneolus subalteatus or Stropharia coronilla, the psychotropic agents psilocybin and psilocin, have hallucinogenic effects. In one case of 'magic mushroom' intake, we had to analyse blood and urine. Psilocin was detected in the urine with REMEDi HS. Most of the psilocin was excreted as the glucuronide. Therefore an enzymatic hydrolysis should be the first step in analysis. Free psilocin was determined at a concentration of 0.23 mg/l while the total amount was 1.76 mg/l urine. The concentration of psilocin in serum was too low for detection with REMEDi HS. We proved a GC-MS-method with d(3)-morphine as internal standard and silylation with MSTFA. Similarly to urine, most of the psilocin in serum was found in the conjugated form. The concentration of free psilocin was 0.018 mg/l, that of total psilocin, 0.052 mg/l serum.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-08-31", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00213-9", "pubmed_id": "10978655", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00213-9", "keywords": "Body Fluids, Humans, Glucuronides, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, Ion Exchange, Substance Abuse Detection, Toxicology, Male, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10978655\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2738, "title": "Bufotenine: toward an understanding of possible psychoactive mechanisms.", "normalized_title": "bufotenine toward an understanding of possible psychoactive mechanisms", "authors": "McBride MC.", "abstract": "A review of the neuropharmacology of the alleged hallucinogen bufotenine is presented, including recent experimental results showing activity similar to LSD and other known hallucinogens (psilocin and 5-MeO-DMT) at the purported hallucinogenic serotonin (5-HT) receptors, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C. In addition, current reports of computer modeling of the receptors and ligand binding sites give evidence of bufotenine's ability to bind and activate these receptors. While binding and activation of the purported hallucinogenic receptors are not the full extent of the hallucinogenic signature, this evidence shows support for the rationale that the reported lack of the drug's classic hallucinogenic response in human experiments is due to poor ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), not lack of activation of the appropriate brain receptors. Further evidence is reviewed that in some physiological states, some drugs with characteristics similar to bufotenine which do not normally cross the BBB, cross it and enter the brain. While direct human experimental evidence of bufotenine's hallucinogenic activity seems lacking, the above combined factors are considered, and possible explanations of bufotenine's reported psychoactivity are suggested. Additionally, updated experimental models testing the possible nature of bufotenine's hallucinogenic potential are proposed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-06-30", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2000.10400456", "pubmed_id": "11061684", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2000.10400456", "keywords": "Blood-Brain Barrier, Humans, Serotonin, Bufotenin, Receptors, Serotonin, Psychotropic Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"11061684\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2739, "title": "Nonmedical drug use among adolescent students: highlights from the 1999 Ontario Student Drug Use Survey.", "normalized_title": "nonmedical drug use among adolescent students highlights from the 1999 ontario student drug use survey", "authors": "Adlaf EM, Paglia A, Ivis FJ, Ialomiteanu A.", "abstract": "BackgroundDuring the 1990s, rates of nonmedical drug use among adolescents escalated. We assessed data from 5 cycles of the Ontario Student Drug Use Survey for overall trends in the proportion of students reporting illegal drug use between 1991 and 1999.MethodsThe survey is a repeated, cross-sectional, 2-stage cluster-design survey of students enrolled in grades 7, 9, 11 and 13. Outcome measures were prevalence of use of 17 drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, over the 12 months preceding the survey.ResultsThe rates of drug use increased between 1993 and 1999. The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the differences in proportions between 1997 and 1999 indicated significant increases in the overall use of 6 drugs: alcohol (95% CIdiff 6.1, 1.9-10.3), cannabis (95% CIdiff 46.3, 0.2-8.4), glue (95% CIdiff 2.3, 1.3-3.3), other solvents (95% CIdiff 5.0, 3.1-6.3), barbiturates (95% CIdiff 1.9, 0.4-3.4) and hallucinogens such as mescaline and psilocybin (95% CIdiff 3.5, 0.8-6.9). Fewer grade 7 students in 1999 than in earlier cohorts reported using alcohol or cigarettes by age 9.InterpretationThe public health implications of the findings are mixed. On the positive side, there is no evidence of increases in early onset of drug use. On the negative side, the overall proportion of students reporting illegal drug use has continued to rise.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-05-31", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "10870495", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10870495", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Health Surveys, Population Surveillance, Prevalence, Cluster Analysis, Confidence Intervals, Risk Factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, Students, Adolescent, Ontario, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10870495\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2740, "title": "Detecting psychoactive drugs in the developmental stages of mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "detecting psychoactive drugs in the developmental stages of mushrooms", "authors": "Gross ST.", "abstract": "The following questions regarding the detection of psychoactive drugs in mushrooms are addressed: At what stage of the mushroom development can the psychoactive drugs psilocyn and psilocybin be identified, and what effect does light have on the growth of these mushrooms. To answer these questions, Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield mushrooms were grown from their spores in a controlled setting. At various times of their development, samples were taken and analyzed for psilocyn and psilocybin. Knowing what stage of development the psychoactive drugs can be identified may be useful to law enforcement personnel and forensic chemists. Methanolic extracts of various samples were analyzed by TLC and by GC/MS. It was determined that the mycelium knot stage of the mushroom was the earliest stage at which the psychoactive drugs could be detected. It was observed that light affected the time of development and the appearance of these mushrooms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-04-30", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.1520/jfs14725j", "pubmed_id": "10855955", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs14725j", "keywords": "Agaricales, Psychotropic Drugs, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Sensitivity and Specificity, Forensic Medicine, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10855955\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2741, "title": "[Development of synthetic methods for 4-substituted indoles and their applications for the syntheses of natural products].", "normalized_title": "development of synthetic methods for 4 substituted indoles and their applications for the syntheses of natural products", "authors": "Yamada F.", "abstract": "In our continuing work on synthesizing 4-substituted indole alkaloids as simple as possible by creating suitable reactions, we developed synthetic methods for 4-substituted indoles having a nitrogen or oxygen functional group at the 4-position starting from indole-3-carbaldehyde and one step conversion method of indole-3-carbaldehydes into indole-3-acetonitriles. Utilizing them, we could establish a practical synthetic route to 1,3,4,5-tetrahydropyrrolo[4,3,2-de]-quinoline in three steps from indole-3-carbaldehyde. On the basis of these results, short step total syntheses of marine indole alkaloids, such as isobatzelline C, batzelline C, makaluvamine A, and damirones A and B, were achieved. Furthermore, a novel preparative method of psilocin was established in only five steps from indole-3-carbaldehyde. The syntheses of psilocin analogs having a formyl group or bromine in the benzene part were also achieved.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "2000-03-31", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.1248/yakushi1947.120.4_363", "pubmed_id": "10774258", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi1947.120.4_363", "keywords": "Alkaloids, Indoles, Chemistry, Organic", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10774258\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2742, "title": "Multifocal cerebral demyelination after magic mushroom abuse.", "normalized_title": "multifocal cerebral demyelination after magic mushroom abuse", "authors": "Spengos K, Schwartz A, Hennerici M", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of neurology", "publication_date": "2000-02-29", "publication_year": 2000, "doi": "10.1007/s004150050570", "pubmed_id": "10787122", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10787122/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"10787122\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2743, "title": "[Microscopic study of powders of hallucinogenic mushrooms--Psilocybe sp].", "normalized_title": "microscopic study of powders of hallucinogenic mushrooms psilocybe sp", "authors": "Schäfer AT.", "abstract": "The paper presents simple methods for microscopic examination and basic microchemical testing for the identification of suspect mushroom powders. The microscopic features of the most commonly cultivated and trafficked hallucinogenic genus Psilocybin are described and may serve for the decision whether any suspect material consists of such mushroom powder (and is therefore to be subjected to further analysis) or not.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1999-12-31", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "10726173", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10726173", "keywords": "Humans, Spores, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Powders, Microscopy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10726173\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2084, "title": "Panaeolus bisporus - an adventitious fungus in central Europe, rich in psilocin", "normalized_title": "panaeolus bisporus an adventitious fungus in central europe rich in psilocin", "authors": "Senn-Irlet Beatrice, Nyffenegger Adolf, Brenneisen Rudolf", "abstract": "", "journal": "Mycologist", "publication_date": "1999-10-31", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": "10.1016/s0269-915x(99)80107-4", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(99)80107-4", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/s0269-915x(99)80107-4\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1515/znc-1988-7-806\",\"10.5962/p.354331\",\"10.1055/s-2007-969526\"],\"reference_count\":7}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2745, "title": "Further studies on oxygenated tryptamines with LSD-like activity incorporating a chiral pyrrolidine moiety into the side chain.", "normalized_title": "further studies on oxygenated tryptamines with lsd like activity incorporating a chiral pyrrolidine moiety into the side chain", "authors": "Gerasimov M, Marona-Lewicka D, Kurrasch-Orbaugh DM, Qandil AM, Nichols DE.", "abstract": "The enantiomers of 3-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-5-methoxyindole, 1, and 3-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-4-hydoxyindole, 3, were prepared using an asymmetric synthesis that employed (+)- or (-)-proline. A new approach was developed that had certain advantages over the synthesis originally reported for the isomers of 1. (+/-)-3-(N-Methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxyindole, 5, was also prepared as a rigid analogue of psilocin and compared with its 5-methoxy counterpart 4. Radioligand competition assays were used to assess the affinity of compounds for the 5-HT(2A) receptor labeled with the agonist ligand [(125)I]DOI and the antagonist ligand [(3)H]MDL100907. Two-lever drug discrimination assays in rats trained to discriminate either LSD or DOI from saline were employed to assess the hallucinogen-like behavioral properties of these rigid tryptamine analogues. The receptor binding assay results clearly demonstrated a stereochemical preference for the R enantiomers that did not discriminate the position of the oxygen function. The receptor is 10-20-fold more selective for the R isomers. The affinities of the R enantiomers were virtually identical for both 1 and 3 at the agonist-labeled receptor, while racemic 4 and 5 had about one-tenth the affinity. The drug discrimination data in both LSD- and DOI-trained rats paralleled the binding data using [(125)I]DOI displacement. Both (R)-1 and (R)-3 are about equipotent, comparable to DOI in activity but about 10-fold less potent than LSD. Compound 4 produced only partial substitution, even at a dose nearly 5-fold higher than for (R)-1. Based on conformational energies, it seems doubtful that these compounds bind to the 5-HT(2A) receptor in an ergoline-like conformation. The results also suggest that both 1 and 3 would possess LSD-like psychopharmacology in humans.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1999-09-30", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": "10.1021/jm990325u", "pubmed_id": "10514296", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/jm990325u", "keywords": "Frontal Lobe, Animals, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Tryptamines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Pyrrolidines, Indoles, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Radioligand Assay, Discrimination Learning, Binding, Competitive, Structure-Activity Relationship, Stereoisomerism, Male, In Vitro Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10514296\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2744, "title": "Chromatographic screening techniques in systematic toxicological analysis.", "normalized_title": "chromatographic screening techniques in systematic toxicological analysis", "authors": "Drummer OH.", "abstract": "A review of techniques used to screen biological specimens for the presence of drugs was conducted with particular reference to systematic toxicological analysis. Extraction systems of both the liquid-liquid and solid-phase type show little apparent difference in their relative ability to extract a range of drugs according to their physio-chemical properties, although mixed-phase SPE extraction is a preferred technique for GC-based applications, and liquid-liquid were preferred for HPLC-based applications. No one chromatographic system has been shown to be capable of detecting a full range of common drugs of abuse, and common ethical drugs, hence two or more assays are required for laboratories wishing to cover a reasonably comprehensive range of drugs of toxicological significance. While immunoassays are invariably used to screen for drugs of abuse, chromatographic systems relying on derivatization and capable of extracting both acidic and basic drugs would be capable of screening a limited range of targeted drugs. Drugs most difficult to detect in systematic toxicological analysis include LSD, psilocin, THC and its metabolites, fentanyl and its designer derivatives, some potent opiates, potent benzodiazepines and some potent neuroleptics, many of the newer anti-convulsants, alkaloids colchicine, amantins, aflatoxins, antineoplastics, coumarin-based anti-coagulants, and a number of cardiovascular drugs. The widespread use of LC-MS and LC-MS-MS for specific drug detection and the emergence of capillary electrophoresis linked to MS and MS-MS provide an exciting possibility for the future to increase the range of drugs detected in any one chromatographic screening system.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1999-09-30", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": "10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00265-0", "pubmed_id": "10572973", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00265-0", "keywords": "Humans, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Specimen Handling, Chromatography, Toxicology", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10572973\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2085, "title": "Analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in psilocybe subcubensis Guzman by ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry", "normalized_title": "analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in psilocybe subcubensis guzman by ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry", "authors": "Keller T, Schneider A, Regenscheit P, Dirnhofer R, Rucker T, Jaspers J, Kisser W", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine", "publication_date": "1999-08-31", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": "10.1016/s1353-1131(99)90073-1", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1353-1131(99)90073-1", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/s1353-1131(99)90073-1\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2086, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: Improvements to the Synthesis of Psilocybin and a Facile Method for Preparing the O-Acetyl Prodrug of Psilocin.", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract improvements to the synthesis of psilocybin and a facile method for preparing the o acetyl prodrug of psilocin", "authors": "Nichols David E., Frescas Steward", "abstract": "AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.", "journal": "ChemInform", "publication_date": "1999-08-16", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": "10.1002/chin.199933137", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.199933137", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.199933137\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1055/s-1999-3490\"],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2087, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthesis of Psilocin", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract a new synthesis of psilocin", "authors": "Sakagami Hideki, Ogasawara Kunio", "abstract": "AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.", "journal": "ChemInform", "publication_date": "1999-08-09", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": "10.1002/chin.199932235", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.199932235", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.199932235\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.3987/com-99-8492\"],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2746, "title": "On-line coupling of automated solid-phase extraction with high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. Quantitation of oxidizable drugs of abuse and their metabolites in plasma and urine.", "normalized_title": "on line coupling of automated solid phase extraction with high performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection quantitation of oxidizable drugs of abuse and their metabolites in plasma and urine", "authors": "Krämer E, Kovar KA.", "abstract": "The concentration effect of automated on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) in combination with HPLC and very sensitive electrochemical detection was employed for the determination of N-ethyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-amphetamine (HMEA, the main metabolite of the ecstasy analogue MDE), delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in plasma and urine in comparison to a previously published psilocin assay. For the SPE either CBA (functional group: carboxypropyl)- or CH (functional group: cyclohexyl)-sorbent was used. The following separation was carried out on a reversed-phase column (LiChroCart, Superspher 60 RP select B from Merck). Depending on the hydrodynamic voltammogram of the analyzed substance the oxidation potential varied from 920 mV up to 1.2 V. In spite of using high potentials, precision and accuracy were always within the accepted statistical requirements. The limits of quantitation were between 5 ng/ml (THC, THC-COOH in plasma) and 20 ng/ml (HMEA in plasma). Advantages of on-line SPE in comparison with off-line methods were less manual effort, evidently smaller volumes (< or = 400 microliters) of plasma or urine and almost always higher recovery rates (> 93%). The assays have been successfully proven with real biological samples and found suitable for use in routine analysis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1999-07-31", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": "10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00212-1", "pubmed_id": "10510769", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00212-1", "keywords": "Humans, Amphetamines, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Reproducibility of Results, Electrochemistry, Automation, Dronabinol, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10510769\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2747, "title": "[Biological addictive drugs--is there a change in drug taking behavior of young drug addicts?].", "normalized_title": "biological addictive drugs is there a change in drug taking behavior of young drug addicts", "authors": "Löhrer F, Albers M.", "abstract": "Abuse of natural products was frequently noticed among young patients with multiple substance abuse. 180 patients of a rehabilitation clinic for young addicts filled out a questionnaire regarding their regularly consumed drugs. Ayahuasca and cactus, the natural drugs of the 70's are rarely found. The patients frequently consumed psilocybin, amanita and datura. We inform about the toxicological basis of the used drugs. A specific exploration of patients with multiple substance abuse in regard to the use of biological drugs is an necessary as random and multicentre follow-up-studies.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1999-06-30", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "10457973", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10457973", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Psychotropic Drugs, Plant Extracts, Incidence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Health Education, Adult, Germany, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10457973\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2088, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Indoles. Part 88. A Five-Step Synthesis of Psilocin from Indole-3-carbaldehyde.", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract chemistry of indoles part 88 a five step synthesis of psilocin from indole 3 carbaldehyde", "authors": "Yamada Fumio, Tamura Mayumi, Somei Masanori", "abstract": "AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.", "journal": "ChemInform", "publication_date": "1999-06-07", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": "10.1002/chin.199923257", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.199923257", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.199923257\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.3987/com-98-s18\"],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2748, "title": "Neurometabolic effects of psilocybin, 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE) and d-methamphetamine in healthy volunteers. A double-blind, placebo-controlled PET study with [18F]FDG.", "normalized_title": "neurometabolic effects of psilocybin 3 4 methylenedioxyethylamphetamine mde and d methamphetamine in healthy volunteers a double blind placebo controlled pet study with 18f fdg", "authors": "Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Schreckenberger M, Sabri O, Arning C, Thelen B, Spitzer M, Kovar KA, Hermle L, Büll U, Sass H.", "abstract": "The neurometabolic effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin (PSI; 0.2 mg/kg), the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE; 2 mg/kg) and the stimulant d-methamphetamine (METH; 0.2-0.4 mg/kg) and the drugs' interactions with a prefrontal activation task were investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled human [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucoseFDG-positron emission tomographicPET study (each group: n = 8). Subjects underwent two scans (control: word repetition; activation word association) within 2-4 weeks. Psilocybin increased rMRGlu in distinct right hemispheric frontotemporal cortical regions, particularly in the anterior cingulate and decreased rMRGlu in the thalamus. Both MDE and METH induced cortical hypometabolism and cerebellar hypermetabolism. In the MDE group, cortical hypometabolism was more pronounced in frontal regions, with the exception of the right anterior cingulate, which tended to be hyperactive. Cognitive activation-related increases in left frontocortical regions were attenuated under all three psychoactive substances, but less so under MDE. Taking into account performance data and subjective reports on task difficulty, these effects may result from different mechanisms across the three groups. Our PSI data are in line with studies on acute schizophrenic patients suggesting frontal overactivity at rest, but diminished capacity to activate prefrontal regions upon cognitive demand. The MDE data support the hypothesis that entactogens constitute a distinct psychoactive substance class, which takes an intermediate position between stimulants and hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1999-05-31", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": "10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00089-x", "pubmed_id": "10327426", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00089-x", "keywords": "Cerebellum, Humans, Methamphetamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine, Glucose, Adrenergic Agents, Hallucinogens, Nootropic Agents, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Radionuclide Imaging, Double-Blind Method, Cognition, Psychopathology, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10327426\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Mechanism of Action,Aging,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2089, "title": "Improvements to the Synthesis of Psilocybin and a Facile Method for Preparing the O-Acetyl Prodrug of Psilocin", "normalized_title": "improvements to the synthesis of psilocybin and a facile method for preparing the o acetyl prodrug of psilocin", "authors": "Nichols David E.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Synthesis", "publication_date": "1999-05-31", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": "10.1055/s-1999-3490", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-1999-3490", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1055/s-1999-3490\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2750, "title": "5-HT modulation of dopamine release in basal ganglia in psilocybin-induced psychosis in man--a PET study with [11C]raclopride.", "normalized_title": "5 ht modulation of dopamine release in basal ganglia in psilocybin induced psychosis in man a pet study with 11c raclopride", "authors": "Vollenweider FX, Vontobel P, Hell D, Leenders KL.", "abstract": "The modulating effects of serotonin on dopamine neurotransmission are not well understood, particularly in acute psychotic states. Positron emission tomography was used to examine the effect of psilocybin on the in vivo binding of [11C]raclopride to D2-dopamine receptors in the striatum in healthy volunteers after placebo and a psychotomimetic dose of psilocybin (n = 7). Psilocybin is a potent indoleamine hallucinogen and a mixed 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Psilocybin administration (0.25 mg/kg p.o.) produced changes in mood, disturbances in thinking, illusions, elementary and complex visual hallucinations and impaired ego-functioning. Psilocybin significantly decreased [11C]raclopride receptor binding potential (BP) bilaterally in the caudate nucleus (19%) and putamen (20%) consistent with an increase in endogenous dopamine. Changes in [11C]raclopride BP in the ventral striatum correlated with depersonalization associated with euphoria. Together with previous reports of 5-HT receptor involvement in striatal dopamine release, it is concluded that stimulation of both 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors may be important for the modulation of striatal dopamine release in acute psychoses. The present results indirectly support the hypothesis of a serotonin-dopamine dysbalance in schizophrenia and suggest that psilocybin is a valuable tool in the analysis of serotonin-dopamine interactions in acute psychotic states.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1999-04-30", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": "10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00108-0", "pubmed_id": "10192823", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00108-0", "keywords": "Basal Ganglia, Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Raclopride, Salicylamides, Dopamine, Serotonin, Dopamine Antagonists, Antipsychotic Agents, Hallucinogens, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Psychometrics, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10192823\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2749, "title": "[The morphofunctional changes in the internal organs in the modelling of poisonings by psilocybine-containing mushrooms].", "normalized_title": "the morphofunctional changes in the internal organs in the modelling of poisonings by psilocybine containing mushrooms", "authors": "Babakhanian RV, Ivanova GV, Kostyrko TA, Safraĭ AE, Iagmurov OD.", "abstract": "Histological analysis of the viscera in experimental poisoning with psilocybin-containing mushrooms showed nonspecific changes in all examined organs, presenting as expressed hemocirculatory disorders and intracellular dystrophy. Quantitative histochemical analysis showed appreciable shifts in the activities of enzymes involved in the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox processes and of specific enzymes involved in nerve tissue metabolism. This may reflect some features in the direct effects of narcotic alkaloids contained in psilocybin-producing mushrooms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1999-04-30", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "10396957", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10396957", "keywords": "Viscera, Animals, Rats, Poisoning, Disease Models, Animal, Hallucinogens, Histocytochemistry, Analysis of Variance, Statistics, Nonparametric, Aggression, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10396957\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Mitochondrial Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2751, "title": "Psychopathological, neuroendocrine and autonomic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), psilocybin and d-methamphetamine in healthy volunteers. Results of an experimental double-blind placebo-controlled study.", "normalized_title": "psychopathological neuroendocrine and autonomic effects of 3 4 methylenedioxyethylamphetamine mde psilocybin and d methamphetamine in healthy volunteers results of an experimental double blind placebo controlled study", "authors": "Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Thelen B, Habermeyer E, Kunert HJ, Kovar KA, Lindenblatt H, Hermle L, Spitzer M, Sass H.", "abstract": "The aim of this study was to contribute to the characterization of the entactogen (ecstasy) substance group. The psychopathological, neuroendocrine and autonomic effects of common recreational doses of the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), the hallucinogen psilocybin, the stimulant d-methamphetamine and placebo were investigated in a double-blind study with healthy volunteers (n = 32). Psychological effects of the drugs were assessed by means of standardized rating scales, self assessment inventories and free descriptions. The most characteristic effects of MDE were pleasant emotional experiences of relaxation, peacefulness, content and closeness to others. However, significant stimulant and hallucinogen-like effects were also present, although the latter were weaker than the effects of psilocybin. MDE elicited the strongest endocrine and autonomic effects among the three drugs, including robust rises of serum cortisol and prolactin, elevations of blood pressure and heart rate, and a moderate, but significant rise of body temperature. The apparent contrast between psychological and autonomic effects (subjective relaxation versus physical activation) was a unique feature of the MDE state. Our findings are in line with both users' reports and results from previous experimental studies, and support the view that entactogens constitute a distinct psychoactive substance class taking an intermediate position between hallucinogens and stimulants.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1999-01-31", "publication_year": 1999, "doi": "10.1007/s002130050860", "pubmed_id": "10102781", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130050860", "keywords": "Neurosecretory Systems, Humans, Acute-Phase Reaction, Methamphetamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Hallucinogens, Autonomic Agents, Double-Blind Method, Psychopathology, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10102781\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Emotional Processing,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3012, "title": "H-D Exchange of Psilocin and Its Analogs", "normalized_title": "h d exchange of psilocin and its analogs", "authors": "Shirahama Haruhisa, Sogawa Kazuyo, Hashimoto Kimiko", "abstract": "", "journal": "HETEROCYCLES", "publication_date": "1998-12-31", "publication_year": 1998, "doi": "10.3987/com-98-s(h)87", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3987/com-98-s(h)87", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.3987/com-98-s(h)87\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2752, "title": "Analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe subcubensis Guzmán by ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "normalized_title": "analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in psilocybe subcubensis guzmán by ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry", "authors": "Keller T, Schneider A, Regenscheit P, Dirnhofer R, Rücker T, Jaspers J, Kisser W.", "abstract": "A new method has been developed for the rapid analysis of psilocybin and/or psilocin in fungus material using ion mobility spectrometry. Quantitative analysis was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after a simple one-step extraction involving homogenization of the dried fruit bodies of fungi in chloroform and derivatization with MSTFA. The proposed methods resulted in rapid procedures useful in analyzing psychotropic fungi for psilocybin and psilocin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1998-12-31", "publication_year": 1998, "doi": "10.1016/s0379-0738(98)00168-6", "pubmed_id": "10077856", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(98)00168-6", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Forensic Medicine, Drug and Narcotic Control, Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"10077856\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2090, "title": "A New Synthesis of Psilocin", "normalized_title": "a new synthesis of psilocin", "authors": "Ogasawara Kunio, Sakagami Hideki", "abstract": "", "journal": "HETEROCYCLES", "publication_date": "1998-12-31", "publication_year": 1998, "doi": "10.3987/com-99-8492", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3987/com-99-8492", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.3987/com-99-8492\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1007/bf02159243\",\"10.1002/hlca.19590420518\",\"10.1039/p29740000946\",\"10.1039/qr9621600133\",\"10.1002/hlca.19590420638\",\"10.3987/com-98-s18\",\"10.1002/(sici)1099-1344(199807)41:7<585::aid-jlcr115>3.0.co;2-u\",\"10.1055/s-1994-22903\",\"10.1021/cr00104a001\",\"10.1016/s0040-4039(01)83457-2\",\"10.1021/ja953080t\"],\"reference_count\":14}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2753, "title": "Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induces schizophrenia like psychosis in humans via a serotonin 2 agonist action", "authors": "Vollenweider FX, Vollenweider-Scherpenhuyzen MF, Bäbler A, Vogel H, Hell D.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, an indoleamine hallucinogen, produces a psychosis-like syndrome in humans that resembles first episodes of schizophrenia. In healthy human volunteers, the psychotomimetic effects of psilocybin were blocked dose-dependently by the serotonin-2A antagonist ketanserin or the atypical antipsychotic risperidone, but were increased by the dopamine antagonist and typical antipsychotic haloperidol. These data are consistent with animal studies and provide the first evidence in humans that psilocybin-induced psychosis is due to serotonin-2A receptor activation, independently of dopamine stimulation. Thus, serotonin-2A overactivity may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and serotonin-2A antagonism may contribute to therapeutic effects of antipsychotics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1998-11-30", "publication_year": 1998, "doi": "10.1097/00001756-199812010-00024", "pubmed_id": "9875725", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199812010-00024", "keywords": "Humans, Ketanserin, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Analysis of Variance, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Schizophrenia, Neuropsychological Tests, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Reference Values, Adult, Female, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"9875725\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2755, "title": "Effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin on habituation and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans.", "normalized_title": "effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin on habituation and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans", "authors": "Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Heekeren K, Thelen B, Lindenblatt H, Kovar KA, Sass H, Geyer MA.", "abstract": "Schizophrenic patients exhibit deficits in indices of sensorimotor gating, such as habituation and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex. Hallucinogenic drug-induced states are putative models for the early and acute stages of schizophrenic and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Hallucinogenic drugs have been shown to disrupt PPI and/or retard habituation of the startle reflex in animal models of schizophrenia, consistent with the view of hallucinogen-induced states as 'model psychoses'. We evaluated the effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin on PPI and habituation of the startle reflex in a double-blind, placebo-controlled human study with 12 healthy subjects. In contrast to animal studies, in our small human sample, psilocybin increased PPI, while having no clear effect on habituation (n = 6). These findings must be considered preliminary because several factors, including dose regimens and experimental parameters, may influence the results of studies on startle plasticity. Further investigations both with psychotic patients in different stages of the disease and with human and animal models of schizophrenia are needed in order to explore the effects of hallucinogens on sensorimotor gating and the relationship between information processing in hallucinogenic drug-induced states and the naturally occurring psychoses.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1998-10-31", "publication_year": 1998, "doi": "10.1097/00008877-199811000-00011", "pubmed_id": "9862081", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199811000-00011", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Electromyography, Double-Blind Method, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Habituation, Psychophysiologic, Reflex, Startle, Psilocybin, Inhibition, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"9862081\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Animal Study", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2754, "title": "[The forensic chemical study of psilocybine-containing fungi].", "normalized_title": "the forensic chemical study of psilocybine containing fungi", "authors": "Babakhanian RV, Bushuev ES, Zenkevich IG, Kazankov SP, Kostyrko TA, Kuz'minykh KS.", "abstract": "A method for isolating the main components (psilocybin and psilocine) from Psilocybe semilanceata mushrooms, their identification and measurement by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography, chromatographic mass-spectrometry, and inverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is developed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1998-10-31", "publication_year": 1998, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "9989170", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/9989170", "keywords": "Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Forensic Medicine, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"9989170\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2756, "title": "Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: a 34-year follow-up study.", "normalized_title": "dr leary s concord prison experiment a 34 year follow up study", "authors": "Doblin R.", "abstract": "This study is a long-term follow-up to the Concord Prison Experiment, one of the best-known studies in the psychedelic psychotherapy literature. The Concord Prison Experiment was conducted from 1961 to 1963 by a team of researchers at Harvard University under the direction of Timothy Leary. The original study involved the administration of psilocybin-assisted group psychotherapy to 32 prisoners in an effort to reduce recidivism rates. This follow-up study involved a search through the state and federal criminal justice system records of 21 of the original 32 subjects, as well as personal interviews with two of the subjects and three of the researchers: Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Gunther Weil. The results of the follow-up study indicate that published claims of a treatment effect were erroneous. This follow-up study supports the emphasis in the original reports on the necessity of embedding psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy with inmates within a comprehensive treatment plan that includes post-release, nondrug group support programs. Despite substantial efforts by the experimental team to provide post-release support, these services were not made sufficiently available to the subjects in this study. Whether a new program of psilocybin-assisted group psychotherapy and post-release programs would significantly reduce recidivism rates is an empirical question that deserves to be addressed within the context of a new experiment.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1998-09-30", "publication_year": 1998, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.1998.10399715", "pubmed_id": "9924845", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1998.10399715", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Follow-Up Studies, Psychotherapy, Crime, History, 20th Century, Adult, Middle Aged, Prisoners, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"9924845\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2757, "title": "Recent findings from the Ontario Student Drug Use Survey.", "normalized_title": "recent findings from the ontario student drug use survey", "authors": "Adlaf EM, Ivis FJ.", "abstract": "BackgroundEvery 2 years, the Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario, a division of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, sponsors the Ontario Student Drug Use Survey. The results of the surveys conducted in 1995 and 1997 are presented here and compared with results from the early 1990s.MethodsQuestionnaires were completed by 3870 and 3990 Ontario public school students enrolled in grades 7, 9, 11 and 13 in 1995 and 1997 respectively. The outcome measures were prevalence of use of 20 types of drugs and other substances, including alcohol, tobacco and prescription drugs, over the previous 12 months.ResultsFor several drugs the prevalence of use in the previous 12 months had increased from 1993 to 1995, but from 1995 to 1997 there was a significant increase for only one type (hallucinogens such as mescaline and psilocybin). The inhalation of glue declined, and the use of the other 18 types of drugs remained stable.InterpretationRecent data suggest that increases in adolescent student drug use reported earlier this decade have not continued. However, the stability in rates of drug use is not a justification for complacency in this important area of public health.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1998-08-31", "publication_year": 1998, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "9757168", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/9757168", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Health Surveys, Population Surveillance, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, Students, Adolescent, Ontario, Female, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"9757168\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study,Adolescents,Safety", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2759, "title": "Advances and pathophysiological models of hallucinogenic drug actions in humans: a preamble to schizophrenia research.", "normalized_title": "advances and pathophysiological models of hallucinogenic drug actions in humans a preamble to schizophrenia research", "authors": "Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "Recent research into the pharmacological mechanism of hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin) and dissociative anesthetics (PCP, ketamine) suggest that multiple neurotransmitter systems are involved in drug-induced and possibly also in naturally occurring psychoses. Specifically, animal models suggest that a dysbalance between serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine in the limbic cortico-striato-thalamic circuitry may be critical to psychotic symptom formation. To test this hypothesis, psychometric measures and metabolic PET investigations were performed (1) with FDG to elucidate the common neuronal substrates of different hallucinogens, (2) with specific receptor ligands before and after pretreatment with specific receptor antagonists to explore the putative interactions of hallucinogens with various neurotransmitter systems. Our data demonstrate that the neuronal substrate of normal and abnormal thought and behavior is associated with a distributed neuronal network and with multiple interactive neurotransmitter systems. The data also support the view that the hallucinogen challenge paradigm constitutes a powerful tool for elucidating the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1998-06-30", "publication_year": 1998, "doi": "10.1055/s-2007-979353", "pubmed_id": "9754840", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979353", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Dopamine, Serotonin, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Glutamic Acid, Anesthetics, Dissociative, Hallucinogens, Consciousness, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"9754840\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Consciousness,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2758, "title": "Methodological issues of human experimental research with hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "methodological issues of human experimental research with hallucinogens", "authors": "Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Schneider F, Friedrich J, Spitzer M, Thelen B, Sass H.", "abstract": "Human experimental research with hallucinogenic drugs is potentially able to identify linking variables between the psycho(patho)logical conditions and neurobiological alterations involved in both pharmacologically induced and naturally occurring acute psychotic states. A number of methodological aspects should be considered when planning modern experimental studies with hallucinogenic drugs. The issues of subject selection, repeated measures, and adequate control groups are discussed in this paper. Examples of recent experimental studies are presented which take these aspects into account. The first study examined psychopathological changes, facial expression and semantic priming effects during a psilocybin-induced state. In the second study, semantic priming effects after intake of psilocybin, 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), and d-methamphetamine were investigated. Results confirmed time-dependent effects of psilocybin and the restriction of increased priming effects in the psilocybin group.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1998-06-30", "publication_year": 1998, "doi": "10.1055/s-2007-979356", "pubmed_id": "9754843", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979356", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Human Experimentation, Consciousness, Psychotic Disorders, Psychiatry", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"9754843\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2091, "title": "11C-radiolabeling of hallucinogenic psilocin, a potential radioligand for studying the role of serotonin receptors in psychotic symptom formation", "normalized_title": "11c radiolabeling of hallucinogenic psilocin a potential radioligand for studying the role of serotonin receptors in psychotic symptom formation", "authors": "Ametamey S., Vollenweider F. X., Patt J., Bourquin D., Hasler F., Beer H.-F., Schubiger P. A.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals", "publication_date": "1998-06-30", "publication_year": 1998, "doi": "10.1002/(sici)1099-1344(199807)41:7<585::aid-jlcr115>3.0.co;2-u", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1344(199807)41:7<585::aid-jlcr115>3.0.co;2-u", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/(sici)1099-1344(199807)41:7<585::aid-jlcr115>3.0.co;2-u\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1002/hlca.19590420518\",\"10.1016/s0893-133x(96)00246-1\",\"10.1007/bf01244654\",\"10.1038/npp.1993.32\",\"10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820220066007\",\"10.1016/0006-3223(86)90332-x\",\"10.1016/0006-2952(62)90050-3\",\"10.1016/0006-2952(61)90124-1\",\"10.1016/0041-008x(62)90102-3\",\"10.1016/s0031-6865(97)00014-9\",\"10.1523/jneurosci.09-10-03482.1989\",\"10.1002/ardp.19883210812\",\"10.1016/s0969-8051(96)00181-3\"],\"reference_count\":18}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2092, "title": "Quantitation of psilocin in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection: comparison of liquid-liquid extraction with automated on-line solid-phase extraction.", "normalized_title": "quantitation of psilocin in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection comparison of liquid liquid extraction with automated on line solid phase extraction", "authors": "Lindenblatt H, Krämer E, Holzmann-Erens P, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Kovar KA.", "abstract": "Two modifications of the HPLC-ED method with respect to extraction procedure used have been developed for psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, in human plasma using either liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or automated on-line solid-phase extraction (on-line SPE). Each type of the sample preparation required a different HPLC system followed by electrochemical detection at 650 to 675 mV. The limit of quantitation of both modifications was 10 ng/ml psilocin. There was no significant difference observable between the LLE and the on-line SPE in terms of method standard deviation (LLE1.82%, on-line SPE1.13%) and the analytical results. However, the advantages of on-line SPE in addition to different selectivity were less manual effort, smaller plasma volumes of 400 microl (LLE2 ml) and a recovery of psilocin in human plasma of nearly 100% (LLE88%). In contrast to a previous procedure both methods were rapid, simple and reliable and yielded high plasma recoveries. They were used successfully in the quantitation of psilocin in plasma samples obtained from healthy volunteers after p.o. administration of 0.2 mg psilocybin per kg body mass. Plasma concentration curves and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1998-04-30", "publication_year": 1998, "doi": "10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00067-x", "pubmed_id": "9657222", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00067-x", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Administration, Oral, Double-Blind Method, Reproducibility of Results, Electrochemistry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"9657222\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2762, "title": "Presence of phenylethylamine in hallucinogenic Psilocybe mushroom: possible role in adverse reactions.", "normalized_title": "presence of phenylethylamine in hallucinogenic psilocybe mushroom possible role in adverse reactions", "authors": "Beck O, Helander A, Karlson-Stiber C, Stephansson N.", "abstract": "The use of mushrooms containing the hallucinogenic substance psilocybin for intentional intoxication is relatively common. Occasionally, this results in adverse reactions with typical tachycardia that is not evidently caused by psilocybin. This study demonstrates the presence of phenylethylamine in the species Psilocybe semilanceata using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and shows that the amount of this substance may vary much more than that of psilocybin. The highest amount of phenylethylamine (146 microg/g wet weight) was observed in mushrooms from a case of three young men hospitalized because of adverse reactions. Comparison of the symptoms observed in clinical cases of magic mushroom intoxication with those after intake of pure psilocybin or phenylethylamine suggests that phenylethylamine might have a role in the development of adverse reactions to Psilocybe mushroom intake.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1997-12-31", "publication_year": 1997, "doi": "10.1093/jat/22.1.45", "pubmed_id": "9491968", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/22.1.45", "keywords": "Humans, Basidiomycota, Mushroom Poisoning, Phenethylamines, Fluorocarbons, Hallucinogens, Indicators and Reagents, Hospitalization, Adult, Male, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"9491968\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2761, "title": "Strategies for the capillary electrophoretic separation of indole alkaloids in Psilocybe semilanceata.", "normalized_title": "strategies for the capillary electrophoretic separation of indole alkaloids in psilocybe semilanceata", "authors": "Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Rasmussen KE, Sannes E.", "abstract": "While the hallucinogenic mushrooms Psilocybe semilanceata have previously been analyzed for the indole alkaloids psilocybin and baeocystin by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) at pH 11.5, the present work focused on the development of an alternative and complementary capillary electrophoretic method for their identification. Owing to their structural similarity and zwitterionic nature, the compounds were difficult to resolve based on different interactions with cationic or anionic micelles. However, while the attempts with micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were unsuccessful, rapid derivatization with propyl chloroformate and reanalysis by CZE at pH 11.5 was effective to support identification of the two indole alkaloids. Psilocin was difficult to analyze by CZE at pH 11.5 owing to comigration with the electroosmotic flow. For this compound, the pH of the running buffer was reduced to 7.2 to effectively enhance the electrophoretic mobility.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1997-12-31", "publication_year": 1997, "doi": "10.1002/elps.1150190107", "pubmed_id": "9511859", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150190107", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Alkaloids, Indoles, Buffers, Indicators and Reagents, Electrophoresis, Capillary, Micelles, Organophosphates, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"9511859\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2760, "title": "Psilocybin mushroom (Psilocybe semilanceata) intoxication with myocardial infarction.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin mushroom psilocybe semilanceata intoxication with myocardial infarction", "authors": "Borowiak KS, Ciechanowski K, Waloszczyk P.", "abstract": "Case reportIntentional intoxication with natural hallucinogenic substances such as hallucinogenic mushrooms continues to be a major problem in the US and Europe, particularly in the harbor complex of northwest Poland (Pomerania). A case is described of Psilocybe intoxication in an 18-year-old man resulting in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, arrhythmia, and myocardial infarction. The indole concentrations of hallucinogenic mushrooms may predict the risk for adverse central nervous system and cardiac toxicity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1997-12-31", "publication_year": 1997, "doi": "10.3109/15563659809162584", "pubmed_id": "9541042", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/15563659809162584", "keywords": "Humans, Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, Myocardial Infarction, Mushroom Poisoning, Hallucinogens, Adolescent, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"9541042\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Randomized Controlled Trial,Case Report,Adolescents,Safety,Toxicity", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2093, "title": "A Five-Step Synthesis of Psilocin from Indole-3-carbaldehyde", "normalized_title": "a five step synthesis of psilocin from indole 3 carbaldehyde", "authors": "Somei Masanori, Yamada Fumio, Tamura Mayumi", "abstract": "", "journal": "HETEROCYCLES", "publication_date": "1997-12-31", "publication_year": 1997, "doi": "10.3987/com-98-s18", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3987/com-98-s18", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.3987/com-98-s18\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2763, "title": "Determination of psilocybin in Psilocybe semilanceata by capillary zone electrophoresis.", "normalized_title": "determination of psilocybin in psilocybe semilanceata by capillary zone electrophoresis", "authors": "Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Sannes E, Rasmussen KE, Tønnesen F.", "abstract": "A capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) method was developed for the rapid determination of psilocybin in Psilocybe semilanceata. Following a simple two step extraction with 3.0+2.0 ml methanol, the hallucinogenic compound was effectively separated from matrix components by CZE utilizing a 10 mM borate-phosphate running buffer adjusted to pH 11.5. The identity of psilocybin was confirmed by migration time information and by UV spectra, while quantitation was accomplished utilizing barbital as internal standard. The calibration curve for psilocybin was linear within 0.01-1 mg/ml, while intra-day and inter-day variations of quantitative data were 0.5 and 2.5% R.S.D., respectively. In addition to psilocybin, the method was also suitable for the determination of the structurally related compound baeocystin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1997-06-30", "publication_year": 1997, "doi": "10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00127-8", "pubmed_id": "9252052", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00127-8", "keywords": "Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Electrophoresis, Capillary, Reproducibility of Results, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"9252052\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2094, "title": "Determination of psilocin and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in plasma by HPLC-ECD and pharmacokinetic profiles of oral and intravenous psilocybin in man.", "normalized_title": "determination of psilocin and 4 hydroxyindole 3 acetic acid in plasma by hplc ecd and pharmacokinetic profiles of oral and intravenous psilocybin in man", "authors": "Hasler F, Bourquin D, Brenneisen R, Bär T, Vollenweider FX.", "abstract": "In order to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of psilocybin (PY), the main psychoactive compound of Psilocybe mushrooms, high performance liquid chromatographic procedures with column-switching coupled with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) for reliable quantitative determination of the PY metabolites psilocin (PI) and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (4HIAA) in human plasma were established. Sample work-up includes protection of the highly unstable phenolic analytes with ascorbic acid, freeze-drying and in-vitro microdialysis. The data of two controlled clinical studies with healthy volunteers are presented. The subjects (N = 6 for both studies) received single oral PY doses of 0.224 +/- 0.02 mg/kg b.wt. (10-20 mg) and intravenous doses of 1 mg PY, respectively. Peak plasma levels of PI after oral administration of PY were measured after 105 +/- 37 min showing an average concentration of 8.2 +/- 2.8 ng PI/ml plasma. 4HIAA peak concentrations of 150 +/- 61 ng/ml plasma were found 113 +/- 41 min after ingestion of PY. After intravenous administration, a mean PI maximum plasma concentration of 12.9 +/- 5.6 ng/ml plasma was found 1.9 +/- 1.0 min after injection. The maximum plasma levels appearing within a very short period indicate a rapid dephosphorylation of PY also when administered systemically. 4HIAA was not detected after 1 mg of intravenous PY. Estimates for the absolute bioavailability of PI after oral administration of PY were 52.7 +/- 20% (N = 3).", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1997-05-31", "publication_year": 1997, "doi": "10.1016/s0031-6865(97)00014-9", "pubmed_id": "9204776", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-6865(97)00014-9", "keywords": "Humans, Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Administration, Oral, Injections, Intravenous, Electrochemistry, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"9204776\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2764, "title": "Positron emission tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose studies of metabolic hyperfrontality and psychopathology in the psilocybin model of psychosis.", "normalized_title": "positron emission tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose studies of metabolic hyperfrontality and psychopathology in the psilocybin model of psychosis", "authors": "Vollenweider FX, Leenders KL, Scharfetter C, Maguire P, Stadelmann O, Angst J.", "abstract": "The effects of the indolehallucinogen psilocybin, a mixed 5-HT2 and 5-HT1 agonist, on regional cerebral glucose metabolism were investigated in 10 healthy volunteers with PET and [F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) prior to and following a 15- or 20-mg dose of psilocybin. Psychotomimetic doses of psilocybin were found to produce a global increase in cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglu) with significant and most marked increases in the frontomedial and frontolateral cortex (24.3%), anterior cingulate (24.9%), and temporomedial cortex (25.3%). Somewhat smaller increases of CMRglu were found in the basal ganglia (18.5%), and the smallest increases were found in the sensorimotor (14.7%) and occipital cortex (14.4%). The increases of CMRglu in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, temporomedial cortex, and putamen correlated positively with psychotic symptom formation, in particular with hallucinatory ego disintegration. The present data suggest that excessive 5-HT2 receptor activation results in a hyperfrontal metablic pattern that parallels comparable metabolic findings associated with acute psychotic episodes in chronic schizophrenics and contrasts with the hypofrontality in chronic schizophrenic patients.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1997-04-30", "publication_year": 1997, "doi": "10.1016/s0893-133x(96)00246-1", "pubmed_id": "9109107", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-133x(96)00246-1", "keywords": "Brain, Basal Ganglia, Frontal Lobe, Animals, Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Fluorine Radioisotopes, Radioactive Tracers, Deoxyglucose, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Hallucinogens, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Psychological Tests, Adult, Female, Male, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"9109107\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Healthy Volunteers", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2765, "title": "Contribution of a helix 5 locus to selectivity of hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic ligands for the human 5-hydroxytryptamine2A and 5-hydroxytryptamine2C receptors: direct and indirect effects on ligand affinity mediated by the same locus.", "normalized_title": "contribution of a helix 5 locus to selectivity of hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic ligands for the human 5 hydroxytryptamine2a and 5 hydroxytryptamine2c receptors direct and indirect effects on ligand affinity mediated by the same locus", "authors": "Almaula N, Ebersole BJ, Ballesteros JA, Weinstein H, Sealfon SC.", "abstract": "An important determinant of the neurobehavioral responses induced by a drug is its relative receptor selectivity. The molecular basis of ligand selectivity of hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic compounds of varying structural classes for the human 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A and 5-HT2C receptors was investigated with the use of reciprocal site-directed mutagenesis. Because these two closely related receptor subtypes differ in the amino acid present at position 5.46 (residues 242 and 222 in the sequences, respectively), the effects of corresponding substitutions in the 5-HT2A[S5.46(242)-->A] and 5-HT2C[A5.46(222)-->S] receptors were studied in tandem. By studying both receptors, the direct and indirect effects of mutations on affinity and selectivity can be distinguished. The ergolines studied, mesulergine (selective for the 5-HT2C receptor) and d-lysergic acid diethylamide (selective for the 5-HT2A receptor), reversed their relative affinity with mutations in each receptor, supporting a direct role of this locus in the selectivity of these ligands. However, interchange mutations in either receptor led to decreased or unchanged affinity for (+/-)-1-)(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane and ketanserin, which have higher affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor, consistent with little contribution of this locus to the selectivity of these ligands. The indoleamines studied were affected differently by mutations in each receptor, suggesting that they bind differently to the two receptor subtypes. Mutation of this locus in the 5-HT2A receptor decreased the affinity of all indoleamines, whereas the interchange mutation of the 5-HT2C receptor did not affect indoleamine affinity. These results are consistent with a direct interaction between this side chain and indoleamines for the 5-HT2A receptor but not for the 5-HT2C receptor. Furthermore, this analysis shows that the higher affinity of 5-HT and tryptamine for the 5-HT2C receptor than for the 5-HT2A receptors is not due to the difference at this locus. The hallucinogens studied [d-lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocin, bufotenin, and (+/-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane] fell into different classes in this analysis. For the classes of ligand studied, the side-chain difference at this position directly determines relative ligand selectivity only for ergolines and may contribute to the specific effects of hallucinogens in this class.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1996-06-30", "publication_year": 1996, "doi": "10.1016/s0026-895x(25)09149-7", "pubmed_id": "8700116", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-895x(25)09149-7", "keywords": "Cell Line, Animals, Humans, Rats, Ergolines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Ketanserin, Phosphatidylinositols, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C, Recombinant Proteins, Hallucinogens, Ligands, Transfection, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Binding Sites, Binding, Competitive, Amino Acid Sequence, Protein Structure, Secondary, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Structure-Activity Relationship, Kinetics, Point Mutation, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Chlorocebus aethiops", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"8700116\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2766, "title": "Increased activation of indirect semantic associations under psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "increased activation of indirect semantic associations under psilocybin", "authors": "Spitzer M, Thimm M, Hermle L, Holzmann P, Kovar KA, Heimann H, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Kischka U, Schneider F.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1996-05-31", "publication_year": 1996, "doi": "10.1016/0006-3223(95)00418-1", "pubmed_id": "8780843", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)00418-1", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Recall, Paired-Associate Learning, Arousal, Attention, Word Association Tests, Semantics, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"8780843\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2767, "title": "Serotonin, psilocybin, and body dysmorphic disorder: a case report.", "normalized_title": "serotonin psilocybin and body dysmorphic disorder a case report", "authors": "Hanes KR.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1996-03-31", "publication_year": 1996, "doi": "10.1097/00004714-199604000-00011", "pubmed_id": "8690834", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199604000-00011", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, Fluoxetine, Serotonin Agents, Body Image, Perceptual Distortion, Anxiety Disorders, Adult, Male, Psilocybin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"8690834\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Receptor Pharmacology,Case Report", "study_type": "Case Report", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2768, "title": "A review of the usefulness of the standard EEG in psychiatry.", "normalized_title": "a review of the usefulness of the standard eeg in psychiatry", "authors": "Hughes JR.", "abstract": "The goal of this paper is to draw conclusions about the usefulness of the standard EEG in psychiatry. In general, two thirds of psychiatric referrals for an EEG are expected to provide useful information. The emphasis in schizophrenia is placed on left-sided abnormalities, especially on the left temporal area. In mood disorders the emphasis is on right-sided foci, in addition to the controversial 6/sec spike and wave complexes, small sharp spikes and positive spikes. In the acute stage of alcoholism, a relationship is seen between the degree of intoxication and the amount of slow activity, while in the chronic stage an increase in slow activity is seen, but another change is fast activity on the temporal areas. During withdrawal a low seizure threshold can be seen as irregular bilateral spike and wave complexes. During abstinence 2-4 yr may be required before slow wave sleep is normal in all regards. Among the organic mental syndromes, delirium shows slow activity, except in delirium tremens, which often is associated with a normal record with fast activity. In dementia the prevalence of EEG abnormalities is related to the degree of impairment. After five sessions of ECT diffuse slow waves are often seen. In other conditions, among developmental disorders about one half of autistic children show abnormalities and epileptiform activity is not uncommon. Mild nonspecific abnormalities are seen in about 40% of dyslexics and also in behavior disorders. Anxiety disorders include anorexia nervosa, showing abnormal background activity related to the effect of starvation on cerebral metabolism. In panic attacks paroxysmal activity can be seen. In borderline personality positive spikes have been (again) associated with impulsivity and 6/sec spike and wave complexes with interpersonal problems. Of the drugs of abuse psilocybin and phencyclidine are often associated with generalized epileptiform patterns and with marijuana the alpha shows a decreased frequency with increased amplitude. Typically, an increase in slow activity is seen with psychotropic drugs if there is a change in the level of awareness. Finally, distinctive personality traits are, at times, seen in temporal lobe epilepsy and the phenomenon of \"forced normalization\" may appear when seizures stop and psychotic symptoms appear.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1995-12-31", "publication_year": 1995, "doi": "10.1177/155005949602700106", "pubmed_id": "8719500", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/155005949602700106", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Psychotropic Drugs, Diagnosis, Differential, Electroencephalography, Brain Mapping, Mental Disorders, Evoked Potentials, Adult, Child, Patient Care Team, Neurocognitive Disorders", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"8719500\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Eating Disorders,Brain Imaging,Pharmacology,Personality Change,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3414, "title": "[A caution for psilocybine in wild mushrooms. A young addict acquired acute delirium].", "normalized_title": "a caution for psilocybine in wild mushrooms a young addict acquired acute delirium", "authors": "Bergman B, Karlsson AC.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1995-09-30", "publication_year": 1995, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "7564628", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/7564628", "keywords": "Humans, Delirium, Mushroom Poisoning, Marijuana Abuse, Acute Disease, Hallucinogens, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Adult, Female, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:53", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7564628\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2769, "title": "Ethnomycology, biochemistry, and cultivation of Psilocybe samuiensis Guzmán, Bandala and Allen, a new psychoactive fungus from Koh Samui, Thailand.", "normalized_title": "ethnomycology biochemistry and cultivation of psilocybe samuiensis guzmán bandala and allen a new psychoactive fungus from koh samui thailand", "authors": "Gartz J, Allen JW, Merlin MD.", "abstract": "Several specimens of Psilocybe and Copelandia species in Koh Samui, Thailand were recently collected for herbarium deposit and scientific study. This paper presents an ethnomycological and biochemical study of one of the species; P. samuiensis Guzmán, Bandala and Allen, a new psychoactive gill fungus reported from Thailand. Mycelium for the cultivation of P. samuiensis was obtained on 6% malt agar from the spores of a dried specimen. The growth of P. samuiensis was similar to that of P. tampanensis Guzmán and Pollock, but more rapid than the mycelium of P. semilanceata (Fr.:Sacc.) Kumm. Laboratory analyses indicates that the alkaloid content in cultured fruit bodies of P. samuiensis is of the same order of magnitude as that found in naturally occurring mushrooms of this species. HPLC analyses of both naturally occurring and in vitro cultivated fruit bodies of P. samuiensis revealed high concentrations of psilocybin and psilocin. Small amounts of baeocystin were also detected. Psilocybin levels varied from 0.23% up to 0.90%. The psilocybin content was highest in the caps. Psilocybin was also found in the cultured non-bluing mycelia of P. samuiensis and varied from 0.24% to 0.32% dry weight. The relative alkaloidal content of psilocybin, psilocin, and baeocystin found in P. samuiensis was similar to that measured in many other psychoactive fungi species, but completely different from that found in P. semilanceata.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1994-06-30", "publication_year": 1994, "doi": "10.1016/0378-8741(94)90006-x", "pubmed_id": "7967658", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)90006-x", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Psychotropic Drugs, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Thailand, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7967658\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2095, "title": "Occurrence of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe pseudobullacea (Petch) Pegler from the Venezuelan Andes.", "normalized_title": "occurrence of psilocybin and psilocin in psilocybe pseudobullacea petch pegler from the venezuelan andes", "authors": "Marcano V, Morales Méndez A, Castellano F, Salazar FJ, Martinez L.", "abstract": "Using thin-layer chromatographic and spectroscopic (UV) methods two Psilocybe species from the Venezuelan Andes were analysed for the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin. These species are: P. montana (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm and P. pseudobullacea (Petch) Pegler. Both hallucinogens were found in P. pseudobullacea, while P. montana was found to be exempt of these compounds.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1994-06-30", "publication_year": 1994, "doi": "10.1016/0378-8741(94)90013-2", "pubmed_id": "7967656", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)90013-2", "keywords": "Agaricales, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet, Species Specificity, Venezuela, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7967656\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2770, "title": "Bufotenine - A Hallucinogen in Ancient Snuff Powders of South America and a Drug of Abuse on the Streets of New York City.", "normalized_title": "bufotenine a hallucinogen in ancient snuff powders of south america and a drug of abuse on the streets of new york city", "authors": "Chamakura RP.", "abstract": "Bufotenine, an isomer of psilocin, is a controlled Schedule I hallucinogenic substance under the New York state and Federal laws. Bufotenine was identified in 42 case samples received at the New York City Police Laboratory since May 1992. The samples were hard, resinous, dark reddish-brown material, sold on the streets as \"hashish\". A few other cases were also seized in Orlando and Tampa, FL. Natural sources of bufotenine are: (a) plant material, mostly seeds of the genus Anadenanthera (formerly Piptadenia); (b) plant organs of other genera; (c) toads (Bufo marinus, B. vulgaris, B. viridian, and B. avarice); and (d) mushrooms (Amanita amp, A. Citrina, A. Porphyria, and A. tomentella). The genus Anadenanthera is native to South America and West Indies. Historically, material made from seeds of genus Anadenanthera was, and in isolated areas is still, used by the native Indians of South America and West Indies. Native Indians make intoxicating snuffs from the seeds of Anadenanthera. Recently, bufotenine was identified in 1,200-year-old archaeological samples of an Anadenanthera material found in an excavated tomb in Northern Chile. Historical and published literature on the pharmacology, toxicology, and biological effects of bufotenine and bufotenine-containing material are reviewed. The case material was probably derived from the seeds of genus Andenanthera. There were no prior reported cases of this material being used outside the native Indian areas of South America and West Indies. Indications are that in New York City this material is smoked in combination with marijuana. Bufotenine in case material can be identified by color test, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Though the mass spectra of bufotenine and psilocin (parent compounds and mono-acetyl and di-acetyl derivatives) are very similar, their GC retention times are different. Case samples also gave multiple GC peaks, probably due to the added ingredients during the preparation of this material.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1994-05-31", "publication_year": 1994, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "26270149", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26270149", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"26270149\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Toxicity", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2771, "title": "Increasing use of \"Ecstasy\" (MDMA) and other hallucinogens on a college campus.", "normalized_title": "increasing use of ecstasy mdma and other hallucinogens on a college campus", "authors": "Cuomo MJ, Dyment PG, Gammino VM.", "abstract": "We conducted a random survey of illicit drug use by undergraduate students at a private southern university in 1990 and compared the results with results from a similar 1986 survey of that college's student population. During the 4 years since the first study, the prevalence of cocaine use declined from 39% to 21%, and use of traditional amphetamines declined from 22% to 12%. No significant differences were found in the use of marijuana--68% in 1986, 64% in 1990--or in use of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)--14% in 1986, 17% in 1990. The use of mescaline/psilocybin increased from 8% to 24% and the use of MDMA, known as \"Ecstasy\" (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), increased from 16% to 24%. Mescaline/psilocybin and Ecstasy were more likely than the other drugs to have been used first during the students' college years, according to the 1990 study.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1994-04-30", "publication_year": 1994, "doi": "10.1080/07448481.1994.9936359", "pubmed_id": "7913938", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.1994.9936359", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Designer Drugs, Cross-Sectional Studies, Students, Universities, Adult, Louisiana, Surveys and Questionnaires", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7913938\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Observational Study", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2772, "title": "[Psychedelic experiences at the onset of productive episodes of endogenous psychoses].", "normalized_title": "psychedelic experiences at the onset of productive episodes of endogenous psychoses", "authors": "Gouzoulis E, Hermle L, Sass H.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic drugs (psychedelics, e.g. Psilocybin, Mescaline, LSD) induce in humans qualitatively altered states of consciousness (ASC), which can be used as experimental models for endogenous psychosis. However, some researchers claim that these ASCs are not appropriate models for schizophrenia. We report two clinical cases of acute endogenous psychoses demonstrating striking similarities to psychedelic experiences. We consider the psychedelic-induced ASC to be an appropriate model for the beginning acute endogenous psychotic episode, but not for the schizophrenic disease as a nosological entity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1994-02-28", "publication_year": 1994, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "8177361", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/8177361", "keywords": "Humans, Consciousness Disorders, Hallucinations, Patient Admission, Delusions, Euphoria, Bipolar Disorder, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Interview, Psychological, Schizophrenic Psychology, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"8177361\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness", "study_type": "Qualitative Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2773, "title": "Extraction and analysis of indole derivatives from fungal biomass.", "normalized_title": "extraction and analysis of indole derivatives from fungal biomass", "authors": "Gartz J.", "abstract": "The occurrence and extraction of indole derivatives in six species from four genera of higher fungi were investigated. By using pure methanol for extraction of the mushrooms analysis revealed the highest concentrations of psilocybin and baeocystin. The psilocin content of the species was higher by using aqueous solutions of alcohols than with methanol alone but was an artificial phenomenon caused by enzymatic destruction of psilocybin. The extraction with dilute acetic acid yielded better results than with the water containing alcohols. The simple one-step procedure with methanol for the quantitative extraction is still the safest method to obtain the genuine alkaloids from fungal biomass.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1993-12-31", "publication_year": 1993, "doi": "10.1002/jobm.3620340104", "pubmed_id": "8207663", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.3620340104", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Ethanol, Methanol, Alkaloids, Indoles, Organophosphates, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"8207663\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2774, "title": "Clinical symptomatology and management of mushroom poisoning.", "normalized_title": "clinical symptomatology and management of mushroom poisoning", "authors": "Köppel C.", "abstract": "Among poisonous mushrooms, a small number may cause serious intoxication and even fatalities in man. Humans may become symptomatic after a mushroom meal for rather different reasons: (1) ingestion of mushrooms containing toxins, (2) large amounts of mushrooms may be hard to digest, (3) immunological reactions to mushroom-derived antigens, (4) ingestion of mushrooms causing ethanol intolerance, and (5) vegetative symptoms may occur whenever a patient realizes that there might be a possibility of ingestion of a toxic mushroom after a mushroom meal. Based on the classes of toxins and their clinical symptoms, seven different types of mushroom poisoning can be distinguished: (1) phalloides, (2) orellanus, (3) gyromitra, (4) muscarine, (5) pantherina, (6) psilocybin, and (7) gastrointestinal mushroom syndrome. Two other entities of adverse reactions to mushrooms are (8) coprinus and (9) paxillus syndrome. Phalloides, orellanus, gyromitra and paxillus syndrome may lead to serious poisoning, which generally requires treatment of the patient in an intensive care unit. Diagnosis of mushroom poisoning is primarily based on anamnestic data, identification of mushrooms from leftovers of the mushroom meal, spore analysis, and/or chemical analysis. Therapeutic strategies include primary detoxification by induced emesis, gastric lavage and activated charcoal, secondary detoxification, symptomatic treatment and rarely specific antidotes. Owing to progressing fulminant hepatic failure, lethality associated with phalloides syndrome is still high (5-20%). Basic treatment includes administration of silibinin and penicillin G, although controlled studies on its therapeutic efficacy are still lacking. In serious phalloides syndrome, orthotopic liver transplantation has to be considered. Fortunately, the prognosis in most other mushroom poisonings is excellent.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1993-11-30", "publication_year": 1993, "doi": "10.1016/0041-0101(93)90337-i", "pubmed_id": "8146866", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(93)90337-i", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Mushroom Poisoning", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"8146866\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Immune Function", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2776, "title": "[Neuroleptics and serotonin].", "normalized_title": "neuroleptics and serotonin", "authors": "Hery F, Hamon M.", "abstract": "To date, there is no doubt that dopamine plays a key role in the behavioural disorders associated with schizophrenia. However, dopamine is not the only neurotransmitter involved in this syndrome, as it interacts with many neuronal systems in brain. Of special interest is the interaction between dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems with evidence from pharmacological data in animals that each of these systems may exert an inhibitory influence on the other. Furthermore, the psychotomimetic effects of drugs affecting serotoninergic neurotransmission such as LSD, psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine also contributed to draw attention onto a possible involvement of serotoninergic systems in at least some of the disorders typical of schizophrenia. This idea received strong support from recent studies on the multiple receptors for serotonin in the central nervous system. These studies not only demonstrate the existence of several classes of serotonin receptors called 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2, 5-HT3 and 5-HT4, but led also to the development of novel agonists and antagonists for the stimulation or blockade of each of them. Pharmacological investigations with these ligands revealed that serotonin is probably involved in the behavioural disorders associated with schizophrenia through its binding to three distinct classes of receptors: 5-HT1A, 5-HT2 (or the closely related class 5-HT1C) and 5-HT3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT250 WORDS)", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1993-08-31", "publication_year": 1993, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "7905821", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/7905821", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced, Serotonin, Clozapine, Receptors, Dopamine, Receptors, Serotonin, Antipsychotic Agents, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Synaptic Transmission", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7905821\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2775, "title": "Species identification and chemical analysis of psychoactive fungi in the Hawaiian islands.", "normalized_title": "species identification and chemical analysis of psychoactive fungi in the hawaiian islands", "authors": "Merlin MD, Allen JW.", "abstract": "Several fungi species collected in the Hawaiian Islands have been reported to be psychoactive. Previous chemical analyses together with the present study indicate that 5 coprophilous and one non-coprophilous species occurring in the islands are now known to contain psychoactive alkaloids. At least some of these species are consumed in the Hawaiian Islands, as well as elsewhere, for non-traditional, recreational purposes. These include Copelandia cyanescens (Berk. et Br.) Singer, Copelandia tropicalis (Ola'h) Singer and Weeks (syn. Panaeolus tropicalis Ola'h), Copelandia anomala Murrill, and Panaeolus subbalteatus (Berk. and Br.) Sacc., which have already been described from the Hawaiian Islands. Three more mind-altering fungi and one non-psychoactive species are reported from this archipelago for the first time. These psychoactive fungi include Copelandia bispora (Malençon et Bertault) Singer and Weeks from O'ahu, Copelandia cambodginiensis (Ola'h et Heim) Singer and Weeks from O'ahu, and Amanita muscaria (L.) Hooker from Kaua'i. Panaeolus goossensiae Beeli identified from O'ahu contains tryptamine compounds; however, the psychoactive alkaloids psilocybin and psilocin were not found in this dung species.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1993-08-31", "publication_year": 1993, "doi": "10.1016/0378-8741(93)90086-k", "pubmed_id": "8246528", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(93)90086-k", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Fungi, Psychotropic Drugs, Hawaii", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"8246528\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2777, "title": "Wasson's alternative candidates for soma.", "normalized_title": "wasson s alternative candidates for soma", "authors": "Riedlinger TJ.", "abstract": "Citing recently published challenges to R. Gordon Wasson's identification of Vedic soma as the psychoactive mushroom Amanita muscaria (fly-agaric), this article reviews unpublished letters by Wasson in which he considered and rejected other psychoactive plants as candidates, including the mint Lagochilus inebrians, Convolvulaceae (morning glory) seeds, the fungal parasite Claviceps purpurea (ergot), and especially the psilocybin mushroom Stropharia cubensis, known also as Psilocybe cubensis. Apart from their historical interest, these letters--from the Tina and Gordon Wasson Ethnomycological Collection at the Harvard Botanical Museum--demonstrate that Wasson remained open to refinements of his theory.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1993-03-31", "publication_year": 1993, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.1993.10472245", "pubmed_id": "8377083", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1993.10472245", "keywords": "Humans, Amanita, Plants, Hallucinogens, Religion, India", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"8377083\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2778, "title": "Toward a comparative overview of dependence potential and acute toxicity of psychoactive substances used nonmedically.", "normalized_title": "toward a comparative overview of dependence potential and acute toxicity of psychoactive substances used nonmedically", "authors": "Gable RS.", "abstract": "A procedure is outlined for comparing dependence potential and acute toxicity across a broad range of abused psychoactive substances. Tentative results, based on an extensive literature review of 20 substances, suggested that the margin of safety (\"therapeutic index\") varied dramatically between substances. Intravenous heroin appeared to have the greatest risk of dependence and acute lethality; oral psilocybin appeared to have the least. Hazards due to behavioral deficits, perceptual distortion, or chronic illness were not factored into the assessments.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1992-12-31", "publication_year": 1992, "doi": "10.3109/00952999309001618", "pubmed_id": "8213692", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/00952999309001618", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Psychotropic Drugs, Risk Factors", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"8213692\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Safety,Toxicity,Abuse Liability", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2779, "title": "Human hallucinogen interactions with drugs affecting serotonergic neurotransmission.", "normalized_title": "human hallucinogen interactions with drugs affecting serotonergic neurotransmission", "authors": "Strassman RJ.", "abstract": "The absence of relevant human research studies of hallucinogenic drugs has not curtailed their unsupervised use. Two cases are presented that suggest decreased sensitivity to the serotonergic hallucinogens psilocybin and LSD induced by drugs with effects on serotonergic neurotransmission, allopurinol and fluoxetine. These reports suggest that hallucinogens' effects in humans are mediated by serotonergic receptors.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1992-10-31", "publication_year": 1992, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "1388647", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1388647", "keywords": "Humans, Receptors, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Drug Interactions, Adult, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"1388647\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2780, "title": "[Consumption of psilocybin-containing hallucinogenic mushrooms by young people].", "normalized_title": "consumption of psilocybin containing hallucinogenic mushrooms by young people", "authors": "Lassen JF, Lassen NF, Skov J.", "abstract": "The aim of this questionnaire survey was to investigate the extent of hallucinogenic mushroom consumption among students from a high school in the county of Aarhus, Denmark and among students at the University of Aarhus and students from the Danish school of journalism in Aarhus, Denmark. 3% of the high school students had used psilocybine-containing mushrooms as a hallucinogen. Only 1% had experience with LSD. Of the students at the University of Aarhus, and students from the Danish school of journalism in Aarhus, 333 persons (83%) returned the anonymous questionnaire. 9% had experience with hallucinogenic psilocybine containing mushrooms while only 2% had LSD experience. The use of hallucinogenic mushrooms was surprisingly high. This suggest that mushrooms are the most commonly used hallucinogenic substance in Denmark and that the use has exceeded that of LSD. Compared to non-users mushrooms users had significant more friends with mushroom experience. Furthermore, the study shows that the intention to use mushroom is commoner in persons who have friends with HPS experience. We find that the use of mushroom takes place in minor groups known to each other. Compared to non-users, mushroom-users are significant more experienced with marijuana and other substances. Unfortunately, our data do not permit us to show whether mushroom users are more inclined to try other drugs or whether persons with a high drug experience use mushrooms as well. Further investigation on the subject is recommended.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1992-08-31", "publication_year": 1992, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "1413197", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1413197", "keywords": "Humans, Basidiomycota, Substance-Related Disorders, Hallucinogens, Adolescent, Adult, Denmark, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"1413197\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2781, "title": "Adolescent drug use in Wales.", "normalized_title": "adolescent drug use in wales", "authors": "Smith C, Nutbeam D.", "abstract": "As part of a larger survey of health-related behaviours, 2239 15-16-year-olds in Wales provided information on their use of eight different types of drugs. Key findings indicate that just over a fifth of this age group report to having tried drugs at some time, while a tenth say they have done so within the past month. The most frequently reported substances were marijuana, solvents and glue, and psilocybin. Few of the young people reported multiple or regular drug use. The prevalence of drug use was higher for pupils from single parent families, and more boys than girls reported using psilocybin. The reliability and validity of self-report data are discussed, and the implications of the findings for health education programmes considered.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1992-01-31", "publication_year": 1992, "doi": "10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02696.x", "pubmed_id": "1554999", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02696.x", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Psychotropic Drugs, Incidence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Adolescent, Wales, Female, Male, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"1554999\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Observational Study,Adolescents", "study_type": "Observational Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2782, "title": "Psychoactive mushroom use in Koh Samui and Koh Pha-Ngan, Thailand.", "normalized_title": "psychoactive mushroom use in koh samui and koh pha ngan thailand", "authors": "Allen JW, Merlin MD.", "abstract": "This paper presents the results of recent ethnomycological exploration in southern Thailand. Field observations, interviews and collection of fungi specimens were carried out primarily on two islands, Koh Samui and Koh Pha-ngan, situated in the western region of the Gulf of Siam. Some fieldwork was also conducted in the northern Thai province of Chiang Dao and in the southern Thai province of Surat Thani. During five separate excursions (1989-90), observations were made of occurrence, harvesting, use, and marketing of psychoactive fungi by local Thai natives (males and females, adults and children), foreign tourists, and German immigrants. The first records of psychoactive Psilocybe subcubensis and Copelandia dung fungi in Thailand are presented in this paper. These fungi exhibited intense bluing reactions when handled, indicating the presence of psilocybin and/or psilocin. Seven collections of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer and/or Psilocybe subcubensis Guzman and four collections of Copelandia sp. were harvested and sun-dried for herbarium deposit. These fungi are cultivated or occur spontaneously, often appearing in the decomposed manure of domesticated water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and at least three different species of cattle (Bos indicus, B. guarus, and B. sundaicus). The psychoactive fungi are cultivated in clandestine plots, both indoors and outdoors, in the uplands and villages on Koh Samui by both Thai natives and some foreigners. The sale of psychoactive fungi directly to tourists and to resort restaurants for use in edible food items such as omelettes and soups is discussed in detail. The preparation and sale of mushroom omelettes adulterated with artificial hallucinogens in some restaurants is also discussed. In addition, the marketing of items such as hand painted T-shirts, post cards, and posters bearing mushroom related motifs in Thailand is described.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1991-12-31", "publication_year": 1991, "doi": "10.1016/0378-8741(92)90020-r", "pubmed_id": "1548895", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(92)90020-r", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Basidiomycota, Psychotropic Drugs, Food Contamination, Thailand, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"1548895\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Chronic Pain,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2783, "title": "'Magic mushroom' poisoning in a colt.", "normalized_title": "magic mushroom poisoning in a colt", "authors": "Jones J", "abstract": "", "journal": "The Veterinary record", "publication_date": "1990-12-14", "publication_year": 1990, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "2075691", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2075691/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"2075691\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2784, "title": "Determination of psilocin in rat urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.", "normalized_title": "determination of psilocin in rat urine by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection", "authors": "Kysilka R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1990-11-30", "publication_year": 1990, "doi": "10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82176-3", "pubmed_id": "2094720", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82176-3", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Electrochemistry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"2094720\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2096, "title": "A novel extraction procedure for psilocybin and psilocin determination in mushroom samples.", "normalized_title": "a novel extraction procedure for psilocybin and psilocin determination in mushroom samples", "authors": "Kysilka R, Wurst M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1990-05-31", "publication_year": 1990, "doi": "10.1055/s-2006-960970", "pubmed_id": "17221430", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960970", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17221430\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2785, "title": "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) administration selectively downregulates serotonin2 receptors in rat brain.", "normalized_title": "lysergic acid diethylamide lsd administration selectively downregulates serotonin2 receptors in rat brain", "authors": "Buckholtz NS, Zhou DF, Freedman DX, Potter WZ.", "abstract": "A dosage regimen of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) that reliably produces behavioral tolerance in rats was evaluated for effects on neurotransmitter receptor binding in rat brain using a variety of radioligands selective for amine receptor subtypes. Daily administration of LSD [130 micrograms/kg (0.27 mumol/kg) intraperitoneally (IP)] for 5 days produced a decrease in serotonin2 (5-hydroxytryptamine2, 5-HT2) binding in cortex (measured 24 hours after the last drug administration) but did not affect binding to other receptor systems (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, beta-adrenergic, alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenergic, D2-dopaminergic) or to a recognition site for 5-HT uptake. The decrease was evident within 3 days of LSD administration but was not demonstrable after the first LSD dose. Following 5 days of LSD administration the decrease was still present 48 hours, but not 96 hours, after the last administration. The indole hallucinogen psilocybin [1.0 mg/kg (3.5 mumol/kg) for 8 days] also produced a significant decrease in 5HT2 binding, but neither the nonhallucinogenic analog bromo-LSD [1.3 mg/kg (2.4 mumol/kg) for 5 days] nor mescaline [10 mg/kg (40.3 mumol/kg) for 5 or 10 days] affected 5-HT2 binding. These observations suggest that LSD and other indole hallucinogens may act as 5-HT2 agonists at postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors. Decreased 5-HT2 binding strikingly parallels the development and loss of behavioral tolerance seen with repeated LSD administration, but the decreased binding per se cannot explain the gamut of behavioral tolerance and cross-tolerance phenomena among the indole and phenylethylamine hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1990-03-31", "publication_year": 1990, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "1969270", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1969270", "keywords": "Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Animals, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Ketanserin, Receptors, Serotonin, Radioligand Assay, Organ Specificity, Down-Regulation, Reference Values, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"1969270\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2786, "title": "'Magic mushroom' poisoning in a dog.", "normalized_title": "magic mushroom poisoning in a dog", "authors": "Kirwan AP", "abstract": "", "journal": "The Veterinary record", "publication_date": "1990-02-09", "publication_year": 1990, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "2316139", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2316139/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"2316139\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2787, "title": "[Hallucinogenic psilocybine containing mushrooms. Toxins contained in Danish wild mushrooms].", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic psilocybine containing mushrooms toxins contained in danish wild mushrooms", "authors": "Lassen JF, Ravn HB, Lassen SF.", "abstract": "A number of the wild Danish mushrooms contain the hallucinogenic agent psilocybin which resembles LSD in many ways. The commonest of these are the \"liberty cap\" or \"magic mushrooms\" (Psilocybe semilanceata). On the basis of experience from USA and western Europa, increase in employment of this mushrooms as a hallucinogenic intoxicant may be anticipated in Denmark. The history, epidemiology, botany and pharmacology of the mushroom are reviewed. Clinical pictures and treatment are described for: 1) Acute poisoning with psilocybin-containing fungi, 2) Late sequelae of consumption of psilocybin-containing fungi and 3) Poisoning with more poisonous fungi on account of incorrect identification. General practitioners, duty roster doctors, doctors in casualty departments and in acute psychiatric departments should be aware of these problems. Intoxication with psilocybin may be confused with panic anxiety or euphoria in persons with mydriasis and other sympathomimetic symptoms. The possibility of more serious mushroom poisoning on account of incorrect identification should be borne in mind.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1989-12-31", "publication_year": 1989, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "2301080", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/2301080", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Mushroom Poisoning, Hallucinogens, Diagnosis, Differential, Denmark, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"2301080\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Pharmacology,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2788, "title": "Clinical features and management of intoxication due to hallucinogenic drugs.", "normalized_title": "clinical features and management of intoxication due to hallucinogenic drugs", "authors": "Leikin JB, Krantz AJ, Zell-Kanter M, Barkin RL, Hryhorczuk DO.", "abstract": "Hallucinogenic drugs are unique in that they produce the desired hallucinogenic effects at what are considered non-toxic doses. The hallucinogenic drugs can be categorised into 4 basic groups: indole alkaloid derivatives, piperidine derivatives, phenylethylamines and the cannabinols. The drugs reviewed include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, amphetamines, opiates, marijuana, psilocybin, mescaline, and 'designer drugs.' Particularly noteworthy is that each hallucinogen produces characteristic behavioural effects which are related to its serotonergic, dopaminergic or adrenergic activity. Cocaine produces simple hallucinations, PCP can produce complex hallucinations analogous to a paranoid psychosis, while LSD produces a combination of hallucinations, pseudohallucinations and illusions. Dose relationships with changes in the quality of the hallucinatory experience have been described with amphetamines and, to some extent, LSD. Flashbacks have been described with LSD and alcohol. Management of the intoxicated patient is dependent on the specific behavioural manifestation elicited by the drug. The principles involve differentiating the patient's symptoms from organic (medical or toxicological) and psychiatric aetiologies and identifying the symptom complex associated with the particular drug. Panic reactions may require treatment with a benzodiazepine or haloperidol. Patients with LSD psychosis may require an antipsychotic. Patients exhibiting prolonged drug-induced psychosis may require a variety of treatments including ECT, lithium and l-5-hydroxytryptophan.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1989-08-31", "publication_year": 1989, "doi": "10.1007/bf03259916", "pubmed_id": "2682130", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03259916", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"2682130\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2789, "title": "Biotransformation of Tryptamine in Fruiting Mycelia of Psilocybe cubensis.", "normalized_title": "biotransformation of tryptamine in fruiting mycelia of psilocybe cubensis", "authors": "Gartz J.", "abstract": "Mycelial cultures of PSILOCYBE CUBENSIS, with the ability to form psilocybin and psilocin DE-NOVO, also hydroxylated and methylated fed tryptamine to give psilocin in up to 3.3% dry mass of the obtained fruit bodies. By using HPLC and TLC, it was found that these mushrooms contain only a small amount of psilocybin (0.01-0.2% dry mass). The values of psilocin are the highest described in any mushrooms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1989-05-31", "publication_year": 1989, "doi": "10.1055/s-2006-961995", "pubmed_id": "17262409", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-961995", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17262409\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2792, "title": "Handling of psilocybin and psilocin by everted sacs of rat jejunum and colon.", "normalized_title": "handling of psilocybin and psilocin by everted sacs of rat jejunum and colon", "authors": "Eivindvik K, Rasmussen KE, Sund RB.", "abstract": "Psilocybin and psilocin at luminal concentrations of about 20 nmol/ml were incubated aerobically with everted sacs from rat jejunum and colon. When incubation was terminated, samples of the lumen and blood side solutions and of the intestinal tissue were analyzed for parent drug and metabolites by HPLC using a multidetector system. Both sacs caused hydrolysis of psilocybin to psilocin, but the rate was much faster in the jejunum than in the colon. Tissue uptake of intact psilocybin was negligible or absent, and no transfer to the contraside of the parent drug could be demonstrated. In contrast, psilocin, whether formed by hydrolysis or added as a substrate, was well taken up by both intestinal segments and transferred to the blood side. In the colonic psilocybin experiments, this uptake and transfer was limited by a low hydrolytic rate. The results indicate that psilocybin under in vivo conditions is absorbed predominantly as psilocin. No further metabolism of either drug was observed, as opposed to the complex metabolism pattern that has been reported for serotonin, a close chemical relative to psilocin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1988-12-31", "publication_year": 1988, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "2610906", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/2610906", "keywords": "Colon, Jejunum, Animals, Rats, Intestinal Absorption, In Vitro Techniques, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"2610906\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2791, "title": "Biotransformation of tryptamine derivatives in mycelial cultures of Psilocybe.", "normalized_title": "biotransformation of tryptamine derivatives in mycelial cultures of psilocybe", "authors": "Gartz J.", "abstract": "Mycelial cultures of Psilocybe cubensis capable of forming psilocybin and psilocin de novo display a high capacity for hydroxylation of tryptamine derivatives at the 4-position. A specific biotransformation of added synthetic N,N-diethyl-tryptamine was found. Thus high amounts of 4-hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine (up to 3.3%) and a minor quantity of 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine (0.01-0.8%) were isolated from fruiting bodies of Psilocybe cubensis in corresponding experiments. This is the first example of a directed biosynthesis of tryptamine substances by fungi. An effective biotransformation of N-methyltryptamine was also demonstrated with surface cultures of Psilocybe semilanceata. Baeocystin, a possible natural precursor of psilocybin, was detected and quantified in the biomasses. No alkaloids could be found in the culture medium.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1988-12-31", "publication_year": 1988, "doi": "10.1002/jobm.3620290608", "pubmed_id": "2614674", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.3620290608", "keywords": "Agaricales, Tryptamines, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Hydroxylation, Biotransformation, Chemistry, Chemical Phenomena", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"2614674\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2790, "title": "Involvement of 5-HT receptor subtypes in the discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline.", "normalized_title": "involvement of 5 ht receptor subtypes in the discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline", "authors": "Appel JB, Callahan PM.", "abstract": "In order to further evaluate the extent to which particular 5-HT receptor subtypes (5-HT1, 5-HT2) might be involved in the behavioral effects of hallucinogenic drugs, rats were trained to discriminate mescaline (10 mg/kg i.p.) from saline and were given substitution (generalization) and combination (antagonism) tests with putatively selective serotonergic and related neuroactive compounds. The mescaline cue generalized to relatively high doses of the 5-HT2 agonists, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), LSD and psilocybin; the extent of generalization to 5-HT1 agonists (8-hydroxy-2-[diethylamino]tetralin (8-OHDPAT), RU-24969 and 8-hydroxy-2-[di-n-propylamino]tetralin (TFMPP] was unclear. Combinations of the training drug and sufficiently high doses of 5-HT2 antagonists (ketanserin, LY-53857, pirenperone) were followed by saline-lever responding; less selective central 5-HT (metergoline), and DA (SCH-23390, haloperidol) antagonists, did not block the mescaline cue. These data suggest that 5-HT2 receptors are involved in the stimulus properties of mescaline.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1988-12-31", "publication_year": 1988, "doi": "10.1016/0014-2999(89)90041-1", "pubmed_id": "2707301", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(89)90041-1", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats, Mescaline, Receptors, Serotonin, Dopamine Antagonists, Serotonin Antagonists, Discrimination Learning, Male, Discrimination, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"2707301\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2793, "title": "Differences in the stimulus properties of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine in animals trained to discriminate hallucinogens from saline.", "normalized_title": "differences in the stimulus properties of 3 4 methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine in animals trained to discriminate hallucinogens from saline", "authors": "Callahan PM, Appel JB.", "abstract": "The stimulus properties of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and several related compounds were compared to those of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine) in a two-lever, water-reinforced, drug discrimination task. In animals trained to discriminate LSD (0.08 mg/kg) from saline (n = 8), LSD-like responding occurred during substitution (generalization) tests with sufficiently high doses of (+/- )-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, LSD, mescaline, psilocybin and (-)-MDA; saline appropriate responding occurred after (+)-MDA and both (+)- and (+)- and (-)-MDMA. In animals trained to discriminate mescaline (10 mg/kg; n = 8), (-)-MDA, (+)-MDA, (-)-MDMA and (+)-MDMA as well as (+/- )-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, LSD, mescaline and psilocybin mimicked the training drug. Neither (+)-amphetamine nor cocaine produced mescaline-like responding; fenfluramine substituted partially for mescaline but not LSD. Because all of the phenylisopropylamine enantiomers mimicked the potent hallucinogen mescaline (10 mg/kg), these results do not support suggestions that similarities in the behavioral effects of \"designer\" drugs such as MDA and MDMA to those of hallucinogens are limited to (-)-MDA. They also indicate that, although LSD and mescaline may be pharmacologically similar (in other assays), these compounds do not have identical stimulus properties.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1988-08-31", "publication_year": 1988, "doi": "10.1016/s0022-3565(25)22199-1", "pubmed_id": "2901488", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(25)22199-1", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats, Amphetamines, 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Conditioning, Operant, Discrimination Learning, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"2901488\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2697, "title": "Hallucinogenic mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Schwartz RH, Smith DE.", "abstract": "Ingestion of mushrooms containing psilocybin produces hallucinogenic effects and has become a popular form of substance abuse among some adolescents and young adults. We have reviewed the medical literature on psilocybin mushrooms and describe current patterns of use, provide background material on the botony and pharmacology of these crude drugs, and report results of a small study on usage patterns among identified adolescent drug abusers. Among 174 adolescents already identified as substance abusers, 45 (26%) reported having used hallucinogenic mushrooms, frequently in conjunction with alcohol or other drugs. An average intake of 2-4 mushrooms was obtained for about +8, and led to intoxication for 5-6 hours. Mixing of intoxicants such as alcohol, marijuana, and psilocybin mushrooms was the rule. The acute adverse reactions may have been the result of drug synergy. Pediatricians should become aware of the specific patterns of the use of hallucinogenic drugs by adolescents and consider the possibility of such use when evaluating a delirious or psychotic adolescent.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1988-01-31", "publication_year": 1988, "doi": "10.1177/000992288802700202", "pubmed_id": "3338231", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/000992288802700202", "keywords": "Humans, Mushroom Poisoning, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Adolescent, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"3338231\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Review Article,Adolescents", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2794, "title": "[Poisoning by the hallucinogenic mushroom hikageshibiretake (Psilocybe argentipes)--with special reference to subjective experiences during psilocybin poisoning].", "normalized_title": "poisoning by the hallucinogenic mushroom hikageshibiretake psilocybe argentipes with special reference to subjective experiences during psilocybin poisoning", "authors": "Musha M, Kusano G, Tanaka F, Gotoh Y, Ishii A.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1987-12-31", "publication_year": 1987, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "3413259", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/3413259", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Mushroom Poisoning, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"3413259\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2795, "title": "Variation of the Amount of Alkaloids in Fruit Bodies of Inocybe aeruginascens.", "normalized_title": "variation of the amount of alkaloids in fruit bodies of inocybe aeruginascens", "authors": "Gartz J.", "abstract": "INOCYBE AERUGINASCENS contains psilocybin, baeocystin, and aeruginascin with a still unknown structure in the caps and the stipes. The content of psilocybin and baeocystin has been investigated. The psilocybin and baeocystin content of mushrooms from the same location and with similar mass varied. No correlation has been found between the mass of the mushrooms and the content of psilocybin and baeocystin. There was an extensive correlation between the content of psilocybin and baeocystin. No relation between the location and the content of the indole derivatives seems to exist.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1987-11-30", "publication_year": 1987, "doi": "10.1055/s-2006-962805", "pubmed_id": "17269094", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962805", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17269094\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2796, "title": "Relief of obsessive-compulsive symptoms by LSD and psilocin.", "normalized_title": "relief of obsessive compulsive symptoms by lsd and psilocin", "authors": "Leonard HL, Rapoport JL.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1987-08-31", "publication_year": 1987, "doi": "10.1176/ajp.144.9.1239b", "pubmed_id": "3631327", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.144.9.1239b", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Adolescent, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"3631327\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD,Receptor Pharmacology,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2097, "title": "The occurrence of psilocybin and psilocin in Finnish fungi.", "normalized_title": "the occurrence of psilocybin and psilocin in finnish fungi", "authors": "Ohenoja E, Jokiranta J, Mäkinen T, Kaikkonen A, Airaksinen MM.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1987-06-30", "publication_year": 1987, "doi": "10.1021/np50052a030", "pubmed_id": "3430170", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/np50052a030", "keywords": "Fungi, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet, Finland, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"3430170\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2797, "title": "Occurrence of Psilocybin and Baeocystin in Fruit Bodies of Pluteus salicinus.", "normalized_title": "occurrence of psilocybin and baeocystin in fruit bodies of pluteus salicinus", "authors": "Gartz J.", "abstract": "Using HPLC and TLC, psilocybin and baeocystin but not psilocin were found in extracts of dried fruit bodies of PLUTEUS SALICINUS. Caps contain more psilocybin than stems. The amount of psilocybin varies and was as high as 1.57% in the caps. Urea was also detected. This substance is virtually exclusively localized in the caps. Baeocystin and tryptophan were also found only in the caps. There was a correlation between the content of psilocybin and that of urea.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1987-05-31", "publication_year": 1987, "doi": "10.1055/s-2006-962710", "pubmed_id": "17269025", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962710", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17269025\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2798, "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of mushroom poisoning (1)].", "normalized_title": "diagnosis and therapy of mushroom poisoning 1", "authors": "Zilker T.", "abstract": "The diagnosis of mushroom poisoning is based on three principles: the description of the mushroom, the toxicological analysis of the mushroom and, most important, the mushroom syndrome. Mushroom poisoning can be classified according to the lag time between the meal and the onset of symptoms. In this paper we will discuss mushroom poisoning with short and intermediate lag time. With short lag time and a predominance of CNS signs and symptoms the diagnosis is either fly-agaric, pantherina or psilocybin syndrome. Parasympathomimetic signs and symptoms indicate the muscarine syndrome. If--with a lag period of up to four hours--vomiting and diarrhea are predominant, we will find a poisoning with one of the many mushrooms which lead to gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis combined with hemolysis points to a paxillus syndrome.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1987-03-31", "publication_year": 1987, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "3586830", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/3586830", "keywords": "Humans, Basidiomycota, Gastroenteritis, Anemia, Hemolytic, Mushroom Poisoning", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"3586830\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2800, "title": "Relationship of CNS tryptaminergic processes and the action of LSD-like hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "relationship of cns tryptaminergic processes and the action of lsd like hallucinogens", "authors": "Martin WR, Sloan JW.", "abstract": "Tryptamine produces pharmacologic effects in man and the chronic spinal dog which are similar to those produced by LSD, mescaline, psilocin, DMT, DOM and DOB. These effects include tachycardia, tachypnea, mydriasis, hyperreflexia, behavioral changes and in man, hallucinations. Chronic spinal dogs treated chronically with LSD became tolerant to its ability to produce mydriasis, tachycardia, tachypnea and hyperreflexia, and were cross tolerant to the ability of tryptamine, psilocin, mescaline, DMT, DOM and DOB to produce these same effects. Further, it was found that the brain and spinal cord contained tryptamine and could release it. Further tryptamine levels were higher in the brainstem and spinal cord above the level of transection in the chronic spinal dog that in intact dogs, and the same in the spinal cord below the level of transection. These observations suggested that there were both ascending and descending tryptaminergic pathways. Supporting this hypothesis were the observations that L-tryptophan also produced hyperreflexia in the acute, but not the chronic, spinal dog and cat, and that L-tryptophan hyperreflexia was antagonized by alpha-methyldopa but not pCPA. These observations and others argue that the spinal cord and brain have tryptaminergic mechanisms which are distinct from serotoninergic mechanisms, and that LSD-like hallucinogens act in part through a tryptaminergic mechanism.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1986-01-31", "publication_year": 1986, "doi": "10.1016/0091-3057(86)90369-2", "pubmed_id": "3006088", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(86)90369-2", "keywords": "Central Nervous System, Animals, Dogs, Decerebrate State, Tryptamines, Phenethylamines, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Tryptophan, 5-Hydroxytryptophan, Hallucinogens, Reflex, Behavior, Animal, Synaptic Transmission, Brain Chemistry, Blood Pressure, Time Factors", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"3006088\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2799, "title": "Studies of the relationship between molecular structure and hallucinogenic activity.", "normalized_title": "studies of the relationship between molecular structure and hallucinogenic activity", "authors": "Nichols DE.", "abstract": "The nature of the stereochemistry and aromatic ring substituents and their importance to biological activity for phenethylamine-type hallucinogens is presented. The possibility of a hydrophobic site to bind to the 4-substituent and its likely geometry is described. A brief discussion of the structure-activity relationships for tryptamines such as psilocin and DMT is also given, with comments about the stereochemistry of alpha-methyltryptamines. Evaluation of a series of N(6)-alkyl-nor-LSD derivatives indicated that selected members such as N(6)-ethyl, allyl and propyl were as potent as, if not more potent than LSD, both in a two-lever drug discrimination assay in rats, and in man. N(6)-alkyl groups longer than n-propyl, such as n-butyl or 2-phenethyl, gave compounds that were greatly reduced in activity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1986-01-31", "publication_year": 1986, "doi": "10.1016/0091-3057(86)90362-x", "pubmed_id": "3952123", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(86)90362-x", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Tryptamines, Phenethylamines, Mescaline, Ergolines, Hallucinogens, Structure-Activity Relationship, Stereoisomerism", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"3952123\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2098, "title": "Synthesis of psilocin labelled with 14C and 3H", "normalized_title": "synthesis of psilocin labelled with 14c and 3h", "authors": "Poon Grace, Chui Yun-Cheung, Law Francis C. P.", "abstract": "Abstract14C- and 3H-Labelled psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine), the principal, active agent of hallucinogenic mushrooms, was synthesized from 2-methyl-3-nitrophenol via 4-benzyloxyindole. 14C-Labelled potassium cyanide was reacted with 4-benzyloxygramine (obtained from 4-benzyloxyindole) to give 14C-4-benzyloxy-3-indole acetic acid, an intermediate for 14C-psilocin synthesis. 3H-Labelled lithium aluminium hydride was used to react with 4-benzyloxy-3-indole-N,N-dimethyl-glyoxylamide (obtained from 4-benzyloxyindole) to give 3H-4-benzyloxy-psilocin which was debenzylated to form 3H-psilocin.", "journal": "Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals", "publication_date": "1986-01-31", "publication_year": 1986, "doi": "10.1002/jlcr.2580230207", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.2580230207", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/jlcr.2580230207\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1007/bf02159243\",\"10.1002/hlca.19550380619\",\"10.1016/0006-2952(62)90050-3\",\"10.3987/r-1981-07-1119\"],\"reference_count\":5}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2801, "title": "Poisoning by hallucinogenic mushroom hikageshibiretake (Psilocybe argentipes K. Yokoyama) indigenous to Japan.", "normalized_title": "poisoning by hallucinogenic mushroom hikageshibiretake psilocybe argentipes k yokoyama indigenous to japan", "authors": "Musha M, Ishii A, Tanaka F, Kusano G.", "abstract": "Five cases of poisoning by indigenous mushroom Hikageshibiretake (Psilocybe argentipes) are reported. As this mushroom contains psilocybin, in general, clinical features were similar to those seen by pure psilocybin. Acute toxic stuporous state with complete amnesia in the culminating period occurred in one case, psychedelic state with dreamy consciousness in one case and psychotic adverse reactions with vivid visual hallucinations with consciousness in three cases. There were accompanied with anxiety and panic reactions to subjective experiences. Though these toxic effects were usually short-lived, for management of such patients it is important to recognize that horrible emotional reactions and other harmful behavioral problems can also occur.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1985-12-31", "publication_year": 1985, "doi": "10.1620/tjem.148.73", "pubmed_id": "3705065", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.148.73", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Mushroom Poisoning, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Japan, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"3705065\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety,Consciousness,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2802, "title": "Occurrence of psilocybin in various higher fungi from several European countries.", "normalized_title": "occurrence of psilocybin in various higher fungi from several european countries", "authors": "Stijve T, Kuyper TW.", "abstract": "Using high performance liquid and thin-layer chromatographic methods more than 100 species of fungi from Europe belonging to 18 genera were analysed for the hallucinogenic compound psilocybin and for some related tryptamine derivatives. Psilocybin, psilocin and/or baeocystin were found in 3 PSILOCYBE 1 PANAEOLUS, 5 INOCYBES and one PLUTEUS. PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA and PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS proved to be the only psilocybin-containing fungi that can be gathered in Middle and Northern Europe in sufficient quantities to permit abuse.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1985-09-30", "publication_year": 1985, "doi": "10.1055/s-2007-969526", "pubmed_id": "17342589", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969526", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17342589\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3013, "title": "A technique for the rapid isolation and identification of psilocin from psilocin/psilocybin-containing mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "a technique for the rapid isolation and identification of psilocin from psilocin psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Lee RE.", "abstract": "A method has been developed for the rapid isolation and identification of psilocin from psilocin/psilocybin-containing mushrooms. Based on the difference in the solubility properties in butyl chloride of psilocin and other constituents present in psilocin/psilocybin-containing mushrooms, psilocin was easily separated in pure form.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1985-06-30", "publication_year": 1985, "doi": "10.1520/jfs11028j", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs11028j", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Spectrophotometry, Infrared, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:07", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:05", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4040953\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2099, "title": "A technique for the rapid isolation and identification of psilocin from psilocin/psilocybin-containing mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "a technique for the rapid isolation and identification of psilocin from psilocin psilocybin containing mushrooms", "authors": "Lee RE", "abstract": "A method has been developed for the rapid isolation and identification of psilocin from psilocin/psilocybin-containing mushrooms. Based on the difference in the solubility properties in butyl chloride of psilocin and other constituents present in psilocin/psilocybin-containing mushrooms, psilocin was easily separated in pure form.", "journal": "Journal of forensic sciences", "publication_date": "1985-06-30", "publication_year": 1985, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4040953", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4040953/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:41", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"4040953\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2803, "title": "New trends in drug use among youth in California.", "normalized_title": "new trends in drug use among youth in california", "authors": "Siegel RK.", "abstract": "New trends in drug use in the United States of America have usually started in populations of young users in California. The use of hallucinogenic drugs (psychedelics), phencyclidine (PCP) and the smoking of cocaine free base were all first detected in populations of young Californian users. Five patterns of youthful drug use are described: experimental, social-recreational, circumstantial-situational, intensified and compulsive. These patterns are supported by several myths whereby users tend to trust the appearance and folklore surrounding specific drugs. New trends in drug use detected in a sample population of young users in California include increased use of cocaine, psilocybin mushrooms, psycho-active phenylisophropylamines, PCP, fentanyl, and codeine combined with glutethimide. Other evidence suggests that future trends are likely to include increased use of cathinone, yohimbine, fentanyl analogues and ephedrine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1985-03-31", "publication_year": 1985, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "3878176", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/3878176", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Cocaine, Fentanyl, Hallucinogens, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Drug Combinations, Cross-Sectional Studies, Social Facilitation, Drug Contamination, Adolescent, California, Illicit Drugs", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"3878176\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3735, "title": "An aqueous-organic extraction method for the isolation and identification of psilocin from hallucinogenic mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "an aqueous organic extraction method for the isolation and identification of psilocin from hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Casale JF.", "abstract": "A simple aqueous extraction method for the isolation and identification of psilocin from Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms is reported. This method employs a dephosphorylation of the phosphate ester to psilocin, which facilitates a greater product yield and simplifies identification. Psilocin extracted by this method is sufficiently concentrated and free of cocontaminants to allow identification by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1984-12-31", "publication_year": 1984, "doi": "10.1520/jfs10989j", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs10989j", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Hallucinogens, Spectrophotometry, Infrared, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:09:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4038992\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2100, "title": "An aqueous-organic extraction method for the isolation and identification of psilocin from hallucinogenic mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "an aqueous organic extraction method for the isolation and identification of psilocin from hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Casale JF", "abstract": "A simple aqueous extraction method for the isolation and identification of psilocin from Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms is reported. This method employs a dephosphorylation of the phosphate ester to psilocin, which facilitates a greater product yield and simplifies identification. Psilocin extracted by this method is sufficiently concentrated and free of cocontaminants to allow identification by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.", "journal": "Journal of forensic sciences", "publication_date": "1984-12-31", "publication_year": 1984, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4038992", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4038992/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:41", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"4038992\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2101, "title": "Detection of psilocybin and psilocin in norwegian species of pluteus and conocybe.", "normalized_title": "detection of psilocybin and psilocin in norwegian species of pluteus and conocybe", "authors": "Christiansen AL, Rasmussen KE, Høiland K.", "abstract": "A screening of Norwegian mushrooms for the presence of hallucinogenic indole alkaloids was carried out using HPLC with ultraviolet, fluorescence and electrochemical detection. The analysis revealed psilocybin and psilocin in two mushroom species: PLUTEUS SALICINUS and CONOCYBE CYANOPUS. The content of psilocybin and psilocin in dried material of PLUTEUS SALICINUS was determined to be 0.35% and 0.011%, respectively, and dried samples of CONOCYBE CYANOPUS were found to contain 0.33-0.55% psilocybin and 0.004-0.007% psilocin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1984-07-31", "publication_year": 1984, "doi": "10.1055/s-2007-969726", "pubmed_id": "17340325", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969726", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17340325\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2804, "title": "Long-lasting behavioral effects of bromocriptine in cats.", "normalized_title": "long lasting behavioral effects of bromocriptine in cats", "authors": "Gonzalez-Lima F, Stiehl WL, Medina R.", "abstract": "The objective was to determine the behavioral effects and duration of action of bromocriptine (BC) doses from 6 to 60 mg/kg i.p. Cats were housed in large outdoors cages designed for prolonged observation using an ethological approach. Baseline behavior was measured after a 3 month period of habituation. The frequency of 12 behaviors was then scored continuously over 12 h following BC administration. Cats were also observed for one h at 24, 30, 36 and 48 h post-drug. The behavioral effects of BC were remarkably similar to those of LSD and psilocybin but lasted much longer. Treated cats showed hallucinatory-like and escape behavior. Abnormal involuntary movements such as limb flicks, abortive grooming, and head and body shakes were also evoked with a dose-dependent frequency. Lower doses (6-20) produced generalized arousal, but larger doses (30-60) resulted in a decrease in arousal. After 30 mg/kg, hallucinatory-like behavior and general activity (rubbing, treading, kneading) were high at 48 h post-drug, but there were no longer abnormal movements. Behavioral suppression followed the 60 mg/kg dose and peak effects were at 96 h post-injection. This model may prove useful to further study the neural basis of the psychoactive effects of BC.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1984-06-30", "publication_year": 1984, "doi": "10.1016/0014-2999(84)90259-0", "pubmed_id": "6479221", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(84)90259-0", "keywords": "Animals, Cats, Bromocriptine, Behavior, Animal, Grooming, Sleep, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6479221\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2805, "title": "Psilocybin in Finnish Psilocybe semilanceata.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin in finnish psilocybe semilanceata", "authors": "Jokiranta J, Mustola S, Ohenoja E, Airaksinen MM.", "abstract": "The use of a hallucinogenic mushroom, PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA, has been occasionally reported in Finland, where the species is widely distributed. We have determined, by HPLC, the content of psilocybin and psilocin in P. SEMILANCEATA samples collected from different parts of Finland; the psilocybin content was found to be high (0.62-2.37%, mean 1.42% of dry weight), some samples also contained low concentrations (0.01-0.02% dry weight) of psilocin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1984-05-31", "publication_year": 1984, "doi": "10.1055/s-2007-969703", "pubmed_id": "17340315", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969703", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17340315\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2806, "title": "Ethnobotany of psilocybin mushrooms, especially Psilocybe cubensis.", "normalized_title": "ethnobotany of psilocybin mushrooms especially psilocybe cubensis", "authors": "Badham ER.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1984-03-31", "publication_year": 1984, "doi": "10.1016/0378-8741(84)90007-2", "pubmed_id": "6539409", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(84)90007-2", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Mice, Basidiomycota, Hallucinogens, Medicine, Traditional, United States, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6539409\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2807, "title": "Differential effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the activity of serotonin-containing neurons in the nucleus centralis superior and nucleus raphe pallidus in freely moving cats.", "normalized_title": "differential effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the activity of serotonin containing neurons in the nucleus centralis superior and nucleus raphe pallidus in freely moving cats", "authors": "Trulson ME, Preussler DW, Trulson VM.", "abstract": "Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that there are a number of important dissociations between the effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the activity of serotonin-containing dorsal raphe neurons and behavior in freely moving cats. In the present study, we extended this analysis to serotonergic units in the nucleus centralis superior (NCS) and nucleus raphe pallidus (RPA). Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) produced a dose-dependent decrease in NCS unit activity at 10, 50 and 100 micrograms/kg (i.p.) and a dose-dependent increase in certain behaviors (e.g., limb flicking and abortive grooming) and the peak behavioral and unit changes were temporally correlated. By contrast, LSD had little effect on serotonin-containing RPA neurons. 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) also produced a dose-dependent decrease in NCS unit activity at 10, 50 and 250 micrograms/kg (i.m.) and dose-dependent behavioral changes. Similar to our LSD data, 5-MeODMT was found to have no overall significant effect on RPA unit activity, except at the highest dose level. Psilocin produced dose-dependent decreases in NCS unit activity at 25, 100 and 750 micrograms/kg (i.p.), whereas the behavioral changes were not dose-related. Psilocin also had relatively little effect on the activity of RPA neurons. The phenylethylamine hallucinogens, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (50, 250 and 1000 micrograms/kg i.p.) (DOM) and mescaline (5000 micrograms/kg i.p.), both produced large behavioral changes, but no overall significant effect on raphe unit activity in either the NCS or RPA. These data suggest that ascending dorsal raphe and NCS neurons may be involved in the process of hallucinogenesis, whereas descending RPA neurons do not appear to be involved in this process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT250 WORDS)", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1983-12-31", "publication_year": 1983, "doi": "10.1016/s0022-3565(25)21616-0", "pubmed_id": "6694110", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(25)21616-0", "keywords": "Brain Stem, Raphe Nuclei, Neurons, Animals, Cats, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Membrane Potentials, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6694110\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2809, "title": "Phenomenally phunny phungi--psilocybin toxicity.", "normalized_title": "phenomenally phunny phungi psilocybin toxicity", "authors": "Mack RB.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1983-09-30", "publication_year": 1983, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "6580536", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/6580536", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Mushroom Poisoning, North Carolina, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6580536\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2808, "title": "The quantitation of psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms using high performance liquid chromatography.", "normalized_title": "the quantitation of psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms using high performance liquid chromatography", "authors": "Sottolano SM, Lurie IS.", "abstract": "A method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an acetonitrile, water, and phosphoric acid mobile phase and a bonded cyano-amino-type polar phase column has been developed for the rapid, selective, and accurate quantitation of psilocybin in dry mushroom material. A simple one-step procedure is used for the quantitative extraction of psilocybin in under 60 min. The 267:254 nm absorbance ratio is used as a check on peak purity for the psilocybin response.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1983-09-30", "publication_year": 1983, "doi": "10.1520/jfs11601j", "pubmed_id": "6685168", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs11601j", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6685168\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2810, "title": "Ethnopharmacology of ska María Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and Játiva-M.).", "normalized_title": "ethnopharmacology of ska maría pastora salvia divinorum epling and játiva m", "authors": "Valdés LJ, Díaz JL, Paul AG.", "abstract": "Salvia divinorum is a perennial labiate used for curing and divination by the Mazatec Indians of Oaxaca, Mexico. The psychotropic effects the plant produces are compared to those of the other hallucinogens employed by the Mazatecs, the morning glory, Rivea corymbosa L., Hallier f. and the psilocybin-containing mushrooms. A discussion of the role of ska María Pastora in the native \"pharmacopeia\" is based on previous reports and fieldwork by the authors, with a Mazatec shaman.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1983-04-30", "publication_year": 1983, "doi": "10.1016/0378-8741(83)90004-1", "pubmed_id": "6876852", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(83)90004-1", "keywords": "Humans, Plants, Medicinal, Hallucinogens, Phytotherapy, Indians, North American, Mexico", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6876852\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2811, "title": "The problem of psilocybin mushroom abuse.", "normalized_title": "the problem of psilocybin mushroom abuse", "authors": "Peden NR, Pringle SD, Crooks J.", "abstract": "1 We have reviewed the clinical features and management of 44 consecutive patients presenting to hospital over a 5 week period during an outbreak of ingestion of psilocybin containing mushrooms. 2 Patients presented to hospital usually because of dysphoric effects an average of 3.8 h after ingesting mushrooms. 3 Mydriasis was present in 40 patients but fewer than half showed other sympathomimetic features--tachycardia, hypertension or hyperreflexia. 4 Twenty-three patients experienced nausea and vomiting. 5 Distortions of perception chiefly visual were frequent as were paraesthesiae and feelings of depersonalization. 6 The effects of the mushrooms were short-lived and had worn off within 12 h in all but one patient. 7 Inducing emesis did not appear to hasten recovery from the effects of the mushrooms.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1982-09-30", "publication_year": 1982, "doi": "10.1177/096032718200100408", "pubmed_id": "7173927", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718200100408", "keywords": "Humans, Perceptual Disorders, Mushroom Poisoning, Substance-Related Disorders, Behavior, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:14", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7173927\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Review Article,Adolescents", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2102, "title": "Psilocin analogs. III. Synthesis of 5-methoxy- and 5-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indoles", "normalized_title": "psilocin analogs iii synthesis of 5 methoxy and 5 hydroxy 1 2 3 4 tetrahydro 9h pyrido 3 4 b indoles", "authors": "Repke David B., Ferguson Wilfred J.", "abstract": "AbstractA number of tetrahydro-β-carbolines were prepared with oxygen substituents at C-5. This class of compounds represents a hybrid between two naturally occurring groups of hallucinogenic molecules, the 4-hydroxytryptamines and the 6- and 7-oxygenated β-carbolines.", "journal": "Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry", "publication_date": "1982-06-30", "publication_year": 1982, "doi": "10.1002/jhet.5570190428", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jhet.5570190428", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/jhet.5570190428\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1007/bf00408109\",\"10.1056/nejm196002112620606\",\"10.1002/jps.2600571007\",\"10.1002/jps.2600620945\",\"10.1016/0031-9422(75)85365-9\",\"10.1002/jps.2600600819\",\"10.1016/s0040-4039(00)90405-2\",\"10.1007/bf02860772\",\"10.1016/0006-2952(58)90025-x\",\"10.1002/jps.2600610535\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(81)90117-x\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(74)90342-7\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(81)90043-6\",\"10.1021/jo00321a053\",\"10.1016/s0040-4039(00)86770-2\",\"10.1002/jhet.5570140113\",\"10.1021/jo00430a024\",\"10.1002/jhet.5570180131\",\"10.1139/v59-272\",\"10.1021/jo01076a600\",\"10.1007/bf02158997\",\"10.1021/jo01050a511\",\"10.1039/ct9242500296\",\"10.1002/hlca.19550380619\",\"10.1002/jlac.19616410102\"],\"reference_count\":47}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2104, "title": "Psilocybin and psilocin levels in twenty species from seven genera of wild mushrooms in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin and psilocin levels in twenty species from seven genera of wild mushrooms in the pacific northwest u s a", "authors": "Beug MW, Bigwood J.", "abstract": "The analysis of twenty species from seven genera of Pacific Northwest mushrooms revealed psilocybin (and in some cases psilocin as well) in seven species from three genera. The species found to contain psilocybin (and psilocin) varied from one collection to another by more than a factor of seven in amount present. Total psilocybin and psilocin levels in species known to be in use for recreational and entheogenic purposes varied from 0.1% by dry weight up to a high of nearly 2% by dry weight.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1982-04-30", "publication_year": 1982, "doi": "10.1016/0378-8741(82)90013-7", "pubmed_id": "7201053", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(82)90013-7", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Hallucinogens, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Oregon, Washington, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7201053\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2103, "title": "Variation of psilocybin and psilocin levels with repeated flushes (harvests) of mature sporocarps of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer.", "normalized_title": "variation of psilocybin and psilocin levels with repeated flushes harvests of mature sporocarps of psilocybe cubensis earle singer", "authors": "Bigwood J, Beug MW.", "abstract": "Analysis of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer grown in controlled culture showed that the level of psilocin was generally zero in the first (or sometimes even the second) fruiting of the mushroom from a given culture and that the level reached a maximum by the fourth flush. The level of psilocybin, which was nearly always at least twice the level of psilocin, showed no upward or downward trend as fruiting progressed, but was variable over a factor of four. Samples obtained from outside sources had psilocybin levels varying by over a factor of ten from one collection to the next.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1982-04-30", "publication_year": 1982, "doi": "10.1016/0378-8741(82)90014-9", "pubmed_id": "7201054", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(82)90014-9", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7201054\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2812, "title": "Physostigmine reversal of psilocybin intoxication.", "normalized_title": "physostigmine reversal of psilocybin intoxication", "authors": "van Poorten JF, Stienstra R, Dworacek B, Moleman P, Rupreht J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1982-03-31", "publication_year": 1982, "doi": "10.1097/00000542-198204000-00017", "pubmed_id": "7199876", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198204000-00017", "keywords": "Humans, Basidiomycota, Physostigmine, Injections, Intravenous, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7199876\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2814, "title": "Psilocybin as a discriminative stimulus: lack of specificity in an animal behavior model for 'hallucinogens'.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin as a discriminative stimulus lack of specificity in an animal behavior model for hallucinogens", "authors": "Koerner J, Appel JB.", "abstract": "Fifteen rats were trained to discriminate between the tryptamine hallucinogen psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; 1.0 mg/kg) and saline in a two-lever choice task. Dose-response and time-response curves were obtained. The psilocybin cue generalized to psilocin (the dephosphorylated congener of psilocybin) and to the prototypical indoleamine hallucinogen LSD, but not to the phenylethylamine hallucinogen mescaline. These results indicate that the hallucinogenic effects of these drugs in humans may not be identical with their discriminative stimulus functions in animals, and that these four compounds may not be members of a single drug class. The term 'hallucinogen' may thus be a misnomer in the context of drug discrimination studies in nonhumans.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1981-12-31", "publication_year": 1981, "doi": "10.1007/bf00435266", "pubmed_id": "6805022", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00435266", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Discrimination Learning, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Models, Psychological, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6805022\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2813, "title": "Neurophysiological effects of hallucinogens on serotonergic neuronal systems.", "normalized_title": "neurophysiological effects of hallucinogens on serotonergic neuronal systems", "authors": "McCall RB.", "abstract": "Low intravenous doses of the hallucinogen d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) markedly suppress the discharge of serotonin (5-HT)-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat. Microiontophoretically applied LSD also inhibits the firing of 5-HT neurons, indicating that the inhibitory effect is mediated directing on 5-HT neurons. Forebrain neurons receiving a major serotonergic input are relatively insensitive to LSD. Other indole hallucinogens (i.e., psilocin, dimethyltryptamine, and 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine) also preferentially inhibit raphe firing as compared to postsynaptic forebrain neurons. These observations led to the hypothesis that hallucinogens produce their psychoactive effects by acting preferentially upon 5-HT autoreceptors in the dorsal raphe allowing postsynaptic neurons to escape from the tonic inhibitory action of 5-HT neurons. However, problems exist with the concept that hallucinogens produce their psychoactive effects by disinhibiting postsynaptic neurons. First, the time course of the behavioral and neuronal effects of LSD do not correlate. Second, 5-HT neurons do not become tolerant to the inhibitory actions of LSD. Third, the hallucinogen mescaline fails to directly inhibit 5-HT neurons. Finally, the nonhallucinogen lisuride markedly suppresses the discharges of 5-HT neurons. These observations suggest that postsynaptic actions of hallucinogens may be of prime importance in producing their psychedelic effects. Evidence is presented to suggest that the hallucinogens may act postsynaptically to sensitize both serotonergic and noradrenergic receptors. It is suggested that a mechanism of receptor sensitization, in distinction to disinhibition, might account for the altered perceptual reactivity produced by these drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1981-12-31", "publication_year": 1981, "doi": "10.1016/0149-7634(82)90033-1", "pubmed_id": "7177511", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(82)90033-1", "keywords": "Brain, Locus Coeruleus, Raphe Nuclei, Geniculate Bodies, Neurons, Motor Neurons, Animals, Cats, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Mescaline, Lisuride, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptors, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7177511\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2815, "title": "Chloroquine psychosis: a chemical psychosis?", "normalized_title": "chloroquine psychosis a chemical psychosis", "authors": "Mohan D, Mohandas E, Rajat R.", "abstract": "Psychotic states are mimicked by the use of many drugs including amphetamines, cannabis, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, mescaline, isoniazid, and L-dopa. A paranoid psychotic picture in a clear sensorium is characteristic of amphetamine psychosis. In developing countries, malaria among other diseases is a frequent indicator of chloroquine administration. The present communication reports a series of chloroquine-induced psychosis in a clear sensorium simulating affective illness, such as mania, mixed affective states, or depression. The psychosis disappeared after cessation of the drug, combined with or without the use of low dosage phenothiazines in excited patients. From our cases, two types of presentation of chloroquine psychosis could be seen: (1) psychic with clear sensorium, mood changes, alteration in motor activity, delusions, and hallucinations; and (2) psycho-organic with clouded sensorium, disorientation, and fleeting hallucinations. The precise nature of the mechanism of the psychosis is not clear because of the limited number of reported cases.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1981-10-31", "publication_year": 1981, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "7310924", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/7310924", "keywords": "Humans, Malaria, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Chloroquine, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7310924\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2817, "title": "Clinical toxicology of \"magic mushroom\" ingestion.", "normalized_title": "clinical toxicology of magic mushroom ingestion", "authors": "Peden NR, Bissett AF, Macaulay KE, Crooks J, Pelosi AJ", "abstract": "The clinical features are reported in 27 cases of ‘magic mushroom’ ingestion. Mydriasis and hyperreflexia were common as were disorders of perception and affect. appears to have been the species of fungus involved.", "journal": "Postgraduate medical journal", "publication_date": "1981-08-31", "publication_year": 1981, "doi": "10.1136/pgmj.57.671.543", "pubmed_id": "7199140", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7199140/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"7199140\"}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2816, "title": "Sequelae of a 'magic mushroom banquet'.", "normalized_title": "sequelae of a magic mushroom banquet", "authors": "Harries AD, Evans V", "abstract": "Magic mushroom festivals are becoming increasingly common especially in some areas of Wales where the mushroom can be found in profusion. The authors report on the sequelae of one such festival, and point out the dangers of which the participants generally are unaware.", "journal": "Postgraduate medical journal", "publication_date": "1981-08-31", "publication_year": 1981, "doi": "10.1136/pgmj.57.671.571", "pubmed_id": "7199142", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7199142/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"7199142\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2105, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: PSILOCIN ANALOGS. PART2. SYNTHESIS OF3-(2-(DIALKYLAMINO)ETHYL)-, 3-(2-(N-METHYL-N-ALKYLAMINO)ETHYL)-, AND3-(2-(CYCLOALKYLAMINO)ETHYL)INDOL-4-OLS", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract psilocin analogs part2 synthesis of3 2 dialkylamino ethyl 3 2 n methyl n alkylamino ethyl and3 2 cycloalkylamino ethyl indol 4 ols", "authors": "REPKE D. B., FERGUSON W. J., BATES D. K.", "abstract": "AbstractOxypertin (I) zeigt neuroleptische und adrenolytische Aktivität. Deshalb werden aus dem entsprechenden Indol mit Oxalylchlorid und Amiden die Keto-amide (II) hergestellt und zu β-Aminoethylverbindungen (III) reduziert.", "journal": "Chemischer Informationsdienst", "publication_date": "1981-08-03", "publication_year": 1981, "doi": "10.1002/chin.198131198", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198131198", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.198131198\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1002/jhet.5570180131\"],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2106, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: COMPARISON OF SOLUTION CONFORMATIONAL PREFERENCES FOR THE HALLUCINOGENS BUFOTENIN AND PSILOCIN USING 360-MHZ PROTON NMR SPECTROSCOPY", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract comparison of solution conformational preferences for the hallucinogens bufotenin and psilocin using 360 mhz proton nmr spectroscopy", "authors": "MIGLIACCIO G. P., SHIEH T.-L. N., BYRN S. R., HATHAWAY A., NICHOLS D. E.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Chemischer Informationsdienst", "publication_date": "1981-07-13", "publication_year": 1981, "doi": "10.1002/chin.198128356", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198128356", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.198128356\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1021/jm00134a016\"],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2818, "title": "The content of Psilocybin in Norwegian Psilocybe semilanceata.", "normalized_title": "the content of psilocybin in norwegian psilocybe semilanceata", "authors": "Christiansen AL, Rasmussen KE, Høiland K.", "abstract": "Psilocybe semilanceata contains hallucinogenic indole alkaloids and has been used as a narcotic drug in Norway. The content of psilocybin, the major constituent in Norwegian P. semilanceata, has been investigated as well as its habitats and its distribution throughout the country. The mushroom is growing on grassy sites in most parts of Norway from the middle of August to the middle of October. The psilocybin content in dried mushrooms varied considerably, from 0.17 to 1.96%. The highest concentrations in percent was found among the smaller mushrooms whereas the content in mg was highest in larger mushrooms. The content of psilocybin makes P. semilanceata to a potent hallucinogenic drug.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1981-06-30", "publication_year": 1981, "doi": "10.1055/s-2007-971632", "pubmed_id": "17401967", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971632", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"17401967\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2107, "title": "Occurrence of Psilocybin/Psilocin in Pluteus Salicinus (Pluteaceae)", "normalized_title": "occurrence of psilocybin psilocin in pluteus salicinus pluteaceae", "authors": "Saupe Stephen G.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Mycologia", "publication_date": "1981-06-30", "publication_year": 1981, "doi": "10.1080/00275514.1981.12021406", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1981.12021406", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1080/00275514.1981.12021406\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1007/bf02159243\",\"10.1016/s0007-1536(56)80001-6\"],\"reference_count\":12}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2819, "title": "Dissociations between the effects of hallucinogenic drugs on behavior and raphe unit activity in freely moving cats.", "normalized_title": "dissociations between the effects of hallucinogenic drugs on behavior and raphe unit activity in freely moving cats", "authors": "Trulson ME, Heym J, Jacobs BL.", "abstract": "The hypothesis that the action of hallucinogenic drugs is mediated by a depression of the activity of brain serotonergic (raphe) neurons was tested by examining the behavioral effects of several hallucinogenic drugs while concurrently monitoring the activity of raphe neurons in freely moving cats. LSD produced a dose-dependent decrease in raphe unit activity and a dose-dependent increase in certain behaviors (e.g. limb flick and abortive groom), and the peak of the behavioral and unit changes were temporally correlated. However, there were three important dissociations between the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of LSD. Firstly, low doses of LSD produced only small decreases in raphe unit activity but significant behavioral changes. Secondly, the duration of LSD-induced behavioral changes significantly outlasted the depression of raphe unit activity. And thirdly, raphe neurons were at least as responsive to LSD during tolerance as they were in the nontolerant condition. Psilocin produced a dose-dependent decrease in raphe unit activity, while the behavioral changes were not dose-related. However, the peak behavioral changes corresponded to the maximal depression of raphe unit activity. The phenylethylamine hallucinogens, DOM and mescaline, both produced large behavioral changes but no overall effect on raphe neurons. Following administration of DOM or mescaline, some raphe units showed a significant increase, while some showed a significant decrease, and others showed no change in activity. Therefore, the phenylethylamine hallucinogens may exert a depressant effect upon a subset of serotonin-containing neurons, and an amphetamine-like excitatory effect upon another subset of these neurons. Consistent with previous studies, all hallucinogens produced a high concentration of slow waves in the cortical EEG. Following administration of LSD or psilocin, the appearance of slow waves in the EEG was often associated with a transitory decrease in unit activity, while this was not observed for the phenylethylamine hallucinogens. The present data, in conjunction with recent data from other laboratories, suggest that the serotonin hypothesis of hallucinogenic drug action should be re-evaluated.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1981-05-31", "publication_year": 1981, "doi": "10.1016/0006-8993(81)90507-2", "pubmed_id": "6114779", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(81)90507-2", "keywords": "Brain Stem, Raphe Nuclei, Neurons, Animals, Cats, Amphetamines, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Behavior, Animal, Electric Conductivity, Kinetics, Female, Psilocybin, DOM2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6114779\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Brain Imaging,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2820, "title": "Quantitative analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in psilocybe baeocystis (Singer and Smith) by high-performance liquid chromatography and by thin-layer chromatography.", "normalized_title": "quantitative analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in psilocybe baeocystis singer and smith by high performance liquid chromatography and by thin layer chromatography", "authors": "Beug MW, Bigwood J.", "abstract": "Rapid quantification of psilocybin and psilocin in extracts of wild mushrooms is accomplished by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with paired-ion reagents. Nine solvent systems and three solid supports are evaluated for their efficiency in separating psilocybin, psilocin and other components of crude mushroom extracts by thin-layer chromatography.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1981-02-28", "publication_year": 1981, "doi": "10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88741-5", "pubmed_id": "7194879", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88741-5", "keywords": "Agaricales, Solvents, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7194879\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2821, "title": "Interaction of D-LSD with blood platelets of rabbits: shape change and specific binding.", "normalized_title": "interaction of d lsd with blood platelets of rabbits shape change and specific binding", "authors": "Laubscher A, Pletscher A, Noll H.", "abstract": "In blood platelets of rabbits, the shape change-inducing effect of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (D-LSD) has been compared with the D-LSD-binding. D-LSD, but not L-LSD, caused a shape change reaction (EC50 1.3 x 10(-9) M) which was inhibited by various 5-HT antagonists (methergoline and neuroleptic drugs), butaclamol showing marked stereospecificity. Strong inhibitors of 5 HT uptake were only weak in counteracting the D-LSD-induced shape change. Furthermore, D-[3H]LSD bound to platelets at a single saturable, high affinity, stereoselective site [Kd = (31.1 +/- 3.3) x 10(-9) M; Bmax = 28.9 +/- 2.7 fmols per 10(8) platelets]. This binding was strongly antagonized by D-LSD and methergoline and less by the hallucinogenic drugs, psilocin, bufotenin and N'N'-dimethyltryptamine. L-LSD an 5 HT, inhibitors of 5 HT uptake and neuroleptics, especially spiroperidol and butaclamol, had only a weak antagonistic effect. The latter showed stereospecificity. It is concluded that 1) the shape change reaction caused by D-LSD in platelets is mediated by the specific 5 HT-receptor, 2) the sites mediating the D-LSD-induced shape change reaction are not identical with those responsible for D-[3H]LSD-binding and both these sites are different from the 5 HT-transport sites and 3) with respect to D-LSD-binding sites, platelets and neurons are not exactly identical.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1981-01-31", "publication_year": 1981, "doi": "10.1016/s0022-3565(25)32431-6", "pubmed_id": "6109775", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(25)32431-6", "keywords": "Blood Platelets, Animals, Rabbits, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Metergoline, Receptors, Serotonin, Antipsychotic Agents, Kinetics", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6109775\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2108, "title": "Comparison of solution conformational preferences for the hallucinogens bufotenin and psilocin using 360-MHz proton NMR spectroscopy.", "normalized_title": "comparison of solution conformational preferences for the hallucinogens bufotenin and psilocin using 360 mhz proton nmr spectroscopy", "authors": "Migliaccio GP, Shieh TL, Byrn SR, Hathaway BA, Nichols DE.", "abstract": "The 360-MHz 1H NMR spectra of bufotenin and psilocin were obtained, both as the free bases in CDCl3 and as protonated salts in D2O. Coupling constants for the side-chain methylenes were derived using the LAOCN3 program. These time-averaged coupling constants indicate that the trans and gauche rotamers of both compounds have about equal energy in D2O. There is a slight excess of the trans rotamer of bufotenin in CDCl3. For psilocin, in contrast, the gauche form is highly favored in CDCl3. The magnitude of this stabilization was estimated at about 1 kcal/mol using rotamer populations and free energy of transfer from published partitioning studies. It is suggested that this could result from a very weak hydrogen bond. On the other hand, the difference in partitioning between bufotenin and psilocin, which seems to be a major determinant of biological activity, is largely due to a difference in the basicity of the two compounds. The pKa values for the amino group of psilocin and bufotenin were determined to be 8.47 and 9.67, respectively.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1981-01-31", "publication_year": 1981, "doi": "10.1021/jm00134a016", "pubmed_id": "6259355", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00134a016", "keywords": "Protons, Serotonin, Bufotenin, Hallucinogens, Solutions, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Molecular Conformation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6259355\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2822, "title": "On travels in the universe of the soul: reports on self-experiments with delysid (LSD) and psilocybin (CY).", "normalized_title": "on travels in the universe of the soul reports on self experiments with delysid lsd and psilocybin cy", "authors": "Gelpke R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1980-12-31", "publication_year": 1980, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.1981.10471454", "pubmed_id": "7024496", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1981.10471454", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Self Administration, Mental Processes, History, 20th Century, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7024496\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2109, "title": "Psilocin analogs II. Synthesis of 3-[2-(dialkylamino)ethyl]-, 3-[2-(N-methyl-N-alkylamino)ethyl]-, and 3-[2-(cycloalkylamino)ethyl]indol-4-ols", "normalized_title": "psilocin analogs ii synthesis of 3 2 dialkylamino ethyl 3 2 n methyl n alkylamino ethyl and 3 2 cycloalkylamino ethyl indol 4 ols", "authors": "Repke David B., Ferguson Wilfred J., Bates Dallas K.", "abstract": "AbstractStructural alteration of theNb-substituents of psilocin (3-[2-dimethylamino)ethyl]indol-4-ol) (12a) has led to a number of compounds containing known pharmacophoric groups. Further, it is hoped that the subtle changes in the nature of these substituents may lead to a clearer understanding of the structure-activity relationships of the 4-hydroxytryptamine hallucinogens.", "journal": "Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry", "publication_date": "1980-12-31", "publication_year": 1980, "doi": "10.1002/jhet.5570180131", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jhet.5570180131", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/jhet.5570180131\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1002/jps.2600600819\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81101-8\",\"10.1016/0024-3205(68)90200-2\",\"10.1016/b978-0-08-012039-3.50021-x\",\"10.1021/jm00250a015\",\"10.1038/221537a0\",\"10.1021/jm00234a010\",\"10.1007/bf00431735\",\"10.1016/s0022-3565(25)25699-3\",\"10.1021/jm00221a024\",\"10.1021/jm00318a006\",\"10.1021/jm00265a004\",\"10.1002/jhet.5570140113\",\"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb31508.x\",\"10.1016/0040-4020(78)89050-4\",\"10.1002/hlca.19550380619\",\"10.1021/jo00430a024\",\"10.1021/jm00321a017\",\"10.1039/jr9650001424\",\"10.1021/jo00945a015\",\"10.1016/0040-4020(68)88063-9\",\"10.1021/jo00948a013\",\"10.1016/s0040-4039(01)86538-2\",\"10.1002/hlca.19590420638\"],\"reference_count\":37}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2823, "title": "Mushrooms and madness. Hallucinogenic mushrooms and some psychopharmacological implications.", "normalized_title": "mushrooms and madness hallucinogenic mushrooms and some psychopharmacological implications", "authors": "McDonald A.", "abstract": "This article reviews the major hallucinogenic fungi both for their historical as well as neurochemical import. Despite voluminous literature on them, relatively little study has focused on psilocybin related substances that could relate to forms of psychotic illness. Some metabolic pathways are reviewed which illustrate the need for more study of indole compounds such as baeocystin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1980-10-31", "publication_year": 1980, "doi": "10.1177/070674378002500709", "pubmed_id": "6777029", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/070674378002500709", "keywords": "Humans, Basidiomycota, Amanita, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Monoamine Oxidase, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia, Chemistry, History, Medieval, History, Modern 1601-, Guatemala, Mexico, India, Siberia", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6777029\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Review Article", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3736, "title": "Analysis of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Mushroom Extracts by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography", "normalized_title": "analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in mushroom extracts by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography", "authors": "Thomson BM", "abstract": "Abstract A method has been developed for the analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in dry and preserved mushrooms using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. A mobile phase of phosphate buffered methanol/water/cetrimonium bromide allows good separation of the two hallucinogens.", "journal": "Journal of Forensic Sciences", "publication_date": "1980-09-30", "publication_year": 1980, "doi": "10.1520/jfs11292j", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs11292j", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:09:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1520/jfs11292j\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1007/bf02159243\",\"10.1016/s0015-7368(66)70336-3\",\"10.1007/bf02160424\",\"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1970.tb08533.x\",\"10.1002/jps.2600660539\",\"10.1016/0021-9673(75)85080-1\",\"10.1021/ac60334a019\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(00)97031-6\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(00)82234-7\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(00)98485-1\",\"10.1016/s0021-9673(01)80448-9\",\"10.1093/chromsci/15.9.413\",\"10.1021/ac50028a005\",\"10.1021/ac50014a054\"],\"reference_count\":16}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2825, "title": "LDS-25 as a discriminative stimulus for response selection by pigeons.", "normalized_title": "lds 25 as a discriminative stimulus for response selection by pigeons", "authors": "Järbe TU.", "abstract": "Pigeons (N=4) were trained to discriminate between the effects induced by intramuscular (IM) injections of d-LSD and saline using a discrete-trial discrimination paradigm (choice between left and right hand key) in a conventional operant box. The solutions were administered IM15 min prior to the sessions. A FR15 schedule was in operation to produce food. Which of the two keys was correct on a given training session depended upon whether LSD or saline had been given. Three of the birds were trained and maintained with a dose of 40 microgram/kg of LSD and the fourth pigeon finally was maintained on 50 microgram/kg of LSD. The dose resulting in 50% LSD appropriate responding (ED50) was 18 microgram/kg and the median time-interval for the decay of the LSD stimulus (40 microgram/kg) was 84 min. Tests with psilocybin (ED50=0.55 mg/kg) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (ED50=5.7 mg/kg) resulted in responding appropriate for the LSD training condition. Mescaline injections above 10 mg/kg severely suppressed responding. The few responses emitted after tests with 15 and 20 mg/kg of mescaline were directed to the LSD associated key. Tests with BOL (0.1 to 3 mg/kg) as well as three other psychotropic drugs (delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, morphine and, pentobarbital) did not result in responding above 50%) LSD appropriate responses. As a possible antidote, methergoline, a pubetative antagonist of post-synaptic serotonin receptor sites, was administered 75 min prior to testing the cueing properties of LSD. No definitive role for a blocking effect of the LSD-cue is provided by the present data.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1980-09-30", "publication_year": 1980, "doi": "10.1016/0091-3057(80)90279-8", "pubmed_id": "6107936", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(80)90279-8", "keywords": "Animals, Columbidae, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Metergoline, Discrimination Learning, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6107936\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2824, "title": "Analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in mushroom extracts by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography.", "normalized_title": "analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in mushroom extracts by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography", "authors": "Thomson BM.", "abstract": "A method has been developed for the analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in dry and preserved mushrooms using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. A mobile phase of phosphate buffered methanol/water/cetrimonium bromide allows good separation of the two hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1980-09-30", "publication_year": 1980, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "7191888", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/7191888", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Hallucinogens, Plant Extracts, Buffers, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7191888\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2826, "title": "Psilocybin intoxication.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin intoxication", "authors": "Dewhurst K.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1980-08-31", "publication_year": 1980, "doi": "10.1192/bjp.137.3.303a", "pubmed_id": "7192167", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.137.3.303a", "keywords": "Humans, Basidiomycota, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7192167\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2827, "title": "Application of a radioimmunoassay screening test for detection and management of phencyclidine intoxication.", "normalized_title": "application of a radioimmunoassay screening test for detection and management of phencyclidine intoxication", "authors": "Kaul B, Davidow B.", "abstract": "A radioimmunoassay procedure has been developed to monitor patients suspected of phencyclidine (PCP) intoxication. Symptoms in 11 patients suspected of phencyclidine intoxication included violent, aggressive behavior with delusions, hallucinations, agitation, and other signs of toxic psychosis. In five subjects serum concentrations of PCP ranged between 0.5 and 40 ng/ml. For laboratory confirmation, ascorbic acid should be administered to the patient after collecting the initial urine specimen. The initial urine and the first and second specimen after acidification should be collected and submitted for analysis. By following this provocative mobilization procedure, phencyclidine has been identified in the first or second postacidification urine when the initial specimen gave either a negative or questionable reaction. Patients reporting to emergency rooms with hallucinations and psychosis and a history of \"pot\" smoking should be screened for the presence of phencyclidine in their blood and urine. For those cases that turn out to be negative for the phencyclidine group of compounds, other hallucinogenic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide, ketamine, mescaline, or psilocybin may be suspect.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1980-07-31", "publication_year": 1980, "doi": "10.1002/j.1552-4604.1980.tb02542.x", "pubmed_id": "7430414", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1980.tb02542.x", "keywords": "Humans, Phencyclidine Abuse, Phencyclidine, Radioimmunoassay, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7430414\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Addiction,Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2829, "title": "EEG effects of hallucinogens and cannabinoids using sleep-waking behavior as baseline.", "normalized_title": "eeg effects of hallucinogens and cannabinoids using sleep waking behavior as baseline", "authors": "Fairchild MD, Jenden DJ, Mickey MR, Yale C.", "abstract": "Three hallucinogens (d-lysergicacid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilocybin) and two cannabinoid derivatives (tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), synhexyl) were tested for their long-term effects on the EEG of the cat. The drug-induced alterations in the EEG frequency spectrum were \"drug-specific\" in the sense that they would be statistically unlikely to occur during sleep-waking behavior. The two classes of compounds produced distinctly different EEG effects which were remarkably similar within each class. The duration of activity and relative potencies were consistent with those obtained by other measures, both in cats and in other species including man.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1979-12-31", "publication_year": 1979, "doi": "10.1016/0091-3057(80)90422-0", "pubmed_id": "6102770", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(80)90422-0", "keywords": "Animals, Cats, Mescaline, Cannabinoids, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Benzopyrans, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Wakefulness, Sleep, Female, Dronabinol, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6102770\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2828, "title": "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "profiles of psychedelic drugs psilocybin", "authors": "Shulgin AT.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1979-12-31", "publication_year": 1979, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.1980.10471557", "pubmed_id": "7392062", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1980.10471557", "keywords": "Chemistry, Legislation, Drug, United States, Chemical Phenomena, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"7392062\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2830, "title": "The danger of hallucinogenic mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "the danger of hallucinogenic mushrooms", "authors": "Mills PR, Lesinskas D, Watkinson G.", "abstract": "There has been a revival of interest amongst young people in the raw consumption of \"wild\" Psilocybin mushrooms, because of their hallucinogenic properties. Seven cases of mushroom overdosage are described. Whilst the hallucinogenic mushrooms are relatively harmless, the dangers from inadvertent ingestion of commonly occurring poisonous varieties are emphasised.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1979-09-30", "publication_year": 1979, "doi": "10.1177/003693307902400413", "pubmed_id": "555819", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/003693307902400413", "keywords": "Humans, Mushroom Poisoning, Substance-Related Disorders, Adolescent, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"555819\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2831, "title": "A characteristic effect of hallucinogens on investigatory responding in rats.", "normalized_title": "a characteristic effect of hallucinogens on investigatory responding in rats", "authors": "Geyer MA, Light RK, Rose GJ, Petersen LR, Horwitt DD, Adams LM, Hawkins RL.", "abstract": "The disruption of the temporal distribution of investigatory responses by rats in a novel hole-board following lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD), as described in a companion paper (Geyer and Light, 1979), was found to be a characteristic effect of a variety of hallucinogens. Similar effects were produced by indoleamine hallucinogens, such as LSD, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and psilocin, and by phenylethylamine hallucinogens, such as mescaline or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM). Congeners of DOM that are inactive in humans had no significant effects. Furthermore, of a variety of other psychoactive drugs tested, only apomorphine produced an effect similar to that of the hallucinogens. These results suggest that a simple behavioral measure of exploration in a hole-board may provide a useful animal model with which to examine the common effects of hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1979-08-31", "publication_year": 1979, "doi": "10.1007/bf00491975", "pubmed_id": "116288", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00491975", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Phenethylamines, Amphetamines, Apomorphine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Exploratory Behavior, Time Factors, Male, DOM2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"116288\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2110, "title": "The inhibition of food intake in the dog by LDS, mescaline, psilocin, d-amphetamine and phenylisopropylamine derivatives.", "normalized_title": "the inhibition of food intake in the dog by lds mescaline psilocin d amphetamine and phenylisopropylamine derivatives", "authors": "Vaupel DB, Nozaki M, Martin WR, Bright LD, Morton EC.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1979-05-31", "publication_year": 1979, "doi": "10.1016/0024-3205(79)90451-x", "pubmed_id": "481115", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(79)90451-x", "keywords": "Animals, Dogs, Aniline Compounds, Dextroamphetamine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Appetite Depressants, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"481115\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2832, "title": "Persistent psychiatric symptoms after eating psilocybin mushrooms.", "normalized_title": "persistent psychiatric symptoms after eating psilocybin mushrooms", "authors": "Benjamin C.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1979-04-30", "publication_year": 1979, "doi": "10.1136/bmj.1.6174.1319", "pubmed_id": "571748", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.6174.1319", "keywords": "Humans, Basidiomycota, Lorazepam, Anxiety, Jurisprudence, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"571748\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Anxiety", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2833, "title": "Severe aggression in rats induced by mescaline but not other hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "severe aggression in rats induced by mescaline but not other hallucinogens", "authors": "Sbordone RJ, Wingard JA, Gorelick DA, Elliott ML.", "abstract": "Pairs of male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DMPEA), or 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA) IP prior to being placed in a shock-elicited aggression situation. When foot shock was delivered, controls struck each other with their forepaws, but never engaged in either biting or injurious fighting. Mescaline-treated rats (50 or 250 mg) rarely struck each other, but engaged in nearly lethal biting. While LSD (25--400 micrograms/kg), psilocin (2.0 mg/kg), and DMT (5 mg/kg) produced some biting, this did not significantly differ from controls and never resulted in injuries. At higher doses, psilocin, DMT, and DMPEA decreased the amount and intensity of fighting. Rats treated with 5-OHDA (8--200 mg/kg) or LSD (25--400 micrograms/kg) did not differ from controls. These results suggest that mescaline's ability to induce pathological aggression in rats exposed to foot shock is not shared by other hallucinogens or nonhallucinogenic mescaline analogues.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1978-12-31", "publication_year": 1978, "doi": "10.1007/bf00428319", "pubmed_id": "119274", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00428319", "keywords": "Animals, Humans, Rats, Mescaline, Hallucinogens, Aggression, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"119274\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2111, "title": "Psilocin, bufotenine and serotonin: historical and biosynthetic observations.", "normalized_title": "psilocin bufotenine and serotonin historical and biosynthetic observations", "authors": "Chilton WS, Bigwood J, Jensen RE.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1978-12-31", "publication_year": 1978, "doi": "10.1080/02791072.1979.10472093", "pubmed_id": "392119", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1979.10472093", "keywords": "Animals, Anura, Bufonidae, Mammals, Basidiomycota, Amanita, Serotonin, Bufotenin, Hydroxylation, Chemistry, Isomerism, History, Ancient, History, 17th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, United States, Brazil, Israel, China, Rome, Austria, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"392119\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2834, "title": "The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline-derived hallucinogens on sensory-integrative function: tactile startle.", "normalized_title": "the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline derived hallucinogens on sensory integrative function tactile startle", "authors": "Geyer MA, Petersen LR, Rose GJ, Horwitt DD, Light RK, Adams LM, Zook JA, Hawkins RL, Mandell AJ.", "abstract": "Tactile startle responding by male Sprague-Dawley rats given 60 presentations of air-puff stimuli (37.5 psi) was measured after the intraperitoneal administration of graded doses of hallucinogens and other psychoactive drugs. Among the drugs tested were the indoleamine-derived compounds, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine and psilocin, and the phenylethylamine-derived compounds, mescaline, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine and a series of active and inactive congeners of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine. All of the active phenylethylamines increased startle response magnitudes throughout the test session. This pattern of augmented startle suggests that these drugs increase reactivity. However, none of the indoleamine hallucinogens increased startle responding. Of the nonhallucinogenic drugs tested, only apomorphine increased startle responding, while clonidine significantly decreased it, and amphetamine, chlorimipramine, scopolamine and methysergide had no effect. In additional studies with LSD, it was found that LSD increased the response to only the first stimulus when more intense air-puffs were used (50 psi). Furthermore, when the number of stimuli was increased from 60 to 240 (1 hr) so that appreciable habituation was evident in controls, LSD impaired this habituation. Whereas the response magnitudes of the control group decreased by 70% across the session, the responses of LSD-treated rats decreased by only 32%. These results suggest that LSD and phenylethylamine-derived hallucinogens may differ in their effects on tactile startle responding.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1978-11-30", "publication_year": 1978, "doi": "10.1016/s0022-3565(25)31486-2", "pubmed_id": "731434", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(25)31486-2", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Physical Stimulation, Touch, Time Factors, Male, Habituation, Psychophysiologic, Reflex, Startle", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"731434\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2112, "title": "Effects of mescaline and psilocin on acquisition, consolidation, and performance of light-dark discrimination in two inbred strains of mice.", "normalized_title": "effects of mescaline and psilocin on acquisition consolidation and performance of light dark discrimination in two inbred strains of mice", "authors": "Castellano C.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1978-09-30", "publication_year": 1978, "doi": "10.1007/bf00427746", "pubmed_id": "103113", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00427746", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred DBA, Mice, Mescaline, Discrimination Learning, Light, Darkness, Male, Psilocybin, Discrimination, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"103113\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2835, "title": "High-affinity 3H-serotonin binding to caudate: inhibition by hallucinogens and serotoninergic drugs.", "normalized_title": "high affinity 3h serotonin binding to caudate inhibition by hallucinogens and serotoninergic drugs", "authors": "Whitaker PM, Seeman P.", "abstract": "The specific binding of 3H-serotonin to calf caudate homogenate was studied. The dissociation constant was 2nM and the number of specific sites was 14fmoles/mg protein. Of many drugs tested, inhibition of specific 3H-serotonin binding occurred almost exclusively with serotonin agonists and antagonists. The concentrations for 50% inhibition of 3H-serotonin binding by serotonergic agonists follow: bufotenin, 6nM; 5-methoxytryptamine, 12 nM; psilocin, 35nM; dimethyltryptamine, 220 nM; and tryptamine, 270 nM. The concentrations for the antagonists were: LSD9.5 nM; methysergide 16nM and metergoline 25nM.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1978-08-31", "publication_year": 1978, "doi": "10.1007/bf00428022", "pubmed_id": "100806", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00428022", "keywords": "Brain, Caudate Nucleus, Membranes, Animals, Cattle, Serotonin, Receptors, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Kinetics, In Vitro Techniques", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"100806\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2836, "title": "Abuse of indigenous psilocybin mushrooms: a new fashion and some psychiatric complications.", "normalized_title": "abuse of indigenous psilocybin mushrooms a new fashion and some psychiatric complications", "authors": "Hyde C, Glancy G, Omerod P, Hall D, Taylor GS.", "abstract": "The use for hallucinogenic purposes of an indigenous mushroom, Psilocybe semilanceata indigenous to Britain is reported in three patients. Typical psychedelic, transient psychotic and more prolonged schizophrenia-like states were seen, with sympathomimetic signs noted in two cases, in one being prolonged. Enquiry about such mushroom abuse should be considered in individuals presenting to medical or psychiatric emergency clinics.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1978-05-31", "publication_year": 1978, "doi": "10.1192/bjp.132.6.602", "pubmed_id": "566144", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.132.6.602", "keywords": "Humans, Basidiomycota, Hallucinations, Substance-Related Disorders, Mental Disorders, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"566144\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2837, "title": "Stimulation of rat prolactin secretion by indolealkylamine hallucinogens.", "normalized_title": "stimulation of rat prolactin secretion by indolealkylamine hallucinogens", "authors": "Meltzer HY, Fessler RG, Simonovic M, Fang VS.", "abstract": "The hallucinogenic indoleamine drugs N,N-dimethyltryptamine (N,N-DMT), psilocybin, bufotenin, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and N-methyltryptamine, increased rat plasma prolactin (PRL) levels. The increase in plasma PRL produced by N,N-DMT, psilocybin, and bufotenin was inhibited by methysergide, a serotonin receptor blocker. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA), an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, significantly potentiated the increase in PRL produced by N,N-DMT, and psilocybin. Parachloroamphetamine, a relatively selective toxin for serotonin neurons, also stimulated the increase in PRL produced by N,N-DMT. These results suggest that the indole hallucinogens stimulate PRL secretion by a serotonergic agonist mechanism. Bufotenin has been reported to pass the blood-brain barrier poorly, but of the indoles studied it had the most potent effect on PRL secretion. This raises the possibility that the serotonin receptors which promote PRL secretion may be outside the blood-brain barrier or that the central 5-HT receptors which mediate PRL secretion may be especially responsive to bufotenin.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1978-03-31", "publication_year": 1978, "doi": "10.1007/bf00432847", "pubmed_id": "148665", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00432847", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Indoles, Prolactin, Fenclonine, Hallucinogens, Stimulation, Chemical, Time Factors, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"148665\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2840, "title": "The identification of LSD-like hallucinogens using the chronic spinal dog.", "normalized_title": "the identification of lsd like hallucinogens using the chronic spinal dog", "authors": "Martin WR, Vaupel DB, Nozaki M, Bright LD.", "abstract": "The effects of several indoleamines and phenethylamines were studied in the chronic spinal dog and compared with two standard drugs, LSD and amphetamine. In the nontolerant chronic spinal dog, their effects on a variety of physiologic and behavioral functions were measured in untreated dogs, as well as dogs treated with certain antagonists. The effects of the antagonists phenoxybenzamine and cyproheptadine on the various physiologic effects were studied for all drugs. For some idoleamines and phenethylamines, the effects of chlorpromazine and pimozide were also studied. Indoleamines and phenethylamines in the LSD-tolerant chronic spinal dog and their anorexigenic effects in the intact dog were also studied. The results of these studies indicate that psilocin, mescaline, dimethyltryptamine and tryptamine are LSD-like drugs. DOM, DOB, DMA, and TMA are predominantly LSD-like drugs but do have some amphetamine-like action. PMA and PEA are predominantly amphetamine-like drugs with some LSD-like activity. MMDA and MDA have a more complicated pharmacology showing proerties that resemble LSD and amphetamine, but they have other actions which are not shared by either LSD or amphetamine, which suggests they have yet other modes of action.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1978-02-28", "publication_year": 1978, "doi": "10.1016/0376-8716(78)90024-8", "pubmed_id": "272982", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(78)90024-8", "keywords": "Animals, Dogs, Phenethylamines, Dextroamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Cordotomy, Feeding Behavior, Structure-Activity Relationship, Female", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"272982\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2839, "title": "The occurrence of psilocybin in Gymnopilus species.", "normalized_title": "the occurrence of psilocybin in gymnopilus species", "authors": "Hatfield GM, Valdes LJ.", "abstract": "An accidental case of mushroom poisoning led to the detection of psilocybin in Gymnopilus validipes (Cortinariaceae). This compound was subsequently isolated (0.12% yield) by anion exchange and cellulose chromatography. Eighteen additional species of Gymnopilus were screened by a method capable of detecting 0.0004% psilocybin in dried carpophores. Psilocybin was detected in G. aeruginosus, G. luteus, G. viridans and G. spectabilis. The latter species has been previously reported to be hallucinogenic. This is the first report of psilocybin from this genus.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1978-02-28", "publication_year": 1978, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "565861", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/565861", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Mushroom Poisoning, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"565861\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2838, "title": "Mutagenicity testing of 3 hallucinogens: LSD, psilocybin and delta 9-THC, using the micronucleus test.", "normalized_title": "mutagenicity testing of 3 hallucinogens lsd psilocybin and delta 9 thc using the micronucleus test", "authors": "Van Went GF.", "abstract": "Using the micronucleus test as a screening method for mutagenic activity, no significant increase in the number of micronuclei was found when LSD, psilocybin or delta 9-THC were administered in 3 logarithmically increasing doses to mice, Azathioiprine (Imuran), given as a positive control, caused a statistically significantt increase in the micronucleated cells.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1978-02-28", "publication_year": 1978, "doi": "10.1007/bf01923013", "pubmed_id": "631257", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01923013", "keywords": "Bone Marrow, Animals, Mice, Chromosome Aberrations, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Azathioprine, Mutagens, Dronabinol, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"631257\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2841, "title": "Defining the histamine H2-receptor in brain: the interaction with LSD.", "normalized_title": "defining the histamine h2 receptor in brain the interaction with lsd", "authors": "Green JP, Weinstein H, Maayani S.", "abstract": "Two aspects of the complexities of the mode of action of drugs are described. One is the criteria and pitfalls of defining the interaction with specific receptors. The other is the need to consider each of the pharmacological effects of a drug as a concatenation of receptor events, because it has become clear that each drug may have substantial affinity for many specific receptors. Illustrating these ideas is a characterization of the histamine receptor linked to adenylate cyclase in brain. The activities of a series of H2-antagonists and H2-agaonists were shown to be the same on the histamine receptor linked to adenylate cyclase as on known H2-receptors. The KB values of antagonists and ED50 values of agonists were not distinguishable among these receptors. Notably, at high concentrations, the H1-antagonists are also competitive antagonists of the H2-receptor. Cyproheptadine has especially high affinity for the H2-receptor. It is the most potent H2-antagonist yet reported. Other published results are reviewed to show the variety of receptors that cyproheptadine has affinity for. Its affinity for serotonin receptors led us to examine other serotonin antagonists. On this H2-receptor linked to adenylate cyclase in homogenates of guinea pig hippocampus and cortex, D-LSD and D-2-bromo-LSD (BrLSD) were shown to be competitive antagonists of histamine. L-LSD, mescaline and psilocin were inactive. Noting congurency in the molecular structyre of D-LSD and known H2-antagonists, we predicted a new H2-antagonist. This prediction is shown to be correct: the compound has similar affinity to the H2-receptor as has LSD. The affinities of D-LSD and BrLSD for the H2-receptor are compared with their affinities for other receptors. The pharmacology of D-LSD and BrLSD is reviewed. Evidence is assembled that BrLSD has considerable central effects.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1977-12-31", "publication_year": 1977, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "30911", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30911", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Cyproheptadine, Receptors, Dopamine, Receptors, Histamine H1, Receptors, Histamine H2, Receptors, Serotonin, Receptors, Histamine, Histamine H1 Antagonists, Histamine H2 Antagonists, Behavior, Structure-Activity Relationship, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, In Vitro Techniques, Adenylyl Cyclases", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"30911\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology,Review Article,In Vitro Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Review Article", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2842, "title": "Baeocystin in psilocybe, conocybe and panaeolus.", "normalized_title": "baeocystin in psilocybe conocybe and panaeolus", "authors": "Repke DB, Leslie DT, Guzmán G.", "abstract": "Sixty collections of ten species referred to three families of the Agaricales have been analyzed for the presence of baeocystin by thin-layer chromatography. Baeocystin was detected in collections of Psilocybe, Conocybe, and Panaeolus from the U.S.A., Canada, Mexico, and Peru. Laboratory cultivated fruitbodies of Psilocybe cubensis, P. semilanceata, and P. cyanescens were also studied. Intra-species variation in the presence of decay rate of baeocystin, psilocybin and psilocin are discussed in terms of age and storage factors. In addition, evidence is presented to support the presence of 4-hydroxytryptamine in collections of P. baeocystis and P. cyanescens. The possible significance of baeocystin and 4-hydroxytryptamine in the biosynthesis of psilocybin in these organisms is discussed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1977-10-31", "publication_year": 1977, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "600026", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/600026", "keywords": "Agaricales, Serotonin, Indoles, Species Specificity, Canada, Mexico, United States, Peru, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"600026\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2843, "title": "Behavioral effects of LSD in the cat: proposal of an animal behavior model for studying the actions of hallucinogenic drugs.", "normalized_title": "behavioral effects of lsd in the cat proposal of an animal behavior model for studying the actions of hallucinogenic drugs", "authors": "Jacobs BL, Trulson ME, Stern WC.", "abstract": "In the course of examining the complete dose-response relationship for the behavioral effects of LSD in the cat, we discovered that, in addition to large increases in investigatory and hallucinatory-like responses, two behaviors, not previously reported, are emitted with a high probability under LSD. Beginning from a baseline of essentially zero in saline-treated animals, limb flicks and abortive grooming increase in frequency in direct relation to the dose of LSD administered (2.5, 10, 25 and 50 microgram/kg i.p.) and then decrease at higher doses (100 and 200 microgram/kg). Limb flicks are a species-specific behavior seen in normal cats almost exclusively in response to the presence of a foreign substance, such as water, on the hindpaw or forepaw. In abortive grooming, the cat orients to the body surfaces as if to groom but does not emit the consummatory grooming response (bite, lick or scratch), or emits the response in midair. These behaviors can serve as an animal behavior model for the actions of LSD and related hallucinogens in humans. The specificity of these behavioral changes is indicated by the fact that they are never seen in response to other classes of psychoactive drugs such as D-amphetamine, atropine, caffeine, and cholorpheniramine. They are, however, elicited by compounds such as psilocybin which are structurally and functionally related to LSD. The validity of the model is based on evidence indicating that it is: specific to hallucinogens, dose dependent, observed in a dose range effective in humans, parallels the major parameters of the actions of LSD in humans (see following paper), sensitive, robust, reliable, quantifiable and easy to score.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1977-07-31", "publication_year": 1977, "doi": "10.1016/0006-8993(77)90423-1", "pubmed_id": "19128", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(77)90423-1", "keywords": "Animals, Cats, Dextroamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Methysergide, Serotonin Antagonists, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Grooming, Exploratory Behavior, Motor Activity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Dronabinol", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"19128\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2113, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: PSILOCIN ANALOGS. 1. SYNTHESIS OF3-(2-(DIALKYLAMINO)ETHYL)- AND3-(2-(CYCLOALKYLAMINO)ETHYL)INDOL-4-OLS", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract psilocin analogs 1 synthesis of3 2 dialkylamino ethyl and3 2 cycloalkylamino ethyl indol 4 ols", "authors": "REPKE D. B., FERGUSON W. J., BATES D. K.", "abstract": "AbstractDas aus 1,3-Cyclohexandion bzw. Pyrrol zugängliche Dihydroindolon (I) wird über Pd-C zu (IIa) dehydriert und zu (IIb) acetyliert.", "journal": "Chemischer Informationsdienst", "publication_date": "1977-07-11", "publication_year": 1977, "doi": "10.1002/chin.197728193", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197728193", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.197728193\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1002/jhet.5570140113\"],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2844, "title": "Comparative effects of hallucinogenic drugs on rotational behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions.", "normalized_title": "comparative effects of hallucinogenic drugs on rotational behavior in rats with unilateral 6 hydroxydopamine lesions", "authors": "Trulson ME, Stark AD, Jacobs BL.", "abstract": "The dopaminergic actions of various hallucinogenic drugs were assessed by examining their effects on turning behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway. LSD (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) produced strong contralateral turning, indicating that it is a potent dopamine receptor agonist, while BOL (5 mg/kg), a non-hallucinogenic congener of LSD, was found to be a weak dopamine receptor agonist. STP (2 and 5 mg/kg) and mescaline (50 and 100 mg/kg) produced significant ipsilateral turning, indicating that these compounds have a moderate dopamine-releasing action. DMT (10 and 20 mg/kg) and 5-M-DMT (0.75 and 1.25 mg/kg) produced weak ipsilateral turning, which was not significantly different from that produced by the nonhallucinogenic compounds tryptamine (40 mg/kg) or scopolamine (0.25 mg/kg). Psilocin (1-20 mg/kg) produced no significant turning in either direction. These data, in conjunction with previous studies, indicate that while inactivation of the brain serotonin system may be a necessary and sufficient condition for hallucinogenesis, the ability to activate dopamine receptors may be an important factor in determining the potency of hallucinogens.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1977-06-30", "publication_year": 1977, "doi": "10.1016/0014-2999(77)90097-8", "pubmed_id": "560306", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(77)90097-8", "keywords": "Corpus Striatum, Animals, Humans, Rats, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Hydroxydopamines, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Stereotyped Behavior, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"560306\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2845, "title": "GLC-mass spectral analysis of psilocin and psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "glc mass spectral analysis of psilocin and psilocybin", "authors": "Repke DB, Leslie DT, Mandell DM, Kish NG.", "abstract": "With the combined technique of GLC-mass spectrometry, psilocin and psilocybin, two hallucinogenic indoles, were analyzed as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. The method was applied to these two components in an extract of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1977-04-30", "publication_year": 1977, "doi": "10.1002/jps.2600660539", "pubmed_id": "559753", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600660539", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Chromatography, Gas, Methods, Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"559753\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2846, "title": "Psilocybin: biphasic dose-response effects on the acoustic startle reflex in the rat.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin biphasic dose response effects on the acoustic startle reflex in the rat", "authors": "Davis M, Walters JK.", "abstract": "The startle reflex was measured in 7 groups of 10 rats each after intraperitoneal injection of saline or 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 or 8.0 mg/kg psilocybin. Low doses (0.75-2.0 mg/kg) increased startle amplitude whereas high doses (4.0-8.0 mg/kg) depressed startle. Selected low (0.71 mg/kg) or high (5.70 mg/kg) doses of psilocin also had a biphasic dose-response effect on startle comparable in magnitude to equimolar doses of psilocybin. This biphasic dose-response relationship of the indole hallucinogen, psilocybin, on startle is consistent with the hypothesis that startle is increased when the firing rates of midbrain raphe neurons are selectively inhibited but is depressed when neurons postsynaptic to raphe cells are also inhibited.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1977-03-31", "publication_year": 1977, "doi": "10.1016/0091-3057(77)90180-0", "pubmed_id": "882579", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(77)90180-0", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Acoustic Stimulation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Time Factors, Male, Reflex, Startle, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:06", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"882579\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2114, "title": "Psilocin analogs. 1. Synthesis of 3-[2-(dialkylamino)ethyl] -and 3-[2-(cycloalkylamino)ethyl] indol-4-ols", "normalized_title": "psilocin analogs 1 synthesis of 3 2 dialkylamino ethyl and 3 2 cycloalkylamino ethyl indol 4 ols", "authors": "Repke David B., Ferguson Wilfred J., Bates Dallas K.", "abstract": "AbstractThe synthesis of four dialkyl and three eyeloalkyl analogs of psilocin (4, R - CH3), a hallucinogenic principle found in certain fungi, is described. The synthetic route involves four transformations starting with 6,7-dihydroindol-4(5H)one: (1).", "journal": "Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry", "publication_date": "1977-01-31", "publication_year": 1977, "doi": "10.1002/jhet.5570140113", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jhet.5570140113", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/jhet.5570140113\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1007/bf02159243\",\"10.1007/bf02166696\",\"10.1007/bf02160424\",\"10.1002/hlca.19590420518\",\"10.1007/bf00408109\",\"10.1097/00005053-196011000-00007\",\"10.1038/221537a0\",\"10.1002/hlca.19590420638\",\"10.1093/brain/96.3.647\",\"10.1002/cber.19681010741\",\"10.1002/jlac.19626550103\",\"10.1021/jo00808a016\",\"10.1021/jo00808a017\",\"10.1021/ja01652a113\"],\"reference_count\":30}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2848, "title": "Baeocystin in Psilocybe semilanceata.", "normalized_title": "baeocystin in psilocybe semilanceata", "authors": "Repke DB, Leslie DT.", "abstract": "Baeocystin and psilocybin were found in extracts of a variety of Psilocybe semilanceata. Psilocybin (but not baeocystin) was also detected in extracts of a related species. Psilocyte pelliculosa. Traces of psilocin were present in these two species. The structures of the isolated compounds were corroborated using mass spectrometry and UV spectroscopy.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1976-12-31", "publication_year": 1976, "doi": "10.1002/jps.2600660130", "pubmed_id": "556766", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600660130", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Alkaloids, Indoles, Organophosphates, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"556766\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2847, "title": "The effects of psilocybin on primary process content in language.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin on primary process content in language", "authors": "Martindale C, Fischer R.", "abstract": "The hypothesis that psilocybin induced primary process thinking was assessed. On four separate occasions, a subject was asked to write before, during, and after the hallucinogenic experience induced by doses ranging between 80 and 200 microgram/kg of psilocybin. Texts produced at the drug peak contained significantly more primary process content and were significantly more stereotyped on several measures than those written before or after the drug peak.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1976-12-31", "publication_year": 1976, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "608346", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/608346", "keywords": "Humans, Language, Thinking, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"608346\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2849, "title": "Extraordinary experiences during cross-modal perception.", "normalized_title": "extraordinary experiences during cross modal perception", "authors": "Holt-Hansen K.", "abstract": "9 Ss were requested to perceive simultaneously the taste of beer and a rhythmic sound, the pitch of which could be varied. The frequencies at which Ss experienced harmony between the taste and the sound were determined. At the pitch of harmony Ss reported characteristic experiences, e.g., optimum taste of the beer, rhythmic sensations in the head, and tickling sensations in the jaws and the mouth. 3 Ss also reported experiences resembling those described by persons under the influence of such drugs as mescaline, psilocybin, LSD, and cannabis.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1976-11-30", "publication_year": 1976, "doi": "10.2466/pms.1976.43.3f.1023", "pubmed_id": "1012881", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1976.43.3f.1023", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Perception, Perceptual Distortion, Taste, Research Design, Beer, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"1012881\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Adolescents", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3412, "title": "[Polymorphe forms of psilocine and psilocybine].", "normalized_title": "polymorphe forms of psilocine and psilocybine", "authors": "Kuhnert-Brandstätter M, Heindl W.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1976-07-31", "publication_year": 1976, "doi": "10.1002/ardp.19763090804", "pubmed_id": "971051", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ardp.19763090804", "keywords": "Crystallization, Spectrophotometry, Infrared, Solubility, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:53", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"971051\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2850, "title": "Detection of psilocybin in species of Psilocybe, Panaeolus and Psathyrella.", "normalized_title": "detection of psilocybin in species of psilocybe panaeolus and psathyrella", "authors": "Ott J, Guzmán G.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1976-06-30", "publication_year": 1976, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "957919", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/957919", "keywords": "Plants, Medicinal, Species Specificity, Mexico, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"957919\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2852, "title": "The psilocybin-induced \"state of drunkenness\" in normal volunteers and schizophrenics.", "normalized_title": "the psilocybin induced state of drunkenness in normal volunteers and schizophrenics", "authors": "Parashos AJ.", "abstract": "The effects of the psilocybin, a psychomimetic substance, on mental junctioning were investigated in normal volunteers as well as in schizophrenics. The disturbances induced constitute a psychoneurotoxic syndrome--\"a state of drunkenness\"--of about four hours duration which develops in three distinct phases. The basic mental symptoms of this syndrome consist of disturbances of the apperception, sensory perception and emotion. A moderate impairment of egofunctioning or reality appraisal and an inability to integrate different mental processes are observed. The psychomotor behavior is mainly harmonized to the prevailing emotional state and to the experiences caused by perceptual alterations, in a lesser degree. These changes, according to our observations, are more severe and more \"psychotic-like\" in schizophrenics rather than in normals. Psychopathological analysis of these changes proves that the whole syndrome cannot be considered as related to the spontaneously triggered functional psychoses or to the organic ones and, therefore, the term \"model-psychosis\" according to our opinion, is unsatisfactory.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1976-03-31", "publication_year": 1976, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "1052267", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1052267", "keywords": "Humans, Behavior, Emotions, Mental Processes, Consciousness, Memory, Perception, Volition, Attention, Schizophrenic Psychology, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"1052267\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2851, "title": "Drug-induced conditioned suppression: specificity due to drug employed as UCS.", "normalized_title": "drug induced conditioned suppression specificity due to drug employed as ucs", "authors": "Cameron OG, Appel JB.", "abstract": "The classical conditioning potential of several drugs was tested in rats by pairing a light CS with the drug UCSs; these stimuli were superimposed in a variable-interval 30 sec schedule for water reinforcement. Conditioning (suppression of bar-pressing in the presence of the CS) was definitely demonstrated with psilocybin (2.0 mg/kg), was suggested but not clearly shown with LSD (0.13 MG/kg), and was not evident with methyl atropine nitrate (50 mg/kg) or pentobarbital (25 mg/kg). These results indicate that previously demonstrated drug-induced conditioned suppression is not a nonspecific effect of unconditioned suppression but depends on the type of drug employed.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1976-01-31", "publication_year": 1976, "doi": "10.1016/0091-3057(76)90020-4", "pubmed_id": "1265108", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(76)90020-4", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Atropine, Atropine Derivatives, Pentobarbital, Conditioning, Classical, Reinforcement Schedule, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"1265108\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2853, "title": "Comparison of the discriminative stimulus properties of delta9-THC and psilocybin in rats.", "normalized_title": "comparison of the discriminative stimulus properties of delta9 thc and psilocybin in rats", "authors": "Greenberg I, Kuhn D, Appel JB.", "abstract": "Male albino rats were trained to respond differentially on the left or right lever in a 2-lever chamber on the basis of which drug had been given intra-peritoneally (IP) 30 min before experimentation. In 1 group 1.9 mg/kg of delta9-THC and control injections (vehicle) served as the discriminative stimuli associated with each lever and in another group the drug stimuli were 1.0 mg/kg of delta9-THC and 1.0 mg/kg of psilocybin. The results confirmed those of other experiments using different procedures; that delta9-THC can acquire discriminative control over responding. The fact that delta9-THC and psilocybin were also found to differentially control lever choice demonstrates that these 2 drugs probably produce discriminably different states in rats.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1975-08-31", "publication_year": 1975, "doi": "10.1016/0091-3057(75)90131-8", "pubmed_id": "1208637", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(75)90131-8", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Cannabis, Punishment, Time Factors, Extinction, Psychological, Dronabinol, Psilocybin, Discrimination, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"1208637\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2854, "title": "Interactions between lysergic acid diethylamide and dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase systems in rat brain.", "normalized_title": "interactions between lysergic acid diethylamide and dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclase systems in rat brain", "authors": "Hungen KV, Roberts S, Hill DF.", "abstract": "Investigations were carried out on the interactions of the hallucinogenic drug, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (D-LSD), and other serotonin antagonists with catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase systems in cell-free preparations from different regions of rat brain. In equimolar concentration, D-LSD, 2-brono-D-lysergic acid diethylamide (BOL), or methysergide (UML) strongly blocked maximal stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity by either norepinephrine or dopamine in particulate preparations from cerebral cortices of young adult rats. D-LSD also eliminated the stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity of equimolar concentrations of norepinephrine or dopamine in particulate preparations from rat hippocampus. The effects of this hallucinogenic agent on adenylate cyclase activity were most striking in particulate preparations from corpus striatum. Thus, in 10 muM concentration, D-LSD not only completely eradicated the response to 10 muM dopamine in these preparations but also consistently stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. L-LSD (80 muM) was without effect. Significant activation of striatal adenylate cyclase was produced by 0.1 muM D-LSD. Activation of striatal adenylate cyclase of either D-LSD or dopamine was strongly blocked by the dopamine-blocking agents trifluoperazine, thioridazine, chlorpromazine, and haloperidol. The stimulatory effects of D-LSD and dopamine were also inhibited by the serotonin-blocking agents, BOL, 1-methyl-D-lysergic acid diethylamide (MLD), and cyproheptadine, but not by the beta-adrenergic-blocking agent, propranolol. However, these serotonin antagonists by themselves were incapable of stimulating adenylate cyclase activity in the striatal preparations. Several other hallucinogens, which were structurally related to serotonin, were also inactive in this regard, e.g., mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, psilocin and bufotenine. Serotonin itself produced a small stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in striatal preparations and, in relatively high concentration (100 muM), partially blocked the activation by 10 muM dopamine, but was without effect on the stimulation by 10 muM D-LSD. The present results indicate that serotonin antagonists, in general, are potent inhibitors of catecholamine-induced stimulation of adenylate cyclase systems in brain cell-free preparations. In addition, these results, coupled with earlier findings on the capacity of D-LSD to interact with serotonin-sensitive adenylate cyclase systems from rat brain23,24 and other neural systems16, strongly suggest that this hallucinogenic agent is capable of acting as an agonist at central dopamine and serotonin receptors, as well as functioning as an antagonist at dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin receptors in the brain.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1975-07-31", "publication_year": 1975, "doi": "10.1016/0006-8993(75)90876-8", "pubmed_id": "238721", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(75)90876-8", "keywords": "Brain, Hippocampus, Corpus Striatum, Animals, Norepinephrine, Propranolol, Dopamine, Serotonin, Promethazine, Haloperidol, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Methysergide, Cyproheptadine, Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, Trifluoperazine, Hallucinogens, Enzyme Activation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Adenylyl Cyclases", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"238721\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2855, "title": "Therapeutic usefulness of hallucinogenic drugs as a function of their chemical structure.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic usefulness of hallucinogenic drugs as a function of their chemical structure", "authors": "Fischer R, Goldman H.", "abstract": "D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) displays (1) the phenylethylamine pattern present in mescaline, cyclazocine and catecholamines and (2) the 4-substituted tryptamine structure of psilocybin which is a serotonin analog. Hence (a) Naloxone--a blocker of the LSD-like side effects of cyclazocine--should (and does) block effects of LSD, and (b) cross-tolerance may be present between LSD and cyclazocine but not between mescaline and psilocybin. Even though LSD binds subcortically, its effect on regional perfusion of the brain and, presumably, function is primarily cortical and, since the perfusion shifts evoked by psilocybin are confined to subcortical regions, we assume that other compounds with the phenylethylamine structure such as mescaline, also may selectively affect cortical activity.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1975-06-30", "publication_year": 1975, "doi": "10.1055/s-0028-1094457", "pubmed_id": "1233520", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1094457", "keywords": "Brain, Humans, Catecholamines, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Naloxone, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Binding Sites, Structure-Activity Relationship, Chemistry, Chemical Phenomena", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"1233520\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Adverse Events", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2857, "title": "Hallucinogenic indoleamines: Preferential action upon presynaptic serotonin receptors.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic indoleamines preferential action upon presynaptic serotonin receptors", "authors": "Aghajanian GK, Hailgler HJ.", "abstract": "Previously, d-lysergic acid diethylamide was found to have a more powerful inhibitory action upon serotonergic (raphe) neurons than upon neurons in areas receiving an identified serotonergic input (e. g., amygdala, ventral lateral geniculate). In the present studies, using microiontophoretic techniques, the relative potencies of 3 indoleamine hallucinogens, psilocin, DMT, and bufotenine were tested upon 5HT neurons in the raphe (presynaptic neurons) and postsynaptic neurons in the ventral lateral geniculate and amygdala of the rat. Psilocin showed the greatest preferential inhibitory effect upon raphe as compared to postsynaptic neurons. DMT was intermdeiate and bufotenine had the least differential activity. This rank ordering correlates with the relative hallucinogenic potencies of these compounds: psilocin greater than DMT greater than bufotenine. The results support the hypothesis that low doses of indoleamine halluciogens act preferentially upon presynaptic serotonin receptors to inhibit raphe neurons, thus releasing postsynaptic neurons from a tonic inhibitory serotonergic influence.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1974-12-31", "publication_year": 1974, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "1063421", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1063421", "keywords": "Synapses, Animals, Rats, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Indoles, Bufotenin, Receptors, Drug, Hallucinogens, Male, In Vitro Techniques, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"1063421\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Neuroplasticity,Receptor Pharmacology,In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2856, "title": "Adaptive changes in behavior after repeated administration of various psychoactive drugs.", "normalized_title": "adaptive changes in behavior after repeated administration of various psychoactive drugs", "authors": "Rech RH, Tilson HA, Marquis WJ.", "abstract": "Evidence has been presented that d-amphetamine interacts with various types of behavior in the context of a conditioning paradigm. Rats exposed simultaneously to a locomotor activity measurement and three dose levels of d-amphetamine on repeated occasions gradually developed dose-related enhancement of drug-stimulated activity, which persisted after discontinuation of the drug. Rats trained in FR-operant chambers with food reinforcement showed a decrease in the rate of lever pressing after administration of d-amphetamine. Tolerance to this effect required varying numbers of daily drug injections, according to the subject's degree of prior drug experience. In both situations the drug administrations were coupled with the behavioral measure to allow for conditioning effects. In a continuous avoidance procedure the initial dose of d-amphetamine did not enhance response rate, although subsequent doses did produce significant stimulation. Even when the initial doses were administered out of temporal phase with the avoidance measurement, the simultaneous administration of the drug and the behavioral procedure on a subsequent day resulted in a significant drug-induced stimulation of response rate. Thus, in this particular instance, the conditioning influence of the earlier doses was apparent whether or not the drug effect occurred in contiguity with the avoidance measurement. Other reports in the literature (16) suggest that hallucinogenic drug action may be characterized by the peculiar \"pause\" in an FR pattern of responding for food reinforcement. This proposal was substantiated and extended to a number of representative hallucinogenic agents. d-Amphetamine or chlorpormazine reduced the rate of FR responding without provoking an obvious pause. Examination of tolerance and cross-tolerance to the hallucinogenic pause in the FR pattern after LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, DOM, and DMT generally indicated interactions between the drugs, although this was not entirely consistent. It follows that the mechanisms of action of these drugs probably have elements in common, though they are not necessarily identical. In doses as small as 10 mg/kg, cinanserin, a serotonergic receptor-blocking agent, completely reversed the pause in FR pattern induced by the various hallucinogenic drugs.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1974-12-31", "publication_year": 1974, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "1163377", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1163377", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Dextroamphetamine, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Adaptation, Psychological, Behavior, Animal, Motor Activity, Avoidance Learning, Reinforcement Schedule", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"1163377\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Mechanism of Action,Receptor Pharmacology,Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2115, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: NEUER ZUGANG ZU PSILOCIN-DERIVATEN", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract neuer zugang zu psilocin derivaten", "authors": "GERMAIN CLAUDE, BOURDAIS JACQUES", "abstract": "AbstractDie Psilocine (IV) werden in ca. 20%iger Gesamtausbeute aus den Alkoxybenzolen (I) über die Amide (II) und die Alkoxygramine (III) nach bekannten Methoden darge- stellt.", "journal": "Chemischer Informationsdienst", "publication_date": "1974-12-09", "publication_year": 1974, "doi": "10.1002/chin.197449273", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197449273", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.197449273\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2858, "title": "Hypersensitivity to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) and psilocybin in essential headache.", "normalized_title": "hypersensitivity to lysergic acid diethylamide lsd 25 and psilocybin in essential headache", "authors": "Fanciullacci M, Franchi G, Sicuteri F.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1974-11-30", "publication_year": 1974, "doi": "10.1007/bf01919685", "pubmed_id": "4442544", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01919685", "keywords": "Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Humans, Hallucinations, Headache, Serotonin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Receptors, Drug, Emotions, Brain Chemistry, Structure-Activity Relationship, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4442544\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Receptor Pharmacology,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2116, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF THE TEONANACATL HALLUCINOGENS PART2, PSILOCIN C12H15N2O", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract crystal structures of the teonanacatl hallucinogens part2 psilocin c12h15n2o", "authors": "PETCHER TREVOR J., WEBER HANS PETER", "abstract": "", "journal": "Chemischer Informationsdienst", "publication_date": "1974-09-02", "publication_year": 1974, "doi": "10.1002/chin.197435063", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197435063", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.197435063\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1039/p29740000946\"],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2117, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: BENZO(B)THIOPHENE DERIVATIVES PART21, ON THE PROOF OF STRUCTURE OF THE SULFUR ISOSTERE OF PSILOCIN", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract benzo b thiophene derivatives part21 on the proof of structure of the sulfur isostere of psilocin", "authors": "CAMPAIGNE E., ROGERS R. B.", "abstract": "Abstract′3-Brom-4-methoxy-benzo(b)thiophen (Ia) liefert die Lithio-Verbindung (Ib), die zu (II) formyliert wird.", "journal": "Chemischer Informationsdienst", "publication_date": "1974-07-15", "publication_year": 1974, "doi": "10.1002/chin.197428268", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197428268", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.197428268\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1002/jhet.5570100614\"],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2859, "title": "Psilocybin: a pharmacological profile.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin a pharmacological profile", "authors": "Aboul-Enein HY.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1974-04-30", "publication_year": 1974, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4853936", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4853936", "keywords": "Humans, Carbon Radioisotopes, Serotonin, Hallucinogens, Structure-Activity Relationship, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4853936\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2860, "title": "The effect of LSD, psilocybin, harmaline and amphetamine on the body temperature of para-chlorophenylalanine pretreated rabbits.", "normalized_title": "the effect of lsd psilocybin harmaline and amphetamine on the body temperature of para chlorophenylalanine pretreated rabbits", "authors": "Ladefoged O.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1974-03-31", "publication_year": 1974, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4277695", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4277695", "keywords": "Animals, Rabbits, Amphetamine, Alkaloids, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Pyridines, Indoles, Fenclonine, Body Temperature, Drug Synergism, Stimulation, Chemical, Time Factors, Female, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4277695\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2862, "title": "The effects of psilocybin on EEG and behaviour in monkeys.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin on eeg and behaviour in monkeys", "authors": "Horibe M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1974-02-28", "publication_year": 1974, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4454934", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4454934", "keywords": "Brain, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Cerebral Cortex, Iris, Animals, Macaca mulatta, Electroencephalography, Eye Movements, Electrooculography, Facial Expression, Behavior, Animal, Sleep Stages, Posture, Time Factors, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4454934\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2861, "title": "Distribution patterns of 14-C-psilocin in the brains of various animals.", "normalized_title": "distribution patterns of 14 c psilocin in the brains of various animals", "authors": "Hopf A, Eckert H.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1974-02-28", "publication_year": 1974, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4454947", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4454947", "keywords": "Brain, Cerebellar Cortex, Cerebellar Nuclei, Pons, Hippocampus, Animals, Rats, Carbon Radioisotopes, Autoradiography, Time Factors, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4454947\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3737, "title": "Crystal structures of the Teonanácatl hallucinogens. Part II. Psilocin, C12 H15 N2 O", "normalized_title": "crystal structures of the teonanácatl hallucinogens part ii psilocin c12 h15 n2 o", "authors": "Petcher Trevor J., Weber Hans Peter", "abstract": "", "journal": "J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2", "publication_date": "1973-12-31", "publication_year": 1973, "doi": "10.1039/p29740000946", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/p29740000946", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:09:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1039/p29740000946\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2863, "title": "[Studies on hallucinogens. V. Synthesis of psilocybin].", "normalized_title": "studies on hallucinogens v synthesis of psilocybin", "authors": "Ono M, Shimamine M, Takahashi K, Inoue T.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1973-12-31", "publication_year": 1973, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4477493", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4477493", "keywords": "Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4477493\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2118, "title": "Benzo[b]thiophene derivatives. XXI. On the proof of structure of the sulfur isostere of psilocin", "normalized_title": "benzo b thiophene derivatives xxi on the proof of structure of the sulfur isostere of psilocin", "authors": "Campaigne E., Rogers R. B.", "abstract": "AbstractDifferences in the characteristics of several common compounds reported in two independent syntheses of the sulfur analog of psilocin required re-examination of our products. Additional evidence supporting the structures previously reported by us is presented. This includes proof of 3-substitution in 4-methoxy-3-β-dimethylaminoethylbenzo[b]thiophene by deuterium exchange of the 2-proton, demonstration that the intermediate 4-methoxy-N, N-dimethyl-3-benzo[b]thienylglyoxamide is different from the 2-isomer, and confirmation of the structure of 4-methoxy-3-methylhenzo[b]thiophene, an intermediate in one of the reported syntheses, by three different synthetic methods.", "journal": "Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry", "publication_date": "1973-11-30", "publication_year": 1973, "doi": "10.1002/jhet.5570100614", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jhet.5570100614", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/jhet.5570100614\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1002/jhet.5570100304\",\"10.1039/p19720003011\",\"10.1039/j39710003447\",\"10.1021/ja01162a528\",\"10.1039/j39680000764\",\"10.1039/p19730000623\",\"10.1039/p19720001404\",\"10.1016/0040-4020(69)80021-9\",\"10.1002/jhet.5570080514\"],\"reference_count\":15}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2119, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: BENZO(B)THIOPHENE DERIVATIVES PART19, THE SULFUR ISOSTERES OF PSILOCIN AND RELATED ISOMERS", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract benzo b thiophene derivatives part19 the sulfur isosteres of psilocin and related isomers", "authors": "CAMPAIGNE E., ROGERS R. B.", "abstract": "AbstractZur Untersuchung auf pharmakologische Wirkung, speziell hallucinogene Effekte, werden die S-Isosteren von Psilocin und ähnliche Benzo(b)thiophene hergestellt.", "journal": "Chemischer Informationsdienst", "publication_date": "1973-11-05", "publication_year": 1973, "doi": "10.1002/chin.197345337", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197345337", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:21:33", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.197345337\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1002/jhet.5570100304\"],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2864, "title": "Quantitative measurement of mixtures of hallucinogens by fluorometry and phosphorimetry.", "normalized_title": "quantitative measurement of mixtures of hallucinogens by fluorometry and phosphorimetry", "authors": "Fabrick DM, Winefordner JD.", "abstract": "Room temperature fluorometric and low-temperature phosphorimetric analytical curves of hallucinogens in methanol/water solution have been prepared to demonstrate the absence of interference in common binary mixtures of hallucinogenic drugs. Limits of detection and linear dynamic ranges have been determined for drugs in mixtures. Mixtures containing LSD and another hallucinogen such as STP (DOM), psilocybin, mescaline, and phencyclidine have been studied. Detection limits are low, and analytical curves are linear over wide concentration ranges.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1973-10-31", "publication_year": 1973, "doi": "10.1016/0039-9140(73)80087-6", "pubmed_id": "18961403", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(73)80087-6", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"18961403\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3738, "title": "Theoretical studies on the conformations of psilocin and mescaline.", "normalized_title": "theoretical studies on the conformations of psilocin and mescaline", "authors": "Kang S, Johnson CL, Green JP.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1973-08-31", "publication_year": 1973, "doi": "10.1016/s0026-895x(25)13989-8", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-895x(25)13989-8", "keywords": "Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Molecular Conformation, Chemistry, Chemical Phenomena, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:09:46", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4788158\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2865, "title": "Induction and extinction of psilocybin induced transformations of visual space.", "normalized_title": "induction and extinction of psilocybin induced transformations of visual space", "authors": "Hill RM, Fischer R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1973-08-31", "publication_year": 1973, "doi": "10.1055/s-0028-1094389", "pubmed_id": "4794961", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1094389", "keywords": "Humans, Visual Perception, Posture, Gravitation, Time Factors, Adult, Female, Male, Extinction, Psychological, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4794961\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2120, "title": "Theoretical studies on the conformations of psilocin and mescaline.", "normalized_title": "theoretical studies on the conformations of psilocin and mescaline", "authors": "Kang S, Johnson CL, Green JP", "abstract": "", "journal": "Molecular pharmacology", "publication_date": "1973-08-31", "publication_year": 1973, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4788158", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4788158/", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "PubMed", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:20:41", "raw_json": "{\"pubmed_id\":\"4788158\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2866, "title": "The effects of LSD, psilocybin, harmaline and amphetamine on the body temperature of para-chlorophenylalanine pretreated rats.", "normalized_title": "the effects of lsd psilocybin harmaline and amphetamine on the body temperature of para chlorophenylalanine pretreated rats", "authors": "Ladefoged O.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1973-07-31", "publication_year": 1973, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4270656", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4270656", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats, Amphetamine, Alkaloids, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Pyridines, Indoles, Fenclonine, Body Temperature, Drug Interactions, Time Factors, Yeast, Dried, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4270656\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Drug Interactions", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2867, "title": "Psychophysics of psilocybin and 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol.", "normalized_title": "psychophysics of psilocybin and 9 tetrahydrocannabinol", "authors": "Shaffer JH, Hill RM.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1973-04-30", "publication_year": 1973, "doi": "10.1007/bf02023852", "pubmed_id": "4715535", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02023852", "keywords": "Humans, Cannabis, Touch, Sensation, Psychophysics, Time Factors, Adult, Male, Vision, Ocular, Dronabinol, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4715535\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2868, "title": "Hallucinogenic drug-induced behavior under sensory attenuation. Prediction of response to psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "hallucinogenic drug induced behavior under sensory attenuation prediction of response to psilocybin", "authors": "Panton Y, Fischer R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1973-02-28", "publication_year": 1973, "doi": "10.1001/archpsyc.1973.01750330106017", "pubmed_id": "4688632", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1973.01750330106017", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Pulse, Probability, Emotions, Personality, Sensory Deprivation, Visual Perception, Arousal, Handwriting, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4688632\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2121, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. DES SCHWEFELANALOGEN VON PSILOCIN UND EINIGEN VERWANDTEN VERBINDUNGEN", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract synth des schwefelanalogen von psilocin und einigen verwandten verbindungen", "authors": "CHAPMAN N. B., SCROWSTON R. M., SUTTON T. M.", "abstract": "AbstractDie Synthese des Psilocinanalogen (Vb) geht von der Carbonsäure (Ia) aus, die beim Erhitzen mit Kupfer/Chinolin das Benzothiophen (Ib) gibt.", "journal": "Chemischer Informationsdienst", "publication_date": "1973-02-19", "publication_year": 1973, "doi": "10.1002/chin.197308246", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197308246", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:09:46", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.197308246\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1039/p19720003011\"],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2870, "title": "Molecular structures of hallucinogenic substances: lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine.", "normalized_title": "molecular structures of hallucinogenic substances lysergic acid diethylamide psilocybin and 2 4 5 trimethoxyamphetamine", "authors": "Baker RW, Chothia C, Pauling P, Weber HP.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1972-12-31", "publication_year": 1972, "doi": "10.1016/s0026-895x(25)13703-6", "pubmed_id": "4685449", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-895x(25)13703-6", "keywords": "Tryptamines, Amphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Crystallography, X-Ray Diffraction, Molecular Conformation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4685449\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2869, "title": "[Studies on hallucinogens. 3. Synthesis of psilocin (author's transl)].", "normalized_title": "studies on hallucinogens 3 synthesis of psilocin author s transl", "authors": "Ono M, Shimamine M, Takahashi K.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1972-12-31", "publication_year": 1972, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4800137", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4800137", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Spectrophotometry, Infrared, Mass Spectrometry, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4800137\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 1943, "title": "Psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin", "authors": "Mulkey D.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1972-06-30", "publication_year": 1972, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "5039020", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5039020", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Chemistry, Chemical Phenomena, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5039020\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2122, "title": "Synthesis of the sulphur analogue of psilocin and some related compounds", "normalized_title": "synthesis of the sulphur analogue of psilocin and some related compounds", "authors": "Chapman N. B., Scrowston R. M., Sutton T. M.", "abstract": "", "journal": "Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1", "publication_date": "1971-12-31", "publication_year": 1971, "doi": "10.1039/p19720003011", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/p19720003011", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:09:46", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1039/p19720003011\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2871, "title": "Effects of psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, mescaline and various lysergic acid derivatives on the EEG and on photically induced epilepsy in the baboon (Papio papio).", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin dimethyltryptamine mescaline and various lysergic acid derivatives on the eeg and on photically induced epilepsy in the baboon papio papio", "authors": "Meldrum BS, Naquet R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1971-11-30", "publication_year": 1971, "doi": "10.1016/0013-4694(71)90072-1", "pubmed_id": "4111479", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(71)90072-1", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Animals, Haplorhini, Papio, Epilepsy, Tryptamines, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Methysergide, Electroencephalography, Light, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4111479\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2872, "title": "An electroencephalographic analysis of personality-dependent performance under psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "an electroencephalographic analysis of personality dependent performance under psilocybin", "authors": "Thatcher K, Wiederholt WC, Fischer R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1971-03-31", "publication_year": 1971, "doi": "10.1007/bf01965376", "pubmed_id": "5129520", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01965376", "keywords": "Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Electroencephalography, Analysis of Variance, Motor Activity, Personality, Light, Pressure, Handwriting, Adult, Habituation, Psychophysiologic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5129520\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2874, "title": "Different reaction of focal and diffuse epileptic EEG activity to psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "different reaction of focal and diffuse epileptic eeg activity to psilocybin", "authors": "Kolarík J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1970-12-31", "publication_year": 1970, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "5000337", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5000337", "keywords": "Brain, Thalamus, Cerebral Cortex, Neurons, Humans, Epilepsy, Epilepsies, Partial, Electroencephalography, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5000337\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2873, "title": "EEG changes after psilocybin in organic brain lesions.", "normalized_title": "eeg changes after psilocybin in organic brain lesions", "authors": "Kolarĩk J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1970-12-31", "publication_year": 1970, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "5122145", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5122145", "keywords": "Thalamus, Occipital Lobe, Humans, Brain Neoplasms, Brain Diseases, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Electroencephalography, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5122145\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2123, "title": "ChemInform Abstract: INDOLE 22. MITT. INDOLSYNTH., ANWENDUNG AUF PSILOCIN", "normalized_title": "cheminform abstract indole 22 mitt indolsynth anwendung auf psilocin", "authors": "JULIA MARC, PASCAL YVES ROBERT", "abstract": "AbstractDas aus dem Ketoester (I) durch Reduktion nach Huang-Minlon, Verseifen zur Carbonsäure und Cyclisieren erhaltene Keton (II) (55% Ausbeute), das auch aus dem aus Pyrrol und γ-Chlor-butyronitril durch Grignard-Reaktion entstehenden Nitrilgemisch analog erhältlich ist [20%; daneben das Isomere (IV) (86%)], läßt sich zum Indolol-(4) (III) dehydrieren (69%).", "journal": "Chemischer Informationsdienst. Organische Chemie", "publication_date": "1970-12-21", "publication_year": 1970, "doi": "10.1002/chin.197051318", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197051318", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:09:46", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1002/chin.197051318\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":1}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2875, "title": "Effects of psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine and various lysergic acid derivatives on photically-induced epilepsy in the baboon (Papio papio).", "normalized_title": "effects of psilocybin dimethyltryptamine and various lysergic acid derivatives on photically induced epilepsy in the baboon papio papio", "authors": "Meldrum BS, Naquet R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1970-08-31", "publication_year": 1970, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4992165", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4992165", "keywords": "Animals, Haplorhini, Seizures, Myoclonus, Tryptamines, Ergolines, Methylergonovine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Methysergide, Eye Movements, Motor Activity, Evoked Potentials, Muscle Tonus, Light, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4992165\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2876, "title": "Psilocybin-induced contraction of nearby visual space.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced contraction of nearby visual space", "authors": "Fischer R, Hill R, Thatcher K, Scheib J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1970-07-31", "publication_year": 1970, "doi": "10.1007/bf01965761", "pubmed_id": "5520365", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01965761", "keywords": "Humans, Vision Disorders, Vision Tests, Methods, Depth Perception, Form Perception, Perceptual Distortion, Space Perception, Visual Acuity, Visual Fields, Pressure, Time Factors, Handwriting, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5520365\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2877, "title": "Personality trait dependent performance under psilocybin. II.", "normalized_title": "personality trait dependent performance under psilocybin ii", "authors": "Thatcher K, Kappeler T, Wisecup P, Fischer R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1970-02-28", "publication_year": 1970, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4392526", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4392526", "keywords": "Autonomic Nervous System, Humans, Hallucinations, Dextroamphetamine, Reflex, Pupillary, Motor Activity, Personality, Cognition, Dissociative Disorders, Personality Inventory, MMPI, Sex Factors, Handwriting, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4392526\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2878, "title": "Personality trait dependent performance under psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "personality trait dependent performance under psilocybin", "authors": "Fischer R, Kappeler T, Wisecup P, Thatcher K.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1970-01-31", "publication_year": 1970, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "5438334", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5438334", "keywords": "Humans, Personality, Perception, Motor Skills, Personality Inventory, Pressure, Time Factors, Handwriting, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5438334\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3415, "title": "[Chromosome defects in patients treated with Psilocybine].", "normalized_title": "chromosome defects in patients treated with psilocybine", "authors": "Eberle P, Leuner H.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1969-12-31", "publication_year": 1969, "doi": "10.1007/bf00286993", "pubmed_id": "5449943", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00286993", "keywords": "Leukocytes, Humans, Chromosome Aberrations, Culture Techniques, Karyotyping, Mutation, Adult, Middle Aged, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:53", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5449943\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2879, "title": "On similar linguistic structures in creative performance and psilocybin-induced experience.", "normalized_title": "on similar linguistic structures in creative performance and psilocybin induced experience", "authors": "Landon M, Fischer R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1969-12-31", "publication_year": 1969, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "5478353", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5478353", "keywords": "Humans, Psycholinguistics, Arousal, Male, Creativity, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5478353\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Creativity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2880, "title": "Additional evidence supporting the occurrence of psilocybin in Panaeolus foenisecii.", "normalized_title": "additional evidence supporting the occurrence of psilocybin in panaeolus foenisecii", "authors": "Robbers JE, Tyler VE, Ola'h GM.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1969-08-31", "publication_year": 1969, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "5390043", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5390043", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5390043\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2882, "title": "[Electrophysiological effects of psilocybin in a cercopithecinae, Papio papio].", "normalized_title": "electrophysiological effects of psilocybin in a cercopithecinae papio papio", "authors": "Bermond F, Bert J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1969-06-30", "publication_year": 1969, "doi": "10.1016/0013-4694(69)90108-4", "pubmed_id": "4182890", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(69)90108-4", "keywords": "Geniculate Bodies, Cerebral Cortex, Visual Cortex, Retina, Animals, Haplorhini, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Electroencephalography, Electroretinography, Noise, Evoked Potentials, Light, Female, Vision, Ocular, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4182890\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2881, "title": "Measurement of handwriting area to pressure ratios during psilocybin-induced hallucinations.", "normalized_title": "measurement of handwriting area to pressure ratios during psilocybin induced hallucinations", "authors": "Fischer R, Kappeler T, Wisecup P, Thatcher K.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1969-06-30", "publication_year": 1969, "doi": "10.1007/bf01990020", "pubmed_id": "5406119", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01990020", "keywords": "Pupil, Humans, Hallucinations, Administration, Oral, Motor Activity, Sensation, Dissociative Disorders, Physiology, Pressure, Time Factors, Handwriting, Adult, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5406119\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2883, "title": "The relationship of carbon and nitrogen nutrition of Psilocybe baeocystis to the production of psilocybin and its analogs.", "normalized_title": "the relationship of carbon and nitrogen nutrition of psilocybe baeocystis to the production of psilocybin and its analogs", "authors": "Leung AY, Paul AG.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1969-02-28", "publication_year": 1969, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "5788770", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5788770", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Carbon, Nitrogen, Carbohydrates, Tryptophan, Tissue Extracts, Culture Media, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Time Factors, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5788770\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2885, "title": "A study of the role of noradrenaline in behavioral changes produced in the rat by psychotomimetic drugs.", "normalized_title": "a study of the role of noradrenaline in behavioral changes produced in the rat by psychotomimetic drugs", "authors": "Sugrue MF.", "abstract": "1. LSD-25, psilocybin and JB-329 reduced the noradrenaline content of the rat hypothalamus.2. All three drugs affected the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response, LSD-25 and psilocybin retarding and JB-329 enhancing the acquisition. With the exception of JB-329, doses affecting the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response were lower than those required to decide hypothalamic noradrenaline concentrations. The time of peak drug effect on the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response occurred approximately 1.5 hr after injection as opposed to 3 hr in the case of noradrenaline content.3. The amount of LSD-25, psilocybin and JB-329 necessary to elicit gross behavioural excitation was similar to the dose producing noradrenaline depletion. Here also the peak behavioural effect was detected earlier.4. Pretreatment with reserpine and alpha-MT had no effect on the intensity of gross behavioural excitation induced by LSD-25 and psilocybin but shortened the duration of the response. The excitation induced by JB-329 was abolished by reserpine pretreatment and was markedly reduced both in intensity and duration by the prior injection of alpha-MT.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1969-01-31", "publication_year": 1969, "doi": "10.1111/j.1476-5381.1969.tb07983.x", "pubmed_id": "5774043", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1969.tb07983.x", "keywords": "Hypothalamus, Animals, Rats, Norepinephrine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Avoidance Learning, Brain Chemistry, Stimulation, Chemical, Psilocybin, Conditioning, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5774043\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2884, "title": "Effects of psychodysleptic drug psilocybin on visual perception. Changes in brightness preference.", "normalized_title": "effects of psychodysleptic drug psilocybin on visual perception changes in brightness preference", "authors": "Fischer R, Hill RM, Warshay D.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1969-01-31", "publication_year": 1969, "doi": "10.1007/bf01899102", "pubmed_id": "4389138", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01899102", "keywords": "Pupil, Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Dilatation, Visual Perception, MMPI, Dark Adaptation, Light, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin, Discrimination, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4389138\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2886, "title": "Autoradiographic studies on the distribution of psychoactive drugs in the rat brain. 3. 14C-psilocin.", "normalized_title": "autoradiographic studies on the distribution of psychoactive drugs in the rat brain 3 14c psilocin", "authors": "Hopf A, Eckert H.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1968-12-31", "publication_year": 1968, "doi": "10.1007/bf02456045", "pubmed_id": "5364171", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02456045", "keywords": "Brain, Mesencephalon, Medulla Oblongata, Cerebellum, Pons, Limbic System, Hypothalamus, Diencephalon, Telencephalon, Cerebral Cortex, Spinal Cord, Animals, Rats, Carbon Isotopes, Tryptamines, Hallucinogens, Autoradiography, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5364171\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2887, "title": "Baeocystin and norbaeocystin: new analogs of psilocybin from Psilocybe baeocystis.", "normalized_title": "baeocystin and norbaeocystin new analogs of psilocybin from psilocybe baeocystis", "authors": "Leung AY, Paul AG.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1968-09-30", "publication_year": 1968, "doi": "10.1002/jps.2600571007", "pubmed_id": "5684732", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600571007", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Tryptamines, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Spectrum Analysis, Infrared Rays, Ultraviolet Rays, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5684732\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2888, "title": "The effects of psilocybin, dextro-amphetamine and placebo on performance of the trail making test.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin dextro amphetamine and placebo on performance of the trail making test", "authors": "Duke RB, Keeler MH.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1968-06-30", "publication_year": 1968, "doi": "10.1002/1097-4679(196807)24:3<316::aid-jclp2270240310>3.0.co;2-g", "pubmed_id": "5661749", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(196807)24:3<316::aid-jclp2270240310>3.0.co;2-g", "keywords": "Humans, Dextroamphetamine, Placebos, Analysis of Variance, Cognition, Perception, Motor Skills, Psychological Tests, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5661749\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2889, "title": "Quantitative measurement of time contraction induced by psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "quantitative measurement of time contraction induced by psilocybin", "authors": "Tosi O, Rockey MA, Fischer R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1968-04-30", "publication_year": 1968, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "5755879", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5755879", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Speech, Time Factors, Reading, Female, Male", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5755879\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2892, "title": "Psilocybin-induced changes in psychologic function, electroencephalogram, and light-evoked potentials in human subjects.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin induced changes in psychologic function electroencephalogram and light evoked potentials in human subjects", "authors": "Rynearson RR, Wilson MR, Bickford RG.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1968-02-29", "publication_year": 1968, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4384806", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4384806", "keywords": "Pupil, Humans, Pulse, Electroencephalography, Electroretinography, Affect, Cognition, Perception, Auditory Perception, Touch, Visual Perception, Reaction Time, MMPI, Thematic Apperception Test, Evoked Potentials, Blood Pressure, Computers, Female, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4384806\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2891, "title": "[Pharmacological studies of hallucinogens. Report 3. I. Bibliographical considerations of psilocybin, with special reference to its actions on the central nervous system].", "normalized_title": "pharmacological studies of hallucinogens report 3 i bibliographical considerations of psilocybin with special reference to its actions on the central nervous system", "authors": "Horibe M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1968-02-29", "publication_year": 1968, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4881757", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4881757", "keywords": "Cardiovascular System, Central Nervous System, Cerebral Cortex, Animals, Humans, Electroencephalography, Body Temperature, Behavior, Animal, Action Potentials, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4881757\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2890, "title": "[Pharmacological studies of hallucinogens. Report 3. II. Pharmacological studies of influence of psilocybin on the central nervous system].", "normalized_title": "pharmacological studies of hallucinogens report 3 ii pharmacological studies of influence of psilocybin on the central nervous system", "authors": "Horibe M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1968-02-29", "publication_year": 1968, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4972692", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4972692", "keywords": "Central Nervous System, Pupil, Animals, Cats, Rabbits, Haplorhini, Mice, Rats, Electroencephalography, Electrooculography, Electromyography, Injections, Intraperitoneal, Injections, Intravenous, Behavior, Animal, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4972692\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2124, "title": "Structure-activity relationships among 5-methoxy-n:n-dimethyltryptamine, 4-hydroxy-n:n-dimethyltryptamine (psilocin) and other substituted tryptamines.", "normalized_title": "structure activity relationships among 5 methoxy n n dimethyltryptamine 4 hydroxy n n dimethyltryptamine psilocin and other substituted tryptamines", "authors": "Gessner PK, Godse DD, Krull AH, McMullan JM.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1968-02-29", "publication_year": 1968, "doi": "10.1016/0024-3205(68)90200-2", "pubmed_id": "5641719", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(68)90200-2", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Tryptamines, Avoidance Learning, Methylation, Models, Psychological, Female, Conditioning, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5641719\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Epigenetics", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2893, "title": "A biosynthetic sequence from tryptophan to psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "a biosynthetic sequence from tryptophan to psilocybin", "authors": "Agurell S, Nilsson JL.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1968-01-31", "publication_year": 1968, "doi": "10.1016/s0040-4039(01)98891-4", "pubmed_id": "5689110", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(01)98891-4", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Tritium, Carbon Isotopes, Tryptophan, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5689110\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2894, "title": "Biosynthesis of psilocybin. II. Incorporation of labelled tryptamine derivatives.", "normalized_title": "biosynthesis of psilocybin ii incorporation of labelled tryptamine derivatives", "authors": "Agurell S, Nilsson JL.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1967-12-31", "publication_year": 1967, "doi": "10.3891/acta.chem.scand.22-1210", "pubmed_id": "5750023", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3891/acta.chem.scand.22-1210", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Tritium, Tryptamines, Indoles, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5750023\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3418, "title": "[Psilocybine in brain injured subjects and its different effects in relation to the localization of the lesion].", "normalized_title": "psilocybine in brain injured subjects and its different effects in relation to the localization of the lesion", "authors": "Dubanský B, Vyhmánková M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1967-10-31", "publication_year": 1967, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "5612963", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5612963", "keywords": "Humans, Brain Damage, Chronic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:53", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5612963\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3417, "title": "[The association of proprioceptive sensations and neurologic symptoms after psilocybine].", "normalized_title": "the association of proprioceptive sensations and neurologic symptoms after psilocybine", "authors": "Dubanský B, Vyhnánková M, Setlík L.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1967-10-31", "publication_year": 1967, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "5612947", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5612947", "keywords": "Nervous System, Humans, Sensation, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:53", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5612947\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 3416, "title": "[Psilocybine induced changes in extraoptical perception].", "normalized_title": "psilocybine induced changes in extraoptical perception", "authors": "Dubanský B, Vyhnánsková M, Setlík L.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1967-10-31", "publication_year": 1967, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "5612948", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5612948", "keywords": "Humans, Brain Damage, Chronic, Perceptual Disorders, Perception, Sensation, Adult, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 11:03:53", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5612948\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2895, "title": "2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine (STP): a new hallucinogenic drug.", "normalized_title": "2 5 dimethoxy 4 methyl amphetamine stp a new hallucinogenic drug", "authors": "Snyder SH, Faillace L, Hollister L.", "abstract": "We have assessed the effects in normal control volunteers of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine, the chemical present in the hallucinogenic drug STP, in two independent trials. In low doses, this compound produces a mild euphoria. Doses greater than 3 milligrams may cause pronounced hallucinogenic effects lasting about 8 hours and similar to those produced by hallucinogenic doses of lysergic acid diethylamide, mescaline, and psilocybin. 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine, which is chemically related to mescaline and amphetamine, is about 100 times more potent as a hallucinogen than mescaline and only one-thirtieth as potent as lysergic acid diethylamide. Its psychological effects are not accentuated by chlorpromazine.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1967-10-31", "publication_year": 1967, "doi": "10.1126/science.158.3801.669", "pubmed_id": "4860952", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.158.3801.669", "keywords": "Pupil, Humans, Hallucinations, Catecholamines, Amphetamine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Chlorpromazine, Hallucinogens, Euphoria, Perception, Psychopharmacology, Blood Pressure, Adult, Male, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4860952\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2896, "title": "Formation of blue oxidation product from psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "formation of blue oxidation product from psilocybin", "authors": "Levine WG.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1967-08-31", "publication_year": 1967, "doi": "10.1038/2151292a0", "pubmed_id": "4964038", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/2151292a0", "keywords": "Brain, Gills, Animals, Mollusca, Copper, Iron, Edetic Acid, Oxidoreductases, Ceruloplasmin, Pigments, Biological, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4964038\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2897, "title": "Effects of mescaline and psilocybin on dominance behavior of the rat.", "normalized_title": "effects of mescaline and psilocybin on dominance behavior of the rat", "authors": "Uyeno ET.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1967-02-28", "publication_year": 1967, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "6034329", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/6034329", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Mescaline, Behavior, Animal, Hunger, Eating, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6034329\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2900, "title": "[Alteration of music perception in experimental psychosis (psilocybin)].", "normalized_title": "alteration of music perception in experimental psychosis psilocybin", "authors": "Weber K.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1966-12-31", "publication_year": 1966, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "5585740", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5585740", "keywords": "Humans, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Auditory Perception, Music, Adult, Male, Psilocybin, Discrimination, Psychological", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5585740\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2899, "title": "Baeocystin, a mono-methyl analog of psilocybin from Psilocybe baeocystis saprophytic culture.", "normalized_title": "baeocystin a mono methyl analog of psilocybin from psilocybe baeocystis saprophytic culture", "authors": "Leung AY, Paul AG.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1966-12-31", "publication_year": 1966, "doi": "10.1002/jps.2600560132", "pubmed_id": "6067681", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600560132", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Indoles, Chromatography, Infrared Rays, Ultraviolet Rays, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6067681\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2898, "title": "Psilocybin: reaction with a fraction of rat brain.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reaction with a fraction of rat brain", "authors": "Gilmour LP, O'Brien RD.", "abstract": "Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, formed a blue color with a subfraction of rat-brain mitochondria believed to contain nerve-ending particles. Color formation increased with pH, did not require oxygen, and involved a component that could not be solubilized. The effect was not shown by chemically related neuroactive compounds, such as bufotenine and serotonin, and was antagonized by only tyramine or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1966-12-31", "publication_year": 1966, "doi": "10.1126/science.155.3759.207", "pubmed_id": "4959075", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.155.3759.207", "keywords": "Mitochondria, Animals, Rats, Serotonin, Tyramine, Edetic Acid, Hallucinogens, Brain Chemistry, Chemistry, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Chemical Phenomena, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4959075\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Mitochondrial Function,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2902, "title": "Biosynthesis of psilocybin in submerged culture of Psilocybe cubensis. 1. Incorporation of labelled tryptophan and tryptamine.", "normalized_title": "biosynthesis of psilocybin in submerged culture of psilocybe cubensis 1 incorporation of labelled tryptophan and tryptamine", "authors": "Agurell S, Blomkvist S, Catalfomo P.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1966-01-31", "publication_year": 1966, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "5948634", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5948634", "keywords": "Basidiomycota, Carbon Isotopes, Tryptophan, In Vitro Techniques, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5948634\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2901, "title": "Psilocybin reactivity and time contraction as measured by psychomotor performance.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin reactivity and time contraction as measured by psychomotor performance", "authors": "Fischer R, England SM, Archer RC, Dean RK.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1966-01-31", "publication_year": 1966, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "6014013", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/6014013", "keywords": "Humans, Space Perception, Time Perception, Motor Skills, Handwriting, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"6014013\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2125, "title": "Psilocin: effects on behaviour and brain serotonin in mice.", "normalized_title": "psilocin effects on behaviour and brain serotonin in mice", "authors": "Collins RL, Ordy JM, Samorajski T.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1966-01-31", "publication_year": 1966, "doi": "10.1038/209785a0", "pubmed_id": "5922147", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/209785a0", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Tryptamines, Serotonin, Reserpine, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Avoidance Learning, Brain Chemistry, Female", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5922147\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology,Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2904, "title": "Effect of Psilocybin, LSD, and mescaline on small, involuntary eye movements.", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin lsd and mescaline on small involuntary eye movements", "authors": "Hebbard FW, Fischer R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1965-12-31", "publication_year": 1965, "doi": "10.1007/bf00404719", "pubmed_id": "5983913", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00404719", "keywords": "Humans, Alcohols, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Eye Movements, Electrooculography, Adult, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5983913\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2903, "title": "Time contraction and psychomotor performance produced by \"Psilocybin\".", "normalized_title": "time contraction and psychomotor performance produced by psilocybin", "authors": "Fischer R, Mead EL.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1965-12-31", "publication_year": 1965, "doi": "10.1038/209433a0", "pubmed_id": "5920262", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/209433a0", "keywords": "Humans, Time Perception, Handwriting, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5920262\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2905, "title": "Similarity of schizophrenia and the psilocybin syndrome as determined by objective methods.", "normalized_title": "similarity of schizophrenia and the psilocybin syndrome as determined by objective methods", "authors": "Keeler MH.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1965-11-30", "publication_year": 1965, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "4380179", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4380179", "keywords": "Humans, Visual Perception, Schizophrenia, Hypochondriasis, MMPI, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"4380179\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2906, "title": "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25). 38. Comparison with action of methysergide and psilocybin on test subjects.", "normalized_title": "lysergic acid diethylamide lsd 25 38 comparison with action of methysergide and psilocybin on test subjects", "authors": "Abramson HA, Rolo A.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1965-08-31", "publication_year": 1965, "doi": "10.3109/02770906509106904", "pubmed_id": "5318626", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/02770906509106904", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Methysergide, Placebos, Drug Tolerance, Migraine Disorders, Clinical Trials as Topic, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5318626\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Headache / Migraine,Clinical Trial", "study_type": "Clinical Trial", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2907, "title": "Pathologic laughter as manifestation of the psychotomimetic action of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "pathologic laughter as manifestation of the psychotomimetic action of psilocybin", "authors": "Dubanský B, Vyhnánková M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1965-07-31", "publication_year": 1965, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "5882137", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5882137", "keywords": "Humans, Neurologic Manifestations, Laughter, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5882137\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2909, "title": "CONSISTENCY OF PSILOCYBIN INDUCED CHANGES IN THE MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY.", "normalized_title": "consistency of psilocybin induced changes in the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory", "authors": "KEELER MH, DOEHNE EF.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1965-06-30", "publication_year": 1965, "doi": "10.1002/1097-4679(196507)21:3<284::aid-jclp2270210319>3.0.co;2-c", "pubmed_id": "14332188", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(196507)21:3<284::aid-jclp2270210319>3.0.co;2-c", "keywords": "Humans, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psychopharmacology, MMPI, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14332188\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2908, "title": "The effects of psilocybin on a test of after-image perception.", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin on a test of after image perception", "authors": "Keeler MH.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1965-06-30", "publication_year": 1965, "doi": "10.1007/bf00404173", "pubmed_id": "5853736", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00404173", "keywords": "Humans, Vision Tests, Color Perception Tests, Afterimage, Psychopharmacology, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"5853736\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2910, "title": "[THE EXPERIENCE OF ORAL REGRESSION DUE TO THE EFFECT OF HALLUCINOGENS (LSD-25 AND PSILOCYBIN)].", "normalized_title": "the experience of oral regression due to the effect of hallucinogens lsd 25 and psilocybin", "authors": "FERNANDEZ-CERDENO A, LEUNER H.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1964-12-31", "publication_year": 1964, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14301325", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14301325", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psychotherapy, Pharmacology, Psilocybin, Regression, Psychology", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14301325\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2911, "title": "[A PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE PSILOCYBIN PSYCHOSIS; COMPARISON WITH THE LSD-25 PSYCHOSIS].", "normalized_title": "a psychopathological study of the psilocybin psychosis comparison with the lsd 25 psychosis", "authors": "MIYOSHI A.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1964-09-30", "publication_year": 1964, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14286595", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14286595", "keywords": "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psychotic Disorders, Psychopathology, Psychopharmacology, Toxicology, Research, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14286595\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2913, "title": "CLINICAL SYNDROMES AND BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING MESCALINE, LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE, PSILOCYBIN AND A COMBINATION OF THE THREE PSYCHOTOMIMETIC DRUGS.", "normalized_title": "clinical syndromes and biochemical alterations following mescaline lysergic acid diethylamide psilocybin and a combination of the three psychotomimetic drugs", "authors": "HOLLISTER LE, SJOBERG BM.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1964-05-31", "publication_year": 1964, "doi": "10.1016/s0010-440x(64)80030-4", "pubmed_id": "14156873", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-440x(64)80030-4", "keywords": "Blood, Urine, Humans, Syndrome, Chlorides, Calcium, Phosphorus, Creatine, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Creatinine, Blood Glucose, Fatty Acids, Glycerides, Hallucinogens, Emotions, Psychopharmacology, Psychological Tests, Biomedical Research, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14156873\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Emotional Processing", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2912, "title": "[USE OF PSILOCYBIN AS A DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN NEUROLOGY].", "normalized_title": "use of psilocybin as a diagnostic test in neurology", "authors": "DUBANSKY B.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1964-05-31", "publication_year": 1964, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14178690", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14178690", "keywords": "Indoles, Hallucinogens, Diagnosis, Neurologic Examination, Diagnostic Tests, Routine, Neurology, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14178690\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2914, "title": "[CLINICAL AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF PSILOCYBIN].", "normalized_title": "clinical and psychopathological study of psilocybin", "authors": "REDA GC, VELLA G, CANCRINI L, D AGOSTINO E.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1964-02-29", "publication_year": 1964, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14144273", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14144273", "keywords": "Salivary Glands, Hearing Disorders, Movement Disorders, Hallucinations, Asthenia, Nausea, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Depression, Mental Processes, Consciousness, Visual Perception, Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Psychopathology, Pharmacology, Toxicology, Sweating, Blood Pressure, Vestibule, Labyrinth, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14144273\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression,Pharmacology,Consciousness,Personality Change,Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2916, "title": "[ACTION OF CHLORPROMAZINE AND PSILOCYBIN ON THE TELENCEPHALIC AROUSAL REACTION OF A DIPNOAN].", "normalized_title": "action of chlorpromazine and psilocybin on the telencephalic arousal reaction of a dipnoan", "authors": "GODET R, DUPE M, BERT J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1963-12-31", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14210583", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14210583", "keywords": "Brain, Telencephalon, Animals, Fishes, Indoles, Chlorpromazine, Hallucinogens, Arousal, Smell, Pharmacology, Physiology, Comparative, Research, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14210583\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2915, "title": "THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF THE CHANGE IN CONSCIOUSNESS PRODUCED BY PSYCHOLYTICA (LSD, PSILOCYBIN, ETC.). THE PSYCHEDELIC EXPERIENCE IN THE TREATEMENT OF NEUROSIS.", "normalized_title": "therapeutic application of the change in consciousness produced by psycholytica lsd psilocybin etc the psychedelic experience in the treatement of neurosis", "authors": "Alnaes R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1963-12-31", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0447.1964.tb04952.x", "pubmed_id": "14345225", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1964.tb04952.x", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Drug Therapy, Self Concept, Consciousness, Neurotic Disorders, Psychotherapy, Psychoanalytic Therapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14345225\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Consciousness", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2917, "title": "REACTIONS TO PSILOCYBIN ADMINISTERED IN A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT.", "normalized_title": "reactions to psilocybin administered in a supportive environment", "authors": "LEARY T, LITWIN GH, METZNER R.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1963-11-30", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": "10.1097/00005053-196312000-00007", "pubmed_id": "14087676", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-196312000-00007", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Group Processes, Toxicology, Pregnancy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14087676\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2919, "title": "LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD-25). 34. COMPARISON WITH EFFECT OF PSILOCYBIN ON THE SIAMESE FIGHTING FISH.", "normalized_title": "lysergic acid diethylamide lsd 25 34 comparison with effect of psilocybin on the siamese fighting fish", "authors": "ABRAMSON HA, GETTNER HH, ROLO A, DEAN G.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1963-09-30", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": "10.1080/00223980.1963.9916652", "pubmed_id": "14051981", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1963.9916652", "keywords": "Animals, Fishes, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Behavior, Animal, Research, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14051981\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2918, "title": "SIMULTANEOUS STUDIES OF BLOOD SUGAR, BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES AND EEG ON THE WAKE RABBIT AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF PSILOCYBIN.", "normalized_title": "simultaneous studies of blood sugar behavioural changes and eeg on the wake rabbit after administration of psilocybin", "authors": "STEINER JE, SULMAN FG.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1963-09-30", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14067558", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14067558", "keywords": "Animals, Lagomorpha, Rabbits, Blood Glucose, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Behavior, Animal, Pharmacology, Research, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14067558\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging,Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2126, "title": "ANALOGUES OF PSILOCIN AND LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE I. CHLORO, NITRO, AND AMINO DERIVATIVES OF3-SUBSTITUTED INDOLES", "normalized_title": "analogues of psilocin and lysergic acid diethylamide i chloro nitro and amino derivatives of3 substituted indoles", "authors": "McKay J. B., Parkhurst R. M., Silverstein R. M., Skinner W. A.", "abstract": "A number of indole derivatives structurally related to either psilocin or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were synthesized. The following structural analogues of psilocin are reported: 4-chloro-3-dimethylaminoethylindole, 4-nitro-3-dimethylaminoethylindole, 4-nitro-3-aminoethylindole, 4-amino-3-dimethylaminoethylindole, and 4-amino-3-aminoethylindole. Compounds structurally related to LSD that were synthesized are: 3-[β-carboxyethylaminoethyl]-4-nitroindole and 4-nitro-3-[N-methyl-N-(N′,N′-diethylcarboxamidoethy-aminoethyl]indole. Several 3,5- and 3,6-disubstituted indoles are also reported.", "journal": "Canadian Journal of Chemistry", "publication_date": "1963-09-30", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": "10.1139/v63-378", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1139/v63-378", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:09:46", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1139/v63-378\",\"reference_dois\":[\"10.1002/recl.19610800310\",\"10.1021/ja01652a113\",\"10.1021/ja01171a001\",\"10.1002/cber.19550880310\",\"10.1021/ja01104a029\",\"10.1021/ja01147a519\"],\"reference_count\":7}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2920, "title": "[PSYCHOMIMETIC SUBSTANCES. (CONTRIBUTION TO THE CLINICAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF PSILOCYBIN)].", "normalized_title": "psychomimetic substances contribution to the clinical psychopathological study of psilocybin", "authors": "SOGLIANI G, RABASSINI A, BUOSO GM.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1963-08-31", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14093369", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14093369", "keywords": "Indoles, Hallucinogens, Diagnosis, Mental Disorders, Psychopathology, Psychopharmacology, Psychotherapy, Biomedical Research, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14093369\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2921, "title": "EFFECT OF MESCALINE, LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE AND PSILOCYBIN ON COLOR PERCEPTION.", "normalized_title": "effect of mescaline lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin on color perception", "authors": "HARTMAN AM, HOLLISTER LE.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1963-07-31", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": "10.1007/bf00403349", "pubmed_id": "14048565", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00403349", "keywords": "Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Color Perception, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14048565\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2925, "title": "Mescaline, LSD, psilocybin, and personality change.", "normalized_title": "mescaline lsd psilocybin and personality change", "authors": "UNGER SM.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1963-04-30", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": "10.1080/00332747.1963.11023344", "pubmed_id": "13995386", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1963.11023344", "keywords": "Humans, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Personality, Personality Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13995386\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2924, "title": "[COMPARISON OF PSYCHOPHARMACA LSD-25, BOL-148 AND PSILOCYBIN IN CLINICAL PRACTICE].", "normalized_title": "comparison of psychopharmaca lsd 25 bol 148 and psilocybin in clinical practice", "authors": "KANDIC B, DORDEVIC D.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1963-04-30", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14067329", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14067329", "keywords": "Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14067329\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2923, "title": "[EFFECT OF PSILOCYBIN ON THE CLINICAL AND ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC PICTURE IN ORGANIC CNS LESIONS].", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin on the clinical and electroencephalographic picture in organic cns lesions", "authors": "DUBANSKY B, KOLARIK R, SEVCIK M, VYHNANKOVA M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1963-04-30", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14070660", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14070660", "keywords": "Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Central Nervous System Diseases, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14070660\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2922, "title": "THE IN VITRO INHIBITORY EFFECT OF PSILOCYBIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS OF HUMAN CHOLINESTERASES.", "normalized_title": "the in vitro inhibitory effect of psilocybin and related compounds of human cholinesterases", "authors": "ZSIGMOND EK, FOLDES VM, FOLDES FF.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1963-04-30", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": "10.1007/bf02584093", "pubmed_id": "14048543", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02584093", "keywords": "Humans, Cholinesterases, Hallucinogens, In Vitro Techniques, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14048543\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "In Vitro Study", "study_type": "In Vitro Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2927, "title": "Some biochemical studies on psilocybin and psilogin.", "normalized_title": "some biochemical studies on psilocybin and psilogin", "authors": "HORITA A.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1963-03-31", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": "10.21236/ad0291057", "pubmed_id": "13954906", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.21236/ad0291057", "keywords": "Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13954906\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2926, "title": "An electrographic study of psilocin and 4-methyl-alpha-methyl tryptamine (MP-809).", "normalized_title": "an electrographic study of psilocin and 4 methyl alpha methyl tryptamine mp 809", "authors": "BRODEY JF, STEINER WG, HIMWICH HE.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1963-03-31", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14015664", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14015664", "keywords": "Tryptamines, Indoles, Electroencephalography, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14015664\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2127, "title": "AN ELECTROGRAPHIC STUDY OF PSILOCIN AND4-METHYL-α-METHYL TRYPTAMINE (MP-809)", "normalized_title": "an electrographic study of psilocin and4 methyl α methyl tryptamine mp 809", "authors": "Brodey James F., Steiner William G., Himwich Harold E.", "abstract": "", "journal": "The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics", "publication_date": "1963-03-31", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": "10.1016/s0022-3565(25)26511-9", "pubmed_id": null, "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(25)26511-9", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocin", "source_name": "Crossref", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:52:05", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:09:46", "raw_json": "{\"doi\":\"10.1016/s0022-3565(25)26511-9\",\"reference_dois\":[],\"reference_count\":0}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2928, "title": "[Psilocybin: prospects of its use in clinical psychiatry].", "normalized_title": "psilocybin prospects of its use in clinical psychiatry", "authors": "TOSCANO AGUILAR M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1963-01-31", "publication_year": 1963, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13993760", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13993760", "keywords": "Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13993760\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2934, "title": "[The psychomimetic effects of LSD and psilocybin in the clinical exploration of the personality].", "normalized_title": "the psychomimetic effects of lsd and psilocybin in the clinical exploration of the personality", "authors": "ALDAHEFF BW.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-12-31", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14011802", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14011802", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Indoles, Physical Examination, Personality, Personality Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14011802\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Personality Change", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2933, "title": "[Auto-experimentation with LSD-25 and psilocybin].", "normalized_title": "auto experimentation with lsd 25 and psilocybin", "authors": "CALANCA A.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-12-31", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14017795", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14017795", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinations, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Indoles, Empirical Research, Research Design, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14017795\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2932, "title": "[CLINICAL EXPERIENCES WITH PSILOCYBIN].", "normalized_title": "clinical experiences with psilocybin", "authors": "KRISTENSEN KK.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-12-31", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": "10.3109/08039486309132763", "pubmed_id": "14052290", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/08039486309132763", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14052290\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2931, "title": "[AUTO-OBSERVATION OF2 EXPERIMENTAL INTOXICATIONS WITH PSILOCYBIN].", "normalized_title": "auto observation of2 experimental intoxications with psilocybin", "authors": "WIART C.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-12-31", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14070405", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14070405", "keywords": "Hallucinations, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Toxicology, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14070405\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Toxicity", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2930, "title": "[OUR CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH A NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL PREPARATION PSILOCYBIN].", "normalized_title": "our clinical experience with a new pharmacological preparation psilocybin", "authors": "DORDEVIC D.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-12-31", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14181869", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14181869", "keywords": "Humans, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Drug Therapy, Neurotic Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14181869\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2929, "title": "Inter-relations of the effects of psilocybin on subjective sensation, photopic critical frequency of fusion, and circulating non-esterified fatty acids.", "normalized_title": "inter relations of the effects of psilocybin on subjective sensation photopic critical frequency of fusion and circulating non esterified fatty acids", "authors": "KEELER MH.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-12-31", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": "10.1007/bf02135348", "pubmed_id": "14031653", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02135348", "keywords": "Humans, Fatty Acids, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Hallucinogens, Flicker Fusion, Sensation, Color Vision, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14031653\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2935, "title": "[Pharmacopsychiatric observations with psilocybin].", "normalized_title": "pharmacopsychiatric observations with psilocybin", "authors": "GREGORETTI L, SINISI C.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-11-30", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13950258", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13950258", "keywords": "Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13950258\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2936, "title": "Dephosphorylation of psilocybin in the intact mouse.", "normalized_title": "dephosphorylation of psilocybin in the intact mouse", "authors": "HORITA A, WEBER LJ.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-10-31", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": "10.1016/0041-008x(62)90102-3", "pubmed_id": "13954905", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008x(62)90102-3", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13954905\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2937, "title": "Effects of LSD-25, psiolocybin, and psilocin on temporal lobe EEG patterns and learned behavior in the cat.", "normalized_title": "effects of lsd 25 psiolocybin and psilocin on temporal lobe eeg patterns and learned behavior in the cat", "authors": "ADEY WR, BELL FR, DENNIS BJ.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-08-31", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": "10.1212/wnl.12.9.591", "pubmed_id": "13859403", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.12.9.591", "keywords": "Temporal Lobe, Animals, Cats, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Electroencephalography, Learning, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13859403\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Brain Imaging", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2938, "title": "Mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin comparison of clinical syndromes, effects on color perception and biochemical measures.", "normalized_title": "mescaline lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin comparison of clinical syndromes effects on color perception and biochemical measures", "authors": "HOLLISTER LE, HARTMAN AM.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-07-31", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": "10.1016/s0010-440x(62)80024-8", "pubmed_id": "13908449", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-440x(62)80024-8", "keywords": "Humans, Syndrome, Mercury, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Color Perception, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13908449\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2939, "title": "[Initial results of the action of psilocybin in a group of psychiatric patients].", "normalized_title": "initial results of the action of psilocybin in a group of psychiatric patients", "authors": "REDA GC, VELLA G, CASINI-NENCINI MG, D'AGOSTINO N, CANCRINI L.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-06-30", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13973488", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13973488", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Patients, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13973488\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2940, "title": "Serotonin-like and antiserotonin properties of psilocybin and psilocin.", "normalized_title": "serotonin like and antiserotonin properties of psilocybin and psilocin", "authors": "WOOLLEY DW, CAMPBELL NK.", "abstract": "These psychotomimetic analogs of serotonin act like this hormone in some tests and against it in others.", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-05-31", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": "10.1126/science.136.3518.777", "pubmed_id": "14008293", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.136.3518.777", "keywords": "Serotonin, Indoles, Serotonin Antagonists, Antihypertensive Agents, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14008293\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2941, "title": "The effect of psilocybin upon the systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulation of the intact dog.", "normalized_title": "the effect of psilocybin upon the systemic pulmonary and coronary circulation of the intact dog", "authors": "MAXWELL GM, KNEEBONE GM, ELLIOTT RB.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-04-30", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14471633", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14471633", "keywords": "Coronary Vessels, Pulmonary Artery, Animals, Dogs, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Biological Phenomena, Blood Circulation, Coronary Circulation, Physiological Phenomena, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14471633\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2944, "title": "Occurrence of psilocin in Psilocybe baeocystis.", "normalized_title": "occurrence of psilocin in psilocybe baeocystis", "authors": "BENEDICT RG, BRADY LR, TYLER VE.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-03-31", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": "10.1002/jps.2600510428", "pubmed_id": "13867140", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600510428", "keywords": "Agaricales, Hallucinogens, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13867140\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2943, "title": "Changes in spider webs brought about by mescaline, psilocybin and an increase in body weight.", "normalized_title": "changes in spider webs brought about by mescaline psilocybin and an increase in body weight", "authors": "CHRISTIANSEN A, BAUM R, WITT PN.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-03-31", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": "10.1016/s0022-3565(25)26256-5", "pubmed_id": "13879288", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(25)26256-5", "keywords": "Sphenoid Sinus, Humans, Spiders, Body Weight, Mercury, Mescaline, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13879288\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2942, "title": "The fate of psilocin in the rat.", "normalized_title": "the fate of psilocin in the rat", "authors": "KALBERER F, KREIS W, RUTSCHMANN J.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1962-03-31", "publication_year": 1962, "doi": "10.1016/0006-2952(62)90050-3", "pubmed_id": "14453239", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(62)90050-3", "keywords": "Animals, Rats, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14453239\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2946, "title": "[On the treatment of therapy-resistant neuroses with model psychoses (psilocybin)].", "normalized_title": "on the treatment of therapy resistant neuroses with model psychoses psilocybin", "authors": "HEIMANN H.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1961-12-31", "publication_year": 1961, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13906023", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13906023", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Neurotic Disorders, Psychotic Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13906023\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2945, "title": "Comparison of psilocin with psilocybin, mescaline and LSD-25.", "normalized_title": "comparison of psilocin with psilocybin mescaline and lsd 25", "authors": "WOLBACH AB, MINER EJ, ISBELL H.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1961-12-31", "publication_year": 1961, "doi": "10.1007/bf00412109", "pubmed_id": "14007905", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00412109", "keywords": "Mercury, Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14007905\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2947, "title": "[The effects of psilocybin in a case of hysteria].", "normalized_title": "the effects of psilocybin in a case of hysteria", "authors": "DUCHE DJ.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1961-10-31", "publication_year": 1961, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13888139", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13888139", "keywords": "Humans, Hysteria, Conversion Disorder, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13888139\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2948, "title": "The enzymic dephosphorylation and oxidation of psilocybin and psilocin by mammalian tissue homogenates.", "normalized_title": "the enzymic dephosphorylation and oxidation of psilocybin and psilocin by mammalian tissue homogenates", "authors": "HORITA A, WEBER LJ.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1961-06-30", "publication_year": 1961, "doi": "10.1016/0006-2952(61)90124-1", "pubmed_id": "13715852", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90124-1", "keywords": "Indoles, Phosphorylases, Biochemical Phenomena, Oxidation-Reduction, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13715852\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2949, "title": "[Serotonin metabolism in experimental psilocybin psychosis].", "normalized_title": "serotonin metabolism in experimental psilocybin psychosis", "authors": "VITEK V, VOJTECHOVSKY M, GROF S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1961-04-30", "publication_year": 1961, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13926289", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13926289", "keywords": "Serotonin, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotic Disorders, Biochemical Phenomena, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13926289\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology,Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2950, "title": "Clinical, biochemical and psychologic effects of psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "clinical biochemical and psychologic effects of psilocybin", "authors": "HOLLISTER LE.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1961-01-31", "publication_year": 1961, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13715376", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13715376", "keywords": "Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13715376\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2957, "title": "[Expressive phenomenology of model psychoses (psilocybin). Comparison with self-description and psychic deficiency of performance].", "normalized_title": "expressive phenomenology of model psychoses psilocybin comparison with self description and psychic deficiency of performance", "authors": "HEIMANN H.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1960-12-31", "publication_year": 1960, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13712866", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13712866", "keywords": "Indoles, Hallucinogens, Mental Disorders, Psychotic Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13712866\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2956, "title": "Dephosphorylation of psilocybin to psilocin by alkaline phosphatase.", "normalized_title": "dephosphorylation of psilocybin to psilocin by alkaline phosphatase", "authors": "HORITA A, WEBER LJ.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1960-12-31", "publication_year": 1960, "doi": "10.3181/00379727-106-26228", "pubmed_id": "13715851", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-106-26228", "keywords": "Indoles, Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, Alkaline Phosphatase, Biochemical Phenomena, Coloring Agents, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13715851\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2955, "title": "Cross tolerance between LSD and psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "cross tolerance between lsd and psilocybin", "authors": "ISBELL H, WOLBACH AB, WIKLER A, MINER EJ.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1960-12-31", "publication_year": 1960, "doi": "10.1007/bf00407974", "pubmed_id": "13717955", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00407974", "keywords": "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13717955\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2954, "title": "[Psychopsychic correlations under the effect of psycholytics (LSD, psilocybin and similar drugs)].", "normalized_title": "psychopsychic correlations under the effect of psycholytics lsd psilocybin and similar drugs", "authors": "HOLFELD H.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1960-12-31", "publication_year": 1960, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13908338", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13908338", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13908338\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2953, "title": "[Clinical experiences with psilocybin (CY39 Sandoz)].", "normalized_title": "clinical experiences with psilocybin cy39 sandoz", "authors": "SERCL M, KOVARIK J, JAROS O.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1960-12-31", "publication_year": 1960, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13910754", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13910754", "keywords": "Indoles, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Neurotic Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13910754\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Depression", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2952, "title": "[Clinical experiences with psilocybin Sandoz (CY39 Sandoz)].", "normalized_title": "clinical experiences with psilocybin sandoz cy39 sandoz", "authors": "SERCL M, KOVARIK J, JAROS O.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1960-12-31", "publication_year": 1960, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13910755", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13910755", "keywords": "Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psychosurgery, Mental Disorders, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Psychotherapy, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13910755\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2951, "title": "[Action of psilocybin on the excitability of the nerve centers].", "normalized_title": "action of psilocybin on the excitability of the nerve centers", "authors": "CHAUCHARD P, MAZOUE H.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1960-12-31", "publication_year": 1960, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "24545494", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24545494", "keywords": "Central Nervous System, Nerve Tissue, Psychomotor Agitation, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"24545494\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2958, "title": "Controlled sensory input: a note on the technic of drug evaluation with a preliminary report on a comparative study of sernyl, psilocybin, and LSD-25.", "normalized_title": "controlled sensory input a note on the technic of drug evaluation with a preliminary report on a comparative study of sernyl psilocybin and lsd 25", "authors": "POLLARD JC, BAKKER C, UHR L, FEUERFILE DF.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1960-11-30", "publication_year": 1960, "doi": "10.1016/s0010-440x(60)80061-2", "pubmed_id": "13736851", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-440x(60)80061-2", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Phencyclidine, Indoles, Anesthetics, Drug Evaluation, Psychopharmacology, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13736851\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2959, "title": "Comparison of three psychotropic drugs (psilocybin, JB-329, and IT-290) in volunteer subjects.", "normalized_title": "comparison of three psychotropic drugs psilocybin jb 329 and it 290 in volunteer subjects", "authors": "HOLLISTER LE, PRUSMACK JJ, PAULSEN A, ROSENQUIST N.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1960-10-31", "publication_year": 1960, "doi": "10.1097/00005053-196011000-00007", "pubmed_id": "13715375", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-196011000-00007", "keywords": "Humans, Glycolates, Piperidines, Pyrrolidines, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Drug Combinations, Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13715375\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2960, "title": "The relationship between the metabolic fate and pharmacological actions of serotonin, bufotenine and psilocybin.", "normalized_title": "the relationship between the metabolic fate and pharmacological actions of serotonin bufotenine and psilocybin", "authors": "GESSNER PK, KHAIRALLAH PA, McISAAC WM, PAGE IH.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1960-09-30", "publication_year": 1960, "doi": "10.1016/s0022-3565(25)25873-6", "pubmed_id": "13704826", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(25)25873-6", "keywords": "Humans, Serotonin, Indoles, Bufotenin, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13704826\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Receptor Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2961, "title": "Psilocybin, Its History and Pharmacology.", "normalized_title": "psilocybin its history and pharmacology", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1960-03-31", "publication_year": 1960, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "20326260", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20326260", "keywords": "", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"20326260\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2985, "title": "[PSILOCYBIN].", "normalized_title": "psilocybin", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1960-02-29", "publication_year": 1960, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13858316", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13858316", "keywords": "Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 07:01:03", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13858316\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2963, "title": "Some observations on psilocybin, a new hallucinogen, in volunteer subjects.", "normalized_title": "some observations on psilocybin a new hallucinogen in volunteer subjects", "authors": "MALITZ S, ESECOVER H, WILKENS B, HOCH PH.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1960-01-31", "publication_year": 1960, "doi": "10.1016/s0010-440x(60)80045-4", "pubmed_id": "14420328", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-440x(60)80045-4", "keywords": "Humans, Hallucinogens, Volunteers, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14420328\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2962, "title": "[Psilocybin, a new hallucinogen].", "normalized_title": "psilocybin a new hallucinogen", "authors": "ROUBICEK J, DRVOTA S.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1960-01-31", "publication_year": 1960, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14439519", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14439519", "keywords": "Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14439519\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2964, "title": "Studies on psilocybin and related compounds. I. Communication. Structure/activity relationship of oxyindole-derivatives with regard to their effect on the knee jerk of spinal cats.", "normalized_title": "studies on psilocybin and related compounds i communication structure activity relationship of oxyindole derivatives with regard to their effect on the knee jerk of spinal cats", "authors": "WEIDMANN H, CERLETTI A.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1959-12-31", "publication_year": 1959, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13843476", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13843476", "keywords": "Animals, Cats, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Reflex, Stretch, Communication, Structure-Activity Relationship, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13843476\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2965, "title": "[Teonanacatl and psilocybin].", "normalized_title": "teonanacatl and psilocybin", "authors": "CERLETTI A.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1959-11-30", "publication_year": 1959, "doi": "10.1055/s-0028-1114618", "pubmed_id": "13808846", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1114618", "keywords": "Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13808846\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2966, "title": "[Therapeutic effect of psilocybin on convulsive neurosis].", "normalized_title": "therapeutic effect of psilocybin on convulsive neurosis", "authors": "DELAY J, PICHOT P, LEMPERIERE T, QUETIN AM.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1959-09-30", "publication_year": 1959, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13815609", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13815609", "keywords": "Humans, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Neurotic Disorders, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13815609\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "OCD", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2967, "title": "[The action of psilocybin on the rabbit brain].", "normalized_title": "the action of psilocybin on the rabbit brain", "authors": "MONNIER M.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1959-07-31", "publication_year": 1959, "doi": "10.1007/bf02158550", "pubmed_id": "14423601", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02158550", "keywords": "Brain, Animals, Rabbits, Indoles, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14423601\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2968, "title": "[PSILOCYBIN, a new psychotropic substance].", "normalized_title": "psilocybin a new psychotropic substance", "authors": "", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1959-06-30", "publication_year": 1959, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13857060", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13857060", "keywords": "Indoles, Psychotropic Drugs, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13857060\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2969, "title": "[Identification of psilocin].", "normalized_title": "identification of psilocin", "authors": "HOFMANN A, TROXLER F.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1959-02-28", "publication_year": 1959, "doi": "10.1007/bf02166696", "pubmed_id": "13652944", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02166696", "keywords": "Indoles, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin,psilocin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13652944\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2973, "title": "[Effect of psilocybin on the behavior of normal mice & waltzing mice; comparison with lysergic acid monoethylamide & diethylamide].", "normalized_title": "effect of psilocybin on the behavior of normal mice waltzing mice comparison with lysergic acid monoethylamide diethylamide", "authors": "DELAY J, THUILLIER J, NAKAJIMA H, DURANDIN MC.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1958-12-31", "publication_year": 1958, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13663414", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13663414", "keywords": "Animals, Mice, Hallucinations, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Indoles, Behavior, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13663414\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Animal Study", "study_type": "Animal Study", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2972, "title": "[Studies on psilocybin, a hallucinogenic drug from the Mexican mushroom Psilocybe mexicana].", "normalized_title": "studies on psilocybin a hallucinogenic drug from the mexican mushroom psilocybe mexicana", "authors": "GNIRSS F.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1958-12-31", "publication_year": 1958, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "13850311", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13850311", "keywords": "Humans, Agaricales, Vegetables, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Mexican Americans, Mexico, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13850311\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2971, "title": "Comparison of the reactions induced by psilocybin and LSD-25 in man.", "normalized_title": "comparison of the reactions induced by psilocybin and lsd 25 in man", "authors": "ISBELL H.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1958-12-31", "publication_year": 1958, "doi": "10.1007/bf00408109", "pubmed_id": "14405870", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00408109", "keywords": "Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Hallucinogens, Male, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14405870\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2970, "title": "[The place of psilocybin among other psychotropic substances].", "normalized_title": "the place of psilocybin among other psychotropic substances", "authors": "RUEMMELE W.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1958-12-31", "publication_year": 1958, "doi": null, "pubmed_id": "14440055", "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14440055", "keywords": "Humans, Indoles, Hallucinogens, Psychotropic Drugs, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"14440055\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2974, "title": "[Elucidation of the structure and the synthesis of psilocybin].", "normalized_title": "elucidation of the structure and the synthesis of psilocybin", "authors": "HOFMANN A, FREY A, OTT H, PETR ZILKA T, TROXLER F.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1958-10-31", "publication_year": 1958, "doi": "10.1007/bf02160424", "pubmed_id": "13609599", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02160424", "keywords": "Indoles, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13609599\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2975, "title": "[The pharmacology of psilocybin, an ac' principle from Psilocybe mexicana Heim].", "normalized_title": "the pharmacology of psilocybin an ac principle from psilocybe mexicana heim", "authors": "WEIDMANN H, TAESCHLER M, KONZETT H.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1958-08-31", "publication_year": 1958, "doi": "10.1007/bf02159166", "pubmed_id": "13609592", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02159166", "keywords": "Fungi, Psilocybe, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13609592\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "Pharmacology", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" }, { "id": 2976, "title": "[Psilocybin, a psychotropic substance from the Mexican mushroom Psilicybe mexicana Heim].", "normalized_title": "psilocybin a psychotropic substance from the mexican mushroom psilicybe mexicana heim", "authors": "HOFMANN A, HEIM R, BRACK A, KOBEL H.", "abstract": "", "journal": null, "publication_date": "1958-02-28", "publication_year": 1958, "doi": "10.1007/bf02159243", "pubmed_id": "13537892", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02159243", "keywords": "Agaricales, Vegetables, Hallucinations, Indoles, Psychotropic Drugs, Psilocybin", "substance_tags": "psilocybin", "source_name": "Europe PMC", "date_added": "2026-07-01 06:54:15", "last_checked": "2026-07-01 11:22:07", "raw_json": "{\"europe_pmc_id\":\"13537892\",\"source\":\"MED\",\"pub_type\":null,\"publisher\":null,\"importer\":\"Europe PMC\"}", "topic_tags": "General", "study_type": "Other", "hidden": 0, "false_positive": 0, "curation_notes": null, "merged_into_id": null, "curation_locked": 0, "publication_status": "published" } ] }